infant nation seemed stillborn, or as the vulnerable prey for the more powerful europeans. as stated previously the articles of confederation actually created thirteen independent nations, with no national executive for enforcing the law. therefore each state ignored the resolutions from congress and served its own self - interest. each state established its own rules for interstate commerce, printed its own money and even established treaties with foreign nations. no system existed for governing the interactions between the states, who often treated each other like hostile powers. the new nation did possess one thing in abundance, land ; the vast wilderness between the appalachian mountains and the mississippi river. conceded by the british in the treaty of paris, the americans looked at this as their economic solution. the nation owed the veterans of the revolution a huge debt and paid them in the only currency available, land grants. unfortunately, someone must inform the indians living on this land and make treaties regarding land distribution. for the americans this seemed simple, the indians, as british allies, suffered defeat with the british and must pay the price. after all, under the rules of european “ civilized ” warfare, defeated nations surrendered territory and life went on. unfortunately no one, neither american nor british, informed the indians of these rules, because no one felt they deserved explanation. besides, the british hoped that by inciting indian troubles they might recoup their former colonies. with british arms and encouragement the tribes of the “ old northwest ” raided the western frontier with a vengeance. from western new york down through modern kentucky these indians kept up their war with the americans. in kentucky between 1783 and 1790 the various tribes killed an estimated 1, 500 people, stole 20, 000 horses and destroyed an unknown amount of property. our former ally, spain, controlled all of the territory west of the mississippi river before the american revolution. from here they launched expeditions that captured british posts at modern vicksburg and natchez, mississippi, and the entire gulf coast. however, they claimed about two - thirds of the southeastern us based on this “ conquest ” including land far beyond the occupation of their troops. like the british, they incited the indians living in this region for keeping out american settlers. spain also controlled the port of new orleans and access into the mississippi river. americans living in kentucky and other western settlements depended on the mississippi river for their commerce. the national government seemed unable, or unwilling, at forcing concessions from spain, and many westerners considered seceding from the union. known as the “ spanish conspiracy ” this plot included many influential americans and only disappeared after


the mississippi river for their commerce. the national government seemed unable, or unwilling, at forcing concessions from spain, and many westerners considered seceding from the union. known as the “ spanish conspiracy ” this plot included many influential americans and only disappeared after the american victory at fallen timbers. while revisionist historians ignore the “ spanish conspiracy ” they illuminate land speculation by americans in spanish territory. of course they conveniently ignore the duplicity of spanish officials in these plots, and their acceptance of american money. in signing the declaration of independence the founding fathers pledged “ their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor. ” many continental army officers bankrupted themselves when congress and their states proved recalcitrant at reimbursing them for incurred expenses. these officers often personally financed their troops and their expeditions because victory required timely action. of importance for the western region, george rogers clark used his personal credit for financing his campaigns, which secured america ’ s claim. it takes no “ lettered ” historian for determining that without clark ’ s campaign that america ’ s western boundary ends with the appalachian mountains, instead of the mississippi river. with the bankrupt congress and virginia treasuries not reimbursing him he fell into the south carolina yazoo company. clark ’ s brother - in - law, dr. james o ’ fallon, negotiated this deal for 3, 000, 000 acres of land in modern mississippi. this negotiation involved the spanish governor of louisiana, don estavan miro, a somewhat corrupt official. when the spanish king negated the treaty, clark, o ’ fallon and the other investors lost their money and grew hateful of spain. another, lesser known, negotiation involved former continental army colonel george morgan and the spanish ambassador, don diego de gardoqui. morgan received title for 15, 000, 000 acres near modern new madrid, missouri for establishing a colony. ironically, an unscrupulous american, james wilkinson, discussed later in the document, working in conjunction with miro, negated this deal. both of these land deals involved the establishment of american colonies in spanish territory, with americans declaring themselves spanish subjects. few spaniards lived in the area west of the mississippi river and saw the growing number of american settlers as a threat. however, if these americans, already disgusted with their government, became spanish subjects, they now became assets. if they cleared and farmed the land, they provided revenue that spanish louisiana desperately needed. since many of these men previously served in the revolution, they provided a ready militia for defending


disgusted with their government, became spanish subjects, they now became assets. if they cleared and farmed the land, they provided revenue that spanish louisiana desperately needed. since many of these men previously served in the revolution, they provided a ready militia for defending their property. this included defending it against their former country, the united states, with little authority west of the appalachian mountains. internationally, the weak us became a tragic pawn in the continuing superpower struggle between england and france. with no naval forces for protection, american merchant mariners became victims of both nations on the high seas. british and french warships stopped american ships bound for their enemy, confiscating cargo and conscripting sailors into their navies. in the mediterranean sea, our ships became the targets of the barbary pirates, the ancestors of our enemies today. helpless, our government paid ransoms for prisoners and tribute for safe passage until the barbary wars of the early 19th century. despite all of these problems most influential americans still “ looked inward, ” and feared a strong central government more than foreign domination. when the cries of outrage came from the western frontiers regarding indian depredations, our leaders still more feared a “ standing army. ” in the world of the founding fathers the tyranny of king george iii ’ s central government created their problem. the king further used his “ standing army ” for oppressing the colonists and infringing on their liberties. congress also possessed more recent examples of the problems with a “ standing army ” during the american revolution. first came the mutiny of the pennsylvania line in january, 1781 for addressing their grievances. since the beginning of the war, in 1775, the continental soldiers endured almost insurmountable hardships, as explained previously. the soldiers rarely received pay, and then received the almost worthless “ continental currency, ” which inflation further devalued. this forced severe hardships also on the soldiers ’ families, and many lost their homes and farms. the soldiers marched on the then - capital, philadelphia, for seeking redress for these grievances. forced into action, congress addressed their problems with pay and the soldiers rejoined the army. a second, though less well known, mutiny occurred with the new jersey line shortly thereafter with different results. for “ nipping ” a growing problem “ in the bud, ” washington ordered courts - martial and the execution of the ring leaders. the last such trouble occurred in the final months of the war in the continental army camp at newburgh, new york. dissatisfied with


. fortunately many prominent americans saw that the country needed a different form of government for ensuring its survival. despite the best intentions and established rules, few people followed these rules or respected our intentions. the constitutional convention convened in philadelphia in may, 1787 with george washington unanimously elected as its president. as the delegates began the process of forming a “ more perfect union, ” the old, traditional “ colonial ” rivalries influenced the process. while most americans possess at least ancillary knowledge of the heated debates among the delegates, few know the conditions. meeting throughout the hot summer, the delegates kept the windows of their meeting hall closed, preventing the “ leaking ” of information. we must remember that this occurred before electric - powered ventilation systems or air conditioning. they kept out the “ media, ” and none of the delegates spoke with “ journalists, ” again for maintaining secrecy. modern americans, often obsessed with media access, do not understand why the delegates kept their deliberations secret. most of the delegates felt they possessed one chance for creating this new government and achieving the best possible needed their focus. “ media access ” jeopardized this focus and “ leaked ” information, with potential interruptions, jeopardized their chance for success. we find this incomprehensible today, with politicians running toward television cameras, “ leaking ” information and disclosing national secrets. unfortunately a “ journalistic elite ” exists today, misusing the first amendment, with many “ media moguls ” believing themselves the “ kingmakers ” of favorite politicians. the delegates sought the best document for satisfying the needs of the most people, making “ special interest groups ” secondary. creating a united nation proved more important than prioritizing regional and state desires. these delegates debated, and compromised, on various issues ; many of which remain important today. they worried over the threat of dominance by large, well - populated states over smaller, less - populated states. other issues concerned taxation, the issue that sparked the american revolution, and import duties, which pitted manufacturing states against agricultural states. disposition of the mostly unsettled western land, claimed by many states, proved a substantial problem for the delegates. the issue of slavery almost ended the convention and the delegates compromised, achieving the best agreement possible at the time. on september 17, 1787 the delegates adopted the us constitution and submitted it for approval by the individual states. again, merely passing laws and adopting resolutions does not immediately solve the problems, or change people ’ s attitudes. ratification of the constitution required the approval of nine


the effect of uvr on biological systems is wavelength dependent. action spectrum for dna damage is an essential component of understanding the effects of increased uvb on a range of antarctic invertebrate larvae. the wavelength dependency is quantified using spectral weighting functions which provide information such as the target organelles / molecules of the uvr, the degree that organisms are... influenced by wavelengths that are enhanced by the process of ozone depletion and the activity of sunscreening and anti - oxidant compounds. biological weighting functions ( bwfs ) were made for 3 embryonic stages of sterechinus ( eggs, blastula, 4 armed larvae ) and embryos of acodantaster, perknaster and parbolarsis. the embryos and larvae were exposed to artificial lights for 3 days. three filter treatments with 50 % nominal cut - off at 280, 305, 320, 375 and 400nm wavelengths were used. dna was analysed for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers ( cpds ). using the species specific bwf and spectral irradiance data, biological effective irradiances were calculated for a given ambient light environment. modelling of the species specific and stage specific effects of ozone depletion on larval stage were made using the bwfs and the change in ambient light field during ozone depletion.


