as a result of the historic election of barack obama in the u. s., other countries have started wondering whether a similar occurrence would be possible in their nations — none more so than the obama - worshiping united kingdom. its press, race industry, and political classes are all aflutter about whether or not it would be possible for a minority to become prime minister of the country. britain has, unlike the u. s., already had a female prime minister : margaret thatcher in the ’ 80s. while bejamin disreali, a conservative prime minister of the late 19th century, was jewish, the debate is whether or not a non - european minority would make it to number 10 downing street in the near future. the head of the commission for racial equality, trevor philips, has clearly stated that he thinks “ institutional racism ” will prevent a non - white from ever being prime minister of the united kingdom. much navel gazing and self - examination resulted from his comments. philips believes britain ’ s governing labor party would not let someone like obama rise to the top. if barack obama had lived here i would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the labor party, ” said the head of the equality and human rights commission. he said that there was an “ institutional resistance ” to selecting black and asian candidates. “ the parties and unions and think - tanks are all very happy to sign up to the general idea of advancing the cause of minorities but in practice they would like somebody else to do the business. it ’ s institutional racism.


this is the first is a 3 part series. part 1 : pagan origins of christmas, part 2 : christian origins of christmas, and part 3 : santa claus and his ilk. in part 1, i discussed the pagan origins of christmas. however, that is not the whole story. christmas, in its current form, did not simply spring up or evolve from just one source, christian, pagan or otherwise. therefore, in the interest of fairness, here are the christian origins of christmas. in the last post, i mentioned how dies natalis solis invicti was the reason that christmas is celebrated on december 25. well, that isn ’ t the whole story. while it is true that the celebration of the sun ( or sun god ) was celebrated on this day, and that some early church fathers commented on how appropriate it would be to celebrate jesus ’ birth on the day of the unconquered sun, it is also true that the idea of jesus ’ birth being on december 25, predated those decisions. hippolytus of rome, a 3rd century theologian, makes it clear that he believes jesus ’ birth to have happened on december 25, not because of the sun celebration, but because he believes that jesus ’ conception took place during the traditional date of the creation of the world on march 25 ( which also happened to line up with the vernal equinox and often with the jewish passover ), although he also put forth april 2nd as a date of conception in some writings. regardless, hippolytus felt that this proved a date of jesus ’ birth at december 25th. still, it could have been an attempt of a christian apologist to retroactively prove jesus ’ birth after other ’ s had connected the date already to saturnalia or dies natalis solis invicti. except … that saturnalia was not celebrated on december 25. it was celebrated on december 17, and was lengthened over time to december 23, but never the 25. sorry mythicists. further, while dies natalis solis invicti was indeed celebrated on december 25, there is no mention of this celebration being held on december 25 prior to ad 354, since before this, the celebration was held every 4 years, and not on the 25th of december, and often not in december at all. this is relevant because hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before dies natalis solis invicti was practiced on december 25. in fact, around 200 ad, clement of alexandria gives


, and often not in december at all. this is relevant because hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before dies natalis solis invicti was practiced on december 25. in fact, around 200 ad, clement of alexandria gives us an even better clue ( through his consternation ), complaining in frustration that some egyption theologians are celebrating jesus ’ birth on december 25 ( stromata 1 : 21 ). so it seems that the december 25 date for christmas is actually a christian tradition, not a lender from a pagan source. note : this does not actually make it true that jesus ’ was born on december 25. he almost surely wasn ’ t. but it does mean that christians have honored jesus ’ birth on that day by our own ( often flawed ) resources, and not as a direct result of other holidays. i did make a mention last time about romans bringing in trees during this time, and even decorating them with 12 candles. however, no christians are ever mentioned as taking on this tradition during the time of the roman empire. while this practice does seem similar to our christmas tree tradition, the practice of bringing trees into homes to celebrate saturnalia ( or other mid - winter holidays ) was long dead ( by a millennium ) by the time christians began to celebrate it during christmas time. while it is also true that many different cultures brought greenery and trees into the home during winter ( from egypt to norway ), it appears that the 16th century german christians were the first to bring evergreen trees into their homes and decorate them for christmas. there is little chance that 16th century germans relied on long forgotten roman practice to initiate theirs. as the story goes, martin luther, the 16th century german reformer, was the first to use candles and light up a christmas tree. and while the tree has not always been accepted as a good thing in all christian circles, it can certainly be said however, that it too, is of christian origin. the name “ christmas ” of course, it doesn ’ t really take a genius to realize that the actual word “ christmas ” is of christian origin. cristes maesse in old english, it appeared around 1038. christes – christ, maesse meaning dismissal, or colloquially, the way to refer to a church service, as in “ we are dismissed to be about the mission of god. ” it came to refer to the service on dec. 25. not much pagan there. the first nativity scene is said to be the work of st. francis of ass


, as in “ we are dismissed to be about the mission of god. ” it came to refer to the service on dec. 25. not much pagan there. the first nativity scene is said to be the work of st. francis of assisi. he was attempting to reverse the tide of materialism encroaching in on christmastime around 1223 ce. imagine if he had been around today …. mercy. he made it up in a cave near greccio and had live animals and people. soon, it spread all around italy, and was soon common practice in most churches. statues soon replaced live people and eventually, homes adopted smaller versions. clearly christian in origin. st. francis is hard to be for sheer christianity. early in the 20th century, electric lights became available for use on christmas trees ( don ’ t believe me? watch downton abby ). soon after in the mid - 2oth century, folks began using christmas tree light on the outside of their homes. hmmm …. since this took place mostly in america, i don ’ t think we can call this one christian origin …. but it is derivative of a christian practice. well, i don ’ t want to spoil next week ’ s addition to the conversation on santa claus, so it will have to suffice to say that this practice of hanging stockings on christmas eve is particular to his legend, and not anywhere beforehand. but i won ’ t give anymore away, next week ’ s will be awesome. so to summarize : december 25 date : of christian origin trees in the house : of christian origin ( and yet attested to in many other cultures in parallel, not dependence ) the word “ christmas : ” of christian origin nativity scenes : of christian origin christmas lights : of christian origin stockings : of christian origin


this section of the website provides tips and information on how to conserve water inside and outside your home and / or office. you can help the program achieve a 10 % reduction in water use per person within 10 years by saving 10 gallons of water per day or start by saving 1 gallon of water per day every year for 10 years. here are some ways you can accomplish that : - reduce shower time ~ 2. 5 gallons / minute - turn off water while brushing teeth ~ 2 gallons / minute why should we conserve water? water is constantly being recycled through the earth ’ s water cycle. however, humans can consume fresh water faster than it is naturally replenished. we all use water, so we should do our part to protect and preserve it. approximately 3 % of the earth ’ s water supply is fresh but less than one third of 1 % is available for human use! as water users, we must preserve our water supply so it will be available today and for generations to come. water conservation allows us to use water more efficiently and reduce water waste. making a habit of conservation makes sense. conserving water is beneficial to our community, because it : - helps protect our water supply for the future - protects the environment and natural ecosystems - saves energy - saves money for more information about the water cycle, visit the us geological survey ’ s website where does our water come from? the great lakes are the largest system of fresh, surface water on earth, containing roughly 18 % of the world fresh water supply. lake michigan is the second largest of the great lakes. nearly 750, 000 people in dupage county get their water from lake michigan, provided to them by their local water utility. the dwc buys water from the city of chicago and sells it to the local water utilities in dupage county. the people in dupage county who do not get their water from lake michigan are served by ground water sources. the great lakes compact limits how much water can be taken from lake michigan and requires all water utilities to have a water conservation program. source : the great lakes : an environmental atlas and resource book. usepa for more information on the great lakes compact visit the websites for the great lakes commission, council of great lakes governors, or great lakes and saint laurence cities initiative dupage county water usage summary before we can start to preserve every drop, we must first understand how much water we use and for what purposes. water usage in dupage county can be divided up into four main categories as shown in the figure below. did you know? -


user interface design is not a pure science, primarily because people ' s preferences are different. however, there are a few principles that we ' ve learned over the years : - the eye naturally gravitates to " power points ". i. e. in art it is the golden rule, and photography it is simplified to " the rule of thirds ". in essence if you drew a grid on your screen three cells across and three cells down, the points where the lines intersect are the power points. these are very important real estate, and it also explains why the 1 / 3 - 2 / 3 split works so well. - we ' ve learned that there is an order of importance when we learn to read. in short, the most important column on a the screen is the one that comes first in reading order. for us western hemisphere folks, that means the left ( left - to - right reading order ). for folks in the middle east and some far eastern countries that means the right ( right - to - left reading order ). for other folks in other far eastern countries that means the top ( top - to - bottom, typically right - to - left reading order ). using these two principles, we can organize the screen in a way that users can get the most out of it. the ms visual studio developers surmised that the source code is the most important element, and the other panels support that content. now, if you have a preference to have the navigation on the left, it is because you place a different value on the importance of the navigation than the vs developers. neither position is right or wrong. if you find yourself jumping from file to file often, it can be handy to have the navigation on the left. you ' ll notice that even in this site, the content is on the left and the navigation and support information is on the right. this echoes what the designers felt were the most important aspects of the site.


