fighting took place daily. on 18th june 1944 his company carried out a raid on a strong enemy position in the bois de bavent area. the position was stronger than expected and the company was hard pressed and the wireless set destroyed. cornell was sent back with a verbal message, he was wounded during the journey but carried on and delivered his message correctly and set off with the reply. he was wounded a second time on the return journey but again carried on and again delivered the message correctly. during the remained of this raid, and despite his two wounds, he was outstanding for his courage and dash. the courage and devotion to duty displayed by cornell on this occasion was an inspiration to all who witnessed it. he has performed similar runs on countless occasions and, as has been pointed out before, has been wounded twice more but is still the runner for his company and is as cheerful as before. on 10 july 1944 his company again carried out a raid on the same area and again, as usual, cornell ’ s complete disregard for his own safety became the chief topic of conversation amongst his fellow soldiers. he has never failed to deliver a message correctly despite the fact that he has carried through a perfect hail of enemy mortar bombs and shells and very frequently aimed machine gun fire as well. he is a truly magnificent parachutist and i cannot recommend him too highly for a decoration ’.


here ’ s sobering news : any one of us, anywhere on the planet, lugs hundreds of industrial chemicals around in our bodies – and they are up to no good. if you want to know what industrial chemical compounds michael lerner or his wife sharyle patton carry around in their bodies, just go to this environmental working group website. lerner and patton are both active in environmental health, the field that studies how the chemical byproducts of industry and commerce impact the human body. lerner, it seems, lugs around relatively high levels of methylmercury, inorganic arsenic, and polycholorinated biphenols ( better - known as pcbs ). these are but a few of the 102 industrial chemicals ( of the 214 assayed by measuring metabolites ) in his blood and urine. patton ’ s body, in addition to these, also has relatively high levels of chlorinated dioxins and organochlorine pesticide residues, plus a generous helping of others that did not show up in her husband ’ s tests. medical databases link ( at various levels of certainty ), each of these compounds with a distinct set of illnesses. environmental working group has done several body burden studies of its own and shown that babies come into the world contaminated with a complex mixture of chemicals, many of them known to be toxins or carcinogens. for instance, inorganic arsenic is a known carcinogen. bpa, found in plastics, dental sealants and the linings of tin cans, is a chemical suspected in certain birth defects and developmental delays in children, some cancers, and disturbances in endocrine and hormone function. both chlorinated dioxins and pcbs come to us mainly in fatty meats, dairy products and fish. like bpa, they may link to defects and delays in children and to cancers, as well as to malfunctions of the nervous and immune systems. the pesticide residues enter our bodies via the foods they are used on, as well as in drinking water ; they are associated with a similar roll call of disorders. stepping back and looking at the entire list of 214 industrial chemicals this assay finds in our bodies creates the creepy feeling that nothing is safe : toxins waft our way in house dust or thin air, in water and soil, or off - gas from a long litany of objects — from paint and carpeting to computer consoles and furniture. the body is an ecosystem of sorts, an exquisitely coordinated mass of dispar


house dust or thin air, in water and soil, or off - gas from a long litany of objects — from paint and carpeting to computer consoles and furniture. the body is an ecosystem of sorts, an exquisitely coordinated mass of disparate units functioning within a whole. and like any ecosystem, the body can be invaded by foreign substances that muck up the works. quantifying how many such invaders our bodies harbor has been the quest of studies on bio - accumulation such as the one lerner and patton participated in to assay this biological build - up over a lifetime. bio - accumulation has become its own corner of medical science, with studies suggesting that virtually everyone alive on this planet harbors a stew of toxic substances. this shift from measuring pollutants in our water, air or soil to studying what has melded into our biology has led to related shifts in thinking about medical etiology and chemical risk. one medical model for these chemical invasions holds that ill effects can emerge slowly, over decades, from cumulative chemical exposures at doses so low they are measured in parts per million. for instance, an emerging consensus in oncology holds that a person ’ s lifetime exposure to many tiny amounts of cancer - causing agents can be just as toxic as a few big doses of carcinogens. this model of causation rejects seeking a single smoking gun – some substance that in itself fosters cancer – but rather looks to a person ’ s lifetime, cumulative exposure to a wide range of chemicals that trigger cell mutation. this continual barrage of mutagens can finally overwhelm the immune system ’ s ability to kill off mutant cells, and so resist cancer. our risk of cancer, in this view, reflects the sum total of day - to - day doses of carcinogenic molecules shed into our air, food and water. dr. martha herbert, a pediatric neurologist at harvard medical school, points to the tens of thousands of manufactured compounds that now pepper the nature world in some three billion potential combinations, and the fact that no one knows all the ways these chemical concoctions might impact us. one of the greatest human dangers from this slew of molecules, dr. herbert reasons, comes when a child ’ s fast - growing organs, budding central nervous system and hummingbird - like rapid metabolism gets exposed to – and voraciously incorporates — small amounts of foreign molecules, doing biological damage that may not surface for years. the brain has a special vulnerability to interference from invading chemicals because of all organs, it utilizes


a search for the term " climate change " shows copenhagen sumit a search for the term " famine " news globe lets you search the bbc news & sport website and see the results mapped to the geographic location of the story on an animated globe which can be rotated to enable navigation of the results. it uses a customised rss feed from bbc news. this geo - visualization, connects you in a very immediate way to the location of the news story by providing further contextual information about it. for example, if we search for “ fifa world cup ” we find the majority of the bbc news stories originating in europe or south africa and very few in north america. so not only has news globe produced a range of different news topics for us to read, it has also given us an indication of the level of interest in the topic across different cultures. how to use it news globe is available immediately for use, either dive straight in, follow the instructions below, or watch the accompanying video that gives an overview of its different functions. you must have adobe flash player installed to use the project, it can be downloaded here. if you would like to comment or feed back on this visualisation please do so on the blog entry launch news globe / / video walkthrough / / this video was created with screen capture software and shows the application being used. how it was built / / the search results are returned in the form of an rss feed from bbc news. the contents of the title tags in the rss xml are then sent off to yahoo ' s geocoding api if any place names are recognised by yahoo it sends back the longitude and latitude co - ordinates. ( it often gets confused and you ' ll find lots of mistakes, usually placed in north america ). we originally tried to create this app using atom feeds from bbc iplayer but there were too few place names and yahoo was making some really bad guesses with the data. meanwhile a rotating globe with moon ( please don ' t complain that the moon ' s position is wrong, it ' s only there for effect ) was created using the alpha version of papervision 3d 2 ( great white ). an algorithm converts the cartesian co - ordinates returned by yahoo and converts them into spherical co - ordinates and it ' s then easy to use papervision to plot a marker on the correct spot on the map. rolling over the markers give you some information about the news article plotted. clicking on the markers will take you to the news article on bbc


##tes and it ' s then easy to use papervision to plot a marker on the correct spot on the map. rolling over the markers give you some information about the news article plotted. clicking on the markers will take you to the news article on bbc. co. uk. while this all looks pretty cool lots of the work was done by other people : most notably mark waters and his excellent article on geocoding in flash. the majority of the papervision code was taken from his flex source files. credit should also go to the programmers who created papervision 3d, the authors of the tweener class, the authors of the as3 tool tips component, the as3 preloader class written by marco di giuseppe, and http : / / planetpixelemporium. com who created the earth texture map. what we like about this project is the fact that is uses so many resources from the web ( mostly in the form of as3 classes ) and shows how visualisations can be created in a modular way with code from all over the place. example xml returned by yahoo geocoding api / / this is the xml returned from yahoo when a sentence containing the word london was was parsed through it. < resultset xmlns : xsi = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / xmlschema - instance " xmlns = " urn : yahoo : maps " xsi : schemalocation = " urn : yahoo : maps http : / / api. local. yahoo. com / mapsservice / v1 / geocoderesponse. xsd " > <! - - ws04. ydn. ac4. yahoo. com compressed / chunked mon dec 21 10 : 58 : 36 pst 2009 - - >


data use agreement the goals and principles of making biodiversity data openly and universally available have been defined in the memorandum of understanding on gbif, paragraph 8 ( see the relevant excerpts in the attached annex ). the participants who have signed the mou have expressed their willingness to make biodiversity data available through their nodes to foster scientific research development internationally and to support the public use of these data. gbif data sharing should take place within a framework of due attribution. therefore, using data available through the gbif network requires agreeing with the following : 1. data use agreements - the quality and completeness of data cannot be guaranteed. users employ these data at their own risk. - users shall respect restrictions of access to sensitive data. - in order to make attribution of use for owners of the data possible, the identifier of ownership of data must be retained with every data record. - users must publicly acknowledge, in conjunction with the use of the data, the data publishers whose biodiversity data they have used. data publishers may require additional attribution of specific collections within their institution. - users must comply with additional terms and conditions of use set by the data publisher. where these exist they will be available through the metadata associated with the data. 2. citing data use the following format to cite data retrieved from the gbif network : biodiversity occurrence data published by : ( accessed through gbif data portal, data. gbif. org, yyyy - mm - dd ) biodiversity occurrence data published by : field museum of natural history, museum of vertebrate zoology, university of washington burke museum, and university of turku ( accessed through gbif data portal, data. gbif. org, 2007 - 02 - 22 ) - gbif participant : signatory of the gbif - establishing memorandum of understanding ( mou ). - gbif secretariat : legal entity empowered by the gbif participants to enter into contracts, execute the work programme, and maintain the central services for the gbif network. - gbif network : the infrastructure consisting of the central services of the gbif secretariat, participant nodes and data publishers. making data available through gbif network means registering and advertising the pertinent services via the gbif central services. - node : a data publisher designated by a gbif participant that maintains a stable computer gateway that makes data available through the gbif network. - participant node : an organisational unit designated by the gbif participant to coordinate activities in its domain. it may also provide data. - biodiversity data : primary data