glaucoma is a disease that can cause vision to be permanently lost very slowly over time. the disease starts by enlarging an individual ’ s “ blind spot, ” then may progress leading to complete blindness. glaucoma is sometimes referred to as “ the silent thief of sight ” because a typical person would have absolutely no symptoms in the early stages of the disease, and would only notice after it was too late and the damage was done. the disease essentially attacks the optic nerve in the back of the eye. typically high pressure inside of the eye - the intra ocular pressure, or iop - causes this damage. the number one risk factor for glaucoma is a family history of the disease, but glaucoma may affect anyone. as with most diseases of the body, the earlier the findings are caught, the more we are able to do. with modern medicine, it is rare that any new case of early glaucoma caught progresses past the “ early ” stage. how do i know if i am at risk or have glaucoma? annual eye exams. many eye doctors today are equipped with advanced instruments that allow us to catch the earliest signs of elevated eye pressures and damage to the optic nerve. carillon vision care has multiple instruments to check the pressure, and has the most advanced optic nerve imaging instrument available : the optical coherence tomographer, or oct. the oct technology measures every attribute of an optic nerve in micrometers ( one - thousandth of a millimeter! ). this allows us to know absolutely if any damage is present. i am told i am a “ glaucoma suspect. ” what is that? a glaucoma suspect is a medical diagnosis. this typically means that there is either high eye pressures with no optic nerve damage, or the optic nerve looks suspicious for possible damage. a glaucoma suspect may never actually go on to develop the disease, but we watch these patients very carefully. treatment is initiated only when we are certain that there is early damage. okay, i have glaucoma. how is it treated? a number of ways. the first line of treatment is typically to lower the eye pressure by using prescription eye drops. usually 1 drop once per day is enough. our doctors carefully review all of the new research to make sure we use only the best type of medication for each particular patient. the very first generic glaucoma medication came out a year ago, latanoprost. all other brand


. our doctors carefully review all of the new research to make sure we use only the best type of medication for each particular patient. the very first generic glaucoma medication came out a year ago, latanoprost. all other brand name glaucoma medications are very expensive. all of the 1 year published studies on latanoprost confirm the medicine is just as effective as the name brand, and our doctors have a number of glaucoma patients responding very well to this new formulation. when these drops are not enough to lower the pressure, there are a group of simple laser surgeries that are effective for most patients. these lasers essentially increase the drainage channels inside the eye helping lower the pressure. the take home message here is preventative care. if you or a loved one does not require corrective lenses and has not been in for an eye exam for a while, the time is now. if you would like more information on glaucoma, or any other common eye disease, check out www. allaboutvision. com. dr. andrew neukirch is the ceo of carillon vision care located in glenview, il sources : merk manual “ glaucoma, ” jack kanski ’ s “ clinical ohpthalmology, ” and allaboutvision. com


50 years ago this week, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as the cuban missile crisis unfolded. the united states finally decided to first blockade rather than immediately attack cuba to prevent the soviet union from finishing installation of missiles that could reach the continental united states. this article introduces the little - known story of the battles between the “ hawks ” and the “ doves ” in the kennedy administration as related in a new publication, the joint chiefs of staff and national policy, vol. 8, 1961 - 1964. when president john f. kennedy finally announced the naval blockade of cuba and the reasons for it on national television, americans huddled together, practiced nuclear drills, and prayed for some peaceful solution to prevent all - out nuclear war. only decades later did the full story of brinkmanship, bravado and brilliance come out about what really happened behind the scenes during those two weeks. image credit : the arizona state library, archives and public records a little known side of the story comes from the top military commanders who were serving the kennedy administration during the crisis, found in the surprisingly fascinating book titled the joint chiefs of staff and national policy, vol. 8, 1961 - 1964, from the office of joint history of the joint chiefs of staff. the joint chiefs of staff during the kennedy administration this accounting of the joint chiefs of staff during this tumultuous period in the history of american foreign affairs goes beyond the normal third party historian ’ s post mortem, since the author was actually able to meet with several members of the joint chiefs in the 1970 ’ s to add more of their personal insights, including admiral arleigh burke, admiral george anderson, general lyman lemnitzer, chairman during 1960 - 1962, and the chairman who succeeded him, general maxwell d. taylor. image : president john f. kennedy meets with the joint chiefs of staff. photograph includes : ( l - r ) united states marine corps general david shoup ; united states army general earle wheeler ; united states air force general curtis lemay, president kennedy ; chairman of the joint chiefs of staff general maxwell taylor ; united states navy admiral george anderson. west wing lawn. white house. washington, d. c. credit : robert knudsen. white house photographs. john f. kennedy presidential library and museum, boston what results is an interesting amalgam of history and a peek into the tensions between military joint chiefs and the civilians to whom they reported. describing the relationship of the kennedy administration and the military establishment, author walter s. poole says : “ during 1961 - 1962


is an interesting amalgam of history and a peek into the tensions between military joint chiefs and the civilians to whom they reported. describing the relationship of the kennedy administration and the military establishment, author walter s. poole says : “ during 1961 - 1962, relations between the jcs and their civilian superiors were often awkward and even confrontational ” particularly between secretary of defense robert s. mcnamara and lemnitzer. the old - school joint chiefs were concerned about the new approach to foreign policy being espoused by the kennedy administration, and tensions grew. according to the author : “ what most concerned the jcs was an apparent erosion of us credibility that emboldened communist leaders to pursue more adventurous policies. president john f. kennedy and secretary of defense robert s. mcnamara pursued what they conceived as more flexible approaches to strategy and crisis management. ” quick background on the cuban missile crisis in 1962, the soviet union was losing the arms race with the united states. in late april 1962, soviet premier nikita khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate - range missiles in cuba to double the soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential u. s. attack against the soviet union from the jupiter missiles the u. s. had just placed in turkey. ever since the failed bay of pigs invasion the previous year, fidel castro felt a second attack by the u. s. on cuba was inevitable, so he agreed to host the missiles as protection. image : initial u. s. intelligence estimates of possible u. s. targets within range of the nuclear - capable soviet ss - 4 medium - range ballistic missiles ( mrbms ) and ss - 5 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( irbms ) found by the u - 2 spy plane surveillance photographs if they were launched from cuba. credit : bettmann / corbis on october 15, 1962, the national photographic intelligence center confirmed that secret reconnaissance photographs from an american u - 2 spy plane flight the day before were finally able to definitively prove the suspicion that soviet medium - range and intermediate - range ballistic missiles capable of hitting atlanta, the midwest, washington, dc, and even los angeles and seattle were indeed in place and in the process of being installed and ready in cuba within days. in response, president kennedy and secretary mcnamara assembled the executive committee of the national security council call “ excomm ” as a task force that, together with the joint chiefs of staff and experts from the state department and other intelligence agencies, would debate the united states ’ options to deter


secretary mcnamara assembled the executive committee of the national security council call “ excomm ” as a task force that, together with the joint chiefs of staff and experts from the state department and other intelligence agencies, would debate the united states ’ options to deter the soviets from nuclear escalation. to blockade, strike or invade? earlier in september 1962, after cloud - obscured u - 2 photos had hinted at soviet build - up in cuba, the joint strategic survey council had submitted a recommendation for blockading rather than invading cuba, on grounds that a blockade would be less dramatic, require smaller resources, cause fewer casualties, and be more plausibly related to upholding the monroe doctrine. in his 1823 annual message to congress, president james monroe had established this doctrine followed by the u. s. ever since that warned european countries not to interfere in the western hemisphere, stating “ that the american continents … are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any european powers. ” however, as the crisis unfolded, the primary debate among the military commanders of the joint chiefs was over whether to carry out an all - inclusive attack against soviet and cuban forces on the island or a surgical strike confined to just attacking the missiles themselves, the nuclear storage sites, and soviet mig planes. both president kennedy and mcnamara thought that an all - inclusive attack would inevitably lead to invasion of cuba, and then possible counter - attacks elsewhere by the soviets or escalation to all - out war. but general taylor reported that the joint chiefs and the combatant commanders felt “ so strongly about the dangers inherent in [ only ] the limited strike that they would prefer taking no military action. they feel it ’ s opening up the united states to attacks which they can ’ t prevent, if we don ’ t take advantage of surprise. ” taylor added that his personal inclination was “ all against invasion, but nonetheless trying to eliminate as effectively as possible every weapon [ present in cuba ] that can strike the united states ”. according to the reports by the author, the joint chiefs were opposed to only attacking the medium - range ballistic missiles themselves, saying it would incur “ an unacceptable risk ” and that not attacking the enemy ’ s planes would expose the continental united states and puerto rico to air attack and could cause unnecessary casualties among the garrison at guantanamo and the forces assembling for invasion. instead, the jcs initially recommended “ also hitting tactical missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other appropriate targets, as well as imposing a ‘ complete ’ blockade. ” image : a


garrison at guantanamo and the forces assembling for invasion. instead, the jcs initially recommended “ also hitting tactical missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other appropriate targets, as well as imposing a ‘ complete ’ blockade. ” image : a meeting of the executive committee of the national security council in the cabinet room during the cuban missile crisis, october 29, 1962, 10 : 10 - 10 : 58am. clockwise from left : attorney general robert f. kennedy ( standing ) ; assistant sec. defense paul nitze ; dep. usia dir. donald wilson ; special counsel theodore sorensen ; exec. sec. nsc bromley smith ; special assistant mcgeorge bundy ; sec. treasury douglas dillon ; vice president lyndon b. johnson ; ambassador llewellyn thompson ; william c. foster ; cia dir. john mccone ( hidden ) ; under secretary of state george ball ( hidden ) ; president john f. kennedy ; sec. state dean rusk ; sec. defense robert mcnamara ; dep. sec. defense roswell gilpatric ; chairman jcs gen. maxwell taylor. credit : photo by cecil stoughton, jfk library st - a26 - 18 - 62 the blues vs. the reds even more fascinating was the story of the war gaming techniques used. to quickly develop two alternative scenarios for the president to consider, the excomm task force split into two groups that constantly exchanged position papers and critiqued each other ’ s work. the “ blues, ” who were to prepare the scenario for a surprise air strike, included general maxwell taylor, robert kennedy, treasury secretary douglas dillon, director mccone, dean acheson, and mcgeorge bundy. the “ reds, ” drafting the blockade option, included chief of u. s. naval operations adm. george anderson, marine corps commandant david shoup, secretary rusk, deputy secretary gilpatric, and theodore sorensen. image : on october 11 last week, certain documents from attorney general robert f. kennedy ’ s personal papers about the cuban missile crisis were declassified. in it was the above personal list of who rfk thought among the excomm were the “ hawks ” who favored an air strike ( shown in the right column labeled “ strike ” ) vs. the “ doves ” who favored a blockade of cuba ( in the left column ). note that the “ chiefs ” meaning the joint chiefs of staff along with general taylor are shown on the “ hawks ” strike side of his list on the right


