{"text": "whenever experts talk about digestive health, the one word that comes up more often than not is fiber. rich in vitamins and minerals, fiber works by sponging and scouring your digestive tract. it ' s one of the best - known preventives and cure - alls for constipation, and it can be helpful in managing irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ). recent research conducted at baylor college of medicine in houston reveals it may also relieve heartburn and protect against gastroesophageal reflux disease. what ' s more, \" eating a sufficient amount of fiber daily helps with weight loss, lowers \u2018 bad ' cholesterol and has been shown to protect against heart disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer, \" notes dr. wes jones, a gastroenterologist and founder of the cape fear center for digestive diseases in north carolina. yet despite all the buzz, most americans consume only half the recommended 25 to 30 grams of fiber they should eat every day, according to the usda. if you ' re one of them, it ' s time to add more fiber to your diet. but do it gradually to give your body time to adjust, advises jones, author of cure constipation now : a doctor ' s fiber therapy to cleanse and heal. this will help you avoid bloating and other temporary side effects. then, once your body has adjusted, follow these tips to get enough fiber in your diet every day. at the grocery store read labels : certain foods like grains and beans are naturally high in fiber, and many others have fiber added. foods labeled \" high fiber \" contain 5 grams or more per serving. those labeled \" good source \" of fiber have at least 2. 5 grams per serving. opt for whole grains : look for \" whole grain flour \" as the first ingredient listed on breads and pasta. or try quinoa, bulgur, barley or brown rice. stock up on flax : one of the highest sources of fiber, flaxseed can be sprinkled on salads or yogurt and added to smoothies, sauces and soups. ground flaxseed can be substituted for fat in some baked goods and gives any food a big burst of fiber. meal by meal start the day right : have a high - fiber cereal like shredded wheat or oatmeal. top your breakfast with a tablespoon of flax plus fruit and nuts for a double dose of fiber. choose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4322979083086439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.255088"} {"text": "burst of fiber. meal by meal start the day right : have a high - fiber cereal like shredded wheat or oatmeal. top your breakfast with a tablespoon of flax plus fruit and nuts for a double dose of fiber. choose fruits and vegetables highest in fiber : artichokes, broccoli, berries, figs, pears and apples - - along with many other fruits and vegetables - - have 5 or more grams of fiber per serving. eat them alongside a whole - grain sandwich for a heart - and digestion - friendly midday meal. munch on fiber - rich snacks : carrot and celery sticks with hummus or guacamole make a yummy pick - me - up, as do sliced apples with chunky peanut butter, dried fruit and nuts. load up on legumes : peas, lentils, garbanzo beans and other legumes make tasty side dishes and are healthy additions to salads, soups and stews. all plant - based foods contain fiber, but \" not all types of high - fiber foods and fiber supplements behave in your gut the same way, \" says jones. to combat constipation, ease ibs, relieve heartburn or simply optimize your overall health, jones recommends varying the types of fiber you eat by including a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and nuts in your diet throughout the day, every day. * disclaimer * : the information contained in or provided through this site section is intended for general consumer understanding and education only and is not intended to be and is not a substitute for professional advice. use of this site section and any information contained on or provided through this site section is at your own risk and any information contained on or provided through this site section is provided on an \" as is \" basis without any representations or warranties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40275323715373695, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.256956"} {"text": "breast ironing tradition targeted in cameroon. every morning before school, nine - year - old terisia techu would undergo a painful procedure. her mother would take a burning hot pestle straight out of a fire and use it to press her breasts. with tears in her eyes as she recalls what it was like, terisia tells cnn that one day the pestle was so hot, it burned her, leaving a mark. now 18, she is still traumatized. her mother, grace, denies the incident. but she proudly demonstrates the method she used on her daughter for several weeks, saying the goal was to make her less desirable to boys - - and stave off pregnancy. a study found that one in four girls in cameroon have been affected by the practice. the u. s. state department, in its 2010 human rights report on cameroon, cited news reports and said breast ironing \" victimized numerous girls in the country \" and in some cases \" resulted in burns, deformities, and psychological problems. \" there are more than 200 ethnic groups in cameroon with different norms and customs. breast ironing is practiced by all of them. some mothers use hot stones or coconut shells to flatten their daughters ' breasts. doctors believe improved diets have resulted in young cameroonian girls going through puberty early. many of them are also becoming pregnant early. terisia became pregnant at 15. her child died at birth. she told cnn that breast ironing doesn ' t work. she hates the practice and wishes her mother had instead talked to her about sex and preventing pregnancy. grace techu argues that if it weren ' t for the breast ironing, terisia would have become pregnant at an even younger age. techu has four daughters, and she used the procedure on the first two. the third avoided it because her breasts are growing at an acceptable rate, techu says, and the fourth girl is still too young. mothers who want their children to finish school before becoming parents have resorted to this drastic measure, and many see nothing wrong with it. in 2006, a german nongovernmental organization exposed the practice, which at the time was done mainly in secret. now, charities have embarked on campaigns to educate mothers in cameroon that sex education - - not breast ironing - - is the solution to ending teenage pregnancy. dr sinou tchana, a gynecologist in cameroon, has seen breast glands that were destroyed. she also saw one case of cancer, though she says it couldn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43285838236448476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.259670"} {"text": "semen quality is a much - discussed subject among scientists these days. data suggests sperm concentration has been declining in western countries over the past couple of decades - - and reasons for the decline are debatable. the lead author of a new study on the subject, audrey gaskins, has been studying the effects of diet and exercise on semen for several years as a doctoral candidate at the harvard school of public health. her latest research shows a lack of physical activity - - and too much time in front of the television - - may impact sperm count and concentration. previous studies have shown a link between physical activity and decreased levels of oxidative stress, gaskins says. \" oxidative stress \" is stress placed on the body as it tries to get rid of free radicals or repair the damage caused by them. exercise may protect certain male cells from oxidative damage, gaskins says, leading to increased sperm concentration. those findings led gaskins to complete an observational study on young men ' s exercise and tv habits as they relate to semen quality. the results were published online monday in the british journal of sports medicine. gaskins and her colleagues asked 189 healthy men between the ages of 18 and 22 how often they exercised each week and how intensely they worked out. the study participants also recorded their tv watching habits. then at the clinic, semen samples were collected from each man. the semen was analyzed for sperm size and shape, motility, concentration and total sperm count. the researchers also conducted a physical examination and looked at the men ' s diet, body weight, reproductive history, stress levels and smoking habits to rule out other potential causes of their findings. the men who did moderate to vigorous exercise 15 hours or more per week had a significantly higher sperm concentration than those who worked out less than five hours a week. and the men who watched more than 20 hours of tv a week had almost half the sperm concentration as the men who watched zero hours a week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45314895245413955, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.263118"} {"text": "charleston, w. va. - - dear cindy, what is a resting heart rate, and how do i determine mine? - - corinne a resting heart rate is the number of heartbeats each minute you are at rest and completely still. the rhr can tell you how strong and efficient your heart is and, based on that number, indicate whether your heart is getting stronger or weaker as time goes by. the lower the number, the more powerful your heart probably is, and the higher the number, the less able your heart is to efficiently pump the blood from the tip of your toes to the top of your head. certain medications can skew these numbers, but generally your rhr is a great way to see if your cardio workouts are challenging your system enough to make a healthy difference over time. the most accurate way to determine your rhr is to plan to take your pulse in advance because it must be taken before you rise. once you get out of bed and move, the heart rate increases. place a timepiece with a second hand near your bed so that when you wake, you can easily begin counting your heartbeats. you must record it for a full minute and repeat the count daily for five days. the average will be your rhr. this is a great question, and because february is american heart month, i want to share some information vital to your heart health. care for your sweet heart according to the centers for disease control and prevention, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the united states. one in three deaths is from heart disease and / or stroke, which equates to 2, 200 deaths every day. it ' s also quite costly. in fact, hospitalizations because of heart disease and stroke cost the nation more than $ 444 billion in health - care expenses and lost productivity. pretty depressing statistics, considering it doesn ' t have to be this way. these numbers are out of control because we are out of control. physical activity and better nutrition are life - changing choices we need to make a priority if we want to save lives and to reduce the insane financial burden heart disease is putting on our nation. recently, the cdc and the u. s. department of health and human services launched million hearts, a simple yet powerful initiative that aims to empower everyone to make heart - healthy choices and to reduce the 1 million heart attacks and strokes in the u. s. over the next five years. granted, conquering the nation ' s biggest killer is not a simple task. after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4782974985848556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.265627"} {"text": "summary paragraph for cdc13 cdc13p is a multi - functional, telomere - binding protein that plays a role in telomere replication, length maintenance, end protection and telomerase regulation ( 4 ). cdc13 / est4 is one of five genes required for telomerase activity in vivo. est1, est2, tlc1 and est3 are the other four genes. mutations in any of these five genes leads to progressive telomere shortening, the so - called ever shorter telomeres ( est ) phenotype and eventually to cell death ; however, a complete deletion of cdc13 is inviable. cdc13 is the only essential gene among the est genes ( 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and references therein ). the n - terminal region of cdc13p is crucial for the protein ' s activity due to its various interactions with different binding proteins ( 12 ). the telomere capping function is mediated through its interaction with stn1p and ten1p, essential proteins required for telomere length regulation ( 13, 14, 15 ). cdc13p plays a role in telomere replication through its interactions with the pol1p catalytic subunit of dna polymerase alpha, and an essential subunit of telomerase, est1p ( 16 ). cdc13p and est1p also recruit and activate the telomere - bound est2p catalytic subunit of telomerase for its replication ( 17 ). the telomerase recruitment step is regulated by the yeast ku heterodimer ( yku70p - yku80p ), and stn1p which impart positive and negative control on the cdc13p - est1p interaction ( 11, 18 ). cdc13p is regulated by the phosphorylation of the sq / tq motif in the telomerase recruitment domain by the checkpoint kinases, mec1p and tel1p ( 19 ). mutation in cdc13p results in abnormal uncapped telomeres with long exposed g - strands leading to activation of the rad9 dna damage pathway, cell cycle arrest at the g2 / m phase and cell death ( 1, 20, 21, 22, 12 ). in humans, telomere length is linked to aging and cancer : in human germline cells telomeres are long, whereas in cells of somatic tissues, telomerase activity is absent and the telomeres are short. upon sufficient short", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710036609763388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.268744"} {"text": "humans, telomere length is linked to aging and cancer : in human germline cells telomeres are long, whereas in cells of somatic tissues, telomerase activity is absent and the telomeres are short. upon sufficient shortening, the somatic cells stop dividing and become senescent. inappropriate telomerase activity is detected in most malignant tumors, and the genes required for telomerase activity are potential targets for cancer therapy ( 23, 8 ). human orthologs for four of the telomerase subunits are known. est2p, the telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic enzyme, is similar to tert ( omim ), tlc1, the template rna is similar to terc / htr ( omim ), while cdc13p shares sequence similarity with human pot1 ( omim ) ( 24, 9 ). there are three est1p like proteins in humans, although only hest1a and hest1b have been shown to be associated with the telomerase ( 25 ). a human ortholog for est3 hasn ' t been identified. mutations in tert ( omim ) and terc / htr ( omim ) cause short telomeres and congenital aplastic anemia ( omim, 24 ). last updated : 2007 - 06 - 27", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4596039343089187, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.269206"} {"text": "on - site energy installations increase nationwide july 28, 2004 as power reliability becomes more and more important, the united states is turning to on - site energy systems more than ever before. sales were up by 20 percent overall in 2003, and most purchases were fairly evenly distributed among the government, communications, and emergency response / healthcare sectors. on - site systems generate power or heat for nearby use, and they can be connected to a building as well as to the electric grid. energy generation thus appears to be following a \" distributed \" pathway similar to the one charted in the telecommunications industry by cellular technology. today, both established and new energy technologies are used for on - site electricity generation. some of the major technologies include : - advanced batteries and fuels cells ; - combined heat and power ( chp ) systems ; - heat engines and smaller natural gas, propane, and diesel generators ; - micro - hydropower and small ( less than 50 - kilowatt ) wind systems ; - modular biomass ; and - solar technologies ( photovoltaics and solar thermal systems ). on - site systems can also provide thermal energy for space heating and cooling, water heating, and industrial process heat and preheating. in addition to chp systems, these technologies include the following : - concentrated solar systems, - ground - source heat pumps, - solar thermal water heaters, and - transpired solar \" walls \" to preheat air for buildings. there are several reasons for this increase in the use of on - site energy systems ; one is cost. on - site systems save money in some applications, especially when the alternative involves installing new utility wires and transformers. in addition, both demand charges and peak power rates can often be offset by producing energy on site for use during times of peak demand. another reason for the increase in the use of on - site energy systems is regulatory. on - site renewable energy technologies help users meet green power requirements and renewable portfolio standards. they also provide ways to comply with procurement and environmental regulations established by federal, state, and local governments. some users want to ensure backup power with something other than diesel generator sets, not only because it might be hard to obtain diesel fuel, but also for environmental reasons. if the fuel must be transported a great distance, this can also be costly as well as risky. on - site solar, wind, or fuel cell generators are some of the technologies that can alleviate this problem. another reason for on - site generation is to increase power quality. in some applications, surges and transients on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5563171135067383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.274296"} {"text": "as well as risky. on - site solar, wind, or fuel cell generators are some of the technologies that can alleviate this problem. another reason for on - site generation is to increase power quality. in some applications, surges and transients on the electric grid can impede the performance of electrical equipment or even harm sensitive controls, computers, or communication systems. dedicating sensitive systems to on - site generation, or adding distributed energy to the grid as backup, can be a good solution. finally, one increasingly important reason is to ensure reliability. distributed, on - site energy systems are maturing to the point that it ' s easier than ever to use them to ensure reliable power, particularly for strategically - important functions such as national emergencies and homeland security. in addition to installations described in earlier issues of femp focus, there are numerous examples of effective, reliable on - site energy systems meeting the need for reliable power in critical applications. one is the 1 - kilowatt relion fuel cell unit installed at mccord air force base in tacoma, washington. the unit runs on unpressurized, industrial - grade hydrogen to back up communications for a federal aviation administration radar system. it has been running flawlessly, according to mr. howard kernodle of the federal aviation administration. the faa supported the san francisco international airport ' s installation of building - integrated photovoltaic ( bipv ) roofing panels to produce 20 - kilowatts of electricity. this system supplies a portion of the power needed at one of the airport ' s support buildings. in new york city, montefiore medical center was the only hospital that continued to operate with full power during the first night of the 2003 regional blackout, in large part because a solar turbines taurus 60 generator set drives its chp system. montefiore operates its own 14 - megawatt cogeneration plant, and all its critical loads are backed up by emergency power generators. the united states postal service implemented an innovative combination of on - site renewable generation and demand control measures to reduce electrical demand and energy use at the marina mail processing center in los angeles. their partnership with powerlight and viron energy services led to the installation of a 127 kwp solar electric system atop the marina del rey facility, and a state - wide energy information system for 27 usps sites. this energy system allows usps to automatically shed more than 4 megawatts of electrical load. the solar system covers more than 15, 00 square feet of the facility ' s roof and can generate enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5075959519389185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.275222"} {"text": "supplemental student aid early literacy development charter school facilities quotes to note on january 8, in his last policy speech, president bush discussed his record on education and pressed congress to reauthorize a robust no child left behind act at general philip kearny school in philadelphia. \" seven years ago, today, i had the honor of signing a bill that forever changed america ' s school systems, \" he said. \" i firmly believe that, thanks to [ the no child left behind act ], more students are learning and the achievement gap is closing. and, on this anniversary, i have come to talk about why we need to keep the law strong. \" in his remarks, the president addressed common complaints about the law, but he stressed that there was \" no debate about the results. \" specifically, he cited having accountability plans in place in all 50 states and the district of columbia, disaggregated data, a clear focus on the achievement gap, highly qualified teachers, and research - proven strategies for reading instruction. as evidence of success, he also referenced the new teacher incentive fund, supplemental educational services, and increased numbers of charter schools. \" the most important result of no child left behind is this : fewer students are falling behind, and more students are achieving high standards. \" then, in closing, the president urged congress to reauthorize the lawwithout undermining its core principles. \" there is a growing consensus across the country that now is not the time to water down standards or roll - back accountability, \" he said. \" and, i call upon those who can determine the fate of no child left behind... to stay strong in the face of criticism, to not weaken the lawbecause, in so weakening the law, you weaken the chance for a child to succeed in americabut to strengthen the law for the sake of every child. \" for more information, please go to http : / / www. whitehouse. gov / news / releases / 2009 / 01 / 20090108 - 2. html. ( note : a white house fact sheet on education is available at http : / / www. whitehouse. gov / news / releases / 2009 / joining president bush in philadelphia, secretary spellings released great expectations, a new, well - referenced document which examines the history of public education in the u. s. and how students once left behind are now making progress. \" great expectations explores education ' s evolution in america from a privilege for a few to a necessity for all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4553395129559497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.286403"} {"text": ", well - referenced document which examines the history of public education in the u. s. and how students once left behind are now making progress. \" great expectations explores education ' s evolution in america from a privilege for a few to a necessity for all. it tells the story of a remarkable comeback by our nation ' s students, who are achieving record high test scores in reading and math and reveals the reforms that have led to these results, \" she stated. \" most importantly, great expectations reminds us that our work has just begunwe cannot turn back or slow down. in fact, we must pick up the pace to ensure a quality education for all. \" the publication is divided into the following eight sections : ( 1 ) history of expectations, ( 2 ) search for accountability, ( 3 ) education as civil right, ( 4 ) doing what works, ( 5 ) recognizing and rewarding teachers, ( 6 ) higher education that aims higher, ( 7 ) new choices for a new century, and ( 8 ) what ' s next? for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / nclb / overview / importance / greatexpectations /. ( note : a department fact sheet on great expectations is available at http : / / www. ed. gov / nclb / overview / importance / greatexpectations / meanwhile, in the washington post, the secretary penned a letter to her successor. her concluding advice? \" many in washington will judge you on your popularity with adults. if some adults are made uncomfortable by your policies, so be it. the needs of children must come first. \" for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / news / opeds / edit / 2009 / 01132009. html. tying up some loose ends, the department issued official letters to every state, the district of columbia, and puerto rico on the status of some no child left behind cornerstones, including assessments, accountability, and flexibility. in addition, states received a spreadsheet, specifying where each state stands on these issues, and an updated fact sheet on state standards and assessments. to date, 39 states have implemented high - quality standards and assessment systems that have received either \" full approval \" or \" approval with recommendations \" from the agency. for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / admins / lead / account / cornerstones /. at the same time, the secretary announced the approval of several state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47832130154115593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.287364"} {"text": "\" approval with recommendations \" from the agency. for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / admins / lead / account / cornerstones /. at the same time, the secretary announced the approval of several state proposals under the department ' s growth model and differentiated accountability pilot programs. first, four additional states ( colorado, minnesota, pennsylvania, and texas ) are approved to implement growth - based accountability models ( see http : / / www. ed. gov / news / pressreleases / 2009 / 01 / 01082009a. html ). colorado and minnesota are immediately approved to use their models this school year, while pennsylvania and texas are conditionally approved, assuming they satisfy requirements related to their assessment and accountability systems. growth models allow states to receive credit for improving individual students ' performance over timebut retain the no child left behind core principles of annual assessment, disaggregation of data, and grade - level proficiency for all students by 2013 - 2014. fifteen states have now been approved to implement growth models. second, three additional states ( arkansas, louisiana, and new york ) may differentiate between underperforming schools in need of dramatic interventions and those that are closer to meeting the goals of no child left behind ( see http : / / www. ed. gov / news / pressreleases / 2009 / 01 / 01082009b. html ). the law currently treats all schools in improvement similarly. differentiated accountability permits states to vary the intensity and type of interventions to match the academic reasons that led to a school ' s identification. nine states have now been approved to implement differentiated accountability. for both pilots, the department used a rigorous peer review process to ensure that the selections were fair and transparent. also, the department ' s policy and program studies services recently published new evaluation studies on state and local implementation of the no child left behind act : - \" targeting and uses of federal education funds \" ( http : / / www. ed. gov / rschstat / eval / disadv / nclb - targeting / ) examines how well federal funds are targeted to schools and school districts serving economically disadvantaged students, how title i targeting has changed over the past seven years, how districts have spent federal funds, and the base of state and local resources to which federal funds are added. key finding? federal funds were more strongly targeted to high - poverty districts than were state and local funds. however, the higher level of federal funding in high - poverty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49838549152207345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.289299"} {"text": "funds, and the base of state and local resources to which federal funds are added. key finding? federal funds were more strongly targeted to high - poverty districts than were state and local funds. however, the higher level of federal funding in high - poverty districts was not sufficient to close the funding gap between high - and low - poverty districts. - \" title i school choice and supplemental educational services \" ( http : / / www. ed. gov / rschstat / eval / choice / nclb - choice - ses - final / ) supplies updated information on the implementation and usage of choice options offered to students in title i schools identified for improvement. key finding? the number of students eligible for and participating in public school choice or supplemental educational services ( ses ) have increased substantially, although, nationwide, participation rates remained stable at 1 % and 17 %, respectively. ( note : the department just released non - regulatory guidance on implementing public school choice and ses. this guidance updates and expands upon previous versions of guidance, covering issues related to the new title i regulations and including information on other major policy guidance the agency has released during the last few years. see http : / / www. ed. gov / news / pressreleases / 2009 / - \" implementation of the [ students with disabilities ] 1 % rule and 2 % interim policy options \" ( http : / / www. ed. gov / rschstat / eval / disadv / nclb - disab / ) presents findings about the implementation of regulations and guidelines issued under no child left behind providing greater flexibility for the treatment of certain students with disabilities in state assessment and accountability systems. key finding? most states with sound data reported that less than 10 % of tested students with disabilities participated in an alternate assessment based on alternate achievement standards. supplemental student aid participation in the department ' s academic competitiveness ( ac ) and national science and mathematics access to retain talent ( smart ) grant programs grew by 28 % in the 2007 - 08 academic year, with 95, 000 more students receiving grants than in 2006 - 07. for 2007 - 08, a total of 401, 372 students received $ 297, 604, 911 in ac grants and 66, 120 students received $ 195, 474, 710 in smart grants. both of these programs were created in 2006 as part of the president ' s american competitiveness initiative. they aim to increase college access and completion for low - income students by providing additional funds to students eligible for a pell grant. first -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46625588291221276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.290316"} {"text": "grants. both of these programs were created in 2006 as part of the president ' s american competitiveness initiative. they aim to increase college access and completion for low - income students by providing additional funds to students eligible for a pell grant. first - year students who have fulfilled a rigorous high school course of study are eligible to receive an ac grant up to $ 750 ; students who attain a 3. 0 grade point average as freshman are eligible to receive up to $ 1, 300 as a sophomore. smart grants up to $ 4, 000 are awarded to juniors and seniors studying math, science, technology, engineering, or a critical foreign language and sustaining a 3. 0 grade point average in their major. for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / programs / smart / performance. html. early literacy development last week, at the national press club, the national institute for literacy released \" developing early literacy. \" this report, developed by the nine - member national early literacy panel ( nelp ), bridges the large gap in the early literacy research knowledge base. by synthesizing research on language, literacy, and communication, it clearly identifies which critical early skills / abilities and proven instructional practices are precursors of later literacy achievement. ( according to the findings, among the best early predictors of literacy are alphabet knowledge, phonemic awareness, rapid naming skills, writing [ such as writing one ' s own name ], and short - term memory for words said aloud. ) it also tenders clues and insights into emergent literacy from birth through age 5 and points the way for future literacy research and scientific inquiry. the national institute for literacy convened the nelp in 2002 with support from the departments of education and health and human services. for more information, please go to http : / / www. nifl. gov / nifl / nelp / nelp09. html. also : turning the issue of literacy development on its head, the department ' s national center for education statistics ( nces ) has unveiled a new web tool with estimates of the percentage of adultsfor all states and counties in the u. s. who lack basic prose literacy skills. the web tool allows for comparisons to be made between two states, two counties, and across data years. estimates were developed using statistical models that related estimated percentages of adults lacking basic literacy skills in counties sampled for the 1992 national adult literacy survey and the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy to county characteristics, such as levels of educational attainment. for more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4654916349376291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.291351"} {"text": ". estimates were developed using statistical models that related estimated percentages of adults lacking basic literacy skills in counties sampled for the 1992 national adult literacy survey and the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy to county characteristics, such as levels of educational attainment. for more information, please go to http : / / nces. ed. gov / naal / estimates /. charter school facilities earlier this week, the department ' s office of innovation and improvement ( oii ) released the latest guide in its popular \" innovations in education \" series, \" making charter school facilities more affordable : state - driven policy approaches. \" this guide, which complements earlier charter school guides, profiles policy interventions from eight states and the district of columbia that have been developed to help charter schools address various facilities - related challenges. while the guide does not describe every effort, it details how some jurisdictions have dedicated funding streams to support charter facilities and how others have helped charter school operators access relatively low - cost financing to buy, lease, or renovate school buildings. for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / admins / comm / choice / charterfacilities /. on january 20, our nation will observe the transition from one presidential administration to the next. like all other recurring publications of the department, ed review will be on hiatus as it is evaluated by the incoming administration. we expect either ed review or another resource will be available in the near future to provide you updates on department activities. in the interim, we strongly encourage you to visit http : / / www. ed. gov / and check the headlines. thank you for your patience. quotes to note \" i have seen the resolve for reform and the belief in high standards in chicago, where reading and math scores are soaring, and where every child still has time to study a foreign language and the fine arts. the school in chicago we went to [ horace greeley elementary school ], like other schools across the city, have benefited from the vision and leadership of a person named arne duncan. and, he is going to be the next secretary of education. we are fortunate he has agreed to take on this position. we wish him all the very best. \" | | | president george w. bush ( 1 / 8 / 09 ), on the seventh anniversary of the no child left behind act | \" you need no lessons from me on toughness and tenacity. not only did you achieve results for chicago ' s schoolchildren, but you did it in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4815362770833873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.292509"} {"text": "/ 09 ), on the seventh anniversary of the no child left behind act | \" you need no lessons from me on toughness and tenacity. not only did you achieve results for chicago ' s schoolchildren, but you did it in the face of steady criticism. you stuck to your guns on merit pay for teachers who showed results. you expanded charter schools when others wanted to limit them. and, you closed chronically underperforming schools so that they could be restructured. i am confident that you will bring this attitude to washington. \" | | | secretary of education margaret spellings ( 1 / 9 / 09 ), in a letter to the secretary of education - designate | don ' t forget! the next \" education news parents can use \" broadcast ( january 20, 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 et ) will look back at some of the most engaging topics explored on recent shows from the \" fresh \" point of view of the teaching ambassador fellows. for more information, please go to http : / / www. ed. gov / edtv /. ( you can watch archived webcasts at http : / / www. connectlive. com / events / ednews /. ) next month, the department will exhibit at the american association of colleges for teacher education ' s annual meeting in chicago ( february 6 - 8 ) ; the national association for bilingual education ' s annual conference in austin ( february 18 - 21 ) ; the american association of school administrators ' national conference in san francisco ( february 19 - 21 ) ; the national title i conference in san antonio ( february 19 - 22 ) ; and the national association of secondary school principals ' annual convention in san diego ( february 26 - 28 ). if you are attending any of these events, please stop by the department ' s booth. credits, subscribe & unsubscribe please feel free to contact the office of communications and outreach with any questions : director, intergovernmental affairsrogers johnson, ( 202 ) 401 - 0026, rogers. johnson @ ed. gov deputy directorkeith brancato, ( 202 ) 401 - 6178, keith. brancato @ ed. gov program analystadam honeysett, ( 202 ) 401 - 3003, adam. honeysett @ ed. gov to be added or removed from distribution, or submit comments ( we welcome your feedback! ), please contact adam honeysett. or, visit http : / / www. ed. gov / news / newsletters / ed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4177804176395798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.293479"} {"text": "developing cultural diversity in teaching what is cultural diversity? the phrase ' cultural diversity ' means a range of different societies or peoples with different origins, religions and traditions all living and interacting together. to be culturally diverse is to accept and celebrate difference. for tutors that means finding a way of \u2018 bringing the world into classroom \u2019 to reflect the diversity of our community and to enrich the learning experience of all our learners as well as creating an inclusive learning environment. to help tutors create more culturally diverse programmes we have put together the following guidance with a down - loadable cultural diversity resource 121kb for subject specific ideas. re - examine your teaching materials and planning, to identify where you can incorporate a broader view of the world. - how outward looking are you expecting your learners to be? are you encouraging learner autonomy? - do you expect them to research, and explore the subject outside the classroom? are they dependant on you for everything? - do you draw learner attention to related activities happening locally, nationally and globally? - examine your own source of your inspiration, ideas, knowledge \u2013 how culturally diverse are they? - be pro - active and consider cultural diversity at the planning stage, otherwise it won \u2019 t happen! - be aware of individual rights and responsibilities ( e. g. gender, age - related issues ) - consider the differences in your learners i. e. age, sex, race etc and plan resources to include all. - share good practice \u2013 make this resource useful to ev. eryone by sending your contributions to : email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5371734818173901, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.295072"} {"text": "i just read about the discovery of a temple at beth - shemesh in israel, dated to the 11th century b. c. ( see the link below ). this got my attention right away because ( 1 ) beth - shemesh was a border town in old testament times, between the israelites and philistines, ( 2 ) the 11th century b. c. was the time of the last judges and king saul, and ( 3 ) a story from the old testament took place in beth - shemesh, right at that time. according to 1 samuel 4 - 6, the philistines captured the ark of the covenant in a battle, but after a wave of plagues hit the cities where the ark was kept, they decided to return it. to find out if god was behind the plagues, they loaded the ark on an ox - cart, and sent it off without a driver, to see if the oxen would take it to israel. they did, and when the cart reached beth - shemesh, the locals rejoiced and made a sacrifice of the oxen, until a number of them were struck dead for not handling the ark properly. then the ark was sent to another town, kiriath - jearim, and because nobody there wanted to touch it, after what had already happened, it stayed there for at least forty years, until king david came along and took the ark to jerusalem. the article goes on to say that the site was identified as a holy place because of the animal bones found there, and that it was destroyed once and rebuilt. the archaeologists are guessing it was an israelite place of worship, which the philistines destroyed when they took beth - shemesh, and the israelites rebuilt it later, when they took beth - shemesh back. so far so good, but i have a few questions which the story did not answer. first, how did the archaeologists get the 11th century b. c. date? i am assuming it was carbon - 14 dating, or a comparison of the local styles of pottery. this matters because at other sites in the holy land, it now looks like the artifacts were dated to the wrong period. the ashlar stone walls at megiddo, for example, are usually dated to the time when the canaanites ruled the city, when king solomon may have been the one who really built them. second, how did they decide it was an israelite temple, and not a philistine or can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4336679116147476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.297428"} {"text": "the journal of american medical association did a study on \u201c e - mobile technology \u201d, for example sending text messages on phones to try to increase immunization rates, in this case flu rates of children. the research was done at the university of rochester where about 8, 000, mostly low - income kids, and parents got a series of text messages regarding flu shots starting at the beginning of the 2010 - 2011 flu season, and then received an additional reminder. about half the parents got weekly text messages, educating them about the flu and the importance of immunizing their children. they also got weekly text messages reminding them about flu clinics that were being held. researchers found that about 44 % of the kids and teens that were in the text message group were vaccinated and about 40 % of those parents who did not receive texts were vaccinated. statistically, there \u2019 s not much difference, but clinically this is important, and here \u2019 s why. these authors pointed out that if these results were applied to the entire population you would have several million more kids getting vaccinated. one of the concerns we should consider is cost and even potentially, some privacy issues. but despite the possible downsides, even if it \u2019 s only a 4 % difference, if you apply that, it could result in lives saved. i think we should continue to pursue this area of research of using text message reminders as a potential to make a difference from the public health perspective. in the meantime though, make sure your children are getting their flu shots every year!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47460536323837865, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.298961"} {"text": "given all the evidence presently available, we believe it entirely reasonable that mars is inhabited with living organisms and that life independently originated there the conclusion of a study by the national academy of sciences in march 1965, after 88 years of surveying the red planet through blurry telescopes. four months later, nasa \u2019 s mariner 4 spacecraft would beam back the first satellite images of mars confirming the opposite. after earth and mars were born four and a half billion years ago, they both contained all the elements necessary for life. after initially having surface water and an atmosphere, scientists now believe mars lost it \u2019 s atmosphere four billion years ago, with earth getting an oxygenated atmosphere around half a billion years later. according to the chief scientist on nasa \u2019 s curiosity mission, if life ever existed on mars it was most likely microscopic and lived more than three and a half billion years ago. but even on earth, fossils that old are vanishingly rare. \u201c you can count them on one hand, \u201d he says. \u201c five locations. you can waste time looking at hundreds of thousands of rocks and not find anything. \u201d the impact of a 40kg meteor on the moon on march 17 was bright enough to see from earth without a telescope, according to nasa, who captured the impact through a moon - monitoring telescope. now nasa \u2019 s lunar reconnaissance orbiter will try and search out the impact crater, which could be up to 20 metres wide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41839088647318645, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.301547"} {"text": "around 1881, herbert bryant, a prominent citizen who owned a large fertilizer plant in alexandria, had a new home built near the northwest corner of north washington and queen streets. designed by architect benjamin f. price, the second empire style home featuring a mansard roof was noted in a local paper : of all the residences in the city, none are handsomer than the one recently erected by captain herbert bryant. the building inside is supplied with all the modern improvements. the workmanship on this building reflects credit upon alexandria mechanics. even more than 25 years later, a souvenir publication described it as a splendid modern residence. bryant died at his home at 306 north washington st. in 1914, and around 1918, the property became the site for a new parochial school. the xaverian brothers operated the school for boys within st. marys parish. the first two floors served as classroom space and initially, the brothers lived on the top floor. but as enrollment grew, st. marys purchased a nearby property to provide living quarters for the brothers. lawn parties and suppers were held on the grounds to help raise money for the st. marys school. student enrollment at the xaverian school reached 154 in 1930, but the school proved to be too expensive to operate. with church officials citing the impact of the depression, it closed around 1934. the old bryant home was used as an apartment building for many years. in 1956, it and other structures in the 300 block of north washington street were demolished. in the early 1960s, an office building was constructed on the site. out of the attic is provided by the office of historic alexandria.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37985610967905825, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.305846"} {"text": "an individual who uses a computer with an internet connection pretty much practices caution when downloading programs from the internet and email because of the threat of viruses and worms. these malicious program codes and programs can cause your system to become unstable and worse yet, after it has spread within your system, it further infects other systems connected to yours. this is why any sensible computer user has anti virus programs installed in one \u2019 s computer for protection against attacks from viruses and worms that proliferate the internet. the good thing about viruses and worms is the fact that it is easier to spot them trying to get into your system. for instance, a virus or worm can try to enter your system through a suspicious attachment usually from an unknown source. by now, most internet users know better than to open suspicious attachments. also, rigorous anti virus programs can scan attachments before you can open them so that your risk against viruses and worms are properly managed. however, as an internet user, you have more to worry about than viruses and worms. unfortunately, anti virus programs are not designed to detect other types of threats and if you are not careful, you may unwittingly install adware and spyware into your system and once this happens, uninstalling these programs can become problematic. for one thing, most spyware can go undetected in your system. you will continue on your regular computer and internet habits without realizing that your privacy is immensely violated and your security is greatly hindered. since spyware can go undetected and you can continue to use your computer and the internet as usual, there is no need to worry about uninstalling spyware, right? spyware in mild cases infringes on your privacy because it can track and take note of your usage patterns and these information are reported back to the company that created the spyware so that they can build marketing profiles. more than that though, some spyware have the ability to register and take note of key strokes, scan documents within your computer \u2018 s hard drive, and can steal your passwords and other sensitive information that can make you the victim of identity theft and other situations where your personal information can be used to compromise your security. on the other hand, adware is used by companies to infect your computer with unsolicited ads. the most problematic kinds are the ones that indiscriminately pop ads on to your screen even if you are not viewing their site or using the parent program that launched the adware. in fact,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4853922939684509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.312055"} {"text": "nutrition : nuts may, in fact, help avert diverticulitis doctors have long advised people with diverticulosis to steer clear of nuts and foods with small seeds, fearing they might cause severe intestinal complications. but a study has found that eating these foods not only does not increase the risk of complications, but may even lower the risk of developing the disease. the study, published in the aug. 27 issue of the journal of the american medical association, is the first large - scale study of the matter. about a third of americans over 60 develop diverticulosis, which causes intense pain in the abdomen and leads to the rupture of small pouches in the colon, called diverticula. in the study, scientists analyzed data on more than 47, 000 men ages 40 to 75 who had no history of the disease at the start of the study. the subjects were followed for the next 18 years, a period in which 800 cases of diverticulitis and about 380 cases of diverticular bleeding were diagnosed. those who ate the most nuts, twice a week or more, had a 20 percent lower risk of developing diverticulitis than those who ate the least, while those who ate popcorn at least twice a week had a 28 percent lower risk. they also found no link between any foods and complications. the authors say the benefits may come from nutrients and fiber in nuts and light popcorn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40300307373989247, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.313762"} {"text": "in the long, often boring, and generally disappointing history of evolution, nothing has managed to capture our imagination quite like the dinosaurs. 