wan ali, wan zah and mohd ayub, ahmad fauzi and wong, su luan and king, hasnah yee tang and wan jaafar, wan marzuki ( 2008 ) students teacher attitudes towards computer and online learning : are they a factor in students ' usage? the international journal of learning, 15 ( 6 ). pp. 35 - 41. issn 1447 - 9494 full text not available from this repository. computers and online learning are rapidly becoming important components in fundamental curriculum of malaysian educational systems. in malaysia, the computer and online learning curriculum have been incorporated into all levels of the educational systems. however, the instructional effectiveness of computer and online learning are related to many factors including students ’ attitudes towardsthese technologies. hence, positive attitudes towards computers and online learning are important variables to be studied among pre - service teachers. the main purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of pre - service teachers at universiti putra malaysia toward computer and online learning and its relationships. in addition, the relationship between this attitudes and the usage of computer and online learning is also studied. the findings indicate that pre - service teachers have positive attitudes towards computers and online learning. the correlation between students ’ attitude towards computers and online learning was significant. | keyword : | | online learning ; attitudes toward computer ; attitudes towards online learning | | subject : | | computer - assisted instruction - malaysia | | subject : | | college teachers - in - service training | | faculty or institute : | | faculty of educational studies | | publisher : | | common ground publishing | | deposited by : | | emelda mohd hamid | | deposited on : | | 25 may 2012 15 : 08 | | last modified : | | 12 nov 2012 14 : 41 | repository staff only : item control page


table of contents " modeling " techniques are used when anxiety is related to lack of confidence and the patient looks to the therapist as a model of how to handle anxiety - provoking situations. the relaxation techniques used by hypnotists and behavior therapists may prove helpful to many patients, especially those who are suggestible. in the initial stages, after therapists have instructed their patients in the various methods of relaxation, they should allow the patients to practice the methods in the office. in that way, therapists may add their encouragement and positive suggestion to their patients ' efforts. the ultimate goal is to enable patients to employ the techniques alone in the course of their daily lives. patients should not only follow a regular daily schedule of exercises, but should be encouraged to employ those exercises at any time when they are facing an anxiety - provoking situation or feel their inner tension rising. for those patients with a capacity for hypnotic trance, instruction in the techniques of self - hypnosis may potentiate the effect of the relaxation exercises. simple forms of meditation that do not have religious implications, by reversing the processes that lead to autonomic arousal, may be effective in combating the symptoms arising from autonomic nervous system discharge. a recent study suggests that the symptoms of those individuals who have a capacity for hypnotic trance induction are particularly responsive to the use of meditative techniques. patients can be encouraged to try out new coping skills and emotion regulation with people they meet within support groups. they can be an important part of expanding the individual ' s skill set and develop new, healthier social relationships. copyright 1998 - 2006 psych central. all rights reserved. this text may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written permission from psych central. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 1 jun 2010 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.


mrsa rates have been increasing worldwide over the past decades write hajo grundman ( national institute for public health and the environment, bilthoven, the netherlands ) and colleagues. even in scandinavian countries and the netherlands, where mrsa rates have been fairly low and stable for many years, the frequency is beginning to rise. " of the expected 2 billion individuals carrying s aureus worldwide, conservative estimates based on either dutch or us prevalence figures would predict that between 2 million and 52 million carry mrsa, " states professor grundmann. in their review the authors also warn of the threat of community acquired mrsa. genetic changes in strains of community acquired mrsa have led to the evolution of ' fitter ' strains that can combine antimicrobial resistance with transmissibility and virulence. if these strains are sufficiently fit to maintain a high prevalence in the community, the mrsa situation in hospitals could potentially become explosive, write the authors. they conclude : " the onus is therefore on health - care authorities to develop not only surveillance systems that are able to monitor the clonal dynamics of mrsa over wide geographical areas but also to provide the resources for early recognition of mrsa carriers through rapid screening. hospital staff have a responsibility to implement, maintain, and adhere to strict contact precautions, should hospitals remain places where citizens can aspire to positive health - care outcomes with confidence. " contact : dr hajo grundmann, project leader, scientific coordinator, european antimircrobial resistance surveillance system ( earss ), center for infectious disease epidemiology, national institute for public health, antonie van leeuwenhoeklaan 9, po box 1, 3720 ba bilthoven, netherlands. t ) 31 30 274 4239 hajo. grundmann @ rivm. nl / email @ example. com last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.


( washington, dc • 11 / 6 / 06 ) – the second of five special sensor ultraviolet limb imager ( ssuli ) remote sensing instruments, developed by the naval research laboratory, was launched on november 4, 2006 on board the dmsp f - 17 satellite. ssuli is the first operational instrument of its kind and provides a new technique for remote sensing of the ionosphere and thermosphere from space. ssuli ' s measurements will provide scientific data supporting military and civil systems and will assist in predicting atmospheric drag effects on satellites and reentry vehicles. a boeing delta 4 vehicle launched the air force ' s defense meteorological satellite program ( dmsp ) f - 17 satellite and the ssuli sensor into low earth orbit from vandenberg air force base, california. ssuli will be powered on and start initial sensor checkout 30 days after launch. " characterization of the earth ' s upper atmosphere and ionosphere is a critical goal for department of defense ( dod ) and civilian users, " said andrew nicholas, the ssuli principal investigator at nrl. he discussed the significance of the planned ssuli observations, saying, " the upper atmosphere affects many systems from global to tactical scales. these systems include gps positioning, hf radio communications, satellite drag and orbit determination, and over - the - horizon radar. both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere are driven by solar and geomagnetic forcing that occur on many timescales ranging from short ( minute, hours ) to medium ( days to months ) to long ( years ). real - time global observations that yield altitude profiles of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, over an extended period of time ( dmsp through the year 2016 ) will fill a critical need. " ssuli measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules, and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere from low earth orbit aboard the dmsp satellite. it builds on the successes of the nrl high resolution airglow / aurora spectroscopy ( hiraas ) experiment recently flown aboard the space test program ( stp ) advanced research and global observations satellite ( argos ). ssuli makes measurements from the extreme ultraviolet ( euv ) to the far ultraviolet ( fuv ) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm with 2. 4 nm resolution. ssuli also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. ssuli uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds


2. 4 nm resolution. ssuli also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. ssuli uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds. these observations represent a vertical slice of the earth ' s atmosphere from 750 km to 50 km in depth. use of these data enables the development of new techniques for global ionospheric remote sensing and new models of global electron density variation. commenting on the practical application of the instrument, mr. ken weldy, the program manager at nrl said, " since natural atmospheric phenomena can disrupt day - to - day operations in the military use of space, we look forward to providing ssuli operational products to feed into the global assimilation of ionospheric measurements ( gaim ) model. this will provide an important piece of the characterization of the earth ' s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. " an extensive data processing suite was developed to support on - orbit observations and flight operations. it includes data reduction software using unique science algorithms developed at nrl, comprehensive data validation techniques, and graphical interfaces for the user community. after launch, the ssuli sensor, software, and derived atmospheric specification will under go an extensive validation. after validation, ssuli products will be distributed by the air force weather agency to support operational dod systems. additional information about the ssuli instrument and its data processing software is available at http : / / www. nrl. navy. mil / tira / projects / ssuli /. the defense meteorological satellite program ( dmsp ) is a department of defense ( dod ) program run by the air force space and missile systems center ( smc ). the program designs, builds, launches, and maintains several near - polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar - terrestrial physics environments. additional information is available at the dmsp web site ( http : / / dmsp. ngdc. noaa. gov / dmsp. html ). nrl is the department of the navy ' s corporate laboratory. nrl conducts a broad program of scientific research, technology, and advanced development. the laboratory, with a total complement of approximately 2, 500 personnel, is located in southwest washington, dc, with other major sites at the stennis space center, ms ; and monterey, ca. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com.