participant that maintains a stable computer gateway that makes data available through the gbif network. - participant node : an organisational unit designated by the gbif participant to coordinate activities in its domain. it may also provide data. - biodiversity data : primary data on specimens, observations, names, taxonomic concepts, and sites, and other related data on biological diversity. - metadata : data describing the attributes and combinations of biodiversity data. - data : biodiversity data and metadata. - data publisher : a custodian of data making it technically available. this may or may not be the data owner. if not they will have declared to gbif that they have permission to make the data available. - data sharing : the process of and agreements for making data freely and universally available on the internet. - user : anyone who uses the internet to access data through the gbif network. - owner of data : the legal entity possessing the right resulting from the act of creating a digital record. the record may be a product derived from another, possibly non - digital product, which may affect the right. - sensitive data : any data that the node does not want to make available, e. g. precise localities of endangered species. also see the gbif data sharing agreement for the data publishers. depending on your browser settings, a cookie may be stored to acknowledge your acceptance of these terms.


you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view latest type 1 issues articles popular type 1 issues articles highly recommended type 1 issues articles send a link to this page to your friends and colleagues. our genes are like a recipe for a human. it ' s a very complicated recipe, determining how much of this protein and how much of that enzyme need to be added into the mix in order for us to function properly, but our genes are pretty good at getting it right. although we are still learning how the recipe works, what ingredients ( gene products ) are involved, and when are they are produced, our knowledge is growing fast. for example, a master regulator gene has been identified that tells an embryonic cell whether or not to become a pancreas cell. dr. james wells and his team at the university of cincinnati college of medicine have determined that a gene called sox17 acts like a toggle switch in mouse embryonic development. " in normal embryonic development, when you have an undecided cell, if sox17 goes one way the cell becomes part of the biliary system. if it goes the other way, the cell becomes part of the pancreas, " said dr. wells in a press release from cincinnati children ' s hospital medical center. the results of dr. wells ' study were published in the july 21 issue of developmental cell. dr. wells and his colleagues are hoping that because sox17 can tell undecided embryonic cells whether or not to become pancreatic tissue, it might also be able to tell stem cells ( cells that can become almost anything in the body ) to become pancreatic beta cells. if we could induce a cell to become an insulin - producing beta cell, we would be one step closer to treating and possibly curing type 1 diabetes. when the immune system attacks the beta cells in type 1 diabetes, it is often the case that most beta cells are destroyed before the disease has even been diagnosed. so creating new beta cells, possibly in a laboratory dish, and implanting them in patients is one possibility for treatment. preventing beta cell destruction in the first place is another avenue of research that is underway, and genes that are involved in protecting beta cells from the immune system are being studied as well. 0 comments - aug 28, 2009 diabetes health is the essential resource for people living with diabetes - both newly diagnosed and experienced as well as the professionals who care for them. we provide balanced expert news and information


" all alone. " by mary darby robinson ( 1758 - 1800 ) ah! wherefore by the church - yard side, poor little lorn one. dost thou stray? thy wavy locks but thinly hide the tears that dim thy blue - eye ' s ray ; and wherefore dost thou sigh, and moan, and weep, that thou art left alone? thou art not left alone, poor boy, the traveller stops to hear thy tale ; no heart, so hard, would thee annoy! for though thy mother ' s cheek is pale, and withers under yon grave stone, thou art not, urchin, left alone. i know thee well! thy yellow hair in silky waves i oft have seen : thy dimpled face so fresh and fair, thy roguish smile, thy playful mien, were all to me, poor orphan, known, ere fate had left thee – all alone! thy russet coat is scant, and torn, thy cheek is now grown deathly pale! thy eyes are dim, thy looks forlorn, and bare thy bosom meets the gale ; and oft i hear thee deeply groan, that thou, poor boy, art left alone. thy naked feet are wounded sore with thorns, that cross thy daily road ; the winter winds around thee roar, the church - yard is thy bleak abode ; thy pillow now a cold grave stone – and there thou lov ' st to grieve – alone! the rain has drench ' d thee, all night long ; the nipping frost thy bosom froze ; and still, the yew - tree shades among, i heard thee sigh thy artless woes ; i heard thee, till the day - star shone in darkness weep – and weep alone! oft have i seen thee, little boy, upon thy lovely mother ' s knee ; for when she lived, thou wert her joy, though now a mourner thou must be! for she lies low, where yon grave stone proclaims that thou art left alone. weep, weep no more ; on yonder hill the village bells are ringing, gay ; the merry reed, and brawling rill call thee to rustic sports away. then wherefore weep, and sigh, and moan, a truant from the throng – alone? " i cannot the green hill ascend, i cannot pace the upland mead ; i cannot in the vale attend to hear the merry - sounding reed : for


weep, and sigh, and moan, a truant from the throng – alone? " i cannot the green hill ascend, i cannot pace the upland mead ; i cannot in the vale attend to hear the merry - sounding reed : for all is still beneath yon stone, where my poor mother ' s left alone! " i cannot gather gaudy flowers to dress the scene of revels loud – i cannot pass the evening hours among the noisy village crowd ; for all in darkness, and alone my mother sleeps, beneath yon stone. " see how the stars begin to gleam, the sheep - dog barks – ' tis time to go ; the night - fly hums, the moonlight beam peeps through the yew - trees ' shadowy row : it falls upon the white grave - stone, where my dear mother sleeps alone. " o stay me not, for i must go, the upland path in haste to tread ; for there the pale primroses grow, they grow to dress my mother ' s bed. they must ere peep of day, be strown, where she lies mouldering all alone. " my father o ' er the stormy sea to distant lands was borne away, and still my mother stay ' d with me, and wept by night and toil ' d by day. and shall i ever quit the stone where she is left to sleep alone. " my father died, and still i found my mother fond and kind to me ; i felt her breast with rapture bound when first i prattled on her knee – and then she blest my infant tone, and little thought of yon grave - stone. " no more her gentle voice i hear, no more her smile of fondness see ; then wonder not i shed the tear, she would have died to follow me! and yet she sleeps beneath yon stone, and i still live – to weep alone. " thy playful kid, she loved so well, from yon high clift was seen to fall ; i heard afar his tinkling bell, which seem ' d in vain for aid to call – i heard the harmless sufferer moan, and grieved that he was left alone. " our faithful dog grew mad, and died, the lightning smote our cottage low – we had no resting - place beside, and knew not whither we should go : for we were poor – and hearts of stone will never throb at misery ' s groan. " my mother still survived


lightning smote our cottage low – we had no resting - place beside, and knew not whither we should go : for we were poor – and hearts of stone will never throb at misery ' s groan. " my mother still survived for me, she led me to the mountain ' s brow, she watch ' d me, while at yonder tree i sat, and wove the ozier bough ; and oft she cried, " fear not, mine own! thou shalt not, boy, be left alone. " " the blast blew strong, the torrent rose and bore our shatter ' d cot away : and where the clear brook swiftly flows, upon the turf, at dawn of day, when bright the sun ' s full lustre shone, i wander ' d, friendless – and alone! " thou art not, boy, for i have seen thy tiny footsteps print the dew, and while the morning sky serene spread o ' er the hill a yellow hue, i heard thy sad and plaintive moan, beside the cold sepulchral stone. and when the summer noontide hours with scorching rays the landscape spread, i mark ' d thee, weaving fragrant flowers to deck thy mother ' s silent bed! nor at the church - yard ' s simple stone wert thou, poor urchin, left alone. i follow ' d thee along the dale, and up the woodland ' s shad ' wy way : i heard thee tell thy mournful tale as slowly sunk the star of day : nor when its twinkling light had flown wert thou a wanderer all alone. " o! yes, i was! and still shall be a wanderer, mourning and forlorn ; for what is all the world to me – what are the dews and buds of morn? since she who left me sad, alone in darkness sleeps, beneath yon stone! ' ' no brother ' s tear shall fall for me, for i no brother ever knew ; no friend shall weep my destiny, for friends are scarce, and tears are few ; none do i see, save on this stone, where i will stay and weep alone. " my father never will return, he rests beneath the sea - green wave i have no kindred left to mourn when i am hid in yonder grave : not one to dress with flowers the stone! then – surely, i am left alone! "