. the “ doves ” who favored a blockade of cuba ( in the left column ). note that the “ chiefs ” meaning the joint chiefs of staff along with general taylor are shown on the “ hawks ” strike side of his list on the right. source : the national security archive in less than two days, two complete scenarios were prepared and presented to president kennedy on october 20, with competing input coming from the pentagon and the state department. from this insider accounting of events, we learn that the chairman thought that the probable sequence of events to be green - lighted would be : a political approach ; a warning ; air attack on the missile sites ; blockade ; and, if necessary, invasion, with the earliest air strike date set for october 21 ( optimally the 23rd ), and an invasion to begin on october 28. however, to find out exactly what happened and how the drama played out behind the scenes, pick up a copy of this fascinating book. how do i obtain “ the joint chiefs of staff and national policy, vol. 8, 1961 - 1964 ”? - buy it online 24 / 7 at gpo ’ s online bookstore. - buy it at gpo ’ s retail bookstore at 710 north capitol street nw, washington, dc 20401, open monday - friday, 9am to 4pm, except federal holidays, ( 202 ) 512 - 0132. - find it in a library. find this and other government publications about cuba in our cuba collection. about the author : michele bartram is promotions manager for gpo ’ s publication and information sales division and is responsible for online and offline marketing of the us government online bookstore ( http : / / bookstore. gpo. gov ) and promoting federal government content to the public.


author contact : email @ example. com biocatalysis and biotransformations are important alternatives to consider when one is looking to substitute a conventional method with a greener one. one of the many advantages of using biotransformation as a synthetic method is that they are usually done in water and at ambient conditions. in addition, the reagents themselves are readily available, safe, and inexpensive to both buy and dispose of. this experiment uses shredded carrots to enantioselectively reduce benzofuran - 2 - yl methyl ketone, yielding the optically pure alcohol. this lab illustrates the topics of green chemistry, biocatalysis, biotransformations, reductions, carbonyl chemistry, stereochemistry, stereoselectivity, optical activity, thin - layer chromatography, liquid - liquid extractions, and column chromatography. the authors also suggest that students perform the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone to compare and contrast the ease, safety, " greenness " and stereoselectivity of the two reactions. the supplemental materials include lab procedures, lab report outline, lab questions, instructor notes, a list of necessary lab equipment, and cas numbers. summary prepared october 2008 by douglas m. young at the university of oregon. ravia, s. ; gamenara, d. ; schapiro, v. ; bellomo, a. ; adum, j. ; seoane, g. ; gonzalez, d. j. chem. educ., print 2006, 83, pp 1049 - 1051.


aging is something that we all have to go through, and thinking about this makes all of us sad and a little scared. aging is linked to many complex and various biological mechanisms in human body, which are irreversible and destructive. despite numerous scientific breakthroughs and discoveries to help people look, feel and live their lives as the young, till now, unfortunately, it is completely impossible to stop aging. at the same time, a lot has been found out about the opportunities to slow aging and help people remain in their excellent physical and mental health. a great deal of people around the world are wondering how to prevent aging and how to effectively slow down aging processes in the body. below, check out 5 most important tips and rules on how to slow down aging and maintain our good health and vitality. 1. protect your cells from free radical damage and oxidative stress. the process known as oxidative stress occurs when free radicals are in plenty in our cells, so they can not be neutralized by the existing amounts of antioxidants. as a result of this, free radicals go on multiplying and creating more and more of volatile free radicals which very soon start damaging cell membranes, fats, proteins, vessel walls, and sometimes even dna molecules in cells. it was found out that oxidative stress causes over 70 chronic generative diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart attack, a stroke, alzheimer ’ s disease, macular degeneration, and so on. in order to slow aging processes in the body, one should use plenty of natural antioxidant sources, like green tea, broccoli, tomatoes, spinach, carrots, and so on. remember that vitamins a, e and c have clear antioxidant properties, so using natural sources of this vitamins like vegetable oils or oily fish can assist your cells in preventing cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, cataract and alzheimer ’ s disease. 2. always monitor your heart health. staying active is considered one of the best ways to support the function of cardiovascular system and slow aging. in addition to the known benefits of a healthy lifestyle, it was recently found out that active body produces increased amounts of co - enzyme q10. this substance plays a key role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and free radical damage. make sure that your daily diet is high in healthy fats ( add oily fish, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, as well as plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables ) that can assist you in reducing cho


cardiovascular diseases and free radical damage. make sure that your daily diet is high in healthy fats ( add oily fish, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, as well as plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables ) that can assist you in reducing cholesterol levels and maintaining a healthy body weight. monitor your blood pressure, cholesterol level and blood sugar level at least once per every 6 months. 3. maintain high energy levels. to slow aging, it is very important to remain energetic and keep positive attitude all the time. learn to reduce stresses and learn effective stress management techniques. try to achieve balance in your life, avoid multitasking, worrying or scaring situations. get plenty of sleep and make a habit of going to sleep early. take good time to rest, have a number of hobbies to relax your mind, and many good friends to talk to about life. focuse on positive and take a good care about yourself. for the diet, you can use a combination of carnitine and alpha - lipoic acid as a very effective energy boosting mixture working on cellular level and supporting the function of cells to produce proper amounts of energy. 4. support your vision and take a good care about your eye health. if you are wondering how to prevent aging and stay healthy for many years, you should keep in mind the importance of vision problem prevention as a part of your program to slow aging. usually, following a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle is quite eonugh to reduce your risks to suffer from serious eye problems. it is necessary to have periodic eye exams and observe the rules of daily eye care. to support you vision, you can use such herbal remedies as common chickweed ( stellaria media ), fennel flower ( nigella sativa ), as well as enrich your diet with carotene high foods like carrots, bell peppers, spinach, sweet potatoes, and so on. 5. do everything you can to support your memory. it is very important to stay focused, organized, and mentally active. solve puzzles, memorize new things, develop your problem - solving skills. using special foods to improve memory or herbal remedies for memory support can be one of the smartest ideas to slow aging. many herbalists recommend using ginkgo biloba as a great support for memory function. this natural remedy can stimulate blood circulation and boosts blood flow to the brain, prevents blood clots formation, and has excellent antioxidant effects. ginkgo biloba


tomorrow is world aids day. this is an important day to recognize, not just for those of us that love to talk about sex and sexual health, but for everyone. but does having one day a year set aside for such an important issue really address the significance of aids? claire keeton, the senior hiv reporter at the sunday times newspaper, recently had a blog post about world aids day and what this day means : “ some people with hiv / aids and activists object to world aids day – essentially saying it allows people to ignore the epidemic the rest of the year, as long as they remember it for a single day. paying lip service. window dressing … from my side, world aids day does have advantages. it ’ s the one time of the year that all media make space for hiv / aids stories. ” many people still don ’ t know the facts about hiv / aids - like how it ’ s transmitted, how to get tested and how protect yourself, or that it ’ s not curable, though it is treatable. the goal of having a day about aids that is advertised and supported all over the world is so that more people will learn important information for their own sexual health. world aids day is important and necessary. as keeton says, having a day set aside ensures that aids is not forgotten and not ignored. but having one day a year is not enough. hopefully tomorrow will encourage people to get tested and get information. but more importantly, it will hopefully encourage people to take action and educate themselves and others all year long. if this day exists to make sure people don ’ t forget about aids, then we can ’ t stop there. what happens on december 2 and for the next 364 days until world aids day 2010? let ’ s make every day a day to talk about hiv / aids and sexual health, to support those living with hiv / aids, and to make sure that in the future, we won ’ t need one day a year to tackle this enormous issue because we are always thinking about it. don ’ t forget that head & hands is hosting a free anonymous hiv screening clinic for youth 12 - 25 on tuesday, december 1 between 5 - 9 : 30 pm. check out http : / / www. senseproject. org / 2009 / 11 / know - your - status - savoir - cest - pouvoir / for more info.


