as well as obesity. this happens most frequently in the later stages of the disease when the fat obstructs the lymphatic drainage leading to a mixture of lipo - lipoedema and lymphoedema. in this instance, patients may be offered treatment for lymphoedema, but the underlying lipoedema can often be missed. to try and explain the differences, it is helpful to compare the two conditions : main differences between lipoedema and lymphoedema - swelling of the lower limbs ( and sometimes arms ) which is symmetrical ( the same on both sides ) - the swelling is usually soft and often comprises of loose, floppy, connective tissue and fat - there is often a pad of fat just under the knees and hips - feet ( or hands ) are usually not affected ( giving the appearance of a ‘ bracelet effect ’ at the ankles / wrists ). however, as the disease progresses, over time the hands and feet can become swollen - pitting ( firm pressure on the skin leaving obvious indentations ) of the skin is not present - pain in the joints, especially the knees, is often reported - tenderness of the tissues can also be a feature - limbs will often bruise easily - risk of infection in affected areas is no greater than normal - the affected skin condition is usually soft and supple and not thickened - affects females only - does not seem to respond to losing weight - there is often a family history of the condition - swelling may be unequal on each side of body – one limb is often much larger than the other - feet are frequently affected - pitting of the skin will be present – especially in the early stages of the condition - no pain is felt if pressure is applied to the skin, but there is often a feeling of tightness in the tissues - limbs do not tend to bruise easily - increased risk of infection ( cellulitis ) in affected, swollen areas - can affect females and males of any age - the affected skin is often thickened and may have other features such as warty change or papillomatosis ( cobble stone effect on the skin ) - losing weight usually has a beneficial effect on the swelling - in 20 % there is a family history of the condition last reviewed march 2013 next planned review march 2015


is zero even? date : 03 / 28 / 2001 at 02 : 59 : 56 from : john matousek subject : zero odd / even at numerous sites across the internet the answer to the question whether zero is odd or even seems to be totally subjective, and the proofs used to justify ' even ' ( zero can be divided by two, therefore it is even ), sound reasonable. but zero can ' t really be divided by two since the result is zero - neither a positive or negative integer. q : how many times does 2 go into 0? a : zero times. or to rephrase, two doesn ' t go into zero. the question arose when a retired math teacher stated " 2 / 20 / 2000, the first day ever with seven even numerals in its date. " of course he is wrong, 2 / 20 / 2000 bc being the most obvious example - if you accept zero as even. but there are also thousands of dates from the astronomical, hebrew, chinese, hindu lunar, old hindu solar and lunar calendars where zero would not even need to be considered. ' ever ' is such a big word. thanks. date : 03 / 28 / 2001 at 09 : 18 : 35 from : doctor rick subject : re : zero odd / even hi, john. thanks for writing! i hope i can clear up some confusion. our archives sometimes say that zero is neither positive nor negative, not that it is neither even nor odd. that ' s very different. the question of evenness or oddness is based on definitions. there may be variations on how " even " is defined, just as there are on how " natural numbers " are defined ; but once you have established your definition, the question can be answered objectively based on that definition. an even number, as our archive pages say, is defined as one that is divisible by 2. divisibility by 2 is defined as giving an integer quotient when divided by 2. the only matter open to debate is whether this last statement should say " integer, " " natural number, " or " whole number. " if integer, then the even numbers are..., - 6, - 4, - 2, 0, 2, 4, 6,... if natural number ( 0, 1, 2, 3,... ), then the even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6,... if whole number ( 1, 2, 3,... ), then the


if natural number ( 0, 1, 2, 3,... ), then the even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6,... if whole number ( 1, 2, 3,... ), then the even numbers are 2, 4, 6,... there is no reason to be restrictive in our definition of divisibility : the definition introduces no contradictions or special cases when it is extended to all integers. if you have found places on the web where a restrictive definition is used, i ' d like to see them. you state that the problem you have with zero being even is that zero can ' t really be divided by 2, because the quotient is 0, which is neither positive nor negative. putting this in my terms, you are defining " divisible " as meaning " giving a quotient that is a positive or negative ( that is, non - zero ) integer. " i could accept one of the alternative definitions i gave above before i would accept yours. if we say that zero cannot be divided by anything, then this introduces lots of special cases to our mathematical properties. for example, the sum of two even numbers is even. you are telling me that the 4 and - 4 are even, but that the sum of 4 and - 4 is * not * even. we ' d need to change the rule to " the sum of even numbers is even, unless it is zero. " it ' s so much simpler to define our terms in a way that does not require such special cases. defining evenness and divisibility as we do does not introduce special cases. before zero was introduced to our number system, negative quantities were treated as an entirely separate kind of entity from positive numbers. different rules were needed for lots of different cases, depending on whether a quantity was added ( positive ) or subtracted ( negative ). the history of quadratic equations illustrates this. a big part of the genius of introducing zero in the first place was that it unified all these special cases into one. i am asking you now to see that you do not need to treat zero as special ; and when you treat it like every other integer, it follows that zero is even. for related answers in our archives, see : zero is even : are these numbers odd or even? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57062. html is zero even, odd, or neither? http : / / mathfor


: zero is even : are these numbers odd or even? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57062. html is zero even, odd, or neither? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57104. html is zero odd or even? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57132. html faq : integers, rational and irrational numbers http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / faq / faq. integers. html even and odd numbers enumerated, start with 1 : infinity, zero http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 52400. html neither positive nor negative : why zero is neither positive nor negative http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 58735. html what is 0? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 58743. html is zero positive or negative? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 60300. html - doctor rick, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm © 1994 - 2013 the math forum


urinary incontinence is the loss of voluntary bladder control leading to urine leakage. it can be temporary or last for a long time. incontinence is a symptom, not a condition. temporary incontinence can be caused by : permanent urinary incontinence may be one of four types. some people have a mixture of these types. this is the most common type of incontinence. it may be caused by : muscles involved in incontinence in women copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. this is also known as overactive bladder. it may be caused or worsened by : this occurs when the bladder will not empty. urine builds up and the bladder overflows. this leads to leaking of urine. it may be caused by : this occurs when you have normal bladder control, but you can ' t reach the toilet in time. it may be caused by medical conditions like severe arthritis. drugs that cause confusion or sedation can also cause functional incontinence. some incontinence may be caused by a fistula. a fistula is an abnormal opening between the bladder and outside. incontinence has several different causes. the cause could also be unclear. risk factors include : urinary incontinence is a symptom of other conditions. any loss of bladder control can be considered incontinence. stress incontinence is when certain activities lead to increased pressure on the bladder. triggers may be laughing, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, or exercise. urge incontinence is a loss of bladder control following a strong urge to urinate. the bladder is unable to hold urine long enough to make it to a restroom. call your doctor if you have a loss of urine control. your doctor can help you determine the underlying cause. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. you will be asked how often you empty your bladder, and about patterns of urine leakage. your doctor will do a physical exam to look for any physical causes. these include blockages and nerve problems. your doctor may ask you to keep a diary of your urination habits. you may be referred to an urologist or an urogynecologist. tests to help determine a cause may include : treatments may include : behavioral therapy includes : if you are a woman who is overweight or obese, losing weight may help reduce the number of episodes due to stress or urge incontinence. talk to your doctor about


a cause may include : treatments may include : behavioral therapy includes : if you are a woman who is overweight or obese, losing weight may help reduce the number of episodes due to stress or urge incontinence. talk to your doctor about a weight loss program that is right for you. medicines called anticholinergics may be prescribed to relax the bladder muscles. they are often used in treating urge incontinence. nerve stimulation is effective for urge urinary incontinence. it can be done by stimulating a nerve in your ankle. or, it can be done by implanting a device that stimulates the bladder nerves. in women, surgery can support weakened muscles related to bladder function. one type of surgery is called a urethral suspension. other procedures involve collagen injections into the urethra. absorbent diapers are often used with incontinence. plugs and patches that hold urine in place are available for women. catheters are sometimes used to treat more severe cases. a supportive device called a pessary may also be used in women. pessaries are devices that raise the uterus or the prolapsed bladder. it can decrease pressure on the bladder. incontinence is really a symptom of many other conditions. there are several ways to prevent incontinence : urology care foundation national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases women ' s health matters american urological association foundation. overactive bladder. american urological association foundation website. available at : http : / / www. urologyhealth. org / urology / index. cfm? article = 112. updated january 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. corcos j, gajewski j, et al. canadian urological association guidelines on urinary incontinence. can j urol. 2006 ; 13 : 3127 - 3138. incontinence. american urologic association foundation website. available at : http : / / www. urologyhealth. org / urology / index. cfm? article = 143. updated january 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. national association for continence. overactive bladder treatment. national association for continence website. available at : http : / / www. nafc. org / bladder - bowel - health. updated september 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. norton p, brubaker l. urinary incontinence in women


website. available at : http : / / www. nafc. org / bladder - bowel - health. updated september 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. norton p, brubaker l. urinary incontinence in women. lancet. 2006 ; 367 : 57 - 67. sobhgol ss, charandabee sm. related factors of urge, stress, mixed urinary incontinence, and overactive bladder in reproductive age women in tabriz, iran : a cross - sectional study. int urogynecol j pelvic floor dys function. 2008 ; 19 ( 3 ) : 367 - 373. urinary incontinence. american academy of family physicians. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / diseases - conditions / urinary - incontinence. html. updated july 2012. accessed september 16, 2012. urinary incontinence in women. ebsco dynamed website. available at : https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated june 29, 2012. accessed september 14, 2012. urinary incontinence in women. national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases website. available at : http : / / kidney. niddk. nih. gov / kudiseases / pubs / uiwomen. published september 2010. accessed september 14, 2012. wein a, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders, elsevier ; 2007. wein aj, rackley rr. overactive bladder : a better understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. j urol. 2006 ; 175 : s5 - 10. 2 / 5 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : subak l, wing r, smith west d, et al. weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. n engl j med. 2009 ; 360 : 481 - 490. 1 / 11 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : ahrq evidence report on treatment for overactive bladder in women 2009. agency for healthcare