| previous contents index dochome next | | iplanet directory server 5. 1 deployment guide | chapter 1 introduction to directory server iplanet directory server provides a centralized directory service for your intranet, network, and extranet information. directory server integrates with existing systems and acts as a centralized repository for the consolidation of employee, customer, supplier, and partner information. you can extend directory server to manage user profiles and preferences, as well as extranet user authentication. this chapter describes the basic ideas you need to understand before designing your directory. it includes the following sections : what is a directory service? what is a directory service? the term directory service means the collection of software, hardware, and processes that store information about your enterprise, subscribers, or both and make that information available to users. a directory service consists of at least one instance of directory server and one or more directory client programs. client programs can access names, phone numbers, addresses, and other data stored in the directory. one common directory service is a domain name system ( dns ) server. a dns server maps a computer host name to an ip address. thus, all of the computing resources ( hosts ) become clients of the dns server. the mapping of host names allows users of your computing resources to easily locate computers on your network by remembering host names rather than numerical ip addresses. however, the dns server stores only two types of information : names and ip addresses. a true directory service stores virtually unlimited types of information. iplanet directory server stores all of your information in a single, network - accessible repository. the following are a few examples of the kinds of information you might store in a directory : physical device information, such as data about the printers in your organization ( where they reside, whether they are color or black and white, their manufacturer, date of purchase, and serial number ) iplanet directory server serves the needs of a wide variety of applications. it also provides a standard protocol and application programming interfaces ( apis ) to access the information it contains. the following sections describe global directory services and the lightweight directory access protocol ( ldap ). about global directory services iplanet directory server provides global directory services, meaning it provides information to a wide variety of applications. until recently, many applications came bundled with their own proprietary databases. while a proprietary database can be convenient if you use only one application, multiple databases become an administrative burden if the databases manage the same information. for example, suppose your network supports three different proprietary email systems


many applications came bundled with their own proprietary databases. while a proprietary database can be convenient if you use only one application, multiple databases become an administrative burden if the databases manage the same information. for example, suppose your network supports three different proprietary email systems, each system with its own proprietary directory service. if users change their passwords in one directory, the changes are not automatically replicated in the others. managing multiple instances of the same information results in increased hardware and personnel costs, a problem referred to as the n + 1 directory problem. a global directory service solves the n + 1 directory problem by providing a single, centralized repository of directory information that any application can access. however, giving a wide variety of applications access to the directory requires a network - based means of communicating between the applications and the directory. iplanet directory server uses ldap ( lightweight directory access protocol ) to give applications access to its global directory service. ldap provides a common language that client applications and servers use to communicate with one another. ldap is a " lightweight " version of the directory access protocol ( dap ) used by the iso x. 500 standard. dap gives any application access to the directory via an extensible and robust information framework, but at an expensive administrative cost. dap uses a communications layer that is not the internet standard tcp / ip protocol and has complicated directory - naming conventions. ldap preserves the best features of dap while reducing administrative costs. ldap uses an open directory access protocol running over tcp / ip and uses simplified encoding methods. it retains the x. 500 standard data model and can support millions of entries for a modest investment in hardware and network infrastructure. introduction to iplanet directory server iplanet directory server includes the directory itself, the server - side software that implements the ldap protocol, and a graphical user interface that allows end - users to search and change entries in the directory. other ldap clients are also available, including the directory managers in the iplanet console and the address book feature in netscape communicator 4. x. in addition, you can purchase other ldap client programs or write your own using the ldap client sdk included with the iplanet directory server product. without adding other ldap client programs, directory server can provide the foundation for your intranet or extranet. every iplanet server uses the directory as a central repository for shared server information, such as employee, customer, supplier, and partner data. you can use directory server to


, directory server can provide the foundation for your intranet or extranet. every iplanet server uses the directory as a central repository for shared server information, such as employee, customer, supplier, and partner data. you can use directory server to manage extranet user - authentication, create access control, set up user preferences, and centralize user management. in hosted environments, partners, customers, and suppliers can manage their own portions of the directory, reducing administrative costs. when you install directory server, the following components are installed on your machine : an ldap server ( directory server ) with a plug - in interface iplanet administration server for more information about the administration server, go to http : / / iplanet. com / products / iplanet _ application /. iplanet console to manage the servers for more information about the iplanet console, see the console documentation at http : / / docs. iplanet. com / docs / manuals / console. html. command - line tools for starting and stopping the server, importing and exporting data in the database, database reindexing, account inactivation and deactivation, ldif merges, and kernel tuning for more information about the command - line tools, refer to the iplanet directory server configuration, command, and file reference. an snmp monitor for more information about snmp monitoring, refer to the iplanet directory server administrator ' s guide. this guide talks about the core directory server and the plug - ins it uses for doing its work. the next sections describe directory server in more detail. the topics discussed are : overview of directory server architecture at installation, directory server contains the following : a server front - end responsible for network communications the following sections describe each component of the directory in more detail. overview of the server front - end the server front - end of directory server manages communications with directory client programs. directory server functions as a daemon. multiple client programs can speak to the server in ldap. they can communicate using ldap over tcp / ip. the connection can also be protected with ssl / tls, depending on whether the client negotiates the use of transport layer security ( tls ) for the connection. when communication takes place with tls, the communication is usually encrypted. in the future, when dns security is present, tls used in conjunction with secured dns will provide confirmation to client applications that they are binding to the correct server. if clients


with tls, the communication is usually encrypted. in the future, when dns security is present, tls used in conjunction with secured dns will provide confirmation to client applications that they are binding to the correct server. if clients have been issued certificates, tls can be used by iplanet directory server to confirm that the client has the right to access the server. tls and its predecessor ssl are used throughout iplanet directory server products to perform other security activities such as message integrity checks, digital signatures, and mutual authentication between servers. multiple clients can bind to the server at the same time over the same network because the directory server is a multi - threaded application. as directory services grow to include larger numbers of entries or larger numbers of clients spread out geographically, they also include multiple directory servers placed in strategic places around the network. server plug - ins overview directory server relies on plug - ins. a plug - in is a way to add functionality to the core server. for example, a database is a plug - in. a plug - in can be disabled. when disabled, the plug - in ' s configuration information remains in the directory but its function is not used by the server. depending upon what you want your directory to do, you can choose to enable any of the plug - ins provided with directory server. iplanet professional services can write custom plug - ins for your directory server deployment. contact iplanet professional services for more information. overview of the basic directory tree the directory tree, also known as a directory information tree or dit, mirrors the tree model used by most file systems, with the tree ' s root, or first entry, appearing at the top of the hierarchy. at installation, directory server creates a default directory tree. the default directory tree appears as follows : the root of the tree is called the root suffix. for information about naming the root suffix, refer to " choosing a suffix ". at installation, the directory contains up to four subtrees under your root suffix : this subtree contains the configuration information of other iplanet servers, such as iplanet administration server. the administration server takes care of authentication and all actions that cannot be performed through ldap ( such as starting or stopping ). during installation, a user database is created by default. its default name is o = userroot. note when you install another instance of directory server, you can specify that it does not contain the o = netscaperoot information, that it uses the configuration


a user database is created by default. its default name is o = userroot. note when you install another instance of directory server, you can specify that it does not contain the o = netscaperoot information, that it uses the configuration directory ( or the o = netscaperoot subtree ) present on another server. you can build on the default directory tree to add any data relevant to your directory installation. an example of a directory tree for siroe. com corporation follows : for more information about directory trees, refer to chapter 4 " designing the directory tree. " directory server data storage your directory data is stored in an ldbm database. the ldbm database is implemented as a plug - in that is automatically installed with the directory and is enabled by default. the database is the basic unit of storage, performance, replication, and indexing. you can do operations like importing, exporting, backing up, restoring, and indexing on the database. by default, directory server uses a single database to contain the directory tree. this database can manage millions of entries. the default database supports advanced methods of backing up and restoring your data, so that your data is not at risk. you can choose to use multiple databases to support your directory server. you can distribute your data across the databases, allowing the server to hold more data than can be stored in a single database. the following sections describe how a directory database stores data. about directory entries ldif ( ldap data interchange format ) is a standard text - based format for describing directory entries. an entry is a group of lines in the ldif file that contains information about an object, such as a person in your organization or a printer on your network. information about the entry is represented in the ldif file by a set of attributes and their values. each entry has an object class attribute that specifies the kind of object the entry describes and defines the set of additional attributes it contains. each attribute describes a particular trait of an entry. for example, an entry might have the object class organizationalperson, indicating that the entry represents a person within a particular organization. this object class allows the givenname and telephonenumber attributes. the values assigned to these attributes give the name and phone number of the person represented by the entry. iplanet directory server also uses read - only attributes that are calculated by the server. these attributes are called operational attributes. there are also some operational attributes that can be set by the administrator, for access control and other server functions. entries are