obesity is a condition in which you have a high body mass index ( bmi ), or too much body fat for your height. obesity is the not the same as being overweight, which is when your weight is higher than what is healthy for your height. in people who are overweight, the excess weight may be caused by high bone density, body structure, or excess body fat. morbid obesity occurs when the excess body fat becomes a danger to your overall health. when you eat, your body stores the calories you consume for energy in your muscles and tissues. if those calories are not used, the body stores them as fat. if you continue to eat more calories than your body can use during daily activities and exercise, your body will build up fat stores. obesity and morbid obesity are the result of too much fat being stored in your body. many behavioral factors play a role in obesity, including your eating habits and daily activity level. many people develop their eating habits as children and have trouble refining them to maintain proper body weight as they age. as an adult, you may be inactive at your job and have less time for exercise, meal planning, and physical activity. other factors, such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep, can lead to weight gain. people who quit smoking often experience temporary weight gain. women may also have trouble losing the weight they gain during pregnancy or gain additional weight during menopause. these rarely lead to morbid obesity by themselves, but can be a contributing factor. genetic factors can play a role in how your body stores energy, but this relationship has not been fully researched. current research is investigating the relationship between genetics and body weight. anyone can gain weight and become obese if they eat more calories than their bodies can use. the symptoms of obesity are weight gain and a body mass index ( bmi ) above 30. bmi is an estimate of your body fat content and is calculated using your height and weight measurements. without proper treatment, obesity can lead to other serious health problems, such as : - heart disease - sleep apnea ( when you periodically stop breathing during sleep ) your doctor will measure your weight and height in order to calculate your bmi. your bmi is an estimate of your body fat and is used as a primary screening tool for obesity. your provider may also take a measurement of your waist circumference. these combined measurements will help estimate how much body fat you have and determine your risk of diseases, such as heart disease, stroke,


used as a primary screening tool for obesity. your provider may also take a measurement of your waist circumference. these combined measurements will help estimate how much body fat you have and determine your risk of diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. the acceptable percentage of body fat can vary by age, sex, and ethnicity, but typically ranges between 10 and 22 percent for men and 20 to 32 percent for women. your doctor will provide more specific information about your bmi and what it means for you. bmi ranges are as follows ( cdc ) : 18. 5 to 24. 9 25. 0 to 29. 9 30. 0 and above calculating body fat percentage a skinfold test may also be done to check your body fat percentage. in this test, a doctor measures the thickness of a fold of skin from the arm, abdomen, or thigh with a caliper. your healthcare provider may also ask questions about your lifestyle to find out more about your eating and exercise habits. your doctor may order additional blood tests to look for hormonal or other medical problems that could be causing your weight gain. diet & exercise the most effective way to lose weight is to adopt healthy eating habits, exercise routines, and stress management techniques. regular exercise and healthy eating are important, and even modest weight loss will improve your health. it is also important to learn stress management tools that can be used in place of overeating or snacking during stressful times. you should work with your doctor and a dietician to set realistic goals that will help you lose weight slowly through diet and exercise. it may be helpful to find support from friends, family, or your community in order to make lifestyle changes that will lead to long - term weight loss. weight loss drugs sometimes, weight loss drugs may be prescribed. while these medications may cause weight loss, most people regain the weight once they stop taking the medication. there are many herbal and over - the - counter supplements that claim to help you lose weight, but many of these claims have not been verified. surgery may also be an option to treat obesity if you have tried other methods for losing weight but have not been successful in maintaining long - term weight loss. it can often help reduce the risk of other diseases ( e. g. diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea ) that are associated with severe obesity. surgery may cause complications, and you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. there are two common types of weight - loss (


g. diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea ) that are associated with severe obesity. surgery may cause complications, and you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. there are two common types of weight - loss ( bariatric ) surgeries : laparoscopic gastric bypass : in this procedure, the surgeon will place a band around the upper part of your stomach. this limits the amount of food you can eat at one time by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food. gastric bypass surgery : this surgery will change how the food you eat travels through your digestive tract by bypassing a portion of your stomach and small bowel. it will make you feel full when you ’ ve eaten less food. obesity and morbid obesity are serious and potentially life - threatening conditions. a healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and regular exercise are important for preventing obesity. diet and exercise people who are morbidly obese should avoid “ fad ” diets and focus instead on changing eating behaviors. recommendations include : - adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet - eating smaller meals - count calories - avoid saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars physical activity is good for overall health and is especially important if you ’ re trying to lose weight. to begin losing weight, you will need to do moderate to vigorous exercise for more than three hours per week. vigorous activity raises your heart rate significantly. examples include : - running or jogging - jumping rope moderate exercises include brisk walking or biking, and can also include everyday activities like shoveling snow or yard work ( cdc ).


an episiotomy is an incision through the vaginal wall and the perineum ( the area between the thighs, extending from the vaginal opening to the anus ) to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate childbirth. during a vaginal birth, the physician / midwife will assist the fetus ' head and chin out of the vagina when it becomes visible. once the head is out of the vagina, the physician / midwife usually rotates the fetus to the side and eases the shoulders out, followed by the rest of the body. in some cases, the vaginal opening does not stretch enough to accommodate the fetus. the physician / midwife may perform an episiotomy to help enlarge the opening and deliver the fetus. the episiotomy is usually performed when the fetal head has stretched the vaginal opening to several centimeters during a contraction. although episiotomy was a very common procedure in the past, more recent studies have found that routine or preventive use of episiotomy does not benefit the health of mother or baby. the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists ( acog ) no longer recommends performing an episiotomy on a routine basis. discuss with your physician the best treatment option for you and your baby. an episiotomy may be classified into two types : midline or median - refers to a vertical incision that is made from the lower opening of the vagina toward the rectum. this type of episiotomy usually heals well but may be more likely to tear and extend into the rectal area, called a third or fourth degree laceration. mediolateral - refers to an incision that is made at a 45 - degree angle from the lower opening of the vagina to either side. this type of episiotomy does not tend to tear or extend, but is associated with greater blood loss and may not heal as well. after the delivery of the baby, the mother is asked to continue to push during the next few uterine contractions to deliver the placenta. once the placenta is delivered, the episiotomy incision is sutured. if a mother does not have regional anesthesia such as an epidural, a local anesthesia may be injected in the perineum to numb the area for repair of a tear or episiotomy after delivery. other related procedures that may be used during labor and birth include caesar


of all medications ( prescribed and over - the - counter ) and herbal supplements that you are taking. notify your physician / midwife if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant ( blood - thinning ) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. it may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure. based upon your medical condition, your physician / midwife may request other specific preparation. an episiotomy may be performed as part of a vaginal birth. the procedure and the type of episiotomy may vary depending on your condition and your physician / midwife ’ s practices. generally, an episiotomy follows this process : you will be positioned on a labor bed, with your feet and legs supported for the birth. if you have not been given any labor or delivery anesthesia, a local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues before the incision. if epidural anesthesia is used, you will have no feeling from your waist down and no additional anesthesia will be needed for the episiotomy. during the second stage of labor ( pushing stage ), as the fetal head stretches the vaginal opening, the physician / midwife will use special scissors or a scalpel to make the episiotomy incision. the baby will be delivered. the placenta will be delivered. the episiotomy incision will be examined for any further tearing. a local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues. the perineal tissues and muscle will be repaired using sutures, which will dissolve over time. after an episiotomy, you may experience incisional pain. an ice pack may be applied immediately after birth to help reduce swelling and pain. during your stay in the hospital and at home after your baby ’ s birth, sitz baths ( warm or cold shallow baths ) may relieve soreness and speed healing. medicated creams or local anesthetic sprays applied to your perineum may also be helpful. you may take a pain reliever for soreness as recommended by your physician. aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. be sure to take only recommended medications. you should keep the incision clean and dry, using the cleansing method recommended by your physician after urination and bowel movements. if bowel movements


or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. be sure to take only recommended medications. you should keep the incision clean and dry, using the cleansing method recommended by your physician after urination and bowel movements. if bowel movements are painful, stool softeners recommended by your physician / midwife may be helpful. you should not douche, use tampons, or have intercourse until the time instructed by your physician / midwife. you may also have other restrictions on your activity, including no strenuous activity or heavy lifting. you may resume your normal diet unless your physician / midwife advises you differently. your physician / midwife will advise you when to return for further treatment or care. notify your physician / midwife if you have any of the following : bleeding from the episiotomy site foul - smelling drainage from the vagina fever and / or chills severe perineal pain your physician / midwife may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation. the content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your physician. please consult your physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. this page contains links to other web sites with information about this procedure and related health conditions. we hope you find these sites helpful, but please remember we do not control or endorse the information presented on these web sites, nor do these sites endorse the information contained here.


