click image to enlarge thanks to a metal oxide cathode rather than one based on graphite, this lithium - ion battery offers 35 % greater range for electric vehicles. “ range anxiety, ” or concern that electric vehicles ( evs ) don ’ t pack enough power to get drivers everywhere they need to go in one charge, remains an issue. however, this could change thanks to the development of a new battery that offers 35 % more range than existing technologies. the battery achieves this by integrating lithium - ion ( li - ion ) cells with metal oxides to offer greater energy density, and thereby greater range. the battery is a result of work performed by battery supplier axeon, engineering services firm ricardo, and special - purpose vehicle builder allied vehicles. while most li - ion battery cells feature graphite cathodes, this battery uses cathodes composed of nickel, cobalt and manganese. the engineers packaged the cells into pouch - like modular blocks, a design that reduces cell - level volume by 50 % and mass by 30 % compared to conventional batteries. a driver - assistance module that integrates radar and vision sensing to provide active safety features such as forward collision warning, adaptive headlight control and autono - mous braking has been developed by delphi ( delphi. com ). this module, the racam, is a single - box system that is small enough ( 123 x 68 x 38 - mm ) to be installed on the forward - facing side of a vehicle ’ s rearview mirror. what ’ s more, delphi says it ’ s cheaper than conventional radar and vision systems, which are typically offered separately. the racam is expected to launch in 2014. although night - vision cameras are currently only offered on select premium vehicles, they ’ re expected to become more widespread as automakers look to enhance driver perception in dark and poor weather conditions. northwestern university ’ s center for quantum devices ( cqd. eecs. northwestern. edu ) may have a hand in this : its scientists have developed a next - generation camera that can be tuned to simultaneously absorb a range of infrared wavelengths and infrared bands. today, the two types of commonly used infrared cameras are passive systems, which capture thermal radiation emitted by objects, and active systems, which use an infrared light source to provide high - resolution images of objects. center for quantum devices director manijeh razeghi says that by absorbing infrared wavelengths and bands, their camera offers the benefits of both active and passive systems. additionally, he says the camera features longer


how are women faring in ukraine? on the eve of the january 17 presidential elections in ukraine, olena suslova, chair of the board at women ’ s information consultative center in kiev, offers a glimpse of the status of women and women ’ s rights there. by masum momaya awid : what is the status of women and women ’ s rights in ukraine generally? olena suslova ( o. s. ) : women in ukraine have equal constitutional rights as men in the economic, political, cultural and social fields, as well as in the family, but there is some difference between formal legal equality and reality. for example, women make up 48 % of ukraine ’ s labor force, and while our constitution guarantees equal pay for equal work – and this is mostly observed – industries dominated by female workers have the lowest relative wages and are the ones most likely to be affected by wage arrears. moreover, some employers refuse to hire younger women likely to become pregnant or women over 35. generally, women also have fewer opportunities for career advancement. awid : will the upcoming ( january 17 ) elections provide an opportunity to elect officials that might advance women ’ s rights or are the elections simply a formality? o. s. : the upcoming elections will elect the president but not officials, who will ultimately influence public policy. depending on who is elected, new officials may be appointed, including diplomats and the attorney general. however, under ukraine ’ s constitution, the president has limited powers. in general, i don ’ t think that the upcoming elections will radically change public policies related to gender equality. awid : are women ’ s groups mobilizing around the elections? o. s. : no. this time women ’ s groups are not active themselves, and political parties are not mobilizing women either. awid : is there much political participation generally by women in ukraine, as voters, candidates and officials? o. s. : female voters in ukraine are more engaged than male voters. as individuals, women more actively participate in campaigns and vote more often. in this upcoming election, 3 of the 18 candidates for parliament are women. and currently, 75. 5 % of government officials are women, but most are not in positions of power. awid : are corruption and bureaucracy major factors in how people experience and interact with the political system? o. s. : yes, corruption and bureaucracy influence how people interact with the political system ; however other factors are important, too, including people ’ s ignorance of the


corruption and bureaucracy major factors in how people experience and interact with the political system? o. s. : yes, corruption and bureaucracy influence how people interact with the political system ; however other factors are important, too, including people ’ s ignorance of the political system, mutual bias and stereotypes, lack of activism and some “ activist depression ” after the orange revolution. awid : has the presence of a prominent woman leader, yulia tymoshenko, made any difference in terms of women ’ s rights? o. s. : no and yes. yulia tymoshenko is not considered by most to be a leader with feminist thinking and declarations. usually she is gender neutral in her expressions and approaches, avoiding raising issues of women ’ s leadership and sometimes pointing out the masculinity of her own actions and those of “ real men ”. at the same time, by example, she has encouraged women to get more involved in politics and motivated women to be more insistent, confident and forthcoming in their career advancement. in my opinion, tymoshenko walks a feminist path but is not ready to declare it. in previous years, she did a lot to support “ big wise men ” even after many of them betrayed her, but lately, she has finally understood that she needs to leave behind the “ supportive ” gender role. now, she often talks about how badly men have managed our country and why we need to give women an opportunity. awid : ukraine has experienced much economic transition since the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991. what kinds of occupations do women work in? and what is the situation of women economically more recently amidst the global economic crisis? o. s. : women in ukraine have been economically active for many generations, and the dissolution of the soviet union has not decreased this. still, most women work in “ female ” fields like education, trade and the hospitality industry. now, though, more women work in “ male ” dominated fields like the military and information technology. there is not yet much research on the influence of the global economic crisis in ukraine from a gender perspective, but, in general, the crisis has not hit ukraine as hard as many other countries. we are not as integrated into the global economy as many other countries. also, we went through a very harsh “ vaccination ” period during the first years after the disintegration of the soviet union, when our economy experienced many shocks. inflation rates during those years reached 1000 %, and unemployment increased from practically zero to 5 – 10 %. women


“ vaccination ” period during the first years after the disintegration of the soviet union, when our economy experienced many shocks. inflation rates during those years reached 1000 %, and unemployment increased from practically zero to 5 – 10 %. women did a lot of compensating during this time. these economic shocks were compounded by a cultural shock in which people had to reformulate their words, actions and lives. so the current economic crisis is not as difficult as what we went through nearly 20 years ago. awid : does the eastern orthodox church exert much influence on women ’ s rights today? o. s. : the influence of the eastern orthodox church on women ’ s rights is not substantive in general. traditional values such as the prohibition of abortion and the subordination of women are not visible in society as a whole and not aggressive. the church could have much influence within some families, but this is more exception than the rule. awid : what is the status of sexual and reproductive rights for women in ukraine? and are these rights complicated by ukraine ’ s low birth rates and natalist policies? o. s. : sexual and reproductive rights for women are not limited by law, and ukraine has one of the highest abortion rates in the world. the government has been trying to encourage women to have children through financial incentives, but this policy has not been very effective, because, even with the incentives, people cannot afford to have children. moreover, in rural areas, there is limited access to hospitals and health care. awid : how strong are civil society and the women ’ s movement in ukraine? are they adequately resourced? and is the spirit of the orange revolution still alive in these movements? o. s. : civil society in ukraine has had more and less favorable times during its 20 years in existence. the orange revolution could be considered as an opportune moment for civil society despite deep disappointment among population related to lost expectations. the number of active ngos including women ’ s ones is less than it was 10 years ago ; however the quality of ngo work has grown. because of the orange revolution, government bodies are more open and this has given civil society organizations more space to make change, including pushing for a more tolerant and human society. some women ’ s ngos became the first gender advisors of governors after the equal opportunity law entered into force after the orange revolution in 2005. awid : is the concept of “ rights ” well received in ukraine? o. s. : the perception of the concept of human


serious head injuries are rare in the wilderness. but get hit square on the melon by a falling rock, and the resulting brain swelling can cause dangerous intracranial pressure. unlike skin gashes and broken bones, traumatic brain injuries don ' t always bleed or even cause pain, making early diagnosis tricky. since brain injuries can occur without exterior wounds, the best indicator of serious trauma is a person ' s level of consciousness, says jeffrey isaac, curriculum director at wilderness medical associates. use the avpu scale to establish a person ' s alertness and monitor any deterioration in brain function. the farther down the scale ( a is the best, u the worst ) the person registers, the more serious the brain injury. ( a ) victim is alert and oriented ; he knows who he is, where he is, and what happened. ( v ) you get a response to verbal stimuli, but victim is confused and disoriented. ( p ) victim responds only to painful stimuli, like pinching his arm or rubbing his breastbone. ( u ) victim is unresponsive to all of the above. record any periods of unconsciousness. blackouts lasting longer than two to three minutes indicate a serious head injury, especially if accompanied by persistent disorientation. because brain swelling can develop slowly, evaluate the victim ' s mental state for 24 hours after the injury. watch for behavioral indicators like combativeness, restlessness, or acting drunk, as well as severe headache, nausea, and persistent vomiting. move the victim to a safer location if necessary. don ' t leave a victim in a dangerous place or where you can ' t treat life - threatening injuries just because you are unable to stabilize the spine, says isaac. recent studies have shown that cervical spine damage occurs in a tiny percentange of victims with traumatic head injuries. as a result, new first aid protocols recommend spine " protection " over stabilization when hazardous conditions require moving the victim. monitor a victim ' s breathing and pulse rate, and keep him hydrated and warm. treat for shock by raising the legs while you gauge his level of consciousness. initial disorientation or confusion can improve in a short period. the duration a person remains unconscious isn ' t as important as how quickly he returns to normal brain functioning, says isaac. contrary to popular belief, the victim of a head injury can doze or sleep as long as he is monitored and woken up every few hours to check alertness. initiate immediate evacuation for victims whose alertness or memory remains severely altered, or worse