1 the simple fact that there were once giant, terrifying reptiles with tiny brains who \u201c ruled the earth \u201d 2 is enough to inspire awe, but that they then disappeared prior to the invention of the camera phone really compounds it. on the cosmic scale of things, the fact that grizzly bears frighten us is a bit laughable, for if they stepped out of a time machine and into the age of the dinosaurs, grizzly bears would spend the majority of their short lives screaming like children and running away from everything they saw \u2013 including the plants, probably \u2013 and wondering what the hell was going on here ( and also kicking themselves for not just stopping the time machine in 1929 and shorting the stock market, like they had planned ). \u2018 i \u2019 m short oil, i \u2019 m short steel, i \u2019 m short railroads \u2026 i \u2019 m short pretty much everything. oh, i \u2019 m from the future. \u2019 of all the dinosaurs, none is so iconic as tyrannosaurus rex ( lit. \u2018 tyrant - lizard king ( not the band ) \u2019 ). hailing from the late cretaceous between 85 and 65 million years ago, tyrannosaurus rex ( or t. rex, as it preferred to be called ), was, from what we can suss out based on skeletal remains, one of the largest carnivores ever, standing 15 feet tall, reaching up to 40 feet long, and weighing somewhere around 7, 000 pounds. according to people who estimate things that are impossible to estimate, its 700 pound head could, with the aid of serrated teeth the size of bananas, tear off up to 500 pounds of meat in a single bite. but what \u2019 s most breathtaking about t. rex was that it was, at one point, real. t. rexes roamed western north america for millions of years, and in a time when dinosaurs ruled, they were king. \u2018 more mead and serving wenches! and tell my younger brother to calm down. i can \u2019 t handle his psychodrama right now. \u2019 or so we \u2019 re led to believe. the truth is that everything we know about t. rex comes from fossilized remains \u2013 reptilian bone slowly replaced by minerals over the course of millions of years \u2013 and a few spielberg movies. and from these sources, our best and brightest scientists can only make rough deductions about t. rex based on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4487660143563199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.319168"} {"text": "from fossilized remains \u2013 reptilian bone slowly replaced by minerals over the course of millions of years \u2013 and a few spielberg movies. and from these sources, our best and brightest scientists can only make rough deductions about t. rex based on a knowledge of biomechanics and animal anatomy comparisons drawn from extant fauna. what this means is that, while it certainly looked like a carnivorous tyrant - lizard king, for all we really know, t. rex actually liked eating flowers and hugging. only one thing is for sure \u2014 leaving behind a giant skeleton with massive teeth the size of bananas is a surefire way to get lots of kids books written about yourself. his one wish was that some future species educate their offspring about his work. as with all other dinosaurs, there are no t. rexes frozen in ice ( unlike the wooly mammoth ), no t. rex photographs, no t. rex audio recordings, and only the crudest of t. rex diary entries, leaving a vast chasm of t. rex knowledge that is open to interpretation, speculation, and prolific grant - writing by bearded paleontologists who spend their adult lives hoping that pbs interviews them in their indiana jones hat at least once. \u2018 believe it or not, i \u2019 m a bit of a rebel. i mean, i got the hat and everything. \u2019 for instance, some paleontologists believe that all tyrannosaurs, including t. rex, must have been covered in feathers at some point during their life cycles ( most likely after hatching ). if nothing else, a feather - covered t. rex was surely a lot less intimidating, not to mention a lot more upsetting for his dad. but we don \u2019 t know. we also don \u2019 t know whether t. rex was a hunter or a scavenger. while a massive dinosaur with a mouthful of banana teeth that could deliver a bite with 1440 pounds of force in the front part of its jaw and 3011 in the back would seem to be a bit of a no - brainer in the hunting department, some paleontologists suggest that their massive legs may have prevented them from running as fast as their potential prey ( biomechanics pins their top speed at about 18 mph, which is slightly faster than a human being can run ). they also had relatively large olfactory lobes, which could ( could! ) mean a powerful sense of smell for locating rotten meat ( similar to new world vultures, which are award - winning, world - class scave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41083485343182485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.320089"} {"text": "human being can run ). they also had relatively large olfactory lobes, which could ( could! ) mean a powerful sense of smell for locating rotten meat ( similar to new world vultures, which are award - winning, world - class scavengers ). and then, of course, there was the issue of t. rex \u2019 s hilariously undersized forearms, which could not even reach their own mouth ( meaning that, however they got their food, they never wiped their mouth after dinner ). these almost vestigial forearms were likely little use for grasping prey, and they were almost certainly worthless in push up contests. \u2018 well they \u2019 ll work just fine for xbox. when \u2019 s that coming out again? \u2019 but others dissent from this view and remain convinced t. rex was a hunter, pointing to its stereoscopic vision ( and, you know, the spiky banana teeth ). still others think the shreds of rotten, bacteria - infested meat lodged in its numerous teeth gave t. rex a \u201c septic bite, \u201d which caused an initial bite wound to become infected, making these tyrannosaurs among the very first bioterrorists. and, for what it \u2019 s worth, this would also explain why two t. rex fossils have never been found locked in a passionate kiss. the most complete t. rex skeleton ever found was discovered in south dakota in 1990. currently on display at the field museum in chicago, \u2018 sue \u2019 has shed a great deal of new light on the tyrannosaurus rex. for instance, we now know that we don \u2019 t know whether sue was a male or a female. we do know, however, that sue died at some point in what is now south dakota. probably. for all we know, she or he passed away in what is now montana, but the other t. rexes brought her to south dakota for an incredibly elaborate funeral procession that featured a full marching band and several push up contests. \u2018 by the way, i was also pink. everything was. long story. \u2019 however, using a little bit of common sense, we can probably make the reasonable leap and conclude that t. rex was a hunter ; after all, t. rex - esque wounds have been found in other dinosaur skeletons. of course, these may have been inflicted post - mortem. but let \u2019 s be honest \u2013 does anyone think that something with banana teeth and a brain smaller than a quart of milk was reluctant to bite anything and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44783587511283046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.321027"} {"text": "member states were next asked a series of questions related to safety and herbal medicines. the first question asked countries to describe those regulatory requirements used for the safety assessment of herbal medicines. the following options were given : same requirements as for conventional pharmaceuticals, special requirements or no requirements. if member states chose the option \u201c special requirements \u201d, they were further asked to choose all that applied from the following options : traditional use without demonstrated harmful effects, reference to documented scientific research on similar products, and other requirements. if other requirements were selected, the respondents were asked to describe the requirement. a total of 130 member states responded to this question : however, as respondents were asked to choose all that applied, there are more responses than respondents for this question ( figure 30 ). eighty two countries indicated that special regulatory requirements exist for herbal medicine. of the remaining responses, 57 countries indicated that the same regulatory requirements for safety assessment apply to herbal medicines as to conventional pharmaceuticals. finally, 28 countries indicated that no regulatory requirements for safety assessment exist in their country. figure 30. regulatory requirements for safety assessment of herbal medicines when selecting the category \u201c special requirements \u201d, countries were further asked to choose the relevant categories of special requirement, or to describe other special requirements. sixty - six countries of the 82 that chose the category of special requirements indicated that their laws and regulations employ the regulatory requirement of traditional use without demonstrated harmful effects, while 53 countries indicated that they had a regulatory requirement for reference to documented scientific research ( figure 31 ). please note that, as countries were able to choose all options that apply, the number of responses exceeds the number of responding countries. figure 31. special regulatory requirements for safety assessment of herbal medicines twenty - one countries chose the option \u201c other \u201d and provided details on other regulatory requirements for safety assessment. these included the following : clinical studies, bibliographical documents, screening of herbs not suitable for food use, screening for toxic elements, radioactivity and heavy metals, well - established use, traditional literature documentation and toxicological studies. finally, countries were asked whether control mechanisms exist for the regulatory requirements for safety assessment detailed above and, if so, a brief description was requested. though 125 member states responded, the figure below only includes 106 since it excludes those that did not respond to the previous question, or responded solely that that there are no requirements. of the responding countries, 67 %, or 71 countries, indicated that such control mechanisms exist ( figure 32 ). the control mechanisms were also specified in some cases, of which licensing and registration, laboratory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5055392436773924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.325085"} {"text": "as the years tick by with most of the planet doing little in the way of reducing carbon emissions, researchers are getting increasingly serious about the possibility of carbon sequestration. if it looks like we ' re going to be burning coal for decades, carbon sequestration offers us the best chance of limiting its impact on climate change and ocean acidification. a paper that will appear in today ' s pnas describes a fantastic resource for carbon sequestration that happens to be located right next to many of the us ' major urban centers on the east coast. assuming that capturing the carbon dioxide is financially and energetically feasible, the big concern becomes where to put it so that it will stay out of the atmosphere for centuries. there appear to be two main schools of thought here. one is that areas that hold large deposits of natural gas should be able to trap other gasses for the long term. the one concern here is that, unlike natural gas, co2 readily dissolves in water, and may escape via groundwater that flows through these features. the alternative approach turns that problem into a virtue : dissolved co2 can react with minerals in rocks called basalts ( the product of major volcanic activity ), forming insoluble carbonate minerals. this should provide an irreversible chemical sequestration. the new paper helpfully points out that if we ' re looking for basalts, the east coast of the us, home to many of its major urban centers and their associated carbon emissions, has an embarrassment of riches. the rifting that broke up the supercontinent called pangea and formed the atlantic ocean ' s basin triggered some massive basalt flows at the time, which are now part of the central atlantic magmatic province, or camp. the authors estimate that prior to some erosion, camp had the equivalent of the largest basalt flows we ' re currently aware of, the siberian and deccan traps. some of this basalt is on land \u2014 anyone in northern manhattan can look across the hudson river and see it in the sheer cliffs of the palisades. but much, much more of it is off the coast under the atlantic ocean. the authors provide some evidence in the form of drill cores and seismic readings that indicate there are large basalt deposits in basins offshore of new jersey and new york, extending up to southern new england. these areas are now covered with millions of years of sediment, which should provide a largely impermeable barrier that will trap any gas injected into the basalt for many years. the deposits should also have reached equilibrium with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48886290793301773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.328605"} {"text": "up to southern new england. these areas are now covered with millions of years of sediment, which should provide a largely impermeable barrier that will trap any gas injected into the basalt for many years. the deposits should also have reached equilibrium with the seawater above, which will provide the water necessary for the chemical reactions that precipitate out carbonate minerals. using a drill core from an onshore deposit, the authors show that the basalt deposits are also composed of many distinct flows of material. each of these flows would have undergone rapid cooling on both its upper and lower surface, which fragmented the rock. the core samples show porosity levels between 10 and 20 percent, which should allow any co2 pumped into the deposits to spread widely. the authors estimate that new jersey ' s sandy hook basin, a relatively small deposit, is sufficient to house 40 years ' worth of emissions from coal plants that produce 4gw of electricity. and the sandy hook basin is dwarfed by one that lies off the carolinas and georgia. they estimate that the south georgia rift basin covers roughly 40, 000 square kilometers. the authors argue that although laboratory simulations suggest the basic idea of using basalts for carbon sequestration is sound, the actual effectiveness in a given region can depend on local quirks of geology, so pilot tests in the field are absolutely essential for determining whether a given deposit is suitable. so far, only one small - scale test has been performed on any of the camp deposits. given the area ' s proximity to significant sources of co2 and the infrastructure that could be brought into play if full - scale sequestration is attempted, it seems like one of the most promising proposals to date. pnas, 2010. doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0913721107", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48999770347172505, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.329292"} {"text": "( the source of funds used \u2026 ) 1 ) the source of funds used by a non - resident indian ( nri ) should be identified at the time of investing in order to decide if the money can be taken outside the country on sale or redemption. 2 ) if the source of funds is foreign currency, it can be sent without any restriction. if, however, it is indian rupees, it cannot be remitted. these two sources cannot be clubbed together. 3 ) the bank account through which the investment is routed is used to determine the source of funds. the funds that are remitted from abroad into the nre or fcnr accounts and invested can be freely sent back. 4 ) the income earned in india on investments is repatriable, irrespective of the source of funds. this includes interest from bonds and bank accounts, rental income, dividends from shares and mutual funds. 5 ) the income earned on an investment is freely repatriable once the taxes have been paid according to the indian laws. 6 ) the income in the form of sale proceeds from capital assets, such as property, land, shares, bonds, and mutual funds held in india, are repatriable to the extent of funds remitted from abroad for buying these capital assets. ( the content on this page is courtesy centre for investment education and learning ( ciel ). contributions by sunita abraham, girija gadre and arti bhargava. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44287345330381456, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.331666"} {"text": "seventh grade - practice vocabulary word list a / b / c / d / e / f / g / h / i / j / k / l / m / n / o / p / q / r / s / t / u / v / w / x / y / z vocabulary words - seventh grade - e : 1 - 25 ( of 26 ) ( adj. ) honest and polite ; serious. ( adj. ) related to the economy. ( adj. ) using time, money, or goods carefully and without wasting any. ( n. ) the financial situation in an area. ( n. ) a group of plants, animals and their environment that work together as a unit. ( n. ) a change that is made on a person or thing. ( adj. ) doing something without wasting time and doing it well. ( adj. ) something that can be stretched. ( n. ) energy carried by wires that you use to provide heat or light or to make machines work. ( v. ) to put into another substance. ( v. ) to do something to the surface of an object. ( v. ) to make something possible. ( n. ) a set of books that give information on many topics. ( n. ) the area where people or animals live. ( v. ) to wish for someone else ' s talents or possessions. ( adj. ) needed ; important. ( v. ) to judge how well something or someone works. ( v. ) to surpass or go beyond what was expected. ( n. ) something left out of the usual rule. ( n. ) a short trip. ( n. ) a manager or supervisor. ( adj. ) related to the job of a manager or supervisor. ( n. ) a display in public. ( v. ) to make a public display. ( v. ) to increase. ( v. ) to treat someone unfairly to make money. ( n. ) when something is made bigger or longer. we ' ve taken all of the words found in our practice vocabulary word lists and created an online vocabulary building game that anyone can play. we call it lemons for literacy. this vocabulary building game is meant to be a fun way to improve vocabulary comprehension, spelling and reading skills, but it is also tool for people to help in the cause of literacy. as you play, and match vocabulary words with their definitions, reading horizons will donate money and it ' s award winning reading software to people in need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5876865367907118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.333904"} {"text": "for the first time ever, scientists have mapped out the underground reservoirs of water throughout africa and found that the northern part of the continent has the most groundwater stored. contrary to the common notions, beneath africa ' s vast desert landscapes there exists about 0. 66 million km3 of groundwater, a hundred times more than can be found on the surface and twenty times more than in africa ' s lakes. researchers from the british geological survey ( bgs ) and university college - london mapped out the groundwater reservoirs, also known as aquifers, by cross - referencing a geological base map of the african continent with previously published maps of the african continent ' s aquifers, in addition to conducting studies of 283 african aquifers. the results were the first \" quantitative groundwater maps for africa. \" as the climate became drier, transforming the sahara into a desert, water was trapped underneath the surface in these aquifers more than 5, 000 years ago. in africa, more than 300 million people do not have access to safe drinking water. the discovery of these reservoirs offer hope for the continent, provided that the water resources are not exhausted by recurrent droughts. \" much lower storage aquifers are present across much of sub - saharan africa. however, our work shows that with careful exploring and construction, there is sufficient groundwater under africa to support low - yielding water supplies for drinking and community irrigation, \" helen bonsor, co - author of the bgs report, told the bbc. however, these underground acquifers have not been replenished for an estimated 5, 000 years due to the lack of rain, meaning that the stored groundwater is of limited supply. this fact has raised debate over how to best extract the water for drinking purposes. generally, groundwater is accessed by drilling boreholes, deep and narrow holes. however, caution must be exercised given the limited supply. wide developments of boreholes could actually deplete the aquifers. \" it is not as simple as drilling big bore - holes and seeing rice fields spring up everywhere. in some places it could be economically and technically feasible to use groundwater to reduce crop loss, but i would question whether that is true everywhere. it will need detailed evaluation, \" dr stephen foster, a london - based senior adviser for aid group global water partnership told reuters. in addition the yield of boreholes, as in how much water is delivered from pumping, might not be enough for large - scale irrigation. the uneven groundwater distribution is another cause for debate and potentially violent conflict between african countries as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4450421631861864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.339982"} {"text": "the cpu market is now flooded with multi - core and multi - threaded cpus. we see them in everything from smartphones ( with dual core cortex a9 from arm ) to the highest end notebooks and desktops where the core i7 - 980x is now king. but the question many people are asking is ; what will more cores give me? - so let ' s take a brief look at why even with 6 and 12 core cpus in the channel we do not see better multi - thread and multi - tasking support in our applications and operating systems. the question of what does more cores get me is an important one and one that needs to be answered by the big software companies. if you go back a few years ( like around 10 ), you will see that it was not until very recently that even the big names like microsoft began to seriously consider multiple cpus or cores in their products. true, you had windows nt that would support more than one cpu, but the scheduler that handled the tasks was very basic, though it still achieved the end result and allowed you to use more than one cpu through the os. in the professional space this was great and helped with production and content creation. in the consumer space there were very few applications that could deal with this, so it was up to the very immature task scheduler to deal with these in what it felt was the most efficient manner. from windows nt we moved to windows 2000 then to windows xp ( yes, i know, i am skipping over a few years here ). of these two, only xp had rudimentary support for consumer level smp and smt systems. but, again this was not a very mature or efficient product. in fact, there was quite a large issue with the home version of xp and anything with more than one cpu. the problem centered on the poorly written task scheduler and the power management. if you had a dual core cpu ( or dual cpu system ) and only one core was active, the pwm system would still try to throttle down both cores. this caused many systems to slow down dramatically or simply lockup. this was one of the reasons that most gamers and enthusiasts used windows xp professional over home ( there were others, but this was a big one ). again, even with support for more than one cpu in windows xp, it was very limited. in fact, the original kernel only had support for two cpus, the same type of smp support that existed since the days of windows nt works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45660960565991243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.345084"} {"text": ". again, even with support for more than one cpu in windows xp, it was very limited. in fact, the original kernel only had support for two cpus, the same type of smp support that existed since the days of windows nt workstation. this was still going on while quad core cpus from intel and amd were hitting the market. it was very interesting to see reviews on quad core cpus using software and games that could not even deal with two, especially considering that windows xp was still not able to efficiently deal with them. some of that changed when many sites moved to the server 2003 kernel based windows xp x64 os. you still did not have many applications outside the professional world that would allow you to use more than two cores, but the platform was getting better. with the release of windows vista we saw ms try its hand at smt / smp for the masses again. the scheduler in vista was much more efficient and was a big improvement over anything ( other than server operating systems ) that had been available on the consumer market before. however, vista was not received well and due to some internal issues combined with terrible press, it was not widely adopted across the consumer space. it can also be said that microsoft ' s insistence on making 50 different skus for the os hurt. when people think of an os, they think of it by name. they have vista, not vista basic, or vista home, or vista home basic premium lite. this caused major confusion and only hurt the adoption of better smt and smp support in the consumer space. it is only now in the beginnings of 2010 that we see a widely adopted operating system with good solid multi - thread and multi - cpu support in the consumer market space. windows 7 has a great task scheduler ; it is very efficient at managing the applications and giving them cpu time based on demand and application need. it ' s not 100 % perfect, but it is pretty damn good compared to what we had before. there are some things i would like to see in future versions ; preset core affinity would be nice, as would being able to set application priority at launch vs. having to do it after the fact in task manager, but i am digressing here. the reason i touched on the path of smt and smp in the operating system is to cover the major reason why most consumer applications have almost no support for multi core systems. to put it simply and rather bluntly, they have not seen the need to spend the money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4873712760231227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.346039"} {"text": "the path of smt and smp in the operating system is to cover the major reason why most consumer applications have almost no support for multi core systems. to put it simply and rather bluntly, they have not seen the need to spend the money on it. after all, if the os does not support it, why should they? i have said this over and over again ; money drives the market. you can put any friendly name on it you want. consumer demand, adoption rate, call it what you will ; both equal sales and money. software development costs money, so to add in even rudimentary support for multiple cpus or threads to an existing application that does not already have it, is not worth the time for most companies. they will happily continue to push out the same core product with a few minor updates, all the while unknowingly limiting their own customer ' s performance on their new systems. after all, if you think about it ; every application that was pushed out to the consumer while xp was king was fighting for the same single cpu core and its resources. you had to rely on the dodgy task scheduler in windows xp to hopefully open up the new application instance on another free cpu core, but that did not always happen. the same issue was present in almost every game. i mean come on guys ; we saw smp and smt support going all the way back to quake iii and half life! why can ' t we see that now when a dual core is the standard and quad cores are not far behind? it makes no sense at all to be honest. page 1 of 2 further reading : read and find more software content at our software reviews, guides and articles index page. do you get our rss feed? get it!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48856500921239776, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.346761"} {"text": "the story of the relationship between sigmund freud and his american nephew, edward bernays. bernays invented the public relations profession in the 1920s and was the first person to take freud ' s ideas and use them to manipulate the masses. he showed american corporations how they could make people want things they didn ' t need by systematically linking mass - produced goods to their unconscious desires. bernays was one of the main architects of the modern techniques of mass - consumer persuasion, using every trick in the book, from celebrity endorsement and outrageous pr stunts, to eroticising the motorcar. his most notorious coup was breaking the taboo on women smoking by persuading them that cigarettes were a symbol of independence and freedom. but bernays was convinced that this was more than just a way of selling consumer goods. it was a new political idea of how to control the masses. by satisfying the inner irrational desires that his uncle had identified, people could be made happy and thus docile. it was the start of the all - consuming self which has come to dominate today ' s world. the programme explores how those in power in post - war america used freud ' s ideas about the unconscious mind to try and control the masses. politicians and planners came to believe freud ' s underlying premise - that deep within all human beings were dangerous and irrational desires and fears. they were convinced that it was the unleashing of these instincts that had led to the barbarism of nazi germany. to stop it ever happening again they set out to find ways to control this hidden enemy within the human mind. sigmund freud ' s daughter, anna, and his nephew, edward bernays, provided the centrepiece philosophy. the us government, big business, and the cia used their ideas to develop techniques to manage and control the minds of the american people. but this was not a cynical exercise in manipulation. those in power believed that the only way to make democracy work and create a stable society was to repress the savage barbarism that lurked just under the surface of normal american life. in the 1960s, a radical group of psychotherapists challenged the influence of freudian ideas in america. they were inspired by the ideas of wilhelm reich, a pupil of freud ' s, who had turned against him and was hated by the freud family. he believed that the inner self did not need to be repressed and controlled. it should be encouraged to express itself. out of this came a political movement that sought to create new beings free of the psychological conformity that had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4815957785390633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.351356"} {"text": "by the freud family. he believed that the inner self did not need to be repressed and controlled. it should be encouraged to express itself. out of this came a political movement that sought to create new beings free of the psychological conformity that had been implanted in people ' s minds by business and politics. this programme shows how this rapidly developed in america through self - help movements like werber erhard ' s erhard seminar training - into the irresistible rise of the expressive self : the me generation. but the american corporations soon realised that this new self was not a threat but their greatest opportunity. it was in their interest to encourage people to feel they were unique individuals and then sell them ways to express that individuality. to do this they turned to techniques developed by freudian psychoanalysts to read the inner desires of the new self. this episode explains how politicians on the left, in both britain and america, turned to the techniques developed by business to read and fulfil the inner desires of the self. both new labour, under tony blair, and the democrats, led by bill clinton, used the focus group, which had been invented by psychoanalysts, in order to regain power. they set out to mould their policies to people ' s inner desires and feelings, just as capitalism had learnt to do with products. out of this grew a new culture of public relations and marketing in politics, business and journalism. one of its stars in britain was matthew freud who followed in the footsteps of his relation, edward bernays, the inventor of public relations in the 1920s. the politicians believed they were creating a new and better form of democracy, one that truly responded to the inner feelings of individual. but what they didn ' t realise was that the aim of those who had originally created these techniques had not been to liberate the people but to develop a new way of controlling them. the purpose of the second part of this book is to show various aspects of political and non - political strategy used to change the feelings and thoughts of the masses, starting with simple advertising and propaganda, then surveying psychological warfare and actual cold war, and going on to examine the means used for internal streamlining of man ' s thoughts and behavior. part two ends with an intricate exmination of how one of the tools of emotional fascination and attack - - the weapon of fear - - is used and what reactions it arouses in men. the ordinary, law - abiding citizen of totalitaria, far from being a hero,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5094977892189665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.352277"} {"text": "how one of the tools of emotional fascination and attack - - the weapon of fear - - is used and what reactions it arouses in men. the ordinary, law - abiding citizen of totalitaria, far from being a hero, is potentially guilty of hundreds of crimes. he is a criminal if he is stubborn in defense of his own point of view. he is a criminal if he refuses to become confused. he is a criminal if he does not loudly and vigorously participate in all official acts ; reserve, silence, and ideological withdrawal are treasonable. he is a criminal if he doesn ' t look happy, for then he is guilty of what the nazis called physiognomic insubordination. he can be a criminal by association or disassociation, by scapegoatism, or by projection, by intention or by anticipation. he is a criminal if he refuses to become an informer. he can be tried and found guilty by every conceivable \" ism \" - - cosmopolitanism, provincialism ; deviationalism, mechanism ; imperialism, nationalism ; pacifism, militarism ; objectivism, subjectivism ; chavinism, equalitarianism ; practicalism, idealism. he is guilty every time he is something. the only safe conduct pass for the citizen of totalitaria lies in the complete abdication of his mental integrity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5390321159466356, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.352768"} {"text": "the new york city council released a study today entitled, \u201c the middle class squeeze, \" a report that details how new york city \u2019 s middle class is shrinking as a percentage of the city \u2019 s working - age population. the study \u2013 which uses the area median income ( ami ) standard developed by the federal department of housing and urban development ( hud ) to define the middle class \u2013 outlines the striking economic challenges for new york city \u2019 s middle - class families. most remarkably, the study found new york city is one of the most expensive places to live in the country : manhattan and brooklyn ranked first and second with the most expensive housing costs out of 300 u. s. metropolitan areas. queens ranked seventh. in sheer numbers, the city \u2019 s middle class has seen growth between 1989 and 2012, gaining 129, 000 middle class adults. however, the number of middle - class residents as a percentage of the total population has gotten smaller, as well as the overall median income of middle - class residents ( see chart ). in addition, the number of poor residents in the city has grown significantly, causing what researchers are terming the \u201c hollow in the middle \u201d effect, where the middle gives way to a heavier top and bottom. the city \u2019 s share of residents who are college - educated or better is higher than the nation as a whole. but the percentage of the population without a high school diploma fell, as well as those associated with the middle - educated section of the city \u2019 s population \u2013 those with some college population or an associate degree, reflecting the same \u201c hollow in the middle \u201d income polarization. also, between 1989 and 2012 the city \u2019 s middle class also has grown more diverse, a trend that largely reflects the growing hispanic and asian populations in the city. however, although the chance that an african - american, hispanic or asian was in the middle class remained relatively stable throughout the period, the representation of african - american and hispanic middle - class households has fallen. the report also found : - jobs paying middle class wages are increasingly scarce. - since 2001, median rents for middle class households rose by 6. 2 %, the price of a condominium apartment increased by 47 %. - new york city \u2019 s middle class unemployment rate is 6. 2 %, three times higher than it was in 2008 and 75 % higher than in 1989. - in 1989, more than half of the city \u2019 s working age high school graduates were in the middle class. today only a third are in the middle class. \u201c clearly the middle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39488662828033283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.356374"} {"text": "bussos : byssus ( a species of flax ), also ( the ) linen ( made from it ) original word : \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 part of speech : noun, feminine phonetic spelling : ( boos ' - sos ) short definition : fine linen, cotton definition : fine linen, cotton. cognate : 1040 byssos \u2013 fine linen, i. e. a very expensive ( sought - after ) form of linen \u2013 \" a specific species of egyptian flax or linen made from it that is very costly, delicate \" ( j. thayer ). see 1039 ( byssinos ). word origin of hebrew origin buts byssus ( a species of flax ), also ( the ) linen ( made from it ) fine linen ( 1 ). strongs nt 1040 : \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 ( vanicek, fremdworter, under the word ), byssus, a species of egyptian flax ( found also in india and achaia ) \u2014 or linen made from it \u2014 very costly, delicate, soft, white, and also of a yellow color ( see respecting it pollux, onomast. 50 : 7 c. 17 \u00a7 75 ) : luke 16 : 19 ; revelation 18 : 12 rec. ( in the sept. generally for \u05e9\u05e9, also \u05d1\u05d5\u05e5, cf. 1 chronicles 15 : 27 ; 2 chronicles 5 : 12 ; cf. winers rwb under the word baumwolle ; ( bb. dd., see under the words, and ). josephus, antiquities 3, 6, 1f ; 3, 7, 2 ; philostr. vit. apoll. 2, 20 ( p. 71, olear. edition ) ; on the flax of achaia growing about elis, cf. pausanias, 5, 5, 2 ; 7, 21, 7. ) < 1 > of hebrew origin ( buwts ) ; white linen - - fine linen. see hebrew buwts \u03b2\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b2\u03c9\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 busson bysson bysson strong ' s greek 1040 \u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u2014 1 occ. luke 16 : 19 n - afs bi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001389381667185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.358736"} {"text": "hidden in plain sight today ' s entry was written by charley gordon. please note the views expressed here are those of the author, not necessarily of the biologos foundation. you can read more about what biologos believes here. in the heart of manhattan, a small statue that once stood in the center of an atrium fountain inside a stately fifth avenue mansion has become the center of an international mystery. the home was built in the 1920s for a private family and was sold to the french embassy in the 1950s. along with the house came this quaint, but neglected marble carving of a young boy carrying a quiver of arrows. for years, it was ignored by thousands of visitors and dignitaries alike, all headed somewhere else in their busy lives. then, one fateful evening in 1997, dr. kathleen weil - garris brandt, a new york university art professor, was invited to a social event there. she was instantly captivated by the statue. as she looked closer, she saw what others had not recognized for almost a century : its composition bore the mark of genius. she suspected this piece was from the hand of a young michelangelo. naturally, the professor did not announce the statue was the authentic early work of michelangelo without doing some homework. she discovered it had been listed for sale by auction as an original michelangelo just after the turn of the 20th century. however, it did not sell and was later bought by the architect of the home, who purchased it from a european dealer as an \u201c artifact of antiquity. \u201d the professor then brought to bear her considerable expertise in the art world and, in looking at the work itself, pronounced its authenticity. when dr. weil - garris brandt shared her findings regarding the statue now called \u201c young archer, \u201d her conclusion was initially met with disbelief. could it be? this fountain centerpiece turned priceless masterpiece had suffered decades of neglect. more experts were called in, most of whom concurred that the work was, indeed, likely the result of the master \u2019 s hand. it is currently on loan to the metropolitan museum of art, the only known michelangelo sculpture in america. there all along what intrigues me about this story is that the masterpiece was there all along \u2014 hidden in plain sight less than a block away from the met. what it took to draw it out of hiding was the trained eye of a student of the arts. at our home, we love i spy books and where \u2019 s waldo?, but it makes us crazy once we realize what we were looking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4703435430911732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.363635"} {"text": "met. what it took to draw it out of hiding was the trained eye of a student of the arts. at our home, we love i spy books and where \u2019 s waldo?, but it makes us crazy once we realize what we were looking for had been there all along, staring us in the face! ( i do this with my keys, by the way \u2014 hide them where one would least expect to find them, like on the mantle or in a drawer. ) my question is this \u2014 what else are we missing? as a medical student learning about how the body works, i thought it fascinating to understand how we fight off disease, how the brain responds to stress and how we reproduce, how we perceive vision and memory \u2014 the list goes on and on. these, too, are miracles in plain sight. regardless of how you believe these everyday miracles came about, they speak to an underlying order and bedrock physical principles that we can only contribute to an eloquent genius. without the predictable, physical laws that order our universe, none of these miracles could happen. in fact, we would not happen. but how soon we forget the mystery of beauty and the joy of being able to breathe and to think! like the thousands of people hustling by the \u201c young archer \u201d for decades, we scurry past god \u2019 s most wondrous creations on display every day. and in doing so, all too often we miss the miracle hidden in plain sight. god, the artist in romans 1 : 20, we are told, \u201c since the creation of the world god \u2019 s invisible qualities \u2014 his eternal purpose and divine nature \u2014 have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made so that men are without excuse. \u201d in other words, god \u2019 s invisible qualities show up in the visible universe. this is really amazing when you think about it. we can learn about god by studying nature? yes, it is true and biblical. the more we learn about our universe, the more examples we find of physical laws that mirror spiritual laws. there are these consistent physical laws and principles that allow us to exist, all of which are orderly and consistent. the bible teaches us that the spiritual world and the natural world are inter - related, and as we learn more about the natural world, we better understand its creator. my belief is that this creator, like michelangelo and all artists, has a distinctive style \u2014 and it shows up in the most unexpected places. i first noticed this while studying the brain cells responsible for coordination, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5384184554962476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.364557"} {"text": "world, we better understand its creator. my belief is that this creator, like michelangelo and all artists, has a distinctive style \u2014 and it shows up in the most unexpected places. i first noticed this while studying the brain cells responsible for coordination, the purkinje cells. i \u2019 ll never forget the night i realized how much they resembled oak trees. see for yourself in the accompanying photographs. then i started seeing these \u201c design copycats \u201d everywhere, in places one would least expect them. next, a sunflower that looks like a silicone crystal. and the branching of a bronchial tree that reminds me of a river flowing into the sea. really, if you look, you can find thousands of examples every day. in fact, they are so common that we often fail to notice them. for example, take the endless variety of spirals : from roses, to seashells, to your inner ear. these patterns are at once mysterious and beautiful. much has been studied about this pattern, termed the \u201c golden ratio, \u201d but no one understands why we are drawn to it. i think i have a clue. god is an artist, and we are endowed with his sense of appreciation for beauty. these repetitive themes represent god \u2019 s signature on his work, his calling card, if you will. these themes show up in what \u2019 s been referred to as the \u201c unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics \u201d and are often strikingly beautiful. they are scattered throughout creation for our pleasure, yet are often so commonplace that we often overlook them. i invite you to reawaken your sense of wonder, and i guarantee if you look, you will find evidence of the author of beauty in your everyday world. dr. charley gordon is committed to seeing god \u2019 s handiwork in daily life. as a neurosurgeon and scientist in tyler, texas, he brings a unique perspective to his pursuit of cataloging evidence of god \u2019 s signature throughout creation. his observations can be found in a recently published book called, in plain sight : seeing god ' s signature throughout creation available at amazon. com. see more of his work at www. designedonpurpose. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5197339802246694, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.365351"} {"text": "michel pastoureau begins his book black : the history of a color with a biblical quote : \u201c in the beginning, god created the heavens and the earth. the earth was without form and void. darkness was upon the face of the deep \u2026 god said, \u2018 let there be light \u201d. the color black has been a part of our collective pysche since the beginning of time. with a thorough text and a beautifully curated set of images, pastoureau, a historian at the sarbonne, examines how over the centuries, the meaning and influence of the color has fluctuated in relation to culture, art and dress. prior to the year 1000, black was easily accepted as clothing. but in the early christian period, black became less a color for everyday life and took on an association with the devilish and infernal. in medieval times, black was symbolic of wealth, royalty and luxury, before swinging back to the gloom and depression of the romantic period ( think edgar allen poe \u2019 s the raven ). in the 20th century, black and white film, photography and print elevated black once again. as acceptability and perception have shifted over time, today we see black as a dual personality : the proper, businesslike, modern, sleek color of the little black dress and the business suit is the same as the dark, rebellious, dangerous color of the gothic and the undergound. black reflects the duality of human values in our modern society. much like pastoureau looks at broad historical periods to identify how perceptions of black have changed over time, designers are also required to look at trends in society each season and determine how to use the color black in a collection. keep your eye on the runway during fashion week and you \u2019 ll start to see exactly how this translates into fashion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5139616728692742, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.367175"} {"text": "the latest of our proofreading projects to be completed is the brighton boys in the trenches. the brighton boys series is something that may be a bit hard for the modern reader to imagine : books for young boys glorifying the act of going to war, written during an ongoing conflict. using the same basic hardcover series format as tom swift or the bobbsey twins, these books provide juvenile adventures in various world war i contexts. unlike many similar series, though, the brighton boys books do not follow the same heroes from title to title ; instead, each adventure features different students from the fictional brighton academy. given the subject matter, there is a rather grim reason for this atypical format! while the overall series concept is itself a bit shocking, the brighton boys in the trenches goes a step further by dealing with what is probably the dirtiest and most horrific aspect of a dirty and horrific subject : trench warfare. the plot is simple enough : after encountering a boastful german, herbert whitcomb, a 17 - year - old orphan with an eye for shooting, leaves school to enlist along with his irish sidekick roy flynn. before long, they are engaged in combat in france, facing gas attacks, trench foot and other dangers! as a work of fiction, the book leaves much to be desired. its main characters are two - dimensional at best, and the prose is littered with long, awkward, nearly - unreadable sentences. the author \u2019 s most ambitious attempt at achieving literary merit appears to be having one of his characters name a gun after a dickens character. the plot is thin, just a series of action - filled incidents loosely strung together. however, despite its flaws, the book is quite interesting as a piece of social history. the early portions of the book, set in america, have a decidedly paranoid tone. germans and their agents are actively trying to turn the public against the war, and the book makes it very clear that acts of physical violence are perfectly acceptable to counter such dangerous speech. once the action switches overseas, the book \u2019 s role as propaganda remains fairly clear. the germans are generally referred to in dehumanizing terms, and while the conflict is unquestionably portrayed as dangerous, the text is designed to frequently imply american superiority and inevitable victory. the book \u2019 s role as propaganda is not particularly surprising ; more startling are its occasional deviations from predictability. there is a heroic depiction of an implicitly homosexual \u2014 or at least feminized \u2014 character ( \u201c he possessed a manner that some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702824400767224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.370820"} {"text": "the book \u2019 s role as propaganda is not particularly surprising ; more startling are its occasional deviations from predictability. there is a heroic depiction of an implicitly homosexual \u2014 or at least feminized \u2014 character ( \u201c he possessed a manner that some would have termed \u2018 sissy \u2019 \u201d ). there are occasional philosophical tangents about the madness of war ( \u201c in times of peace we regard the murder of one person as something over which to get up a vast deal of excitement and much indignation, but in warfare we plan for the killing of thousands as a business matter and read of it often with actual elation. \u201d ) and the pitfalls of stereotyping the enemy ( \u201c it is all wrong, unfair and a little small to consider all the people in any land unworthy ; don \u2019 t you think so? \u201d ). and while the book at one point suggests that it is best \u201c to draw the mantle of delicacy over those details of horror that follow a close conflict \u201d it still offers some surprisingly disturbing details, as in this passage : \u201c they \u2019 re both gone! wiped out! shell! it hit right at bill neely \u2019 s feet! i couldn \u2019 t see anything but legs and arms and things. \u201d \u201c poor chaps! the only two boys in the family, too. their poor old mother \u2019 ll miss them. \u201d \u201c know them, pyle? \u201d \u201c sure ; since we were kids. just across the street. \u201d that about sums up the book : a strange mix of series fiction shallowness and gritty realism, an uncomfortable compromise between propaganda and protest, and a rather unengaging read that is nonetheless fascinating throughout. if you are interested in experiencing the whole thing for yourself, you can read it online or download it in many popular ebook formats at project gutenberg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4728456858740671, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.372603"} {"text": "the other day, i was complaining to my mom about someone, and she scolded me for \u2018 trash talking. \u2019 it pollutes the air, and it poisons everything, she correctly pointed out. moms are always right. gossiping is a nasty habit, i know, but that phrase \u2018 trash talking \u2019 got me thinking. what other ways do our mouths pollute the world? what other kinds of trash do our yappers create? ( cigarette shawl taken from treehugger. com ) take smoking, for example. each year, at least 4. 