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | philosophy index : aesthetics · epistemology · ethics · logic · metaphysics · consciousness · philosophy of language · philosophy of mind · philosophy of science · social and political philosophy · philosophies · philosophers · list of lists skepticism ( or scepticism ) has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude of knowledge, facts, or opinions / beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere. the word may characterise a position on a single matter, as in the case of religious skepticism, which is " doubt concerning basic religious principles ( such as immortality, providence, and revelation ) ", but philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all new information to be well supported by evidence. skeptics may even doubt the reliability of their own senses. classical philosophical skepticism derives from the ' skeptikoi ', a school who " asserted nothing ". adherents of pyrrhonism, for instance, suspend judgment in investigations. - ( a ) an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object ; - ( b ) the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain ; or - ( c ) the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics ( merriam – webster ). in philosophy, skepticism refers more specifically to any one of several propositions. these include propositions about : - ( a ) an inquiry, - ( b ) a method of obtaining knowledge through systematic doubt and continual testing, - ( c ) the arbitrariness, relativity, or subjectivity of moral values, - ( d ) the limitations of knowledge, - ( e ) a method of intellectual caution and suspended judgment. - main article : scientific skepticism a scientific ( or empirical ) skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding. most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation using some form of the scientific method. as a result, a number of claims are considered " pseudoscience " if they are found to improperly apply or ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method. scientific skepticism does not address religious beliefs, since these beliefs are, by definition, outside the realm of systematic, empirical testing / knowledge. - main article : philosophical skepticism in philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position


of the scientific method. scientific skepticism does not address religious beliefs, since these beliefs are, by definition, outside the realm of systematic, empirical testing / knowledge. - main article : philosophical skepticism in philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. a philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible ( which would be a truth claim ). the label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science ; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as " radical empiricism. " philosophical skepticism originated in ancient greek philosophy. the greek sophists of the 5th century bc were for the most part skeptics. pyrrhonism was a school of skepticism founded by aenesidemus in the first century bc and recorded by sextus empiricus in the late 2nd century or early 3rd century ad. one of its first proponents was pyrrho of elis ( c. 360 - 275 b. c. ), who traveled and studied as far as india and propounded the adoption of " practical " skepticism. subsequently, in the " new academy " arcesilaus ( c. 315 - 241 b. c. ) and carneades ( c. 213 - 129 b. c. ) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted as uncertain. carneades criticized the views of the dogmatists, especially supporters of stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. sextus empiricus ( c. a. d. 200 ), the main authority for greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge. greek skeptics criticized the stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. for the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. this was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity ( see the five tropes of agrippa the sceptic


to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. this was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity ( see the five tropes of agrippa the sceptic ). in addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument ( as p implies q and q implies p ). for the skeptics, such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth and could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth. in islamic philosophy, skepticism was established by al - ghazali ( 1058 – 1111 ), known in the west as " algazel ", as part of the orthodox ash ' ari school of islamic theology, whose method of skepticism shares many similarities with descartes ' method. rene descartes is credited for developing a global skepticism as a thought experiment in his attempt to find absolute certainty on which to base the foundation of his philosophy. descartes discussed skeptical arguments from dreaming and radical deception. david hume has also been described as a global skeptic. however, descartes was not ostensibly a skeptic and developed his theory of an absolute certainty to disprove other skeptics who argued that there is no certainty. - ↑ see r. h. popkin, the history of skepticism from erasmus to descartes ( rev. ed. 1968 ) ; c. l. stough, greek skepticism ( 1969 ) ; m. burnyeat, ed., the skeptical tradition ( 1983 ) ; b. stroud, the significance of philosophical skepticism ( 1984 ). encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com - ↑ " philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted. " urm. edu - ↑ merriam – webster - ↑ " philosophical skepticism should be distinguished from ordinary skepticism, where doubts are raised against certain beliefs or types of beliefs because the evidence for the particular belief or type of belief is weak or lacking... " skepdic. com - ↑ "... the two most influential forms of skepticism have, arguably


doubts are raised against certain beliefs or types of beliefs because the evidence for the particular belief or type of belief is weak or lacking... " skepdic. com - ↑ "... the two most influential forms of skepticism have, arguably, been the radical epistemological skepticism of the classical pyrrhonian skeptics and the cartesian form of radical epistemological skepticism " utm. edu - ↑ liddell and scott - ↑ sextus empiricus, outlines of pyrrhonism, translated by r. g. bury, harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts, 1933, p. 21 - ↑ skeptoid. com : what is skepticism? - ↑ scepticism – history of scepticism - ↑ najm, sami m. ( july – october 1966 ), " the place and function of doubt in the philosophies of descartes and al - ghazali ", philosophy east and west ( philosophy east and west, vol. 16, no. 3 / 4 ) 16 ( 3 – 4 ) : 133 – 141, doi : 10. 2307 / 1397536 - a greek - english lexicon, henry george liddell and robert scott, revised and augmented throughout by sir henry stuart jones, with the assistance of roderick mckenzie, clarendon press, oxford, uk, 1940. online, perseus. tufts. edu. - richard honigswald, die skepsis in philosophie und wissenschaft, 1914, new edition ( ed. and introduction by christian benne and thomas schirren ), gottingen : edition ruprecht, 2008, isbn 978 - 7675 - 3056 - 0 - keeton, morris t., " skepticism ", pp. 277 – 278 in dagobert d. runes ( ed. ), dictionary of philosophy, littlefield, adams, and company, totowa, nj, 1962. - runes, d. d. ( ed. ), dictionary of philosophy, littlefield, adams, and company, totowa, nj, 1962. - webster ' s new international dictionary of the english language, second edition, unabridged, w. a. neilson, t. a. knott, p. w. carhart ( eds. ), g. & c. merriam company, springfield, ma, 1950. - butchvarov, panayot, skepticism about the external world ( oxford university press


. a. knott, p. w. carhart ( eds. ), g. & c. merriam company, springfield, ma, 1950. - butchvarov, panayot, skepticism about the external world ( oxford university press, 1998 ). - daniels, m. d., d. ; price, phd, v. ( 2000 ), the essential enneagram, new york : harpercollins - sextus empiricus, outlines of pyrrhonism, r. g. bury ( trans. ), prometheus books, buffalo, ny, 1990. - richard wilson, don ' t get fooled again - the skeptic ' s guide to life, icon books, london, 2008. isbn 978 - 184831014 - 8 - skeptical inquiry at the open directory project - " most scientific papers are probably wrong ", newscientist, 30 august 2005 - " in the name of skepticism : martin gardner ' s misrepresentations of general semantics ", by bruce i. kodish, appeared in general semantics bulletin, number 71, 2004. - classical skepticism by peter suber - " outstanding skeptics of the 20th century " – skeptical inquirer magazine - " csicop and the skeptics " – critical essay by paranormal believer george p. hansen - " nonsense ( and why it ' s so popular ) " – course syllabus from the college of wooster. - template : cathency – a christian ( catholic ) account of scepticism template : template group template : use dmy datesar : شكوكية an : scepticismo az : skeptisizm br : amgredoni bg : скептицизъм ca : escepticisme cs : skepticismus da : skepticisme de : skeptizismus et : skeptitsism es : escepticismo eo : metodologia dubo eu : eszeptizismo fa : شکگرایی fr : scepticisme ( philosophie ) gl : escepticismo ko : hi : सशयवाद hr : skepticizam id : skeptisisme ia : scepticismo is : efahyggjahe : ספקנות kk : скептицизм la : sceptici


in neuroanatomy, a sulcus ( latin : " furrow ", pl. sulci ) is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. it surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. large furrows ( sulci ) that divide the brain into lobes are often called fissures. the large furrow that divides the two hemispheres — the interhemispheric fissure — is very rarely called a " sulcus ". the sulcal pattern varies between human individuals, and the most elaborate overview on this variation is probably an atlas by ono, kubick and abernathey : atlas of the cerebral sulci. some of the larger sulci are, however, seen across individuals - and even species - so it is possible to establish a nomenclature. the variation in the amount of fissures in the brain ( gyrification ) between species is related to the size of the animal and the size of the brain. mammals that have smooth - surfaced or nonconvoluted brains are called lissencephalics and those that have folded or convoluted brains gyrencephalics. the division between the two groups occurs when cortical surface area is about 10 cm2 and the brain has a volume of 3 – 4 cm3. large rodents such as beavers ( template : convert / lbtemplate : convert / test / a ) and capybaras ( template : convert / lbtemplate : convert / test / a ) are gyrencephalic and smaller rodents such as rats and mice lissencephalic. in humans, cerebral convolutions appear at about 5 months and take at least into the first year after birth to fully develop. it has been found that the width of cortical sulci not only increases with age, but also with cognitive decline in the elderly. ↑ 2. 02. 1hofman ma. ( 1985 ). size and shape of the cerebral cortex in mammals. i. the cortical surface. brain behav evol. 27 ( 1 ) : 28 - 40. pmid 3836731 ↑ 3. 03. 1hofman ma. ( 1989 ). on the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. prog neurobiol. 32 ( 2 ) : 137 - 58. pmid 2645619 ↑martin i. sereno, roger b. h. tootell, " from monkeys


on the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. prog neurobiol. 32 ( 2 ) : 137 - 58. pmid 2645619 ↑martin i. sereno, roger b. h. tootell, " from monkeys to humans : what do we now know about brain homologies, " current opinion in neurobiology15 : 135 - 144, ( 2005 ). caviness vs jr. ( 1975 ). mechanical model of brain convolutional development. science. 189 ( 4196 ) : 18 - 21. pmid 1135626 tao liu, wei wen, wanlin zhu, julian trollor, simone reppermund, john crawford, jesse s jin, suhuai luo, henry brodaty, perminder sachdev ( 2010 ) the effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. neuroimage 51 : 1. 19 - 27 may. pmid 20156569 ↑ tao liu, wei wen, wanlin zhu, nicole a kochan, julian n trollor, simone reppermund, jesse s jin, suhuai luo, henry brodaty, perminder s sachdev ( 2011 ) the relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. neuroimage 56 : 3. 865 - 873 jun. pmid 21397704 ↑gerhardt von bonin, percival bailey, the neocortex of macaca mulatta, the university of illinois press, urbana, illinois, 1947