is the evidence strong enough to support a medieval welsh settlement in north america? first recorded almost four hundred years after the lifetime of madoc ap owain gwynedd, there is little to indicate that the story was known before humphrey llwyd. while there certainly were medieval stories about a madoc, who seems to have been more well known in flanders than in wales, it is by no means certain that the madoc of the stories and poems was madoc ap owain. all that can be said of the medieval romances is that they concern a sea - farer of some renown. that is as far as the medieval sources go. where humphrey llwyd got the story is unknown. it is in none of the sources he translated into english and it is so far from the medieval versions that they cannot have been the sole inspiration. it is possible, perhaps even probable, that he simply made it up. as a proud welshman at a time when the english government was doing its best to anglicise the recently - created province ( following an acte for lawes & justice to be ministred in wales in like fourme as it is in this realme of 1536 ), making a claim that the welsh had discovered the new world long before the english ( and, indeed, the spanish ) had ever set foot there would have been a strike by llwyd in favour of national pride. the flawed evidence of the bat creek stone in 1991, archaeologists robert c mainfort jr. and mary l kwas, writing in the tennessee anthropologist 16 ( 1 ) identified the hoaxer of the bat creek stone as john emmert, the assistant who claimed to have found it. cyrus thomas had doubts about emmert ’ s abilities, believing his judgement to be impaired by the drink problem that eventually led to his sacking. following a series of begging letters to thomas, emmert was reinstated in 1888, promising to give him “ greater satisfaction than i ever did before ” and agreeing with thomas ’ s hypothesis that the cherokees were the moundbuilders. emmert certainly had the motive for producing a spectacular find and despite cyrus gordon ’ s identification of the script as hebrew, it is passable for the cherokee syllabary. alas, the cherokee syllabary was invented in 1819 by the native american silversmith sequoyah ( c 1767 - 1843, also known as george gist / guess / guest ) and a radiocarbon date on material from mound 3 of 1605 ±


the cherokee syllabary was invented in 1819 by the native american silversmith sequoyah ( c 1767 - 1843, also known as george gist / guess / guest ) and a radiocarbon date on material from mound 3 of 1605 ± 170 bp ( 409 ± 174 ce ) is much too early. so, could blackett and wilson be right in identifying the inscription as sixth - century welsh, in the coelbren script? once again, we find coelbren to be a modern invention, having been first published in 1791 by edward williams ( 1747 - 1826, better known as iolo morganwg ), a serial forger. although claims have been made for an earlier origin ( such as in the “ welsh runes ” attributed to the scholar nennius or nemnivus and said to have been invented because an englishman had taunted him that the welsh had no writing system ), nothing like coelbren is attested before the time of edward williams. it is also evident that if it incorporates symbols for mutated consonants and such mutations are not written before the period of middle welsh orthography ( twelfth to fourteenth centuries ce ), long after the date claimed for the bat creek inscription by wilson and blackett, then coelbren can be no earlier that the twelfth century ce. dismissing the recent claims wilson and blackett are keen promoters of an alternative arthurian archaeology that uses some very poor evidence that does not stand up to critical scrutiny. indeed, there is even a suggestion that some of the evidence they use is fraudulent. their frequent complaint that they are not taken seriously by academe is typical of bad archaeologists : they tell their readers that the reasons for being ignored are professional jealousies, an inability to see beyond accepted ideas and even darkly political conspiracies. like so many other bad archaeologists they seem incapable of recognising that the real reason the professional archaeologists do not give them the recognition they believe they deserve is that their ideas are poorly thought out, supported by inadmissable evidence and, ultimately, rubbish.


household dust and allergies in children the use of mattress covers on children ’ s beds, along with intensive education and assistance in dust - reduction measures in the home, prevents the development of allergies in children at high risk, according to a recent article in archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine ( 2002 ; 156 : 1021 – 7 ). childhood allergies are a common and growing problem, and children who suffer from allergies frequently develop chronic allergic conditions, including asthma. in the united states, asthma is the most commonly diagnosed chronic disease of childhood, affecting nearly nine million children. conventional medical management of childhood allergies and asthma includes the use of antihistamines, inhaled drugs that dilate the bronchial passages ( bronchodilators ), and inhaled and oral steroids. all of these medicines can have serious side effects, and a child ’ s likelihood of needing to continue treatment into adulthood is high. antihistamines can affect the central nervous system, causing either overstimulation or sedation ; bronchodilators can also stimulate the nervous system, causing anxiety and insomnia. over long periods of time, inhaled steroids can damage the immune defenses of the respiratory system, leading to increased rates of infections, and oral steroids have negative effects on adrenal function and the entire immune system. for these reasons, preventive approaches should be pursued whenever possible. according to some, but not all, studies, dust mite allergy is a predictor of asthma and other types of chronic allergies such as eczema. one previous study found that reducing the amount of dust in children ’ s home environments prevented the development of dust mite allergies. another study found that the use of mattress covers effectively reduced dust mite exposure in the home. in the current study, the combined effect of mattress covers and intensive dust reduction measures on the development of dust mite allergies was evaluated. the 566 european children who participated in this one - year study were between 18 months and five years of age. all had some allergy symptoms, such as asthma, hay fever, or eczema, but tests for dust mite allergy were negative. each had at least one parent with allergy symptoms and positive results on the dust mite allergy test, putting these children at high risk for becoming allergic to dust mites themselves. the children were randomly assigned to one of two groups. both groups ’ parents received standard information about environmental influences on children ’ s


results on the dust mite allergy test, putting these children at high risk for becoming allergic to dust mites themselves. the children were randomly assigned to one of two groups. both groups ’ parents received standard information about environmental influences on children ’ s health and recommendations for allergy prevention. recommendations for allergy prevention included avoiding exposure to pets in bedrooms, ventilating bedrooms well, avoiding cigarette smoke, and washing bedding and cleaning bedrooms regularly to minimize dust. in addition, parents of children in the intervention group were given more detailed dust - reduction instructions and assistance, and a mattress cover to prevent dust accumulation on children ’ s beds. the children were evaluated for allergy symptoms after six months, and tests for dust mite allergies were repeated after one year. the percentage of children who had developed allergies to dust mites by the end of the trial was 6. 5 % in the group that received standard instructions, compared with only 3 % in the intervention group. the results of this study add to a growing body of evidence that preventing exposure to house dust mites may significantly reduce the development of dust mite allergies, and therefore might decrease the incidence of childhood allergies and asthma. these measures should be recommended in conjunction with other allergy prevention approaches that have been shown to be effective. for example, observational studies have shown a 30 to 50 % reduction in childhood asthma in those who receive exclusive breastfeeding for three months. several studies have demonstrated a protective effect of dietary supplementation with omega - 3 fatty acids. restricting allergenic foods in the diets of nursing mothers and infants has been shown to prevent some types of allergies. controlled trials have shown that probiotic supplements ( which support the growth of healthy gut bacteria ) and hydrolyzed milk formulas ( in which potentially allergenic proteins are broken down to smaller, non - allergenic sizes ) reduce allergies and asthma in infants. the cumulative effect of these preventive measures remains to be evaluated. maureen williams, nd, received her bachelor ’ s degree from the university of pennsylvania and her doctorate of naturopathic medicine from bastyr university in seattle, wa. she has a private practice in quechee, vermont, and does extensive work with traditional herbal medicine in guatemala and honduras. dr. williams is a regular contributor to healthnotes newswire. copyright © 2003 healthnotes, inc. all rights reserved. republication or redistribution of the healthnotes® content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of healthnotes


black - scholes : the maths formula linked to the financial crash it ' s not every day that someone writes down an equation that ends up changing the world. but it does happen sometimes, and the world doesn ' t always change for the better. it has been argued that one formula known as black - scholes, along with its descendants, helped to blow up the financial world. black - scholes was first written down in the early 1970s but its story starts earlier than that, in the dojima rice exchange in 17th century japan where futures contracts were written for rice traders. a simple futures contract says that i will agree to buy rice from you in one year ' s time, at a price that we agree right now. by the 20th century the chicago board of trade was providing a marketplace for traders to deal not only in futures but in options contracts. an example of an option is a contract where we agree that i can buy rice from you at any time over the next year, at a price that we agree right now - but i don ' t have to if i don ' t want to. you can imagine why this kind of contract might be useful. if i am running a big chain of hamburger restaurants, but i don ' t know how much beef i ' ll need to buy next year, and i am nervous that the price of beef might rise, well - all i need is to buy some options on beef. but then that leads to a very ticklish problem. how much should i be paying for those beef options? what are they worth? and that ' s where this world - changing equation, the black - scholes formula, can help. " the problem it ' s trying to solve is to define the value of the right, but not the obligation, to buy a particular asset at a specified price, within or at the end of a specified time period, " says professor myron scholes, professor of finance at the stanford university graduate school of business and - of course - co - inventor of the black - scholes formula. the young scholes was fascinated by finance. as a teenager, he persuaded his mother to set up an account so that he could trade on the stock market. one of the amazing things about scholes is that throughout his time as an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half - blind. and so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking. when he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. the next year, he became an assistant