/ 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : ahrq evidence report on treatment for overactive bladder in women 2009. agency for healthcare research and quality website. available at : http : / / www. ahrq. gov / clinic / tp / bladdertp. htm. published august 2009. accessed january 11, 2010. 3 / 5 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : vardy md, mitcheson hd, samuels ta, et al. effects of solifenacin on overactive bladder symptoms, symptom bother and other patient - reported outcomes : results from vibrant — a double - blind, placebo - controlled trial. int j clin pract. 2009 ; 63 ( 12 ) : 1702 - 1714. 12 / 3 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : cardozo l, khullar v, wang jt, guan z, sand pk. fesoterodine in patients with overactive bladder syndrome : can the severity of baseline urgency urinary incontinence predict dosing requirement? bju int. 2010 ; 106 ( 6 ) : 816 - 821. 12 / 13 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : university of texas at austin, school of nursing, family nurse practitioner program. recommendations for the management of urge urinary incontinence in women. agency for healthcare research and quality website. available at : http : / / www. guideline. gov / content. aspx? id = 16322. published may 2010. accessed december 13, 2010. 3 / 5 / 2013 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : boyle r, hay - smith ej, cody jd, et al. pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. cochrane database syst rev. 2012 oct 17 ; 10 : cd007471. last reviewed september 2012 by adrienne carmack, md please be aware


plants and animals species of concern eastern massasauga rattlesnake - common name : eastern massasauga rattlesnake - scientific name : sistrurus catenatus canenatus - range : ne, nw and central missouri - classification : critically imperiled - to learn more about endangered species : see listed links below. missouri is on the southeastern edge of this venomous snake ’ s north american distribution. voles and deer mice make up 90 percent of adult massasaugas ’ diet. although not aggressive, they will bite if disturbed. female massasaugas bear four to 10 live young every other year in august or september. adults are light to dark gray or grayish brown, with two dark stripes edged in white along each side of the head. they can grow up to 30 inches long, but most are much smaller. massasaugas spend much of their time in crayfish burrows and are most often seen basking in the sun atop clumps of grass or in bushes in or near marshes or moist prairies in the flood plains of large rivers. small, scattered massasauga populations have been documented in northern missouri. if you see what you think is a massasauga, take a clear photograph of it and call your regional conservation department office. spring ’ s hallelujah chorus celebrating spring in a wetland near you for such tiny creatures, western chorus frogs pack a powerful vocal punch. measuring no more than 1. 5 inches long, they nevertheless form choirs that fill the air. they are the first frogs to become active across most of missouri, with males starting to sing when the surrounding air temperature is as low as 35 degrees. also amazing considering their tiny size, females lay as many as 1, 500 eggs each spring. hellbender recovery efforts work moves forward on several fronts. eastern and ozark hellbenders have declined an average of 77 percent since the 1970s. spurred by this alarming trend, the conservation department and numerous partners are moving on several fronts to understand and stop the decline. besides continuing to check hellbender numbers in various streams, researchers are exploring the roles of the amphibian chytrid fungus, hormone and heavy metal pollution, hellbenders ’ interaction with native and nonnative fish and physical deformities afflicting the giant salamanders. biologists are working to perfect captive - rearing techniques, understand hellbender genetics and learn how well captive - reared hellbenders survive in the wild. if you see a hellbender in


missing pieces of dna structure is a red flag for deadly skin cancer melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer and is the leading cause of death from skin disease. rates are steadily increasing, and although risk increases with age, melanoma is now frequently seen in young people. but what if we could pinpoint when seemingly innocuous skin pigment cells mutate into melanoma? researchers at brigham and women ' s hospital ( bwh ) have achieved this. teams led by yujiang geno shi, phd, from bwh ' s department of medicine, and george f. murphy, md, from bwh ' s department of pathology have discovered a new biomarker for the lethal disease. the findings offer novel opportunities for skin cancer diagnostics, treatment and prevention. the study will be published on september 14, 2012 in cell. " dr. shi and colleagues have discovered an exciting new connection between the loss of a specific chemical mark in the genome and the development of melanoma, " said anthony carter, phd, of the national institutes of health ' s national institute of general medical sciences, which mainly funded the research. " this work is a prime example of how basic research on mechanisms of epigenetic regulation can yield clinically significant insights that hold great promise for diagnosing and treating cancer. " the researchers found that certain biochemical elements in the dna of normal pigment - producing skin cells and benign mole cells are absent in melanoma cells. loss of these methyl groups — known as 5 - hmc — in skin cells serves as a key indicator for malignant melanoma. loss corresponded to more advanced stages of melanoma as well as clinical outcome. strikingly, researchers were able to reverse melanoma growth in pre - clinical studies. when the researchers introduced enzymes responsible for 5 - hmc formation to melanoma cells lacking the biochemical element, they saw that the cells stopped growing. " it is difficult to repair the mutations in the actual dna sequence that are believed to cause cancer, " said christine lian, md, a physician scientist in the department of pathology at bwh and one of the lead authors. " so having discovered that we can reverse tumor cell growth by potentially repairing a biochemical defect that exists — not within the sequence — but just outside of it on the dna structure, provides a promising new melanoma treatment approach for the medical community to explore. " because cancer is traditionally regarded as a genetic disease involving permanent defects that directly affects the dna sequence


not within the sequence — but just outside of it on the dna structure, provides a promising new melanoma treatment approach for the medical community to explore. " because cancer is traditionally regarded as a genetic disease involving permanent defects that directly affects the dna sequence, this new finding of a potentially reversible abnormality that surrounds the dna ( thus termed epigenetic ) is a hot topic in cancer research, according to the researchers. in the united states, melanoma is the fifth most common type of new cancer diagnosis in men and the seventh most common type in women. the national cancer institute estimates that in 2012 there will be 76, 250 new cases and 9, 180 deaths in the united states due to melanoma. the shi laboratory pioneers studies in both basic chromatin biology and translational epigenetic research at the endocrine division, bwh department of medicine, and collaborates with dr. murphy ' s laboratory that focuses on melanoma biology in the program for dermatopathology, bwh department of pathology. this pre - clinical study, which shows a key role for epigenetics in melanoma development and progression, also enlisted the support of an international team of investigators. the findings will provide insight for future functional, pre - clinical studies of 5 - hmc in cancer biology. journal reference : cell provided by brigham and women ' s hospital - scientists find molecule in immune system that could help treat dangerous skin cancer jul 08, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - people with parkinson ' s disease may have double the risk for melanoma jun 06, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - researchers discover gene mutation that causes eye cancer dec 10, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - professor discovers way to slow the growth of malignant melanoma jul 08, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - researchers make major breakthrough in melanoma research dec 22, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8


system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense 9 hours ago from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories a ground - breaking advance in colonoscopy technology signals the future of colorectal care, according to research presented today at digestive disease week ( ddw ). additional research focuses on optimizing the minimal withdrawal... cancer 2 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( healthday ) — concurrent use of two immune checkpoint antibodies — ipilimumab and nivolumab — may be effective for the treatment of advanced melanoma, according to a proof - of - principal study presented in... cancer 21 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( health