5 trillion non - biodegradable filter - tipped cigarette butts are discarded worldwide, and we all know where they end up \u2013 in front of our office buildings, clogging city drains, washed up on our favorite beaches, and stuck to the bottom of our cute little shoes. searching for a way to recycle all of these butts, chilean designer alexandra guerrero founded the mantis project, and began turning butt filters into clothing. sound crazy ( or disgusting )? well, it \u2019 s actually genius. the filters inside trashed butts are purified, mixed with natural wool, and spun into a rustic looking thread that can then we knitted into any kind of garment imaginable. check out the process here. the results are very promising \u2026 and quite fashionable! keep reading for toothbrush, utensil and chopstick recycling ideas! ( craft knife toothbrushes taken from seattlepi. com ) what about all those discarded toothbrushes? dentists recommend that we change our toothbrush after 3 - 4 months of use to avoid bacteria growth, but that \u2019 s a lot of plastic clogging up out landfills. here are some ideas for reusing those old chomper - cleaners : 1. ditch the bristles, and use the handles \u2013 wwu student jason harrow made craft knives from old toothbrush handles and sells them! get creative with your flatware by attaching fork and spoon heads onto toothbrush handles. maybe make a pen, a paintbrush, or a crochet hook out of the plastic handle. the possibilities are endless! 2. cleaning \u2013 old toothbrushes are great for cleaning in nooks and crannies. first, put your toothbrush in the dishwasher or douse with a boiling water / vinegar mixture to sanitize. then, get cleaning! faucets, doorknobs, shoe soles, jar threads, garlic presses, window", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43592636549267405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.376983"} {"text": ", put your toothbrush in the dishwasher or douse with a boiling water / vinegar mixture to sanitize. then, get cleaning! faucets, doorknobs, shoe soles, jar threads, garlic presses, window screens, keyboards, tarnished jewelry, etc. in the laundry room, an old toothbrush works wonders for scrubbing stains. soak combs and brushes in water and vinegar for a few hours, then use an old toothbrush to whisk away any buildup. 3. jewelry \u2013 here \u2019 s a super cute idea. make a bracelet out of an old toothbrush! pull out the bristles with a pair of needle nose pliers. boil a pot of water, remove it from the stove, and drop the bristle - less brush into the water. it should take about 5 minutes for the plastic to soften. remove the brush with a pair of tongs and wait for it to become cool enough to handle. wear gloves or use a pot holder to mold it around a glass jar. when you \u2019 ve got your desired shape, submerge in a bowl of ice for a minute. once the plastic sets, you \u2019 ve got yourself some awesome eco - fashion! ( plastic flatware light from trendir. com ) speaking of plastic, there \u2019 s also the issue of plastic utensils. every time i order take - out, go on a picnic, or host a bbq, i \u2019 m conflicted \u2013 plastic is so convenient, affordable, and practical, but it \u2019 s so bad for the environment! the best thing to do is reuse or recycle your plastic forks and spoons whenever possible, but there are more creative ways to reinvent them. the bvd collective, a student project from appalachian state university, debuted a stunning collection of lighting fixtures created from recycled plastic flatware. they called their gorgeous creations the \u2018 waste not \u2019 line of lamps, and proved just how illuminating recycled design can be. ( chopstick jewelry taken from seattlepi. com ) chopsticks are another form of disposable utensils. i \u2019 m a big fan of jazzing up old chopsticks with paint, wire, beads or glitter and sticking them in my hair, but there are so many options for these versatile sticks! jewelry tops my list. check out these amazing altered chopstick earrings i found on etsy. so creative! i want to try and make a chopstick bracelet or necklace when i save enough old pairs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45316035032310187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.377931"} {"text": "if you \u2019 ve ever been told to eat your fruits and vegetables, it might be because they are an abundant natural source of vitamin c. vitamin c, or ascorbic acid, is well - known as an essential vitamin and nutrient. found in fruits, vegetables, and supplements like multivitamins and lozenges, vitamin c is everywhere and with good reason. vitamin c can make a difference between good health and illness because of its powerful antioxidant effects inside the body. this article will discuss : - vitamin c \u2019 s functions - deficiency in vitamin c - where to get vitamin c vitamin c \u2019 s functions vitamin c provides a host of benefits, most of which play an important role in the proper functioning of the body. what are some of these functions? boosts the immune system. vitamin c strengthens white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting off bacteria and viruses. people who don \u2019 t get enough vitamin c are vulnerable to many of health problems, ranging from colds to scurvy to cancer. gives energy. vitamin c aids in the production of other important substances like l - carnitine, a chemical involved in chemical energy production. l - carnitine works by transporting fats to the mitochondria, which provide the cell with energy. mitochondria take fats and convert them into much needed energy. without enough vitamin c, l - carnitine levels can drop, making it harder for cells to oxidize fat and get the energy they need to function. is essential to the nervous system. vitamin c helps to produce neurotransmitters, which are responsible for the communication between the brain and nerves. without neurotransmitters, people can \u2019 t think clearly or move properly. vitamin c is responsible for aiding in the production of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, one of the hormones responsible for the \u201c fight or flight \u201d response. aids in the formation of collagen. collagen is the strong connective tissue that give our bodies structure. it holds the skeleton together, attaches muscles to bones, and keeps skin and organs in place. without collagen, our bodies would literally fall apart. is an antioxidant. vitamin c protects the body by neutralizing free radicals, unstable cells that create a chain reaction of further cellular damage. finally, studies have connected vitamin c with preventative effects, including that it significantly lowers the incidence of diseases like : - high cholesterol - heart disease deficiency in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46740391200209785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.382088"} {"text": "neutralizing free radicals, unstable cells that create a chain reaction of further cellular damage. finally, studies have connected vitamin c with preventative effects, including that it significantly lowers the incidence of diseases like : - high cholesterol - heart disease deficiency in vitamin c historically, the most common disease associated with vitamin c deficiency is scurvy. although scurvy is often thought of as a disease that sailors used to get, it can still happen to anyone who is deficient in vitamin c. scurvy causes many problems including : - slow wound healing - bleeding gums - tooth loss - eventual death that \u2019 s a serious disease for just one vitamin deficiency to cause. it was hard to provide fresh fruits and vegetables during a voyage. preserved meats, which contain no vitamin c, remained edible for the entire trip, and thus became sailors \u2019 main source of nutrition. without vitamin c sources on board, an entire crew could be wiped out from scurvy on long voyages. however, scurvy is immediately reversible by eating foods containing vitamin c. once sailors figured out what caused scurvy, they began bringing fruits like oranges and limes on their journeys. now, sailors bring foods with essential vitamins with them, making it easier to avoid vitamin deficiencies. although the most common, scurvy isn \u2019 t the only problem that a vitamin c deficiency can cause. not getting enough vitamin c can leave the body unprotected and undernourished, which weakens the immune system and makes you more vulnerable to disease. even though scurvy is an uncommon disease in a society with abundant fruits, vegetables, and fortified products, you still need to be conscientious of your vitamin c intake to ensure your body gets enough of this essential vitamin. where to get vitamin c most animals produce vitamin c naturally in their liver. however, humans lack the liver enzyme that is necessary to do this, so vitamin c must come from the diet. vitamin c has a reputation as an at - home remedy for curing colds. however, even if you aren \u2019 t sick, you need vitamin c in your daily diet in order to stay healthy. the recommended daily dosage is different depending on age, sex and lifestyle, so make sure to check dietary guidelines for how much vitamin c you should consume. some good sources of vitamin c include : - fruits like oranges, apricots, lemons, limes, mangos, bananas, berries, grapefruit, cantaloupe, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49890504369527616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.383038"} {"text": "as we stomp our empty natty lites flat to make room in the blue - bin, wrap our costco chicken wings in foil, and enjoy cheap high - speed air travel \u2013 it is easy to forget that just outside of living memory, aluminum was considered a precious metal. according to jefferson lab, \u201c scientists suspected than an unknown metal existed in alum as early as 1787, but they did not have a way to extract it until 1825. hans christian oersted, a danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum. two years later, friedrich wohler, a german chemist, developed a different way to obtain the metal. by 1845, he was able to produce samples large enough to determine some of aluminum \u2019 s basic properties. wohler \u2019 s method was improved in 1854 by henri etienne sainte - claire deville, a french chemist. deville \u2019 s process allowed for the commercial production of aluminum. as a result, the price of the metal dropped from around $ 1200 per kilogram in 1852 to around $ 40 per kilogram in 1859. unfortunately, the metal remained too expensive to be widely used. \u201d although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth \u2019 s crust, it is never found free in nature. all of the earth \u2019 s aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds. two of the most common compounds are alum, such as potassium aluminum sulfate ( kal ( so4 ) 2 \u00b7 12h2o ), and aluminum oxide ( al2o3 ). about 8. 2 % of the earth \u2019 s crust is composed of aluminum. \u201d pure aluminum was so rare at that time it was considered a precious metal. charles martin hall \u2019 s method of processing the metal ore was to pass an electric current through a non - metallic conductor ( molten sodium fluoride compound was used ) to separate the very conductive aluminum. in 1889, charles martin hull was awarded u. s. patent # 400, 666 for his process. in 1888, together with financier alfred e. hunt, charles martin hall founded the pittsburgh reduction company now know as the aluminum company of america ( alcoa ). by 1914, charles martin hall had brought the cost of aluminum down to 18 cents a pound and it was no longer considered a precious metal. 1914. sound familiar? the start of wwi. in roughly the same distance in time as from desert storm to now, aluminum went from a rarely used metal in the military with only the german junkers j. i making it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4637911042092586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.434553"} {"text": "a precious metal. 1914. sound familiar? the start of wwi. in roughly the same distance in time as from desert storm to now, aluminum went from a rarely used metal in the military with only the german junkers j. i making it to war, to being a strategic commodity ubiquitous in its use from eating utensils to intercontinental bombers. were the fathers of economic aluminum charles martin hall, paul heroult, and karl joseph bayer thinking about how aluminum would change the way war would be fought? no. did the military know right away the way aluminum would transform the strength and performance of established technology? no \u2026 but some had an idea. i thought of the story of aluminum earlier today when another funny sounding word came in my ear ; graphene. do you know what graphene is? well, i think you will more and more \u2013 just as teddy roosevelt \u2019 s generation started to hear aluminum and bauxite more and more as it slowly transformed their world. not overnight, but year by year with a quickening as smart minds saw new ways to take advantage of this new advance. back to the navy. what gets a lot of futurists excited as they look for the next kinetic and / or weaponeering leap? that is easy ; rail guns, lasers, and particle beam weapons. in our early 21st century tool box, what is holding these promising technologies back? what is the long pole in the tent that everything else requires to be there? in a word, energy. many more cards need to come out of the deck \u2013 but if you are interested in the offensive potential of rail guns, and the defensive promise of lasers and particle beam weapons \u2013 but are humbled by the very real limitations there are to making them operational \u2013 then i offer you the below. not revolution, but evolution. evolution with the possibility of a quickening that 100 years ago the world saw with aluminum. graphene based super - capacitors? use the next generation of the ddg - 1000 engineering plant? watch the below if you can or click here, and ponder with me. yes, we live in interesting times as our chinese friends might say \u2013 but rejoice dear hearts ; the future has potential. no, i not writing words of encouragement to veterans suffering with ptsd ; though they are out there and probably need it. no, i am not writing to veterans who are suicidal ; though they are out there and probably need it. no, i am writing to those who are sick of the drumbeat of articles, news stories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.532053561339453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.435634"} {"text": "they are out there and probably need it. no, i am not writing to veterans who are suicidal ; though they are out there and probably need it. no, i am writing to those who are sick of the drumbeat of articles, news stories, or listening to the empathy addict down the street that just won \u2019 t shut up about how much she cares and only wants to hear things that validate her preconceived notions. if you are irritated, skeptical, and suspicious of the whole chattering \u2013 you \u2019 re in good company, and history and facts are on your side. ignore the compassion trolls, it is ok to push back. we are not broken vessels, and those who maliciously imply that we are such things are no better than those who would spit in your face, as their goals are the same \u2013 to degrade your status as a equal. a starting point for any post on this topic has to be b. g. burkett \u2019 s book, stolen valor : how the vietnam generation was robbed of its heroes and its history. there was a pattern set after the vietnam war that tried to paint veterans as broken vessels. if you have not read stolen valor, then go order your copy now. what was done then is being done now \u2013 it even looks the same. almost a decade ago, a lot of people heard the first few beats of what is now steady and loud. from the murder of chief kyle to the kidnapping of children, to the poseurs written about in the homeless articles in your local papers, it is there. it comes from two sources ; one honorable and one malicious. the honorable sources are those who want to help those who serve or have served, but don \u2019 t know how to. they tend to look for things to be saved, victims to be helped \u2013 and using a legitimate case or two of veterans who have transition challenges as a template, start to see all veterans in that template. there are also those who know someone who has real ptsd or has suicidal thought, and then applies the classic logic error of applying the specific to the general ( i saw a duck with a green head today ; therefor all ducks have green heads ). they are well meaning and should be respected for wanting to help, but if they go too far, their compassion can be counterproductive by feeding the other half of the problem ; the anti - military malicious. we all know the type ; the only time they have any respect for those in the military is when they can use them to attack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4373168814977817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.436654"} {"text": "far, their compassion can be counterproductive by feeding the other half of the problem ; the anti - military malicious. we all know the type ; the only time they have any respect for those in the military is when they can use them to attack the nation and military they were part of. they also are resentful of the respect those in the military are given in civic culture, and want to do whatever they can to bring that respect down ; to marginalize the veteran. if the veteran is a victim ; he is to be pitied. if he is to be pitied, then he must be helped by his betters. if he has to be helped by his betters to function in society, then he is not an equally contributing member of society. if he is not an equally contributing member of society, he can be marginalized. if he can be marginalized, he can be dismissed and his input ignored. if he can be marginalized politically and his contribution to public discourse ignored, then he cannot compete in the marketplace of ideas and influence. if he cannot compete, then he has no power. that attitude manifests itself in strange places now and then. msnbc talking head chris mathews is a case in point. reflecting on sen. mccain \u2019 s ( r - az ) aggressive questioning of chuck hagel last week, matthews reflected on mccain \u2019 s performance of his constitutional duties thus ; \u201c let me start tonight with this \u2014 why is john mccain so angry? \u201d matthews said. \u201c forty years after the vietnam pows came home, the most famous of them is angrier than ever. why is america \u2014 why are we fighting the vietnam war all over again in the united states senate? the ticked - off vitriol against chuck hagel, what is it about? is it for show? is it about something hagel said in the cloakroom? \u201d \u201c is it about the basic unfairness of vietnam itself, that some went and some didn \u2019 t? \u201d he continued. \u201c is it about lyndon johnson \u2019 s inability to either win that war or end it? what is it that burns so deeply in john mccain these days? \u201d \u201c well, tonight, we dig into the deep well of resentment burning in john mccain \u2019 s patriotic heart \u2014 a resentment not against the north vietnamese who imprisoned and tortured him all those years, not against george w. bush and his political henchmen who tried to stain mccain \u2019 s reputation back in 2000 \u2014 but against a guy who fought against fear and rallied against wounds,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41611498995149004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.437723"} {"text": "against the north vietnamese who imprisoned and tortured him all those years, not against george w. bush and his political henchmen who tried to stain mccain \u2019 s reputation back in 2000 \u2014 but against a guy who fought against fear and rallied against wounds, just like he did in the same army of america \u2019 s long nightmare in vietnam, chuck hagel. a nightmare, by the way, whose flashbacks must haunt still the mind and heart of john sidney mccain. \u2026 i \u2019 m absolutely convinced we \u2019 re watching a flashback. \u201d quod erat demonstrandum. if they will do that to a senator and once presidential candidate \u2013 what message does that send to other veterans? like i mentioned earlier, a book has been written on the topic, so let me just pick one little vibe out of the zeitgeist ; veterans suicides. just googlesearch it ; you \u2019 ll get the idea. in a great, fact - based reply, let \u2019 s go to greg jaffe \u2019 s superb article in the washington post. he wanders in to a few fever - swamps of the zeitgeist, but is otherwise a solid article if you read closely and critically. every day about 22 veterans in the united states kill themselves, a rate that is about 20 percent higher than the department of veterans affairs \u2019 2007 estimate, according to a two - year study by a va researcher. the va study indicates that more than two - thirds of the veterans who commit suicide are 50 or older, suggesting that the increase in veterans \u2019 suicides is not primarily driven by those returning from the wars in iraq and afghanistan. has the war fought as of late been one fought by residents of the villages? no. \u201c there is a perception that we have a veterans \u2019 suicide epidemic on our hands. i don \u2019 t think that is true, \u201d said robert bossarte, an epidemiologist with the va who did the study. \u201c the rate is going up in the country, and veterans are a part of it. \u201d the number of suicides overall in the united states increased by nearly 11 percent between 2007 and 2010, the study says. as a result, the percentage of veterans who die by suicide has decreased slightly since 1999, even though the total number of veterans who kill themselves has gone up, the study says. statistics are tough ; the truth is in the details. see if you catch it. the veterans \u2019 suicide rate is about three times the overall national rate, but about the same percentage of male veterans in their 50s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43513888168023546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.439271"} {"text": "gone up, the study says. statistics are tough ; the truth is in the details. see if you catch it. the veterans \u2019 suicide rate is about three times the overall national rate, but about the same percentage of male veterans in their 50s kill themselves as do non - veteran men of that age, according to the va data. ok. females make up ~ 15 % of the military, and for those involved in combat, then males are well in to the 90 %. american males kill themselves at a rate four - times that of females. the military heavily skews male. starting to see where their story starts to get wobbly? sooooo \u2026.. anyone who has made even a blogger - in - pjs effort will soon see that you cannot compare veterans suicide rates to that of the general population unless you want to skew the numbers for effect. are we also controlling for age, race, socio - economic background, etc \u2026 all highly significant factors in suicide? no, of course not. that would get in the way of a good story and / or the non - profit that pays a hefty six - figure salary. in many cases you have read, you have either lazy journalism, advocacy journalism, or the deliberate contribution to the smearing of veterans \u2013 something that has been a regular feature for the last 40 years. yes, the compassion trolls will get grumpy at you, and the compassion addicts will think you are a cold and heartless sociopath ( she will probably whisper to others that your behavior is just a manifestation of your own ptsd ), but they are not the problem \u2013 only useful idiots to those who are the problem and deserve your push back \u2013 the smear merchants. is there a problem with ptsd and veteran suicide? sure there is \u2013 but this constant picking at a sensitive spot until you make it worse does not help fix anything. at worst, it plants seeds of ideas in to the nogg \u2019 n of the vulnerable who may act. at the least harmful it impacts the ability of veterans to get civilian jobs when they get out. after all, who wants to hire a bunch of traumatized, suicidal, time bombs? yea, that is a topic for another day. until then, let \u2019 s see serious studies done by serious statisticians \u2013 a study that publishes all the data and variables with the regression analysis. age, sex, race, ethnicity, regional origin, education level, combat exposure \u2026 all those and more. while we wait for that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4458767570825076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.440282"} {"text": "serious studies done by serious statisticians \u2013 a study that publishes all the data and variables with the regression analysis. age, sex, race, ethnicity, regional origin, education level, combat exposure \u2026 all those and more. while we wait for that \u2013 buy or re - read stolen valor \u2013 and push back some. it \u2019 s not just you what seems obvious in hindsight is not, for most, that obvious to those closest to it, distracted from it, or willfully floating along in a sea of indifference. there are times, decision or pivot points for some, where the signs become clear. that steady, darkening, and thickening line starts to burn through the ambient noise. it looks familiar, it is harmonic of what you have seen before \u2013 it cannot be ignored. it demands action you only get the fleet your nation decides to buy, more people need to accept that \u2026 and the political and economic reality we are in. former senator hagel has been nominated to be the next secretary of defense. in an august 2011 interview with the financial times \u2019 stephanie kirchgaessner, he stated the following ; the defence department, i think in many ways has been bloated. i think the pentagon needs to be pared down. i think we need the pentagon to look at their own priorities. there \u2019 s a tremendous amount of bloat in the pentagon, and that has to be scaled back \u2026 i don \u2019 t think that our military has really looked at themselves strategically, critically in a long, long time. every agency needs to do that. the department of defence, and i \u2019 m a strong supporter of this \u2026 no american wants to in any way hurt our capabilities to national defence, but that doesn \u2019 t mean an unlimited amount of money, and a blank cheque for anything they want at any time, for any purpose. not at all. not at all, and so the realities are that the mess we \u2019 re in this country, with our debt and our deficits, and our infrastructure and jobless and all the rest, is going to require everybody to take a look, even the defence department, and make a pretty hard re - evaluation and review. president obama picked hagel for very specific reasons, and his views above are not unknown and were part of that. good people can agree or disagree on the substance of his argument, but that is the fact both sides will have to work with. next, let \u2019 s look to the uniformed side of the house. in a speech at s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43978117911986314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.441325"} {"text": "were part of that. good people can agree or disagree on the substance of his argument, but that is the fact both sides will have to work with. next, let \u2019 s look to the uniformed side of the house. in a speech at sna earlier this week, vice admiral copeman stated the following ; ultimately, ( copeman ) warned, \u201c if you don \u2019 t want to get hollow, you have to give up force structure. \u201d \u201c resources are going to drop. they \u2019 re going to drop significantly, \u201d the admiral said. \u2026 \u201c if it were my choice, \u201d copeman said, \u201c i \u2019 d give up force structure to get whole. but it \u2019 s not always my choice. \u201d there are just a few tidbits of i & w to ponder. in the last few years, we have heard a lot of talk about a fleet of 313 and now 300. many of us have been arguing for half a decade that neither is the number we should be looking at, that is not what the nation will fund ; 270 to 240 is more likely. \u201c if we cannot have the navy estimates of our policy, then let \u2019 s have the policy of our navy estimates. \u201d if this is the maritime zeitgeist for the remainder of this decade, then let \u2019 s embrace it. we can \u2019 t stomp our feet and hold our breath until the pentagon turns blue. how do we best do it? what do we need to preserve \u2013 what should we cut \u2013 what will we have to get rid of root - n - branch? what are our priorities? the smart money on the future is on who the cinc is hiring, what that hire \u2019 s recent statements say about his ideas, and what our senior officers are starting to send out trial balloons on to test the winds. in the course of reading robert kaplan \u2019 s article in the wall street journal, i had to back up and read this twice. the japanese navy boasts roughly four times as many major warships as the british royal navy. wait \u2026 what? ok, that reality has sunk in over the last decade \u2013 but we are still a bit of an anglophile navy, and even with the pacific pivot, we still give the mother country a lot of heft for historical and emotional reasons. in their constitutional quasi - isolation, japan \u2019 s very real power has here is the context ; \u2026 in asia. nationalism there is young and vibrant \u2014 as it was in the west in the 19th and 20th centuries. asia is in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47157484371165936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.442282"} {"text": "emotional reasons. in their constitutional quasi - isolation, japan \u2019 s very real power has here is the context ; \u2026 in asia. nationalism there is young and vibrant \u2014 as it was in the west in the 19th and 20th centuries. asia is in the midst of a feverish arms race, featuring advanced diesel - electric submarines, the latest fighter jets and ballistic missiles. china, having consolidated its land borders following nearly two centuries of disorder, is projecting air and sea power into what it regards as the blue national soil of the south china and east china seas. japan and other countries are reacting in kind. slipping out of its quasi - pacifistic shell, japan is rediscovering nationalism as a default option. the japanese navy boasts roughly four times as many major warships as the british royal navy. as for vietnam and the philippines, nobody who visits those countries and talks with their officials, as i have, about their territorial claims would imagine for a moment that we live in a post - national age. the disputes in asia are not about ideology or any uplifting moral philosophy ; they are about who gets to control space on the map. silly transformationalists \u2026 dreaming is for kiddies. get ye back to your history books! back on topic though ; yes, the facts are clear. though you can find + / - difference depending on source, definitions, and recent com / decom ; here are the numbers : helicopter carriers : 2 amphibious ships : 2 submarines : 6 - ssn, 4 - ssbn we \u2019 ll call that 24. helicopter carriers : 2 ( technically 4, all of which are helicopter carrying destroyers. the shirane class of 2 are only half decks and are really just destroyers. hyuga class of 2 are no - kidding helicopter carriers. two more much larger 19, 500 ton ships on the way this decade as well ). amphibious ships : 5 we \u2019 ll call that 67. if you are what salamander defines as \u201c major combatants \u201d then you have 2. 8 times, not 4x, but there are lots of ways to count. perhaps they are looking at smaller ships as well. by either definition though, it should give one pause not only to reflect about the decline of the royal navy \u2013 but more importantly \u2013 the latent and potential power of the japanese navy. anyone who has worked with the japanese will agree with me as well that from a professional point of view, they are an exceptionally quality force. here is the tie in. did you catch this little memo? japan \u2019 s defense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47372585633309505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.443255"} {"text": "of the japanese navy. anyone who has worked with the japanese will agree with me as well that from a professional point of view, they are an exceptionally quality force. here is the tie in. did you catch this little memo? japan \u2019 s defense ministry will request a second boost to its military budget, according to reports, just a day after the government announced the first defense budget increase in 10 years. the boosts, although relatively modest compared with japan \u2019 s overall defense spending, coincide with increasing tensions in the asia pacific region. japan \u2019 s defense ministry intends to ask for 180. 5 billion yen ( $ 2. 1 billion ) from a government stimulus package \u2013 on top of an increase of more than 100 billion yen ( $ 1. 1 billion ) to its military budget announced earlier this week \u2013 in order to upgrade its air defenses, according to the bbc.. good. japan needs to continue to do this, and we should welcome the move as long overdue ( though don \u2019 t get too excited, their larger budgetary problems are even greater than ours ). europe fades, royal navy withers \u2026 where can the usa look for its major partner at sea? we don \u2019 t have to look far. with the tweaks they are on the road to make in their constitution \u2013 japan is right there. with the big e coming home for good, the nimitz acting a bit old and busted, there has been a lot of discussion as of late about the ability of the us navy to do what she has become accustomed to doing ; projecting power globally from the sea with almost impunity \u2013 and the large - deck carrier being the tool primarily used to do so. through gross program mismanagement, myopic pom - centric rice bowl games, and simple parochialism \u2013 much of the nuance, depth, and flexibility of what was on those decks are gone as well, most notably the loss of the s - 3, es - 3, organic tanking ( fighters tanking don \u2019 t count, silly goose ), and independent long range strike \u2013 gone and replaced with a deck of jack - of - all - trades - master - of - none rw and light fighters with aew thrown in for character. add to that the ongoing \u201c to the right \u201d extended deployment of our amphib \u201c small deck \u201d carriers ( yes, i know, i know, i know ) and their args, funkyesque methods of fleet number counting, and the expected contraction in shipbuilding budgets that all but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43501777699499666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.444185"} {"text": "right \u201d extended deployment of our amphib \u201c small deck \u201d carriers ( yes, i know, i know, i know ) and their args, funkyesque methods of fleet number counting, and the expected contraction in shipbuilding budgets that all but this ordered to say otherwise accept will be the new norm \u2013 then more and more smart people are trying to step back and get the larger view. what exactly are the larger strategic implications of the clear decline in the us navy \u2019 s global reach? as is often the case, to help break the intellectual gridlock, it is helpful to bring in outside views. over at the uk blog thin pinstiped line, sir huphrey speaks with big medicine. the whole post is worth a read \u2013 but everyone should ponder the below a bit. the reality is that the usn now is probably in the same place as the rn found itself in the mid - 1960s \u2013 mid 1970s. reduced budgets, elderly vessels still in service, while the new designs ( t42s, 22s ) were taking longer than planned to come into service, and yet operationally committed across the globe. the ability of the usn to operate with impunity across the globe, steaming where it wanted on its terms, and able to stand its ground against almost any aggressor has gone forever. todays \u2019 usn remains a fiercely capable and strong navy, but its ability to exert unlimited and unchallenged control of the high seas has gone, probably forever. instead it would be more realistic to judge that the future usn will provide a capability to deploy power into some areas, but only at the cost of reducing capability and influence in others. in a classic, \u201c over to you \u201d moment as the royal navy slowly retreated west of suez after the late 1950 \u2032 s unpleasantness, and with the final moment by prime minister wilson in the annus horribilis that was 1968 \u2013 the world approaching mid - 21st century is stuck with a quandary. the british at least were handing things off, indirectly, to her daughter ; a relatively smooth transition to a nation that was cut from the same cloth and whose interests were more often than not those interests of britain. if, as sir humphrey states, we face a future where the global capability of the us will decline in proportion to her navy \u2013 then who will be there to fill the gap? multiple smaller regional powers? a rising power? status quo, but thinner? nothing? none of those three are in the interests of the us. will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4652971900654396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.445140"} {"text": "the us will decline in proportion to her navy \u2013 then who will be there to fill the gap? multiple smaller regional powers? a rising power? status quo, but thinner? nothing? none of those three are in the interests of the us. willfully abandoning territory \u2013 enough of the \u201c global commons \u201d pr stunts, please \u2013 to the whims of whatever power has the will to take it, is a classic description of a nation in decline. in our case, that would be a willful decline \u2013 but almost all declines are willful. is everyone on board with that? it is a choice. hat tip bj. a couple of years ago here, i posted about the danger of getting too close to the media, i described what is the downfall of many gofo ; vanity. non - mission related, non - value added vanity that degraded or destroyed the \u201c brand \u201d of men who gave decades of service to their nation and rose to its highest levels. in his self - immolation, general petraeus, usa, has provided, in a fashion, a very good object lesson for leaders from lpo to cno. it is not a new lesson, it is not a unique lesson \u2013 as a matter of fact it is a lesson that echoes throughout human history. it isn \u2019 t limited to the military environment either, it is just part of the human condition ; ego, power, and sex. do we talk about this enough? not really. not in the direct manner we need to. we talk around it. as it can be a bit touchy for some in a socio - political context, usually we only discuss the second and third order effects after it all goes south. we are more than willing to talk about the externalized manifestation of the ego - power - sex dynamic ; the person who abuses their power to gain sexual favors or to force themselves on subordinates, but we do not talk enough about the internalized version of it ; the magnetic draw and seductive nature of power itself, how it warps the ego, and how it morphs in to the emotional and mammalian drive towards sex. power is an aphrodisiac that can make even the physically or personally repulsive person attractive. it draws in certain personalities to men with power and influence. can it happen male to female as well as female to male? sure, i \u2019 ve see the \u201c scalp hunters \u201d in action \u2013 but that would be the extreme exception to the rule, and frankly silly to discuss. in the real world we are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49446344175690515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.446090"} {"text": "can it happen male to female as well as female to male? sure, i \u2019 ve see the \u201c scalp hunters \u201d in action \u2013 but that would be the extreme exception to the rule, and frankly silly to discuss. in the real world we are talking about the man in power and the women who are drawn to them. we see that dynamic at njp, in the relief of commanding officers, and all the way to the 4 - star level. perhaps some leaders who are not fully self - aware may have missed it, but in a gender mixed environment, almost all male leaders will have females of lower status attempt to get closer than they should \u2013 in a heterosexual context via a way a male colleague cannot. we are all adults here, we know how the bouncing ball goes from that brief moment of enjoying the company of a woman \u2019 s voice a little longer than one should. about the whirlwind unleashed by general petraeus \u2019 s very human weakness, more details will come out, and others will be writing about every aspect of this for awhile. get used to it, as this has all the aspects of power, sex, infidelity, and intrigue that a story with legs needs. it is much more interesting to the general public than sequestration, the afghanistan withdraw, or fiscal cliffs. let that work its way out, but for us \u2013 what is the base lesson that should come out of this at the deckplate level \u2013 specifically for male leaders? it is simply this ; you will find yourself in a place sooner more than later where a female subordinate will make herself available to you. it can cover the entire spectrum from raw and physical immediacy, to a slow growing relationship based on professional respect and friendship that intensifies with proximity. there was more than one decision point in the relationship that brought down general petraeus where he should have diverted then - major broadwell back to the gym solo, but he didn \u2019 t. as a result, a reputation is in tatters, a critical agency has lost a leader, a war \u2019 s leaders are distracted, and two families are in turmoil. in time i am sure we will all know more than we want to, but one thing is clear. he is the person responsible for this. he was senior in age ( almost two decades ) and position ( at the start we think o - 4 to o - 10 ). it was his inability to control his weakness, his ego, and his actions that brought him here. he knows this too, or at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.464365683948221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.447121"} {"text": "age ( almost two decades ) and position ( at the start we think o - 4 to o - 10 ). it was his inability to control his weakness, his ego, and his actions that brought him here. he knows this too, or at least he does now. as young leaders grow in positions of authority they need to keep simple human nature in mind. you will be tempted, even if you try to avoid it. you can end it as quickly as it comes up, and all will go along as before. we are all human, and at a weak moment, you may pause \u2013 but don \u2019 t pause long \u2013 there are too many lives, families, and careers that are riding on you being a leader and doing the right thing. if you fail, that is on you. same with general petraeus ; this is on him. not the woman on the other side of the story ; not the media ; not the fbi ; not his staff ; not anyone above him in the chain of command, other agencies, or political parties. there are many positive things to benchmark with general petraeus \u2019 s career, and now you have a negative one. don \u2019 t want to have all your hard work blow up in your face? look at the poor decisions he made, and look for those decision points in your life where you will have to make the call \u2013 you will be there \u2013 do it right. in his twitter feed, our co - blogger here at usniblog and shape, admiral stavridis, points to a link for a very nice story that really is worth your time to read, as it does represent the very best of our partnering with the ansf \u2013 and what should have been the general condition of our relationship in 2012, vice just a specific instance ; 1st lt. michael molczyk had heard stories about \u201c insider \u201d attacks \u2014 and the afghan soldiers and police officers who grew to see their partners as enemies. as a platoon commander, he couldn \u2019 t ignore those assaults on american troops, which during bad weeks were reported day after day. but to him, he said, the stories sounded like news from a different planet. in molczyk \u2019 s corner of eastern afghanistan, uniformed afghans had saved american lives time and again. they had developed a brotherhood with their u. s. partners that felt earned and unassailable. \u2026 no relationship mattered more to molczyk than his partnership with jalaluddin, the head of the afghan police in jaji district \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4145567203947881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.448094"} {"text": "they had developed a brotherhood with their u. s. partners that felt earned and unassailable. \u2026 no relationship mattered more to molczyk than his partnership with jalaluddin, the head of the afghan police in jaji district \u2026 sadly, that relationship between two specific individuals is not in line with the general trend in afghanistan \u2013 and with each green on blue we need to look that fact square in the face. while there are always individual stories that can tell any side of an issue \u2013 it is the general trend that you need to keep an eye on. the bottom line is this ; we are well along the scheduled withdraw on a calendar - based vice conditions - based oplan. that is a polite way of describing a retreat under fire. those we will leave behind, and those who will fill the vacuum after we leave are acting in a rational manner, and the second and third order effects of our decision to leave the field will continue to fill your news feed as the process takes its natural course. we have been here before. as noted last month ; the last of the 33, 000 american surge troops sent to afghanistan two years ago have left the battlefields of afghanistan, secretary of defense leon panetta said. actually, it was four years ago that the uplift of forces started \u2013 but let \u2019 s not quibble. that little note from last month was one of the critical junctures following president obama \u2019 s 2009 west point speech where he announced the end of conditions based planning for afg. gone was the \u201c shape - clear - hold - build \u201d, and in was the race to slap something together with bailing wire and duct - tape until our then 2011 ( and now 2014 thankfully ) drive to whatever will be our version of the friendship bridge. defeat, like decline, is more often than not a choice. in afg, it is / was unquestionably a choice. we threw away a good chance for an acceptable outcome the minute we told our enemies, and more importantly our friends and those on the fence, that we lacked the strategic patience to follow through on our promises, creating in essence a self - fulfilling prophecy of failure. they have seen this before. as the cliche states, \u201c hope is not a plan. \u201d in war, hope is a path to self - delusion and defeat. so it has always been, so it will always be. in the executive summary from the international crisis group \u2019 s, afghanistan : the long, hard road to the 2014 transition, they cut right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44510828223570825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.449084"} {"text": "is a path to self - delusion and defeat. so it has always been, so it will always be. in the executive summary from the international crisis group \u2019 s, afghanistan : the long, hard road to the 2014 transition, they cut right to the chase ; plagued by factionalism and corruption, afghanistan is far from ready to assume responsibility for security when u. s. and nato forces withdraw in 2014. that makes the political challenge of organising a credible presidential election and transfer of power from president karzai to a successor that year all the more daunting. a repeat of previous elections \u2019 chaos and chicanery would trigger a constitutional crisis, lessening chances the present political dispensation can survive the transition. in the current environment, prospects for clean elections and a smooth transition are slim. the electoral process is mired in bureaucratic confusion, institutional duplication and political machinations. electoral officials indicate that security and financial concerns will force the 2013 provincial council polls to 2014. there are alarming signs karzai hopes to stack the deck for a favoured proxy. demonstrating at least will to ensure clean elections could forge a degree of national consensus and boost popular confidence, but steps toward a stable transition must begin now to prevent a precipitous slide toward state collapse. time is running out. yes, our timing is that bad. quiet planning should, nonetheless, begin now for the contingencies of postponed elections and / or imposition of a state of emergency in the run up to or during the presidential campaign season in 2014. the international community must work with the government to develop an action plan for the possibility that elections are significantly delayed or that polling results lead to prolonged disputes or a run - off. the international security assistance force ( isaf ) should likewise be prepared to organise additional support to afghan forces as needed in the event of an election postponement or state of emergency ; its leadership would also do well to assess its own force protection needs in such an event well in advance of the election. does anyone see a isaf, post - usa withdraw, getting involved in afg domestic police actions? really? no, they / we won \u2019 t. the taliban also know we won \u2019 t. they know we have left the field for them, and they are patient. we no longer have the ability or will to break their back, and with only one more fighting season left until we are totally focused on withdraw \u2013 we can \u2019 t. i am reminded of one of the heartbreaking scenes \u2013 for a military", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4920870216825298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.450137"} {"text": "patient. we no longer have the ability or will to break their back, and with only one more fighting season left until we are totally focused on withdraw \u2013 we can \u2019 t. i am reminded of one of the heartbreaking scenes \u2013 for a military professional \u2013 from the 1984 movie, the killing fields. in the background as dith pran and sydney schanberg watch the fighting between khmer national armed forces and the khmer rouge, we see tom bird \u2019 s us military adviser character do what he can to push his cambodian forces on, to let them know that the usa was with them. pointing to himself ( in bold below ) ; 00 : 27 : 00 what did he say? 00 : 27 : 01 he said he thought all american people left already. 00 : 27 : 05 made in the usa. 00 : 27 : 10 are we winning? 