an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half - blind. and so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking. when he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. the next year, he became an assistant professor at mit, and it was there that he stumbled upon the option - pricing puzzle. one part of the puzzle was this question of risk : the value of an option to buy beef at a price of - say - $ 2 ( £1. 23 ) a kilogram presumably depends on what the price of beef is, and how the price of beef is moving around. but the connection between the price of beef and the value of the beef option doesn ' t vary in a straightforward way - it depends how likely the option is to actually be used. that in turn depends on the option price and the beef price. all the variables seem to be tangled up in an impenetrable way. scholes worked on the problem with his colleague, fischer black, and figured out that if i own just the right portfolio of beef, plus options to buy and sell beef, i have a delicious and totally risk - free portfolio. since i already know the price of beef and the price of risk - free assets, by looking at the difference between them i can work out the price of these beef options. that ' s the basic idea. the details are hugely complicated. " it might have taken us a year, a year and a half to be able to solve and get the simple black - scholes formula, " says scholes. " but we had the actual underlying dynamics way before. " the black - scholes method turned out to be a way not only to calculate value of options but all kinds of other financial assets. " we were like kids in a candy story in the sense that we described options everywhere, options were embedded in everything that we did in life, " says scholes. end quote professor ian stewart warwick university by 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion ( thousand million million ) us dollars ” but black and scholes weren ' t the only kids in the candy store, says ian stewart, whose book argues that black - scholes was a dangerous invention. " what the equation did was give everyone the confidence to trade options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives, " he says. scholes thought his equation would be useful. he didn ' t expect it to transform the face of finance. but it quickly became obvious that it would. "


options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives, " he says. scholes thought his equation would be useful. he didn ' t expect it to transform the face of finance. but it quickly became obvious that it would. " about the time we had published this article, that ' s 1973, simultaneously or approximately a month thereafter, the chicago board options exchange started to trade call options on 16 stocks, " he recalls. scholes had just moved to the university of chicago. he and his colleagues had already been teaching the black - scholes formula and methodology to students for several years. " there were many young traders who either had taken courses at mit or chicago in using the option pricing technology. on the other hand, there was a group of traders who had only intuition and previous experience. and in a very short period of time, the intuitive players were essentially eliminated by the more systematic players who had this pricing technology. " more or less : behind the stats listen to more or less on bbc radio 4 and the world service, or download the free podcast that was just the beginning. " by 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion ( thousand million million ) us dollars - this is 10 times the total production of goods on the planet over its entire history, " says stewart. " ok, we ' re talking about the totals in a two - way trade, people are buying and people are selling and you ' re adding it all up as if it doesn ' t cancel out, but it was a huge trade. " the black - scholes formula had passed the market test. but as banks and hedge funds relied more and more on their equations, they became more and more vulnerable to mistakes or over - simplifications in the mathematics. " the equation is based on the idea that big movements are actually very, very rare. the problem is that real markets have these big changes much more often that this model predicts, " says stewart. " and the other problem is that everyone ' s following the same mathematical principles, so they ' re all going to get the same answer. " now these were known problems. what was not clear was whether the problems were small enough to ignore, or well enough understood to fix. and then in the late 1990s, two remarkable things happened. " the inventors got the nobel prize for economics, " says stewart. " i would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it. " end quote ian stewart university of warwick long - term capital management showed the danger of this kind


two remarkable things happened. " the inventors got the nobel prize for economics, " says stewart. " i would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it. " end quote ian stewart university of warwick long - term capital management showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically - based trading ” fischer black died young, in 1995. when in 1997 scholes won the nobel memorial prize, he shared it not with black but with robert merton, another option - pricing expert. scholes ' work had inspired a generation of mathematical wizards on wall street, and by this stage both he and merton were players in the world of finance, as partners of a hedge fund called long - term capital management. " the whole idea of this company was that it was going to base its trading on mathematical principles such as the black - scholes equation. and it actually was amazingly successful to begin with, " says stewart. " it was outperforming the traditional companies quite noticeably and everything looked great. " but it didn ' t end well. long - term capital management ran into, among other things, the russian financial crisis. the firm lost $ 4bn ( £2. 5bn ) in the course of six weeks. it was bailed out by a consortium of banks which had been assembled by the federal reserve. and - at the time - it was a very big story indeed. this was all happening in august and september of 1998, less than a year after scholes had been awarded his nobel prize. stewart says the lessons from long - term capital management were obvious. " it showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically - based trading if you don ' t keep an eye on some of the indicators that the more conventional people would use, " he says. " they [ long - term capital management ] were committed, pretty much, to just ploughing ahead with the system they had. and it went wrong. " scholes says that ' s not what happened at all. " it had nothing to do with equations and nothing to do with models, " he says. " i was not running the firm, let me be very clear about that. there was not an ability to withstand the shock that occurred in the market in the summer and fall of late 1998. so it was just a matter of risk - taking. it wasn ' t a matter of modelling. " this is something people were still arguing about a decade later. was the collapse of long - term capital management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as scholes says, was it


- taking. it wasn ' t a matter of modelling. " this is something people were still arguing about a decade later. was the collapse of long - term capital management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as scholes says, was it simply a case of traders taking too much risk against the better judgement of the mathematical experts? ten years after the long - term capital management bail - out, lehman brothers collapsed. and the debate over black - scholes and ltcm is now a broader debate over the role of mathematical equations in finance. ian stewart claims that the black - scholes equation changed the world. does he really believe that mathematics caused the financial crisis? " it was abuse of their equation that caused trouble, and i don ' t think you can blame the inventors of an equation if somebody else comes along and uses it badly, " he says. end quote myron scholes the fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow ” " and it wasn ' t just that equation. it was a whole generation of other mathematical models and all sorts of other techniques that followed on its heels. but it was one of the major discoveries that opened the door to all this. " black - scholes changed the culture of wall street, from a place where people traded based on common sense, experience and intuition, to a place where the computer said yes or no. but is it really fair to blame black - scholes for what followed it? " the black - scholes technology has very specific rules and requirements, " says scholes. " that technology attracted or caused investment banks to hire people who had quantitative or mathematical skills. i accept that. they then developed products or technologies of their own. " not all of those subsequent technologies, says scholes, were good enough. " [ some ] had assumptions that were wrong, or they used data incorrectly to calibrate their models, or people who used [ the ] models didn ' t know how to use them. " scholes argues there is no going back. " the fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow, and will continue to evolve over time, " he says. but for ian stewart, the story of black - scholes - and of long - term capital management - is a kind of morality tale. " it ' s very tempting to see the financial crisis and various things which led up to it as sort of the classic greek tragedy of hubris begets nemesis, " he says. " you try to


purim is a holiday celebration like no other surrounded by a natural arena of sunset - tinged and snow - capped peaks, it is impossible to imagine a more wild and spectacular location than lago pehoe in southern chile ’ s torres del paine national park. the jaw - dropping scenery is also filled with wildlife, so between bouts of trekking, river rafting and horse riding, ticking off the park ’ s most iconic fauna comes remarkably easily to the curious traveller. just a few decades ago the llama ’ s close cousin the guanaco was endangered, but now there are more than 3, 000 of the camelids ( also close relatives of the camel ) living in the torres del paine national park. they are a deceptively compact animal - just over 1m - high at the shoulder - but still easily spotted on the grassy tundra punctuating torres del paine ’ s dramatic combination of alpine lakes, soaring peaks and turquoise - tinged glaciers. count on being greeted with a look that is a quizzical cross between “ can i help you? ” and “ what are you staring at? ” more than 3, 000 guanacos are apparently more than enough to sustain a growing population of pumas. the patagonian puma is the southernmost of all mountain lions, and also one of the largest. like any cat they are solitary and independent creatures, so any sightings are likely to be restricted to bigger than expected paw prints in the snow. keep your eyes peeled for the more delicate prints of puma cubs, padding along beside their graceful, but powerful mothers. the andean grey fox in the brutally pragmatic patagonian eco - system, it is not just pumas targeting the guanacos. getting close to a sleek andean grey fox is surprisingly straight forward, especially if they are hungry and preoccupied with eating. they prefer target hares and rodents, but will happily chow down on any guanacos that have already been killed by pumas. the andean condor the surging and swirling thermals of patagonia ’ s cliffs, peaks and valleys are the perfect environment for the mighty andean condor. a wing - span of more than 3m – the largest of any land bird – enables these impressive scavengers to stay aloft with minimal effort. explorer and naturalist charles darwin actually noted watching one soar for half an hour without moving its wings. pack good binoculars for the best views of these magnificent birds. the south andean deer there are only around 2,