in order for the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) to respond to evolving national and global priorities, it must periodically reflect on, and optimize, its strategic directions. this report is the first comprehensive science strategy since the early 1990s to examine critically major usgs science goals and priorities. the development of this science strategy comes at a time of global trends and rapidly evolving societal needs that pose important natural - science challenges. the emergence of a global economy affects the demand for all resources. the last decade has witnessed the emergence of a new model for managing federal lands — ecosystem - based management. the u. s. climate change science program predicts that the next few decades will see rapid changes in the nation ’ s and the earth ’ s environment. finally, the natural environment continues to pose risks to society in the form of volcanoes, earthquakes, wildland fires, floods, droughts, invasive species, variable and changing climate, and natural and anthropogenic toxins, as well as animal - borne diseases that affect humans. the use of, and competition for, natural resources on the global scale, and natural threats to those resources, has the potential to impact the nation ’ s ability to sustain its economy, national security, quality of life, and natural environment. responding to these national priorities and global trends requires a science strategy that not only builds on existing usgs strengths and partnerships but also demands the innovation made possible by integrating the full breadth and depth of usgs capabilities. the usgs chooses to go forward in the science directions proposed here because the societal issues addressed by these science directions represent major challenges for the nation ’ s future and for the stewards of federal lands, both onshore and offshore. the six science directions proposed in this science strategy are listed as follows. the ecosystems strategy is listed first because it has a dual nature. it is itself an essential direction for the usgs to pursue to meet a pressing national and global need, but ecosystem - based approaches are also an underpinning of the other five directions, which all require ecosystem perspectives and tools for their execution. the remaining strategic directions are listed in alphabetical order. posted april 2007 u. s. geological survey, 2007, facing tomorrow ’ s challenges — u. s. geological survey science in the decade 2007 – 2017 : u. s. geological survey circular 1309, x + 70 p.


to start this off, i wound up with the dangerous book for boys which is a lovely compendium of knowledge targeting young boys ( there is now a similar book for girls ). the page i flipped to was in a section called “ 7 poems every boy should know ”, and the poem i found on that page was robert frost ’ s famous the road not taken. two roads diverged in a wood, and i - i took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. interestingly, as often as the last three lines of this poem are quoted, it is seldom in the intended context. frost wrote this piece about a friend who was in the army, and was deciding between two roads in the field of battle, fully expecting whichever choice he made would be the wrong one and lead to his demise. if you think about that, it really changes the entire meaning of those oft spoken words. today ’ s connotative meaning is usually the exact opposite of frost ’ s intent for the passage. when people use the phrase today, they are talking about how they are “ being their own person ”. in this case, the “ misuse ” is probably a good thing. many an inspiring speech, has been punctuated by these words. their simple ( despite being out of context ) message conveying a strong call to independent adventurous action. but even with its original meaning, the words convey strength and courage. the young trooper could, of course, opted to shrink from the challenge, to cower from the unknown and make no progress at all. however this was not the course or content of our representatives character, nor shall it be ours. i say embrace the adventure of the unknown, be frontiersmen, even within our your community, be dangerous ( whether or not you are a boy! ). whether you take the road less traveled by, or not … strike out … and make your life your own adventure story!


boy, born may 1, 2007 this handsome young man, with dark hair and dark eyes, was born with a rare genetic condition called stickler syndrome. his medical records also indicate microcephaly, a common symptom of ss. individuals with stickler syndrome experience a range of signs and symptoms. some people have no signs and symptoms ; others have some or all of the features described below. in addition, each feature of this syndrome may vary from subtle to severe. a characteristic feature of stickler syndrome is a somewhat flattened facial appearance. this is caused by underdeveloped bones in the middle of the face, including the cheekbones and the bridge of the nose. a particular group of physical features, called the pierre robin sequence, is common in children with stickler syndrome. robin sequence includes a u - shaped or sometimes v - shaped cleft palate ( an opening in the roof of the mouth ) with a tongue that is too large for the space formed by the small lower jaw. children with a cleft palate are also prone to ear infections and occasionally swallowing difficulties. many people with stickler syndrome are very nearsighted ( described as having high myopia ) because of the shape of the eye. people with eye involvement are prone to increased pressure within the eye ( ocular hypertension ) which could lead to glaucoma and tearing or detachment of the light - sensitive retina of the eye ( retinal detachment ). cataract may also present as an ocular complication associated with stickler ’ s syndrome. the jelly - like substance within the eye ( the vitreous humour ) has a distinctive appearance in the types of stickler syndrome associated with the col2a1 and col11a1 genes. as a result regular appointments to a specialist ophthalmologist are advised. the type of stickler syndrome associated with the col11a2 gene does not affect the eye. people with this syndrome have problems that affect things other than the eyes and ears. arthritis, abnormality to ends of long bones, vertebrae abnormality, curvature of the spine, scoliosis, joint pain, and double jointedness are all problems that can occur in the bones and joints. physical characteristics of people with stickler can include flat cheeks, flat nasal bridge, small upper jaw, pronounced upper lip groove, small lower jaw, and palate abnormalities, these tend to lessen with age and normal growth and palate abnormalities can be treated with routine surgery. another sign of stickler syndrome is mild to severe


maria teresa tula photo by eddie adams " we held a press conference telling the public about the work. … as a result, a death threat appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of co - madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one. " maria teresa tula is a leader of the co - madres ( mothers of the disappeared ) of el salvador, a group of impoverished, mostly illiterate women whose husbands or children were kidnapped or killed by death squads and government security forces during el salvador ’ s bloody civil war. the 1980s conflict pitted leftist organizations and campesino farmer - based guerrillas against an entrenched alliance of landowners and the military, with each side aided by different cold war backers. in 1992, when a peace accord was signed by the government and the farabundo marti liberation front, the reign of terror that had ruled el salvador for over a decade finally ended. after tula was threatened, abducted, and tortured, she returned to co - madres to continue her work for justice and for women ’ s empowerment. a self - described feminist, tula escaped to the united states, crossing the border as an illegal alien. she spent the next several years running the co - madres office in washington, d. c., and fighting deportation for herself and all salvadorans. she now lives in the u. s., fulfilling her dream of providing her children with a safe environment and a good education. i was born on april 23, 1951, in the village of izalco, in the department of sonsonate in el salvador. my father was a bus dispatcher and my mother worked in a factory in santa ana nearby. i had eight brothers and sisters. like most people in the village, we were poor. i received only a first - grade education. after that i began helping my mother in the house until the day i was married. my husband, jose rafael canales guevarra, was killed by the salvadoran military in june 1980. we had five children together. i also have a sixth child, oscar feliciano tula, born on july 5, 1986, while i was being held in prison without charges. until 1978 i was never involved in politics in any way. my husband was working in the central azucarrero de izalco ( izalco sugar company ), owned by one of the richest families in el salvador — and i was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing


. my husband was working in the central azucarrero de izalco ( izalco sugar company ), owned by one of the richest families in el salvador — and i was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing. conditions at the company were very bad. there was no job safety, wages were low, and there were no health benefits. the seventeen hundred workers decided to go on strike and refused to leave the plantation. some stayed inside the processing plant. others guarded the gates of the hacienda to make sure no trucks could get in. my husband was very active in the strike. on the second day i went to bring him medicine and food at 10 : 00 a. m., just as the security forces arrived and arrested everyone. many ran into the sugar cane fields to escape. the police beat those who were caught, tied their hands behind their backs and told them to lie face down. all of us family members were there watching and waiting to see what they were going to do with our husbands and sons. they separated twenty - two people and let the rest go. my husband was one of those they kept. he was taken to the national guard headquarters in san salvador and held incommunicado for three days. on the fourth day, a military tribunal sentenced him to six months in prison. the only witnesses were guard members. at first they wouldn ’ t even tell me where he was, but i finally found out and visited him in santa tecla prison. he told me how he had been tortured — beaten in the testicles, then hung from the ceiling and beaten all over, a torture described as " the airplane. " then i started working with the co - madres — an organization of women formed in 1977 to fight for the release of husbands and other family members jailed or disappeared or assassinated and to demand that the government respect human rights. in june 1978, my husband was released from prison. we decided to move to santa ana, since it would have been dangerous for us to remain in izalco. once a person has been in prison they are in even greater danger of being assassinated or disappeared by the security forces or death squads. in santa ana my husband got work as a bricklayer. he was not involved in politics. he worked and spent time at home with our children. i kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with co - madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. during this time there were continual assassinations