00 : 27 : 12 no, you \u2019 re not winning. we have seen this before, and so have those who were our friends. much more will be written about our afg experience over the next couple of decades. somewhere there is a young man or woman who will be the next mcmaster, who will cut their phd teeth on how this all came apart. how a conscious decision was made to slide from a position of strength and progress to one of weakness, vacillation, insecurity, and decline. why thousands of years of sound military experience was thrown away one evening in new york state, pretending that the lessons of history didn \u2019 t apply to us. we thought that because it was spoken, so it would be done ; that hope and luck would beat the calender and patience. through it all, the silence of \u201c make it happen \u201d marched forward in to the maw, again. rest assured, we won \u2019 t be leaving these problems behind in afg. no, then enemy has a vote \u2013 and they too have seen this before. \u201c there is this narrative coming out of washington for the last two years, \u201d logan said. it is driven in part by \u201c taliban apologists, \u201d who claim \u201c they are just the poor moderate, gentler, kinder taliban, \u201d she added sarcastically. \u201c it \u2019 s such nonsense! \u201d she made a passionate case that our government is downplaying the strength of our enemies in afghanistan and pakistan, as a rationale of getting us out of the longest war. we have been lulled into believing that the perils are in the past : \u201c you \u2019 re not listening to what the people who are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44763127055191576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.451098"} {"text": "strength of our enemies in afghanistan and pakistan, as a rationale of getting us out of the longest war. we have been lulled into believing that the perils are in the past : \u201c you \u2019 re not listening to what the people who are fighting you say about this fight. in your arrogance, you think you write the script. \u201d the taliban and al qaeda, she made clear, \u201c want to destroy the west and us, \u201d and we must fight fire with fire, she appeared to leave the assembled alternatively riveted and just a bit troubled by a critique with interventionist implications clearly drawn from her reporting. when you have the person who just tried to kill you on the ground, with your knee on his chest and your knife at his throat, but then you get off and try to walk away without finishing the job \u2013 should you be shocked when he gets up and attacks you? should you be shocked if he does not stop his attack simply because you stopped it? will he stop if you cry uncle? if you bow, apologize, and plead? so there we are ; we have emphasized the meme of the weak horse, and the butcher \u2019 s bill will be dear because of it. what is the solution? frankly, i think it is too late to get back to where we were in late 2009. we are almost three years in to the signal of retreat that we sent. those allied nations in isaf who have not already left will soon. those afg on the fence have already made plans and associations with our enemies to protect the interests of their families, villages, and tribes in the expectation that we will abandon them. smart move, if i were them i would do the same thing. a precursor to the soviet withdraw were their version of green on blue \u2013 the afg remember that and are seeing it again. they have indications and warnings too. could the nov usa election change anything? no. with the lack of top - level support and enthusiasm for the mission, the american people lost whatever will they had to aggressively sustain operations in afg \u2013 and with much of the uplift gone and force levels back to late - \u2019 09 / early - \u2019 10 levels and falling, that momentum is gone and even if the will was there \u2013 it would be difficult to get back. we are at the point now where the die is cast. this version of the war in afg for usa forces will soon be over regardless, by design. all that remains is to see if we drive across our version of the friendship bridge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4479238561509272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.452060"} {"text": "back. we are at the point now where the die is cast. this version of the war in afg for usa forces will soon be over regardless, by design. all that remains is to see if we drive across our version of the friendship bridge, or leave in a helo under fire ; all the while doing our best to avoid gandamak. until then, there are things that can be done on the margins, but one question remains ; if we are not in this to win it \u2013 do we have the political will, rules of engagement, and operational plan to create the effects on the ground to further our national interests besides just \u201c getting out? \u201d is, \u201c do the best we can until the summer of 2014 and then wish them luck. \u201d now by default our mission statement? has the military leadership been realistic about what can be achieved inside the polmil guidance it has received? what decisive points have we achieved in our lines of operation? are they in - line with expected time - line dates? what about our effects matrix? district by district, province by province \u2013 is the afghan government on, behind, or ahead of schedule to take over security responsibilities? are the criteria used to determine that status tighter or looser than they were three years ago? yes, much of that is classified \u2013 but it won \u2019 t be forever. this story will be told, and people will be held to account. if history is any guide, that won \u2019 t mean much to the thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions who will die because we did not finish what we started. the last time we abandoned a nation like this, the losses were in the millions. after noting the loss of lt. col. raible and sgt. atwellt in the attack a week ago, it is natural for many to point out the irreplaceable nature of the av - 8b + harriers that were destroyed \u2013 our greatest loss of aircraft since the tet offensive in vietnam. while true, that is just the background. it is also true that every loss of life is significant, but in time except for those who know them \u2013 losses become a number or perhaps a thumbnail picture. it is helpful when the opportunity presents itself to look a little deeper in to a loss. what was the character of those lost? what did they represent? what impact did they have on those they served with, the organizations they led, the services they were members of, and the nation that they gave the ultimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4565391746573102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.453010"} {"text": "deeper in to a loss. what was the character of those lost? what did they represent? what impact did they have on those they served with, the organizations they led, the services they were members of, and the nation that they gave the ultimate sacrifice? thanks to our friends over at sld \u2013 we have a copy of lt. col raible \u2019 s command guidance. read it. ponder it. compare it to your own. if you are someone soon to take command and are working on one ; here is your benchmark. from : commanding officer, marine attack squadron 211 to : squadron attack pilots subj : commander \u2019 s guidance for squadron attack pilots 1. professional hunger. my goal is to identify those officers who want to be professional attack pilots and dedicate the resources required to build them into the flight leaders and instructors that are required for the long - term health of our community. this is not a socialist organization. we will not all be equal in terms of quals and flight hours. some will advance faster than others, and because this is not a union, your rate of advancement will have nothing to do with seniority. your rate of advancement will instead be determined by your hunger, professionalism, work ethic, and performance. if flying jets and supporting marines is your passion and your profession, you are in the right squadron. if these things are viewed simply as your job, please understand that i must invest for the future in others. your time in a gun squadron might be limited, so it is up to you to make the most of the opportunities that are presented. 2. professional focus. our approach to aviation is based upon the absolute requirement to be \u201c brilliant in the basics. \u201d over the last few years marine tacair has not punted the tactical nearly so often as the admin. sound understanding of natops, aircraft systems, and sops is therefore every bit as important as your understanding of the anttp and topgun. with this in mind, ensure the admin portions of your plan are solid before you move onto objective area planning. once you begin tactical planning, remember that keeping things \u201c simple and easy to execute \u201d will usually be your surest path to success. if the plan is not safe, it is not tactically sound. i firmly believe in the phrase \u201c hire for attitude, train for skill. \u201d work ethic, willingness to accept constructive criticism, and a professional approach to planning, briefing, and debriefing will get you 90 % of the way towards any qualification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4603597564835096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.454030"} {"text": "firmly believe in the phrase \u201c hire for attitude, train for skill. \u201d work ethic, willingness to accept constructive criticism, and a professional approach to planning, briefing, and debriefing will get you 90 % of the way towards any qualification or certification you are pursuing. the other 10 % is comprised of in - flight judgment and performance, and that will often come as a result of the first 90 %. seek to learn from your own mistakes and the mistakes of others. just as a championship football team debriefs their game film, we are going to analyze our tapes and conduct thorough flight debriefs. it has often been said that the success of a sortie is directly proportional to the caliber of the plan and brief. the other side of this coin is that the amount of learning that takes place as a result of a sortie is directly proportional to the caliber of the debrief. 4. moral courage. speak up if something seems wrong or unsafe. we all know what the standards are supposed to be in naval aviation and in the corps. enforce them! when we fail to enforce the existing standards, we are actually setting and enforcing a new standard that is lower. if you average one hour per workday studying, 6 months from now you will be brilliant. that is all it takes ; one hour per day. as you start to notice the difference between yourself and those who are unable to find 60 minutes, i want you to know that i will have already taken note. then, i want you to ask yourself this question : \u201c how good could i be if i really gave this my all? \u201d 6. when all else fades away, attack pilots have one mission : provide offensive air support for marines. the harrier community needs professional attack pilots who can meet this calling. it does not require you to abandon your family. it does not require you to work 16 hours per day, six days per week. it requires only a few simple commitments to meet this calling : be efficient with your time at work so that you can study one hour per day ; be fully prepared for your sorties and get the maximum learning possible out of every debrief ; have thick skin and be willing to take constructive criticism ; find one weekend per month to go on cross country. when you are given the opportunity to advance, for those few days go to the mat and give it your all, 100 %, at the expense of every other thing in your life. to quote roger staubach, \u201c there are no traffic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44608380465454467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.455574"} {"text": ". when you are given the opportunity to advance, for those few days go to the mat and give it your all, 100 %, at the expense of every other thing in your life. to quote roger staubach, \u201c there are no traffic jams on the extra mile. \u201d if you can be efficient during the workweek, give an olympian effort for check rides and certifications, and are a team player, the sky will literally be the limit for you in this squadron. c. k. raible a half - decade after the fall of the soviet union, a top - down movement started to take root in the us navy around a word ; transformation. the transformationalists gained steam as they were swept up in the mid - 90s zeitgeist ; all was new and now was the time to make a new navy. with the end of the existential threat of global communism, technology \u2019 s promise of moore \u2019 s law, and with the self - esteem and optimism that their generation felt as they first gained the reins of power from the white house to the first gofos \u2013 this was the time where, yes, all was new \u2013 in a fashion. there were challenges though. in the pre - 9 / 11 pentagon, the post cold war was one of lean budgets and an expensive to maintain legacy fleet. each new ship and each new program put greater demands on a already strained budgetary pie. how do you sail in to the future with, as you see it, a sea - anchor of the past holding you back? even with a larger budget, as the navy fed off the fat of the cold war fleet \u2013 how do you get the fleet of tomorrow? with challenges comes opportunities the saying goes, all that was needed was a vision. decades, indeed centuries, of best practices of shipbuilding and aircraft development \u2013 how to build them, maintain them, and man them \u2013 were showing one path of requirements and a way forward ; but that was a hard story \u2013 one that made beloved new theories come away bruised and battered. on that path to that still undefined \u201c there \u201d one thing was clear \u2013 we could not get \u201c there \u201d from \u201c here \u201d with the money in hand and the numbers in mind. if experience, history, and best practice told us what we did not want to hear, there was but one thing to do \u2013 ignore that reality and create a new one. from such was born transformationalism. by selective hearing, blinkered optimism, para - scientific concepts, faith, a dose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5400443061322928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.456592"} {"text": "what we did not want to hear, there was but one thing to do \u2013 ignore that reality and create a new one. from such was born transformationalism. by selective hearing, blinkered optimism, para - scientific concepts, faith, a dose of hope in the best case scenario, and even more importantly \u2013 the force of personality \u2013 we thought would get \u201c there. \u201d our navy would be transformed \u2013 a navy based on new technology, new networks, new manning, new training, and new maintenance ; the powerpoint gods had it written ; therefor it would be done. there is a fine line between institutional optimism, overconfidence, and arrogance. when facts are brushed aside and history ignored, and instead you gird your future with untested theory and hope \u2013 you have to play the odds. as an institution we decided in that brief period in time that now was the time, it was a moment that a generation needed to grab hold of an institution and transform it ; to steer not in to \u2013 but away from the skid and see what the odds brought. \u201c don \u2019 t you want to take a leap of faith? or become an old man, filled with regret, waiting to die alone! \u201d \u2014 saito, from the movie inception. and so we threw away the charts, put the radar in to stand - by, and we sailed forth in to the sea of new technology, new networks, new manning, new training, and new maintenance. who was to ride the wave of transformationalism and have a front - row seat? naturally, those who would make it happen would be those captains who at the turn of the century would make flag and would spend the next dozen years doing the best they could to bring the fruits of transformation to the fleet. the best perspective would be from someone who spent a good quarter - century in the cold war \u201c legacy navy \u201d \u2013 one knowledgeable of the \u201c build a little, test a little, learn a lot \u201d philosophy & culture that brought about such programs as cruiser development in the 1920s and 1930s, and surface - to - air missiles from the 1950s through aegis. they would have seen how it was done, knew how it was done. what have those individuals who have rode that path seen? in a moment of candor \u2013 what do they have to say at the end of their travel? what fruits have come from the tree of transformationalism? 4 - star admirals come and go. some leave larger footprints than others, and today one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064559930386168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.457787"} {"text": "of candor \u2013 what do they have to say at the end of their travel? what fruits have come from the tree of transformationalism? 4 - star admirals come and go. some leave larger footprints than others, and today one of the size - 13 4 - stars has re - joined the civilian world ; admiral harvey \u2013 welcome to the other side \u2013 and thank you for your service. like one of his predecessor 4 - stars from another service \u2013 admiral harvey has left those who are taking over the watch a gift, if they want to take it. earlier this month, admiral harvey sent out an email to the other swo flag officers. i encourage you to read the whole thing ; the fundamentals of surface warfare : sailors and ships and read the embedded attachments. the past few years have been a serious wake - up call for our surface force. we discovered that the cumulative impact of individual decisions made over long periods of time, driven by unique and widely varying circumstances, had put the future readiness of our surface force at risk. prepare yourself, because a decade of manpower, maintenance, and programmatic sacred cows are about to be brought to task by one of the ones who raised them. we shifted our primary focus away from sailors and ships \u2013 the fundamentals of surface warfare \u2013 to finding efficiencies / reducing costs in order to fund other important efforts such as recapitalization. we took our eyes off the ball of the main thing for which we were responsible \u2013 maintaining the wholeness and operational effectiveness of the surface force. because readiness trends develop and evidence themselves over years and not months, shifting our primary focus to individual cost - cutting measures gave us a very myopic view of our surface force and the way ahead ; institutionally, we essentially walked into the future looking at our feet. institutionally, there was a culture that had you keep your head down, and your mouth shut. who created that culture, and why? there is also that \u201c f \u201d word ; \u201c fundamentals \u201d \u2013 that most ignored concept as of late but the record is clear ; the naval gods of the copybook headings are calling for their offerings. ignoring fundamentals in manning, maintenance, and program management were all warned of, why were they dismissed? did we grow an appreciative and rewarding environment of operational excellence \u2013 or did we grow and reward administrative bureaucratic bloat? did we function as a learning and self - correcting institution of critical thinkers? \u2026 we \u201c trained \u201d our people on the deck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48373729719497127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.459065"} {"text": "institution \u2019 s long term viability. we shifted maintenance ashore, scaled back our shipboard 3m program and reduced our preventive maintenance requirements to fit a smaller workforce, and then failed to fully fund the shore maintenance capacity we required. the result was optimally - manned ships that we could not maintain to the performance and reliability standards we previously mandated in order to achieve mission success over service life. this result became apparent with the increase in the failure rate of the insurv material inspection, the \u201c gold standard \u201d inspection which measures the performance of our sailors and their ships against the established standards required to sustain wholeness and mission effectiveness over the life of the ship. how did we respond to this? we made insurv classified in order to further hide the problem, and protect the tender egos of those who helped create the problem. that may sound a bit harsh, but it is the only answer that can survive the follow - up question. here is one of the best parts of the email \u2013 one everyone should read twice. now in discussing these issues with you, i want to acknowledge up front that i realize how much more i could have done to fully evaluate the impact the actions i \u2019 ve described to you had on our surface force \u2019 s overall mission effectiveness. looking back on my time as a flag officer, i can see that i focused too exclusively on the tasks and responsibilities immediately at hand and did not take sufficient time to \u201c step off the pitcher \u2019 s mound \u201d and reflect more broadly on the navy - wide / community - wide impact of what we were doing. and, when we did gather together as community leaders, we did not get to the heart of the matter : our sailors and our ships and their collective readiness to carry out our assigned title 10 missions. i could have done better. we could have done better. you must do better, because now we know better. i was guilty too. on active duty, i allowed myself to be shut up. why? complicated answer for myself, so i won \u2019 t pretend to know it for someone else either \u2013 but i do know what the culture was that drove me to shut up. even at his level, i think admiral harvey was in the same culture. \u2026 our tycoms, isics and ships must be focused first and foremost on effectiveness \u2013 if it \u2019 s cheap, efficient, but doesn \u2019 t work, it does us no good. if our budgets drop, we may certainly have to do less ; but whatever it is we decide to do, we must do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47081048316379803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.461119"} {"text": "and foremost on effectiveness \u2013 if it \u2019 s cheap, efficient, but doesn \u2019 t work, it does us no good. if our budgets drop, we may certainly have to do less ; but whatever it is we decide to do, we must do it well. if it is expensive, inefficient, and doesn \u2019 t work \u2013 then it is doubly no good. i am not sure we were focused on \u201c cheap. \u201d lpd - 17 and its titanium fire mains were not cheap. lcs as a littoral corvette is far from cheap. the pocket battleship sized zumwalt \u201c destroyers \u201d are not cheap. i \u2019 m not sure what we have tried to make that is cheap in the last couple of decades. f - 35? no. f - 18? well, they are cheaper than the alternative \u2026 but they do work at least. here is another quote that is valuable and deserves great reflection in our flag officers ; the absolute accountability of our cos for the performance of their ships and sailors is the sure foundation for the performance of our navy under the most challenging conditions imaginable. we know that the concept works. so why did we so readily walk away from an approach that had accountability at its foundation with regards to how we deliver combat capabilities to the fleet? yep. accountability up? spotty record there. towards the end, there is a call for an about - face to what is already the dying concept of transformationalism ; re - establishing the fundamentals of how we train, how we equip, and how we operate and then putting those responsible to deliver on those fundamentals back under accountable officers in the chain - of - command \u2026 for the sake of our surface force and our sailors, be ruthless in the maintenance of our standards and keep your focus where it must be \u2013 on our ships and sailors. \u2026 that is a good start. some may say that admiral harvey \u2019 s call is too late, perhaps \u2013 but that does not matter. is he now an anti - transformationalist? i don \u2019 t know, but he \u2019 s trending that way at least. i will give him the benefit of the doubt, and all should welcome the message of this email. the higher you go, the larger the sword of damocles is \u2026 but of course no one but the person in the seat can see it. as most everyone does \u2013 he did the best he could for the country and navy he served, and he did it better than most. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44806263624576403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.462099"} {"text": "sword of damocles is \u2026 but of course no one but the person in the seat can see it. as most everyone does \u2013 he did the best he could for the country and navy he served, and he did it better than most. we should hope that this letter is the start of an ongoing conversation, not just by admiral harvey as he adopts the suit and tie, but by those in uniform as well. there is a lot of ruin in a navy as big as the us navy. regardless of well intentioned mistakes of the past, there is still plenty of excellence left to build a better navy from. let us repair and redirect the damage done as we move forward from the last couple of decades of poor concepts and cultural warping. if the larger navy community is looking for a starting point for that conversation \u2013 admiral harvey has provided us one to use ; we should accept it in the manner it was offered and get to work. when does a leader need to backoff \u2013 and when does a leader need to get in to fine - granularity leadership? the more senior a leader gets \u2013 what is a constructive level of detail? this time around this habit gained steam with \u201c intrusive leadership \u201d and the belief in that if we have a long enough shafted screwdriver with a finely engineered head, then by - golly we can get things right! is it people or process? a bit of both? perhaps. is it required, or is it simply one leader \u2019 s reaction to d & g higher up? after awhile, even the best \u201c intrusive leadership \u201d / micromanaging / helicopter - leadership / etc reaches a point of diminishing returns by either excessive detail or context. those at the receiving end feel frozen from action and look for a point of pivot where they can get some relief, while those at the giving end believe that the more they do of the same, the further away from what is needed they find themselves. everyone is frustrated, and results suffer. this week over at my homeblog, we \u2019 ve had a little fun with cnsl \u2019 s ships routine message, but in all seriousness shouldn \u2019 t one ask ; is this an efficient and effective way of doing business at that level? it brings up two broad questions ; are we excessively micro - managing our leaders from the highest levels, and are we making prudent use of record message traffic? as i understand it, the message we highlighted is just one of a series that \u2019 s been getting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4462315398428072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.463034"} {"text": "broad questions ; are we excessively micro - managing our leaders from the highest levels, and are we making prudent use of record message traffic? as i understand it, the message we highlighted is just one of a series that \u2019 s been getting rolled out this summer ( the first being about small arms ), and the messages are just the * highlights * from the upcoming re - publication of surflant regulations. it is a good thing to update and clarify how things should be done \u2026 but do we really need cnsl to put out a messages ( as opposed to regulations promulgated via different means ) that prescribes details so minor they wouldn \u2019 t even make it in to the pod? is that a good habit for others to copy? all commodes, urinals, sinks, showers, and drains must be clean and operable. shower curtains, mats, bulkheads, and decks must be cleaned and sanitized to prevent mildew. we call it \u201c record message traffic \u201d or \u201c messages, \u201d but i always preferred the royal navy \u201c signals \u201d \u2013 mostly because it frames the medium better. there should be very few \u201c signals \u201d \u2013 and those that exist should be short, direct, and of such importance that other delivery methods are inadequate \u2013 otherwise the important things get drowned out in the signal - to - noise ratio. when, as leaders, do we get too far in to the weeds to the point that we can \u2019 t do our jobs because we are too busy doing others \u2019 job? when is too much \u2013 just too much? well, as one of my commenters pointed out \u2013 when in doubt, benchmark the best. at the beginning of the year that would end with our nation in a world war, admiral ernest j. king, usn, then cinclant, put it well ; subject : exercise of command \u2014 excess of detail in orders and instructions. 1. i have been concerned for many years over the increasing tendency \u2014 now grown almost to \u201c standard practice \u201d \u2014 of flag officers and other group commanders to issue orders and instructions in which their subordinates are told \u201c how \u201d as well as \u201c what \u201d to do to such an extent and in such detail that the \u201c custom of the service \u201d has virtually become the antithesis of that essential element of command \u2014 \u201c initiative of the subordinate. \u201d 2. we are preparing for \u2014 and are now close to \u2014 those active operations ( commonly called war ) which require the exercise and the utilization of the full powers and capabilities of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4828425057254443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.464065"} {"text": "; second, planes, whether operating singly or in company, are even more often called upon to act correctly ; third, surface ships entering or leaving port, making a landfall, steaming in thick weather, etc., can and do meet such situations while \u201c acting singly \u201d and, as well, the problems involved in maneuvering in formations and dispositions. yet these same people \u2014 proven competent to do these things without benefit of \u201c advice \u201d from higher up \u2014 are, when grown in years and experience to be echelon commanders, all too often are not made full use of in conducting the affairs ( administrative and operative ) of the several echelons \u2014 echelons which exist for the purpose of facilitating command. 6. it is essential to extend the knowledge and the practice of \u201c initiative of the subordinate \u201d in principle and in application until they are universal in the exercise of command throughout all the echelons of command. henceforth, we must all see to it that full use is made of the echelons of command \u2014 whether administrative ( type ) or operative ( task ) \u2014 by habitually framing orders and instructions to echelon commanders so as to tell them \u2018 what to do \u2019 but not \u2018 how to do it \u2019 unless the particular circumstances demand. 7. the corollaries of paragraph 6 are : ( a ) adopt the premise that the echelon commanders are competent in their several command echelons unless and until they themselves prove otherwise ; ( b ) teach them that they are not only expected to be competent for their several command echelons but that it is required of them that they be competent ; ( c ) train them \u2014 by guidance and supervision \u2014 to exercise foresight, to think, to judge, to decide and to act for themselves ; ( d ) stop \u2018 nursing \u2019 them ; ( e ) finally, train ourselves to be satisfied with \u2018 acceptable solutions \u2019 even though they are not \u201c staff solutions or other particular solutions that we ourselves prefer. \u201d one does wonder how admiral king would react to the goings - on in our navy. a man whose own daughter stated, \u2026 her father was \u201c the most even - tempered man in the navy. he is always in a rage. \u201d odds are, he wouldn \u2019 t take kindly to retired cdrs commenting on his messages. good odds, methinks. - midrats this sunday, may 17 2013 \u2013 episode 167 : intellectual integrity, pme, and nwc - remembering our fallen coast guard shipmates and their families - on mid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49084674882301316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.467019"} {"text": "by alexander villafania inquirer. net in the aftermath of perhaps the worst typhoon that struck metro manila in recent years, environmental groups are blaming climate change for the effects of aondoya ( international name aketsanaa ). in different statements, the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) and greenpeace warned that such a disaster could be repeated unless comprehensive measures are taken immediately. greenpeace, in their statement, reiterated their call for industrialized countries to put in money to fund climate change measures especially in disaster - prone countries, including the philippines. greenpeace climate and energy campaigner amalie obusan said in a statement that the disaster in the philippines had to happen in between two international climate change meetings, the recently concluded g20 summit and the upcoming united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) summit. awhile world leaders are pussyfooting on their commitments, countries like ours are left to experience the ravages of climate change, a obusan said. in a separate statement, wwf - philippines vice chair jose lorenzo tan is calling for the reduction of fossil fuel consumption, which is being blamed for contributing to climate change. tan said the country is not equipped to take the brunt of another similar disaster and so measures must be taken to help mitigate its effects. aplanning must start from scenarios of the future, rather than from the present. collectively, we must identify ' next practices ', because today ' s ' best practice ' will no longer suffice. we must start small, learn fast and scale rapidly, a tan said. the philippine atmospheric, geophysical and astronomical services administration ( pagasa ) reported that ondoy dropped the heaviest rainfall in metro manila in recent history, a record 34. 1 centimeters ( 13 inches ) of water in less than six hours. the previous record was in 1967 with 33. 4 centimeters of rainwater over the course of 24 hours. september 2009 archives by dennis posadas there are interesting developments in chinese cleantech, and i will discuss some headlines of interest that have been reported recently. while i will continue to write about philippine cleantech efforts in renewables and energy efficiency, it is also important to take note of what is happening in the region, and maybe some implications for us. the first is a news report in the new york times that first solar, a company that makes thin film solar photovoltaics, bagged a contract to build the world \u2019 s largest solar installation in mongolia. the rated capacity of the solar plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4131787633714098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.486454"} {"text": "the first is a news report in the new york times that first solar, a company that makes thin film solar photovoltaics, bagged a contract to build the world \u2019 s largest solar installation in mongolia. the rated capacity of the solar plant will be 2gw ( or 2, 000 mw if you prefer ), and will be built using the non - silicon technology of first solar. thin films like cadmium telluride are typically deposited on surfaces like glass, and do not require silicon. the upside of thin films is that you can make it into windows and basically coat a building with it, at a cheaper price. the downside is it is only around 7 % efficient, as compared to 11 % efficiency of silicon - based solar photovoltaics, which means you need more cells and you need more space ( e. g. land ). another is that cadmium is poisonous, and so while there is no danger of leaching for the active life of the solar cell, the cells have to be disposed of properly once these are past their useful life of around 25 years. the implication for us is that this particular project, because the winner was a thin - film solar technology ( which we do not make here as far as i know ) did not result in additional business for the local philippine operations of sunpower and solaria, which make silicon - based photovoltaics. however, if the 2gw china project is an indication of future opportunities, maybe it will be good for the industry as a whole. the second, featured in both in mit technology review and the new york times, is what the chinese are doing with clean coal. it appears that most of the plants being built in china these days are advanced technology clean coal plants, which do not burn the coal directly ( which releases carbon dioxide ) but instead, using an old pre world war ii process, converts coal into synthetic gas ( similar to natural gas ). china has the world \u2019 s third largest coal reserves, after the us and russia. us energy secretary and nobel laureate steven chu has promised to prioritize its adoption in the us as well. it is important to stress that while the carbon dioxide emissions have been cut by a large percentage, these new plants still emit carbon dioxide. the chinese have even built a small experimental plant to remove the carbon dioxide from power emissions, and use it for softdrinks carbonation. what a creative way to do carbon capture and storage! store it in our bodies when we drink it. of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506257276669662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.487441"} {"text": "chinese have even built a small experimental plant to remove the carbon dioxide from power emissions, and use it for softdrinks carbonation. what a creative way to do carbon capture and storage! store it in our bodies when we drink it. of course, we will eventually release it back to the atmosphere. but seriously, the chinese are also looking at carbon capture and storage ( ccs ), although i have not seen any major advances yet in china in this arena. the implication here for us is that if the chinese can develop a better way, or an alternative to ccs that cuts carbon emissions of coal, then maybe coal can have a second life, particularly since we have a lot of it. but that is, in my opinion, still in the realm of research. i do not expect to see carbon capture and storage in the philippines for a long time ; it is still very, very expensive, unless someone comes up with a breakthrough. in wind, china has doubled its capacity in the past few years and will become the world \u2019 s largest market for wind equipment. interestingly enough, india, through a company called suzlon energy ( you may have seen their commercials on cnn ) is now giving us and european wind players like ge and vestas a run for their money. locally, i think we should pursue the development of micro - wind and micro - hydro systems. in electric vehicles, fortune recently did a profile on a company called byd ( build your dreams ) which warren buffett recently invested in. in solar photovoltaics, suntech, a wuxi - based company which was started by local government funds is now one of the largest solar cell manufacturers in the world. the key learning for us here is that suntech was started by chinese local government funds, not even national government funds. the figure mentioned in fortune was $ 4m, which is doable even here. maybe that is a learning we can use, but i am not sure if local laws will permit that. finally, the uk guardian recently reported that us president barack obama may be in china this november to sign a major us - china cleantech alliance accord, prior to the december copenhagen climate summit. while it is hard to convince the us senate, which has to contend with a strong oil, gas and coal industry lobby, to go green, it appears that the chinese see green as a way, not just to improve their worldwide image in the climate arena, but to actually make some serious green ( as in greenbacks ) out of it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4924552284355587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.489799"} {"text": "gas and coal industry lobby, to go green, it appears that the chinese see green as a way, not just to improve their worldwide image in the climate arena, but to actually make some serious green ( as in greenbacks ) out of it. the question there is where does that leave us? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dennis posadas is the editor of cleantech asia online, and the author of jump start : a technopreneurship fable ( singapore : pearson prentice hall, 2009 ) by dennis posadas while i appreciate the enthusiasm that groups like greenpeace and wwf about enabling as much clean / renewable energy as we can put into the system, given that we have a new renewable energy law, there are also a few mindset changes we need to put into place. i am all for renewable energy ; however, as a trained engineer, i also realize that there are some hurdles that need to be overcome. first is, some renewable energy sources, like solar and wind, while abundant, are also intermittent. the sun doesn \u2019 t always shine, and the wind doesn \u2019 t always blow. on the other hand, cogeneration and biomass plants, which are clean sources, can be stable if enough heat or biomass material is forecast and planned. for solar and wind, if we want to use it for 24x7 use, we need to make sure that there is an energy storage mechanism of some type. the most common energy storage device is of course a battery. for bigger solar and wind systems, running in the megawatt range, batteries would have to be connected together, so it probably won \u2019 t be practical. concentrated solar plants ( csps ) that employ banks of mirrors in the desert use some type of liquid like molten salt. another possibility is to use pumped storage, like in lake caliraya. when power is available, it is used to pump water up an elevated lake. during nighttime, the lake water can be released to drive a generating turbine. other schemes involve compressed air ( in the us ), or as in the case of some wind systems, natural gas turbines. but for many systems, the storage technique they employ is to simply connect the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48990410289129716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.491181"} {"text": "water can be released to drive a generating turbine. other schemes involve compressed air ( in the us ), or as in the case of some wind systems, natural gas turbines. but for many systems, the storage technique they employ is to simply connect the renewable energy system to the grid. now as we increase the percentage of renewable energy systems that connect directly to the grid, we have to remember again that these are intermittent. you can \u2019 t exactly tell the sun to shine exactly at 6 : 00am, or the wind to start blowing at 9 : 00pm. so there has to be a way to prevent blowups of circuit breakers or fuses, a way to plan when each energy source will come on stream. there is a role for software and intelligent grid systems that work with meteorological information to determine that there is a high / low likelihood that the wind / sun will be available at a certain time. the grid itself, and components will have to be redesigned to take into account the higher occurrence of intermittent turn - on and turn - off of power sources, many of them being renewable. appliances may need to have chips in them, telling them that the power at a given hour is mostly coming from renewable sources, or not. meralco \u2019 s plan, for example, to offer internet over broadband lines, is indicative of this. the common perception is that they plan to mainly utilize this to offer broadband services to the public through their power lines. actually, it is not as simple as that. the internet over power lines can also be used to command and control equipment, such as chillers in malls, to turn on or to idle at a certain time. the grid needs to be intelligent, to handle the intermittent nature of clean / renewable energy systems. there will be a lot of new capabilities, already being experienced in places like california and europe, that we will soon have here. our electric meters ( \u201c kontadors \u201d ) for example, will run backwards and forwards. so if we decide to install solar panels or wind turbines on our roofs, not only can we be consumers, we can also be mini power producers supplying to meralco. the amount we sold, is then subtracted from the amount we consumed. the more citizens and private industry, as well as government, invest in these mini and private renewable energy systems, the less need there will be for big, and often carbon emitting power plants. in other words, power generation will be decentralized to many small renewable power producers, as opposed to a few large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5337534422591363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.492647"} {"text": "in these mini and private renewable energy systems, the less need there will be for big, and often carbon emitting power plants. in other words, power generation will be decentralized to many small renewable power producers, as opposed to a few large ones. now who will pay for that? some cities in the us consider solar panels as part of the house ( roof ) and allow citizens to simply add a little extra to their real estate tax, and amortize the solar panels over 25 years. the payment can actually be taken from the savings generated by the panels, so in effect a no - cash out scheme is feasible. are we ready for that? we all want reduced carbon emissions. but we don \u2019 t get there by simply joining token earth hour or earth day celebrations. we also need to do some work, and take the time to educate ourselves. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dennis posadas is the editor of cleantech asia online, and the author of jump start : a technopreneurship fable ( singapore : pearson prentice hall, 2009 ) by alexander villafania inquirer. net after over 50 years, mathematical genius alan turing could get the justice he deserves after being prosecuted as a homosexual. two separate online petitions for an apology by the british government were set up by supporters of alan turing, the british cryptanalyst who broke the codes of the legendary german enigma machines during world war ii. the first petition was created by computer scientist john graham - cumming. in his blog cumming said he wanted all records about turing to be released by the british government. he also said he wanted turing to get a posthumous knighthood. so far, his petition has gathered about 22, 800 supporters. the deadline for the end of signing the online petition is on january 20, 2010. the second petition demanded an apology from the british government for turing, who was alleged to have been prosecuted because of his homosexuality. the second petition was started by cameron buckner in support of cummingas first petition. so far, buckneras petition has 8, 700 signatories. based on the records of the british national archives british national archives turing joined the british governmentas government code and cypher school during world war ii specifically to decipher the enigma machine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5264257180885914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.493574"} {"text": "may 13, 2011 in the summer of 2009, i had the pleasure of writing about john kress, a research botanist at the smithsonian \u2019 s national museum of natural history, and his efforts to create a dna barcode for all 25o plant species on plummers island, a 12 - acre island in the potomac river here in washington, d. c. at the time, kress spoke about a day when citizen scientists, even schoolchildren, would be able to identify plants with handheld dna sequencers. they would be able to upload the barcode to a smartphone in order to access an online encyclopedia with basics about the species, botanical art and anecdotal information, he explained. the botanist \u2019 s vision seemed so futuristic, but now, just two years later, it is beginning to come to fruition. in fact, columbia university, the university of maryland and the smithsonian institution have announced that leafsnap, an iphone, ipad and android app that will identify a plant based on a leaf \u2019 s silhouette, will be released this summer. the mobile app uses visual recognition technology to identify the species of a plant based on a photograph of one of its leaves. each leaf photograph is cross - referenced with a leaf - image library, which kress helped compile, based on several measurements of the leaf \u2019 s outline. the user then gets a ranked list of the leaf \u2019 s closest matches, as well as other information about the species. currently, leafsnap \u2019 s catalog includes trees native to the northeast united states, but there are plans to expand it to make it more representative of the entire country. quite brilliantly, the app will make good on the photographs users upload, sharing them and the trees \u2019 location with the scientific community. from this, scientists will be able to further study the growth and decline of different tree species. \u201c leafsnap was originally designed as a specialized aid for scientists and plant explorers to discover new species in poorly known habitats, \u201d says kress, in a press release. \u201c now smithsonian research is available as an app for the public to get to know plant diversity in their own backyards, in parks and in natural areas. this tool is especially important for the environment, because learning about nature is the first step in conserving it. \u201d sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from smithsonian. com each week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5024676065407712, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.497769"} {"text": "august 25, 2012 5 : 03 pm the man who uttered the iconic phrase, \u201c that \u2019 s one small step for ( a ) man, one giant leap for mankind \u201d has died today at the age of 82 years old. as reported by the associated press, armstrong died following complications resulting from cardiovascular problems. on that momentous day of july 20, 1969, armstrong and buzz aldrin walked on the moon \u2019 s surface for three hours, collecting rock samples, taking photographs and conducting experiments. from the ap obit : \u201c the sights were simply magnificent, beyond any visual experience that i had ever been exposed to, \u201d armstrong once said. the moonwalk marked america \u2019 s victory in the cold war space race that began oct. 4, 1957, with the launch of the soviet union \u2019 s sputnik 1, a 184 - pound satellite that sent shock waves around the world. although he had been a navy fighter pilot, a test pilot for nasa \u2019 s forerunner and an astronaut, armstrong never allowed himself to be caught up in the celebrity and glamor of the space program. \u201c i am, and ever will be, a white socks, pocket protector, nerdy engineer, \u201d he said in february 2000 in one of his rare public appearances. \u201c and i take a substantial amount of pride in the accomplishments of my profession. \u201d the guardian offers a nice background on his rise to nasa : armstrong was born in wapakoneta, ohio, and from a young age was fascinated with aviation, experimenting with model airplanes and a home - built wind tunnel. at 15 he began flying lessons in an aeronca champion, and by 16 acquired his student pilot \u2019 s licence. in 1947, he enrolled at purdue university on a navy scholarship to pursue a degree in aeronautical engineering, but in 1949 the navy called him to active duty in the korean war. as a navy pilot, he flew 78 combat missions. he was shot down once and received three medals for his military service. in 1952 he returned to his studies and completed his bsc at purdue and an msc in aerospace engineering at the university of southern california. in 1955 he became a civilian research pilot at the lewis research centre of the national advisory committee for aeronautics ( naca ), the forerunner of the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ). later that year, he transferred to naca \u2019 s high - speed flight station ( today, nasa \u2019 s dryden flight research centre ) at edwards air force base in california as an aeronautical research scientist, and then as a pilot. he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4304978606446464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.505884"} {"text": ". later that year, he transferred to naca \u2019 s high - speed flight station ( today, nasa \u2019 s dryden flight research centre ) at edwards air force base in california as an aeronautical research scientist, and then as a pilot. he was a test pilot on many pioneering high - speed aircraft, including the 4, 000mph x - 15. he flew over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets, helicopters and gliders. armstrong was engaged in both piloting and engineering aspects of the x - 15 programme from its inception. he completed the first flight in the aircraft equipped with a new self - adaptive flight control system and made seven flights in the rocket plane. in 1962 he was of the nine test pilots chosen by nasa for its second astronaut - training programme. here \u2019 s a round - up of some of the reactions from the twitterverse \u2014 : a flash of some of the reactions as the space community reacts to news of armstrong \u2019 s death armstrong \u2019 s reticence to make public appearances or give interviews means that, for many americans, their sole memory of armstrong was his trip to the moon. on a related note, it also made his autograph one of the most valuable in the memorabilia market, ahead of queen elizabeth ii, paul mccartney and muhammad ali. in 2010, our sister publication air and space \u2018 s mike klesius reported : according to his biography, [ armstrong ] signed anything he was asked to for the first fifteen or so years after the moon landing. then, dealers of collectibles began misrepresenting themselves as school teachers or children, asking for signed photos by mail. by 1993, armstrong saw that forgeries of his signature were being sold on the internet, and stopped giving his autograph, advice that charles lindbergh had given him in september 1969 at a banquet of the society of experimental test pilots. nonetheless, armstrong \u2019 s autograph, according to paul fraser collectibles of the united kingdom, is the most valuable in the world, and fetches more than $ 7, 500 these days in 2010, owen edwards wrote in smithsonian about the model of the eagle lunar lander, on view at the national air and space museum on the mall : today, visitors to the apollo exhibition witness an artifact that looks \u2014 with a little help from artful curators \u2014 much as eagle looked when it made that giant leap 40 years ago. when buzz aldrin radioed back to us riveted earthlings that \u201c this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44236681383109616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.510835"} {"text": "by janet helm ms, rd we make about 200 daily food decisions. yet, many people are not fully focused on these choices, and they \u2019 re unaware that lots of small things influence what they eat \u2013 including plate size, package size, people around us, and distractions, such as watching tv or working on the computer. it \u2019 s what cornell researcher brian wansink calls mindless eating. it turns out, we don \u2019 t have our mind on a lot of the choices we make throughout the day. a study conducted at duke university found that more than 40 percent of the actions people perform each day aren \u2019 t actual decisions, but habits. the habits we form impact so many parts of our lives, including what we put in our mouths. that \u2019 s the subject of a fascinating book called \u201c the power of habit : why we do what we do and how to change it \u201d by charles duhigg. before you can break a bad habit and create more positive, health - promoting behaviors you need to understand how habits work, according to duhigg, who says habits emerge because the brain is constantly looking for ways to save effort. left to its own devices, he says, the brain will try to make almost any regular routine into a habit because habits allow our minds to ramp down more often. habits become automatic decisions that don \u2019 t require us to think. we \u2019 re just on autopilot. they just become part of our routine. to be created, habits need three things : a cue or trigger that gets us started, a behavior, and a reward. it \u2019 s that reward that we begin to crave, and that \u2019 s what fuels this \u201c habit loop. \u201d so when a habit begins to start for you, it means your brain stops fully participating in decision making. it stops working so hard, or diverts focus to other tasks. unless you deliberately fight a bad habit \u2013 unless you find new, healthier routines \u2013 the pattern will unfold automatically. you can begin to break your habit loops when you start recognizing the triggers that get you shifting into automatic gear. or perhaps it means finding new cues and rewards to help you stick to your intentions. a habit can \u2019 t be fully eradicated, but it can be replaced, duhigg says. if we keep the same cue and the same reward, a new routine can be inserted. to keep a habit changed, you need to believe that change is possible. that \u2019 s what social scientists call self - efficacy. you need to believe that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4817738527624721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.514344"} {"text": "| quick facts : forest and conservation technicians | | 2010 median pay | | $ 33, 390 per year $ 16. 