antibodies — ipilimumab and nivolumab — may be effective for the treatment of advanced melanoma, according to a proof - of - principal study presented in... cancer 21 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( healthday ) — the risks of metastasis and death associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( cscc ) are low, but significant, and risk factors for poor outcome include tumor diameter, invasion beyond... cancer 22 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | a new review finds cancer survivors suffer a diverse and complex set of impairments, affecting virtually every organ system. writing in ca : a cancer journal for clinicians, julie silver, m. d., associate professor at harvar... cancer may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) — a california doctor has been sentenced to 14 years in federal prison for bilking her patients out of more than $ 1 million by promising that an herbal supplement could cure late - stage cancer and other diseases. cancer may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 the latest makeover to a massive psychiatric tome honored by some, reviled by others and even called the " bible " of mental disorders is being released saturday with a host of new changes. 24 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 a new case of the deadly coronavirus has been detected in saudi arabia where 15 people have already died after contracting it, the health ministry announced on saturday on its internet website. 44 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 an increasing number of u. s. children are experiencing gastrointestinal issues that require interventions to resolve, according to research presented at digestive disease week ( ddw ). 2 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | big names in medicine are set to give an upbeat assessment of the war on aids on tuesday, 30 years after french researchers identified the virus that causes the disease. 11 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 for combat veterans suffering from post - traumatic stress disorder, ' fear circuitry ' in the brain never rests chronic trauma can inflict lasting damage to brain regions associated with fear and anxiety. previous imaging studies of people with post - traumatic stress disorder, or ptsd, have shown that these brain regions can over - or... 12 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) — what if the quality of your work depends more on your focus on the piano keys or canvas or laptop than


my first trip to florida and i needed to take a few days to explore. first stop the everglades. the everglades are a natural region of subtropical wetlands in the southern of florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed. the everglades are shaped by water and fire, experiencing frequent flooding in the wet season and drought in the dry season. writer marjory stoneman douglas popularized the term " river of grass " to describe the sawgrass marshes, part of a complex system of interdependent ecosystems that include cypress swamps, the estuarine mangrove forests of the ten thousand islands, tropical hardwood hammocks, pine rockland, and the marine environment of florida bay. this seemingly endless sea of grass and " swamp " is occupied by the american alligator and crocodile, otters, the magnificent florida panther, bobcats, roseate spoonbills, ospreys, snowy egrets, great blue herons, dozens of species of reptiles, and many mammal species. hundreds of kinds of fish and over three hundred varieties of birds also make the everglades their home. small hammocks of raised vegetation that frequently include palms, pine, live oaks, gumbo - limbo trees, and cypress are like little islands in this sea of grass.


template : cub scout good manners / req : - - - belt loop requirements complete these three requirements : - make a poster that lists five good manners that you want to practice. share your poster with your den or family. - introduce two people correctly and politely. be sure that one of them is an adult. - write a thank - you note to someone who has given you something or done something nice for you. academics pin requirements earn the good manners belt loop, and complete five of the following requirements : - meet one new person, shake hands properly, and introduce yourself. extend your hand, grip the person ’ s hand firmly, and gently shake hands. - talk with your family about polite language. include “ please, ” “ you ’ re welcome, ” “ excuse me, ” “ yes, sir, ” “ no, ma ’ am, ” and so on in your talk. - explain to your den or family how good manners can help you now and as you get older. copy the actions of someone you know who has good manners. - go over table manners with your family. eat a meal together where the table is set correctly and everyone uses good table manners. - with an adult, discuss what foods are proper to eat with your fingers. practice eating some of these foods the right way. - in your den or with your family, practice using good phone manners. - explain how treating things that belong to other people with respect is a part of having good manners. show three examples of how you can show respect for others. - talk with your friends or family members about following the rules and having good sportsmanship when playing games. then play a game with your friends or family members. after playing the game, tell how you showed good manners. - with your family or den, list five rules to remember in being polite and respectful when in a public place. go to the public place and practice the rules. explain how the rules helped you to have good manners. - demonstrate the proper outfit to wear at school, at play, and at a social event. please report any issues with this page.


the battle cry of the midrealm army, " draco invictus " translates from latin as " the dragon unconquered. " " the battle cry and motto of the midrealm seem to have always been bound into the warp and weft of our realm since time immemorial. it was not always thus, so i present the true history and origin of the phrase. " draco invictus, dragon unconquered, was, long ago, a personal motto devised by duke syr laurelen darksbane, once baron cleftlands. it was written in black early gothic letters upon two simple, matching gold pennoncels one of which was borne above the armorial banner of the barony of the cleftlands ( where a newer but identical one remains to this day ), and the other upon laurelen ' s household armorial banner ( house elamon ). " here is what happened in those far - off days of the dragon realm : " all the following took place at the barons - event in the barony of red spears in the summer of the reign of david and tangwystl. the 20th battle of the pennsic war was imminent and midrealm forces were being marshalled to meet the great army of the eastrealm and his allies. " king david and queen tangwystl watched with approval as the units from what would years later be called oaken, constellation, and pentamere fought and trained all that day in combat. duke laurelen, at that time one of the midrealm generals, had been told in advance that their majesties would hold a court upon the field following the combat activites to address their warriors. " prior to the event laurelen made plans for a short presentation to their majesties but did not tell the nature of it to either his baronial warriors or the king and queen. being personally friendly with their majesties as well as in oath - sworn service, he was invited to come into their court without giving the details of the presentation in advance. " laurelen had asked all his baronial warriors to be able to don complete battle regalia, their best and most warlike, after all the battles of the day were over. he had, prior to that event, also asked the warriors of cleftlands to each bring with them real weapons of steel for he wanted the entire battle unit in full panoply for war. they had all been told to wait for his signal and then


, prior to that event, also asked the warriors of cleftlands to each bring with them real weapons of steel for he wanted the entire battle unit in full panoply for war. they had all been told to wait for his signal and then do as previously instructed. thus, it was at that court that duke laurelen was called forward and with him came the battle unit of cleftlands in full array, each warrior wearing sword or carrying steel - pointed spear and shield. the banners of the barony and duke ' s household were borne on the light breeze of a brilliant summer day with the soft silken sound of mail upon steel and leather as they approached. " the duke addressed the king and queen and said ( as nearly as can be remembered ), ' this dragon realm we all serve and love has ever been faced these 20 years gone with summer war at the eastern borders. valiantly we have won many battles, and steadfast have we faced defeat. our realm remains though, ever stronger, unconquered. we have borne upon our household banner and our baronial arms a personal motto to remind us of this. if your majesties would permit i would like to offer to all, this token of resolve and faith and belief in the midrealm. he asked if their majesties wold permit the kingdom war banner, there displayed by their heralds, to be dipped toward him. they granted this and laurelen untied from his household banner the pennoncel and himself tied it upon the kingdom banner, which was then raised again. their majesties saw the words and smiled. " laurelen then said to their majesties and the entire court, a€œthis is the midrealm, ever the dragon endures, ever the dragon unconquered. ' upon those final words he nodded to his warriors and as one, all the swords were drawn in a flash of steel like golden fire in the afternoon and the unit cried as one, ' draco invictus. ' it was a moment, for those of us who were there, where there was no fantasy. " their majesties david and tangwystl replied with great courtesy and gentilesse and with warlike fervor that the pennoncel would indeed be borne upon the kingdom banner in token of the strength of the dragon. " thus it was, that summer day seeming so long ago to some, out of memory or history to others, but as yesterday to i, who was there


saturday quotes 2. 23 dowland ’ s training part 3 the last two installments of our saturday quotes have been given over to tracing the possible early musical training of john dowland ( 1563 – 1626 ), probably the best - known representative of the golden age of english lute music. we have cross - referenced some of the ample evidence indicating that, in tudor england, the usual introduction to music for a child not of noble birth was as a choirboy whose task was to provide music for liturgical purposes. from the summary information found in david g. t. harris, “ musical education in tudor times ( 1485 - 1603 ) ”, proceedings of the musical association, 65th sess. ( 1938 – 1939 ), p. 136 “ the song schools of the colleges of winchester and eton ; oxford and cambridge ; the choristers ’ schools attached to the cathedrals, the chapel royal, and st. george ’ s chapel, windsor ; also those connected with private chapels of the gentry, trained choristers for their own particular use. they were the institutions where the great elizabethan composers received their early education in music. ” why has this information been ignored in accounts of dowland and his music? diana poulton ’ s john dowland : his life and works, which is the standard reference, offers informed speculation concerning several facets of dowland ’ s character and his shadowy past. yet, after effectively disputing the myth of dowland ’ s irish birth, the author omits any reference to the standard musical upbringing of a child of the artisan class. the reasoning is clear : if a child showed any musical talent, the first indication was that he could sing in time and in tune, in which case he was likely ‘ pressed ’ into service as a choirboy. if he showed intelligence and potential ( ‘ apt ’ and ‘ meet ’ ), he was then given instruction in composition and instrumental practice. at this point in time, the child may have encountered an opportunity for an apprenticeship in a household, but the daily duties of singing for private devotional services surely did not cease. was dowland a singer? without question, absolutely yes. was dowland a good singer? we ’ ll never know, but his ability in composing and performing on the lute certainly negated any further need to demonstrate his vocal abilities. singing was synonymous with music in the 16th century. the earliest surviving scraps of lute tablatures found in english manuscripts ( bl stowe 389, ‘ writtin by …