politics. he worked and spent time at home with our children. i kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with co - madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. during this time there were continual assassinations and disappearances. on the highway from santa ana to san salvador you could see fifteen corpses in different places on any given day : students, workers, peasants, old people, women. the co - madres would call press conferences when people were disappeared, or place ads in the newspaper announcing that someone was being charged and tried. i worked mostly with governmental organizations, international officials, and institutions and churches. i also distributed food to people who visited the office, visited political prisoners in jail and brought them supplies, and solicited food and other donations from international and domestic organizations. like other independent human rights organizations, we came under attack from the right wing. in october 1979 i was in san salvador with a group when we learned that the body of one of these mothers ’ sons had been found on the streets ; he had been disappeared. it was 7 p. m. and we were returning with the body in a minibus, when we were stopped by the police. they accused us of carrying arms and made all ten of us, including a child, lie face down with our arms stretched above our heads. the six policemen walked in single file around us, beating us on our backs with rifle butts and stepping on us. we were lying about three hours, while more police arrived, including a commander. meanwhile it kept getting closer to the curfew time — midnight — when everyone had to be off the street. if anyone was on the street after midnight they could be machinegunned. so they were detained until then — many people died this way. around 11 : 40 p. m. they started to let us go. six women were released, but four of us — including me — they kept. they asked us questions — where were we from, our names, the names of our parents, what were we doing. meanwhile, they kept on saying we were carrying arms, a complete lie, and joking that the boy whose corpse we were carrying had died of mosquito bites. finally, at ten minutes to twelve, they told us to put our hands behind our head and start walking. then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. they kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our


put our hands behind our head and start walking. then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. they kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our stomachs. they asked us if we wanted to die. we were silent. i felt complete terror and thought they were surely going to kill me. finally, they told us we could leave. it was two minutes to twelve, which meant we had only two minutes to get off the street. they brought back the chauffeur, who had been taken a short distance away ; he had been badly beaten. we all got into the bus with the corpse. fortunately there was a funeral home nearby and we arrived there before the curfew began. this was my first personal experience of torture and the kind of tactics used by the security forces. i had heard many stories but this was the first time i had experienced it myself. in 1980 i moved with my family to sonsonate, where my husband had gotten a job building big houses. barely a month later he was assassinated. on june 19 four men in civilian clothes, heavily armed, came to our house. they asked for my husband and said they were taking him to the municipal police station because he had been witness to a robbery. when he didn ’ t return i inquired at the police station, but he wasn ’ t registered there. the following day the newspaper had a picture of him saying he was a guerrilla who died in a confrontation with the armed forces in a clandestine house full of arms. this was a complete lie since he hadn ’ t been involved with anything since the strike. when i went to get my husband ’ s body, the judge who had identified it told me that it was the armed forces who had killed my husband, that his hands and feet had been bound and there was a bullet hole through his head. at the cemetery in sonsonate, i saw his tied hands and feet and the bullet hole through his head. my neighbors warned me that my house was " militarizado, " with soldiers surrounding it and going through all our things. once they kill one member of a family, they often kill others. so i never went back. instead i went to san salvador. i was pregnant at the time with my fifth child. i continued to be very active with co - madres, which was under intense pressure from the right - wing death squads and security forces. in 1980 the co - madres office,


salvador. i was pregnant at the time with my fifth child. i continued to be very active with co - madres, which was under intense pressure from the right - wing death squads and security forces. in 1980 the co - madres office, which we shared with the nongovernmental human rights commission ( cdh ), was bombed twice. the first bombing took place on march 13, 1980. afterward the national guard came, supposedly to investigate, but did nothing. the second bombing occurred in september 1980, and several unknown decapitated bodies were left at the front of the office, as a further warning of what would happen to us. several members of the human rights commission were also assassinated during this period. in the beginning of 1982, archbishop rivera y damas recognized the work that we at co - madres were doing and he gave us office space along with the human rights commission, socorro juridico, and tutela legal — the archdiocese ’ s own human rights and legal offices. to announce our move, we held a press conference, telling the public about the work we were doing and where they should come for help. as a result, a death threat from the death squad leader maximiliano hernandez appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of co - madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one. fifteen days after this, a member of co - madres, ophelia, was captured by members of the security forces dressed as civilians, and then taken to the national police station. we started paid advertising to get her released and to force a tribunal to investigate why she had been captured. the police confirmed that she was being held, " for investigation. " we later learned that during those days she had been tortured and raped, and eighteen days after she had been captured, she was dumped near the santa ana – san salvador highway, about fifty kilometers outside of san salvador, early in the morning. some workers called us to say a woman had been found. her hands were still tied behind her and her mouth was gagged. she was so disfigured that we didn ’ t even recognize her. her whole face was inflamed ; she couldn ’ t talk because her teeth had been broken inside her mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body. when we asked her who she was, and she managed to say " ophelia, " we couldn ’ t believe it. we took her to a doctor, and after she had


mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body. when we asked her who she was, and she managed to say " ophelia, " we couldn ’ t believe it. we took her to a doctor, and after she had recovered she testified about what had happened to her. she said there were photos of all of us at the national police station, but they were asking her about a few people in particular. i was one of the people they were asking about. it was shortly after this that men dressed as civilians started coming to my house, asking questions. others were constantly watching the house and whenever i left they would come and talk to the children. the children were nervous about what would happen to me. around this time in the street the army and the security forces were also stepping up their street searches. they would make people get off buses and show their registration and they would physically search you and everything you were carrying, including diapers. the terrorization of co - madres continued. in 1982, elena gonzalez was shot and killed by death squads in her home in cuzcatancingo. three co - madres mothers, haydee moran, blanca alvarado, and carmen sorto ruano and her nineteen - year - old daughter, were taken one by one by national police to the famous body dump, " puerta del diablo, " where they laid their heads on a stone and told them their heads would be cut off with a machete if they didn ’ t talk about co - madres. haydee and blanca were released ; carmen and her daughter were imprisoned until 1983. it was clear to me that my life was in danger. i decided to flee el salvador for mexico. i left on august 4, 1982, taking four of my children, and leaving the eldest in san salvador with my mother. i stayed in mexico until 1984, and worked there with the co - madres office. then my visa expired so i was afraid of being deported back. the united nations committee on refugees recognized me as a refugee and they gave me papers to apply for political asylum in mexico, and though i had a number of interviews i never received any response. this made me even more nervous since i knew other salvadorans whose applications were granted ; i might be on some kind of blacklist. in 1984, after the co - madres received the robert f. kennedy human rights award i decided to return to el salvador as i believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, i would now


might be on some kind of blacklist. in 1984, after the co - madres received the robert f. kennedy human rights award i decided to return to el salvador as i believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, i would now be safer. also, napoleon duarte had recently been elected president after a campaign in which he promised to respect human rights and initiate investigations into disappearances and assassinations. but when the four of us applied for our visas to travel to the united states for the rfk award, they were denied. an article appeared in la prensa grafica quoting a u. s. state department declaration saying they were denied since we had communist connections. to have our names printed in the newspaper linked to communists was very dangerous. it was like giving permission for the death squads to come in and assassinate us. a few days after, the u. s. embassy told the public, the kennedy memorial, and a human rights delegation that the visas were denied because we were dangerous and terrorists and we had direct connections to guerrillas. we asked for an audience with the ambassador so he could provide proof, but he wouldn ’ t see us. a visiting u. s. delegation also asked for proof, but nothing was forthcoming. from that moment we noticed an increase in surveillance, but luckily, around this same time, three of the four of us were invited for a european tour. we left on january 20, 1985, and spent three months touring spain, holland, switzerland, england, greece, west germany, france, italy, norway, and sweden. we met with mrs. mitterand, mrs. papandreou, and other prominent women ; also with willy brandt in west germany and with united nations representatives in geneva. we hoped this kind of international exposure would give us more protection, and on our return on april 20, 1985, we were accompanied by european parliamentarians. meanwhile, the assassinated body of a co - madres member, isabel, who had disappeared some eleven months earlier, was found in her home. only a few months later, maria ester grande was detained by the treasury police and threatened ; they picked up her son and tortured and interrogated him for fifteen days to get information about his mother and where she lived. ( during this time, those of us who were active in co - madres never lived in one place. we moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces ). finally, he told them and the treasury police went and picked her up