question : can you suggest some resources that will help me understand more about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten - free diet? answer : may is celiac awareness month so it is a great time to highlight some resources, guides, information sheets and articles about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten - free diet. explore and enjoy these links. print them out. hang them on your refrigerator or bring them grocery shopping with you. use them as reference for yourself, and also share them with others in order to spread more awareness, visibility and knowledge about celiac disease. basics on celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten - free diet : if you are looking for a handout that explains the difference between celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, as well as an overview of the gluten - free diet, nutritional concerns, labeling, resources and helpful links – this guide is for you. a quick reference for allowed & non - allowed foods for the gluten - free diet : the only treatment for celiac disease and gluten sensitivity is a gluten - free diet. and it can get confusing when it comes to what grains are a “ go ” and what grains are a “ no ”! all forms of wheat, rye and barley must strictly be avoided, including spelt, kamut, einkorn, emmer, faro, durum, couscous, semolina, bulgur and triticale. barley malt, barley malt extract, barley malt flavor, brewer ’ s yeast, malt vinegar, as well as barley - based ale, beer and lager must also be avoided. here is a more detailed list of foods allowed, to avoid and to question. looking for some facts about celiac disease? this blog post addresses 10 facts about celiac disease that will help you understand the disease and better explain it to others. what is the difference between celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and a wheat allergy? this is one of the most common questions i receive. this blog post addresses facts and pointers regarding each of these conditions to help you understand the differences in these somewhat similar, yet very unique medical conditions. nutrition and the gluten - free diet? the gluten - free diet can create challenges when it comes to getting the proper nutrients. this chart provides a quick reference and ideas to improve the nutritional quality of your meals and snacks. is the gluten


gluten - free diet? the gluten - free diet can create challenges when it comes to getting the proper nutrients. this chart provides a quick reference and ideas to improve the nutritional quality of your meals and snacks. is the gluten - free diet healthy for everyone? gluten - free foods are popping up everywhere and the gluten - free diet is being promoted for everything that ails you. to separate the “ wheat from the chaff ” you need to check out the facts in this article. what ’ s new in the gluten - free world? although there is still a lot we don ’ t know about celiac disease, there is a lot we do know, thanks to research efforts across the globe. this article recaps some of what we do know about the disease, as well as some important new developments in the gluten - free world. finally, as a dietitian specializing in celiac disease and the gluten - free, my mission has been to provide consumers, health professionals, the food industry, media and others with accurate and practical information. one way i ’ ve accomplished this is through my book, gluten - free diet : a comprehensive resource guide, now in its 4th edition, 9th printing. in addition, my website www. glutenfreediet. ca, newsletter, blog and q & a columns – like the ask shelley case column on befreeforme. com feature lots of free information. happy reading! ask shelley case is a feature of befreeforme. com. it is published the second tuesday of each month. shelley case, rd is a consulting dietitian, speaker and author of gluten - free diet : a comprehensive resource guide. visit shelley and get more gluten - free tips & info at : glutenfreediet. ca


one of the world ' s most ancient societies has been given a legal buffer zone to guard it from the modern world. india ' s supreme court has banned all commercial and tourism activity near their habitat in the country ' s remote andaman and nicobar islands in the indian ocean. the ruling bars hotels and resorts from operating within a three - mile buffer zone around the jarawa reserve, which is home to the jarawa tribal people. the order means resorts that had opened nearby will have to close. the jarawas are among the world ' s most ancient people, with many still hunting with bows and arrows and rubbing stones together to make fire. scientists believe they were among the first people to migrate from africa to asia around 70, 000 years ago. jarawas did not have any contact with government authorities until 1996 and did not begin leaving their habitat until a few years ago, when they began moving out of the reserve in small groups for a brief while before returning. scientists say there are around 320 jarawa tribespeople living in the southern and middle andaman islands. the indian government has come under increasing criticism from rights activists for failing to protect the jarawas. critics say the local government has allowed unscrupulous tour operators to promote " human safaris. " in 2002, the supreme court ordered that a road passing through the reserve be closed, but the local government still has not barred the andaman trunk road, enabling tourist buses and vehicles to enter jarawa habitats deep in the jungle. india ' s cabinet recently authorised stiff penalties for those trying to organise tours to jarawa habitats or photographing the tribespeople. last year, activists were outraged when media reports and videos surfaced of local policemen forcing bare - chested jarawa women to dance for tourists in exchange for food. survival international, a london - based international rights group for indigenous people, welcomed the new order, but said the indian government has " missed " an opportunity by allowing the road to remain open to tourists.


the importance of breakfast it often amazes me how people take better care of their cars than their bodies. i have yet to meet a person who said, “ god has a plan as to when my car should ‘ die ’ and i do not need to worry about it. i don ’ t need to check or change the oil, or perform any routine maintenance. and i don ’ t need to worry about the type of gasoline i use. ” we recognize the necessity of proper care to get the longest life and best performance out of our automobiles. when will we realize that proper care also gives our bodies the longest life and today, a wealth of scientific research has confirmed that most of the leading causes of death and chronic diseases are preventable. we have been talking about the lifestyle factors that will help us improve our health. adding breakfast to your eating pattern is a major step to improving your lifestyle. well, why bother with breakfast? food is fuel. many studies have emphasized the importance of breakfast. if you want to make the most of your day, fuel your body early with the right stuff. at a time : what to do the importance of studies have even linked healthy breakfasts with less chronic disease, increased longevity and better health. starting your day with a good breakfast boosts your energy, increases your attention span, and heightens your sense of well - being. you ’ ll be in better control of your emotions. a good breakfast is one that provides at least one third of the day ’ s calories. most people give a variety of reasons for not eating breakfast. a common reason is that they are not hungry in the morning, which is a result of eating a full meal late in the evening or late snacking. when they go to bed, the body is still busy digesting all that food. digestion then goes into a slower gear during the hours of sleep and there is still food in the stomach in the morning. the stomach needs a rest too. a tired stomach does not feel like digesting a big breakfast. when you get up in the morning, your glucose or blood sugar level is at its lowest point in the day. glucose is the basic fuel for the brain and central nervous system. a good breakfast will keep you from being tired and irritable the effects of a skipped breakfast are short attention span, lack of alertness, longer reaction time, low blood sugar, decreased work productivity. surely, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. take time to eat a large, balanced breakfast. it ’ s


a skipped breakfast are short attention span, lack of alertness, longer reaction time, low blood sugar, decreased work productivity. surely, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. take time to eat a large, balanced breakfast. it ’ s a good investment of your time. once you get into the habit of eating breakfast, you may feel hungry in the application : how to do it breakfast is a great way to get more fiber into your diet. plan wisely for a healthy breakfast. many prepared cereals have added refined sugar, often hidden. read labels carefully to select cereals prepared without excessive sugar, salt, fat, and excuse for not eating breakfast? • “ no time? ” how much time does it take to eat a bowl of cereal? make toast and eat it on your way to work. make your breakfast the night before. making time for breakfast is making time to be healthy. • “ not hungry? ” to get started, don ’ t eat anything after an early supper. finish supper by 6 : 30 p. m. • “ might gain weight? ” eating breakfast will actually help you reach and maintain your healthy weight. your appetite will be satisfied longer. you ’ ll be eating food when you can best burn the calories. you ’ ll feel great. eat breakfast. • you “ don ’ t like breakfast foods? ” you don ’ t have to eat traditional breakfast foods. you can eat leftovers, or a sandwich. any healthy food is fine. caffeine may mask hunger. • you “ don ’ t like eating breakfast? ” it is in your best interest to eat breakfast. take the step. do the right thing. eat breakfast. simple, easy ways to add • start small. if your not a breakfast eater, begin with whole wheat toast and / or a piece of fruit. in a few days, add more food. • choose fruit for breakfast. fruit gives you fiber. fresh fruit is the best choice. there are many to choose from : oranges, grapefruits, apples, bananas, grapes, kiwis, mangos, melons, berries. eat two servings of fruit every morning. canned fruit packed in juice is also a good choice. add dried fruit to your cereal. • eat high fiber hot cereal. hot cereal is the best choice, but there are several brands of cold cereal on the market that are high in fiber and low in sugar. oatmeal is a favorite hot cereal. try a seven grain cereal and experiment with


fiber hot cereal. hot cereal is the best choice, but there are several brands of cold cereal on the market that are high in fiber and low in sugar. oatmeal is a favorite hot cereal. try a seven grain cereal and experiment with different grains such as millet, brown rice, quinoa, corn grits for a variety. try cooking grains in a crock pot overnight and it ’ s already the next morning. or cook up a large batch and re - heat the next day. make your own granola. add a high fiber cereal to your favorite low fiber cereal. gradually increase the amount of the high fiber cereal and decrease the amount of the low fiber cereal. for example, if you like cornflakes, add wheat chex to the cornflakes. each morning add a little more wheat chex and a little less • choose whole grain bread. eat two slices of toast in the morning or a whole grain bagel. spread with fruit spread or applesauce or your favorite nut butter. • make healthy pancakes or waffles. have you ever considered topping your pancakes or waffles with fruit? • instead of scramble eggs try scrambled tofu. you ’ re in for a • the sky ’ s the limit. the only limitation is your imagination. make it a priority. eat breakfast. high fiber, ready to eat cereals and whole grain breads. - - choose a cereal with at least 3 - 5 grams of fiber per serving. - - choose cereal that have 5 grams or less of sugar per serving. remember 4 grams of - - choose bread with at least 2 grams of dietary fiber per challenge : you can do it!! try this simple experiment. eat one or two servings of fresh fruit every for the next three weeks. eat as many different kinds as you can find. and remember, health is by choice... not by chance! the choice is yours. you don ’ t have to be a statistic. by adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more and remember, health is by choice... not by chance! the choice is yours. you don ' t have to be a statistic. by adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more productive life. while it may be considered " helpful ", individuals without a masters in health administration degree, nutrition & fitness degree, or even