certainly negated any further need to demonstrate his vocal abilities. singing was synonymous with music in the 16th century. the earliest surviving scraps of lute tablatures found in english manuscripts ( bl stowe 389, ‘ writtin by … raphe bowle to learne to playe on his lutte ’, circa 1558 ) contain settings of vocal music along with grounds to accompany ballad tunes. the earliest surviving english book of instructions for the lute, adrian leroy ’ s briefve et facile instruction pour apprendre la tabulature translated as briefe and easye instru [ c ] tion to learne the tableture, to conducte and dispose thy hande unto the lute, englished by j. alford londenor, 1568 ( reprinted by f. ke. gentelman in 1574 ), is essentially a manual of how to arrange vocal polyphony for the lute. in 1603, we find thomas robinson ’ s book of instructions, the schoole of musicke vvherein is tavght, the perfect method of trve fingering of the lute, pandora, orpharion, and viol de gamba ; with most infallible generall rules, both easie and delightfull. also, a method, how you may be your owne instructor for prick - song, by the help of your lute, without any other teacher : with lessons of all sorts, for your further and better instruction. newly composed by thomas robinson, lutenist. essentially, robinson reversed the process by first instructing how to play the lute with the ‘ nibble ends ’ of one ’ s fingers, then using the lute to teach the rudiments of singing from staff notation with his ‘ rules to instruct you to sing ’. musical education beyond the choir school was likely the result of personal effort. in the preface to his first booke of songes ( 1597 ), dowland remarks on “ the ingenuous profession of musicke, which from my childhoode i haue euer aymed at, sundry times leauing my natiue countrey, the better to attain so excellent a science. ” this remark is in the same ( long ) sentence wherein he mentions his university education, perhaps with a slight hint that he attained a level of skill in music in spite of his matriculation. while at university, students provided music for sacred liturgy. also from harris, “ musical


( long ) sentence wherein he mentions his university education, perhaps with a slight hint that he attained a level of skill in music in spite of his matriculation. while at university, students provided music for sacred liturgy. also from harris, “ musical education in tudor times ( 1485 - 1603 ) ” : “ the lecture courses of the universities were of insignificant value to the student of musical composition and performance. chapel services gave opportunity for practice in sight reading and singing. degrees in music, however, encouraged the study of music. ” ( p. 136 ) “ during elizabeth ’ s reign there was dissatisfaction with the education afforded by the universities. this discontent found expression in a manuscript written by sir humphrey gilbert, and endorsed by lord burghley. it was presented to the queen about 1570, and proposed the founding of an institution to be called ” queene elizabethes achademy, ” for the advanced education of her majesty ’ s wards, ” and others the youth of nobility and gentlemen. ” students were to remain at the academy from twelve years, to twenty - one years of age. there was to be a ” teacher of musick, ” who was to instruct pupils ” to play on the lute, the bandora, and cytterne. ” 89 the scheme for this college does not seem to have been adopted. ” ( pp. 129 - 130 ) in his excellent article describing the mathew holmes manuscripts held in cambridge university library, the late ian harwood wrote : “ … i believe that, in addition to holmes ’ s responsibility for the cathedral services, there were several aspects to his duties at christ church : individual instrumental tuition ; ensemble practice ; instruction in ‘ setting ’ or arranging music for the group [ of choirboys ]. he may have begun by using his existing collections of lute duets and cittern pieces for teaching purposes … ” [ from ian harwood, " ’ a lecture in musick, with the practice thereof by instrument in the common schooles ’, mathew holmes and music at oxford university c. 1588 - 1627 ", the lute : the journal of the lute society, vol. 45, 2005, p. 35. ] next week we ’ ll probe a bit into dowland ’ s time in paris as servant to the english ambassador to france, sir henry cobham, and the possibility of his clandestine activities as a spy.


coming up on the 14th november we have the chance to see a solar eclipse. from here in melbourne it will be a partial eclipse, with 52 per cent of the sun ' s diameter covered by the moon. but up in far north queensland and the topmost of the northern territory, they will be treated to totality, where the moon will completely block the sun for just on two minutes. a partial eclipse will be seen from melbourne on the 14 november 2012. source : museum victoria the eclipse will occur during the early morning of 14 november, with the sun still low in the east. therefore, a good view of the horizon will be needed. the timing for melbourne is as follows : it is important never to look directly at the sun, even during an eclipse. while the sun may appear less bright it can still cause long lasting eye damage. there are safe ways to look at the eclipse – at the scienceworks shop you can purchase eclipse glasses that will allow you to watch the event, while protecting your eyesight. you can also create a simple " pinhole " projection. it ' s as easy as making a small pinhole in a piece of paper or cardboard. do not look through the hole, but allow the sun to shine through and project an image onto a second piece of cardboard. even a blank wall or clear patch of ground can make good surfaces for projection. sometimes nature helps out too. if you can see sunlight travelling through the leaves of a tree, you ’ ve got yourself some ready made pinhole projections. check the ground and it might be covered with little crescent sun images. take a look at this great example on the astronomy magazine website. i ’ ve never seen a total solar eclipse, so i ' m heading up to queensland for my first chance. i ' ve been told that it ' s quite an eerie experience to have darkness fall while it ' s still early morning. if you will also be in the path of totality for this eclipse, then be sure to check out the eclipse megamovie project. use your smartphone to upload images and videos of the sun during totality and the space sciences laboratory in california will combine the footage to create the first ultra - high time resolution movie of a solar eclipse. what i ' m most looking forward to is the chance to see the sun ' s corona, the bright and tenuous gas that surrounds the sun. normally it ' s invisible, drowned out by the sun ' s glare, but being able to see hidden things is something that ' s always captivated


image courtesy max lautenschlager published may 12, 2010 the motley collection of buses, limos, and cars that rolled out of berlin this morning under a gray sky all had one thing in common : nothing but steam coming out of their tailpipes. from a bmw luxury sedan to toyota sport utility vehicles, the cars that pulled out of a fueling station in downtown berlin were all powered from the fuel found in the brand - new pumps alongside the diesel and gasoline. the vehicles were tanked up on hydrogen, a zero - emissions fuel source that ’ s struggling to get off the ground in europe and the united states. the rally ran 180 miles ( 290 kilometers ) from berlin to hamburg, germany ’ s second - largest city. organized by a coalition of auto and energy companies, the idea was to convince the german public that hydrogen will be a viable, green fuel source for cars, buses, and trucks. it ’ s all part of an ambitious effort to build support for a network of hydrogen fueling stations across germany. called the clean energy partnership, the group hopes to have more than 1, 000 fueling stations in operation by 2020. since it began in 2002, the cep has grown to include 13 companies, including automakers bmw, daimler, ford, gm, volkswagen, toyota, the berlin and hamburg public transport systems, shell, statoil, total, and a variety of german and norwegian engineering companies involved in building fueling stations. ( disclosure : this story was produced as part of the great energy challenge initiative by national geographic in partnership with shell. national geographic maintains editorial autonomy. ) of chickens and eggs the clean energy partnership is also being supported by the german government, which plans to invest 740 million euros ( $ 940 million ) in hydrogen and electric cars over the next decade. starting with hydrogen fueling stations in germany ’ s biggest cities — first berlin, and now the port city of hamburg — the coalition hopes to overcome a problem that has plagued hydrogen advocates for years. before energy companies invest in special hydrogen fueling stations, which can each cost millions of dollars to design and build, they need to know there will be customers for the technology. at the same time, customers are unlikely to buy cars if they are unsure there will be a way to fill them up. “ this chicken - and - egg problem is one of our main problems, ” says daimler spokesman matthias brock. right now, there are about 30 hydrogen stations in germany, making the country the european leader in hydrogen technology. (


fill them up. “ this chicken - and - egg problem is one of our main problems, ” says daimler spokesman matthias brock. right now, there are about 30 hydrogen stations in germany, making the country the european leader in hydrogen technology. ( only a handful of the fueling stations are open to the public ; the rest are experimental or belong to industrial users. ) in the next five years, energy companies including shell, total and statoil have all signed on to build more stations to provide an infrastructure for drivers. says brock : “ the goal is to have a network of 1, 000 stations, but every new filling station is good news. ” if car companies see a nationwide network taking shape by 2015, they say they ’ ll be able to roll out cars based on fuel - cell technology that uses hydrogen to create electricity. daimler already has a model — the mercedes benz b - class f - cell, and three of them took part in the rally between berlin and hamburg. toyota, gm, ford and volkswagen all had fuel cell cars in the rally ; bmw is experimenting with cars that burn hydrogen directly in the car ’ s engine whether hydrogen is burned in car engines or used to generate electricity in fuel cells, its biggest selling point is as a way to store energy. in a process called electrolysis, water molecules are split into their component parts, oxygen and hydrogen, which can then be stored in tanks until it ’ s time to fill up a fuel - cell car. ( see related quiz, what you don ’ t know about energy. ) advocates say it could be a way to make use of the electricity being generated by germany ’ s abundant, but unpredictable renewable energy sources. “ wind blows when it wants, not when we need it, ” bmw traffic and environment manager hans - christian wagner says. “ hydrogen is a means to store energy. ” hydrogen also solves a problem that plagues electric vehicles. “ the main advantage of hydrogen, especially [ when used in ] fuel cells, is much higher range and shorter refueling time — three minutes versus five to eight hours ” for electric cars, says daimler ’ s brock. “ we believe it ’ s the best option for emission - free driving in the future. ” it ’ s especially good for larger vehicles, such as buses, that are too heavy for the kind of batteries that are needed to power electric vehicles. ( in fact, hamburg has had 10 fuel - cell buses moving commuters around the city since 2003. ) in a perfect world, windmills would