. iplanet directory server also uses read - only attributes that are calculated by the server. these attributes are called operational attributes. there are also some operational attributes that can be set by the administrator, for access control and other server functions. entries are stored in a hierarchical structure in the directory tree. in ldap, you can query an entry and request all entries below it in the directory tree. this subtree is called the base distinguished name, or base dn. for example, if you make an ldap search request specifying a base dn of ou = people, dc = siroe, dc = com, then the search operation examines only the ou = people subtree in the dc = siroe, dc = com directory tree. however, all entries are not automatically returned in response to an ldap search. entries of the ldapsubentry object class are not returned in response to normal search requests. an ldapsubentry entry represents an administrative object, for example the entries that are used internally by directory server to define a role or a class of service. to receive these entries, clients need to search specifically for entries of the ldapsubentry object class. for more information about roles, see " managed, filtered, and nested roles ". for more information about class of service, see " class of service ". distributing directory data when you store various parts of your tree in separate databases, your directory can process client requests in parallel, improving performance. you can also store your databases on different machines, to further improve performance. to connect your distributed data, you can create a special entry in a subtree of your directory. all ldap operations attempted below this entry are sent to a remote machine where the entry is actually stored. this method is called chaining. chaining is implemented in the server as a plug - in. the plug - in is enabled by default. using this plug - in, you create database links, special entries that point to data stored remotely. when a client application requests data from a database link, the database link retrieves the data from the remote database and returns it to the client. directory design overview the previous sections described directory services in general and the iplanet directory server in particular. now it is time to consider the design of your own directory service. planning your directory service before actual deployment is the most important task to ensure the success of your directory. during your directory design you will gather data about your directory requirements, such as environment and data sources, your


consider the design of your own directory service. planning your directory service before actual deployment is the most important task to ensure the success of your directory. during your directory design you will gather data about your directory requirements, such as environment and data sources, your users, and the applications that will use your directory. with this data, you can design a directory service that meets your needs. however, keep in mind that the flexibility of iplanet directory server allows you to rework your design to meet unexpected or changing requirements, even after you deploy directory server. design process outline the remainder of this guide divides the design process into six steps : how to plan your directory data. your directory will contain data, such as user names, telephone numbers, and group details. chapter 2 " how to plan your directory data, " helps you analyze the various sources of data in your organization and understand their relationship with one another. it describes the types of data you might store in your directory, and other tasks you need to perform to design the contents of your directory server. how to design the schema. your directory is designed to support one or more directory - enabled applications. these applications have requirements of the data you store in your directory, such as format requirements. your directory schema determines the characteristics of the data stored in your directory. chapter 3 " how to design the schema, " introduces the standard schema shipped with iplanet directory server, describes how to customize the schema, and provides tips for maintaining consistent schema. designing the directory tree. once you decide what data your directory contains, you need to organize and reference that data. this is the purpose of the directory tree. in chapter 4 " designing the directory tree, " the directory tree is introduced and you are guided through the design of your data hierarchy. sample directory tree designs are also provided. designing the directory topology. topology design involves determining how you divide your directory tree among multiple physical directory servers and how these servers communicate with one another. chapter 5 " designing the directory topology, " describes the general principles behind topology design, discusses using multiple databases, describes the mechanisms available for linking your distributed data together, and explains how the directory itself keeps track of distributed data. designing the replication process. with replication, multiple directory servers maintain the same directory data to increase performance and provide fault tolerance. chapter 6 " designing the replication process, " describes how replication works, what kinds of data you can replicate, common replication scenarios, and tips for building a highly available directory service. designing a secure directory


directory data to increase performance and provide fault tolerance. chapter 6 " designing the replication process, " describes how replication works, what kinds of data you can replicate, common replication scenarios, and tips for building a highly available directory service. designing a secure directory. finally, you need to plan how to protect the data in the directory and design the other aspects of your service to meet the security requirements of your users and applications. chapter 7 " designing a secure directory, " describes common security threats, provides an overview of security methods, discusses the steps in analyzing your security needs, and provides tips for designing access controls and protecting the integrity of your directory data. deploying your directory after you have designed your directory service, you start the deployment phase. the deployment phase consists of the following steps : piloting your directory the first step of the deployment phase is installing a server instance as a pilot and testing whether your service can handle your user load. if the service is not adequate as it is, adjust your design and pilot it again. adjust your pilot design until you have a robust service you can confidently introduce to your enterprise. for a comprehensive overview of creating and implementing a directory pilot, refer to understanding and deploying ldap directory services ( t. howes, m. smith, g. good, macmillan technical publishing, 1999 ). putting your directory into production once you have piloted and tuned the service, you need to develop and execute a plan for taking the directory service from a pilot to production. create a production plan that includes the following : an estimate of the resources you need for information on administering and maintaining your directory, refer to the iplanet directory server administrator ' s guide. other general directory resources for more information about directories, ldap, and ldif, take a look at the following : rfc 2849 : the ldap data interchange format ( ldif ) technical specification rfc 2251 : lightweight directory access protocol ( v3 ) previous contents index dochome next copyright © 2002 sun microsystems, inc. some preexisting portions copyright © 2001 netscape communications corp. all rights reserved. last updated february 26, 2002


racial component of white - black relationships here, miller explains that while black people for many years were forced to get along with whites, whites were never forced to accommodate to the needs of blacks. white teachers, he recalls, were sometimes uncomfortable in formerly black schools, but one white teacher did teach miller a lesson about racial difference. in reflecting on racism, miller remembers chasing down some students who were skipping class at carmel junior high school when he suddenly realized the significance of the image of a black man pursuing a white girl. the story is somewhat unclear, but it seems like a white man rammed his car in retaliation. citing this excerpt oral history interview with leroy miller, june 8, 1998. interview k - 0174. southern oral history program collection ( # 4007 ) in the southern oral history program collection, southern historical collection, wilson library, university of north carolina at chapel hill. full text of the excerpt pg : violence, yeah. do you think at that time there were principals who were afraid to discipline in schools? lm : well, the thing about it, if you ’ re a black person you had to know how to get along with a white person. blacks have always had to get along with whites since slavery. but it wasn ’ t true of whites. the only blacks that some of the white principals had ever associated with were maybe their gardener or cook or somebody like that. they ’ d never had to associate with any blacks. i can recall when dr. garinger was the superintendent. we attempted to integrate the faculties when you had the freedom of choice. when i first came to charlotte the superintendents used to meet with the blacks on one saturday morning and the whites on another saturday morning. then they started having one meeting, and instead of having a black english group and a white one it was all english teachers and all industrial arts teachers. you ’ d be surprised. that was something that was hard to come by. pg : the white teachers didn ’ t want to meet with the black teachers? lm : no. they were resentful. i think it was just both of them. they were just resentful. you had some that didn ’ t matter. i know the first two white teachers we had at west charlotte, had one in social studies by the name of ann fiber and another white teacher in english anna wiles, that was the freedom of choice. ann fiber she finished the university of mississippi, and she came to west charlotte when they said you had to integrate schools and sixty percent of your


the name of ann fiber and another white teacher in english anna wiles, that was the freedom of choice. ann fiber she finished the university of mississippi, and she came to west charlotte when they said you had to integrate schools and sixty percent of your teachers had to be white and forty percent had to be black. i think it hurt ann worse than anybody else. it was funny. when she was there by herself she was a little white princess, so to speak. but when other whites came there it sort of stole her thunder. i learned, now this is the god ’ s truth. one was a blond and the other one was a brunette. i remember i used to hand deliver the checks to the teachers on pay day. i ’ d go to ann fiber and i ’ d give her miss wiles ’ check. she said, “ oh, this is ann fiber. ” until that time i ’ d never looked at a white woman, period. i guess about the second or third month miss fiber stopped me. she said, “ mr. miller, if i can take the time to know that there ’ s a difference between blacks, seemingly you can do likewise. look, i ’ m a blond. anna wiles is a brunette. her hair is almost as black as your hair. ” i said, “ thank you, ” and i moved on out. i started looking at hair then. i said you can tell them by the hair. you can tell them by the eyes, but i ’ d never paid that much attention to white, period. lm : no. i can recall miss ledford, she was my curriculum coordinator. back when they had the gas shortage we had a curriculum meeting over at garinger high school. i went out to get in my car and she was out there. i said, “ no, you aren ’ t going to ride with me. ” she said, “ i don ’ t have any gas. i don ’ t have gas enough to get home. ” i didn ’ t want a rider, not in my car. i didn ’ t want to ride no white. when i was at west charlotte i used to police the campus, to look, because kids would sneak off from school. the same thing was true when i went to carmel. i remember that first year down at carmel i had some girls and boys that had sneaked off the campus. they were going down carmel road. i went down there chasing them. these cars that were coming up from south carolina


i went to carmel. i remember that first year down at carmel i had some girls and boys that had sneaked off the campus. they were going down carmel road. i went down there chasing them. these cars that were coming up from south carolina, i was chasing little white girls running, them cars slowing down. i happened to think, “ man, some of these fools out here there ’ s no telling what they ’ d do. ” so i came back to the campus and i got mayor brown and sue. i said, “ listen, let ’ s go get them. ” i made sure that i was going to protect myself. i remember barbara. she said, “ mr. miller, everybody knows that you ’ re the principal and i ’ m the curriculum coordinator. so she got in. i had a little old mustang. she got in the car and we went over to garinger high school from east mecklenburg. on the way back i said, “ miss ledford, i wish you would sit up straight in your seat. ” she was turned sideways, and she was talking. i said, “ just sit straight. ” there was one of those bfi trucks behind us. i saw the fellow when he passed us. as he passed us he was white and he decided he was going to slow down and see what that white woman was doing in that car with that black man. so he let us pass him. then he got right behind us. when we go to independence and hawthorne there was an ambulance going down hawthorne lane. the red light was on, and i was in front of that bfi truck. i had to stop even though i had the light. it was on green, and when i stopped that bfi truck ran right into the back of me. it knocked me over on the corner. i got on the corner, and the ambulance stopped to see if we were hurt, and then proceeded. the police came. that old fellow that was driving the ambulance told the police, “ that nigger had that white woman over there. ” i ’ d gone over on the corner. i heard him. he said, “ that nigger over there he had that little white woman over there. ” the policeman sat there. he said, “ that ’ s mr. miller. he ’ s principal at east mecklenburg. ” it just so happened that the officers that came out there had been one that worked at some of our games. he came over. i said, “ i stopped for the ambulance