the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, nebraska, says drought has produced an above - normal wildfire potential this season along the leeward sides of all the hawaiian islands, including the western third of hawaii island. most of our state has received above - normal precipitation, but not parts of hawaii island. the result : the danger of out - of - control brush fires is significant. elsewhere on the united states mainland, the situation is similar. the ndmc says snowpack was disappointing in many states – in colorado and utah, they had only half the usual snowpack. colorado had its first wildfire of 2012 last month in a conflagration that took 700 firefighters more than a week to control the fire. january and february were the driest on record in california. hawaii county fire department warns residents to clear brush from near their houses, and to have an evacuation plan should there be a fire. they also warn that tossing lit cigarettes out of cars is not only illegal, but not trigger a fire. the national drought mitigation center says areas on hawaii island and elsewhere that have not had soakings of brush, grass, and trees, and the wildfire fuels don ’ t have water and cannot resist fire. hawaii island ’ s west side usually has a rainy summer season and there have been some mauka showers, with residents hoping for more. hilo has gotten lots of rain this winter, but other areas around the island vary in how much rain they ’ ve received. the ndmc, established in 1995, is based in the school of natural resources at the university of nebraska - lincoln. the organization helps people and institutions develop and implement measures to reduce societal vulnerability to drought, stressing preparedness and risk management rather than crisis management. it works with several different agencies to collaborate on drought issues – united states department of agriculture, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, united states geological survey, the national climate data center, and international organizations, among others.


scientists identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered on a noaa - funded mission in the deep waters of the papahanaumokuakea marine national monument. six of these species may represent entirely new genera, a remarkable feat given the broad classification a genus represents. a genus is a major category in the classification of organisms, ranking above a species and below a family. scientists expect to identify more new species as analysis of samples continues. " these discoveries are important, because deep - sea corals support diverse seafloor ecosystems and also because these corals may be among the first marine organisms to be affected by ocean acidification, " said richard spinrad, ph. d., noaa ' s assistant administrator for oceanic and atmospheric research. ocean acidification is a change in ocean chemistry due to excess carbon dioxide. researchers have seen adverse changes in marine life with calcium - carbonate shells, such as corals, because of acidified ocean water. " deep - sea bamboo corals also produce growth rings much as trees do, and can provide a much - needed view of how deep ocean conditions change through time, " said spinrad. rob dunbar, a stanford university scientist, was studying long - term climate data by examining long - lived corals. " we found live, 4, 000 - year - old corals in the monument meaning 4, 000 years worth of information about what has been going on in the deep ocean interior. " " studying these corals can help us understand how they survive for such long periods of time as well as how they may respond to climate change in the future, " said dunbar. among the other findings were a five - foot tall yellow bamboo coral tree that had never been described before, new beds of living deepwater coral and sponges, and a giant sponge scientists dubbed the " cauldron sponge, " approximately three feet tall and three feet across. scientists collected two other sponges which have not yet been anal | contact : christine patrick |


diamond says sleep with your kids, spare parents : books human beings and apes went their separate ways 6 million years ago, jared diamond notes near the beginning of “ the world until yesterday. ” yet agriculture has been around for just 11, 000 years, and the first state government arose only 5, 400 years ago. in other words, life as we know it accounts for a small fraction of human history. by looking closely at the world ’ s last few “ traditional ” ( i. e., tribal ) societies - - especially in new guinea, where he ’ s spent much of the past half - century - - diamond shows what it must have been like before that. he deftly explodes a few myths, beginning with jean - jacques rousseau ’ s “ speculative and ungrounded theory ” that “ humans were naturally compassionate in a state of nature, and that wars began only with the rise of states. ” the reality was the opposite - - maniacal xenophobia and perennial war. if you encountered a stranger on your path, you had essentially two options : run or fight. the percentage of people that tribal societies typically lost in conflicts dwarfs german and russian war losses during the 20th century ( even if the numbers seem less dramatic at first because they aren ’ t in the millions ). that ’ s why they ’ ve so often accepted state control with so little protest : since states, for their own reasons, suppress tribal warfare, life under their authority is less dangerous and a lot more pleasant. “ the world until yesterday ” is packed with fascinating information of this kind. but because diamond has constructed it as a series of lessons we can learn from what once were called primitive peoples, it ’ s also problematic. i don ’ t doubt his good faith when he declares, “ my own outlook on life has been transformed and enriched by my years among one set of traditional societies, that of new guinea. ” ( he previously wrote about these societies, among others, in his pulitzer prize - winning book, “ guns, germs and steel. ” ) but then what does he tell us we can learn from them? to value mediation as a method of settling legal disputes. to treat the elderly with greater dignity. to watch our salt and sugar intake. fifty years of study - - for that? diamond ’ s most intriguing discussion, in terms of novel and usable information, involves child rearing. i was happy to find him advocating, for example, that parents allow small children to share their beds ; i ’ m still mad about how strictly my


diamond ’ s most intriguing discussion, in terms of novel and usable information, involves child rearing. i was happy to find him advocating, for example, that parents allow small children to share their beds ; i ’ m still mad about how strictly my own parents barred me from theirs. but even when diamond offers convincing arguments about “ the precocious development of social skills ” in the children of hunter - gatherers, he dulls them with an irritating habit of belaboring the hyper - obvious : “ naturally, i ’ m not saying that we should emulate all child - rearing practices of hunter - gatherers. i don ’ t recommend that we return to the hunter - gatherer practices of selective infanticide, high risk of death in childbirth and letting infants play with knives and get burned by fires. ” or, on the elderly : “ i don ’ t know any individual american whose devoted care of his aged parents goes as far as pre - chewing their food, nor any who has strangled his aged parents and been publicly commended as a good son for doing so. ” much like his friends in the new guinea jungle, for whom “ there is no time pressure, no schedule, ” diamond is in no hurry to get where he ’ s going. what disturbs me more than the leisurely blandness of his style, though, is his apparent conviction ( or maybe it came from his agent or his publisher ) that he had to make his book relevant by delivering news you can use. the idea that knowledge isn ’ t sufficient in itself is depressing if not insulting. i was absorbed as i read “ the world before yesterday. ” but faced with the embarrassing question its subtitle poses - - “ what can we learn from traditional societies? ” - - i would have to answer : not all that much. muse highlights include elin mccoy on wine. to contact the writer on the story : craig seligman at firstname. lastname @ example. org.


march 22, 2000 upton, ny - painting a bridge can be a costly and time - consuming undertaking, especially if the paint job doesn ' t last. so scientists have been working on ways to test paint durability before the brushes even get wet. at a march 22 session at the american physical society meeting in minneapolis, scientists from the university of missouri at kansas city, who worked in collaboration with physicist bent nielsen of the u. s. department of energy ' s brookhaven national laboratory, will present findings that could lead to the development of an extremely sensitive and quick durability test. the technique is called positron annihilation. essentially, the scientists bombard small painted samples of metal with a beam of positrons, or positively charged electrons. when these " antielectrons " interact with the electrons in the molecules of the paint, they annihilate one another and send out gamma rays that give the scientists information about the molecules in the paint. the technique can detect nanometer - scale holes and defects in the paint molecules ; free radicals, which indicate the presence of broken chemical bonds ; and cross linking, which may make the paint brittle. " these experiments show that this technique is extremely sensitive to detecting damage early, " says brookhaven ' s nielsen - well before the formation of any visible cracks in the paint. " so you can test the paint on a much shorter time scale - a day instead of half a year. that ' s a big advantage, " nielsen says. the scientists typically test the paint samples before and after exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) light, one of the components of sunlight known to damage bridge coatings. the more sensitive the paint is to uv damage, the less durable the paint would be on a bridge exposed to sunlight day after day. they ' ve also exposed samples to uv light during the positron annihilation test to see if they could detect the damage as it occurred. in both cases, the damage increased with uv exposure time, and was most severe near the surface of the paint. in addition to laying the foundation for a quick paint durability test, the detailed observations made possible by positron annihilation may also help scientists learn more about the fundamental mechanisms of paint degradation. that knowledge, in turn, may eventually lead to the development of more durable paints. brookhaven was a pioneer in developing positron beams in the late 1970s and early 1980s. positron emission tomography ( pet ) scanning, a medical technique used to learn about the function