, those of us who were active in co - madres never lived in one place. we moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces ). finally, he told them and the treasury police went and picked her up ; then they returned four times to her house, treated her children brutally and threatened to kill their mother and brother if they didn ’ t tell where arms were hidden. they never found any arms. but they presented her with her son tied up and beaten, and said if she wanted her son to live she would have to go back to co - madres and get the names of all who worked there and their addresses. then she was dropped off at our office. instead of cooperating with them, she told us what happened. we immediately went to the red cross and finally her son was transferred to mariona prison until 1987. shortly after this, there was a break - in of the co - madres office and everything was taken — documents, testimony, tapes, photos, and money. as a result they had those lists of everyone involved with co - madres. from this point on, there was constant surveillance and repression. in november 1985, joaquin antonio caceres, of the human rights commission, with whom we worked closely, was captured and held for forty - five days and later brought to prison and accused of being a guerrilla. around the same time, co - madres was awarded the bruno krisky human rights award. i traveled to austria to receive it, visiting other european countries as well. i was away until march, and when i returned, all my movements were monitored by the police. i lived in constant fear. on may 6, 1986, i was grabbed suddenly by a man at a bus stop, a pistol was pressed in my side and i was told to walk and not make any noise. then i was pushed into a white car that was waiting with its doors open. they forced me to lie on the floor with my head down, so that i couldn ’ t see outside, and then the car drove around in circles so i wouldn ’ t know where i was being taken. finally i was taken to a house with the three men who captured me. they blindfolded me and put me in a chair with my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who i was, what was i doing in the neighborhood, and whether i knew people from co - madres. i was held for three days, during which time i was


my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who i was, what was i doing in the neighborhood, and whether i knew people from co - madres. i was held for three days, during which time i was beaten and raped by the three men, all while blindfolded. i was seven months pregnant at the time. there was no way for me to know if it was day or night. they gave me no food and only a little water. later they started carving my belly with a knife. they didn ’ t make deep wounds but scrapes which left blood. they questioned me about co - madres and when i continued to tell them i knew nothing, they told me i would die. then they left me for the night, blindfolded, with my hands tied to the chair. the next day they asked me the same questions and again wounded me with the sharp object, but this time the wounds were deeper — i still have scars. finally, they blindfolded me again, put me in a car, and told me not to look where we were going or they would shoot me in the head. then they dropped me in the cucatlan park. it was nine in the morning. i was bleeding, disoriented, and my clothes were torn since they had sliced them with the sharp, pointed object. i was holding my wound to stop the bleeding. i had no money ; they had taken everything from me. i asked a woman at a bus stop to help me, telling her that i had been robbed. she gave me some money. i didn ’ t know if i should go first to the hospital, my home, or the office. i decided the office and told them everything that had happened. several days later we published a " denuncia " ( an accusation ). the security forces ’ arrests of people connected with human rights organizations intensified. and on friday, may 26, i was arrested again. they were dressed as civilians, heavily armed, but i later learned that they were members of the treasury police. i was tortured for four days, beaten all over, on my head, my back. at one point a towel was put over my head and one of my torturers sat on my head and neck. ten days later i was visited by the international red cross and the human rights commission who told me that i was accused of being a terrorist. though i was never tried or sentenced, i was held in ilopango women ’ s prison until


neck. ten days later i was visited by the international red cross and the human rights commission who told me that i was accused of being a terrorist. though i was never tried or sentenced, i was held in ilopango women ’ s prison until late 1986. i was able to find homes for four of my children. but my six - year - old daughter stayed with me in prison, along with my son, who was born there. on september 22, i was ordered released by president duarte, in a public ceremony. at that ceremony i pointed to a man there who had been one of my torturers. following my release i was terrified to go to the co - madres office, i was scared at bus stops, and if any vehicle stopped, i was afraid someone would jump out and grab me. i was frightened that i would be machine - gunned on the street. my house continued under surveillance and attacks against the human rights commission also continued. i knew that there was no way i could remain in el salvador. i began planning my escape. i learned that i was being invited to the united states in january to talk to members of congress and other groups : this would be a good opportunity to find temporary safety. i was no longer safe in el salvador or mexico, which was no longer accepting salvadorans for asylum. i was forced to leave three of my children in mexico, living with different families. my two youngest children came with me. there is another story to tell about my efforts to get asylum in the united states in the 1980s, when many in the u. s. government were supporting the regime in power, but that is for another time. i rejoice that peace has come to my country at last and that the human rights we fought for during those dark years now seem within our reach, not just in our dreams. speak truth to power ( umbrage, 2000 )


before the glory that was greece and rome, even before the first cities of mesopotamia or temples along the nile, there lived in the lower danube valley and the balkan and carpathian foothills people who were ahead of their time in art, technology and long - distance trade. http : / / www. tkinter. smig. net / news / images / nyt2009 - 11 - 30a. jpg rumyana kostadinova ivanova and marius amarie harsova, ( gumelnita culture ) the chalcolitic village - 6, 000 yers old whistle in working condition at : spondylus artifacts in the carpathian land at : the institute for the study of the ancient world will present a series of public programs, accompanying the lost world of old europe exhibition with the goal of furthering the understanding and appreciation of romanian, bulgarian and moldovan culture. public programs will include a romanian film series, music nights, a scholarly lecture series, which will further elucidate topics explored in the exhibition and public tours. for 1, 500 years, starting earlier than 5000 b. c., they farmed and built sizable towns, a few with as many as 2, 000 dwellings. they mastered large - scale copper smelting, the new technology of the age. their graves held an impressive array of exquisite headdresses and necklaces and, in one cemetery, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be found anywhere in the world. the striking designs of their pottery speak of the refinement of the culture ’ s visual language. until recent discoveries, the most intriguing artifacts were the ubiquitous terracotta “ goddess ” figurines, originally interpreted as evidence of the spiritual and political power of women in society. new research, archaeologists and historians say, has broadened understanding of this long overlooked culture, which seemed to have approached the threshold of “ civilization ” status. writing had yet to be invented, and so no one knows what the people called themselves. to some scholars, the people and the region are simply old europe. the little - known culture is being rescued from obscurity in an exhibition, “ the lost world of old europe : the danube valley, 5000 - 3500 b. c., ” which opened last month at the institute for the study of the ancient world at new york university. more than 250 artifacts from museums in bulgaria, moldova and romania are on display for the first time in the united states. the show will run through april 25. at its


month at the institute for the study of the ancient world at new york university. more than 250 artifacts from museums in bulgaria, moldova and romania are on display for the first time in the united states. the show will run through april 25. at its peak, around 4500 b. c., said david w. anthony, the exhibition ’ s guest curator, “ old europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world ” and was developing “ many of the political, technological and ideological signs of civilization. ” dr. anthony is a professor of anthropology at hartwick college in oneonta, n. y., and author of “ the horse, the wheel, and language : how bronze - age riders from the eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. ” historians suggest that the arrival in southeastern europe of people from the steppes may have contributed to the collapse of the old europe culture by 3500 b. c. at the exhibition preview, roger s. bagnall, director of the institute, confessed that until now “ a great many archaeologists had not heard of these old europe cultures. ” admiring the colorful ceramics, dr. bagnall, a specialist in egyptian archaeology, remarked that at the time “ egyptians were certainly not making pottery like this. ” a show catalog, published by princeton university press, is the first compendium in english of research on old europe discoveries. the book, edited by dr. anthony, with jennifer y. chi, the institute ’ s associate director for exhibitions, includes essays by experts from britain, france, germany, the united states and the countries where the culture existed. dr. chi said the exhibition reflected the institute ’ s interest in studying the relationships of well - known cultures and the “ underappreciated ones. ” although excavations over the last century uncovered traces of ancient settlements and the goddess figurines, it was not until local archaeologists in 1972 discovered a large fifth - millennium b. c. cemetery at varna, bulgaria, that they began to suspect these were not poor people living in unstructured egalitarian societies. even then, confined in cold war isolation behind the iron curtain, bulgarians and romanians were unable to spread their knowledge to the west. the story now emerging is of pioneer farmers after about 6200 b. c. moving north into old europe from greece and macedonia, bringing wheat and barley seeds and domesticated cattle and sheep. they established colonies along the black sea and in the river plains and hills, and these evolved into related but somewhat distinct


“ council of goddesses. ” in her influential books three decades ago, marija gimbutas, an anthropologist at the university of california, los angeles, offered these and other so - called venus figurines as representatives of divinities in cults to a mother goddess that reigned in prehistoric europe. although the late dr. gimbutas still has an ardent following, many scholars hew to more conservative, nondivine explanations. the power of the objects, dr. bailey said, was not in any specific reference to the divine, but in “ a shared understanding of group identity. ” as dr. bailey wrote in the exhibition catalog, the figurines should perhaps be defined only in terms of their actual appearance : miniature, representational depictions of the human form. he thus “ assumed ( as is justified by our knowledge of human evolution ) that the ability to make, use and understand symbolic objects such as figurines is an ability that is shared by all modern humans and thus is a capability that connects you, me, neolithic men, women and children, and the paleolithic painters in caves. ” or else the “ thinker, ” for instance, is the image of you, me, the archaeologists and historians confronted and perplexed by a “ lost ” culture in southeastern europe that had quite a go with life back before a single word was written or a wheel turned. before the establishment of the first cities in mesopotamia ca. 4500 bc, highly sophisticated societies with advanced technology and complex systems of symbolic representation had emerged in the southeastern part of europe. the neolithic people of the balkans were the first in europe to adopt of a new type of economy, based on agriculture and animal breeding. this happened in the 7th millennium bc and marked a radical shift in the way humans interacted with their environment. after a million of years of nomadic life – during which little had changed – people settled in permanent habitations and started developing new skills and modes of social interaction. houses became foci of settled life and people started exploring previously unaddressed material and spiritual needs. they replaced their flimsy basket containers with sturdy vases made of clay. they understood the properties of metals creating new, more effective types of tools. they expressed their beliefs through the manufacture of figurines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. and they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities. by the 5th millennium bc, the thriving cultures of the balkans were among the most advanced in the old world – featuring densely populated