epilepsy : surgical options for epilepsy what is epilepsy surgery? medication can control seizures in most people with epilepsy, but for about 30 % of patients, they aren ' t effective or are intolerable. in some cases, brain surgery may be an option. epilepsy surgery is an operation on the brain to control seizures and improve the person ' s quality of life. there are two main types of epilepsy surgery : - surgery to remove the area of the brain producing seizures - surgery to interrupt the nerve pathways through which seizure impulses spread within the brain surgery is considered only if the area of the brain where the seizures start, called the seizure focus, can be clearly identified, and if the area to be removed is not responsible for any critical functions, such as language, sensation and movement. extensive evaluation and testing are necessary to determine if surgery is appropriate. who is a candidate for epilepsy surgery? surgery may be an option for people with epilepsy whose seizures are disabling and / or are not controlled by medication, or when the side effects of medication are severe and greatly affect the person ' s quality of life. patients with other serious medical problems, such as cancer or heart disease, usually are not considered for epilepsy surgery.


during the final stages of world war ii in 1945, the united states conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of hiroshima and nagasaki in japan, the first on august 6, 1945 and the second on august 9, 1945. for six months, the united states had made use of intense strategic fire - bombing of 67 japanese cities. together with the united kingdom, and the republic of china the united states called for a surrender of japan in the potsdam declaration. the japanese government ignored this ultimatum. by executive order of president harry s. truman, the u. s. dropped the nuclear weapon “ little boy ” on the city of hiroshima on monday, august 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of “ fat man ” over nagasaki on august 9. these two events are the only active deployments of nuclear weapons in war. the target of hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance, containing japan ’ s second army headquarters, as well as being a communications center and storage depot. within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90, 000 – 166, 000 people in hiroshima and 60, 000 – 80, 000 in nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. the hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60 % died from flash or flame burns, 30 % from falling debris and 10 % from other causes. during the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. in a us estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15 – 20 % died from radiation sickness, 20 – 30 % from flash burns, and 50 – 60 % from other injuries, compounded by illness. in both cities, most of the dead were civilians. six days after the detonation over nagasaki, on august 15, japan announced its surrender to the allied powers, signing the instrument of surrender on september 2, officially ending the pacific war and therefore world war ii. germany had signed its instrument of surrender on may 7, ending the war in europe. the bombings led, in part, to post - war japan ’ s adopting three non - nuclear principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament. the role of the bombings in japan ’ s surrender and the u. s. ’ s ethical justification for them, as well as their strategical importance, is still debated.


cholera outbreaks in caribbean, africa spark alerts jul 22, 2011 ( cidrap news ) – european union ( eu ) health officials today warned travelers about a risk of contracting cholera in the dominican republic, a magnet for tourists, while the world health organization ( who ) said cholera outbreaks along africa ' s congo river have killed 271 people. in a report released today but dated june 2011, the european centre for disease prevention and control ( ecdc ) said cholera is becoming endemic in the dominican republic. the country shares the island of hispaniola with haiti, which has been battling a large cholera epidemic since october 2010. cholera first spread from haiti to the dominican republic last november, and the latter had had 5, 367 suspected cases with 46 deaths by mid - june, the ecdc reported. it said 1, 727 cases were confirmed. " despite intense efforts by the ministries of health in haiti and the dominican republic and by humanitarian workers involved in the response to the epidemic, cholera is becoming endemic in both countries, " the report says. " it is anticipated that further epidemic peaks will occur, particularly during the rainy season " ( april to june and october - november ). two european tourists, a 69 - year - old english woman and a 60 - year - old german woman, contracted cholera while staying at resorts in punta cana, dominican republic, in may, the report says. theirs were the first dominican - linked cases reported by eu member states since the epidemic began. the sources of their infections were not pinpointed and could have been either water or food. more than a million european tourists visit the dominican republic annually, according to the report. it said haiti receives far fewer european visitors, with just 23, 000 in 2007. because of the size of the dominican epidemic, occasional travel - related cases can be expected and may increase during the country ' s rainy seasons, the ecdc says. overall, though, the risk of cholera in visitors to the country should be considered low. the ecdc says visitors to cholera - endemic countries should drink only bottled or chlorinated water, carefully wash all fruits and vegetables with potable water, regularly wash their hands, and eat seafood only if it is thoroughly cooked. in the eu, cholera vaccination is not routinely recommended for travelers, but it might be considered for people who work in refugee camps and certain other groups. meanwhile, the who today said cholera outbreaks along the congo river have caused more than 4, 000 cases in the democratic republic of congo ( drc


for travelers, but it might be considered for people who work in refugee camps and certain other groups. meanwhile, the who today said cholera outbreaks along the congo river have caused more than 4, 000 cases in the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) and the republic of congo. the outbreak in the drc was first reported in march and has intensified in the past 3 to 4 weeks, the who said. as of jul 20, authorities had reported 3, 896 cases and 265 deaths, with a case - fatality rate ( cfr ) of 7 %. the affected provinces are bandundu, equateur, kinshasa, and p orientale. in the republic of congo, 181 suspected cases including six deaths were reported between jun 14 and jul 20 in four provinces ( brazzaville, cuvette, likouala, and plateaux ), with a cfr of 3 %, the who said. four cases have been laboratory - confirmed. " there is high risk of the epidemic further spreading along the congo river, " the agency said. " the outbreak has been reported to have spread to new locations, particularly in kinshasa, where there are large population groups with inadequate safe water. " the governments of the two countries, along with international organizations, have set up cholera treatment centers and taken other steps to respond to the outbreaks, the who said. the agency said it is conducting a rapid risk assessment in the drc to identify urgent needs and has sent four specialists to kinshasa to support the response operations. ecdc warning on cholera risk in the dominican republic cholera epidemic rising higher in dominican republic cholera epidemic is spreading speedily as the dominican republic ' s death toll has now risen to 87. spreading from haiti, it is suspected that the epidemic has affected more than 13, 000 people till date. the concerned authorities also said on friday that the epidemic has killed more than 5, 500 people in haiti and as the country shares the island of hispaniola with haiti, people here need to be more cautious and must adopt all the possible preventive measures. according to the reports released from the dominican health ministry, the death toll has risen big since july 8 as the new affected figures are 87 now. since beginning, total 13, 200 cases have been reported till date out of which past week recorded total 773 new cases. in context to same, us centers for disease control also published an epidemiological study in which they highlighted that un troops from nepal are the main cause for the epidemic


there is a lot you can do and there isn ’ t much you can do — about fluoride in your water. for one it isn ’ t fluoride per se that is put into your water but three other chemicals that are put into public drinking water supplies contaminate drinking water with fluoride. for another, we have polluted the waters with fluoride agents for so long, over such a long time and in so many locations, that the waters have become polluted. while those who serve to lord ( lower case ) it over us try to convince us “ there is a lot of background fluoride in water occurring ‘ naturally, ’ ” it is because we have polluted the waters globally. fluoride is so rampant most water contains it to a certain extent. however, the biggest problem is fluoride molecules are so small they can not be filtered out easily. in fact, if you are buying bottled water in order to avoid fluoride, you are probably wasting your money while still being fluoridated. fluoride chemicals pass right through most water filtration systems. even h²o concepts whole house water filtration systems are unable to remove fluoride. but reverse osmosis and distillation can remove fluoride contamination. those are the only two means known that reliably clear the water of fluorine contaminants. that said the most important thing we could do is probably the area in which we are powerless — practically — politically. if we could stop governments from “ treating ” our water ( and us ) with fluoride that would solve the problem. do all you can to get word out about the dangers of systemic fluoridation of our drinking water. inform everyone you know about the dangers of fluoridation of our drinking water and systemic fluoridation. review the six short videos embedded here within my blog and educate yourself. perhaps we might hit a critical mass after which we might get the government to stop fluoridating our water. maybe when we are flat broke and no longer afford the costs to fluoridate our drinking water this insanity might stop.