you may have heard that there are several kinds of fats. but how do we know which to avoid, and which are okay to eat? we need some fat in our diets. fats provide energy. they help build hormones and cells. while all fats are high in calories, some fats are better choices than others. choose unsaturated fats. they can actually help lower your cholesterol. these healthier fats usually stay liquid at room temperature, and are found in most vegetable oils. good fats are also found in avocados, some fish, and nuts. saturated fats and trans fats are not good choices. they can clog up the arteries that carry blood to your heart. most of these fats stay solid at room temperature. they ’ re found in fried foods, fatty meats, and baked goods. just like there are several sources of fats, there are also several sources of carbohydrate. carbohydrate is found in many foods. it provides fuel for our heart, brain and muscles. but, as with fats, some carbs are better than others. and if you have diabetes or pre - diabetes, controlling carbohydrate is important because when you eat too much carbohydrate, your blood sugar may rise too high. the best carbs provide fiber. fiber can help lower cholesterol. we can get fiber from fruits, vegetables and beans, as well as whole grain products - - whole wheat pastas and breads, and brown rice. it ’ s best to eat at least three ounces of whole grains per day. check the food ’ s packaging to make sure that ’ s what you ’ re getting. the not - so - good carbohydrate, like white flour and white sugar, is usually higher in calories and has little nutritional value. for too many of us, these make up too large a part of what we eat and drink everyday. choosing less white bread and fewer soft drinks and sweets is a move in the right direction. fats and carbohydrate. choose the ones that are better for you, and you ’ re on your way to healthier eating for life.


vitamin b12, also called cobalamin, is a water - soluble vitamin. water - soluble vitamins are stored in the body in very limited amounts and are excreted through the urine. therefore, it is a good idea to have them in your daily diet. vitamin b12, the most complex of the vitamins, contains the metal cobalt, in its structure. vitamin b12 ’ s functions include the following : | age group ( in years ) | | recommended dietary allowance most diets provide adequate b12 ; deficiency is often a result of absorption problems. in the stomach ' s acidic environment and through the action of the enzyme pepsin, vitamin b12 is released from food. people who do not have enough stomach acid ( such as those taking strong acid - neutralizing medications ) may not be able to separate b12 from food. people with this problem, however, absorb b12 supplements without difficulty. two proteins are also important for the vitamin ' s absorption and transport : intrinsic factor ( if ) and r proteins. a b12 deficiency can result if there are any problems with pepsin, if, or r proteins. reduced secretion may occur in mid - to late - life. severely reduced levels of if lead to a condition called pernicious anemia. people with pernicious anemia have trouble absorbing b12 supplements and may need either very high doses or injections. symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency include the following : vitamin b12 has a very low potential for toxicity. the tolerable upper intake level ( ul ) for vitamin b12 from dietary sources and supplements combined has not been determined. this does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. because data is limited, caution should be used when supplementing. no symptoms of vitamin b12 toxicity have been reported. vitamin b12 can be found in animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. some foods high in vitamin b12 include : the following populations may be at risk for vitamin b12 deficiency and may require a supplement : megaloblastic anemia can occur as a result of either a folate deficiency or a vitamin b12 deficiency. supplementing with folate can correct this anemia. but, it will not correct the b12 deficiency. permanent nerve damage can result if a b12 deficiency is left untreated. if you have megaloblastic anemia, talk with your doctor about assessing your b12 status as well as your folate status. here are


b12 deficiency. permanent nerve damage can result if a b12 deficiency is left untreated. if you have megaloblastic anemia, talk with your doctor about assessing your b12 status as well as your folate status. here are tips to help increase your intake of vitamin b12 : academy of nutrition and dietetics american society for nutrition centre for science in the public interest andres e, federici l, affenberger s, et al. b12 deficiency : a look beyond pernicious anemia [ review ]. j fam pract. 2007 ; 56 : 537 - 542. groff jl, gropper s. advanced nutrition and human metabolism. belmont, ca : wadsworth thomson learning ; 2000. vitamin b12. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated december 14, 2011. accessed september 19, 2012. vitamin b12. office of dietary supplements website. available at : http : / / ods. od. nih. gov / factsheets / vitaminb12 - healthprofessional /. accessed september 19, 2012. vitamin b12. oregon state linus pauling institute website. available at : http : / / lpi. oregonstate. edu / infocenter / vitamins / vitaminb12 /. accessed september 19, 2012 wierzbicki as. homocysteine and cardiovascular disease : a review of the evidence. diab vasc dis res. 2007 ; 4 : 143 - 150. 3 / 6 / 2013 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / : marti - carvajal aj, lathyris d, salanti g. homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. cochrane database syst rev. 2013 ; 1 : cd006612. last reviewed september 2012 by brian randall, md last updated : 3 / 6 / 2013


through the hebrew catholic year, by judy bratten the most well - known and elaborate of the jewish feasts, pesach commemorates the miraculous exodus of the jewish people from the land of egypt under the leadership of moses. it is also a springtime celebration, provoking a flurry of cleaning in the traditional jewish home as the mother removes all trace of leaven and prepares for the seder, the ritual passover meal. passover includes the weeklong feast of unleavened bread when particular foods are prohibited while other symbolic foods are eaten. the hagaddah, a collection of scripture readings, prayers, rabbinical commentaries, songs and poetry is the guide for the seder and sets the tone for the entire eight days. the feast of first fruits, which occurs during passover, was a feast of thanksgiving in biblical times for the first grain of the season. with its direct association with easter, passover is a very special holiday in our family. it is also a time of spring cleaning, a culmination of our lenten purifications. we always invite guests to our seders so they can see for themselves the origins of the mass. our family prefers to use a traditional jewish hagaddah for the seder, commenting frequently on the significance of many of the prayers and messianic symbols and prophecies. we enjoy preparing the special foods : charoseth, bitter herbs, roasted eggs, etc. we made our own matzoh tash with three compartments for the three matzohs used during the seder, a clear symbol of the trinity. and we have plenty of matzoh, matzoh brei ( fried matzoh ), knoedlech ( matzoh balls ) and sponge cake ( with matzoh flour ). recipes are available in any jewish cookbook. ( ed. for the first two nights of passover, we recommend the hagaddahs available here or a traditional jewish hagaddah, available from regular book stores. the ahc has not yet produced a hagaddah for passover. ) this abbreviated service may be used on the other nights of passover. mother lights candles and says : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, creator of the radiance of fire. father : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who has sanctified these days and has sanctified thy people. all : blessed art thou, o lord our god,


of the radiance of fire. father : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who has sanctified these days and has sanctified thy people. all : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who has preserved us alive, sustained us and brought us to enjoy this season. amen. child : we praise thee, o lord, for as we eat this matzoh, the bread of affliction, we remember the seder meal when yeshua transformed the bread into his body. father : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who gives us the fruits of the earth. all : amen. ( all eat some matzoh ) child : we praise thee, o lord, for as we drink the cup of passover deliverance, we remember that seder meal when yeshua transformed the cup of redemption into his blood. father : ( raising a cup of wine ) blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who createst the fruit of the vine. all : amen ( everyone sip from the cup ) father : the name of the eternal be blessed from now unto eternity. all : blessed be he of whose gifts we partake and by whose goodness we exist. father : may he who is most merciful make us worthy to behold the day of the messiah and eternal life. he gives great salvation through his son, yeshua his anointed. may he who maketh peace in high heavens grant peace to us and all israel. we ask this in the name of yeshua, thy son, who lives and reigns with thee and ruach hakodesh, one god, for ever and ever. sassociation of hebrew catholics. all rights reserved. • 4120 w pine blvd • st louis mo 63108


1. tolkien ' s usage of " thou " and " thee " i. thou, thee i grew up in a religiously conservative environment, of the protestant sort. as this was some decades ago, the preferred bible version was, of course, the king james. by reading and studying the bible, and memorizing parts of it, i acquired an intuitive familiarity with the archaic language in use 500 years ago, before i ever read the lord of the rings, or heard of tolkien. i say " intuitive ", because i absorbed the proper grammatical usage without understanding. as " thou " and " thee " were used mostly for god, and often capitalized, to boot, i associated them with formal usage, and " you, you " with ordinary usage. when i first read lotr, and dived into the appendices, at about age thirteen, i was quite puzzled by tolkien ' s reference to " thou, thee " as familiar as opposed to the formal " you, you ". it was only when i took high school german, and later spanish and french, that i realized " thou, thee " were cognates for " du, dich ", " tu, ti ", " tu, te ", all of which are familiar. " you, you " in english were at one time plural or formal, but have gradually displaced " thou, thee ". why am i putting these pronouns in quoted pairs? not only that, i have " you, you " as a pair, when they ' re the same word, right? not really. at one time, english, like many other languages, had a case system for all its nouns — they would change form depending on usage in the sentence, whether nominative ( subject ) or accusative ( object ). the pronouns are the only ones left that retain cases — " i, me ", " she, her ", " they, them ". " you " however, is used for both nominative and accusative. here is where i believe some writers, in an effort to give a sense of intimate, familiar, or even derogatory speech, have misinterpreted tolkien ' s commentary on usage. in lotr, appendix f, ii on translation, tolkien wrote in a footnote : in one or two places an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ce


, tolkien wrote in a footnote : in one or two places an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ceremonious language ; but a change from you to thou, thee is sometimes meant to show, there being no other means of doing this, a significant change from the deferential, or between men and women normal, forms to the familiar. when i first read it, i was already familiar with the correct grammatical usage of " thou, thee ", so i read the pertinent sentence thus :... a change from you to [ thou, thee ] is sometimes meant to show... a significant change from the deferential... forms to the familiar. it seems some authors read the sentence like this :... a change from [ you to thou ], [ thee is sometimes meant to show... a significant change from the deferential... forms to the familiar ]. apparently interpreting this sentence to mean " thou " is deferential or formal, and " thee " is familiar. from my understanding of archaic english, this is not what tolkien intended. he surely, as a linguist, and expert on the various stages through which our language passed, was intimately familiar with the accurate, historical usage of pronouns in the english of the times when " thou " and " thee " were in use. i have pulled out a few quotes from lotr using " thou " and / or " thee ". tt, book iii - chapter 5 the white rider lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! tt, book iii - chapter 6 the king of the golden hall the king now rose, and at once eowyn came forward bearing wine. ' ferthu theoden hal! ' she said. ' receive now this cup and drink in happy hour. health be with thee at thy going and coming! ' rotk, book v - chapter 2 the passing of the grey company the days are short. if thou art in haste, remember the paths of the dead. ' the days now are short. either our hope cometh, or all hope ' s end. therefore i send thee what i have made for thee. fare well, elfstone! ' then isildur said to their king : " thou shalt be the last king.