as buses, that are too heavy for the kind of batteries that are needed to power electric vehicles. ( in fact, hamburg has had 10 fuel - cell buses moving commuters around the city since 2003. ) in a perfect world, windmills would generate electricity during off - peak hours — in the middle of the night, for example — to produce hydrogen, which could be stored and used to fill up vehicles for people ’ s morning commutes. but some experts are skeptical of hydrogen, which today is produced either by breaking down natural gas or using large amounts of electricity. and the reality is that though advocates talk about how renewable energy could be employed, most of germany ’ s electricity today is being generated by coal - fired power plants. for now, that makes hydrogen the equivalent of a fossil fuel. and so far, fuel - cell engines are an inefficient use of electricity. it takes more energy to generate hydrogen than the hydrogen delivers in power to the car. joseph romm, senior fellow at the center for american progress, helped oversee fuel - cell research for the u. s. department of energy during the clinton administration, but he sees all - electric vehicles as a better bet. “ i ’ m skeptical — i don ’ t see how the chicken and egg problem can be solved, " says romm, who has visited the subject frequently on his widely read climate progress blog, and who addresses hydrogen as another technology “ breakthrough technology illusion ” in his new book, straight up. “ no one ’ s going to be building these stations until they ’ re sure they ’ re going to get their money back, ” he says. “ unless a lot of car companies come in, you ’ re talking about taking a huge gamble just because a couple of companies are going to bring out a model or two. ” patrick schnell, head of innovation and sustainable development at french energy giant total, says germany is a test case to see if cooperation among the energy companies — with no one company bearing the majority of the risk — can get a network of filling stations in place without breaking the bank. “ we need to find a way to build hydrogen infrastructure with partners, not alone, ” schnell says. ( see related, the great energy challenge personal energy meter. ) recent energy news wind turbines rob each other of energy if installed too closely together. but the world ' s fastest - growing source of renewable power still has plenty of room for expansion. work is under way on the world ' s highest - elevation biogas


don ’ t look directly at it ( not to sound like your elementary - school teacher ), but plan on checking out a “ ring of fire ” partial eclipse on sunday, may 20, if you live on the west coast of north america. in this weekend ’ s annular solar eclipse, the moon will slide in front of the sun and block 94 % of its light. because the moon is near apogee — the point in its orbit when it ’ s farthest away from earth — it appears smaller to us and will cover most of the sun, leaving a ring of fiery light blasting the edges. ( what, you thought it was a johnny cash reference? ) ( photos : total eclipse of the sun ) unfortunately for folks on the east coast, the sun will have already set by the time the eclipse begins at 5 : 24 p. m. pdt. those living in the central u. s. and canada may miss the full ring - of - fire effect but will still get a partial eclipse. viewers in asia will also catch a glimpse in the early - morning hours of may 21. check out nasa ’ s viewing map to get an idea of when and where you can get your best view. because an annular solar eclipse requires earth, the moon and the sun to be in a particular alignment, the event is rare ; this is the first such eclipse since 1994. remember, though, that looking directly at the sun — no matter how eclipsed — is dangerous for the eyes. use solar filters, wear a pair of solar - safe viewing glasses or build a pinhole projector instead. you ’ ll want to be able to see the next annular eclipse when it comes in may 2013. photos : total eclipse of the moon


study reveals the crazy lengths we go to avoid other people while trying to avoid the forced socializing that sometimes comes when traveling with strangers might not seem like a difficult task, new research reveals that it actually takes a lot of work to be anti - social. yale university researcher esther kim spent three years riding coach across the great american roadways in order to observe the obsessive quirks and bizarre behavior of those people being transported across the country in the company of strangers. “ we live in a world of strangers, where life in public spaces feels increasingly anonymous, ” said kim. “ however, avoiding other people actually requires quite a lot of effort and this is especially true in confined spaces like public transport. ” during her journey, kim says she discovered that the greatest unspoken rule of bus travel is that if other seats are available you shouldn ’ t sit next to someone else because most passengers claim it makes a person look weird. however, it is when the bus starts filling up and more passengers are still getting on that things start to get interesting. kim says that she found that most people will go out of their way to avoid others. pretending to be busy, checking cell phones, looking past people or falling asleep are just some of the many ways people avoid fraternizing with the unknown. • avoiding eye contact with other people • leaning against the window and stretching out your legs • placing a large bag on the empty seat • sitting on the aisle seat and turning on your ipod so you can pretend you cannot hear people asking for the window seat. • placing several items on the spare seat so it is not worth the passenger ’ s time waiting for you to move them. • looking out the window with a blank stare to look crazy • pretending to be asleep • putting your coat on the seat to make it appear already taken • if all else fails, lying and saying the seat has been taken by someone else while all of this sounds like such painstaking efforts just to keep from sitting next to a stranger, kim says the good news is that race, class, gender and other background characteristics were of no concern to travelers — everyone just wants to avoid the “ crazy person. ”


radiation levels along the west coast not a concern the unprecedented earthquake occurring in japan on friday, march 11, 2011 and subsequent tsunami that devastated japan ’ s western seaboard also affected a nuclear power plant in fukushima. despite valiant on - going containment efforts, radioactive materials have escaped into the air, elevating radiation levels in surrounding areas. as of march 16, emergency evacuation has been ordered for people who live withing 20 kilometers ( 12. 4 miles ) from the troubled nuclear power plant. while these events are occurring more than 4500 miles from the west coast of the united states, there is growing public concern regarding radiation. however, authorities from the departments of health in washington, oregon and alaska ( the three states in nn / lm pnr along the coast ), state that there is no public health risk from the damaged nuclear reactor. visit the washington state department of health website for more information about the nuclear reactor in japan and any associated health risks. oregonians can visit the oregon health authority ’ s web site. alaskans can go to the state of alaska health and social services site to read about radiological preparedness. lastly, the journal disaster medicine and public health preparedness has published an open - access supplement on nuclear preparedness : http : / / www. dmphp. org / content / vol5 / supplement _ 1 / index. dtl articles from this and other publications of the nuclear detonation scarce resources project working group can be accessed through the radiation emergency medical management ( remm ) tool at http : / / www. remm. nlm. gov / triagetool _ intro. htm. remm is a source of evidence - based, online and downloadable guidance about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury for health care providers. and, for resources for disaster planning and response, remember to visit the nn / lm emergency preparedness toolkit – http : / / nnlm. gov / ep /


snow pit data from greenland summit, 1989 to 1993 chemistry and isotope information from snow pits dug at the summit area of greenland, 1989 - 1993 includes major ions ( na, k, mg, ca, cl, no3, so4 ), oxygen isotopes ( 18o ) and h2o2. four snow pits were dug and sampled in 1989, three snow pits in 1990, two in 1991, one in 1992 and one in 1993. all snow pits had a 3 cm sampling interval except the snow pits in 1990, which had either a 3 cm or 5 cm sampling interval. chemistry and isotope information were obtained from each of the snow pits. the pits and surface snow samples were collected by the glacier research group ( grg ), using established protocols to prevent contamination. the samples collected in 1991 were analyzed at the gisp2 drilling camp. all data except the oxygen isotope data, which is from the university of washington, were generated by grg at the university of new hampshire. the following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. for more information, see our use and copyright web page. paul a. mayewski and sallie whitlow. 1999. snow pit data from greenland summit, 1989 to 1993. [ indicate subset used ]. boulder, colorado usa : national snow and ice data center.


the national survey of student engagement ( nsse ) obtains, on an annual basis, information from hundreds of four - year colleges and universities nationwide about student participation in programs and activities that institutions provide for their learning and personal development. the results provide an estimate of how undergraduates spend their time and what they gain from attending college. survey items on the national survey of student engagement represent empirically confirmed " good practices " in undergraduate education. that is, they reflect behaviors by students and institutions that are associated with desired outcomes of college. institutions use their data to identify aspects of the undergraduate experience inside and outside the classroom that can be improved through changes in policies and practices more consistent with good practices in undergraduate education. this information is also used by prospective college students, their parents, college counselors, academic advisers, institutional research officers, and researchers in learning more about how students spend their time at different colleges and universities and what they gain from their experiences. more than 1300 different colleges and universities in the u. s. and canada have participated in nsse since it was first administered in 2000. nsse ' s widespread use has spawned several other nationally - used instruments including the beginning college survey of student engagement, the community college survey of student engagement, the faculty survey of student engagement, and the law school survey of student engagement, all of which are supported through institutional participation fees.