first tropical depression of the season may form from 92l an unusually large and well - developed african tropical wave for so early in the season has developed midway between the coast of africa and south america. the storm was designated invest 92l by the national hurricane center yesterday, and has a good chance of becoming the first tropical depression of the atlantic hurricane season. surface winds measured by the 8 : 23am edt pass of the european ascat satellite revealed that 92l already has a closed surface circulation, though the circulation is large and elongated. top winds seen by ascat were about 25 mph. meteosat visible satellite loops show a large and impressive circulation that is steadily consolidating, with spiral bands building inward towards center, and upper - level outflow beginning to be established to the northwest and north. figure 1. morning satellite image of invest 92l. climatology argues against development of 92l, since only one named storm has ever formed between africa and the lesser antilles islands in the month of june - - tropical storm ana of 1979 ( figure 2 ). however, sea surface temperatures ( ssts ) underneath 92l are an extremely high 28 - 30°c, which is warmer than the temperatures reached during the peak of hurricane season last year, in august - september. in fact, with summer not even here, and three more months of heating remaining until we reach peak ssts in the atlantic, ocean temperatures across the entire caribbean and waters between africa and the lesser antilles are about the same as they were during the peak week for water temperatures in 2009 ( mid - september. ) while 92l will cross over a 1°c cooler patch of water on monday, the storm will encounter very warm ssts of 28 - 29°c again by tuesday. the disturbance doesn ' t have to worry about dry air - - total precipitable water ( tpw ) loops show a very moist plume of air accompanies 92l, and water vapor satellite loops show that the center of 92l is at least 300 - 400 miles from any substantial areas of dry air. the 60 - day cycle of enhanced thunderstorm activity called the madden - jullian oscillation is currently favoring upward motion over eastern tropical atlantic, and this enhanced upward motion helps create stronger updrafts and higher chances of tropical cyclone development. figure 2. tropical storm ana of 1979 was the only june named storm on record to form between africa and the lesser antilles islands. the forecast for 92l a major issue for 92l, like it is for most


higher chances of tropical cyclone development. figure 2. tropical storm ana of 1979 was the only june named storm on record to form between africa and the lesser antilles islands. the forecast for 92l a major issue for 92l, like it is for most june disturbances, is wind shear. the subtropical jet stream has a branch flowing through the caribbean and tropical atlantic north of 10° n that is bringing 20 - 40 knots of wind shear to the region. our disturbance is currently located at 7°n, well south of this band of high shear, and is only experiencing 5 - 15 knots of shear. this moderate amount of shear should allow for some steady development of 92l over the next few days as it tracks west - northwest at 10 - 15 mph. the national hurricane center is giving 92l a medium ( 30 % chance ) of developing into a tropical depression by tuesday morning. based on visible satellite imagery over the past few hours, i believe this forecast is not aggressive enough, and that 92l has a 50 % chance of developing into a tropical depression by tuesday morning. another factor holding 92l back is its proximity to the equator. i would give 92l higher chances of developing if it were not so close to the equator. the system is organizing at about 7°n latitude, which is so close to the equator that it cannot leverage the earth ' s spin much to help it get spinning. it is quite unusual for a tropical depression to form south of 8°n latitude. the farther south 92l stays, the better chance it has at survival. with the system ' s steady west - northwest movement this week, 92l should begin encountering hostile wind shear in excess of 30 knots by thursday, which should be able to greatly weaken or entirely destroy the storm before it gets to the lesser antilles islands. however, residents of the islands - - particularly the northern lesser antilles - - should follow the progress of 92l closely, and anticipate heavy rains and high winds moving through the islands by saturday or sunday next weekend. the gfdl and hwrf models are predicting that 92l will develop into a moderate strength tropical storm that will then be weakened or destroyed by the end of the week, before it reaches the islands. this looks like a reasonable forecast. figure 3. the departure of sea surface temperature ( sst ) from average for june 10, 2010. image credit : noaa / nesdis. oil spill wind forecast there is little change to the oil spill wind forecast for the coming two weeks. light winds of 5 -


troubleshooting your vfds aug 1, 2000 12 : 00 pm, by stan turkel find more articles on : variable frequency drives variable - frequency drives ( vfds ), also known as adjustable - speed drives ( asds ) have become the preferred method of controlling speed to meet load requirements. the most common drives use a pulse width modulation ( pwm ) design, which is affordable, reliable, and cost effective for most applications. while simple in their design, they can give you problems when it comes to taking operational and troubleshooting measurements. knowing what measurements to take will save you time and money. you ' ll need this type of testing for troubleshooting and diagnosing a defective unit as well as when performing routine maintenance. where do you start taking measurements? the four main aspects for testing a drive system are the building ' s power supply, the drive unit itself, the motor, and the load. each item in a drive system works together and becomes the entire drive application. this creates a potential problem : any one item can shut down the drive. knowing what measurements to take at each section is critical for the troubleshooting and maintenance of the drive. the facility ' s power supply. in today ' s power - hungry society, it ' s getting hard to obtain a good source of clean non - distorted power. over and under voltage conditions greater than plus - or - minus 10 % will trip most drives. a voltage unbalance between phases of 3 % to 5 % can cause tripping of the drive ' s overload fault protection device. with the drive in operation and carrying a load, measure the incoming line voltage at the input side of the drive itself. using safety precautions, measure the incoming line voltage between a - b phase, b - c phase, c - a phase. sometimes, you may want to also measure a, b, and c, to ground. what you want to look for is over and under voltage conditions as well as unbalance between the phases. it ' s important to take the above readings during peak loads on the drive as well as during off - hours to see if you ' re experiencing voltage swings as a result of the dynamics of your facility. then, take a current reading of each of the three phases on the line side of the drive. again, look for any unbalance between phases. the following formula will help you calculate the percentage of unbalance between phases. percent voltage unbalance = maximum deviation from the average voltage x 100 / average voltage taking readings in


line side of the drive. again, look for any unbalance between phases. the following formula will help you calculate the percentage of unbalance between phases. percent voltage unbalance = maximum deviation from the average voltage x 100 / average voltage taking readings in the vfd. there are several measurements you should take at the drive that involve getting into close quarters while the drive is in operation. use caution when testing a powered drive unit. remember to adhere to all safety procedures while taking these measurements. pwm type drives take incoming ac line voltage and rectify this to a constant dc voltage that is then supplied to the switching, or inverter section, to create an adjustable alternating frequency and variable - voltage source to the motor. measure dc bus voltage in the drive for over and under voltage conditions, which can be generated by line power changes or load regenerative conditions. there are two important dc bus voltage measurements you should take. the first is the actual dc bus voltage, which should be equal to the line - side peak voltage ( rms voltage x 1. 41 ). once the capacitors are charged, the reading should remain constant. on a 480v system, the dc bus voltage will be about 676vdc. you should take the second dc bus voltage measurement to determine the amount of ac ripple found on the dc bus. this reading helps pinpoint capacitor breakdown and reduced filtering of the dc bus, which can cause current trips. dc bus voltage measurements. with the drive in operation and carrying a load, take a voltage reading at the dc bus. you take this measurement at the connections to the drive capacitor or capacitor bank. ( see drive manual for exact location ). set the meter on dc volts and measure the positive and negative sides of the dc bus. this should be equal to the line voltage x 1. 41. now, remove the meter from the circuit and set it on ac volts and take the same measurement. the meter should show very low ac voltage ripple, as this is a filtered dc source. you should discuss readings above 5vac with the drive manufacturer, as this may indicate a possible breakdown of the capacitor filtering. all drives maintain a constant volts - per - hertz ratio to the motor. this ratio is kept constant, regardless at what speed the drive operates. thus, as the frequency ( hz ) changes the motor speed, so does the voltage. the only exception to this rule comes with flux vector drives. these types of drives may change the ratio


is kept constant, regardless at what speed the drive operates. thus, as the frequency ( hz ) changes the motor speed, so does the voltage. the only exception to this rule comes with flux vector drives. these types of drives may change the ratio, depending on special torque requirements. one of the most effective ways of troubleshooting a drive is to verify that the volts - per - hertz ratio is being maintained at different speed settings. drive output volts - per - hertz ratio measurement. using safety precautions, set the analog meter for the maximum ac volts. with the drive running at full speed ( 60 hz ), measure the voltage to the motor at the drive motor terminals. for example, a 460v motor operating at 60 hz should have a ratio of 7. 6v applied to the motor for every hertz applied. the voltage should be equal to the nameplate voltage for the motor. now, set the drive to 50 % speed ( 30 hz ), and take the same motor terminal voltage reading. it should now be half of the last reading, or 230v for a 460v motor. then, adjust the drive to 25 % speed ( 15 hz ), and the motor voltage should now be 25 % of the full voltage reading, or 115v. what about leakage current? drive problems can also appear if the leakage current from the drive ' s power transistors is excessive. a transistor does not actually open up like a mechanical switch when it turns off, it just reduces the amount of current it lets through. sometimes a transistor that starts to become defective will show signs of excessive leakage current when turned off. transistor leakage current measurement. with the drive energized and a run command given, set the drive to zero speed ( 0 hz ) and measure the voltage to the motor between phases. in this state, the drive should not be firing any of the transistors, and there should be 40v or less leakage, depending on the manufacturer. you should discuss voltages above 60v with the manufacturer. this higher reading may indicate a pending transistor failure. the motor. even though you took the voltage and current readings at the motor terminals in the drive itself, you will also want to take the same measurements at the motor. your meter should be the same as used at the drive. the analog meter gives you smoothed readings and should match the expected volts - per - hertz ratio. essentially, the voltage and current values should