05 per hour | entry - level education | | associate \u2019 s degree | | work experience in a related occupation | | none | | number of jobs, 2010 | | 36, 500 | | job outlook, 2010 - 20 | | - 1 % ( little or no change ) | | employment change, 2010 - 20 | | - 400 | forest and conservation technicians measure and improve the quality of forests, rangeland, and other natural areas. forest and conservation technicians typically work outdoors, sometimes in remote locations. forest and conservation technicians typically need an associate \u2019 s degree in a forest technology or technician program or in a related field. employers look for technicians who have a degree that is accredited by the society of american foresters ( saf ). the median annual wage of forest and conservation technicians was $ 33, 390 in may 2010. employment of forest and conservation technicians is expected to experience little or no change from 2010 to 2020. heightened demand for american timber and wood pellets will help increase overall job prospects for forest and conservation technicians. compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of forest and conservation technicians with similar occupations. o * net provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations. learn more about forest and conservation technicians by contacting these additional resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38579478481420115, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.515874"} {"text": "our changing ocean vast and powerful though the ocean is people have changed it. it \u2019 s a different ocean now. the ocean \u2019 s enduring surface beauty hides its plight. but the ocean today is a diminished version of a much healthier ocean of not so long ago. the ocean is the source of about half the oxygen we breathe, much of the water we drink, and much of the food we eat. ( if you don \u2019 t eat fish, consider this : about a third of the world fish catch gets made into feed for chickens, pigs, and other livestock. ) changes to the ocean undermine the health and well - being of people and wildlife worldwide. these changes include depletion from overfishing, warming, ocean acidification caused by the same carbon dioxide that is warming the atmosphere and the upper sea, chemical pollution, plastic debris, loss of wetlands, coastal mangrove forests, and coral reefs, and invasive species. each of these alone is serious. can any particular part of the oceans survive these things happening all at once? the answer is : \u201c it depends. \u201d there is still time to reverse course and restore the ocean to a healthy balance. many dedicated people and organizations, including blue ocean institute, are working actively to solve the oceans \u2019 problems. be a part of this hopeful work. jump in and help save the oceans! dive into our issues section to learn more. being knowledgeable will help you decide what part of the solution is just for you. why the oceans? simple : the ocean supports life on this planet. it feeds us, produces the oxygen we breathe, maintains our climate, cycles vital nutrients through countless ecosystems and provides food and medicines. the ocean provides jobs, food, energy, and recreation. as if that weren \u2019 t enough, the ocean is beautiful and inspiring. and that would be enough. people climate change is the defining environmental issue of our time and our children \u2019 s time. into one crowded elevator go conservation of nature, human health, the prospects for agriculture, international stability, national security, and of course energy policy and technology. climate change reflects our intensifying presence on the surface of this planet. it wraps together everything carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans \u2019 chemistry. this is ocean acidification. the head of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration calls ocean acidification global warming \u2019 s equally evil twin. the oceans are absorbing up to a million tons of carbon dioxide every hour. the good news : less carbon dioxide in the air carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is not only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4827204680888328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.521337"} {"text": "oceanic and atmospheric administration calls ocean acidification global warming \u2019 s equally evil twin. the oceans are absorbing up to a million tons of carbon dioxide every hour. the good news : less carbon dioxide in the air carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is not only changing the oceans \u2019 chemistry and warming the atmosphere, it is also warming the oceans. there \u2019 s a third more carbon dioxide in the air than at the start of the industrial revolution. the carbon acts like insulation in the atmosphere, or like glass in a greenhouse \u2014 overfishing is depleting the world \u2019 s oceans and having a negative impact on marine biodiversity and on human health, welfare, and prosperity. links to more complete info in our fish as food section. in the ocean, little fish play a big role. small fish like sardines and anchovies are some of the most important fish in the sea. fish such as herring, anchovies, menhaden, and sardines feed mostly on plankton all their lives. they supply calories and nourishment ( food! ) for many top predators including cod, tuna, salmon, and invasive marine species invasive species are animals and plants that hitchhike or ride along to places where they are not normally found. in their new homes, invasive species can sometimes create big problems for native species and ecosystems. the main source of marine invasive species is the global shipping industry, specifically through ballast water. species can also be marine debris comes from everyone and every source that makes every kind of garbage. tons of trash from both land \u2013 up to 80 percent \u2014 and ships constantly finds its way to the sea. much of this marine debris does not go away ; it cannot dissolve and it lasts in the oceans for many coastal habitat loss homes, jetties, seawalls, canals, and other structures built on beaches or wetlands often destroy habitat for sea turtles, birds, fish, and other sea life. salt and tidal marshes, wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs also suffer when development is unsustainable. wetlands, mangroves and sea grasses are valuable natural resources as they hold sediment and nutrients, filter in addition to carbon dioxide, mercury, and marine debris, which are types of pollution, other man made pollutants constantly enter the oceans from a range of sources. these include oil, fertilizers, toxic chemicals, and sewage. oil & chemicals oil spills may be the most infamous pollutant because popular media often vividly shows dramatic damage. the aquaculture \u2013 farmed seafood aqua", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43610996870344976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.523467"} {"text": "the core teaching of buddhism is dependent origination by zen master jongbeom sunim what is the truth buddhism expounds? what are its foundational teachings? these are essential questions for the newcomer. in a nutshell, buddhism teaches dependent origination and the middle way. these two principles form the core of buddhist philosophy - dependent origination explains the principle of buddhism, while the middle way defines the practice of buddhism. gautama buddha was enlightened to the principle of dependent origination, and then for the rest of his life he taught students the practice of the middle way. this was lord buddha \u00a1 succinct explanation : \u00a1 \u00b0whoever sees dependent origination sees the dharma ; whoever sees the dharma sees dependent origination. \u00a1 \u00b1 what is dependent origination? according to the principle of dependent origination, everything in the universe, including objects, ideas, beings, events, and processes, depends on numerous causes and conditions. nothing ever exists entirely alone or independently of others. because causes and conditions exist, there are effects. with dependent origination, \u00a1 \u00b0if there is this, then there is that ; with the arising of this, that arises. everything is interconnected : there is nothing separate, nothing standing alone. things arise depending on other conditions, and then coexist with others for a while, and then disappear depending on other things. all beings are in causal relationships, for example buddhas with sentient beings, monastic with lay communities, the wise with the foolish, and parents with their children. causes and conditions dependent origination came to be used interchangeably with \u00a1 \u00b0causes and conditions, \u00a1 \u00b1 and then with \u00a1 \u00b0cause and effect. \u00a1 \u00b1 in a world of dependent origination both physical and mental things arise from dependence on causal conditions. nothing can exist outside of cause - effect linkages. the present arises from the causal conditions of the past, and the past from the further past. the link of these causal conditions extends endlessly to the past and to the future. therefore, we need to see clearly the significance of causal conditions in our lives. buddhists often talk about impermanence. all things appear and disappear because of the concurrence of causes and conditions. this is why the causal - conditional phenomena are said to be impermanent. for this reason buddhism teaches us to be attached neither to existence nor to non - existence. when the smoke blows west, we feel the wind blow west, and when the smoke blows east, we feel the wind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5630809007044366, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.532938"} {"text": "are said to be impermanent. for this reason buddhism teaches us to be attached neither to existence nor to non - existence. when the smoke blows west, we feel the wind blow west, and when the smoke blows east, we feel the wind blow east. likewise, when you encounter good causal conditions, you could conclude, \u00a1 \u00b0i must have created good causal conditions in my previous lives. \u00a1 \u00b1 the buddha \u00a1 teaching is free of the slightest error. if we are in evil causal conditions, we should get out of them as soon as possible and approach good ones. lord buddha said that even the buddhas cannot save those to whom they are not linked causally. therefore, we should refrain from making bad causes and conditions and strive to make good ones. the twelve links of dependent origination lord buddha said all our sorrow, physical pain, mental agony, and suffering arise from the twelve causal conditions. let us examine each one in sequential order. \u00a8c ignorance ( avidya - ) : the sanskrit word \u00a1 \u00b0avidya - \u00a1 \u00b1 literally means \u00a1 \u00b0no illumination. \u00a1 \u00b1 we cannot readily find our way in the dark. likewise, when our mind is not illuminated, we tend to judge a wrong thought as a right one. \u00a8e formations ( sam. ska - ra ) : once ignorance causes us to confuse wrong with right, attachment arises. then we try to give concrete form to the concept we get attached to. that is, with ignorance as condition, mental formations arise. \u00a8e consciousness ( vijn ~ ana ) : when an object takes form by our actions, we tend to discern it. there is the consciousness of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching and thinking. that is, with mental formations as condition, consciousness arises. \u00a8e name and form ( namarupa ) : when we discern an object through our consciousness, we tend to judge if it is a material or nonmaterial being. \u00a1 \u00b0name \u00a1 \u00b1 describes non - materiality and \u00a1 \u00b0form \u00a1 \u00b1 materiality. that is, with consciousness as condition, name and form arise. \u00a8e six sense gates ( s. ad. a - yatana ) : when we judge an object as a material or non - material being using name and form, then we have a renewed perception of it through our six sense gates of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind. that is, with name and form as condition, six sense gates arise. from this moment we begin to see, hear,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5896261305168193, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.533919"} {"text": "we have a renewed perception of it through our six sense gates of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind. that is, with name and form as condition, six sense gates arise. from this moment we begin to see, hear, smell, taste, touch and think, and we are aware of things as they happen. \u00a8i contact ( spars \u00a1 ca ) : when we perceive an object through our six sense gates, we conceive of six - sense objects such as visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects. in other words, we see, hear, smell, taste, touch and think. contact is the encounter between the sense gates and the sensory information. that is, with six sense gates as condition, contact arises. \u00a8i feeling ( vedana - ) : when there arises shape, sound, smell, taste, touch and thought of an object through contact, then one or more out of the following three feelings arise - pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral ( neither pleasant nor unpleasant ). all the objects we perceive in this world can generate one or more of these three feelings. with contact as condition, feeling arises. \u00a8i craving ( tr. s. n. a - ) : when one or more of the pleasant, unpleasant and neutral feelings arise depending on feeling, we crave only for the objects that give us the pleasant feeling. even when the objects are not the ones that can give us pleasure, we pour in blind love to make those objects render pleasure. that is, with feeling as condition, craving arises. this craving is far from buddha \u00a1 compassion, but rather close to love based on greed and hunger. \u00a8i clinging ( upa - da - na ) : in response to craving we attach to and pour our love on an object. when this object gives us a pleasant feeling, then naturally we engage in some kind of action to possess it. that is, with craving as condition, clinging arises. \u00a8\u00f0 becoming ( bhava ) : in response to clinging we try to possess the object of pleasure. that is, with clinging as condition, becoming arises. we get to possess a certain material, object or feeling. all the objects in the world did not start out having existence from the beginning, but were made to exist because of clinging. this is called the process of becoming - becoming someone or something other than what is. \u00a8n birth ( jati ) : when we get to possess a certain object or feeling in response to clinging, an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.609080028305628, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.534907"} {"text": "but were made to exist because of clinging. this is called the process of becoming - becoming someone or something other than what is. \u00a8n birth ( jati ) : when we get to possess a certain object or feeling in response to clinging, an object or thought has been generated. consequently, birth refers to the birth of all beings. ideas can also be birthed. that is, with becoming as a condition, birth arises. \u00a8o aging and dying ( jara - maran. a ) : when an object comes into existence in response to birth, it will also inevitably age and die. this process is not limited to the aging and dying of the body but encompasses the suffering coming from the thought that we are born, age, and die. whether form or formless, if a thought arises and then disappears, from the perspective of dependent origination it had a birth, lifespan, and death. that is, with birth as condition, aging and dying arise. what we can learn from dependent origination buddhism emphasizes the importance of efforts we make at this very moment. if we put in wholesome work at this moment, we will reap wholesome results, and if we put in unwholesome work, we will reap unwholesome results. therefore, rather than begging or wishing for things from a third party, we should be mindful of the frame of mind we inhabit and the actions we produce in this moment. then the frame of mind and action will naturally make their own results. as there can be no effect without a cause, there cannot be people we start out loving or hating from the beginning. an object or situation of confrontation will create the conditions for love or hate. therefore, we should be introspective rather than blaming or hating others. we should think of others \u00a1 hard work instead of raising the self on a pedestal. this is the buddhist way, and the path on which we practice the truth of dependent origination as taught by lord buddha.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451328936517938, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.535681"} {"text": "each year thousands of canadian students make the life - altering decision to drop out of high school, thereby not realizing the unlimited potential that exists inside. in most cases, this seemingly simple and personal decision puts our youth on a downward spiral that affects us all. not allowing their full potential to be unleashed leads to lower wages, higher unemployment, a diminished tax base, higher rates of poverty, and greater dependency on social assistance. there is an imbalance. dropout rates in low - income communities are as high as 60 - 70 per cent, compared to the national average of 20 - 30 per cent. pathways to education canada is a charitable organization that helps youth in low - income communities graduate from high school and successfully transition into post - secondary education or training. pathways removes systemic barriers to education by providing leadership, expertise and a community - based program proven to lower dropout rates. founded in 2001, pathways operates in eleven communities across canada, with programs in ontario, quebec, nova scotia and manitoba. there is a strong need for this issue to be communicated across the country in order to raise awareness as well as donations from governments, corporations and individuals in order to grow the program and, in turn, make canada a graduation nation. the pathways to education program aims to reduce the high school dropout rate in low - income communities, help youth graduate and successfully transition into post - secondary education or training. we were tasked with raising the awareness of the program in order to drive participation, volunteers, partners and sponsors. in order to help achieve the goals of pathways to education canada, various communication tactics have been put into place. primarily, we are continually pitching stories about pathways 12 months of the year to both traditional and online media to ensure the multiple facets of the organization are engaged. citizen optimum \u2019 s key story telling happens around the success stories \u2013 the graduates, the new communities and the generous support received by federal and provincial governments and numerous corporate supporters. by finding new and exciting ways to celebrate the organizations success, we have been able to raise its profile, garner a connection between pathways and its supporters and well as the caring communities that participate. since the pathways program started in regent park in 2001, the dropout rate has decreased by more than 70 per cent, with nearly 600 pathways graduates now continuing on to post secondary studies or entering the workforce. even more exciting are the thousands of students in the program today and on track to become yet another pathways success story. as the profile continues to grow, citizen optimum \u2019 s ongoing story telling program continues to deliver and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44977564357838695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.541849"} {"text": "chandra \" hears \" a supermassive black hole in perseus a 53 - hour chandra observation of the central region of the perseus galaxy cluster ( left ) has revealed wavelike features ( right ) that appear to be sound waves. the features were discovered by using a special image - processing technique to bring out subtle changes in brightness. these sound waves are thought to have been produced by explosive events occurring around a supermassive black hole ( bright white spot ) in perseus a, the huge galaxy at the center of the cluster. the pitch of the sound waves translates into the note of b flat, 57 octaves below middle - c. this frequency is over a million billion times deeper than the limits of human hearing, so the sound is much too deep to be heard. the image also shows two vast, bubble - shaped cavities, each about 50 thousand light years wide, extending away from the central supermassive black hole. these cavities, which are bright sources of radio waves, are not really empty, but filled with high - energy particles and magnetic fields. they push the hot x - ray emitting gas aside, creating sound waves that sweep across hundreds of thousands of light years. the detection of intergalactic sound waves may solve the long - standing mystery of why the hot gas in the central regions of the perseus cluster has not cooled over the past ten billion years to form trillions of stars. as sounds waves move through gas, they are eventually absorbed and their energy is converted to heat. in this way, the sound waves from the supermassive black hole in perseus a could keep the cluster gas hot. the explosive activity occurring around the supermassive black hole is probably caused by large amounts of gas falling into it, perhaps from smaller galaxies that are being cannibalized by perseus a. the dark blobs in the central region of the chandra image may be fragments of such a doomed galaxy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5463942326143166, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.545903"} {"text": "the experiences in new york, washington and the oklahoma city bombing illustrate the tragic impact of a building explosion. we know that the use of explosives can result in collapsed buildings, fires and loss of life. people who live or work in multi - level buildings should : - review emergency evacuation procedures of their building - know where fire exits are located - keep fire extinguishers in working order. know where they are located ; and how to use them. - learn first aid contact the local chapter of the american red cross for additional information. the following items should be kept in a designated place on each floor of any building : - portable, battery - operated radio and extra batteries - several flashlights and extra batteries - first aid kit and manual - several hard hats - fluorescent tape to rope off dangerous areas. during an explosion in a building explosion, get out of the building as quickly and calmly as possible. if items are falling off of bookshelves or from the ceiling, get under a sturdy table or desk. if there is a fire : - stay low to the floor and exit the building as quickly as possible - cover nose and mouth with a wet cloth - when approaching a closed door, use the palm of your hand and forearm to feel the lower, middle and upper parts of the door. if it is not hot, brace yourself against the door and open it slowly. if it is hot to the touch, do not open the door - seek an alternative escape route. - heavy smoke and poisonous gasses collect first along the ceiling. stay below the smoke at all times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4295111028159114, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.548719"} {"text": "chemistry 109, lectures 1 and 2, fall 2011 university of wisconsin - madison prof. frank keutsch prof. john w. moore there is no need to log in to use this online textbook. it is freely available to anyone before using the textbook, go through the tutorial how to use this site. useful links to bookmark - this page : - chem 109 moodle course management system : http : / / courses. chem. wisc. edu ( requiresuw netid login ) - netorials interactive chemistry tutorials - crc handbook of chemistry and physics constants - chempages laboratory resources online tutorials on laboratory equipment and procedures that the lab manual assigns for viewing before taking pre - lab quizzes. what is the difference between chempaths online resources and the printed textbook? chempaths has been developed as a project of the chemed digital library to bring chemistry to life using interactive molecule viewers, animations and videos. this online textbook is based on the printed textbook chemistry by john w. moore, william g. davies, and ronald w. collins, which was published in 1978. this page is the introduction to the chem 109 - fall 2011 pathway through the online textbook. - a typical textbook comes with online portions through the publisher where you can access multimedia resources, whereas chempaths incorporates these features right into the text itself. - just as you will notice that your daily readings skip around from chapter to chapter in the printed textbook, the same would be true of the online text which has chapters in different orders. this pathway, however, lets you read all the various portion of the textbook assigned in the order designed to coincide with the lecture materials - without skipping around. - all material is covered adequately by both the online text as well as the paper textbook - however you may find that some explanations in one version seem superior to the other. for instance - the online textbook has videos and interactive rotatable molecules. these multimedia advantages are helpful in describing 3d orbitals, molecular structures, and reactions. - both have worked out examples. - both have extra questions ( the paper textbook has them at the end of the chapters, the online resources have additional questions available within the moodle course management system as the ungraded course : chemistry 109 study questions ). - both have tables of useful values. the homework, however, uses the online tables as these are known to be accurate. textbooks go through periodic revisions as values are updated by scientists. these are done faster through the chempath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5209562830242338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.552618"} {"text": "this section provides primary sources that document how indian and european men and one english and one indian woman have described the practice of sati, or the self - immolation of hindu widows. although they are all critical of self - immolation, francois bernier, fanny parks, lord william bentinck, and rev. england present four different european perspectives on the practice of sati and what it represents about indian culture in general, and the hindu religion and hindu women in particular. they also indicate increasing negativism in european attitudes toward india and the hindu religion in general. it would be useful to compare the attitudes of bentinck and england as representing the secular and sacred aspects of british criticism of sati. a comparison of bentinck \u2019 s minute with the subsequent legislation also reveals differences in tone between private and public documents of colonial officials. finally, a comparison between the fanny parks and the three men should raise discussion on whether or not the gender and social status of the writer made any difference in his or her appraisal of the practice of self - immolation. the three sources by indian men and one by an indian woman illustrate the diversity of their attitudes toward sati. the marathi source illuminates the material concerns of relatives of the hindu widow who is urged to adopt a son, so as to keep a potentially lucrative office within the extended family. these men are willing to undertake intense and delicate negotiations to secure a suitably related male child who could be adopted. this letter also documents that adoption was a legitimate practice among hindus, and that hindu women as well as men could adopt an heir. ram mohan roy \u2019 s argument illustrates a rationalist effort to reform hindu customs with the assistance of british legislation. roy illustrates one of the many ways in which indians collaborate with british political power in order to secure change within indian society. he also enabled the british to counter the arguments of orthodox hindus about the scriptural basis for the legitimacy of self - immolation of hindu widows. the petition of the orthodox hindu community in calcutta, the capital of the company \u2019 s territories in india, documents an early effort of indians to keep the british colonial power from legislating on matters pertaining to the private sphere of indian family life. finally, pandita ramabai reflects the ways in which ancient hindu scriptures and their interpretation continued to dominate debate. students should consider how ramabai \u2019 s effort to raise funds for her future work among child widows in india might have influenced her discussion of sati. two key issues should be emphasized. first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4835798693077394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.560070"} {"text": "which ancient hindu scriptures and their interpretation continued to dominate debate. students should consider how ramabai \u2019 s effort to raise funds for her future work among child widows in india might have influenced her discussion of sati. two key issues should be emphasized. first, both indian supporters and european and indian opponents of the practice of self - immolation argue their positions on the bodies of hindu women, and all the men involved appeal to hindu scriptures to legitimate their support or opposition. second, the voices of indian women were filtered through the sieve of indian and european men and a very few british women until the late 19th century. - how do the written and visual sources portray the hindu women who commit self - immolation? possible aspects range from physical appearance and age, motivation, evidence of physical pain ( that even the most devoted woman must suffer while burning to death ), to any evidence of the agency or autonomy of the hindu widow in deciding to commit sati. are any differences discernible, and if so, do they seem related to gender or nationality of the observer or time period in which they were observed? - how are the brahman priests who preside at the self - immolation portrayed in indian and european sources? what might account for any similarities and differences? - what reasons are used to deter hindu widows from committing sati? what do these reasons reveal about the nature of family life in india and the relationships between men and women? - what do the reasons that orthodox hindus provide to european observers and to indian reformers reveal about the significance of sati for the practice of the hindu religion? what do their arguments reveal about orthodox hindu attitudes toward women and the family? - how are hindu scriptures used in various ways in the debates before and after the prohibition of sati? - what is the tone of the petition from 800 hindus to their british governor? whom do they claim to represent? what is their justification for the ritual of self - immolation? what is their attitude toward the mughal empire whose muslim rulers had preceded the british? what is their characterization of the petitioners toward those hindus who support the prohibition on sati? how do the petitioners envision the proper relationship between the state and the practice of religion among its subjects? - who or what factors do european observers, british officials, and indian opponents of sati hold to be responsible for the continuance of the practice of sati? - what were the reasons that widows gave for committing sati? were they religious, social or material motives? what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4258433166960257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.561055"} {"text": "more on what the bible says : believers should seek god, and not a legalistic rule, about how much to give. - 2 corinthians 9 : 7 each man should give what he has decided in his heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for god loves a cheerful giver. ( niv ) giving is meant to be a joyful expression of thanks to god from the heart, and not a legalistic obligation. the value of our offering is not determined by how much we give, but how we give. - mark 12 : 41 - 44 jesus sat down opposite the place where the offerings were put and watched the crowd putting their money into the temple treasury. many rich people threw in large amounts. but a poor widow came and put in two very small copper coins, worth only a fraction of a penny. calling his disciples to him, jesus said, \" i tell you the truth, this poor widow has put more into the treasury than all the others. they all gave out of their wealth ; but she, out of her poverty, put in everything \u2014 all she had to live on. \" ( niv ) the widow ' s offeringi see at least 3 important things about giving in this story of the widow ' s offering : - god values our offerings differently than men do. in god ' s eyes, the value of the offering is not determined by the amount of the offering. the text says that the wealthy gave large amounts, but the widow ' s offering was of much higher value because she gave all that she had. it was a costly sacrifice. note that jesus did not say she put in more than any of the others, he said she put in more than all the others. - our attitude in giving is what is most important to god. the text says jesus \" watched the crowd putting their money into the temple treasury. \" jesus observed the people as they gave their offerings, and he watches us today as we give. if we give to be seen by men or with a stingy heart toward god, our offering loses its value. verse 41 says the rich threw in their offerings, further indicating that they gave carelessly with no thought. the widow carefully put in her offering. jesus is more interested and impressed by how we give than what we give. we see this same principle in the story of cain and abel. god evaluated cain and abel ' s offerings. abel ' s offering was pleasing in god ' s eyes, but he rejected cain ' s. rather than giving to god out of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4703133045232476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.569089"} {"text": "give. we see this same principle in the story of cain and abel. god evaluated cain and abel ' s offerings. abel ' s offering was pleasing in god ' s eyes, but he rejected cain ' s. rather than giving to god out of thankfulness and worship, cain may have presented his offering with evil or selfish intentions. maybe he had hoped to receive some special recognition. no matter what, cain knew what was the right thing to do, but he didn ' t do it. god even gave cain an opportunity to make things right, but he chose not to. this illustrates again that god watches what and how we give. god not only cares about the quality of our gifts to him, but also the manner in which we offer them. - god doesn ' t want us to be overly concerned with how our offering is spent. at the time jesus observed this widow ' s offering, the temple treasury was no doubt being managed by the corrupt religious leaders of that day. but jesus did not mention anywhere in this story that the widow should not have given to the temple. although we should do what we can to ensure that the churches and ministries we give to are good stewards of god ' s money, we can ' t always know for certain that the money we give will be spent correctly. we should not be overly burdened with this concern. nor should we use this as an excuse not to give. it ' s important for us to find a good church that is wisely managing its financial resources for god ' s glory and for the growth of god ' s kingdom. but once we give to god, we don ' t need to worry about what happens to the money. this is god ' s problem to resolve. if a church leader or ministry misuses its funds, god knows how to deal with it. we rob god when we fail to give offerings to him. - malachi 3 : 8 will a man rob god? yet you rob me. but you ask, ' how do we rob you? ' in tithes and offerings. ( niv ) the picture of our financial giving simply reveals a reflection of our lives surrendered to god. - romans 12 : 1 therefore, i urge you, brothers, in view of god ' s mercy, to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to god \u2014 this is your spiritual act of worship. ( niv ) a challengein conclusion, i ' d like to explain my personal convictions and offer a challenge to my readers. as i ' ve already stated,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4565334094325889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.570320"} {"text": "living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to god \u2014 this is your spiritual act of worship. ( niv ) a challengein conclusion, i ' d like to explain my personal convictions and offer a challenge to my readers. as i ' ve already stated, i believe tithing is no longer the law. we are under no legal obligation to give a tenth of our income. but my husband and i feel strongly that the tithe ought to be the starting point of our giving. we see it as the minimum to give, a demonstration that everything we have belongs to god. my husband and i also believe most of our giving should go to the local church ( the storehouse ) where we are fed god ' s word and nurtured spiritually. malachi 3 : 10 says, \" ' bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. test me in this, ' says the lord almighty, ' and see if i will not throw open the floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that there will not be room enough to store it. ' \" if you ' re not currently giving to the lord, i challenge you to start by making a commitment. give something faithfully and regularly. i ' m certain god will honor and bless your commitment. if a tenth seems too overwhelming, consider making it a goal. giving may feel like a huge sacrifice at first, but i ' m confident you ' ll eventually discover its rewards. god wants believers to be free from the love of money, which the bible says in 1 timothy 6 : 10 is \" a root of all kinds of evil. \" giving honors the lord, and allows his work to go forward. it also helps build our faith. we may experience times of financial hardship when we can ' t give as much, but the lord still wants us to trust him in times of lack. he, not our paycheck, is our provider. he will meet our daily needs. a friend of my pastor once told him that financial giving is not god ' s way of raising money \u2014 it ' s his way of raising children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4643856658703686, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.572319"} {"text": "st. petersburg, russia, 6 july, 2012 ( iucn ) \u2013 as the number of natural wonders on the world heritage list continues to grow, too many sites are left with little resources to manage them properly and conserve the very values they were inscribed for, say iucn experts. many face a barrage of threats, not least from mining and oil exploration. africa \u2019 s natural world heritage sites are particularly at risk. over 60 % of west and central african sites are danger listed, and one out of four of these iconic areas are threatened by planned mining and oil and gas projects. this includes virunga national park in the democratic republic of the congo, home to many of the world \u2019 s last mountain gorillas. the security situation in these sites is precarious, making their management extremely challenging. since 1996 more than 130 rangers have been killed in virunga national park. recently, poachers armed with ak47 rifles attacked a neighbouring world heritage site, the okapi wildlife reserve, and killed seven people, including two rangers. unesco has launched an emergency appeal to raise $ 120, 000 by 20 july to help the families of the victims and support the reserve ( www. justgiving. com / okapi ). \u201c iucn is deeply saddened by these killings, \u201d says mariam kenza ali, world heritage conservation officer. \u201c unless the okapi wildlife reserve receives urgent help, the poachers who perpetrated the killings will have free reign to decimate the largest remaining population of forest elephants in the democratic republic of the congo and to terrorize local communities. \u201d none of the four natural world heritage sites that iucn recommended for inclusion on the danger list have been added, in what is seen by iucn as a serious set - back for conservation. iucn, the official world heritage advisory body on nature, had recommended that lake turkana national parks in kenya, dja faunal reserve in cameroon, virgin komi forests in russia, and pitons management area in saint lucia be added to the list of world heritage in danger. the world heritage committee rejected all four recommendations. six outstanding natural sites were given world heritage status following the advice of iucn to the annual meeting of the unesco world heritage committee, which ends today in st. t petersburg. sangha trinational - shared between cameroon, the central african republic and the republic of congo ; lakes of ounianga in chad, rock islands southern lagoon in palau, and chengjiang fossil site in china have been inscribed on the world heritage list. lena pillars nature park", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4082608351477306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.599118"} {"text": "shared between cameroon, the central african republic and the republic of congo ; lakes of ounianga in chad, rock islands southern lagoon in palau, and chengjiang fossil site in china have been inscribed on the world heritage list. lena pillars nature park in russia and western ghats in india were also added to the prestigious list by the world heritage committee, a 21 - nation panel. \u201c this move should mobilise international support for the planet \u2019 s extraordinary places that are facing serious threats to their conservation, \u201d says tim badman, director of iucn \u2019 s world heritage programme. \u201c international efforts are essential to secure the future of our planet ' s most important natural areas and the life - support services they provide, including clean air, water and livelihoods. \u201d iucn, the international union for conservation of nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges by supporting scientific research ; managing field projects all over the world ; and bringing governments, ngos, the un, international conventions and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. iucn is the independent advisory body to the world heritage committee on natural heritage. www. iucn. org for more information or to set up interviews, please contact : - borjana pervan, iucn media relations, m + 41 79 857 4072, e firstname. lastname @ example. org - brian thomson, iucn media relations, m + 41 79 721 8326, e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42437084522684165, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.602928"} {"text": "\" it ' s something i would never have thought of, \" said my friend, talking about some pruning her son did in their yard, \" but i like it. \" my friend ' s son used a thinning cut called skirting, limbing up, or crown raising. my friend is right that most people don ' t consider this particular cut. so what exactly is skirting? cass turnbull, in \" guide to pruning, \" discusses this simple and effective pruning cut. it is simply to remove the lowest branches of a tree so that it looks less bulky and heavy. the cut should be about 1 / 4 inch above where the original bud began. be careful that you don ' t cut into the trunk and that you don ' t leave a nub. turnbull quotes dr. alex shigo, the renowned research scientist known as the isaac newton of arboriculture, who says, \" trunk wood is much different from branch wood. \" the trunk houses the tree ' s vascular system. both water and sugar, by means of pipe - like tissues, move up and down through the trunk by zylem, in the center of the tree, and phloem, right under the bark of the tree. understanding how close the phloem are to the bark helps us realize why a cut too far into the trunk can damage a tree permanently because it compromises the tree ' s vascular system. likewise, cutting into a trunk with a weed whacker or a lawn mower can kill a tree over time. skirting, then, removes lower limbs. remember that trees should look like trees, so don ' t limb - up more than one - third the tree ' s visible height. i recently skirted our azara tree because it was looking bulky and because it was cutting too much light from the easter lilies growing beneath it. in an hour ' s time, the tree looked totally different. the shape of the trunk was visible and its structure was both delicate and textured. the tree looked more handsome, just as a man does when his beard and mustache are well - trimmed. i used a felco folding handsaw i purchased at a local nursery, which was much more useful than pruners because of the thick branch diameters. i ' m soon going to tackle a few japanese maples whose branches are dragging on the ground. look around your garden and see which trees could use limbing up. while you have the handsaw in hand, look to see if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4496340601227464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.608780"} {"text": "bundelkhand \u2019 s ravine wastelands. photo : keya acharya / ips bundelkhand, india \u2013 narrow, cobblestoned lanes separate the rows of mud houses with cool interiors and mud - smoothened patios, some with goats tethered to the wooden posts. this is tajpura village, deep in this water - stressed, drought - prone region of northern india. an area of stark beauty marked by deep ravines in central india, bundelkhand spans the states of uttar pradesh and madhya pradesh. the ruins of stone fortresses dotting the landscape betray a history of constant warfare just as the remnants of water courses and irrigation systems speak of peaceable and prosperous times gone by. bundelkhand suffers from manmade problems, starting with the government \u2019 s misplaced land and water policies that have worsened an already stressed climatic situation caused by prolonged droughts and erratic rainfall. air dropping of \u2018 prosopis juliflora \u2019 seeds as a soil - conservation measure in the 1960s resulted in the plant becoming an invasive species that killed indigenous shrubs and trees, making the soft soils of the ravines leach water rapidly and turned vast areas into wastelands. thoughtless promotion by the government of water - intensive crops like mentha ( mint ) encouraged richer farmers to dig deep tube wells while neglecting groundwater recharge, resulting in a disastrous lowering of the water table. marginalised farmers, unable to afford expensive infrastructure and inputs, suffer as groundwater depletion adds to problems caused by the ancient rainwater storage and distribution systems going defunct. drought is now a familiar spectre in this region and less than half of its one million hectare arable spread is now cultivable, causing distress to its mainly farming population of 50 million people. \u201c what you have is very high water consumption in an area suffering from water crisis, \u201d says anil singh, coordinator of parmarth, an organisation working to revive traditional systems of water and cropping among marginalised communities that inhabit the ravines of bundelkhand. in tajpura village, as though in denial of bundelkhand \u2019 s stark conditions, 36 - year - old mamtadevi, wife of ajan singh, serves up a meal of steaming hot chappatis ( indian flat bread ) smeared with clarified butter, a cool, green salad and a dish of smoked brinjal, boiled potato, fresh tomato and green chilli. \u201c that extra taste in the vegetables is because they are grown sustainably and without chemicals, \u201d explains mamtade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4096879431117538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.615882"} {"text": "clarified butter, a cool, green salad and a dish of smoked brinjal, boiled potato, fresh tomato and green chilli. \u201c that extra taste in the vegetables is because they are grown sustainably and without chemicals, \u201d explains mamtadevi. ajan singh and mamtadevi were among the first to adopt parmarth \u2019 s \u2018 low external input sustainable agriculture \u2019 ( leisa ) which is now standing them in good stead as rainfall becomes scantier and average temperatures rises. leisa involves such practices as efficient recycling of nitrogen and other plant nutrients, managing pests through natural means, maintaining ideal soil conditions and ensuring that local farmers are aware of the environment and the value of preserving ecosystems. the soundness of this method shows in the freshness of ajan singh \u2019 s vegetable crops, in biodiversity conservation through the use of hardy indigenous seeds and avoiding chemicals for maintaining soil health. ajan singh is also able to beat the vagaries of the weather and this year \u2019 s drought, caused by failure of the monsoons, holds no great terror for him or for other farmers who follow leisa. bhartendu prakash, steering committee member of the organic farmers association of india ( ofai ) and in - charge of its northern branch based in bundelkhand, says the region was hit by frost last winter but organic farmlands using leisa were the least affected. \u201c i did not know this system previously. i would grow \u2018 gehu \u2019 ( wheat ) and manage 200 - 300 kg on this same plot, \u201d says ajan singh. parmarth helped the community in contouring the lands for rainwater run - off and storage and constructed a well for irrigation. its volunteers also taught farmers like ajan singh how to make vermicompost and set up pheromone traps to catch insects. most farmers though, already had their own methods of making biopesticide \u2013 usually a mix of neem leaves and garlic soaked in buffalo buttermilk. \u201c but before the pheromone traps were laid, the spraying had to be done once every three days, now once a week is enough, \u201d says mamtadevi. by 2009, the couple \u2019 s vegetables had such a reputation for quality that they sold at the local market 10 km away at higher than prevailing rates, earning them nearly 80, 000 indian rupees ( then approximately 1, 800 dollars ) yearly. three years later, ajan singh bought another \u2018 bigha \u2019 ( approximately 2. 