short. either our hope cometh, or all hope ' s end. therefore i send thee what i have made for thee. fare well, elfstone! ' then isildur said to their king : " thou shalt be the last king. and if the west prove mightier than thy black master, this curse i lay upon thee and thy folk : to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. for this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end. " ' nor would i, ' he said. ' therefore i say to you, lady : stay! for you have no errand to the south. ' ' neither have those others who go with thee. they go only because they would not be parted from thee - because they love thee. ' then she turned and vanished into the night. but she said : ' aragorn, wilt thou go? ' ' i will, ' he said. ' then wilt thou not let me ride with this company, as i have asked? ' ' i will not, lady, ' he said. ' for that i could not grant without leave of the king and of your brother ; and they will not return until tomorrow. but i count now every hour, indeed every minute. farewell! ' then she fell on her knees, saying : ' i beg thee! ' rotk, book v - chapter 4 the siege of gondor ' what is this, my lord? ' said the wizard. ' the houses of the dead are no places for the living. and why do men fight here in the hallows when there is war enough before the gate? or has our enemy come even to rath dinen? ' ' since when has the lord of gondor been answerable to thee? ' said denethor. ' or may i not command my own servants? ' ' you may, ' said gandalf. ' but others may contest your will, when it is turned to madness and evil. where is your son, faramir? ' ' pride and despair! ' he cried. ' didst thou think that the eyes of the white tower were blind? nay, i have seen more than thou knowest, grey fool. for thy hope is but ignorance. go then and labour in healing! go forth and fight! vanity. for a little space you may triumph on the field, for a day. but against the power that now arises there is no victory. to this city


thy hope is but ignorance. go then and labour in healing! go forth and fight! vanity. for a little space you may triumph on the field, for a day. but against the power that now arises there is no victory. to this city only the first finger of its hand has yet been stretched. all the east is moving. and even now the wind of thy hope cheats thee and wafts up anduin a fleet with black sails. the west has failed. it is time for all to depart who would not be slaves. ' ' such counsels will make the enemy ' s victory certain indeed, ' said gandalf. rotk, book v - chapter 6 the battle of the pelennor fields a cold voice answered : ' come not between the nazgul and his prey! or he will not slay thee in thy turn. he will bear thee away to the houses of lamentation, beyond all darkness, where thy flesh shall be devoured, and thy shrivelled mind be left naked to the lidless eye. ' a sword rang as it was drawn. ' do what you will ; but i will hinder it, if i may. ' ' hinder me? thou fool. no living man may hinder me! ' then merry heard of all sounds in that hour the strangest. it seemed that dernhelm laughed, and the clear voice was like the ring of steel. ' but no living man am i! you look upon a woman. eowyn i am, eomund ' s daughter. you stand between me and my lord and kin. begone, if you be not deathless! for living or dark undead, i will smite you, if you touch him. ' rotk, book v - chapter 10 the black gate opens ' so! ' said the messenger. ' then thou art the spokesman, old greybeard? have we not heard of thee at whiles, and of thy wanderings, ever hatching plots and mischief at a safe distance? but this time thou hast stuck out thy nose too far, master gandalf ; and thou shalt see what comes to him who sets his foolish webs before the feet of sauron the great. i have tokens that i was bidden to show to thee - to thee in especial, if thou shouldst dare to come. ' rotk, book vi - chapter 6 many partings then eowyn looked in the eyes of aragorn, and


i was bidden to show to thee - to thee in especial, if thou shouldst dare to come. ' rotk, book vi - chapter 6 many partings then eowyn looked in the eyes of aragorn, and she said : ' wish me joy, my liege - lord and healer! ' and he answered : ' i have wished thee joy ever since first i saw thee. it heals my heart to see thee now in bliss. ' in the above quotes, some use only one or the other. the shortest that uses both " thou " and " thee " is galadriel ' s message to gimli — lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! note that " thou " is in the position of subject and " thee " in that of object ( object of the preposition, rather than of the verb, but it would be the same ). if you read through all the quotes, you ' ll find that this is absolutely consistent — " thou " is subject and " thee " is object. if you have difficulties figuring out which is which, recast the sentence using " he, him " or " she, her ", which are " subject, object " as well. for example : wherever he goes my thought goes with him. note also, in the conversations between aragorn and eowyn in the passing of the grey company, he uses " you " or " your " in addressing her, that is, polite usage, while she uses the intimate " thou " and " thee ". aragorn keeps her linguistically at arm ' s length, and she ' s trying to get closer to him. contrast this to aragorn ' s usage at eowyn and faramir ' s trothplighting, in many partings, where he addresses her familiarly with " thee ". again, in the gandalf / denethor conversations, gandalf consistently uses the polite, deferential " you " ( both subject and object ), while denethor talks down to him, using " thou, thee " in a derogatory fashion, as to an inferior or servant. ditto with sauron ' s messenger. interestingly, in the bit about isildur : then isildur said to their king : " thou shalt be the last king. and if the west prove mightier than thy black master, this curse


ditto with sauron ' s messenger. interestingly, in the bit about isildur : then isildur said to their king : " thou shalt be the last king. and if the west prove mightier than thy black master, this curse i lay upon thee and thy folk : to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. for this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end. " isildur switches from " thee " and " thou " when addressing the king, his vassal and inferior, to " you ", not as a polite form, but as a plural form, including the king ' s folk in the curse. i also went and dug up some shakespeare, who switches back and forth between " thou, thee " and " you, you ", as well. from shakespeare, here ' s sonnet 18, which uses " thou, thee " : shall i compare thee to a summer ' s day? thou art more lovely and more temperate : rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, and summer ' s lease hath all too short a date : sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed, and every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature ' s changing course untrimmed : but thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow ' st, nor shall death brag thou wand ' rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to time thou grow ' st, so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee. in his plays, the different usage for familiar / derogatory and polite / plural is also quite evident. and, from the king james version : 16 and ruth said, intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest, i will go ; and where thou lodgest, i will lodge : thy people shall be my people, and thy god my god : 17 where thou diest, will i die, and there will i be buried : the lord do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me. of course, throughout the bible, you can find many instances of " thou, thee ". a curious phenomenon is the " quaker thee ", in which " thee " is used as subject, as well as object, sometimes even as possessive! this was


course, throughout the bible, you can find many instances of " thou, thee ". a curious phenomenon is the " quaker thee ", in which " thee " is used as subject, as well as object, sometimes even as possessive! this was an artificial construct, promoted by a leader of the quakers, to preserve " plain speaking ", or humility and equality in language. they used third - person verb inflections, however — " thee is " or " thee has ". ii. thy, thine the possessives " thy " and " thine " are similar, and rather easier, once you have a grip on " thou, thee ". they work almost like " my " and " mine ". " is this thy book? " " no, it is thine. the other book is mine. " there is an exception, which shows up in the galadriel quote — lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! notice that instead of " thy axe ", she uses " thine axe ". this is because " axe " begins with a vowel ; that is, it follows the same rule as " a, an " — " a book ", " an apple ". in archaic english, " my, mine " would have behaved the same way. if you are familiar with the battle hymn of the republic, recall that it starts with " mine eyes have seen... ". iii. doth, dost here ' s just a bit on verb inflections, as the web resources are many. in general, " thou " requires the verb to take the " - st " or " est " ending ( with a couple of exceptions ), while " she ", " he ", " it " and all other third person singular nouns might lead to " - th " or " - eth ". notice that tolkien doesn ' t typically go that far — he limits his archaicisms to the " thou ", etc. : lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! here, he uses the archaic " thou goest " alongside the more modern " my thought goes ", instead of the archaic " my thought goeth ". the lotr quotes above use a number of verbs with " thou ", most in the " - st " form : thou art ( this is an exception


more modern " my thought goes ", instead of the archaic " my thought goeth ". the lotr quotes above use a number of verbs with " thou ", most in the " - st " form : thou art ( this is an exception the the " - st " rule ) thou shalt ( also an exception ) wilt thou go? ( ditto ) didst thou think verbs from the shakespeare sonnet, all but one in the " - st " form : thou ow ' st ( owest ) and one in the " - th " form : summer ' s lease hath all too short a date that last would be rendered " thou hast " in second person singular. once again, of course, both shakespeare and the king james bible make great examples of archaic english in actual usage. i hope you ' ve found this interesting and useful. if you need more information, here are some links. " a note on shakespeare ' s grammar " includes chart with some typical verb inflections. more background, grammar, discussion of quaker usage : " plain speech faq " this is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of j r r tolkien. the characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the tolkien estate, tolkien enterprises, and possibly new line cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. the author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. the work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of henneth annun story archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author.