to take the same measurements at the motor. your meter should be the same as used at the drive. the analog meter gives you smoothed readings and should match the expected volts - per - hertz ratio. essentially, the voltage and current values should be the same. a voltage drop or poor connections may be cause for concern. also check for any unusual vibrations ( vibration is usually a sign of excess bearing wear ). taking temperature readings. we all know many electrical failures are the result of excessive heat, which breaks down insulation of conductors and windings. temperature readings of motors, conductors, and heatsinks of electronic components are valuable diagnostic measurements, and you should consider them part of a yearly maintenance program. the key is to be consistent in the location of the readings, and to take them under similar loading conditions. there is much information available from the vendors of temperature probes and meters. the load. if it turns, then it must be okay, right? depending on your application, there are still a couple of things you may consider measuring. if you ' re concerned about speed regulation for a process, then a tachometer reading at full load conditions is in order. always verify rotation direction. i have uncovered instances where equipment was simply operating backward ; and unknown to those using the equipment. the torque stresses the shaft and drive train components. having started up hundreds of drive applications over the years, i still can ' t understand why folks need to ramp up these large loads in 10 sec or faster. it just makes sense to adjust the ramp speed of a load to as long as possible to reduce all kinds of stresses ; both mechanical and electrical. there are two important areas not included in this article : harmonics and overvoltage reflections at the motor windings. although harmonics is a concern, it ' s not normally associated with the tripping of drives and shutdowns. you can usually control overvoltage reflections at the motor windings by keeping the motor leads as short as possible. several motor manufacturers can provide special windings to withstand such overvoltage conditions. turkel is a senior instructor, atms technical training co., owings mills, md. sidebar : what type of testing meter should you use? you can use any clamp - on true digital multimeter ( dmm ) cat. 3 rated for testing motor drives. the best recommendation is a clamp - on 1000v cat. 3 unit. a true rms clamp - on dmm, or an ac - only clamp


true digital multimeter ( dmm ) cat. 3 rated for testing motor drives. the best recommendation is a clamp - on 1000v cat. 3 unit. a true rms clamp - on dmm, or an ac - only clamp - on attachment for a dmm will work. if your meter is not rated cat. 3, then don ' t use it. sidebar : use an analog meter to test the load side output of the drive you would expect to use a true rms dmm to test the load side output of the drive. but for this measurement, the dmm might give you an incorrect reading. why? the output of a vfd is a series of very high transmittal oscillating positive and negative voltages. using igbt transistors, the oscillations approach 20 khz, which vary in base frequency and duration ( width of pulse, hence the name pulse width modulated drives ). a digital multimeter takes many samples per second and converts this analog information into digital information for display. using a digital meter for output readings causes a problem : it will attempt to follow the high - frequency switching of the igbt transistors, giving false information. the analog meter has a smoothing effect and ends up reading a voltage equal to what the motor actually sees.


figure 3 - 29. block diagram of a flip - flop with a toggle input. figure 3 - 30. flip - flop with three inputs ( block diagram ). remember, a set input will set the flip - flop if it is in the clear state, otherwise, it will not do anything ; a trigger at the clear input can only clear the circuit if it is set ; and a trigger applied to the toggle input will cause the bistable multivibrator to change states regardless of what state it is in. q7. in a bistable multivibrator, how many trigger pulses are needed to produce one complete cycle in q8. how many stable states are there for a flip - flop? q9. if a voltage ( positive or negative ) is measured on the " 1 " output of a flip - flop, what state is it in? the blocking oscillator is a special type of wave generator used to produce a narrow pulse, or trigger. blocking oscillators have many uses, most of which are concerned with the timing of some other circuit. they can be used as frequency dividers or counter circuits and for switching other circuits on and off at specific times. in a blocking oscillator the pulse width ( pw ), pulse repetition time ( prt ), and pulse repetition rate ( prr ) are all controlled by the size of certain capacitors and resistors and by the operating characteristics of the transformer. the transformer primary determines the duration and shape of the output. because of their importance in the circuit, transformer action and series rl circuits will be discussed briefly. you may want to review transformer action in neets, module 2, introduction to alternating current and transformers before going to the next section. figure 3 - 31, view ( a ), shows a transformer with resistance in both the primary and secondary circuits. if s1 is closed, current will flow through r1 and l1. as the current increases in l1, it induces a voltage into l2 and causes current flow through r2. the voltage induced into l2 depends on the ratio of turns between l1 and l2 as well as the current flow through l1.


portraying ottoman society european artists who came to istanbul as members of diplomatic entourages depicted scenes from different parts of the ottoman capital, distinctive costumes worn by the different classes of people in the empire, and portraits of foreign ambassadors, interpreters, and increasingly of ottoman dignitaries. vanmour, for example, in addition to several audience scenes and pictures of istanbul, painted various state officials in their typical costume, and these were published in marquis de ferriol ' s recueil de cent estampes representant differentes nations du levant in 1714. a number of paintings of similar size in various collections and museums are thought to belong to this series of oil paintings by vanmour. one of the most notable of the european artists who worked in istanbul in the 18th century was a knight of malta antoine de favray, who arrived in istanbul in 1762 and was employed by the french ambassadors comte de vergennes and comte de st. priest until 1771. his portraits of vergennes and his wife show the couple not only dressed in turkish costume but even seated in oriental style. this tradition of painting, particularly portraiture, introduced by western artists, gradually spread from court and diplomatic circles to broader sectors of society ; first to high - ranking state officials and then to leading ottoman families, whose members increasingly commissioned portraits of themselves. even more importantly, this tradition of oil painting influence local artists, one of the most renowned being osman hamdi bey, who despite his oriental birth, did many works that place him among the artists of the orientalist movement.


in computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type that depends on a value. dependent types play a central role in intuitionistic type theory and in the design of functional programming languages like ats, agda and epigram. an example is the type of n - tuples of real numbers. this is a dependent type because the type depends on the value n. deciding equality of dependent types in a program may require computations. if arbitrary values are allowed in dependent types, then deciding type equality may involve deciding whether two arbitrary programs produce the same result ; hence type checking may become undecidable. the curry – howard correspondence implies that types can be constructed that express arbitrarily complex mathematical properties. if the user can supply a constructive proof that a type is inhabited ( i. e., that a value of that type exists ) then a compiler can check the proof and convert it into executable computer code that computes the value by carrying out the construction. the proof checking feature makes dependently typed languages closely related to proof assistants. the code - generation aspect provides a powerful approach to formal program verification and proof - carrying code, since the code is derived directly from a mechanically verified mathematical proof. systems of the lambda cube henk barendregt developed the lambda cube as a means of classifying type systems along three axes. the eight corners of the resulting cube - shaped diagram each correspond to a type system, with simply typed lambda calculus in the least expressive corner, and calculus of constructions in the most expressive. the three axes of the cube correspond to three different augmentations of the simply typed lambda calculus : the addition of dependent types, the addition of polymorphism, and the addition of higher kinded type constructors ( functions from types to types, for example ). the lambda cube is generalized further by pure type systems. first order dependent type theory the system of pure first order dependent types, corresponding to the logical framework lf, is obtained by generalising the function space type of the simply typed lambda calculus to the dependent product type. writing for - tuples of real numbers, as above, stands for the type of functions which given a natural number n returns a tuple of real numbers of size n. the usual function space arises as a special case when the range type does not actually depend on the input, e. g. is the type of functions from natural numbers to the real numbers, written as in the simply typed lambda calculus. second order dependent type theory the system of second order dependent types is


the range type does not actually depend on the input, e. g. is the type of functions from natural numbers to the real numbers, written as in the simply typed lambda calculus. second order dependent type theory the system of second order dependent types is obtained from by allowing quantification over type constructors. in this theory the dependent product operator subsumes both the operator of simply typed lambda calculus and the binder of system f. higher order dependently typed polymorphic lambda calculus the higher order system extends to all four forms of abstraction from the lambda cube : functions from terms to terms, types to types, terms to types and types to terms. the system corresponds to the calculus of constructions whose derivative, the calculus of inductive constructions is the underlying system of the coq proof assistant. object - oriented programming | language | | actively developed | | paradigm [ fn 1 ] | | tactics | | proof terms | | termination checking | | types can depend on [ fn 2 ] | | universes | | proof irrelevance | | program extraction | | extraction erases irrelevant terms | | ats | | yes | | functional / imperative | | no | | yes | | yes | |? | |? | |? | | yes | |? | | cayenne | | no | | purely functional | | no | | yes | | no | | any term | | no | | no | |? | |? | | coq | | yes | | purely functional | | yes | | yes | | yes | | any term | | yes [ fn 5 ] | | no | | haskell, scheme and ocaml | | yes | | dependent ml | | no [ fn 6 ] | |? | |? | | yes | |? | | natural numbers | |? | |? | |? | |? | | epigram 2 | | yes | | purely functional | | no | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | by construction | | any term | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | guru | | no | | purely functional | | hypjoin | | yes | | yes | | any term | | no | | yes | | carraway | | yes | | idris | | yes | | purely functional | | yes | | yes | | yes ( optional ) | | any


abstract ". - edwin brady. " how does idris compare to other dependently - typed programming languages? ". - " matita svn ". - " xanadu home page ". further reading - martin - lof, per ( 1984 ). intuitionistic type theory. bibliopolis. - nordstrom, bengt ; petersson, kent ; smith, jan m. ( 1990 ). programming in martin - lof ' s type theory : an introduction. oxford university press. - barendregt, henk ( 1992 ). " lambda calculi with types ". in s. abramsky, d. gabbay and t. maibaum. handbook of logic in computer science. oxford science publications. - mcbride, conor ; mckinna, james ( january 2004 ). " the view from the left ". journal of functional programming 14 ( 1 ) : 69 – 111. - altenkirch, thorsten ; mcbride, conor ; mckinna, james ( april 2005 ). why dependent types matter. - norell, ulf. towards a practical programming language based on dependent type theory. phd thesis, department of computer science and engineering, chalmers university of technology, se - 412 96 goteborg, sweden, september 2007. - oury, nicolas and swierstra, wouter ( 2008 ). " the power of pi ". accepted for presentation at icfp, 2008. - norell, ulf ( 2008 ). dependently typed programming in agda.