- slide 1 of 4 there are two ways of fighting fire on board a ship - by using portable marine fire fighting equipments or by using different types of fixed fire fighting installations. the type of system used for fighting fire depends on the intensity and type of fire. moreover, not all types of fixed fire installation systems can be used for any type of ship. a specific type of fixed fire fighting installation can be used only for a certain type of ship. in this article we will learn about a ship ' s fire main or the main fire fighting installation system. - slide 2 of 4 a ship ' s main emergency fire system consist of a specific number of fire hydrants located at strategic positions across the ship. a series of dedicated pumps are provided to supply to these fire hydrants. the number and capacity of pumps required for a particular type of ship is decided by an international governing authority. all these pumps are supplied power from the main power system. apart from that, an emergency fire pump is also provided, which is located remote from the machinery space. the emergency fire pump has its own independent means of power source, which can be used to take over in case of main power failure. moreover, all the hydrant outlets are provided with an isolating valve so as to isolate those valves which are not in use. the fire hydrants are also provided with standard size flanges in order to attach hoses which have nozzles attached to them. all the hoses are provided with snap in connectors for easy and quick engaging and disengaging operation. the nozzles attached to the hoses are generally of two types - jet and spray, depending on the type of discharge required for extinguishing the fire. both the nozzles can be adjusted according to the type of spray and flow required, which could be played over the fire to cool it without spreading. the pumps are connected with the main sea water connection, having appropriate head to prevent any type of suction problem. the valves supplying water to these pumps are always kept open to provide a constant supply of sea water to fight fire at any point of time. though sea water is the best mode of fighting fire, the main emergency fire fighting system can only be used on fires of type a. however, in case of class b fires, if all modes for extinguishing fire fails, sea water from main emergency system can be used. - slide 3 of 4 international shore coupling the standard sized flanges provided at every strategically positioned hydrant are known as


exponential growth refers to an amount of substance increasing exponentially. exponential growth is a type of exponential function where instead of having a variable in the base of the function, it is in the exponent. exponential decay and exponential growth are used in carbon dating and other real - life applications. i want to talk about exponential growth, i have an example here the population of mice in the duchy of grand fenwick grows at a rate of 6 % per year. how long will it take for the population to double or quadruple? i have a table of values here i wanted to show you why this is exponential growth. increasing at 6 % per year means very year we ' re multiplying by 1. 06 and so we get p sub 0 when t = 0, p sub 0 times 1. 06 when t = 1 and p sub 0 times 1. 06 squared when t = 2 and so on. this would suggest the formula p sub t equals p sub 0 times 1. 06 to the t and that ' s an exponential growth formula. now to find the doubling time i need to plug in twice the initial population here. i don ' t know what the initial population is but twice the initial population is 2 times p sub and after you plug in you can see that the actual initial population doesn ' t matter it ' s going to cancel out. so now i have the equation 2 = 1. 06 to the t, this is an exponential equation and the way we solve exponential equations is to take the log of both sides. i ' m going to take that natural log of both sides, it doesn ' t matter what log you use as long as it ' s on your calculator so you can use either the common log or the natural log. okay before i calculate i actually need to use the property of the logs, natural log of 1. 06 to the t this is the log of a power so the exponent can come out in front t times ln of 1. 06 and then we have a simple linear equation to solve this all we need to do is divide both sides b y natural log of 1. 06. so ln 2 over ln of 1. 06 now i ' d like a numerical answer so i ' m going to calculate this value ln2 divided by ln 1. 06 enter, i get t, t is approximately 11. 89566 and that would be in years. because the population growth rate was given as 6 % per year, i want to round this off let '


##2 divided by ln 1. 06 enter, i get t, t is approximately 11. 89566 and that would be in years. because the population growth rate was given as 6 % per year, i want to round this off let ' s say your teacher likes you to round off to the nearest hundredth then when i calculate quadrupling time a reason like this in order for a population to quadruple, it ' s got to double and then double again. so we ' re going to have 2 doubling times in a row. so it stands to reason that the quadrupling time is twice the doubling time. twice this, but if i write 23. 80 years my answer is not quite right let me multiply in my calculator answer times 2. it ' s actually 23. 79 years. you have to be really careful when you ' re using rounded values to do calculations. these values rounded to the nearest hundredth and when i double it i double whatever round off error there was. so the best way to get my final answer for quadrupling time is to double this value which is still stored in the calculator so multiply this times 2 and you get the correct value to the nearest hundredth. this is my answer.


simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. advocacy by jefferson... to receive foreign ministers in run - down slippers and frayed jackets. he shunned display, protocol, and pomp ; he gave no public balls or celebrations on his birthday. by completing the transition to republicanism, he humanized the presidency and made it a symbol not of the nation but of the people. he talked persuasively about the virtue of limiting government — his first inaugural address... series of 85 essays on the proposed new constitution of the united states and on the nature of republican government, published between 1787 and 1788 by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay in an effort to persuade new york state voters to support ratification. seventy - seven of the essays first appeared serially in new york newspapers, were reprinted in most other states, and were... history of portugal during the period from 1890 to 1910, the relatively stable politics of rotating governments under the constitutional monarchy disintegrated. feuding monarchist parties and politicians agreed that portugal faced severe economic, financial, and social problems, but they quarreled over solutions. the republicans increased their support in lisbon and the larger towns as well as in the rural south.... what made you want to look up " republicanism "? please share what surprised you most...


died july 31, 1981, near penonome dictator - like leader of panama ( 196878 ), who negotiated the panama canal treaties with the united states, leading to panama ' s eventual assumption of control of the canal. educated at a military school in el salvador, torrijos also studied military - related subjects in the united states and venezuela. in 1952 he was commissioned second lieutenant in the national guard of panama ( guardia nacional ; the country ' s only military force ), becoming lieutenant colonel ( 1966 ), colonel ( 1968 ), and brigadier general ( 1969 ). in october 1968 he participated in a coup by the national guard that overthrew president arnulfo arias, and he gradually emerged as leader of the new military junta with the title chief of government and supreme leader of the panamanian revolution. he became one of the few latin american leaders who visited fidel castro in cuba, but he also suppressed leftist labour agitators and students in panama. under his rule, social services expanded, and panamanians of african descent had more prominent roles in government ; however, corruption and drug trafficking increased. transfer of the panama canal and canal zone to panamanian sovereignty became torrijos ' s main objective, and he pursued it to a successful conclusion when on september 7, 1977, he and president jimmy carter of the united states signed two treaties by which the transfer would take place gradually ; panama assumed full control of the canal on december 31, 1999. in the election of october 1978, torrijos declined to run for the presidency, though he retained command of the national guard. he died in an airplane crash in a jungle area while making a military inspection tour. in 2004 his son martin was elected president of panama.


lateral thinking, logical thinking, applied creativity certain processes enhance creative output and others enhance innovative output. defining creativity as problem identification and idea generation and innovation as idea selection, development and commercialisation, this article will tackle stages two and three using the three - stage process of lateral thinking, logical thinking and applied creativity. the start of the process involves building a sizeable idea pool of quality ideas. in this article, we can define quality as being a large number of ideas and a large number of diverse and novel ideas. simply creating the above three categories enhances the size of the idea pool. whereas we might initially have come up with 20 ideas, we are now consciously able to come up with 20 ideas and then 20 others that are purposefully diverse and yet still 20 more that are purposefully novel. this framework that we are beginning to construct begins to show the value of frameworks and models. they break up problems into smaller, more manageable parts and allow the mind to focus on each. we can also use lateral thinking techniques to enhance the size of our idea pool. this involves processes such as generating ideas without conscious direction, for the sake of generating ideas, purposefully ridiculous ideas, ideas generated from links to diverse and novel objects that have no relation to the apparent problem. next, we can use logical thinking to generate ideas and increase the quality of the idea pool still further. this involves using established models and associations that are recognised as being linked to the problem to generate ideas. for example, a million business models exist to address particular problems. swot, pest, five forces, competitive advantages etc can be used if the issue is indeed a business one. all of the above requires that creative thinking in general be used. that is daring, uninhibited, free - spirited, imaginative, unpredictable and revolutionary. with a sizeable and good quality idea pool, we now begin to use critical thinking to reduce the ideas to feasible ones? applied creativity. critical thinking involves being reductive, logical, focused, conservative, practical and feasible. once we have a list of feasible ideas, we then further reduce the selection further through risk - reward mechanisms such as the s - curve and idea source probabilities. that is because most organizations do not have the resources to innovate all their good ideas and so only the most likely are given the resources and opportunity to succeed. this topic is covered in depth in the mba dissertation on managing creativity & innovation, which can be purchased ( along with a creativity and innovation diy audit, good idea


good ideas and so only the most likely are given the resources and opportunity to succeed. this topic is covered in depth in the mba dissertation on managing creativity & innovation, which can be purchased ( along with a creativity and innovation diy audit, good idea generator software and power point presentation ) from http : / / www. managing - creativity. com. you can also receive a regular, free newsletter by entering your email address at this site. kal bishop, mba you are free to reproduce this article as long as no changes are made and the author ' s name and site url are retained. kal bishop is a management consultant based in london, uk. he has consulted in the visual media and software industries and for clients such as toshiba and transport for london. he has led improv, creativity and innovation workshops, exhibited artwork in san francisco, los angeles and london and written a number of screenplays. he is a passionate traveller. he can be reached on http : / / www. managing - creativity. com. delegate tasks to the right person selecting the right person : to whom should tasks be delegated? selecting the right subordinate to do the work is an evaluative process, and managers must be able to identify individuals both capable and willing to handle responsibility. 5 surefire ways to bring your business objectives full circle with technology all small to mid - sized company owners want to know where their dollar is being spent when it comes to computer technology in their organization. the challenge is for them to get the information they need to make the right purchasing decisions. ' tell me in english why you think we need this technology in our company? ' that question goes through every company owner ' s mind and mouth. getting the answer that makes sense to them is another story. how can the people in charge of your company understand what the value is of specific technology if their computer support people cannot articulate why it is so important? delegate or die! you can ' t do it all - learning to delegate can what someone does off - hours affect your business? q : how much do i have to worry about what people who are part of my far - flung " virtual " corporation do when they ' re not working directly for me? i can ' t share too many details because the situation is touchy, as you might expect, but basically i have someone working for me as a writer, contributing material for my blog, and i have been hearing that he ' s writing some pretty far out, offensive material on other sites. do i need