##urines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. and they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities. by the 5th millennium bc, the thriving cultures of the balkans were among the most advanced in the old world – featuring densely populated settlements, a sophisticated system of social hierarchy, highly symbolic cult rituals, complex long - distance exchange networks, and an amazing copper - and gold - working industry. by the mid - 4th millennium, however, this brilliant world came to an abrupt end. the reasons are not clear : invasions? climatic changes? overexploitation of natural resources? international tour of the exhibit : the ashmolean museum of art and archaeology oxford university, england may 20 - august 15, 2010 museum of cycladic art september 30, 2010 - january 11, 2011 ( dates to be confirmed ) please note, the dates are subject to change without notice. for more information on the venues please click on the link and you will be navigated to the exhibiting museum ' s website. in the media : " dr. jennifer chi, " television broadcast : sunday arts, wnet, january 27, 2010. " the lost world of old europe, " radio broadcast : the leonard lopate show, wnyc, january 14, 2010. mp3 and slideshow of objects from the exhibition. " ancient artifacts, " television broadcast : eye on new york, wcbs, 6 december, 2009. andrew moseman, “ advanced, overlooked ancient european culture arrives in america, ” 80beats | discover magazine, december 1, 2009. john noble wilford, “ a lost european culture, pulled from obscurity ” the new york times, november 30, 2009. michael balter, “ the lost world of old europe : see it in new york ” origins : a history of beginnings ( sciencemag. org ), november 25, 2009. christine lin, “ lost artifacts of old europe arrive in new york. ” epoch times, november 13, 2009.


but for the parents of that teenager, even the most trusting among them, anxiety is often the emotion that clouds all others. warnings are plastered in plain view from fliers on school bulletin boards to public service announcements on tv urging new drivers to make the best decisions regarding their safety on the road. parents and members of the rome and floyd county community are encouraged to attend a free presentation on safe teen driving at darlington school on jan. 22. lauren winborne, founder of the nonprofit organization steersmart, will speak to students in grades 8 - 12 about the topic of teen driving at 2 p. m. in the huffman athletic center. “ because teen driving fatalities are usually caused by inexperience and unsafe driving habits, steersmart seeks to educate parents as well as teens. we hope those parents who are able to will join us for this presentation, ” said jill pate, director of personal counseling. “ car crashes are the number one cause of fatality among teenage drivers, and this program walks through and dissects the anatomy of specific crashes that resulted in fatalities or severely injured youth. ” pate said the program will depict examples of severe crashes that happened as a result of speeding, texting, driving with too many passengers, alcohol and drugs, driving without wearing seatbelts, intersection awareness, over correcting, weather related problems and more. the program will offer safe driving tips and solutions for teens who are ready to take on the road. winborne, a mother of six, founded steersmart to encourage schools, associations and communities to help prevent wrecks that take lives and leave survivors impaired for life. the programs she developed arose out of research and interviews with parents who had lost their children to wrecks. according to the organization ’ s website, presentations focus on decisions and consequences of decisions made by young drivers. whether a youth is a driver or a passenger, he or she will learn that there are ramifications for every decision made behind the wheel. students learn from their peers in the program who have been killed by making just one fatal decision. they also learn from victims who survived crashes but are wheelchair bound because of decisions made just before their crashes. “ the program emphasizes that all students start their day virtually in the same way, ” winborne said. “ no one begins their day by thinking, ‘ i could die this afternoon. ’ the myth that all kids who get killed or injured in these crashes are wasted kids at 1 a. m. is also dispelled. “ the program shows victims


how the short - sword was the easier known when sought for by reason of the notch in the blade. thorstein dromund was a mighty man, and of the greatest account ; and now he heard that thorbiorn angle had got him gone from the land out to micklegarth ; speedy were his doings thereon, he gave over his lands into his kinsmen ' s hands, and betook himself to journeying and to search for angle ; and ever he followed after whereas angle had gone afore, nor was angle ware of his goings. so thorstein dromund came out to micklegarth a little after angle, and was fain above all things. to slay him, but neither knew the other. now had they will to be taken into the company of the varangians, and the matter went well as soon as the varangians knew that they were northmen ; and in those days was michael katalak king over micklegarth. thorstein dromund watched for angle, if in some wise be might know him, but won not the game because of the many people there ; and ever would he lie awake, ill content with his lot, and thinking how great was his loss. now hereupon it befell that the varangians were to go on certain warfare, and free the land from harrying ; and their manner and law it was before they went from home to hold a weapon - show, and so it was now done ; and when the weapon - show was established, then were all varangians to come there, and those withal who were minded to fall into their company, and they were to show forth their weapons. thither came both thorstein and angle ; but thorbiorn angle showed forth his weapons first ; and he had the shorts - word, grettir ' s - loom ; but when he showed it many praised it and said that it was an exceeding good weapon, but that it was a great blemish, that notch in the edge thereof ; and asked him withal what had brought that to pass. angle said it was a thing worthy to be told of, " for this is the next thing to be said, " says he, " that out in iceland i slew that champion who was called grettir the strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest - hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till i came forth for that end ; and


i slew that champion who was called grettir the strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest - hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till i came forth for that end ; and whereas i had the good hap to win him, i took his life ; though indeed he had my strength many times over ; then i drave this short - sword into his head, and thereby was a shard broken from out its edge. " so those who stood nigh said, that he must have been hard of head then, and each showed the short - sword to the other ; but hereby thorstein deemed he knew now who this man was, and he prayed withal to see the short - sword even as the others ; then angle gave it up with good will, for all were praising his bravery and that daring onset, and even in such wise did he think this one would do ; and in no wise did he misdoubt him that thorstein was there, or that the man was akin to grettir. then dromund took the short - sword, and raised it aloft, and hewed at angle and smote him on the head, and so great was the stroke that it stayed but at the jaw - teeth, and thorbiorn angle fell to earth dead and dishonoured. thereat all men became hushed ; but the chancellor of the town seized thorstein straightway, and asked for what cause he did such an ill - deed there at the hallowed thing. thorstein said that he was the brother of grettir the strong, and that withal he had never been able to bring vengeance to pass till then ; so thereupon many put in their word, and said that the strong man must needs have been of great might and nobleness, in that thorstein had fared so far forth into the world to avenge him : the rulers of the city deemed that like enough ; but whereas there was none there to bear witness in aught to thorstein ' s word, that law of theirs prevailed, that whosoever slew a man should lose nought but his life. so then speedy doom and hard enow did thorstein get ; for in a dark chamber of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. but when thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death ' s door


of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. but when thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death ' s door from misery ; and both foul and cold was that abode ; thorstein spake to that man and said, " how deemest thou of thy life? " he answered, " as of a right evil life, for of nought can i be holpen, nor have i kinsmen to redeem me. " thorstein said, " nought is of less avail in such matters than lack of good rede ; let us be merry then, and do somewhat that will be glee and game to us. " the man said that he might have no glee of aught. " nay, then, but let us try it, " said thorstein. and therewithal he fell to singing ; and he was a man of such goodly voice that scarcely might his like be found therefor, nor did he now spare himself. now the highway was but a little way from the dungeon, and thorstein sang so loud and clear that the walls resounded therewith, and great game this seemed to him who had been half - dead erst ; and in such wise did thorstein keep it going till the evening.


ideo byte : jacana class : aves ( birds ) length : males — 6 to 15 inches ( 15 to 39 centimeters ) ; females — 6 to 23 inches ( 15 to 58 centimeters ) weight : males — 1. 4 to 4. 8 ounces ( 41 to 137 grams ) ; females — 1. 4 to 9 ounces ( 41 to 261 grams ) life span : unknown number of eggs laid : 4 eggs incubation : 20 to 26 days age of maturity : 1 year status in the wild : stable when spread out, a jacana ’ s toes and claws can cover an area up to 5 by 8 inches ( 12 by 20 centimeters ). • pheasant - tailed and northern jacana males will pick up the empty shell of their newly hatched chick and fly several yards ( meters ) away before dropping it. this may keep predators away from the nest. • female jacanas can be almost twice as big as the males. jacanas are colorful birds with long legs and incredibly long toes and claws. the super - long toes spread the bird ’ s weight over a large area. this allows them to walk across floating vegetation, especially lily pads. jacanas often appear to be walking on the water itself! they are also very good swimmers and divers, and they can swim through open water from one area of vegetation to another while searching for food or to avoid danger. at home on the pad lily pads and other floating vegetation in swamps and marshes are home to jacanas. they live out much of their lives on these floating islands, foraging for fish and insects to eat and building their nests. jacanas are carnivores that use their bills to turn over lily pads or other aquatic vegetation. they can also grasp the edges of these plants with their toes to partially turn them over in search of food. these waterbirds often send out noisy alarms when they think predators are near. if threatened, young chicks, as well as adults, stay underwater for long periods of time with only the tips of their bills above water. they can also swim underwater to avoid predators. it is not known what types of animals prey on jacanas, as predation has not actually been observed. researchers believe that jacana predators may be other birds, as well as fish or other aquatic life. jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. some species, such as the african jacana actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time