aims and objectives the centre was established to cover development oriented research, training and teaching on survival, adaptation and productivity of mountain plants. thus the major objectives of the centre are : - to undertake fundamental and applied studies on mountain plants. - to undertake studies on conservation of endangered plant species. - to set up demonstration units. - teaching and information diffusion. - framework of functioning the activities of the centre are organized under following groups : - seed biology and physiology of reproduction in threatened / endangered species and wild edibles. - biomass production potential in mountain plant species. - physiology and biochemistry of adaptation in high altitude plants. training and teaching - ph. d. programme in the proposed fields of research. - environmental plant biology course at m. phil. level. - post graduate diploma in biotechniques of medicinal and aromatic plants. - certificate course on biotechniques of medicinal and aromatic plants. - short term orientation course in nursery practices, plant form and functions, conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants ( maps ) and environmental management. - to develop package of practices for the cultivation of endangered maps and mountain - establishment of nursery and demonstration units. - demonstration unit on revegetation of wasteland in mountains. - publication and consultation in relevant fields. the centre has its main building and laboratory at srinagar garhwal and field station at tungnath. the main building at srinagar has an analytical laboratory ( 800 sq. m ), four glass houses and a net house. in addition, a medicinal plant biotechnology laboratory has also been set up at srinagar hosing tissue culture labs, green houses and analytical laboratories. the alpine research station of the centre in 10 acres land is situated at tungnath ( 3600 m a. s. l. ). this station has residential facilities and weather monitoring system. at present the garden at this station has about 50 rare species of alpine herbs and more will be added to this collection in coming years. in addition to this, a sub - station for medicinal plants has been established at pothibasa ( 2200 m ). alpine field station tungnath ( 3600m ) main laboratory at srinagar, garhwal ( 550m ) alpine field station, tungnath ( 3600 m ) demonstration site at pothibasa ( 2200m ) a small library is housed in the centre which contains important reference books. so far, nearly 1000 accessions of books have been procured and more are being added regularly. the centre has been subscribing to 14 indian and 4 foreign journals. this facility


what it is : white blood cells play a role in reducing inflammation in the body. a high white blood cell count could mean that there is inflammation somewhere in the body, such as can occur in the gastrointestinal tract of people who have inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ). the white blood cell ( wbc ) count is also sometimes known as a leukocyte count or white count. a wbc count is typically done along with another common blood test, the complete blood cell count ( cbc ). a wbc count is the number of white blood cells per volume of blood, and is reported in either thousands in a microliter or millions in a liter of blood. what it ' s used for : a high wbc count can be an indicator of an infection, inflammation, or allergy. some conditions may cause a decrease in the wbc count. leukocytosis is the presence of an elevated wbc count ; leukopenia is a decreased wbc count. leukocytosis may be caused by several conditions including bacterial infection, inflammation, leukemia, trauma, or stress. leukopenia may occur as a result of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immune system disorders. how it ' s done : a blood sample will be taken, normally from the arm. if several tests are ordered, more than one vial of blood will be taken. the normal range for wbc count is 4, 300 to 10, 800 cells per cubic millimeter ( cmm ) or 4. 3 to 10. 8 x 109 cells per liter. a range of 11 to 17 x 109 / l may be considered mild to moderate leukocytosis, and a range of 3. 0 to 5. 0x109 / l may be considered mild leukopenia.


note : this message is displayed if ( 1 ) your browser is not standards - compliant or ( 2 ) you have you disabled css. read our policies for more information. the natural resources commission adopts rules that govern the administrative and regulatory functions of the department of natural resources. these rules are important to citizens and businesses in indiana because they cover an array of activities, including construction in or near rivers and streams, historic preservation, fish and wildlife management, and timber sales from private and public lands. following is the current status of the agency ' s permanent rules : general definitions ( 312 iac 1 ) this article contains a number of definitions that have general application throughout the commission ' s rules. examples include terms such as dnr " director " and " department. " procedures and delegations ( 312 iac 2 ) this article contains procedures for the natural resources commission and the various boards of the department of natural resources, as well as delegations of authority by the commission. also included are procedures for informal factfinding hearings held by divisions of the dnr before making decisions concerning permits and other issues. appeals of dnr decisions ( 312 iac 3 ) this article provides procedural rules for court - type proceedings held before the commission and its administrative law judges. these rules provide a " cookbook " for how to file and pursue an appeal ( technically called " administrative review " ) of a determination by the dnr or another determination over which the commission has jurisdiction. the homepage version of these rules includes unofficial annotations to help understand how these rules were interpreted in particular cases. law enforcement procedures and personnel ( 312 iac 4 ) these rules govern standards of conduct and discipline, and appellate procedures, for conservation officers. watercraft standards ( 312 iac 5 ) effective january 1, 2002, these rules supplement statutory standards for the operation and equipping of boats on public waters. a new emphasis is placed on enforcement directed to the disposal of wastewater from boats. new procedural standards are also included to help implement 2000 legislation to authorize the establishment of ecological zones and the licensing of fishing tournaments and other organized activities on public waters. for the remainder of 2001, 310 iac 2. 1 applies. navigable waterways ( 312 iac 6 ) one of the most asked - about areas of nrc responsibility is navigable waters. the division of hearings has recently developed a research aid to better understanding of the history and application of this important legal area. the aid annotates commission rules for navigable waters but also goes beyond those rules to outline important precedents from indiana


navigable waters. the division of hearings has recently developed a research aid to better understanding of the history and application of this important legal area. the aid annotates commission rules for navigable waters but also goes beyond those rules to outline important precedents from indiana and federal courts. navigable waters ways roster. great lakes basin ( 312 iac 6. 2 ) this article would address diversions from the indiana portion of the great lakes basin. rules adopted in 2005 provided the genesis for state procedures. water withdrawal contracts from state reservoirs ( 312 iac 6. 3 ) this article governs the procedures for, and the substance of, consideration of any contract proposal made to the state and submitted to the division of water after february 28, 2009, for the withdrawal or release of water from the water supply storage of a reservoir. off - road vehicles and snowmobiles ( 312 iac 6. 5 ) this article addresses the registration of off - road vehicles and snowmobiles. the article is administered primarily through the division of accounting. trails and scenic rivers ( 312 iac 7 ) this very brief article sets general standards for the maintenance of snowmobile trails. also identified are the state ' s three scenic waterways. the dnr division of outdoor recreation administers the article. public use of dnr properties ( 312 iac 8 ) the article guides public use of state parks, forests, nature preserves, historic sites, state reservoirs, and similar properties.. several amendments became effective january 1, 2000, including those for activities on shooting ranges. the article does not include hunting or fishing regulations ; these are in 312 iac 9. neither does the article apply to dnr administration of floodways, navigable waterways, or public freshwater lakes. fish and wildlife ( 312 iac 9 ) this extensive article includes a wide variety of provisions designed to help manage fish and wildlife in indiana. hunting and fishing seasons and bag limits are set. endangered and threatened wild animals are given legal protection. permitting processes are set for scientific investigations, the possession of certain wild animals, falconry, and similar activities. recent amendments were directed to reptiles and amphibians native to indiana and to potentially dangerous reptiles. flood plain management ( 312 iac 10 ) effective january 1, 2002, these rules govern construction activities within floodways ( regulated by the dnr ) and construction activities for the portions of flood plains outside floodways ( regulated by local government ). a new " general license " is approved that allows for the placement of qualified outfall structures in floodways. additional licensing coordination is provided with respect


" waste " of petroleum and other mineral resources. incorporated within the rules are standards governing class ii injection wells, a program for which the division of oil and gas has primacy through the u. s. environmental protection agency. other petroleum regulation ( 312 iac 17 ) as with article 16, this article is administered by the division of oil and gas. included are standards for the exploration of oil or gas on state - owned real estate ; test hole drilling ; and geophysical surveying for petroleum resources through seismic or other methodologies. entomology and plant pathology ( 312 iac 18 ) this article includes rules for the dnr division of entomology and plant pathology. included are provisions regulating nursery dealers and beekeepers. there are also standards designed to control pests or pathogens, such as africanized bees or purple loosestrife. ginseng management ( 312 iac 19 ) this article governs the collection and sale of ginseng from public and private properties. new standards require that wild ginseng be harvested only after a plant reaches maturity. the article is administered through dnr division of nature preserves, with support from the division of law enforcement. historic preservation review board ( 312 iac 20 ) these rules outline procedures of the historic preservation review board, as well as appeals from decisions of the board. the rules also reference the status of the state historic preservation officer ( who, in indiana, is also the dnr director ). archaeological review and recovery ( 312 iac 21 ) these rules set minimum qualifications among the levels of professionals and amateurs in order to conduct archaeological excavations and analyses. the division of historic preservation and archaeology is authorized to maintain a roster of persons who may conduct the activities, as well as to initiate a complaint with the natural resources commission to remove a person from the roster where the division believes the person has not performed according to those standards. human remains, burial objects, and artifacts ( 312 iac 22 ) these rules set standards for the excavation of archaeological sites by both professionals and amateurs, including the development of formal " plans " to conduct those excavations. cemeteries and burial grounds ; registration and management ( 312 iac 22. 5 ) these rules set standards for the submission, review, and implementation of a development plan within 100 feet of a cemetery. state historic rehabilitation tax credit ( 312 iac 23 ) this article governs the administration of the state historic rehabilitation tax credit established by ic 6 - 3. 1 - 16, and is administered by the department of natural resources, division of historic preservation and archaeology.