interferon type i human type i interferons comprise a vast and growing group of ifn proteins. mammalian types the ifn - α proteins are produced by leukocytes. they are mainly involved in innate immune response against viral infection. they come in 13 subtypes that are called ifna1, ifna2, ifna4, ifna5, ifna6, ifna7, ifna8, ifna10, ifna13, ifna14, ifna16, ifna17, ifna21. these genes for these ifn - α molecules are found together in a cluster on chromosome 9. ifn - α is also made synthetically as medication. types are : the ifn - β proteins are produced in large quantities by fibroblasts. they have antiviral activity which is mainly involved in innate immune response. two types of ifn - β have been described, ifn - β1 ( ifnb1 ) and ifn - β3 ( ifnb3 ) ( a gene designated ifn - β2 is actually il - 6 ). ifn - β1 is used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis as it reduces the relapse rate. ifn - ε, – κ, - τ, - δ, and – ζ ifn - ε, – κ, - τ, and – ζ appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, ifnk. only ruminants encode ifn - τ, a variant of ifn - ω. so far, ifn - ζ is found only in mice, while a structural homolog, ifn - δ is found in a diverse array of non - primate and non - rodent placental mammals. most but not all placental mammals encode functional ifn - ε and ifn - κ genes. ifn - ω, although having only one functional form described to date ( ifnw1 ), has several pseudogenes : ifnwp2, ifnwp4, ifnwp5, ifnwp9, ifnwp15, ifnwp18, and ifnwp19 in humans. many non - primate placental mammals express multiple ifn - ω subtypes this subtype of type i ifn was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. in all other genomes of non - feline placental mammals, if


ifn - ω subtypes this subtype of type i ifn was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. in all other genomes of non - feline placental mammals, ifn - ν is a pseudogene ; in some species, the pseudogene is well preserved, while in others, it is badly mutilated or is undetectable. moreover, in the cat genome, the ifn - ν promoter is deleteriously mutated. it is likely that the ifn - ν gene family was rendered useless prior to mammalian diversification. its presence on the edge of the type i ifn locus in mammals may have shielded it from obliteration, allowing its detection. sources and functions ifn - α and ifn - β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes ( nk cells, b - cells and t - cells ), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. they stimulate both macrophages and nk cells to elicit an anti - viral response, and are also active against tumors. recently, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as being the most potent producers of type i ifns in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural ifn producing cells. ifn - ω is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors. ifn - α acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus thus causing fever. it does this by binding to opioid receptors and eliciting the release of prostaglandin - e2 ( pge2 ). non - mammalian types avian type i ifns have been characterized and preliminarily assigned to subtypes ( ifn i, ifn ii, and ifn iii ), but their classification into subtypes should await a more extensive characterization of avian genomes. functional lizard type i ifns can be found in lizard genome databases. turtle type i ifns have been purified ( references from 1970s needed ). they resemble mammalian homologs. the existence of amphibian type i ifns have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. they have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned. piscine ( bony fish ) type i ifn has been cloned in several


i ifns have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. they have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned. piscine ( bony fish ) type i ifn has been cloned in several teleost species. with few exceptions, and in stark contrast to avian and especially mammalian ifns, they are present as single genes ( multiple genes are however seen in polyploid fish genomes, possibly arising from whole - genome duplication ). unlike amniote ifn genes, piscine type i ifn genes contain introns, in similar positions as do their orthologs, certain interleukins. - schultz et al., the interferon system of non - mammalian vertebrates. developmental and comparative immunology, volume 28, pages 499 - 508. - samarajiwa et al., type i interferons : genetics and structure. the interferons : characterization and application, 2006 wiley - vch, pages 3 - 34. - oritani and tomiyama, interferon - ζ / limitin : novel type i interferon that displays a narrow range of biological activity. international journal of hematology, 2004, volume 80, pages 325 - 331. - hardy et al., characterization of the type i interferon locus and identification of novel genes. genomics, 2004, volume 84 pages 331 - 345. - todd and naylor, new chromosomal mapping assignments for argininosuccinate synthetase pseudogene 1, interferon - beta 3 gene, and the diazepam binding inhibitor gene. somat. cell. mol. genet. 1992 volume 18, pages 381 - 5. - wang et al., fever of recombinant human interferon - alpha is mediated by opioid domain interaction with opioid receptor inducing prostaglandin e2. j neuroimmunol. 2004 nov ; 156 ( 1 - 2 ) : 107 - 12.


natural language generation natural language generation ( nlg ) is the natural language processing task of generating natural language from a machine representation system such as a knowledge base or a logical form. psycholinguists prefer the term language production when such formal representations are interpreted as models for mental representations. it could be said an nlg system is like a translator that converts a computer based representation into a natural language representation. however, the methods to produce the final language are different from those of a compiler due to the inherent expressivity of natural languages. nlg may be viewed as the opposite of natural language understanding : whereas in natural language understanding the system needs to disambiguate the input sentence to produce the machine representation language, in nlg the system needs to make decisions about how to put a concept into words. simple examples are systems that generate form letters. these do not typically involve grammar rules, but may generate a letter to a consumer, e. g. stating that a credit card spending limit was reached. more complex nlg systems dynamically create texts to meet a communicative goal. as in other areas of natural language processing, this can be done using either explicit models of language ( e. g., grammars ) and the domain, or using statistical models derived by analysing human - written texts. the pollen forecast for scotland demo shows a simple nlg system in action. this system takes as input six numbers, which give predicted pollen levels in different parts of scotland. from these numbers, the system generates a short textual summary of pollen levels as its output. for example, using the historical data for 1 - july - 2005, the software produces grass pollen levels for friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. however, in northern areas, pollen levels will be moderate with values of 4. in contrast, the actual forecast ( written by a human meteorologist ) from this data was pollen counts are expected to remain high at level 6 over most of scotland, and even level 7 in the south east. the only relief is in the northern isles and far northeast of mainland scotland with medium levels of pollen count. comparing these two illustrates some of the choices that nlg systems must make ; these are further discussed below. the process to generate text can be as simple as keeping a list of canned text that is copied and pasted, possibly linked with some glue text. the results may be satisfactory in simple domains such as horoscope machines or generators of personalised business


the process to generate text can be as simple as keeping a list of canned text that is copied and pasted, possibly linked with some glue text. the results may be satisfactory in simple domains such as horoscope machines or generators of personalised business letters. however, a sophisticated nlg system needs to include stages of planning and merging of information to enable the generation of text that looks natural and does not become repetitive. typical stages are : content determination : deciding what information to mention in the text. for instance, in the pollen example above, deciding whether to explicitly mention that pollen level is 7 in the south east. document structuring : overall organisation of the information to convey. for example, deciding to describe the areas with high pollen levels first, instead of the areas with low pollen levels. aggregation : merging of similar sentences to improve readability and naturalness. for instance, merging the two sentences grass pollen levels for friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday and grass pollen levels will be around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country into the single sentence grass pollen levels for friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. lexical choice : putting words to the concepts. for example, deciding whether medium or moderate should be used when describing a pollen level of 4. referring expression generation : creating referring expressions that identify objects and regions. for example, deciding to use in the northern isles and far northeast of mainland scotland to refer to a certain region in scotland. this task also includes making decisions about pronouns and other types of anaphora. nlg systems effectively generate jokes ( see computational humor ), but from a commercial perspective, the most successful nlg applications have been data - to - text systems which generate textual summaries of databases and data sets ; these systems usually perform data analysis as well as text generation. in particular, several systems have been built that produce textual weather forecasts from weather data. the earliest such system to be deployed was fog, which was used by environment canada to generate weather forecasts in french and english in the early 1990s. the success of fog triggered other work, both research and commercial. recent research in this area include an experiment which showed that users sometimes preferred computer - generated weather forecasts to human - written ones, in part because the computer forecasts used more consistent terminology, and a demonstration that statistical techniques could be used to generate high - quality weather forecasts. recent applications include the arns system used to summar