2 acres ) of land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4444590694941357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.616996"} {"text": "km away at higher than prevailing rates, earning them nearly 80, 000 indian rupees ( then approximately 1, 800 dollars ) yearly. three years later, ajan singh bought another \u2018 bigha \u2019 ( approximately 2. 2 acres ) of land. he now takes his produce to two markets and also sells milk from five buffaloes that he bought with his earnings. fifteen more farmers from tajpura are now following ajan singh \u2019 s methods. along with this, the women of the community have banded together into self - help groups that maintain a savings and loan account to assist women find simple livelihood alternatives like livestock rearing. the women also run a grain bank that sells surplus grain in the open market and give grain free to distressed families in times of need. \u201c we are now trying to link the community to government schemes wherever possible, such as obtaining sprinklers, and getting some benefit from the state - run bundelkhand relief package which does help with drought - proofing, \u201d says anil singh who works for parmarth. released in 2009 by the federal government, the package worth 1. 5 billion dollars supports rainwater harvesting, proper utilisation of river systems, irrigation canals and water bodies over a three - year period. but bundelkhand \u2019 s natural farming methods need to get more support as the funding period comes to an end. \u201c bundelkhand is too entrenched in northern indian chemical farming methods, \u201d says ofai \u2019 s prakash. in contrast, ofai is deluged with requests for training in organic farming methods from farmers in punjab and haryana, the \u2018 mother zone \u2019 of the so - called \u2018 green revolution \u2019 that transformed agriculture in india after introduction in the 1960s. rajesh krishnan, campaigner for greenpeace in india, is optimistic that the government will see the wisdom of promoting organic agriculture as a counter measure to the numerous fallouts of chemical agriculture that fuelled the green revolution. krishnan is hopeful for the probable financing of sustainable agriculture in india \u2019 s 12th five - year plan, due to be rolled out in november. prakash is confident that sustainable agricultural farming will survive through a growing demand for organically - grown crops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41309195133227616, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.617837"} {"text": "common sense was first produced in edinburgh in 1987. it offered a direct challenge to the theory production machines of specialised academic journals, and tried to move the articulation of intellectual work beyond the collapsing discipline of the universities. it was organised according to minimalist production and editorial process which received contributions that could be photocopied and stapled together. it was reproduced in small numbers, distributed to friends, and sold at cost price in local bookshops and in a few outposts throughout the world. it maintained three interrelated commitments : to provide an open space wherein discussion could take place without regard to style or to the rigid classification of material into predefined subject areas ; to articulate critical positions within the contemporary political climate ; and to animate the hidden scottish passion for general ideas. within the context of the time, the formative impetus of common sense was a desire to juxtapose disparate work and to provide a continuously open space for a general critique of the societies in which we live. \u2013 may 1991 editorial the life of common sense began in 1987 and ended in 1999 after the publication of 24 issues. since then, a selection of articles from the journal have been republished in the book, revolutionary writing, and a few have been collected on libcom. despite the journal \u2019 s significance in the development of open and autonomous marxist critical theory, a complete set of issues has been difficult to source, until now. you can read how the digitising got under way and a few notes on the scanning process itself. the complete set of issues that were kindly donated by past common sense editors for the digitisation project has been deposited with the british library for preservation. a further set is held by the national library of scotland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.496469196224545, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.619752"} {"text": "deductive versus inductive reasoning noah d. alper [ reprinted from land and freedom, march - april in his history of civilization in england, henry thomas buckle makes some interesting observations on the respective merits of the deductive and inductive methods of propagating thought in the development of civilization. in the deductive method we begin with a general conclusion and then attempt to point out the facts which support it. in the inductive method we first select our facts and then seek to lead to the acceptance of the general conclusions or principles. buckle says : \" if we take a general view of those countries where science has been cultivated, we shall find that, whenever the deductive method of inquiry has predominated, knowledge, though often increased and accumulated, has never been widely diffused. on the other hand, we shall find that, when the inductive method has predominated, the diffusion of knowledge has always been considerable, or, at all events, has been beyond comparison greater than when deduction was prevalent. if, in any civilized nation, two men, equally gifted, were to propound some new and startling conclusion, and one of these men were to defend his conclusion by reasoning from ideas or general principles, while the other man were to defend his reasoning from particular and visible facts, there can be no doubt that, supposing all other things the same, the latter man would gain most adherents. facts seem to come home to every one, arid are undeniable. principles are not so obvious, and, being often disputed, they have to those who do not grasp them, an unreal and illusory appearance, which weakens their we find historically that the establishment of the modern inductive philosophy, with its varied and attractive experiments, its material appliances, and its constant appeal to the senses, has been intimately connected with the awakening of the public mind, and coincides with that spirit of inquiry, and with that love of liberty, which has been constantly advancing since the sixteenth century.... \" in both cases [ induction and deduction ] there is no doubt a line of argument essentially ideal ; just as, in both cases, there is an assemblage of facts essentially sensuous. no method is pure, or stands entirely by itself. but inasmuch as, in induction, the facts are more prominent than the ideas, while, in deduction, the ideas are more prominent than the facts, it is evident that conclusions arrived at \" by the former plan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49992592707888284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.631279"} {"text": "entirely by itself. but inasmuch as, in induction, the facts are more prominent than the ideas, while, in deduction, the ideas are more prominent than the facts, it is evident that conclusions arrived at \" by the former plan, will, as a general rule, obtain a wider assent than conclusions arrived at by the latter plan. obtaining a wider assent, they will produce more decisive results, and will be more likely to shape the national character and influence the course of national affairs. \" buckle ' s penetrating observations may be taken as a guide to georgeists in the dissemination of their principles. what is the georgeist objective? it is to free men. its practical goal is to abolish all forms of special privilege in order that an environment might exist in which the free enterprise system of production and distribution of wealth can operate. more specifically, it is to abolish all forms of securing public revenue save those which collect for the use of the community the publicly created rental value how are we to bring this about? we must secure favorable interest and decision on the part of a large majority of the people. we cannot hope to be the beneficiary of any dictatorship or of any totalitarian revolution. we must maintain and use the discriminating democratic processes. we must influence thought, difficult as that may be. we must educate in ways that will give understanding. the advice of buckle comes in for consideration here. the georgeist philosophy is adaptable to both the inductive and the deductive methods. but when we use the latter, we find that the statement of strong conclusions leads to antagonism toward them. farther investigation is discouraged, and the prospective convert is in no mood to ask for or receive facts. but if facts are presented first, people will listen. to many self - styled practical people, a principle, however sound it seems to be, is not a fact. a fact to these observers is a figure, a measurement, an example. facts promote curiosity, interest, inquiry. witness our ubiquitous radio quiz programs and pictorial \" believe - it - or - not \" presentations. facts, then, must be our starting point. it was my pleasure and privilege to be associated with judge jackson h. ralston of california during the years 1935 - 1938 in his gallant effort to secure the adoption of a strong application of georgeist principles in that state. it is from this experience that i have arrived at what i feel is a pattern of activity which can be followed to bring about the acceptance of our social and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5672087666556471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.632260"} {"text": "his gallant effort to secure the adoption of a strong application of georgeist principles in that state. it is from this experience that i have arrived at what i feel is a pattern of activity which can be followed to bring about the acceptance of our social and economic proposals. this pattern follows the principles of influencing thought presented by buckle, making use largely of the inductive method, though not, of course, excluding use of the deductive. the great majority of the people must be made to feel that they will gain materially from the georgeist proposal and that it is on the whole sound and just. two propositions relating to our method of securing public revenue must be demonstrated factually so that they will be understood and accepted by the people. the first proposition is that the people, who should hold title to the land values of the nation, today hold little or no title to it. the second is that a tax on the value of land, or a direct levy on the rent, must be paid out of the rent now collected by the present title holder, and that he cannot shift this charge to the people in higher prices or rents and so recover an equal amount for himself. of course, during the process of education, the other points in the georgeist theory must also be demonstrated. people must be made to \" see that rent is the measure of communal privileges ; that the economic activities of all who labor and spend contribute to the rent fund ; that the taxing of land values and the untaxing of labor and industry will benefit all. how is this objective to be accomplished? first, a study must be made of the land values in the community where the program is to be launched. this is a problem of research, of accumulating the facts in the given geographical area. they involve records, public sales, etc. - - facts that are familiar to people. during the ralston campaign in california such a study was made. because of data regularly collected, the problem in that state was not so difficult. based on 1936 figures compiled by prof. alfred s. niles, of stanford university, it was found that over 50 % of the state ' s land value was located in only three of the fifty - eight counties. the three counties were los angeles ( 36. 02 % ), san francisco ( 11. 09 % ), and alameda ( 5. 78 % ). this left the vast remaining area of fifty - five counties with bat 47. 01 % of the land values. in the city of san francisco it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5395648864554724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.633360"} {"text": "), san francisco ( 11. 09 % ), and alameda ( 5. 78 % ). this left the vast remaining area of fifty - five counties with bat 47. 01 % of the land values. in the city of san francisco it was demonstrated that 3 % of the city blocks contained over one - third of the total land value of the city. by a breakdown of the distribution of land values in this manner it can be shown where the land value is to be found. by studies of ownership of titles it can be shown what percentage of the property holders and what percentage of the total population control and enjoy the vast bulk of the rental income of the land. this is a matter of statistical effort and study which any georgeist group that hopes for any sort of success in a political way must be prepared to make. such facts as these the people can grasp. further, they are facts which cannot be denied or argued by the land - title holders or their agents of agencies. our second proposition must also be demonstrated - - the proposition that a tax on land values cannot be shifted, and that the net effect of the georgeist proposal is to make land holders pay fairly and equally to the community for the privilege of holding land. unless the idea of the non - shiftability of our method of raising public revenue is accepted by the majority of the people, we cannot hope to secure favorable action on our proposals. there is another important point to be remembered in the planning of an educational program - - that is, its \" timing. \" we lost the 1938 ralston campaign in california, not because the methods used were unsound, but simply because we did not have the time or the funds to reach the people with our information. if any group of georgeists feel they are prepared or will one day be prepared for a political campaign, they must first and above all plan a long - range campaign of basic factual education. in far too many cases ( perhaps in all cases, so far ) the campaign method has never had a chance to succeed, because the correct sort of preliminary barrage of facts had not been laid down, and hence the ground was not prepared for political action. although georgeist campaigns have in the past failed, they have left us a precious heritage - - that is, anticipation of the probable line of attack on us by the opposition. chief among the arguments used against the georgeist proposal is that it will hurt the small home owner and raise rents, and that it will ruin the fanner. preparation against such arguments should be undertaken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4789030171487929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.634306"} {"text": "the probable line of attack on us by the opposition. chief among the arguments used against the georgeist proposal is that it will hurt the small home owner and raise rents, and that it will ruin the fanner. preparation against such arguments should be undertaken by dissemination of facts on the case, before any political action is undertaken. a campaign should not begin with a draft of an amendment or legislative enactment. such an action will not only interfere with the preliminary educational program, but will draw the fire of the opposition on the nature of the measure. it will place us at a disadvantage in the ensuing fight. the legislative draft, which is only able to incorporate principles, is about the last thing to be after the work of research, which is the first requirement in a georgeist campaign, must come the work of publicizing these facts. all the attributes of the good salesman and advertising man, the radio quiz artist and the educators need to be brought into play to present the figures and facts to the people. during our california campaign, we held a meeting before the pomona grange, consisting of the grange organizations of shasta and trinity counties. the type of facts we presented profoundly affected those attending the meeting. the farmers of trinity county were asked how much land value there was in their county. none of them knew. then we presented the facts : the 1937 figures of the controller ' s report of california showed that there was $ 2, 728, 715 in land value in that county. along with this figure we gave the figures for the land value of block 329 in the city of san francisco. this small, triangular block of 1. 54 acres had a land value of $ 2, 766, 020 - - more than all of trinity county. the fanners of shasta county were also asked about the land value in their county. they, too, did not know. the 1937 report gave shasta county a land value of $ 12, 166, 890. it was shown that three large blocks between third and sixth streets in san francisco, some 17 acres, had a value of over $ 13, 000, 000 - - nearly a million more than all of shasta county. another presentation designed to attract attention might be in the form of weekly releases of the accumulated facts. in california we distributed such releases. one read : \" less than one acre of land under the russ building ( in san francisco ) rents for $ 120, 000 a year. this is paid to the title holder for. 99 years. it would take 120 men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5010784296834199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.635256"} {"text": "we distributed such releases. one read : \" less than one acre of land under the russ building ( in san francisco ) rents for $ 120, 000 a year. this is paid to the title holder for. 99 years. it would take 120 men, working eight hours a day, making $ 1, 000 a year, to produce wages or salaries equal to the wealth taken by the title holders to this land each year. here is a measure of the value of privilege and the value of wages. \" all the channels of publicity can be used in distributing the facts. if this policy were carried on continuously for a period of time without any concrete political proposal, it is of course to be expected that the enemies of the \" to be proposed \" measure would in time suspect the situation. but in the face of indisputable facts, they would be at a disadvantage as compared to their position if a legislative amendment were first drafted. sooner or later, in the course of the educational campaign, the question of the non - shiftability of the land value tax will have to be faced. several types of arguments can be used. it might be started on a quiz basis, a series of questions, such as the following : if the community increased the tax on the value of a vacant lot, could the owner shift the tax or would he have to pay it himself? to whom could he shift it? if the supply of vacant lots for sale or rent increased, due to a tax on land value, would their price go up or down? if a man is getting all the land rent he can for the use of a certain piece of land, could he collect more if the taxes on his rent were increased? if he could increase his rent, would he wait for the tax in order to do so? if a tax on land values can be shifted, why do landowners oppose it so strongly? a carefully prepared campaign, planned to run over a period of several years, could become more specific as the time came to launch a definite proposal and the actual campaign. until some definite proposal was made, the opposition would be at a great disadvantage. if they attacked in advance of a definite proposal, it would have to be over fundamental principles, the facts being indisputable. of course, georgeists would welcome such an attack. if it did not come, the georgeists should even provoke it. the best thing that can happen to our cause is to have our principles brought out into the open, discussed, argued, made into an issue. we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5066115153874289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.636180"} {"text": "the institute of food technologists ( ift ) offers some advice for safely handling food when you \u2019 re dining outdoors this summer : warm weather brings a bounty of fresh produce, and a trip to the local farmers market can make a nice addition to your outdoor meal. food safety starts in the field. it \u2019 s important to get to know the growers selling produce at your local farm stand, and ask about their farming practices. how do they keep their products free from bacterial pathogens and other contaminants? farmers may also have great tips for storing produce, testing for ripeness and even ways to prepare the fruits and veggies they sell. ift spokesperson and food safety expert, don schaffner, phd, says that when you \u2019 re purchasing produce, make sure it \u2019 s free of mold, bruises or blemishes where bacterial pathogens can grow. many grocery stores offer freshly cut, packaged produce for customers seeking nutritious convenience foods. freshly cut vegetables and fruit need proper temperature control to prevent the growth of bacteria that cause foodborne illness. before preparing food, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds. make sure all prep utensils such as cutting boards, dishes and countertops are clean before preparing each food item. dirt, dust and pathogenic microbes can linger on produce. it \u2019 s important to wash fresh produce before consuming it. the only exception is are pre - bagged salads and leafy greens, as experts advise that additional washing of ready - to - eat green salads is not likely to enhance safety. thoroughly washing in cold water will suffice for most fruits and vegetables, but some types of produce require special handling. wash spinach or salad greens in a bowl of water and rinse them gently to remove dirt and other contaminants. give extra attention to fruits with stems, such as apples, pears and peaches. you may be tempted to forego washing fruit with a rind, since you won \u2019 t be eating the rind. but, it \u2019 s still important to wash oranges, avocados, melons, cantaloupe, etc. \u2013 pathogens can linger in unwashed crevices and transfer to your hands or the knife you use to cut the fruit. in addition, wash items you \u2019 ll peel \u2013 such as carrots and cucumbers \u2013 for the same reason. if you \u2019 ll be grilling at home, remember to always marinate meat in the refrigerator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4335302856219925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.640966"} {"text": "you use to cut the fruit. in addition, wash items you \u2019 ll peel \u2013 such as carrots and cucumbers \u2013 for the same reason. if you \u2019 ll be grilling at home, remember to always marinate meat in the refrigerator, never on the kitchen counter or outdoors. discard any extra marinade that \u2019 s touched raw meat. grill food thoroughly, using a thermometer to ensure the proper internal temperature : 145 f for steaks and fish, 160 f for pork, hot dogs and hamburgers, and 165 f for poultry. keep finished meats hot until you serve by moving them to the side of the grill rack, away from the coals or highest flame on your gas grill. avoid cross contamination by using separate serving plates and utensils for different meats and vegetables. if you \u2019 ll be grilling away from home \u2013 in a park, tailgating at a sporting event or on a camping trip \u2013 consider purchasing pre - formed patties for burgers and pre - cut poultry. this minimizes the amount of handling meat requires and can help minimize the risk of bacteria and cross contamination. a picnic in the park can be great fun for everyone, but it \u2019 s important to assure your food arrives safely along with your family and guests. follow smart food packing guidelines. keep meats, including lunch meats and raw meats, cheeses and condiments cold in insulated, soft - sided bags or coolers with freezer gel packs. food needs to be stored at 40 f or colder to reduce the risk of pathogen growth, so limit the number of times you open the cooler. never allow food to sit for more than two hours at temperatures below 90 f, and no more than an hour when temperatures exceed 90 f. throw away food that \u2019 s been sitting out too long. securely package raw meat, seafood and poultry to ensure the juices don \u2019 t contaminate other foods. pack only the amount of perishable food that you think will be eaten. beverages and perishable foods should travel in separate containers and coolers, especially if you \u2019 ll be transporting raw meat. when it \u2019 s time to go home, don \u2019 t reuse packaging material that has touched raw meats or meat juices. make sure perishable leftovers stay cold on the trip home. avoid taking home uncooked leftovers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42375744027501844, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:45.641806"} {"text": "record : darwin, c. r. 1842. the structure and distribution of coral reefs. being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the beagle, under the command of capt. fitzroy, r. n. during the years 1832 to 1836. london : smith elder and co. revision history : transcribed for john van wyhe 2002, further corrections 2003, 2. 2006, extensively corrected by sue asscher 3. 2007. rn3 see an introduction by gordon chancellor. see bibliographical introduction by r. b. freeman. the copy scanned was kindly provided by the earth sciences library cambridge. structure and distribution structure and distribution being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the beagle, under the command of capt. fitzroy, r. n. during the years 1832 to 1836. charles darwin, m. a., f. r. s., f. g. s., naturalist to the expedition. published with the approval of the lords her majesty ' s treasury. smith, elder and co., 65, cornhill. printed by stewart and murray, i shall have occasion, in many parts of the following volume, to acknowledge the valuable information i have received from several persons ; but i must more particularly express my obligations to captain r. moresby, i. n., who conducted the survey of the red sea, and of the archipelagoes of low coral - islands in the indian ocean. i beg, also, to be permitted to return my best thanks to captain beaufort, r. n., for having given me free access to the charts in the admiralty, as well as to captain beecher, r. n. for most kindly aiding me in consulting them. my thanks are likewise especially due to captain washington, r. n. for his invariable desire to assist me in every possible manner. having in former publications had the pleasure of acknowledging how much i owe to captain fitzroy, for having permitted me to volunteer my services on board h. m. s. beagle, and for his uniform kindness in giving me assistance in my researches, i can here only repeat my obligations to him. the materials for this volume were nearly ready two years ago ; but owing to ill health, its publication has been delayed. the two succeeding parts, \u2014 one on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of the beagle, and the other on south america, \u2014 will appear, as soon as they can be prepared. 2nd may, 1842. description of the plates. in the several original", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4895575118253711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.101753"} {"text": "parts, \u2014 one on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of the beagle, and the other on south america, \u2014 will appear, as soon as they can be prepared. 2nd may, 1842. description of the plates. in the several original surveys, from which the small plans on this plate have been reduced, the coral - reefs are engraved in very different styles. for the sake of uniformity, i have adopted the style used in the charts of the chagos archipelago, published by the east indian company, from the survey by capt. moresby and lieut. powell. the surface of the reef, which dries at low water, is represented by a stippled surface with small crosses : the coral - islets on the reef are marked by small linear unstippled spaces, on which a few cocoa - nut trees, out of all proportion too large, have been introduced for the sake of clearness. the entire annular reef, which when surrounding an open expanse of water, forms an ' atoll, ' and when surrounding one or more high islands, forms an encircling ' barrier - reef, ' has a nearly uniform structure, and has been tinted, in order to catch the eye, of a pale brownish - red colour. the reefs in some of the original surveys are represented merely by a single line with crosses, so that their breadth is not given ; i have had such reefs engraved of the width usually attained by coral - reefs. i have not thought it worth while to introduce all those small and very numerous reefs, which occur within the lagoons of most atolls and within the lagoon - channels of most barrier - reefs, and which stand either isolated, or are attached to the shores of the reef or land. at peros banhos none of the lagoon - reefs rise to the surface of the water ; a few of them have been introduced, and are marked by plain dotted circles. a few of the deepest soundings are laid down within each reef ; they are in fathoms, of six english feet. fig. 1. \u2014 vanikoro, situated in the western part of the s. pacific ; taken from the survey by capt. d ' urville in the astrolabe ; the scale is \u00bc of an inch to a geographical mile ; the soundings on the southern side of the island, namely, from 30 to 40 fathoms, are given from the voyage of the chev. dillon ; the other soundings are laid down from the survey by d ' ur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4863788684191866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.102850"} {"text": "geographical mile ; the soundings on the southern side of the island, namely, from 30 to 40 fathoms, are given from the voyage of the chev. dillon ; the other soundings are laid down from the survey by d ' urville ; height of the summit of the island is 3032 feet. the principal small detached reefs within the lagoon - channel have in this instance been represented. the southern shore of the island is narrowly fringed by a reef : if the engraver had carried this reef entirely round both islands, this figure would have served ( by leaving out in imagination the barrier - reef ) as a good specimen of an abruptly - sided island, surrounded by a reef of the fringing class. fig. 2. \u2014 hogoleu, or roug, in the caroline archipelago ; taken from the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe, compiled from the surveys of captains duperrey and d ' urville ; scale 1 / 20 of an inch to a mile ; the depth of the immense lagoon - like space within the reef is not known. fig. 3. \u2014 raiatea, in the society archipelago ; from the map given in the quarto edition of cook ' s first voyage ; it is probably not accurate ; scale 1 / 20 of an inch to a mile. fig. 4. \u2014 bow, or heyou atoll ( or lagoon - island ), in the low archipelago, from the survey by capt. beechey, r. n. ; scale 1 / 20 of an inch to a mile ; the lagoon is choked up with reefs, but the average greatest depth of about 20 fathoms, is given from the published account of the voyage. fig. 5. \u2014 bolabola, in the society archipelago, from the survey of capt. duperrey, in the coquille : scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile ; the soundings in this and the following figure have been altered from french feet to english fathoms ; height of highest point of the island 4026 feet. fig. 6. \u2014 maurua, in the society archipelago ; from the survey by capt. duperrey in the coquille : scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile : height of land about 800 feet. fig. 7. \u2014 pouynipete, or seniavine, in the caroline archipelago ; from the survey by admiral lutke : scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile. fig. 8. \u2014 gambier islands, in the southern part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4691435170365083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.103733"} {"text": ". \u2014 pouynipete, or seniavine, in the caroline archipelago ; from the survey by admiral lutke : scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile. fig. 8. \u2014 gambier islands, in the southern part of the low archipelago ; from the survey by capt. beechey ; scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile ; height of highest island, 1246 feet ; the islands are surrounded by extensive and irregular reefs ; the reef on the southern side is submerged. fig. 9. \u2014 peros banhos atoll, ( or lagoon - island ), in the chagos group in the indian ocean ; from the survey by capt. moresby and lieut. powell ; scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile ; not nearly all the small sub - merged reefs in the lagoon are represented ; the annular reef on the southern side is submerged. fig. 10. \u2014 keeling, or cocos atoll, ( or lagoon - island ), in the indian ocean ; from the survey by capt. fitzroy ; scale \u00bc of an inch to a mile ; the lagoon south of the dotted line is very shallow, and is left almost bare at low water ; the part north of the line is choked up with irregular reefs. the annular reef on the n. w. side is broken, and blends into a shoal sand - bank, on which the sea breaks. fig. 1. \u2014 great chagos bank, in the indian ocean ; taken from the survey by capt. moresby and lieut. powell ; scale 1 / 20 of an inch to a mile ( same scale as hogoleu, in plate i. ) ; the parts which are shaded, with the exception of two or three islets on the western and northern sides, do not rise to the surface, but are submerged from 4 to 10 fathoms ; the banks bounded by the dotted lines lie from 15 to 20 fathoms beneath the surface, and are formed of sand ; the central space is of mud, and from 30 to 50 fathoms deep. fig. 2. \u2014 a vertical section, on the same scale, in an e. and w. line across the great chagos bank, given for the sake of exhibiting more clearly its structure. fig. 3. \u2014 menchicoff atoll ( or lagoon - island ), in the marshall archipelago, northern pacific ocean ; from krusenstern ' s atlas of the pacific ; originally surveyed by capt. hagemeister ; scale 1 / 20 of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4927669401756402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.105780"} {"text": "3. \u2014 menchicoff atoll ( or lagoon - island ), in the marshall archipelago, northern pacific ocean ; from krusenstern ' s atlas of the pacific ; originally surveyed by capt. hagemeister ; scale 1 / 20 of an inch to a mile ; the depth within the lagoons is unknown. fig. 4. \u2014 mahlos mahdoo atoll, together with horsburgh atoll, in the maldiva archipelago ; from the survey by capt. moresby and lieut. powell ; scale 1 / 20 of an inch to a mile ; the white spaces in the middle of the separate small reefs, both on the margin and in the middle part, are meant to represent little lagoons ; but it was found not possible to distinguish them clearly from the small islets, which have been formed on these same small reefs ; many of the smaller reefs could not be introduced ; the nautical mark ( ) over the figures 250 and 200 between mahlos mahdoo and horsburgh atoll and powell ' s island, signifies that soundings were not obtained at these depths. fig. 5. \u2014 new caledonia, in the western part of the pacific ; from krusenstern ' s atlas, compiled from several surveys ; i have slightly altered the northern point of the reef, in accordance with the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe. in krusenstern ' s atlas, the reef is represented by a single line with crosses ; i have for the sake of uniformity added an interior line ; scale 1 / 60 of an inch to a mile. fig. 6. \u2014 maldiva archipelago, in the indian ocean ; from the survey by capt. moresby and lieut. powell ; scale 1 / 60 of an inch to a mile. the principles, on which this map is coloured, are explained in the beginning of chapter vi. ; and the authorities for colouring each particular spot are detailed in the appendix. the names printed in italics in the index refer to the appendix. atolls or lagoon islands. section i. \u2014 description of keeling atoll. corals on the outer margin \u2014 zone of nullipor\u00e6 \u2014 exterior reef \u2014 islets \u2014 coral - conglomerate \u2014 lagoon \u2014 calcareous sediment \u2014 scari and holuthuri\u00e6 subsisting on corals \u2014 changes in the condition of the reefs and islets \u2014 probable subsidence of the atoll \u2014 future state of the lagoon.. page 5 to 19 section ii. \u2014 general description of atolls.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4683443200264289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.106746"} {"text": "the conditions favourable to their increase. page 60 to 71 section ii. \u2014 on the rate of growth of coral - reefs. page 71 to 79 section iii. \u2014 on the depths at which reef - building polypifers can live \u2026. page 80 to 87 theory of the formation of the different classes of coral reefs. the atolls of the large archipelagoes are not formed on submerged craters, or on banks of sediment \u2014 immense areas interspersed with atolls \u2014 their subsidence \u2014 the effects of storms and earthquakes on atolls \u2014 recent changes in their state \u2014 the origin of barrier - reefs and of atolls \u2014 their relative forms \u2014 the step - formed ledges and walls round the shores of some lagoons \u2014 the ring - formed reefs of the maldiva atolls \u2014 the submerged condition of parts or of the whole of some annular reefs \u2014 the disseverment of large atolls \u2014 the union of atolls by linear reefs \u2014 the great chagos bank \u2014 objections, from the area and amount of subsidence required by the theory, considered \u2014 the probable composition of the lower parts of atolls.. page 88 to 118 on the distribution of coral reefs with reference to the theory of their formation. description of the coloured map \u2014 proximity of atolls and barrier - reefs \u2014 relation in form and position of atolls with ordinary islands \u2014 direct evidence of subsidence difficult to be detected \u2014 proofs of recent elevation where fringing reefs occur \u2014 oscillations of level \u2014 absence of active volcanos in the areas of subsidence \u2014 immensity of the areas which have been elevated and have subsided \u2014 their relation to the present distribution of the land \u2014 areas of subsidence elongated, their intersection and alternation with those of elevation \u2014 amount, and slow rate of the subsidence \u2014 recapitulation. page 119 to 148 containing a detailed description of the reefs and islands in the coloured map, plate iii \u2026 \u2026. page 151 to 205 the object of this volume is to describe from my own observation and the works of others, the principal kinds of coral reefs, more especially those occurring in the open ocean, and to explain the origin of their peculiar forms. i do not here treat of the polypifers, which construct these vast works, except so far as relates to their distribution, and to the conditions favourable to their vigorous growth. without any distinct intention to classify coral - reefs, most voyagers have spoken of them under the following heads : ' lagoon - islands, ' or ' atolls,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4880851534118439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.108886"} {"text": "far as relates to their distribution, and to the conditions favourable to their vigorous growth. without any distinct intention to classify coral - reefs, most voyagers have spoken of them under the following heads : ' lagoon - islands, ' or ' atolls, ' ' barrier, ' or ' encircling reefs ' and ' fringing, ' or ' shore reefs. ' the lagoon - islands have received much the most attention ; and it is not surprising, for every one must be struck with astonishment, when he first beholds one of these vast rings of coral - rock, often many leagues in diameter, here and there surmounted by a low verdant island with dazzling white shores, bathed on the outside by the foaming breakers of the ocean, and on the inside surrounding a calm expanse of water, which, from reflection, is of a bright but pale green colour. the naturalist will feel this astonishment more deeply after having examined the soft and almost gelatinous bodies of these apparently insignificant creatures, and when he knows that the solid reef increases only on the outer edge, which day and night is lashed by the breakers of an ocean never at rest. well did francois pyrard de laval, in the year 1605, exclaim, \" c ' est une merueille de voir chacun de ces atollons, enuironne d ' un grand banc de pierre tout autour, n ' y ayant point d ' artifice humain. \" the accompanying sketch of whitsunday island, in the s. pacific, taken from capt. beechey ' s admirable voyage, although excellent of its kind, gives but a faint idea of the singular aspect of one of these lagoon - islands. whitsunday island is of small size, and the whole circle has been converted into land, which is a comparatively rare circumstance. as the reef of a lagoon - island generally supports many separate small islands, the word ' island, ' applied to the whole, is often the cause of confusion ; hence i have invariably used in this volume the term ' atoll, ' which is the name given to these circular groups of coral islets by their inhabitants in the indian ocean, and is synonymous with ' lagoon - island. ' barrier reefs, when encircling small islands, have been comparatively little noticed by voyagers ; but they well deserve attention. in their structure they are little less marvellous than atolls, and they give a singular and most picturesque character to the scenery of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4876336983282939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.109851"} {"text": "when encircling small islands, have been comparatively little noticed by voyagers ; but they well deserve attention. in their structure they are little less marvellous than atolls, and they give a singular and most picturesque character to the scenery of the islands they surround. in the accompanying sketch, taken from the voyage of the coquille, the reef is seen from within, from one of the high peaks of the island of bolabola. * here, as in whitsunday island, the whole of that part of the reef which is * i have taken the liberty of simplifying the foreground, and leaving out a mountainous island in the far distance. visible is converted into land. this is a circumstance of rare occurrence ; more usually a snow - white line of great breakers, with here and there an islet crowned by cocoa - nut trees, separates the smooth waters of the lagoon - like channel from the waves of the open sea. the barrier reefs of australia and of new caledonia, owing to their enormous dimensions, have excited much attention : in structure and form they resemble those encircling many of the smaller islands in the pacific ocean. with respect to fringing, or shore reefs, there is little in their structure which needs explanation ; and their name expresses their comparatively small extension. they differ from barrier - reefs in not lying so far from the shore, and in not having within a broad channel of deep water. reefs also occur around submerged banks of sediment and of worn - down rock ; and others are scattered quite irregularly where the sea is very shallow : these in most respects are allied to those of the fringing class, but they are of comparatively little interest. i have given a separate chapter to each of the above classes, and have described some one reef or island, on which i possessed most information, as typical ; and have afterwards compared it with others of a like kind. although this classification is useful from being obvious, and from including most of the coral reefs existing in the open sea, it admits of a more fundamental division into barrier and atoll - formed reefs on the one hand, where there is a great apparent diffi - culty with respect to the foundation on which they must first have grown ; and into fringing reefs on the other, where, owing to the nature of the slope of the adjoining land, there is no such difficulty. the two blue tints and the red colour on the map ( plate iii. ) represent this main division, as explained in the beginning of the last chapter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4960380826919937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.110891"} {"text": ", owing to the nature of the slope of the adjoining land, there is no such difficulty. the two blue tints and the red colour on the map ( plate iii. ) represent this main division, as explained in the beginning of the last chapter. in the appendix, every existing coral reef, except some on the coast of brazil not included in the map, is briefly described in geographical order, as far as i possessed information ; and any particular spot may be found by consulting the index. several theories have been advanced to explain the origin of atolls or lagoon - islands, but scarcely one to account for barrier - reefs. from the limited depths at which reef - building polypifers can flourish, taken into consideration with certain other circumstances, we are compelled to conclude, as it will be seen, that both in atolls and barrier - reefs, the foundation on which the coral was primarily attached, has subsided ; and that during this downward movement, the reefs have grown upwards. this conclusion, it will be further seen, explains most satisfactorily the outline and general form of atolls and barrier - reefs, and likewise certain peculiarities in their structure. the distribution, also, of the different kinds of coral - reefs, and their position with relation to the areas of recent elevation, and to the points subject to volcanic eruptions, fully accord with this theory of their origin. * * a brief account of my views on coral formations, now published in my journal of researches, was read may 31, 1837, before the geological society, and an abstract has appeared in the proceedings. atolls or lagoon - islands. section first, keeling atoll. corals on the outer margin \u2014 zone of nullipor\u00e6 \u2014 exterior reef \u2014 islets \u2014 coral - conglomerate \u2014 lagoon \u2014 calcareous sediment \u2014 scari and holuthuri\u00e6 subsisting on corals \u2014 changes in the condition of the reefs and islets \u2014 probable subsidence of the atoll \u2014 future state of the lagoon. keeling or cocos atoll is situated in the indian ocean, in 12\u00b0 5 ' s. and long. 90\u00b0 55 ' e. : a reduced chart of it from the survey of capt. fitzroy and the officers of h. m. s. beagle, is given in plate i. fig. 10. the greatest width of this atoll is nine miles and a half. its structure is in most respects characteristic of the class to which it belongs, with the exception of the shallowness of the lagoon. the accompanying wood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000512448310429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.111862"} {"text": "in plate i. fig. 10. the greatest width of this atoll is nine miles and a half. its structure is in most respects characteristic of the class to which it belongs, with the exception of the shallowness of the lagoon. the accompanying woodcut represents a vertical section, supposed to be drawn at low water from the outer coast across one of the low islets ( one being taken of average dimensions ) to within the lagoon. a \u2014 level of the sea at low water : where the letter a is placed, the depth is 25 fathoms, and the distance rather more than 150 yards from the edge of the reef. b \u2014 outer edge of that flat part of the reef, which dries at low water : the edge either consists of a convex mound, as represented, or of rugged points, like those a little farther seaward, beneath the water. c \u2014 a flat of coral - rock, covered at high water. d \u2014 a low projecting ledge of brecciated coral - rock, washed by the waves at high water. e \u2014 a slope of loose fragments, reached by the sea only during gales : the upper part, which is from six to twelve feet high, is clothed with vegetation. the surface of the islet gently slopes to the lagoon. f \u2014 level of the lagoon at low - water. the section is true to the scale in a horizontal line, but it could not be made so in a vertical one, as the average greatest height of the land is only between six and twelve feet above high - water mark. i will describe the section, commencing with the outer margin. i must first observe that the reef - building polypifers, not being tidal animals, require to be constantly submerged or washed by the breakers. i was assured by mr. liesk, a very intelligent resident on these islands, as well as by some chiefs at tahiti ( otaheite ), that an exposure to the rays of the sun for a very short time invariably causes their destruction. hence it is possible only under the most favourable circumstances, afforded by an unusually low tide and smooth water, to reach the outer margin, where the coral is alive. i succeeded only twice in gaining this part, and found it almost entirely composed of a living porites, which forms great irregularly rounded masses ( like those of an astr\u00e6a, but larger ) from four to eight feet broad, and little less in thickness. these mounds are separated from each other by narrow crooked channels, about six feet deep,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5147627701572987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.112844"} {"text": "which forms great irregularly rounded masses ( like those of an astr\u00e6a, but larger ) from four to eight feet broad, and little less in thickness. these mounds are separated from each other by narrow crooked channels, about six feet deep, most of which intersect the line of reef at right angles. on the furthest mound, which i was able to reach by the aid of a leaping - pole, and over which the sea broke with some violence, although the day was quite calm and the tide low, the polypifers in the uppermost cells were all dead, but between three and four inches lower down on its side they were living, and formed a projecting border round the upper and dead surface. the coral being thus checked in its upward growth, extends laterally, and hence most of the masses, especially those a little further inwards, had broad flat dead summits. on the other hand i could see, during the recoil of the breakers, that a few yards further seaward, the whole convex surface of the porites was alive : so that the point where we were standing was almost on the exact upward and shoreward limit of existence of those corals which form the outer margin of the