as fish or other aquatic life. jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. some species, such as the african jacana actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time and are unable to fly until their new feathers grow in. some jacana species, such as the northern jacana jacana spinosa and the wattled jacana jacana jacana, have chestnut - to cinnamon - colored bodies, with yellow to greenish yellow flight feathers, dark brown to black neck and head, and a yellow bill. the african jacana also has a chestnut body, but its neck and head are white in front and black in back, with a golden yellow breast. the madagascar jacana actophilornis albinucha has the same colors as the african jacana, but with the neck and head colors exactly reversed. there is even a pheasant - tailed jacana hydrophasianus chirurgus with ( what else! ) a long tail like a pheasant. most jacana species also have what is called a frontal shield, which is a bare, fleshy area that extends from the bill to as far as the top of the head. most of these shields are red, but the african and madagascar jacanas have a bright blue shield. it is thought that the blue color reflects light, or that it allows the bird to blend in with the water, allowing it to escape being seen by predators. jacana eggs are true works of art. they are a deep tan color, with very dark markings that look like dribbled lines of paint, crisscrossing the entire egg in an abstract design that is different on each egg. the eggs are very glossy and shiny and look as though they have been highly polished. this “ wet ” appearance is nature ’ s camouflage, helping the eggs resemble the glossy surface of surrounding vegetation. male jacanas do most of the nest building. after the female has laid a clutch of four eggs, the male takes over the parenting responsibilities. he incubates the eggs and protects them from danger. jacana nests are built on mostly submerged plants. if the nest starts to sink, or the eggs are otherwise endangered, the male may pick them up and carry them under his wings to a new site. meanwhile, the female has left the male to find more males to breed with. she does not participate in raising chicks. if, however, the eggs or chicks are lost, she will return


table o contents chai nat is locatit in the flat river plain o central thailand ' s chao phraya river valley. in the sooth o the province the chao phraya ( umwhile chai nat ) dam impunds the chao phraya river, baith for flood control as well as tae divert water intae the kintra ' s lairgest irrigation seestem for the irrigation o rice paddies in the lawer river valley. the dam, pairt o the greater chao phraya project, wis finished in 1957 an wis the first dam constructit in thailand. oreeginally the ceety wis locatit at sankhaburi. in the reign o keeng mongkut ( rama iv ) the main settlement o the province wis moved tae its present - day location. durin the wars wi the burmese it wis an important military base for confrontin the burmese airmy. as aw these confrontations wur successful the ceety gained the name chai nat, which means place o victory. the slogan o the province is venerable luangpu suk, renouned chao phraya dam, famous bird park an tasty khao taengkwa pomelo. admeenistrative diveesions straw bird fair, chai nat ’ s product fair and red cross fair ( ) this annual fair is organized bi makin guid uise o straw, a bi - product in rice farmin. various species o huge straw birds will come perchin on elaborately decoratit floats durin the straw bird procession an the competition is held in front o chai nat ceety hall. the event is held annually durin cheenese new year in februar. chai nat pomelo fair ( ) chai nat is ane o several provinces famous for producin exceptional pomelo. the best kent are o the khao taengkwa variety haein a well - roondit shape, smooth skin, thin peel, sweet - crispy taste an a little sour, but no bitter. the fair is held durin late august - early september in front o chai nat ceety hall an features mony activities such as pomelo contest, varieties o exhibitions bi provincial authorities, an young shoot an pomelo sales.


this depends very much on the type of application you run. if you ' ve got applications which are very trigger - happy wrt syscalls you can expect to see high amounts of context switching. if most of your applications idle around and only wake up when there ' s stuff happening on a socket, you can expect to see low context switch rates. system calls cause context switches by their very own nature. when a process does a system call, it basically tells the kernel to take over from it ' s current point in time and memory to do stuff the process isn ' t privileged to do, and return to the same spot when it ' s done. when we look at the definition of the write ( 2 ) syscall from linux, this becomes very clear : write - write to a file descriptor ssize _ t write ( int fd, const void * buf, size _ t count ) ; write ( ) writes up to count bytes from the buffer pointed buf to the file referred to by the file descriptor fd. [.. ] on success, the number of bytes written is returned ( zero indicates nothing was written ). on error, - 1 is returned, and errno is set this basically tells the kernel to take over operation from the process, move up to count bytes, starting from the memory address pointed at by * buf to file descriptor fd of the current process and then return back to the process and tell him how it went. a nice example to show this is the dedicated game server for valve source based games, hlds. http : / / nopaste. narf. at / f1b22dbc9 shows one second worth of syscalls done by a single instance of a game server which had no players on it. this process takes about 3 % cpu time on a xeon x3220 ( 2. 4ghz ), just to give you a feeling for how expensive this is. another source of context switching might be processes which don ' t do syscalls, but need to get moved off a given cpu to make room for other processes. a nice way to visualize this is cpuburn. cpuburn doesn ' t do any syscalls itself, it just iterates over it ' s own memory, so it shouldn ' t cause any context switching. take an idle machine, start vmstat and then run a burnmmx ( or any different test from the cpuburn package ) for every cpu


we live in the age of information. it pours upon us from the pages of newspapers and magazines, radio loudspeakers, tv and computer screens. the main part of this information has the form of natural language texts. even in the area of computers, a larger part of the information they manipulate nowadays has the form of a text. it looks as if a personal computer has mainly turned into a tool to create, proofread, store, manage, and search for text documents. our ancestors invented natural language many thousands of years ago for the needs of a developing human society. modern natural languages are developing according to their own laws, in each epoch being an adequate tool for human communication, for expressing human feelings, thoughts, and actions. for the last two centuries, humanity has successfully coped with the automation of many tasks using mechanical and electrical devices, and these devices faithfully serve people in their everyday life. in the second half of the twentieth century, human attention has turned to the automation of natural language processing. people now want assistance not only in mechanical, but also in intellectual efforts. the most - used language on the internet according to wikipedia is english. although the total number of native english speakers in the world is about 322 millions, which is only around one fifth of the total internet users ; the amount of english web content approaches 80 %. generally speaking, when a language has got the position of a universal language, the position tends to be affirmed and extended by itself. since " everyone " knows and uses english, people are almost forced to learn english and use it, and learn it better. besides the importance of the internet grows rapidly in all fields of human life, including not only research and education but also marketing and trade as well as entertainment and hobbies. this implies that it becomes more and more important to know how to use internet services and, as a part of this, to read and write english. but english is changing fast too. there is no area of the culture that collision ' s more intensely than that, for the web has changed english more radically than any invention since paper, and much faster. according to paul payack, who runs the global language monitor, " there are currently 988, 974 words in the english language, with thousands more emerging every month ". by his calculation, english will adopt its one millionth word in late november. to put that statistic another way, for every french word, there are now ten in english. so far from debasing the language, the rapid


greenhouse effect basics : warm earth, cold atmosphere posted on 29 february 2012 by tom curtis heating and heat flow some physics, everyone knows. in our daily lives we encounter the effects of physics all the time, and as a result, we know what physics predicts in those circumstances at a gut level. we may not be able to put it into numbers. we may not be able to apply it in novel situations. but we know it all the same. one example is as simple as putting on a blanket. we know that if we want warm something up, we can increase the supply of heat - or we can reduce the escape of heat. either is effective. if you have a pot that is simmering and you want to bring it to the boil, you can turn the heat up, or you can put on the lid. if we put on the lid, the pot will go nicely from simmering to boiling, and we don ' t need to turn up the heat even slightly. indeed, if we are not careful to turn down the heat, the pot may well boil over. likewise, if you have two identical motors running with an identical load and speed ( revolutions per minute ), one with the water pump working and one without, we are all physicist enough to say that the second one will run hotter. it does not matter that the energy supplied as fuel is identical in both cases. the fact that heat escapes more easilly with water circulating through the radiator will keep the first cooler. the consequence is that stopping the the water from circulating will lead second motor to disaster. nor do we find people who doubt this. suppose somebody told us their water pump was broken, but that the second law of thermodynamics prohibited transfer of heat from a cooler place ( the water ) to a hotter place ( the engine block ), so they ' ld be fine so long as they didn ' t rev any faster than normal, we ' ld look at them in complete disbelief. or we would if we were too polite to burst out laughing. and if they set out cross country confident in their belief, it doesn ' t matter what destination they claim they ' re heading for. rather, as we all know, they ' re really heading for a breakdown! ( image copyright to istock, and not to be reproduced without their permission. ) heat flow to space this physics that everyone knows is not only true of pots and radiators. it is true of the earth as well. the earth is warmed by our remarkably stable