the digital library is a database of articles about successful voicethread projects. our hope is to create a resource that offers guidance and inspiration for people undertaking new projects. please contribute a voicethread to help the digital library grow. using voicethread in an online course from professor russ meade voicethread " humanizes " the on - line classroom experience. as a college professor, i teach all over the us exclusively asynchronously. one of the drawbacks of online learning has always been that the student feels isolated and unconnected with either his or her classmates... higher ed from della curtis an engaging discussion between graduate students looking to earn a master ' s degree in education. this example showcases the collaboration that can be captured in a voicethread between colleagues... 7th grade radio advertisements from terry casey we explored the power of radio advertising and then students created their own advertisements. voicethread allowed us to host our ads and the other students are then able to listen and leave their opinions. book review : a single shard by linda sue park from c vidor this voicethread aims to make these elements a bit more familiar to students with brief explanations and interesting images. the voicethread also suggests ways in which some themes of the book are evident in the story ' s imagery. 2nd graders play i - spy the project incorporates many tech skills as well as many literacy skills into a fun project they children loved. the parents and teachers also loved sharing their students work. higher ed analysis of tim o ' brien ' s " the things they carried " this voicethread encouraged my students to critically examine the story and post their insights for the entire world to see. i saw them go from being reluctant and nervous students to enthusiastic and totally engaged teachers of one another. 8th grade historical fiction from shirley scamardella this picture book was written, illustrated and told by students. it was entered into the scholastic books, kids are authors contest and it won honorable mention. i feel this is a good voicethread because this is the finished product of a two month project. poetry and illustration from constance vidor the poetry and illustration voicethread shows how illustration can be used to interpret and illuminate poetry written for young readers. it begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of edward lear ' s the owl and the pussycat. comparing j. s. bach and paul mccartney, constance vidor the j. s. bach and paul mccartney voicethread


readers. it begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of edward lear ' s the owl and the pussycat. comparing j. s. bach and paul mccartney, constance vidor the j. s. bach and paul mccartney voicethread introduces young learners to the great baroque composer by way of a comparison / contrast with a musician with whom they are more familiar. 1st grade - reading analysis from leanne windsor this voicethread was a culmination of a project we did in library to get the children thinking about the books they were choosing to read and why they liked them. they were also learning about story structure... kindergarten storybook from leanne windsor this voicethread displays the illustrations that the children drew with author alison lester when she visited our school. we followed the pattern of her picture book series about children and what they are doing day to day. 4th grade - where i ' m from poems from tara mccartney students shared personally significant poetry against a backdrop of their own self portrait. this voicethread gave students a chance to share their work orally, as well as to explore the cultural differences between our students in a safe environment. 12th grade - a day in the life from joanie batts these high - school seniors used voicethread to create the final segment to a school wide literacy project, " a day in the life of dunnellon high school. " 4th grade - i am poems from jackie gerstein the " i am " feedback project demonstrates a method for providing qualitative feedback to students ' poetry : students began with a hands - on activity : the magnetic poetry, and later put it into a voicethread. 4th grade english from ms. naugle voicethread enabled my students to put their poems out in an audio format to be shared with others. they eagerly practiced their speaking fluency to get it " just right " because they wanted to impress their " audience ". 4th grade book - reading discussion from krystina kelly this voicethread shows how a wide number of students from different classes and grades can use voicethread to have an asynchronous conversation about books. kindergarten reading from heather taylor i think that this is a good project because the children are able to share some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home. 7th grade from amy cobb this is a great example of what a voicethread can do when embedded in a blog : foster global conversation. 7th grade from amy cobb 2 in place


some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home. 7th grade from amy cobb this is a great example of what a voicethread can do when embedded in a blog : foster global conversation. 7th grade from amy cobb 2 in place of a written assessment the students were asked to take all the information they gathered from their study on edgar allan poe and put it all into the " what do you know about poe? " voicethread. 7th grade from amy cobb 3 this is a powerful reflection of a young girl ' s seventh grade experience. it tells a story using six photos that defined her middle school year. 3rd grade from alice mercer this voicethread demonstrates the use of features that are unique to the application. the creator has used both voice and text to " teach " the lesson. 10th grade chinese language practice from lilia hurteau voicethread can be used to teach chinese in a high school setting. students have to repeat the words and then make sentences with the new vocabulary. they record themselves and they have to be creative. 9th grade chinese language lesson from james rolle voicethread provides a medium for this character - by - character explanation of a commonly used phrase in chinese that students can listen to and learn on their own time. language learners use voicethread to practice speaking this is a great example of how an esl student can practice her computer skills and her language skills to talk about everyday activities. students can practice speaking as many times as they like before they can show it to their teachers / classmates. 11th grade - french fluency and history from hassina taylor students found that responding to my questions orally via the internet was a great way to improve on their fluency, and they found it very challenging to use the visual cues to find answers. they concentrated much better and retained information because it is a " hands - on "... 3rd grade language " les trois petits cochons " from mme smith using voicethread, students realized the power of voice as a tool of expression. all students in the class were able to contribute to this voicethread presentation of a play they had learned. higher - ed, studying abroad in ecuador, david thompson this voicethread is a good example of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience. 7th grade spanish from eve millard learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language. higher ed


of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience. 7th grade spanish from eve millard learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language. higher ed blogs in teaching from kristen kozloski, ph. d. we used blogging as a reflective practice in my course on designing multimedia for learning. this is an example of our final reflection, as a class, of that blogging process. higher ed online technologies from jen hegna the goal of this project was to have each team member reflect upon tools we utilized to collaborate and complete our online project entitled - disrupting tcs 702. 7th graders practice math in action from ms redd voicethread showcases this great example of math in action. my students love the idea that they can comment on a video featuring one of their teachers and it feels like they aren ' t even doing math!! 7th grade - exploring probability from britt gow students from two countries were able to comment on the slides which show images of probability problems. my students enjoyed this exercise and another teacher has used it in her class to extend each of the problems. 7th grade - measurement from britt gow year 7 students from hawkesdale p12 college were able to share their knowledge with grade 5 / 6 students from a ballarat primary school about measurement and ratio. students were required to articulate their thinking... 6th grade math from jackie ionno this voicethread was created by the student and shows that he really got the intent of the assignment. it shows effort, creativity, organization, and a mathematical knowledge of the the real world. 4th grade problem - solving from krystina kelly this is a great voicethread example because it shows how an entire 4th grade class can work together to develop problem - solving strategies. higher ed teaching with technology from ellen dobson this voicethread, entitled " surfometry, " was created by a student - teacher as an assignment for a " computers in education " course. the creator incorporated images, video and graphics into an engaging geometry lesson. language from carla arena this voicethread shows current and new educators how voicethread can be used in english / language arts courses by asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks : poetry, personification... language from carla arena 2 this professional - development instructor used voicethread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators. 9th


asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks : poetry, personification... language from carla arena 2 this professional - development instructor used voicethread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators. 9th graders write children ' s stories about astronomy, mrs. edenstrom i had all of my 9th grade science students do a children ' s story about astronomy. they had to have facts, but tell it in a creative way that could be read and understood by elementary aged students! i had great success with this. 4th graders study plants in collaboration with pakistani students students from the us collaborate with pakistani students to learn about a common interest! this project can be used by teachers of any grade level, can be shown to parents, can be a model for showing kids the possibilities of the medium. 7th grade - the water cycle from britt gow year 7 science students did a unit of work on water and the water cycle. they were asked to draw a picture containing mountains, clouds, the sea, a lake, a forest and an underground water reservoir ( aquifer ). 7th graders go green from mrs. beatrice reiser this voicethread is an excellent example because it is interactive and promotes environmental issues. 1st grade science from michele green first grade students researched fish in the library, used paint to draw pictures of them, and then recorded their voices. the silk road - from constance vidor this voicethread provides a scaffolding for research and active engagement with an important topic of world history. digital storytelling - abraham lincoln ' s dog, fido, from clare caddell voicethread brought a little - known story about lincoln to life, with images as well as voice. it was created in response to my second and third graders, who wanted to know more about lincoln ' s dog, fido. history podcast with secondary - ed students from laurie cohen this project gives students an opportunity to be creative while demonstrating their content knowledge and technological skills. after developing the lesson plan and creating this sample, our us history teacher loved it for his class. he is using it in the 10th grade class. 5th grade - ellis is. narratives from barbara de santis i wanted this project to enable the students to truly feel the immigrant experience. while primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding. 3rd grade - school community from trish harrison the objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities.


while primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding. 3rd grade - school community from trish harrison the objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities. they practiced discussion ; brainstorming ; writing down ideas ; using ideas in small - group talk as conversations. 11th grade - reconstruction from molly lynde this is a great voicethread foremost because my students were actively engaged and finished with a clearer understanding of what the post civil war era was really about... they no longer thought of a " universal freed slave " dancing in the street. 4th grade - letters from the internment camps in this voicethread, students explore an historical event that is relevant to their physical community, the removal of japanese - americans to internment camps after the bombing of pearl harbor. 8th grade - colors of the night from mrs. brosnan my goal was to further enhance their art history knowledge that by using voicethread enabled me to extend my teaching " outside of the class room ". k - 12 art, poetry, and music from erin berg this vt is an example of the power of collaboration using technology. this encompasses art through words, visuals, and music. 5th grade music / video project from elissa reichstein i believe ( this voicethread ) shows an interesting way to use voicethread to motivate learning and celebrate student interests and accomplishments. 2nd grade from donna lubin a great example of how a powerpoint presentation can be uploaded easily and used as an archive of a powerpoint - assisted lecture... higher ed online learning from michelle pacansky - brock an engaging and dynamic lecture delivered within an interactive environment engages in a way no ' downloadable ' lecture can. higher ed online learning from michelle pacansky - brock 2 by engaging in discussions, students explore and engage in course material more deeply while practicing critical - thinking and discourse. 5th and 6th - grade digital literacy project from julienne hogarth i gave the learners the images and they researched and posted information and comments about dale chihuly ' s life and art. the learners were thrilled to use voicethread as a tool in their learning as well as becoming very excited about the art work. 5th grade - digital portfolios for student - led parent confs. as we ' re an international school, i was looking for a seamless way that relatives in other countries ( grandparents, parents away working etc ) could view, comment, give feedback on


lamp shell terebratulina septentrionalis it would be easy to mistake a lamp shell for a small bivalve mollusk, as both have a hinged shell in two parts and live attached to the sea floor. lamp shells, however, have a very thin, light shell and the two parts are different sizes, with the smaller one fitting into the larger. the shell valves cover the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal whereas in bivalve mollusks they are on the left and right side of the body. lamp shells attach their pear - shaped shell to hard surfaces by means of a fleshy stalk that emerges from a hole in the ventral shell valve. with the shell valves gaping open, the animal draws in a current of water that brings plankton with it. taking up most of the space inside the shell is a feeding structure called the lophophore, which consists of two lateral lobes and a central coiled lobe covered in long ciliated tentacles. the beating of the cilia creates the water current. lamp shells are found worldwide, but they are especially abundant in colder waters. in the northeastern atlantic, terebratulina septentrionalis is mostly found in deep water, while along the east coast of north america, it commonly occurs in shallow water. this species is very similar to terebratulina retusa.


southern louisiana fisherman battle cold weather and drastic changes in barometric pressure as they fight to successfully catch fish. southern louisiana is home to some of the coldest and most frantic weather changes in the united states. this leads to chaos and confusion not just on land but in the water as well. it has been recently discovered that the constant increase and decrease in weather climate creates a high level of pressure through out the bodies of water in the area. this contributes to, as stated by jerald horst, a retired louisiana state university fisheries biologist, " the quelling effect on the feeding activity of speckled trout and redfish. there ' s no scientific proof that barometric pressure causes fish to feed less, but we can definitely show a cause and effect. " horst continues in explaining that while there is no proof that barometric pressure is the direct result of a change in the eating habits of fish it does seem to correlate. fish tend to be exceptionally sensitive to a change of environment and it would be fairly reasonable to assume that a change in barometric pressure would cause an alteration in their behavior. additionally effective is the relationship that fish have to cold water. as water temperatures decrease it is known that cold - blooded creatures have a hard time feeling energize. as water looses warmth it reaches a level that matches the same temperature as the bodies of cold - blooded creatures. this causes these animals to go into a lethargic " comatose state. " as soon as the cold front drifts in it is overtly noticeable that the fish stop biting the lures of fisherman. it has become a routine known to this area so often that fisherman now recognize the change and stay home for a day or two avoiding the sport all together until temperatures rise again. anglers of southeast louisiana have even learned to cancel a whole fishing trip due to a drop in barometric pressure. don ' t wait for the weather report to guess where the fish will be biting, log on to fishtrack. com and have all of your fishing forecasts, fishing maps and more at your fingertips. avoid educated guessing and turn to professionals who know fishing best. at fishtrack a user can properly plan a fishing trip well in advance by knowing where the fish are before stepping off the dock. whether an amateur with a passion for fishing or a professional who lives on the water, by subscribing to fishtrack any fishing enthusiast can avoid mother natures set backs with accurate updates of weather conditions and more. for more information : 300 pacific coast highway


right after i finished mulching my rose garden with free wood chips i got from a tree service, i read that wood chips suck all the nitrogen out of the soil. should i fertilize now? as soon as you spread mulch, there ’ s a population boom of bacteria, fungi, and other soil microbes that work to decompose organic matter. these beneficial organisms consume some of the nitrogen present in the soil. the nitrogen loss is temporary, however, because the nitrogen is once again available to plants when the microbes die. but in the meantime, the thin layer of soil that is in direct contact with the mulch will relinquish some of its fertility. the depletion of nutrients does not extend deep into the soil, so it won ’ t likely affect anything other than the shallowest - rooted annuals. the benefits of organic mulch outweigh the possibility of a temporary nitrogen shortage. mulch conserves moisture and contributes to a healthy root zone. it also helps to suppress weeds. as mulch decomposes, the nutrients held within it — including a small amount of nitrogen — are released. for roses and other plants with high nutrient needs, it ’ s a good idea to keep an eye out for nitrogen deficiency, whether you ’ ve mulched with wood chips or not. plants lacking nitrogen grow slowly and exhibit pale or yellow - green leaves ; in extreme cases, growth may be stunted. to preclude the chance of nitrogen deficiency, many gardeners make a habit of distributing a small dose of slow - release nitrogen fertilizer every spring to roses, perennials, edible crops, and other heavy feeders. good organic sources include alfalfa meal ( about 5 percent nitrogen by weight ), fish meal or fish emulsion ( 5 percent ), blood meal ( 12 percent ), and feather meal ( 15 percent ). compost and worm castings also contain small amounts of nitrogen. — doug hall someone told me that sugar is good for plants. i sprinkled some around my vegetable garden this year but didn ’ t notice anything different. how much should i apply? plants don ’ t need you to add sugar to their soil ; they make their own. through the process of photosynthesis, which is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. plants use their self - made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction. sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms


is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. plants use their self - made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction. sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. these naturally occurring microbes are nature ’ s recyclers ; they help to nourish plants by breaking down the bits of organic debris in soil into their nutrient components — including the potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, and other elements that are essential for plant life. in this sense, sugar could benefit the plants in your garden by boosting the microbial population, thereby speeding up the rate at which nutrients become available. but plants already have a process for encouraging microbial life. soil scientists have discovered that plant roots exude sugars — sugars produced by photosynthesis — as a way of developing mutually beneficial relationships with microbes. by controlling the types and amounts of sugars they release, plants can select which kinds of microorganisms will colonize the soil around their roots. not coincidentally, plants choose to feed the microbes that will provide them with the nutrients they need most. compared to this sophisticated a la carte system, a sprinkle of processed sugar from your pantry is just junk food for bacteria. by the way, there ’ s another reason some gardeners haul the sugar canister out to the garden. sugar added to the planting holes of vegetable transplants is said to discourage root knot nematodes, a destructive soil - dwelling parasite that plagues many southern gardens. — doug hall


nourishable places grow a significant portion of their food within a few miles of where it is eaten, and could grow more in a long emergency. today, the ingredients of an average meal in the us travel over 1, 300 miles to get to your table, and that number is growing every day. the data for meals in the eu is probably fairly similar. currently, very few places in the united states are nourishable places, but as the industrializations of china and india continue, resulting in a billion new cars competing for gas over the next several years, the cost of food transportation will become much more significant. nourishable places are found almost nowhere in the first world today because of the shallow inflections in real estate value. because we can drive for miles in a short period of time, we tend to value farmland similar to developable land in town a few miles away. this means that the farmland is easily gobbled up for new development. in order to be able to look from a town to the fields where your food is raised, conditions must be developed that allow for sharp inflections in real estate value at the edge of town. there is much work to do in this regard. the most promising development leading to nourishable places is work over recent decades to make agriculture more compact. large - scale agriculture is very man - hour efficient, allowing huge quantities of food to be raised using very few laborers, but it does not use land area so efficiently. but bio - intensive methods, some of which have existed for centuries, allow all of the food needs of one person to be met on as little as one quarter of an acre. nourishable places usually incorporate the following principles : nourishable places resources nourishable places bookshelf contains a growing collection of books that contribute to various aspects of nourishable places. lovable edible gardens is a list of gardens designed to be ornamental as well as nourishing. nourishable places links slow food usa is the epicenter of the slow food movement, which celebrates the enjoyment of food, rather than the speed of food nourishable places blog posts the chael - dover cottage - what the original green looks like paints a picture of a highly sustainable house using the original green standard. the coming golden age of great necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably. the green academy - or not is a report card on today ' s