reef. we shall presently see that there are other organic productions, fitted to bear a somewhat longer exposure to the air and sun. next, but much inferior in importance to the porites, is the millepora complanata. * it grows in thick vertical plates, intersecting each other at various angles, and forms an exceedingly strong honeycombed mass, which generally affects a circular form, the marginal plates alone being alive. between these plates and in the protected crevices on the reef, a multitude of branching zoophytes and other productions flourish, but the porites and millepora alone seem able to resist the fury of the breakers on its upper and outer edge : at the depth of a few fathoms other kinds of stony corals live. mr. liesk, who was intimately acquainted with every part of this reef, and likewise with that of north keeling atoll, assured me that these corals invariably compose the outer margin. the lagoon is inhabited by quite a distinct set of corals, generally brittle and thinly branched ; but a porites, apparently of the same species with that on the outside, is found there, although it does not seem to thrive, and certainly does not attain the thousandth part in bulk of the masses opposed to the breakers. the woodcut shews the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534783470553112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.115525"} {"text": "living specimen of this madrepore, i conclude that it is confined to a zone outside, and beneath the surface, where it must be very abundant. fragments of the millepora alcicornis and of an astr\u00e6a were also numerous ; the former is found, but not in proportionate numbers, in the hollows on the reef ; but the astr\u00e6a i did not see living. hence we may infer, that these are the kinds of coral which form the rugged sloping surface, ( represented in the wood cut by an uneven line ) round and beneath the external margin. between 12 and 20 fathoms the arming came up an equal number of times smoothed with sand, and indented with coral : an anchor and lead were lost at the respective depths of 13 and 16 fathoms. out of twenty - five soundings, taken at a greater depth than 20 fathoms, every one shewed that the bottom was covered with sand ; whereas at a less depth than 12 fathoms, every sounding shewed that it was exceedingly rugged, and free from all extraneous particles. two soundings were obtained at the depth of 360 fathoms, and several between 200 and 300 fathoms. the sand brought up from these depths consisted of finely triturated fragments of stony zoophytes, but not, as far as i could distinguish, of a particle of any lamelliform genus : fragments of shells were rare. at a distance of 2200 yards from the breakers, captain fitzroy found no bottom with a line 7200 feet in length ; hence the submarine slope of this coral formation is steeper than that of any volcanic cone. off the mouth of the lagoon, and likewise off the northern point of the atoll, where the currents act violently, the inclination, owing to the accumulation of sediment, is less. as the arming of the lead from all the greater depths showed a smooth sandy bottom, i at first concluded that the whole consisted of a vast conical pile of calcareous sand, but the sudden increase of depth at some points, and the circumstance of the line having been cut, as if rubbed, when between 500 and 600 fathoms were out, indicate the probable existence of submarine cliffs. on the margin of the reef, close within the line where the upper surface of the porites and of the millepora is dead, three species of nullipora flourish. one grows in thin sheets, like a lichen on old trees ; the second in stony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4623719900300408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.117460"} {"text": "the reef, close within the line where the upper surface of the porites and of the millepora is dead, three species of nullipora flourish. one grows in thin sheets, like a lichen on old trees ; the second in stony knobs, as thick as a man ' s finger, radiating from a common centre ; and the third, which is less common, in a moss - like reticulation of thin, but perfectly rigid branches. * the three species occur either separately or mingled together ; and they form by their successive growth a layer two or three feet in thickness, which in some cases is hard, but where formed of the lichen - like kind, readily yields an impression to the hammer : the surface is of a reddish colour. these nullipor\u00e6, although able to exist above the limit of true corals, seem to require to be bathed during the greater part of each tide by breaking water, for they are not found in any abundance in the protected hollows on the back part of the reef, where they might be immersed either during the whole or an equal proportional time of each tide. it is remarkable that organic productions of such extreme simplicity, for the nullipor\u00e6 undoubtedly belong to one of the lowest classes of the vegetable kingdom, should be limited to a zone so peculiarly circumstanced. hence the layer composed by their growth, merely fringes the reef for a * this last species is of a beautiful bright peach blossom colour. its branches are about as thick as crow - quills ; they are slightly flattened and knobbed at the extremities. the extremities only are alive and brightly coloured. the two other species are of a dirty purplish white. the second species is extremely hard ; its short knob - like branches are cylindrical, and do not grow thicker at their extremities. space of about 20 yards in width, either under the form of separate mammillated projections, where the outer masses of coral are separate, or more commonly, where the corals are united into a solid margin, as a continuous smooth convex mound, ( b in wood - cut, ) like an artificial breakwater. both the mound and mammillated projections stand about three feet higher than any other part of the reef, by which term i do not include the islets, formed by the accumulation of rolled fragments. we shall hereafter see that other coral reefs are protected by a similar thick growth of nullipor\u00e6 on the outer margin, the part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48826629498511953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.118369"} {"text": "reef, by which term i do not include the islets, formed by the accumulation of rolled fragments. we shall hereafter see that other coral reefs are protected by a similar thick growth of nullipor\u00e6 on the outer margin, the part most exposed to the breakers, and this must effectually aid in preserving it from being worn down. the wood - cut represents a section across one of the islets on the reef, but if all that part which is above the level of c were removed, the section would be that of the simple reef, as it occurs where no islet has been formed. it is this reef which essentially forms the atoll. it is a ring, enclosing the lagoon on all sides except at the northern end, where there are two open spaces, through one of which ships can enter. the reef varies in width from 250 to 500 yards ; its surface is level, or very slightly inclined towards the lagoon, and at high - tide the sea breaks entirely over it : the water at low tide thrown by the breakers on the reef, is carried by the many narrow and shoal gullies or channels on its surface, into the lagoon : a return stream sets out of the lagoon through the main entrance. the most frequent coral in the hollows on the reef is pocillopora verrucosa, which grows in short sinuous plates, or branches, and when alive is of a beautiful pale lake - red : a madrepora, closely allied or identical with m. pocillifera is also common. as soon as an islet is formed, and the waves are prevented breaking entirely over the reef, the channels and hollows in it become filled up with cemented fragments, and its surface is converted into a hard smooth floor, ( c of wood - cut ), like an artificial one of freestone. this flat surface varies in width from 100 to 200, or even 300 yards, and is strewed with a few large fragments of coral torn up during gales : it is uncovered only at low water. i could with difficulty, and only by the aid of a chisel, procure chips of rock from its surface, and therefore could not ascertain how much of it is formed by the aggregation of detritus, and how much by the outward growth of mounds of corals, similar to those now living on the margin. nothing can be more singular than the appearance at low - tide of this ' flat ' of naked stone, especially where it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48464948004881014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.119233"} {"text": "detritus, and how much by the outward growth of mounds of corals, similar to those now living on the margin. nothing can be more singular than the appearance at low - tide of this ' flat ' of naked stone, especially where it is externally bounded by the smooth convex mound of nullipor\u00e6, appearing like a breakwater built to resist the waves, which are constantly throwing over it sheets of foaming water. the characteristic appearance of this ' flat ' is shown in the foregoing wood - cut of whitsunday atoll. the islets on the reef are first formed between 200 and 300 yards from its outer edge, through the accumulation of a pile of fragments, thrown together by some unusually strong gale. their ordinary width is under a quarter of a mile, and their length varies from a few yards to several miles. those on the s. e. and windward side of the atoll, increase solely by the addition of fragments on their outer side ; hence the loose blocks of coral, of which their surface is composed, as well as the shells mingled with them, almost exclusively consist of those kinds which live on the outer coast. the highest part of the islets ( excepting hillocks of blown sand, some of which are 30 feet high ), is close to the outer beach ( e of the wood - cut ) and averages from six to ten feet above ordinary high - water mark. from the outer beach the surface slopes gently to the shores of the lagoon, which no doubt has been caused by the breakers, the further they have rolled over the reef, having had less power to throw up fragments. the little waves of the lagoon heap up sand and fragments of thinly - branched corals on the inner side of the islets on the leeward side of the atoll ; and these islets are broader than those to windward, some being even 800 yards in width ; but the land thus added is very low. the fragments be - neath the surface are cemented into a solid mass, which is exposed as a ledge ( d of the wood - cut ), projecting some yards in front of the outer shore, and from two to four feet high. this ledge is just reached by the waves at ordinary high - water : it extends in front of all the islets, and everywhere has a water - worn and scooped appearance. the fragments of coral which are occasionally cast on the ' flat ' are during gales of unusual violence swept together on the beach, where the waves each day at high - water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46987186542681153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.120113"} {"text": "the islets, and everywhere has a water - worn and scooped appearance. the fragments of coral which are occasionally cast on the ' flat ' are during gales of unusual violence swept together on the beach, where the waves each day at high - water tend to remove and gradually wear them down ; but the lower fragments having become firmly cemented together by the percolation of calcareous matter, resist the daily tides longer, and hence project as a ledge. the cemented mass is generally of a white colour, but in some few parts reddish from ferruginous matter : it is very hard, and is sonorous under the hammer : it is obscurely divided by seams, dipping at a small angle seaward : it consists of fragments of the corals which grow on the outer margin, some quite and others partially rounded, some small and others between two and three feet across ; and of masses of previously - formed conglomerate, torn up, rounded, and re - cemented : or it consists of a calcareous sandstone, entirely composed of rounded particles, generally almost blended together, of shells, corals, the spines of echini, and other such organic bodies ; \u2014 rocks, of this latter kind, occur on many shores, where there are no coral - reefs. the structure of the coral in the conglomerate has generally been much obscured by the infiltration of spathose calcareous matter ; and i collected a very interesting series, beginning with fragments of unaltered coral, and ending with others, where it was impossible to discover with the naked eye any trace of organic structure. in some specimens i was unable, even with the aid of a lens, and by wetting them, to distinguish the boundaries of the altered coral and spathose limestone. many even of the blocks of coral lying loose on the beach, had their central parts altered and infiltrated. the lagoon alone remains to be described ; it is much shallower than that of most atolls of considerable size. the southern part is almost filled up with banks of mud and fields of coral, both dead and alive ; but there are considerable spaces, between three and four fathoms, and smaller basins from eight to ten fathoms deep. probably about half its area consists of sediment, and half of coral - reefs. the corals composing these reefs have a very different aspect from those on the outside : they are very numerous in kind, and most of them are thinly branched. meandrina, however, lives in the lagoon,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45649614667892874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.121063"} {"text": "half of coral - reefs. the corals composing these reefs have a very different aspect from those on the outside : they are very numerous in kind, and most of them are thinly branched. meandrina, however, lives in the lagoon, and great rounded masses of this coral are numerous, lying quite or almost loose on the bottom. the other commonest kinds consist of three closely allied species of true madrepora in thin branches ; of seriatapora subulata ; two species of porites * with cylindrical branches, one of which forms circular clumps, with the exterior branches only alive ; and lastly, a coral something like an explanaria, but with stars on both surfaces, growing in thin, brittle, stony, foliaceous expansions, especially in the deeper basins of the lagoon. the reefs on which these corals grow are very irregular in form, are full of cavities, and have not a solid flat surface of dead rock, like that surrounding the lagoon ; nor can they be nearly so hard, for the inhabitants made with crowbars a channel of considerable length through these reefs, in which a schooner, built on the s. e. islet was floated out. it is a very interesting circumstance, pointed out to us by mr. liesk, that this channel, although made less than ten years before our visit, was then, as we saw, almost choked up with living coral, so that fresh excavations would be absolutely necessary to allow another vessel to pass through it. the sediment from the deepest parts in the lagoon, when wet, appeared chalky, but when dry, like very fine * this porites has somewhat the habit of p. clavaria, but the branches are not knobbed at their ends. when alive it is of a yellow colour, but after having been washed in fresh water and placed to dry, a jet - black slimy substance exuded from the entire surface, so that the specimen now appears as if it had been dipped in ink. sand. large soft banks of similar, but even finer grained mud, occur on the s. e. shore of the lagoon, affording a thick growth of a fucus, on which turtle feed : this mud, although discoloured by vegetable matter, appears from its entire solution in acids to be purely calcareous. i have seen in the museum of the geological society, a similar but more remarkable substance, brought by lieut. nelson from the reefs of bermuda, which, when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525433586731028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.122997"} {"text": "vegetable matter, appears from its entire solution in acids to be purely calcareous. i have seen in the museum of the geological society, a similar but more remarkable substance, brought by lieut. nelson from the reefs of bermuda, which, when shewn to several experienced geologists, was mistaken by them for true chalk. on the outside of the reef much sediment must be formed by the action of the surf on the rolled fragments of coral ; but, in the calm waters of the lagoon, this can take place only in a small degree. there are, however, other and unexpected agents at work here : large shoals of two species of scarus, one inhabiting the surf outside the reef and the other the lagoon, subsist entirely, as i was assured by mr. liesk the intelligent resident before referred to, by browsing on the living polypifers. i opened several of these fish, which are very numerous and of considerable size, and i found their intestines distended by small pieces of coral, and finely ground calcareous matter. this must daily pass from them as the finest sediment ; much also must be produced by the infinitely numerous vermiform and molluscous animals, which make cavities in almost every block of coral. dr. j. allan of forres, who has enjoyed the best means of observation, informs me in a letter, that the holuthuri\u00e6 ( a family of radiata ), subsist on living coral ; and the singular structure of bone within the anterior extremity of their bodies, certainly appears well adapted for this purpose. the number of the species of holuthuria, and of the individuals which swarm on every part of these coral - reefs, is extraordinarily great ; and many ship - loads are annually freighted, as is well known, for china with the trepang, which is a species of this genus. the amount of coral yearly consumed, and ground down into the finest mud, by these several creatures, and probably by many other kinds, must be immense. these facts are, however, of more im - portance in another point of view, as showing us that there are living checks to the growth of coral - reefs, and that the almost universal law of ' consume and be consumed, ' holds good even with the polypifers forming those massive bulwarks, which are able to withstand the force of the open ocean. considering that keeling atoll, like other coral formations,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4945204872188844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.124248"} {"text": "almost universal law of ' consume and be consumed, ' holds good even with the polypifers forming those massive bulwarks, which are able to withstand the force of the open ocean. considering that keeling atoll, like other coral formations, has been entirely formed by the growth of organic beings, and the accumulation of their detritus, one is naturally led to enquire, how long it has continued, and how long it is likely to continue, in its present state. mr. liesk informed me that he had seen an old chart in which the present long island on the s. e. side was divided by several channels into as many islets ; and he assures me that the channels can still be distinguished by the smaller size of the trees on them. on several islets, also, i observed that only young cocoa - nut trees were growing on the extremities ; and that older and taller trees rose in regular succession behind them ; which shows that these islets have very lately increased in length. in the upper and south - eastern part of the lagoon, i was much surprised by finding an irregular field of at least a mile square of branching corals, still upright, but entirely dead. they consisted of the species already mentioned ; they were of a brown colour, and so rotten, that in trying to stand on them, i sank half way up the leg, as it through decayed brushwood. the tops of the branches were barely covered by water at the time of lowest tide. several facts having led me to disbelieve in any elevation of the whole atoll, i was at first unable to imagine what cause could have killed so large a field of coral. upon reflection, however, it appeared to me that the closing up of the above mentioned channels would be a sufficient cause ; for before this, a strong breeze by forcing water through them into the head of the lagoon, would tend to raise its level. but now this cannot happen, and the inhabitants observe that the tide rises to a less height, during a high s. e. wind, at the head than at the mouth of the lagoon. the corals, which, under the former condition of things, had attained the utmost possible limit of upward growth, would thus occasionally be exposed for a short time to the sun, and be killed. besides the increase of dry land, indicated by the foregoing facts, the exterior solid reef appears to have grown outwards. on the western side of the atoll, the ' flat ' lying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4990093978967769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.125616"} {"text": "for a short time to the sun, and be killed. besides the increase of dry land, indicated by the foregoing facts, the exterior solid reef appears to have grown outwards. on the western side of the atoll, the ' flat ' lying between the margin of the reef and the beach, is very wide : and in front of the regular beach with its conglomerate basis, there is, in most parts, a bed of sand and loose fragments with trees growing out of it, which apparently is not reached even by the spray at high water. it is evident some change has taken place since the waves formed the inner beach : that they formerly beat against it with violence was evident, from a remarkably thick and water - worn point of conglomerate at one spot, now protected by vegetation and a bank of sand ; that they beat against it in the same peculiar manner in which the swell from windward now obliquely curls round the margin of the reef, was evident from the conglomerate having been worn into a point projecting from the beach in a similarly oblique manner. this retreat in the line of action of the breakers might result, either from the surface of the reef in front of the islets having been submerged at one time, and afterward having grown upwards, or from the mounds of coral on the margin having continued to grow outwards. that an outward growth of this part is in process, can hardly be doubted from the fact already mentioned of the mounds of porites with their summits apparently lately killed, and their sides only three or four inches lower down thickened by a fresh layer of living coral. but there is a difficulty on this supposition which i must not pass over. if the whole, or a large part of the ' flat, ' had been formed by the outward growth of the margin, each successive margin would naturally have been coated by the nullipor\u00e6, and so much of the surface would have been of equal height with the existing zone of living nullipor\u00e6 : this is not the case, as may be seen in the wood - cut. it is, however, evident from the abraded state of the ' flat, ' with its original inequalities filled up, that its surface has been much modified ; and it is possible that the hinder portions of the zone of nullipor\u00e6, perishing as the reef grows outwards, might be worn down by the surf. if this has not taken place, the reef can in no part have increased outwards in breadth since its formation, or at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48048498113468846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.126566"} {"text": "the zone of nullipor\u00e6, perishing as the reef grows outwards, might be worn down by the surf. if this has not taken place, the reef can in no part have increased outwards in breadth since its formation, or at least since the nullipor\u00e6 formed the convex mound on its margin : for the zone thus formed, and which stands between two and three feet above the other parts of the reef, is nowhere much above twenty yards in width. thus far we have considered facts, which indicate, with more or less probability, the increase of the atoll in its different parts : there are others having an opposite tendency. on the s. e. side, lieut. sulivan, to whose kindness i am indebted for many interesting observations, found the conglomerate projecting on the reef nearly fifty yards in front of the beach : we may infer from what we see in all others parts of the atoll, that the conglomerate was not originally so much exposed but formed the base of an islet, the front and upper part of which has since been swept away. the degree to which the conglomerate, round nearly the whole atoll, has been scooped, broken up and the fragments cast on the beach, is certainly very surprising, even on the view that it is the office of occasional gales to pile up fragments, and of the daily tides to wear them away. on the western side, also, of the atoll, where i have described a bed of sand and fragments with trees growing out of it, in front of an old beach, it struck both lieut. sulivan and myself, from the manner in which the trees were being washed down, that the surf had lately recommenced an attack on this line of coast. appearances indicating a slight encroachment of the water on the land, are plainer within the lagoon : i noticed in several places, both on its windward and leeward shores, old cocoa - nut trees falling with their roots undermined, and the rotten stumps of others on the beach, where the inhabitants assured us the cocoa - nut could not now grow. capt. fitzroy pointed out to me, near the settlement, the foundation posts of a shed, now washed by every tide, but which the inhabitants stated, had seven years before stood above high water - mark. in the calm waters of the lagoon, directly connected with a great, and therefore stable ocean, it seems very improbable that a change in the currents, sufficiently great to cause the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4849359312135374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.127456"} {"text": ", had seven years before stood above high water - mark. in the calm waters of the lagoon, directly connected with a great, and therefore stable ocean, it seems very improbable that a change in the currents, sufficiently great to cause the water to eat into the land on all sides, should have taken place within a limited period. from these considerations i inferred, that probably the atoll had lately subsided to a small amount ; and this inference was strengthened by the circumstance, that in 1834, two years before our visit, the island had been shaken by a severe earthquake, and by two slighter ones during the ten previous years. if, during these subterranean disturbances, the atoll did subside, the downward movement must have been very small, as we must conclude from the fields of dead coral still lipping the surface of the lagoon, and from the breakers on the western shore not having yet regained the line of their former action. the subsidence must, also, have been preceded by a long period of rest, during which the islets extended to their present size, and the living margin of the reef grew either upwards, or as i believe outwards, to its present distance from the beach. whether this view be correct or not, the above facts are worthy of attention, as showing how severe a struggle is in progress on these low coral - formations between the two nicely balanced powers of land and water. with respect to the future state of keeling atoll, if left undisturbed, we can see that the islets may still extend in length ; but as they cannot resist the surf until broken by rolling over a wide space, their increase in breadth must depend on the increasing breadth of the reef ; and this must be limited by the steepness of the submarine flanks, which can be added to only by sediment derived from the wear and tear of the coral. from the rapid growth of the coral in the channel cut for the schooner, and from the several agents at work in producing fine sediment, it might be thought that the lagoon would necessarily become quickly filled up. some of this sediment, however, is transported into the open sea, as appears from the soundings off the mouth of the lagoon, instead of being deposited within it. the deposition, moreover, of sediment, checks the growth of coral reefs, so that these two agencies cannot act together with full effect in filling it up. we know so little of the habits of the many different species of corals, which form the lagoon - reefs, that we have no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48367086206789145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.128393"} {"text": "checks the growth of coral reefs, so that these two agencies cannot act together with full effect in filling it up. we know so little of the habits of the many different species of corals, which form the lagoon - reefs, that we have no more reason for supposing that their whole surface would grow up as quickly as the coral did in the schooner - channel, than for supposing that the whole surface of a peat - moss would increase as quickly as parts are known to do in holes, where the peat has been cut away. these agencies, nevertheless, tend to fill up the lagoon ; but in proportion as it becomes shallower, so must the polypifers be subject to many injurious agencies, such as impure water and loss of food. for instance, mr. liesk informed me, that some years before our visit unusually heavy rain killed nearly all the fish in the lagoon, and probably the same cause would likewise injure the corals. the reefs also, it must be remembered, cannot possibly rise above the level of the lowest spring - tide, so that the final conversion of the lagoon into land must be due to the accumulation of sediment ; and in the midst of the clear water of the ocean, and with no surrounding high land, this process must be exceedingly slow. general form and size of atolls, their reefs and islets \u2014 external slope \u2014 zone of nullipor\u00e6 \u2014 conglomerate \u2014 depth of lagoons \u2014 sediment \u2014 reefs submerged wholly or in part \u2014 breaches in the reef \u2014 ledge - formed shores round certain lagoons \u2014 conversion of lagoons into land. i will here give a sketch of the general form and structure of many atolls and atoll - formed reefs which occur in the pacific and indian oceans, comparing them with keeling atoll. the maldiva atolls and the great chagos bank differ in so many respects, that i shall devote to them, besides occasional references, a third section of this chapter. keeling atoll may be considered as of moderate dimensions and of regular form. of the thirty - two islands surveyed by capt. beechey in the low archipelago, the longest was found to be thirty miles, and the shortest less than a mile ; but vliegen atoll, situated in another part of the same group, appears to be sixty miles long and twenty broad. most of the atolls in this group are of an elongated form ; thus bow island is thirty miles in length, and on an average only six in width ( see fig. 4,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4516836369366088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.129376"} {"text": "same group, appears to be sixty miles long and twenty broad. most of the atolls in this group are of an elongated form ; thus bow island is thirty miles in length, and on an average only six in width ( see fig. 4, plate i. ), and clermont tonnere has nearly the same proportions. in the marshall archipelago ( the ralick and radack group of kotzebue ) several of the atolls are more than thirty miles in length, and rimsky korsacoff is fifty - four long, and twenty wide at the broadest part of its irregular outline. most of the atolls in the maldiva archipelago are of great size, one of them ( which, however, bears a double name ) measured in a medial and slightly curved line, is no less than eighty - eight geographical miles long, its greatest width being under twenty, and its least only nine - and - a - half miles. some atolls have spurs projecting from them ; and in the marshall group there are atolls united together by linear reefs, for instance menchioff island, ( see fig. 3, plate ii. ) which is sixty miles in length, and consists of three loops tied together. in far the greater number of cases an atoll consists of a simple elongated ring, with its outline moderately regular. the average width of the annular reef may be taken at about a quarter of a mile. capt. beechey * says that in the atolls of the low archipelago it exceeded in no instance half a mile. the description given of the structure and proportional dimensions of the reef and islets of keeling atoll, appears to apply perfectly to nearly all the atolls in the pacific and indian oceans. the islets are first formed some way back either on the projecting points of the reef, especially if its form be angular, or on the sides of the main entrances into the lagoon \u2014 that is in both cases, on points where the breakers can act during gales of wind in somewhat different * beechey ' s voyage to the pacific and beering ' s straits, chap. viii. directions, so that the matter thrown up from one side may accumulate against that before thrown up from another. in lutke ' s chart of the caroline atolls, we see many instances of the former case ; and the occurrence of islets, as if placed for beacons, on the points where there is a gateway or breach through the reef, has been noticed by several authors. there are some atoll", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5219347793728885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.130327"} {"text": "excellent published work. me that all the soundings, even the deepest, were on coral, but he does not know whether dead or alive. the slope round christmas atoll, ( lat. 1\u00b0 4 ' n., 157\u00b0 45 ' w. ) described by cook, * is considerably less ; at about half a mile from the edge of the reef, the average depth was about fourteen fathoms on a fine sandy bottom, and at a mile, only between twenty and forty fathoms. it has no doubt been owing to this gentle slope, that the strip of land surrounding its lagoon, has increased in one part to the extraordinary width of three miles : it is formed of successive ridges of broken shells and corals, like those on the beach. i know of no other instance of such width in the reef of an atoll ; but mr. f. d. bennett informs me that the inclination of the bottom round caroline atoll in the pacific, is like that off christmas island, very gentle. off the maldiva and chagos atolls, the inclination is much more abrupt ; thus at heawandoo pholo, lieut. powell \u2020 found 50 and 60 fathoms close to the edge of the reef, and at 300 yards distance there was no bottom with a 300 yard line. capt. moresby informs me, that at 100 fathoms from the mouth of the lagoon of diego garcia, he found no bottom with 150 fathoms : this is the more remarkable, as the slope is generally less abrupt in front of channels through a reef, owing to the accumulation of sediment. at egmont island, also, at 150 fathoms from the reef, soundings were struck with 150 fathoms. lastly, at cardoo atoll, only sixty yards from the reef, no bottom was obtained, as i am informed by capt. moresby, with a line of two hundred fathoms! the currents run with great force round these atolls, and where they are strongest, the inclination appears to be most abrupt. i am informed by the same authority, that wherever soundings were obtained off these islands, the bottom was invariably sandy : nor was there any reason to suspect the existence * cook ' s third voyage, vol. ii. chap. 10. \u2020 this fact is taken from a ms. account of these groups lent me by capt. moresby. see also capt. moresby ' s paper on the maldiva atolls in the geographical journal, vol. v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4844553330128691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.132332"} {"text": "chap. 10. \u2020 this fact is taken from a ms. account of these groups lent me by capt. moresby. see also capt. moresby ' s paper on the maldiva atolls in the geographical journal, vol. v. p. 401. of submarine cliffs, as there was at keeling island. * here then occurs a difficulty ; \u2014 can sand accumulate on a slope, which, in some cases, appears to exceed fifty - five degrees? it must be observed, that i speak of slopes where soundings were obtained, and not of such cases, as that of cardoo, where the nature of the bottom is unknown, and where its inclination must be nearly vertical. m. elie de beaumont \u2020 has argued, and there is no higher authority on this subject, from the inclination at which snow slides down in avalanches, that a bed of sand or mud cannot be formed at a greater angle than thirty degrees. considering the number of soundings on sand, obtained round the maldiva and chagos atolls, which appear to indicate a greater angle, and the extreme abruptness of the sand - banks in the west indies as will be mentioned in the appendix, i must conclude that the adhesive property of wet sand counteracts its gravity, in a much greater ratio than has been allowed for by m. elie de beaumont. from the facility with which calcareous sand becomes agglutinated, it is not necessary to suppose that the bed of loose sand is thick. capt. beechey has observed, that the submarine slope is much less at the extremities of the more elongated atolls in the low archipelago, than at their sides ; in speaking of ducie ' s island he says \u2021 the buttress, as it may be called, which \" has the most powerful enemy ( the s. w. swell ) to oppose, is carried out much further, and with less abruptness, than the other. \" in some cases, the less inclination of a certain part of the external slope, for instance of the * off some of the islands in the low archipelago the bottom appears to descend by ledges. off elizabeth island, which, however, consists of raised coral, capt. beechey ( p. 45, quarto ed. ) describes three ledges : the first had an easy slope from the beach to a distance of about fifty yards ; the second extended two hundred yards with twenty - five fathoms on it, and then ended abruptly, like the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5086986609956071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.133278"} {"text": "by a nullipora, which covers the stone wherever the waves beat ; and, under favourable circumstances, assumes a stalactitical form, \" \u2014 a description perfectly applicable to the margin of keeling atoll. * although chamisso * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 142. near porto praya, in the cape de verd islands, some basaltic rocks, lashed by no inconsiderable surf, were completely enveloped with a layer of nullipora. the entire surface over many square inches, was coloured of a peach - blossom red ; the layer, however, was of no greater thickness than paper. another does not state that the masses of nullipor\u00e6 form points or a mound, higher than the flat, yet i believe that this is the case ; for kotzebue, * in another part, speaks of the rocks on the edge of the reef \" as visible for about two feet at low water, \" and these rocks we may feel quite certain are not formed of true coral. \u2020 whether a smooth convex mound of nullipor\u00e6, like that which appears as if artificially constructed to protect the margin of keeling island, is of frequent occurrence round atolls, i know not ; but we shall presently meet with it, under precisely the same form, on the outer edge of the ' barrier reefs ' which encircle the society islands. there appears to be scarcely a feature in the structure of keeling reef, which is not of common, if not of universal occurrence, in other atolls. thus chamisso describes \u2021 a layer of coarse conglomerate, outside the islets round the marshall atolls, which \" appears on its upper surface uneven and eaten away. \" from drawings, with appended remarks, of diego garcia in the chagos group and of several of the maldiva atolls, shown me by captain moresby \u00a7, it is evident that their outer coasts are subject to the same round of decay and renovation as those of keeling atoll. from the description of the atolls in the low archipelago, given in capt. kind, in the form of projecting knobs, grew in the same situation. these nullipor\u00e6 are closely related to those described on the coral - reefs, but i believe are of different species. * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. ii. p. 16. lieut. nelson in his excellent memoir in the geological transactions, ( vol. ii p. 105. ) all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47316477756485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.135235"} {"text": ", but i believe are of different species. * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. ii. p. 16. lieut. nelson in his excellent memoir in the geological transactions, ( vol. ii p. 105. ) alludes to the rocky points mentioned by kotzebue, and infers that they consist of serpul\u00e6, which compose incrusting masses on the reefs of bermudas, as they likewise do on a sandstone bar off the coast of brazil, ( which i have described in london phil. journ. oct. 1841 ). these masses of serpul\u00e6 hold the same position, relatively to the action of the sea, with the nullipor\u00e6 on the coral - reefs in the indian and pacific oceans. \u2020 capt. moresby, in his valuable paper \" on the northern atolls of maldivas, \" ( geographical journal, vol. v. ), says that the edges of the reefs there stand above water at low spring tides. \u2021 kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii p. 144. \u00a7 see also moresby on the northern atolls of the maldivas, geographical journal, vol. v. p. 400. beechey ' s voyage, it is not apparent that any conglomerate coral - rock was there observed. the lagoon in keeling atoll is shallow : in the atolls of the low archipelago the depth varies from 20 to 38 fathoms, and in the marshal group, according to chamisso, from 30 to 35 : in the caroline atolls it is only a little less. within the maldiva atolls there are large spaces with 45 fathoms, and some soundings are laid down of 49 fathoms. the greater part of the bottom in most lagoons, is formed of sediment ; large spaces have exactly the same depth, or the depth varies so insensibly, that it is evident that no other means, excepting aqueous deposition, could have levelled the surface so equally. in the maldiva atolls this is very conspicuous, and likewise in some of the caroline and marshall islands. in the former large spaces consist of sand and soft clay ; and kotzebue speaks of clay having been found within one of the marshall atolls. no doubt this clay is calcareous mud, similar to that at keeling island, and to that at bermuda already referred to, as undistinguishable from disintegrated chalk, and which lieu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48343854514492546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.136136"} {"text": "the marshall atolls. no doubt this clay is calcareous mud, similar to that at keeling island, and to that at bermuda already referred to, as undistinguishable from disintegrated chalk, and which lieut. nelson says is called there pipe - clay. * where the waves act with unequal force on the two sides of an atoll, the islets appear to be first formed, and are generally of greater continuity on the more exposed shore. the islets, also, which are placed to leeward, are in most parts of the pacific liable to be occasionally swept entirely away by gales, equalling hurricanes in violence, which blow in an opposite direction to the ordinary trade - wind. the absence of the * i may here observe that on the coast of brazil, where there is much coral, the soundings near the land are described by admiral roussin, in the pilote du bresil, as siliceous sand, mingled with much finely comminuted particles of shells and coral. further in the offing, for a space of 1300 miles along the coast, from the abrolhos islands to maranham, the bottom in many places is composed of \" tuf blanc, mele ou forme de madrepores broyes. \" this white substance, probably is analogous to that which occurs within the above - mentioned lagoons ; it is sometimes, according to roussin, firm, and he compares it to mortar. islets on the leeward side of atolls, or when present their lesser dimensions compared with those to windward, is a comparatively unimportant fact ; but in several instances the reef itself on the leeward side, retaining its usual defined outline, does not rise to the surface by several fathoms. this is the case with the southern side of peros banhos ( plate i. fig. 9 ) in the chagos group, with mourileu atoll *, in the caroline archipelago, and with the barrier reef ( plate i., fig. 8 ) of the gambier islands. i allude to the latter reef, although belonging to another class, because captain beechey was first led by it to observe the peculiarity in the question. at peros banhos the submerged part is nine miles in length, and lies at an average depth of about 5 fathoms ; its surface is nearly level, and consists of hard stone, with a thin covering of loose sand. there is scarcely any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49674886022838455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.138237"} {"text": "peros banhos the submerged part is nine miles in length, and lies at an average depth of about 5 fathoms ; its surface is nearly level, and consists of hard stone, with a thin covering of loose sand. there is scarcely any living coral on it, even on the outer margin, as i have been particularly assured by capt. moresby : it is in fact a wall of dead coral - rock, having the same width and transverse section with the reef in its ordinary state, of which it is a continuous portion. the living and perfect parts terminate abruptly, and abut on the submerged portions, in the same manner as on the sides of an ordinary passage through the reef. the reef to leeward in other cases is nearly or quite obliterated, and one side of the lagoon is left open ; for instance at oulleay ( caroline archipelago ), where a crescent - formed reef is fronted by an irregular bank, on which the other half of the annular reef probably once stood. at namonouito, in the same archipelago, both these modifications of the reef concur ; it consists of a great flat bank, with from 20 to 25 fathoms water on it ; for a length of more than 40 miles on its southern side it is open and without any reef, whilst on the other sides it is bounded by a reef, in parts rising to the surface and perfectly characterized, in parts lying some fathoms submerged. in the chagos group there are annular reefs, entirely submerged, * frederic lutke ' s voyage autour du monde, vol. ii. p. 291. see also his account of namonouito, at pp. 97 and 105, and the chart of oulleay in the atlas. which have the same structure as the submerged and defined portions just described. the speaker ' s bank offers an excellent example of this structure ; its central expanse, which is about 22 fathoms deep, is 24 miles across ; the external rim is of the usual width of annular reefs, and is well - defined ; it lies between 6 and 8 fathoms beneath the surface, and at the same depth there are scattered knolls in the lagoon. capt. moresby believes the rim consists of dead rock, thinly covered with sand, and he is certain this is the case with the external rim of the great chagos bank, which is also essentially a submerged atoll. in both these cases, as in the submerged portion of the reef at peros", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44250697382899074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.139542"} {"text": ", thinly covered with sand, and he is certain this is the case with the external rim of the great chagos bank, which is also essentially a submerged atoll. in both these cases, as in the submerged portion of the reef at peros banhos, capt. moresby feels sure that the quantity of living coral, even on the outer edge overhanging the deep - sea water, is quite insignificant. lastly, in several parts of the pacific and indian oceans there are banks, lying at greater depths than in the cases just mentioned, of the same form and size with the neighbouring atolls, but with their atoll - like structure wholly obliterated. it appears from the survey of freycinet, that there are banks of this kind in the caroline archipelago, and, as is reported, in the low archipelago. when we discuss the origin of the different classes of coral formations, we shall see that the submerged state of the whole of some atoll - formed reefs, and of portions of others, generally but not invariably on the leeward side, and the existence of more deeply submerged banks now possessing little or no signs of their original atoll - like structure, are probably the effects of a uniform cause, \u2014 namely, the death of the coral, during the subsidence of the area, in which the atolls or banks are situated. there is seldom, with the exception of the maldiva atolls, more than two or three channels, and generally only one leading into the lagoon, of sufficient depth for a ship to enter. in small atolls, there is usually not even one. where there is deep water, for instance above twenty fathoms, in the middle of the lagoon, the channels through the reef are seldom as deep as the centre, \u2014 it may be said that the rim only of the saucer - shaped hollow forming the lagoon is notched. mr. lyell * has observed that the growth of the coral would tend to obstruct all the channels through a reef, except those kept open by discharging the water, which during high tide and the greater part of each ebb is thrown over its circumference. several facts indicate that a considerable quantity of sediment is likewise discharged through these channels ; and captain moresby informs me that he has observed, during the change of the monsoon, the sea discoloured to a distance off the entrances into the maldiva and chagos atolls. this, probably, would check the growth of the coral in them, far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48308913412824817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.140656"} {"text": "me that he has observed, during the change of the monsoon, the sea discoloured to a distance off the entrances into the maldiva and chagos atolls. this, probably, would check the growth of the coral in them, far more effectually than a mere current of water. in the many small atolls without any channel, these causes have not prevented the entire ring attaining the surface. the channels, like the submerged and effaced parts of the reef, very generally though not invariably occur on the leeward side of the atoll, or on that side, according to beechey, \u2020 which, from running in the same direction with the prevalent wind, is not fully exposed to it. passages between the islets on the reef, through which boats can pass at high - water, must not be confounded with ship - channels, by which the annular reef itself is breached. the passages between the islets occur, of course, on the windward as well as on the leeward side ; but they are more frequent and broader to leeward, owing to the lesser dimensions of the islets on that side. at keeling atoll the shores of the lagoon shelve gradually, where the bottom is of sediment, and irregularly or abruptly where there are coral reefs ; but this is by no means the universal structure in other atolls. chamisso, \u2021 speaking in general terms of the lagoons in the marshall atolls, says the lead generally sinks \" from a depth of two or three fathoms to twenty or twenty - four, and you may pursue a line in which on one side of the boat you may see the bottom, and on the other the azure blue deep water. \" the shores of the * principles of geology, vol. iii. p. 289. \u2020 beechey ' s voyage, 4to. ed. vol. i. p. 189. \u2021 kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 142. lagoon - like channel within the barrier - reef at vanikoro have a similar structure. captain beechey has described a modification of this structure ( and he believes it is not uncommon ) in two atolls in the low archipelago, in which the shores of the lagoon descend by a few, broad, slightly inclined, ledges or steps : thus at matilda atoll, * the great exterior reef, the surface of which is gently inclined towards and beneath the surface of the lagoon, ends abruptly in a little cliff three fathoms deep ; at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5097698445792134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.141525"} {"text": "broad, slightly inclined, ledges or steps : thus at matilda atoll, * the great exterior reef, the surface of which is gently inclined towards and beneath the surface of the lagoon, ends abruptly in a little cliff three fathoms deep ; at its foot, a ledge forty yards wide extends, shelving gently inwards like the surface - reef, and terminated by a second little cliff five fathoms deep ; beyond this, the bottom of the lagoon slopes to