rehabilitation tax credit ( 312 iac 23 ) this article governs the administration of the state historic rehabilitation tax credit established by ic 6 - 3. 1 - 16, and is administered by the department of natural resources, division of historic preservation and archaeology. state museums and historic sites ( 312 iac 24 ) this article helps administer some of the activities of the dnr division of state museums and historic sites. included are standards for the receipt and disposal of museum artifacts, a process call " accession and deaccession. " ethical standards are set for dnr employees relative to the state museum ' s collection ; these are in addition to the general state employee ethics requirements. surface coal mining and reclamation ( 312 iac 25 ) these rules govern environmental standards for suface coal mining ( including surface impacts resulting from underground coal mines ) and the reclamation of those sites. through what is commonly called " primacy, " this indiana program administers federal smcra. rule recodification has completed the process established by state law, but 312 iac 25 becomes effective only upon approval by the federal office of surface mining and reclamation, and notice of the approval being published in the indiana register. until publication of the notice, the program will be addressed at 310 iac 12. dnr grant programs ( 312 iac 26 ) this article provides standards for administration of the hometown indiana grant program. various elements of the program are managed within the dnr by the division of outdoor recreation, the division of historic preservation and archeology, and the division of forestry. the program also gives recognition to the scorp and to some other grant programs administered by the division of outdoor recreation. flood control revolving fund ( 312 iac 27 ) this article assists with the implementation of the flood control revolving fund.


project learning tree ’ s “ web of life ” lets students investigate relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers by acting as organisms connected by string in a food web. want to make this lively activity have more energy? a fun musical variation to this activity is to assign a different sound to each plant. the consumers must say the respective sound when they feel the tug. each organism must repeat the sounds that the previous organism said. ( for example, hazelnut trees say “ da, ” oak trees say “ dee, ” raspberries say “ mo, ” grass says “ tie. ” the deer eats acorns and hazelnut trees so it will say “ da, dee. ” rabbits eat raspberries and grass, so it will say “ mo, tie. ” coyotes eat deer and rabbits, they will say “ da, dee, mo, tie ” ) the top consumers will likely have so many sounds to say that they will have a difficult time remembering them. want to expand this activity? try incorporating the following project learning tree activities : - are vacant lots vacant? - dynamic duos - field, forest and stream - planet diveristy - school yard safari hickman, p. 1997. hungry animals : my first look at a foodchain. kids can press ltd. johansson, p. 2004. wide open grasslands : a web of life. enslow publishers, incorporated. kitchen, b. 1994. when hunger calls. candlewick press. lauber, p. 1995. who eats what? : food chains and food webs. harpercollins publishers. mckinney, b. s. 2000. pass the energy, please! dawn publications. relf, p. 1996. magic school bus gets eaten : a book about food chains. scholastic, inc. cole, j. 1996. the magic school bus gets eaten. a book about food chains. scholastic inc. crenson, v. and r. gurevich. 2003. horseshoe crabs and shorebirds : the story of a food web. marshall cavendish inc. ellis, b. 2006. the web at dragonfly pond. dawn publications. greenaway, t. 2001. cycles in nature food chain. raintree steck - vaughn publishers. heinz, b. j. 2006. butternut hollow pond. lerner publishing group. kalman, b. and j. langille. 1998. what are food chains and webs? crabtree. mason, c. 2003. everybody ' s somebody ' s lunch : the


. butternut hollow pond. lerner publishing group. kalman, b. and j. langille. 1998. what are food chains and webs? crabtree. mason, c. 2003. everybody ' s somebody ' s lunch : the role of predator and prey in nature. tilbury house publishers. nadeau, i. 2002. food chains in a backyard habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. nadeau, i. 2001. food chains in a forest habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. nadeau, i. 2002. food chains in a meadow habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. nadeau, i. 2001. food chains in a pond habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. norsgaard, e. j. 1990. nature ' s great balancing act : in our own backyard. penguin young readers group. penny, m. 1998. the foodchain. the bookwright press. pringle, l. p. 1975. chains, webs and pyramids : the flow of energy in nature. harpercollins publishers. rice, d. l. 1997. lifetimes. dawn publications. riley, p. 2002. food chains. franklin watts. spilsbury, l., spilsbury r. 2004. food chains and food webs : from producers to decomposers. heinemann library. staub, f. 2004. world of wonder ; the food chain. creative education. capeci, a. 2003. food chain frenzy ( the magic school bus chapter book ). scholastic inc. hemsley, w. 1992. feeding to digestion : projects with biology. scholastic library publishing. silverstein, a. 1998. food chains. lerner publishing group.


mobile pastoralists the world over are the subject of an unusually large number of myths and misconceptions. these misconceptions have led to inadequate, often hostile, development policies and interventions which have erected major barriers to sustainable land management and have entrenched pastoral poverty. in order to achieve the twin goals of wisp, rangeland environmental sustainability and pastoral poverty reduction, it is therefore necessary to overcome anti - pastoral prejudice and bring an end to damaging policy and practice. in recent years there has been a growing consensus that pastoral poverty is rooted in the social, economic and political marginalisation of pastoralists. it is widely accepted that in rangelande environments, mobility is a pre - requisite for effective natural resource use, and it is understood that failure to support mobility of pastoralists has resulted in service delivery failure. yet the underlying, and usually under recognized, reality is that pastoralism is also a conservation strategy that can make best use of rangelands both in space ( in terms of accessing extensive ranges ) and time ( making best use of seasonal grazing ). questions remain unanswered over the role that pastoralists could play in conservation, given a more supportive policy and legal environment. wisp will contribute to closing this knowledge gap through a series of studies by national partners and sharing of best practice from the development and environment sectors. it is important to note however that the project neither supports “ turning the clock back ” nor “ freezing ” pastoralists in their current state. tremendous losses of rangelands have occurred in the past, which simply negates such a strategy. whatever the future of pastoralism, it has been shaped by many distinctive twentieth century influences, which confound a return to some prior or imagined condition. such influences include, for example, losses of prime grazing land to cultivation, gazetting of pastoral lands for conservation and political, economic and social marginalization. it is possible nonetheless to ensure that appropriate policies, legal mechanisms, and support systems are in place to enable pastoralists to enhance the economic, social and ecological sustainability of their livelihoods. wisp ’ s role is to facilitate this process by gathering and managing knowledge, developing advocacy tools, building capacity to influence policy, supporting advocacy processes and networking to enhance learning and strengthen policy debate.


mario schenberg, brazil ’ s most important theoretical physicist, who researched the formation of supernova stars, was born in recife on this date in 1914. in the 1940s, together with indian physicist and nobel laureate subrahmanyan chanrasekhar, he discovered the schenberg - chandrasekhar limit, which is the maximum mass of the core of a star prior to its gravitational collapse. schenberg also made significant contributions to mathematics vis - a - vis quantum physics, and was widely respected as a writer and art critic. he was twice elected to be sao paolo state legislator on the communist ticket ; following brazil ’ s 1964 military coup d ’ etat, he was forced into retirement by presidential decree and was jailed for several months ( his second jailing for communist activism ). he also received death threats from brazilian neo - nazis for his opposition to a joint brazil - germany plan to build nuclear power stations in brazil in 1975. schenberg died in 1990. to view a video about the “ mario schenberg space ship, ” an interactive educational program for kids at the university of sao paolo, click here. “ the energy disappears in the nucleus of the supernova as quickly as... money disappeared at that roulette table. ” — mario schenberg


a young person named k. asks yahoo, how do i go about writing a research paper on the jfk assassination? what would president john f. kennedy have thought about the enigmatic circumstances of his murder? fifty years later, i think we don ’ t ask this question often enough. instead we argue about what rachel maddow and bill o ’ reilly think. media criticism is important, but it is no substitute for historical analysis. there are certainly other ways to think about the story. counterfactually, for example. imagine jfk had survived the gunfire in dealey plaza. what would he have said about its causes? kennedy, of course, did not have time to comment on the gunfire that claimed his life, other than to say, after a bullet struck him in the back, “ my god, i ’ m hit. ” but that exclamation illuminated his instantaneous awareness of a lethal situation. jfk had been a soldier / sailor in world war ii. twenty years before he had faced gunfire. he had seen men die from it. he knew that he had been shot. before he could say anything more another bullet struck him in the head, fatally wounding him. that was not inevitable. earlier this month rachel maddow told the little - known story of how senator john f. kennedy introduced legislation to ban the importation of weapons produced for foreign armies, only to be thwarted by pro - gun legislators. then, on november 22, 1963, maddow said, lee oswald used an italian - made military rifle to shoot and kill president kennedy. for the popular msnbc anchor, this story illuminates the enduring and pernicious effects of the gun lobby from dallas to newtown. as a contemporary polemic, this novel interpretation of jfk ’ s assassination — the gun lobby did it — is strong. as history it is weak. it ’ s hard not to agree with maddow ’ s broad point : the gun manufacturers and gun violence have had a pernicious effect on american life for a long time. she is correct that an italian - made rifle, cheap and easily obtained under permissive u. s. gun laws, played a central role in the jfk assassination story. but her implication that the gun lobby, as a power sector in american politics, was an important causal factor in enabling jfk ’ s assassination is not founded in historical fact. read more a lot of people at the scene of the crime thought so. but don ’ t take my word for it.