touchy, as you might expect, but basically i have someone working for me as a writer, contributing material for my blog, and i have been hearing that he ' s writing some pretty far out, offensive material on other sites. do i need to worry about it? rethinking workplace security : how the rules have changed the workplace has traditionally been a dangerous place. very early in mankind ' s history perils emanated from the place and type of work they performed. long before industrialization, men mined precious metals, gems and fuel in the form of peat and coal hidden beneath the earth ' s surface. extracting these materials brought with it the risk of cave - ins and being buried alive. moreover, the quest for the most basic of all life giving substances, water, could also end in sudden death or severe injury as well shafts were dug in the soft earth. sexual harassment policy guidelines part ii sexual harassment complaint investigation procedure three foundation stones for building organizational integrity when the stock market crashed in 1929, there were a lot of people who lost everything they had. you would think that the result of that event would be complete and utter despair. and, in fact, there were those who reacted that way. there were numerous cases of people who committed suicide because they lost their life savings on that fateful day. they simply went into a depression and just couldn ' t bring themselves to go on with life. focus on outcomes to keep your business on - course did you know that an airplane in flight is off course nearly 98 % of the time? no flight is completed in a straight line from point a to point b. gravity, side winds, updrafts, and downdrafts are continually moving the plane off course. and yet, the majority of flights arrive at their planned destinations safely and on time. how do airline pilots make this happen? they continually keep the outcome or result in mind, say departing from los angeles and arriving in honolulu. pilots constantly make corrections to compensate for outside forces affecting the plane and use a proven set of process steps to keep everything on course. the comfort zone the comfort zone i have a friend named gene, a serial entrepreneur who currently runs a software business. like many people, last year was a tough one for his company. they survived largely by providing add - on services to existing customers - a decent response to difficult circumstances. they even grew revenues a bit. but here ' s something else that happened : they got comfortable. they decided they could exist on their base of customers, and


largely by providing add - on services to existing customers - a decent response to difficult circumstances. they even grew revenues a bit. but here ' s something else that happened : they got comfortable. they decided they could exist on their base of customers, and then they " realized " there would be no new ones. million dollar support system for you and for your business whether you are a consultant, coach, business owner, doctor, professional, corporate elite or student, whatever your profession is, moving towards your dream requires taking courageous steps. making long - lasting changes requires us to create a network of support. surrounding yourself with a community of nice - giving - good people, committed to their own growth, will give you tremendous emotional strength to move forward. the top 5 signals that your business is running you starting your own business is a great undertaking but running the day - to - day aspects of your business is the true challenge you will face as an entrepreneur. do you find that the business you started to suit your lifestyle somehow taken over your life and home? if this sounds familiar, then your business is running you. learn how to run your business again with these top five warning signs and helpful tips. 50 great ways to motivate and not break the bank quick, easy, and even fun! how to get your procedures project done wouldn ' t it be nice for business owners and executives to be finished with their policies and procedures project already? they know they need to get it done, but maybe it ' s taking too long. or perhaps their people are staring at a blank piece of paper, and they don ' t know where to begin. or maybe they ' re not sure what to write. or they ' re just too busy. involving people gave us the improvements we needed we had a problem with handling materials in a production department. our process required raw materials to enter the department, be processed, and leave the department. the raw material was placed on pods, delivered for production, removed from the pods, placed on a staging fixture, removed from the fixture and process materials were then placed on another pod and delivered to an internal customer. internal customer had to place on still another pod. creativity and innovation management : - thought leadership leadership is only sustainable when leaders consistently come up with good ideas? when they are dependable thought leaders. it follows then that leaders would be more effective if they knew how to manage creativity and innovation. outsourced learning : are you ready for learning bpo? as the business world enters a period of hyper - competitiveness


are dependable thought leaders. it follows then that leaders would be more effective if they knew how to manage creativity and innovation. outsourced learning : are you ready for learning bpo? as the business world enters a period of hyper - competitiveness, every business process will be subjected to examination and possible restructuring. we have already seen outsourcing and offshoring used to an extent what nobody would have dreamed of a few years ago. mcdonald ' s is testing the offshoring of its drive - thru process to india. how about, " do you want fries with that? " with a new delhi accent? the top 10 requirements for your business to become and remain profitable we live in a relentlessly competitive world. the daily pressure to work " better, cheaper and faster " can make even talented business owners and entrepreneurs lose site of first principles. as you cope with the decisions and details of running your business, focus on the fundamentals! regardless of the type of business or the products or services you sell, here are my suggestions for the top 10 basics that will make your fortune : the seven cs : partnership danger signs - the 6th c : changing vision a series of articles exploring the seven critical areas that can indicate a partnership is in trouble. goodwill is an intangible asset ' goodwill ' is regarded as an intangible asset in a business. goodwill carries a value over and above the tangible assets of a business, and representing all benefits derived from the distinctive location, trade and brand names, credit rating, reputation, cusotmers and patronage of the business. when a business is sold, a charge is usually applied for the goodwill as one of the assets. are you ready to sell your business make sure you understand your motivation for selling


the law. the equal pay act ( epa ) of 1963 prohibits employers from dishing out different wages or bene - fits on the basis of gender for " equal work on jobs ( requiring ) equal skill, effort and responsibility and which are performed under similar working conditions. " the epa applies to all employees covered by the fair labor standards act, which means virtually all employees, and has no exclusion for small businesses. the law is administered by the equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ), which can conduct equal - pay audits even if it hasn ' t received a complaint and can initiate lawsuits on behalf of workers. what ' s new? there ' s evidence the wage gap is widening, and that could spark more complaints and more inspections. also, the eeoc is already seeing the fruits of an equal pay task force it set up two years ago. last year, employees filed 1, 251 equal - pay charges and the eeoc brought in a record amount of monetary awards for workers, more than $ 5 million, compared with less than $ 2 million just five years ago. how to comply. the law seems very straightforward : it requires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work. the jobs don ' t have to be identical, but they must be " substantially equal. " focus on the job content, not titles, to decide whether jobs are substantially equal. when doing a self - audit of your workplace ( or determining if a worker has a valid equal - pay case ), always look at the factors a court would examine : skill. look at the experience, ability, education and training required to perform a job, not what skills the individual employees have. example : two accounting jobs could be considered equal under the epa even if one of the employees has a master ' s degree in physics, since that degree isn ' t required for the job. effort. look at the physical or mental exertion needed to do the job. suppose men and women work on an assembly line, but the employee at the end must perform his task and also lift the product into a box. that job requires more effort than the other jobs if the extra lifting is a substantial and regular part of the job. net effect : you could pay that person more. responsibility. look at the level of accountability needed to do the work. if you ' re assigning a minor difference in responsibility, it wouldn ' t be a factor. working conditions. this encompasses two things : physical environment, like temperature or ventilation, and workplace hazards. a more dangerous or


needed to do the work. if you ' re assigning a minor difference in responsibility, it wouldn ' t be a factor. working conditions. this encompasses two things : physical environment, like temperature or ventilation, and workplace hazards. a more dangerous or demanding environment allows for a higher pay grade. key point : you can also set " pay differentials " when they ' re based on seniority, merit, quantity or quality of work or another business reason other than gender. just be prepared to show a sound business reason why those differentials exist, and have good documentation of your reasons for employee pay levels. three other tips : - have accurate job descriptions to help justify pay - for - performance disputes. - offer equal amounts of overtime. it ' s illegal to favor a man because of a woman ' s " family constraints " or pregnancy. - if you discover equal - pay problems, it ' s illegal to lower the wages of either sex to equalize the pay. resources : equal pay act - the eeoc ' s equal pay and compensation discrimination web page, www. eeoc. gov / epa. - the equal pay act in full, www. eeoc. gov / laws / epa. html. - ten steps to performing an equal - pay self - audit at your company, www. dol. gov / wb / 10step71. htm. like what you ' ve read?... republish it and share great business tips! attention : readers, publishers, editors, bloggers, media, webmasters and more... we believe great content should be read and passed around. after all, knowledge is power. and good business can become great with the right information at their fingertips. if you ' d like to share any of the insightful articles on businessmanagementdaily. com, you may republish or syndicate it without charge. the only thing we ask is that you keep the article exactly as it was written and formatted. you also need to include an attribution statement and link to the article. " this information is proudly provided by business management daily. com : http : / / www. businessmanagementdaily. com / 660 / equal - pay - act - erase - the - sex - from - your - pay - grades "