using the original green standard. the coming golden age of great necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably. the green academy - or not is a report card on today ' s architectural education measured by original green foundations. the gizmo green conundrum pits an icon of gizmo green ( a chicago parking deck promoting itself as being green ) against the eight foundations of the original green. earth day - a symptom of our disease? takes a critical look at our habit of pledging allegiance to sustainability one day out of the year, but for getting the basics ( like nourishable places ) for the rest of the year. leed for homes awards - or - how to shoot yourself in the foot measures award - winning homes against the foundation principles of the original green. original green places - south main examines a colorado community through the lenses of original green foundations. hydroponics - miracle or threat? takes a critical look at this increasingly popular way of growing vegetables. local places - aurea in san francisco tells the story of a restaurant that makes a big deal of its use of local ingredients. smartdwelling i - the kitchen garden describes the bio - intensive vegetable garden in smartdwelling i smartdwelling i - green walls details the harvestable walls of this design. michael pollan - in defense of food - and the original green recounts the in defense of food author ' s lecture, and the striking similarities between it and several original green principles. after earth day - what next? what can i do? is the top ten things we each can do to be more sustainable, and includes planting a victory garden to help make your place more nourishable. tiny places - mike & patty ' s takes a look at why tiny restaurants are more likely to serve locally - grown food. diagramming the original green shows the relationship between the foundations of sustainable places and sustainable buildings. serenbe - a nourishing place begins with a story on serenbe and steps through several recent advances in the move toward nourishable places. towards sustainable architecture describes the foundation of principles of the new urban guild ’ s project : smartdwelling, and is based firmly on allowing onsite gardening. green sheds can be the centerpiece of gardening on your lot. nourishable places on ogtv andres duany on garden cities is duany ' s pecha kucha presentation on his new book at cnu19 in


mark of ephesus our father among the saints mark of ephesus ( evgenikos ; greek : μαρκος ευγενικος ), archbishop of ephesus, was famous for his courageous defense of orthodoxy at the council of florence ( 1439 a. d. ) in spite of the byzantine emperor john viii palaeologus and the pope of rome eugenius iv. he held rome to be in schism and heresy for its acceptance of the filioque clause added to the nicene - constantinopolitan creed and for the claims of the papacy to universal jurisdiction over the church, and was thus the only eastern bishop to refuse to sign the decrees of the council. sometimes he is called " the conscience of orthodoxy. " he died peacefully in the year 1444 a. d. on his deathbed, mark implored gregory, his disciple, and later patriarch gennadius ii of constantinople, to be careful of the snares of the west and to defend orthodoxy. for his efforts at the council of florence and his defense against : the addition of the filioque, the primacy of the pope, and purgatorial fire purification, the orthodox church considers him a saint, calling him a pillar of orthodoxy. his feast day is january 19. " it is impossible to recall peace without dissolving the cause of the schism — the primacy of the pope exalting himself equal to god. " " the latins are not only schismatics but heretics... we did not separate from them for any other reason other than the fact that they are heretics. this is precisely why we must not unite with them unless they dismiss the addition from the creed filioque and confess the creed as we do. " " our head, christ our god... does not tolerate that the bond of love be taken from us entirely. " " we seek and we pray for our return to that time when, being united, we spoke the same things and there was no schism between us. " " the symbol of the faith must be preserved inviolate, as at its origin. since all the holy doctors of the church, all the councils and all the scriptures put us on our guard against heterodoxy, how dare i, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union — those who have corrupted the holy and divine symbol of faith and brought in the


guard against heterodoxy, how dare i, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union — those who have corrupted the holy and divine symbol of faith and brought in the son as second cause of the holy spirit " ( s. v. jan 19th in the synaxarion, ed. hieromonk makarios of simonas petra, and trans. christopher hookway ; ormylia : holy convent of the annunciation of our lady, 2001 ). " the souls of the departed can indeed benefit to their ' advancement, ' and even the damned to a relative ' relief ' of their lot, thanks to the prayers of the church and through the infinite mercy of god ; but the notion of a punishment prior to the last judgment and of a purification through a material fire is altogether foreign to the tradition of the church " ( ibid. ). death, miracle and canonization he died peacefully at the age of 52 on june 23, 1444, after an excruciating two - week battle with intestinal illness. on his death bed, mark implored georgios scholarios, his former pupil, to be careful of the snares of the west and to defend orthodoxy. according to his brother john, his last words were " jesus christ, son of the living god, into thy hands i commit my spirit. " mark was buried in the mangana monastery in constantinople. there is an account of a posthumous miracle performed by st. mark of ephesus. doctors gave up on trying to save the life of the terminally ill sister of demetrios zourbaios, after their efforts had worsened her condition. after losing consciousness for three days she suddenly woke up to the delight of her brother, who asked her why she woke up drenched in water. she related that a bishop escorted her to a fountain and washed her and told her, " return now ; you no longer have any illness. " she asked him who he was and he informed her, " i am the metropolitan of ephesus, mark eugenikos. " after being miraculously healed, she made an icon of st. mark and lived devoutly for another 15 years. - " all of us of the holy eastern church of christ acknowledge the holy mark evgenikos of ephesus. we honor and receive this saintly, god - bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all


of the holy eastern church of christ acknowledge the holy mark evgenikos of ephesus. we honor and receive this saintly, god - bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all our sacred dogmas and correct piety. he is an emulator and equal to the holy theologians, and those that adorned the church of ancient times. " ( the lives of the pillars of orthodoxy, p. 500, via ) troparion ( tone 4 ) - by your profession of faith, o all - praised mark - the church has found you to be a zealot for truth. - you fought for the teaching of the fathers ; - you cast down the darkness of boastful pride. - intercede with christ god to grant forgiveness to those who honor you! kontakion ( tone 3 ) - clothed with invincible armor, o blessed one, - you cast down rebellious pride, - you served as the instrument of the comforter, - and shone forth as the champion of orthodoxy. - therefore we cry to you : " rejoice, mark, the boast of the orthodox! " mark of ephesus | archbishop of ephesus - st. mark of ephesus and the false union of florence - st. mark of ephesus : a true ecumenist - address of st. mark of ephesus on the day of his death - icon and story of st. mark of ephesus - st. mark of ephesus - mark, bishop of ephesus ( goarch ) - st mark the archbishop of ephesus ( oca ) - ο αγιος μαρκος ο ευγενικος center of patristic studies - st. markos eugenikos ( greek )


collective action federalism : a general theory of article i, section 8 robert d. cooter university of california, berkeley - school of law duke university - school of law december 15, 2010 stanford law review, vol 63, p. 115, 2010 uc berkeley public law research paper no. 1692835 the framers of the united states constitution wrote article i, section 8 in order to address some daunting collective action problems facing the young nation. they especially wanted to protect the states from military warfare by foreigners and from commercial warfare against one another. the states acted individually when they needed to act collectively, and congress lacked power under the articles of confederation to address these problems. section 8 thus authorized congress to promote the “ general welfare ” of the united states by tackling many collective action problems that the states could not solve on their own. subsequent interpretations of section 8, both outside and inside the courts, often have focused on the presence or absence of collective action problems involving multiple states - but not always. for example, the supreme court of the united states, in trying to distinguish the “ truly national ” from the “ truly local ” in the context of the commerce clause, united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598, 617 – 18 ( 2000 ), has differentiated “ economic ” activity, which congress may regulate, from “ noneconomic ” activity, which congress may not regulate. a federal constitution ideally gives the central and state governments the power to do what each does best. economic activity does not generally cause collective action problems among the states, and noneconomic activity is not generally free from collective action problems. consequently, congress is not generally better at regulating economic activity, and the states are not generally better at regulating noneconomic activity. the distinction between economic and noneconomic activity seems mostly irrelevant to the problems of federalism. we propose a better foundation for american federalism in section 8. our theory distinguishes activities that pose collective action problems from those that do not. this approach flows directly from the relative advantages of the federal government and the states. we show that section 8 mostly concerns collective action problems created by interstate externalities and national markets. we conclude that section 8 authorizes congress to tax, spend, and regulate to solve these collective action problems. collective action federalism finds that the limits and expanse of congressional power in section 8 turn on the difference between individual and collective action by the states. the theory uses this distinction to differentiate interstate commerce from intrastate commerce, not the economic / nonecon