enumerators in c # in this article i will explain you about enumerators in c #. this article has been excerpted from book " the complete visual c # programmer ' s guide " from the authors of c # corner. as explained earlier, c # has a new iteration syntax called foreach. the foreach statement can only be applied to objects of classes that implement the ienumerable interface. the ienumerable interface exposes the enumerator, which supports a simple iteration over a collection. enumerators are intended to be used only to read data in the collection and cannot be used to modify the underlying collection. the enumerator does not have exclusive access to the collection. to understand what happens in the background, consider the code snippet in listing 5. 57. listing 5. 57 : enumerator example 1 foreach ( int i in a ) this code functions just like the while loop used in listing 5. 58. listing 5. 58 : enumerator example 2 a = x. getenumerator ( ) ; please refer to the c # language specification ( http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / en - us / library / aa645596 ( vs. 71 ). aspx ) for more details and recent updates to the c # language. before entering the statement block, the compiler generates the code to call the method getenumerator of the object passed as the second parameter in the foreach statement. the getenumerator method must return an object, having a property named current, of type similar to the first argument of the foreach statement. also this object must have a movenext method of return type bool. this method informs the runtime when to terminate the loop. when an enumerator is instantiated, it takes a snapshot of the current state of the collection. if changes are made to the collection, such as the addition, modification, or deletion of elements, the snapshot gets out of sync and the enumerator throws an invalidoperationexception. two enumerators instantiated from the same collection simultaneously can have different snapshots of the collection. if the enumerator is positioned before the first element in the collection or after the last element in the collection, the enumerator is in an invalid state. in that case, calling current throws an exception. the enumerator is positioned before the first element in the collection initially. the reset


element in the collection or after the last element in the collection, the enumerator is in an invalid state. in that case, calling current throws an exception. the enumerator is positioned before the first element in the collection initially. the reset function brings the enumerator back to this position. the movenext method must be called to advance the enumerator to the first element of the collection before reading the value of current, after an enumerator is created or after a reset. the current property returns the same object until either movenext or reset is called. once the end of the collection is passed, the enumerator is in an invalid state and calling movenext returns false. calling current throws an exception if the last call to movenext returned false. with this information under your belt, you should insert your enumerating code inside a try - catchfinally block to prevent unexpected exits. hope this article would have helped you in understanding enumerators in c #. see other articles on the website on. net and c #. | | | the complete visual c # programmer ' s guide covers most of the major components that make up c # and the. net environment. the book is geared toward the intermediate programmer, but contains enough material to satisfy the advanced developer. |


first of all, students in smaller classes generally perform better in academics than those in larger classes. project star was a project run in tennessee from 1985 to about 1999. it compared the academics of kindergarten through third grade children taught in smaller classes ( 13 - 17 kids ) to those in larger classes ( 22 - 26 kids ). the results were stunning. the small class children substantially outperformed the larger class children. the rates of second grade suspension went down. the district even went from low tier in math and reading to middle tier in the state. since smaller classes have been proven to outperform larger classes, then we should transition to smaller class sizes. secondly, being in smaller classes early on has lasting effects throughout the child ' s years in school. project star saw that fourth grade children who had been in smaller classes in k - 3 were better behaved, probably due to the less discipline needed to quiet a smaller class. students also had better grades than those in larger classes, even when taking into account demographics, resources, and cost of living, according to a study by harold weglinsky. the weglinsky study, which pretty much repeated the project star studies but in different cities, also showed that fourth graders in the inner city were three quarters of a grade level ahead of children enrolled in larger classes. there was also a stronger bond between students. i know the bond part is true because last year in band class we had a grand total of ten people. we all got to know each other better. the story doesn ' t end there. project star also noted that the small class kids found in high school, and were more likely to graduate on schedule and less likely to drop out. more smaller class kids were found in honors classes, and more took the sats and acts, indicating a higher rate of going to college. since studies prove again and again that smaller classes are better for your kids, isn ' t it the logical choice? the benefits of smaller class sizes keep going on. smaller class sizes can actually save money. in smaller classes, there ' s a smaller teacher to child ratio, so that means that there ' s more time for children to talk directly to the teacher for assistance. children receive a more personalized education that fits their needs. in smaller classes early on, during k - 3 years, teachers can give personalized education to those who may have learning problems, rather than referring his or her parents to costly special education programs. fewer children get left out since teachers don ' t have as many kids to teach.


story last updated at 9 / 19 / 2012 - 12 : 46 pm near the mouth of the stikine river is a rounded point along the mainland shore. when navy officer jefferson moser investigated alaska ' s salmon resources in 1897 for the federal government, he named it gerard point, but fails to tell us for whom it was named. at that time, fort wrangel ( as wrangell was then known ) was about to experience the klondike gold rush when prospectors and miners thought the stikine river was a short way to the interior. it is at gerard point that a sawmill and salmon cannery were constructed soon after moser passed by in the " albatross, " a coal burner ship. the site has been described in early fishery reports as being on the mainland opposite point highfield ( today ' s airport site ), at the junction of eastern passage and the " southeast stream of the stikine delta. " more than hundred years ago, the stikine river delta had not extended itself as far south as point gerard, and a substantial deep - water wharf could accommodate steamers, that today, would run aground. with the gold rush men coming to fort wrangel, theo nicholai, an experienced mill man from portland, ore., saw his chance to make money that wasn ' t grubbing for gold. his company, stikeen lumber mills, constructed a saw mill in early 1898 at the head of the stikine ' s deep water navigation. as manager, he selected j. milner as the general superintendent. the mill had a capacity of 20, 000 board feet per day, cutting principally spruce and cedar, undoubtedly harvested from the mountainside behind the site. the wharf was constructed and other buildings erected. once started from 15 to 20 men worked supplying lumber for the wrangell and stikine river trades. apparently nicholai didn ' t make as much money as he thought he would, because he sold the sawmill to thlinket packing company, organized at portland, ore., by james t. barron. it was in portland that barron and nicholai closed the deal in spring 1899. barron used the mill to cut lumber for his new fish processing plant. the site chosen was not on level ground. consequently the cannery building was small and crowded with men and equipment. with the wharf and cannery over deep water, the current carried away the gurry ( heads and guts ). this made it one of the few canner


on level ground. consequently the cannery building was small and crowded with men and equipment. with the wharf and cannery over deep water, the current carried away the gurry ( heads and guts ). this made it one of the few canneries of the times that did not have unpleasant odors, which so often were associated with canneries, where rotting fish parts accumulated on the beach. under the superintendency of barron, president of the company, the cannery processed mainly pinks or humpback salmon the first year. the fleet was made up of one steamboat, the " perhaps, " sixteen fishing skiffs for imported company fishermen, and the chartered " baranof. " local natives also sold fish to the cannery, and in 1900 it paid collectively $ 8, 000. the site was close the mouth of the stikine river because barron and his company surmised that any river of that size must support large runs of salmon. compared to many smaller streams in the same region, the river proved a great disappointment. fishermen were forced to fish at streams on nearby islands, cleveland peninsula and the east and north coasts of prince of wales island. the " baranof " packed the fish longer distances. before the runs began, a chinese crew imported from the pacific coast made cans by hand. once fish were delivered to the fish house, the chinese butchered the fish, and then hand - packed pieces into cans. eight hundred cases of 48 cans each could be canned each day using some machinery : two steam boxes for creating a vacuum, a crimper to put on can lids, two retorts for cooking the fish under pressure, and a can - washer to remove the oil from the exterior of the processed cans. in early 1902, barron decided to sell his two canneries : point gerard and santa anna, south of wrangell. a newly organized conglomerate, pacific packing and navigation company chose not to operate either cannery that year. the new company ' s grandiose plans did not work out. it went into receivership in 1903. the receiver inventoried the gerard plant during the summer and took steps to perfect title to the land. however, the land was never patented, and it remains part of the national forest today. the receiver wrote that, " on account of nearness to santa anna... the gerard site is of considerable value as a fishing station if nothing more. the buildings are in good shape. " the wharf was somewhat dilapidated, so the receiver


. the receiver wrote that, " on account of nearness to santa anna... the gerard site is of considerable value as a fishing station if nothing more. the buildings are in good shape. " the wharf was somewhat dilapidated, so the receiver arranged to have it reinforced to stand the stress of water and ice until spring. crews removed the machinery and gear to other canneries the receiver operated in 1903. the remaining fishing gear, machinery, wharf and fish site were estimated to be worth $ 19, 789. the wharf and building probably cost, according to the appraiser, in the neighborhood of $ 12, 000 to $ 15, 000. the bankruptcy court sold the canneries, and barron successfully bid on the gerard site. he had no use for the small cannery so the site and buildings were abandoned. barron, using money from the sale of his two other canneries, had built a cannery in 1902 at funter bay. the point gerard cannery ran for only three years, packing a total of 63, 300 cases. today when boaters pass by, the former cannery site is impossible to distinguish in the brush and trees. the late dick stokes of wrangell thought the site was just south of the point near a waterfall that provided water for the processing. pat roppel is the author of numerous books about mining, fishing, and man ' s use of the land. she lives in wrangell. she may be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.