twenty fathoms, which is the average depth of its centre. these ledges seem to be formed of coral rock ; and captain beechey says that the lead often descended several fathoms through holes in them. in some atolls, all the coral reefs or knolls in the lagoon come to the surface at low - water ; in other cases of rarer occurrence, all lie at nearly the same depth beneath it, but most frequently they are quite irregular, \u2014 some with perpendicular, some with sloping sides, \u2014 some rising to the surface, and others lying at all intermediate depths from the bottom upwards. i cannot, therefore, suppose that the union of such reefs could produce even one uniformly sloping ledge, and much less two or three, one beneath the other, and each terminated by an abrupt wall. at matilda island, which offers the best example of the step - like structure, captain beechey observes that the coral knolls within the lagoon are quite irregular in their height. we shall hereafter see that the theory which accounts for the ordinary form of atolls, apparently includes this occasional peculiarity in their structure. in the midst of a group of atolls, there sometimes occur small, flat, very low islands of coral formation, which probably once included a lagoon, since filled up with sediment and coral - * beechey ' s voyage, 4to. ed. vol. i. p. 160. at whitsunday island the bottom of the lagoon slopes gradually towards the centre, and then deepens suddenly, the edge of the bank being nearly perpendicular. this bank is formed of coral and dead shells. reefs. captain beechey entertains no doubt that this has been the case with the two small islands, which alone of thirty - one surveyed by him in the low archipelago, did not contain lagoons. romanzoff island ( in lat. 15\u00b0 s. ) is described by chamisso * as formed by a dam of madreporitic rock inclosing a flat space, thinly covered with trees, into which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048311940166471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.142464"} {"text": "lagoons. romanzoff island ( in lat. 15\u00b0 s. ) is described by chamisso * as formed by a dam of madreporitic rock inclosing a flat space, thinly covered with trees, into which the sea on the leeward side occasionally breaks. north keeling atoll appears to be in a rather less forward stage of conversion into land : it consists of a horse - shoe shaped strip of land surrounding a muddy flat, one mile in its longest axis, which is covered by the sea only at high water. when describing south keeling atoll, i endeavoured to show how slow the final process of filling up a lagoon must be ; nevertheless, as all causes do tend to produce this effect, it is very remarkable that not one instance, as i believe, is known of a moderately - sized lagoon being filled up even to the low water - line at spring - tides, much less of such a one being converted into land. it is, likewise, in some degree remarkable, how few atolls, except small ones, are surrounded by a single linear strip of land, formed by the union of separate islets. we cannot suppose that the many atolls in the pacific and indian oceans all have had a late origin, and yet should they remain at their present level, subjected only to the action of the sea and to the growing powers of the coral, during as many centuries as must have elapsed since any of the earlier tertiary epochs, it cannot, i think, be doubted that their lagoons and the islets on their reef, would present a totally different appearance from what they now do. this consideration leads to the suspicion that some renovating agency ( namely subsidence ) comes into play at intervals, and perpetuates their original structure. * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 221. maldiva archipelago \u2014 ring - formed reefs marginal and central \u2014 great depth in the lagoons of the s. atolls \u2014 reefs in the lagoons all rising to the surface \u2014 position of islets, and breaches in the reefs with respect to the prevalent winds and action of the waves \u2014 destruction of islets \u2014 connection in the position and submarine foundation of distinct atolls \u2014 the apparent disseverment of large atolls \u2014 the great chagos bank \u2014 its submerged condition and extraordinary structure. although occasional references have been made to the maldiva atolls, and to the banks in the chagos group, some points of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4942936708297476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.143503"} {"text": "disseverment of large atolls \u2014 the great chagos bank \u2014 its submerged condition and extraordinary structure. although occasional references have been made to the maldiva atolls, and to the banks in the chagos group, some points of their structure deserve further consideration. my description is derived from an examination of the admirable charts lately published from the survey of captain moresby and lieut. powell, and more especially from information which captain moresby has communicated to me in the kindest manner. the maldiva archipelago is 470 miles in length, with an average breadth of about 50 miles. the form and dimensions of the atolls, and their singular position in a double line, may be seen, but not well, in the greatly reduced chart ( fig. 6. ) in plate ii. the dimensions of the longest atoll in the group, ( called by the double name of milla - dou - madou and tilla - dou - matte ) has already been given ; it is 88 miles in a medial and slightly curved line, and is less than 20 miles in its broadest part. suadiva, also, is a noble atoll, being 44 miles across in one direction, and 34 in another, and the great included expanse of water has a depth of between 250 and 300 feet. the smaller atolls in this group differ in no respect from ordinary ones ; but the larger ones are remarkable from being breached by numerous deep - water channels leading into the lagoon ; for instance, there are 42 channels, through which a ship could enter the lagoon of suadiva. in the three southern large atolls, the separate portions of reef between these channels have the ordinary structure, and are linear ; but in the other atolls, especially the more northern ones, these portions are ring - formed, like miniature atolls. other ring - formed reefs rise out of the lagoons, in the place of those irregular ones which ordinarily occur there. in the reduction of the chart of mahlos mahdoo ( plate ii. fig. 4 ), it was not found easy to define the islets and the little lagoons within each reef, so that the ring - formed structure is very imperfectly shown : in the large published charts of tilla - dou - matte, the appearance of these rings, from standing further apart from each other, is very remarkable. the rings on the margin are generally elongated ; many of them are three, and some even five miles, in diameter ; those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4866217440360387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.144501"} {"text": "- dou - matte, the appearance of these rings, from standing further apart from each other, is very remarkable. the rings on the margin are generally elongated ; many of them are three, and some even five miles, in diameter ; those within the lagoon are usually smaller, few being more than two miles across, and the greater number rather less than one. the depth of the little lagoon within these small annular reefs is generally from five to seven fathoms, but occasionally more ; and in ari atoll many of the central ones are twelve, and some even more than twelve fathoms deep. these rings rise abruptly from the platform or bank, on which they are placed ; their outer margin is invariably bordered by living coral, * within which there is a flat surface of coral - rock ; on this flat, sand and fragments have in many cases accumulated and been converted into islets, clothed with vegetation. i can, in fact, point out no essential difference between these little ring - formed reefs ( which, however, are larger, and contain deeper lagoons than many true atolls that stand in the open sea ), and the most perfectly characterized atolls, excepting that the ring - formed reefs are based on a shallow foundation, instead of on the floor of the open sea, and that instead of being scattered irregularly, they are grouped closely together on one large platform, with the marginal rings arranged in a rudely - formed circle. the perfect series which can be traced from portions of simple linear reef, to others including long linear lagoons, * capt. moresby informs me that millepora complanata, is one of the commonest kinds on the outer margin, as it is at keeling atoll. and from these again to oval or almost circular rings, renders it probable that the latter are merely modifications of the linear or normal state. it is conformable with this view, that the ring - formed reefs on the margin, even where most perfect and standing furthest apart, generally have their longest axes directed in the line which the reef would have held, if the atoll had been bounded by an ordinary wall. we may also infer that the central ring - formed reefs are modifications of those irregular ones, which are found in the lagoons of all common atolls. it appears from the charts on a large scale, that the ring - like structure is contingent on the marginal channels or breaches being wide ; and, consequently, on the whole interior of the atoll being freely exposed to the waters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4967670898542458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.145399"} {"text": "all common atolls. it appears from the charts on a large scale, that the ring - like structure is contingent on the marginal channels or breaches being wide ; and, consequently, on the whole interior of the atoll being freely exposed to the waters of the open sea. when the channels are narrow or few in number, although the lagoon be of great size and depth ( as in suadiva ), there are no ring - formed reefs ; where the channels are somewhat broader, the marginal portions of reef, and especially those close to the larger channels, are ring - formed, but the central ones are not so ; where they are broadest, almost every reef throughout the atoll is more or less perfectly ring - formed. although their presence is thus contingent on the openness of the marginal channels, the theory of their formation, as we shall hereafter see, is included in that of the parent atolls, of which they form the separate portions. the lagoons of all the atolls in the southern part of the archipelago are from ten to twenty fathoms deeper than those in the northern part. this is well exemplified in the case of addoo, the southernmost atoll in the group, for although only 9 miles in its longest diameter ; it has a depth of 39 fathoms, whereas all the other small atolls have comparatively shallow lagoons ; i can assign no adequate cause for this difference in depth. in the central and deepest part of the lagoons, the bottom consists, as i am informed by capt. moresby, of stiff clay ( probably a calcareous mud ) ; nearer the border it consists of sand, and in the channels through the reef, of hard sand - banks, sandstone, conglo - merate rubble, and a little live coral. close outside the reef and the line joining its detached portions ( where intersected by many channels ), the bottom is sandy, and it slopes abruptly into unfathomable depths. in most lagoons the depth is considerably greater in the centre than in the channels ; but in tilla - dou - matte, where the marginal ring - formed reefs stand far apart, the same depth is carried across the entire atoll, from the deep - water line on one side to that on the other. i cannot refrain from once again remarking on the singularity of these atolls, \u2014 a great sandy and generally concave disk rises abruptly from the unfathomable ocean, with its central expanse studded and its border symmetrically fringed with oval", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5170431233482548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.146326"} {"text": "cannot refrain from once again remarking on the singularity of these atolls, \u2014 a great sandy and generally concave disk rises abruptly from the unfathomable ocean, with its central expanse studded and its border symmetrically fringed with oval basons of coral - rock, just lipping the surface of the sea, sometimes clothed with vegetation, and each containing a little lake of clear water! in the southern maldiva atolls, of which there are nine large ones, all the small reefs within the lagoons come to the surface, and are dry at low water spring - tides ; hence in navigating them, there is no danger from submarine banks. this circumstance is very remarkable, as within some atolls, for instance those of the neighbouring chagos group, not a single reef comes to the surface, and in most other cases a few only do, and the rest lie at all intermediate depths from the bottom upwards. when treating of the growth of coral i shall again refer to this subject. although in the neighbourhood of the maldiva archipelago the winds, during the monsoons, blow during nearly an equal time from opposite quarters, and although, as i am informed by capt. moresby, the westerly winds are the strongest, yet the islets are almost all placed on the eastern side of the northern atolls, and on the south - eastern side of the southern atolls. that the formation of the islets is due to detritus thrown up from the outside, as in the ordinary manner, and not from the interior of the lagoons, may, i think, be safely inferred from several considerations, which it is hardly worth while to detail. as the easterly winds are not the strongest, their action probably is aided by some prevailing swell or current. in groups of atolls, exposed to a trade wind, the ship - channels into the lagoons are almost invariably situated on the leeward or less exposed side of the reef, and the reef itself is sometimes either wanting there, or is submerged. a strictly analogous, but different, fact, may be observed at the maldiva atolls \u2014 namely, that where two atolls stand in front of each other, the breaches in the reef are the most numerous on their near, and therefore less exposed, sides. thus on the near sides of ari and the two nillandoo atolls, which face s. male, phaleedoo, and moloque atolls, there are seventy - three deep - water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.475202216487833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.147230"} {"text": ", and therefore less exposed, sides. thus on the near sides of ari and the two nillandoo atolls, which face s. male, phaleedoo, and moloque atolls, there are seventy - three deep - water channels, and only twenty - five on their outer sides ; on the near side of the three latter - named atolls there are fifty - six openings, and only thirty - seven on their outsides. it is scarcely possible to attribute this difference to any other cause than the somewhat different action of the sea on the two sides, which would ensue from the protection afforded by the two rows of atolls to each other. i may here remark that in most cases, the conditions favourable to the greater accumulation of fragments on the reef and to its more perfect continuity, on one side of the atoll than on the other, have concurred, but this has not been the case with the maldivas ; for we have seen that the islets are placed on the eastern or south eastern sides, whilst the breaches in the reef occur indifferently on any side, where protected by an opposite atoll. the reef being more continuous on the outer and more exposed sides of those atolls which stand near each other, accords with the fact, that the reef of the southern atolls is more continuous than that of the northern ones ; for the former, as i am informed by capt. moresby, are more constantly exposed than the northern atolls, to a heavy surf. the date of the first formation of some of the islets in this archipelago is known to the inhabitants ; on the other hand, several islets, and even some of those which are believed to be very old, are now fast wearing away. the work of destruction has, in some instances, been completed in ten years. capt. moresby found on one water - washed reef the marks of wells and graves, which were excavated when it supported an islet. in south nillandoo atoll, the natives say that three of the islets were formerly larger : in north nillandoo there is one now being washed away ; and in this latter atoll lieut. prentice found a reef, about six hundred yards in diameter, which the natives positively affirmed was lately an island covered with cocoa - nut trees. it is now only partially dry at low water spring tides, and is, ( in lieut. prentice ' s words ) \" entirely covered with live coral and madrepore. \" in the northern part, also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4830293230571104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.148122"} {"text": "covered with cocoa - nut trees. it is now only partially dry at low water spring tides, and is, ( in lieut. prentice ' s words ) \" entirely covered with live coral and madrepore. \" in the northern part, also, of the maldiva archipelago and in the chagos group, it is known that some of the islets are disappearing. the natives attribute these effects to variations in the currents of the sea. for my own part i cannot avoid suspecting, that there must be some further cause, which gives rise to such a cycle of change in the action of the currents of the great and open ocean. several of the atolls in this archipelago are so related to each other in form and position, that at the first glance one is led to suspect that they have originated in the disseverment of a single one. male consists of three perfectly characterized atolls, of which the shape and relative position are such, that a line drawn closely round all three, gives a symmetrical figure : to see this clearly, a larger chart is required than that of the archipelago in plate ii. : the channel separating the two northern male atolls is only little more than a mile wide, and no bottom was found in it with 100 fathoms. powell ' s island is situated at the distance of two miles and a half off the northern end of mahlos mahdoo, ( see fig. 4. plate ii. ), at the exact point where the two sides of the latter, if prolonged, would meet : no bottom, however, was found in the channel with 200 fathoms : in the wider channel between horsburgh atoll and the southern end of mahlos mahdoo, no bottom was found with 250 fathoms. in these and similar cases, the relation consists only in the form and position of the atolls. but in the channel between the two nillandoo atolls, although three miles and a quarter wide, soundings were struck at the depth of 200 fathoms : the channel between ross and ari atolls is four miles wide, and only 150 fathoms deep. here then we have, besides the relation of form, a submarine connection. the fact of soundings having been obtained between two separate and perfectly characterized atolls is in itself interesting, as it has never, i believe, been effected in any of the many other groups of atolls in the pacific and indian seas. in continuing to trace the connection of adjoining atolls, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4948675583376507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.148997"} {"text": "and perfectly characterized atolls is in itself interesting, as it has never, i believe, been effected in any of the many other groups of atolls in the pacific and indian seas. in continuing to trace the connection of adjoining atolls, if a hasty glance be taken at the chart ( fig. 4. plate ii. ) of mahlos mahdoo and the line of unfathomable water be followed, no one will hesitate to consider it as one atoll. but a second look will shew that it is divided by a bifurcating channel, of which the northern arm is about one mile and three quarters in width, with an average depth of 125 fathoms, and the southern one three quarters of a mile wide, and rather less deep. these channels resemble in the slope of their sides and general form, those which separate atolls in every respect distinct ; and the northern arm is wider than that dividing two of the male atolls. the ring - formed reefs on the sides of this bifurcating channel are elongated, so that the northern and southern portions of mahlos mahdoo may claim, as far as their external outline is concerned, to be considered as distinct and perfect atolls. but the intermediate portion, lying in the fork of the channel, is bordered by reefs less perfect than those, which surround any other atoll in the group of equally small dimensions. mahlos mahdoo, therefore, is in every respect in so intermediate a condition, that it may be considered either as a single atoll nearly dissevered into three portions, or as three atolls almost perfect and intimately connected. this is an instance of a very early stage of the apparent disseverment of an atoll, but a still earlier one in many respects is exhibited at tilla - dou - matte. in one part of this atoll, the ring - formed reefs stand so far apart from each other, that the inhabitants have given different names to the northern and southern halves : nearly all the rings, moreover, are so perfect and stand so separate, and the space from which they rise is so level and unlike a true lagoon, that we can easily imagine the conversion of this one great atoll, not into two or three portions, but into a whole group of miniature atolls. a perfect series, such as we have here traced, impresses the mind with an idea of actual change ; and it will hereafter be seen, that the theory of subsidence, with the upward growth of the coral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5337605350340515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.150021"} {"text": "miniature atolls. a perfect series, such as we have here traced, impresses the mind with an idea of actual change ; and it will hereafter be seen, that the theory of subsidence, with the upward growth of the coral, modified by accidents of probable occurrence, will account for the occasional disseverment of large atolls. the great chagos bank alone remains to be described. in the chagos group there are some ordinary atolls, some annular reefs rising to the surface but without any islets on them, and some atoll - formed banks, either quite submerged, or nearly so. of the latter, the great chagos bank is much the largest, and differs in its structure from the others : a plan of it is given in plate ii., fig. 1, in which, for the sake of clearness, i have had the parts under ten fathoms deep finely shaded : an east and west vertical section is given in fig. 2, in which the vertical scale has been necessarily exaggerated. its longest axis is ninety nautical miles, and another line drawn at right angles to the first, across the broadest part, is seventy. the central part consists of a level muddy flat, between forty and fifty fathoms deep, which is surrounded on all sides, with the exception of some breaches, by the steep edges of a set of banks, rudely arranged in a circle. these banks consist of sand, with a very little live coral ; they vary in breadth from five to twelve miles, and on an average lie about sixteen fathoms beneath the surface ; they are bordered by the steep edges of a third narrow and upper bank, which forms the rim to the whole. this rim is about a mile in width, and with the exception of two or three spots where islets have been formed, is submerged between five and ten fathoms. it consists of smooth hard rock, covered with a thin layer of sand, but with scarcely any live coral ; it is steep on both sides, and outwards slopes abruptly into unfathomable depths. at the distance of less than half a mile from one part, no bottom was found with 190 fathoms ; and off another point, at a somewhat greater distance, there was none with 210 fathoms. small steep - sided banks or knolls, covered with luxuriantly - growing coral, rise from the interior expanse to the same level with the external rim, which, as we have seen, is formed only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.523657853208136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.150967"} {"text": "none with 210 fathoms. small steep - sided banks or knolls, covered with luxuriantly - growing coral, rise from the interior expanse to the same level with the external rim, which, as we have seen, is formed only of dead rock. it is impossible to look at the plan ( fig. 1. plate ii. ), although reduced to so small a scale, without at once perceiving that the great chagos bank is, in the words of capt. moresby, * \" nothing more than a half - drowned atoll. \" but of what great dimensions, and of how extraordinary an internal structure! we shall hereafter have to consider both the cause of its submerged condition, a state common to other banks in the group, and the origin of the singular submarine terraces, which bound the central expanse : these, i think, it can be shown, have resulted from a cause analogous to that, which has produced the bifurcating channel across mahlos mahdoo. * this officer has had the kindness to lend me an excellent ms. account of the chagos islands ; from this paper, from the published charts, and from verbal information communicated to me by capt. moresby, the above account of the great chagos bank is taken. closely resemble in general form and structure atoll - reefs \u2014 width and depth of the lagoon - channels \u2014 breaches through the reef in front of valleys, and generally on the leeward side \u2014 checks to the filling up of the lagoon - channels \u2014 size and constitution of the encircled islands \u2014 number of islands within the same reef \u2014 barrier - reefs of new caledonia and australia \u2014 position of the reef relative to the slope of the adjoining land \u2014 probable great thickness of barrier - reefs. the term ' barrier ' has been generally applied to that vast reef which fronts the n. e. shore of australia, and by most voyagers likewise to that on the western coast of new caledonia. at one time i thought it convenient thus to restrict the term, but as these reefs are similar in structure, and in position relatively to the land, to those, which, like a wall with a deep moat within, encircle many smaller islands, i have classed them together. the reef, also, on the west coast of new caledonia, circling round the extremities of the island, is an intermediate form between a small encircling reef and the australian barrier, which stretches for a thousand miles in nearly a straight line. the geographer balbi has in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5160629151951766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.151924"} {"text": "new caledonia, circling round the extremities of the island, is an intermediate form between a small encircling reef and the australian barrier, which stretches for a thousand miles in nearly a straight line. the geographer balbi has in effect described those barrier - reefs, which encircle moderately sized islands, by calling them atolls with high land rising from within their central expanse. the general resemblance between the reefs of the barrier and atoll classes may be seen in the small, but accurately reduced charts on plate i., * and this resemblance can be * the authorities from which these charts have been reduced, together with some remarks on them, are given in a separately appended page, descriptive of the plates. further shown to extend to every part of their structure. beginning with the outside of the reef ; many scattered soundings off gambier, oualan, and some other encircled islands, show that close to the breakers there exists a narrow shelving margin, beyond which the ocean becomes suddenly unfathomable : but off the west coast of new caledonia, capt. kent * found no bottom with 150 fathoms, at two ships ' length from the reef ; so that the slope here must be nearly as precipitous as off the maldiva atolls. i can give little information regarding the kinds of corals which live on the outer margin. when i visited the reef at tahiti, although it was low water, the surf was too violent for me to see the living masses ; but, according to what i heard from some intelligent native chiefs, they resemble in their rounded and branchless forms, those on the margin of keeling atoll. the extreme verge of the reef, which was visible between the breaking waves at low water, consisted of a rounded, convex, artificial - like breakwater, entirely coated with nullipor\u00e6, and absolutely similar to that which i have described at keeling atoll. from what i heard when at tahiti, and from the writings of the revs. w. ellis and j. williams, i conclude that this peculiar structure is common to most of the encircled islands of the society archipelago. the reef within this mound or breakwater, has an extremely irregular surface, even more so than between the islets on the reef of keeling atoll, with which alone ( as there are no islets on the reef of tahiti ) it can properly be compared. at tahiti, the reef is very irregular in width ; but round many other encircled islands, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48557912535251496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.152902"} {"text": "the reef of keeling atoll, with which alone ( as there are no islets on the reef of tahiti ) it can properly be compared. at tahiti, the reef is very irregular in width ; but round many other encircled islands, for instance vanikoro or gambier islands, ( figs. 1. and 8. plate i. ) it is quite as regular, and of the same average width, as in true atolls. most barrier - reefs on the inner side slope irregularly into the lagoon - channel, ( as the space of deep water separating the reef from the included land may be called, ) but at vanikoro the reef slopes only for a short distance, and then terminates abruptly in a submarine wall, forty feet high, \u2014 a structure * dalrymple, hydrog. mem. vol. iii. absolutely similar to that described by chamisso in the marshall atolls. in the society archipelago, ellis * states, that the reefs generally lie at the distance of from one to one and a half miles, and, occasionally, even at more than three miles, from the shore. the central mountains are generally bordered by a fringe of flat, and often marshy, alluvial land, from one to four miles in width. this fringe consists of coral - sand and detritus thrown up from the lagoon - channel, and of soil washed down from the hills ; it is an encroachment on the channel, analogous to that low and inner part of the islets in many atolls, which is formed by the accumulation of matter from the lagoon. at hogoleu ( fig. 2. plate i. ) in the caroline archipelago, \u2020 the reef on the south side is no less than 20 miles ; on the east side, five ; and on the north side, 14 miles from the encircled high islands. the lagoon - channels may be compared in every respect with true lagoons. in some cases they are open, with a level bottom of fine sand ; in others they are choked up with reefs of delicately branched corals, which have the same general character as those within keeling atoll. these internal reefs either stand separately, or more commonly skirt the shores of the included high islands. the depth of the lagoon - channel round the society islands varies from two or three, to thirty fathoms ; in cook ' s \u2021 chart of ulietea, however, there is one sounding laid down of 48 fathoms : at vanikoro there are several of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5021103243853373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.153833"} {"text": "channel round the society islands varies from two or three, to thirty fathoms ; in cook ' s \u2021 chart of ulietea, however, there is one sounding laid down of 48 fathoms : at vanikoro there are several of 54 and one of 56\u00bd fathoms ( english ), a depth which even exceeds by a little that of the interior of the great maldiva atolls. some barrier - reefs have very few islets on them ; whilst others are surmounted by numerous ones ; and those round part of bolabola ( plate i. fig. 5. ) form a single linear strip. the * consult, on this and other points, the polynesian researches by the rev. w. ellis, an admirable work, full of curious information. \u2020 see hydrographical mem. and the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe, by capt. dumont d ' urville, p. 428. \u2021 see the chart in vol. i. of hawkesworth ' s 4to ed. of cook ' s first voyage. islets first appear either on the angles of the reef, or on the sides of the breaches through it, and are generally most numerous on the windward side. the reef to leeward retaining its usual width, sometimes lies submerged several fathoms beneath the surface ; i have already mentioned gambier island as an instance of this structure. submerged reefs, having a less defined outline, dead, and covered with sand, have been observed ( see appendix ) off some parts of huaheine and tahiti. the reef is more frequently breached to leeward than to windward ; thus i find in krusenstern ' s memoir on the pacific, that there are passages through the encircling reef on the leeward side of each of the seven society islands, which possess ship - harbours ; but that there are openings to windward through the reef of only three of them. the breaches in the reef are seldom as deep as the interior lagoon - like channel ; they generally occur in front of the main valleys, a circumstance which can be accounted for, as will be seen in the fourth chapter, without much difficulty. the breaches being situated in front of the valleys, which descend indifferently on all sides, explains their more frequent occurrence through the windward side of barrier - reefs than through the windward side of atolls, \u2014 for in atolls there is no included land to influence the position of the breaches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4792839834483257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.154952"} {"text": "descend indifferently on all sides, explains their more frequent occurrence through the windward side of barrier - reefs than through the windward side of atolls, \u2014 for in atolls there is no included land to influence the position of the breaches. it is remarkable, that the lagoon - channels round mountainous islands have not in every instance been long ago filled up with coral and sediment ; but it is more easily accounted for than appears at first sight. in cases like that of hogoleu and the gambier islands, where a few small peaks rise out of a great lagoon, the conditions scarcely differ from those of an atoll ; and i have already shown, at some length, that the filling up of a true lagoon must be an extremely slow process. where the channel is narrow, the agency, which on unprotected coasts is most productive of sediment, namely the force of the breakers, is here entirely excluded, and the reef being breached in the front of the main valleys, much of the finer mud from the rivers must be transported into the open sea. as a current is formed by the water thrown over the edge of atoll - formed reefs, which carries sediment with it through the deepwater breaches, the same thing probably takes place in barrier - reefs, and this would greatly aid in preventing the lagoon - channel from being filled up. the low alluvial border, however, at the foot of the encircled mountains, shows that the work of filling up is in progress ; and at maurua ( plate i. fig. 6. ) in the society group, it has been almost effected, so that there remains only one harbour for small craft. if we look at a set of charts of barrier - reefs, and leave out in imagination the encircled land, we shall find that besides the many points already noticed of resemblance, or rather of identity in structure with atolls, there is a close general agreement in form, average dimensions, and grouping. encircling barrier - reefs, like atolls, are generally elongated, with an irregularly rounded, though sometimes angular outline. there are atolls of all sizes, from less than two miles in diameter to sixty miles, ( excluding tilla - dou - matte, as it consists of a number of almost independent atoll - formed reefs ) ; and there are encircling barrier - reefs from three miles and a half to forty - six miles in diameter, \u2014 turtle island being an instance of the former, and hogoleu of the latter. at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49398870055903943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.155961"} {"text": "independent atoll - formed reefs ) ; and there are encircling barrier - reefs from three miles and a half to forty - six miles in diameter, \u2014 turtle island being an instance of the former, and hogoleu of the latter. at tahiti the encircled island is 36 miles in its longest axis, whilst at maurua it is only a little more than two miles. it will be shown, in the last chapter in this volume, that there is the strictest resemblance in the grouping of atolls and of common islands, and consequently there must be the same resemblance in the grouping of atolls and of encircling barrier - reefs. the islands lying within reefs of this class, are of very various heights. tahiti * is 7, 000 feet ; maurua about 800 ; aituaki 360, and manouai only 50. the geological nature * the height of tahiti is given from capt. beechey ; maurua from mr. f. d. bennett ( geograph. journ. vol. viii. p. 220 ) ; aitutaki from measurements made on board the beagle ; and manouai, or harvey island, from an estimate by the rev. j. williams. the two latter islands, however, are not in some respects well characterized examples of the encircled class. of the included land varies ; in most cases it is of ancient volcanic origin, owing apparently to the fact that islands of this nature are most frequent within all great seas : some, however, are of madreporitic limestone, and others of primary formation, of which latter kind new caledonia offers the best example. the central land consists either of one island, or of several ; thus in the society group, eimeo stands by itself ; while taha and raiatea, ( fig. 3. plate i. ) both moderately large islands, of nearly equal size, are included in one reef. within the reef of the gambier group there are four large and some smaller islands ( fig. 8. plate i. ) ; within that of hogoleu ( fig. 2. plate i. ) nearly a dozen small islands are scattered over the expanse of one vast lagoon. after the details now given, it may be asserted, that there is not one point of essential difference between encircling barrier - reefs and atolls ; \u2014 the latter enclose a simple sheet of water, the former encircle an expanse with one or more islands rising from it. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4844278420207074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.156870"} {"text": "that there is not one point of essential difference between encircling barrier - reefs and atolls ; \u2014 the latter enclose a simple sheet of water, the former encircle an expanse with one or more islands rising from it. i was much struck with this fact, when viewing, from the heights of tahiti, the distant island of eimeo standing within smooth water, and encircled by a ring of snow - white breakers. remove the central land, and an annular reef like that of an atoll in an early stage of its formation is left ; remove it from bolabola, and there remains a circle of linear coral - islets, crowned with tall cocoa - nut trees, like one of the many atolls scattered over the pacific and indian oceans. the barrier - reefs of australia and of new caledonia, deserve a separate notice from their great dimensions. the reef on the west coast of new caledonia ( fig. 5. plate ii. ) is 400 miles in length ; and for a length of many leagues it seldom approaches within eight miles of the shore ; and near the southern end of the island, the space between the reef and the land is sixteen miles in width. the australian barrier extends, with a few interruptions, for nearly a thousand miles : its average distance from the land is between twenty and thirty miles, and in some parts from fifty to seventy. the great arm of the sea thus included, is from ten to twenty - five fathoms deep, with a sandy bottom ; but towards the southern end, where the reef is further from the shore, the depth gradually increases to forty, and in some parts to more than sixty fathoms. flinders * has described the surface of this reef as consisting of a hard white agglomerate of different kinds of coral, with rough projecting points. the outer edge is the highest part ; it is traversed by narrow gullies, and at rare intervals is breached by ship - channels. the sea close outside is profoundly deep ; but, in front of the main breaches, soundings can sometimes be obtained. some low islets have been formed on the reef. there is one important point in the structure of barrier - reefs which must here be considered. the accompanying diagrams represent north and south vertical sections, taken through the highest points of vanikoro, gambier, and maurua islands, and through their encircling reefs. the scale both in the horizontal and vertical direction is the same, namely, a quarter of an inch to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49848395331330503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.157825"} {"text": "taken through the highest points of vanikoro, gambier, and maurua islands, and through their encircling reefs. the scale both in the horizontal and vertical direction is the same, namely, a quarter of an inch to a nautical mile. the height and width of these islands is known ; and i have attempted to represent the form of the land from the shading of the hills in the large published charts. it has long been remarked, even from the time of dampier, that a considerable degree of relation subsists between the inclination of that part of the land which is beneath water and that above it : hence the dotted line in the three sections, probably, does not widely differ in inclination from the actual submarine prolongation of the land. if we now look at the outer edge of the reef ( a a ), and bear in mind that the plummet on the right hand represents a depth of 1200 feet, we must conclude that the vertical thickness of these barrier coral reefs is very great. * flinders ' voyage to terra australis, vol. ii. p. 88. 1 \u2014 vanikoro, from the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe, by d. d ' urville. 2 \u2014 gambier island, from beechey. 3 \u2014 maurua, from the atlas of the voyage of the coquille, by duperrey. the horizontal line is the level of the sea, from which on the right hand a plummet descends, representing a depth of 200 fathoms, or 1200 feet. the vertical shading shows the section of the land, and the horizontal shading that of the encircling barrier - reef ; from the smallness of the scale, the lagoon - channel could not be represented. a a \u2014 outer edge of the coral - reefs, where the sea breaks. b b \u2014 the shore of the encircled islands. i must observe, that if the sections had been taken in any other direction across these islands, or across other encircled islands, * the result would have been the same. in the succeeding chapter it will be shown that reef - building polypifers cannot flourish at great depths, \u2014 for instance, it is highly improbable that they could exist at a quarter of the depth represented by the plummet on the right hand of the woodcut. here then is a great apparent difficulty \u2014 how were the basal parts of these barrier - reefs formed. it will, perhaps, occur to some, that the actual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51615168541234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.158723"} {"text": "quarter of the depth represented by the plummet on the right hand of the woodcut. here then is a great apparent difficulty \u2014 how were the basal parts of these barrier - reefs formed. it will, perhaps, occur to some, that the actual reefs formed of coral * in the fifth chapter an east and west section across the island of bolabola and its barrier - reefs is given, for the sake of illustrating another point. the unbroken line in it ( woodcut no. 5 ) is the section referred to. the scale is. 57 of an inch to a mile ; it is taken from the atlas of the voyage of the coquille by duperrey. the depth of the lagoon - channel is exaggerated. are not of great thickness, but that before their first growth, the coasts of these encircled islands were deeply eaten into, and a broad but shallow submarine ledge thus left, on the edge of which the coral grew ; but if this had been the case, the shore would have been invariably bounded by lofty cliffs, and not have sloped down to the lagoon - channel, as it does in many instances. on this view, * moreover, the cause of the reef springing up at such a great distance from the land, leaving a deep and broad moat within, remains altogether unexplained. a supposition of the same nature, and appearing at first more probable, is, that the reefs sprung up from banks of sediment, which had accumulated round the shore previously to the growth of the coral ; but the extension of a bank to the same distance round an unbroken coast, and in front of those deep arms of the sea, ( as in raiatea, see plate ii. fig. 3. ) which penetrate nearly to the heart of some encircled islands, is exceedingly improbable. and why, again, should the reef spring up, in some cases steep on both sides like a wall, at a distance of two, three, or more miles from the shore, leaving a channel often between 200 and 300 feet deep, and rising, from a depth which we have reason to believe is destructive to the growth of coral? an admission of this nature cannot possibly be made. the existence, also, of the deep channel, utterly precludes the idea of the reef having grown outwards, on a foundation slowly formed on its outside, by the accumulation of sediment and coral detritus. nor, again, can it be asserted, that the reef - building corals will not grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.487492399011901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.159668"} {"text": "; * and aitutaki consists of calcareous rock. we must, therefore, reject these several explanations, and conclude that the vertical thickness of barrier - reefs, from their outer edges to the foundation on which they rest ( from aa in the section to the dotted lines ) is really great : but in this, there is no difficulty, for it is not necessary to suppose that the coral has sprung up from an immense depth, as will be evident when the theory of the upward growth of coral reefs, during the slow subsidence of their foundations, is discussed. * i have been informed that this is the case by dr. allan of forres, who has visited this group. fringing or shore reefs. reefs of mauritius \u2014 shallow channel within the reef \u2014 its slow filling up \u2014 currents of water formed within it \u2014 upraised reefs \u2014 narrow fringing - reefs in deep seas \u2014 reefs on the coast of e. africa and of brazil \u2014 fringing reefs in very shallow seas, round banks of sediment and on worn - down islands \u2014 fringing reefs affected by currents of the sea \u2014 coral coating bottom of the sea, but not forming reefs. fringing reefs, or, as they have been called by some voyagers, shore reefs, whether skirting an island or part of a continent, might at first be thought to differ little, except in generally being of less breadth, from barrier - reefs. as far as the superficies of the actual reef is concerned this is the case ; but the absence of an interior deep - water channel, and the close relation in their horizontal extension with the probable slope beneath the sea of the adjoining land, present essential points of difference. the reefs which fringe the island of mauritius offer a good example of this class. they extend round its whole circumference, with the exception of two or three parts, * where the coast is almost precipitous, and where, if as is probable the bottom of the sea has a similar inclination, the coral would have no foundation on which to become attached. a similar fact may sometimes be observed even in reefs of the barrier class, which follow much less closely the * this fact is stated on the authority of the officier du roi, in his extremely interesting \" voyage a l ' isle de france, \" undertaken in 1768. according to capt. carmichael ( hooker ' s bot. misc. vol. ii. p. 316. ) on one part of the coast there is a space for 16 miles without a reef.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4798565463380584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.161771"} {"text": "' isle de france, \" undertaken in 1768. according to capt. carmichael ( hooker ' s bot. misc. vol. ii. p. 316. ) on one part of the coast there is a space for 16 miles without a reef. outline of the adjoining land ; as, for instance, on the s. e. and precipitous side of tahiti, where the encircling reef is interrupted. on the western side of the mauritius, which was the only part i visited, the reef generally lies at the distance of about half a mile from the shore ; but in some parts it is distant from one to two, and even three miles. but even in this last case, as the coast - land is gently inclined from the foot of the mountains to the sea - beach, and as the soundings outside the reef indicate an equally gentle slope beneath the water, there is no reason for supposing that the basis of the reef, formed by the prolongation of the strata of the island, lies at a greater depth than that, at which the polypifers could begin constructing the reef. some allowance, however, must be made for the outward extension of the corals on a foundation of sand and detritus, formed from their own wear, which would give to the reef a somewhat greater vertical thickness, than would otherwise be possible. the outer edge of the reef on the western or leeward side of the island, is tolerably well defined, and is a little higher than any other part. it chiefly consists of large strongly branched corals, of the genus madrepora, which also form a sloping bed some way out to sea : the kinds of coral growing in this part will be described in the ensuing chapter. between the outer margin and the beach, there is a flat space with a sandy bottom and a few tufts of living coral ; in some parts it is so shallow, that people, by avoiding the deeper holes and gullies, can wade across it at low water ; in other parts it is deeper, seldom however exceeding ten or twelve feet, so that it offers a safe coasting channel for boats. on the eastern and windward side of the island, which is exposed to a heavy surf, the reef described to me as having a hard smooth surface, very slightly inclined inwards, just covered at low - water, and traversed by gullies ; it appears to be quite similar in structure to the reefs of the barrier and atoll classes. the reef of mauritius", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47335602184339476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.162697"} {"text": "me as having a hard smooth surface, very slightly inclined inwards, just covered at low - water, and traversed by gullies ; it appears to be quite similar in structure to the reefs of the barrier and atoll classes. the reef of mauritius, in front of every river and streamlet, is breached by a straight passage : at grand port, however, there is a channel like that within a barrier - reef : it extends parallel to the shore for four miles, and has an average depth of 10 or 12 fathoms ; its presence may probably be accounted for by two rivers which enter at each end of the channel, and bend towards each other. the fact of reefs of the fringing class being always breached in front of streams, even of those which are dry during the greater part of the year, will be explained, when the conditions unfavourable to the growth of coral are considered. low coral - islets, like those on barrier - reefs and atolls, are seldom formed on reefs of this class, owing apparently in some cases to their narrowness, and in others to the gentle slope of the reef outside not yielding many fragments to the breakers. on the windward side, however, of the mauritius, two or three small islets have been formed. it appears, as will be shewn in the ensuing chapter, that the action of the surf is favourable to the vigorous growth of the stronger corals, and that sand or sediment, if agitated by the waves, is injurious to them. hence it is probable that a reef on a shelving shore, like that of mauritius, would at first grow up, not attached to the actual beach, but at some little distance from it ; and the corals on the outer margin would be the most vigorous. a shallow channel would thus be formed within the reef, and as the breakers are prevented acting on the shores of the island, and as they do not ordinarily tear up many fragments from the outside, and as every streamlet has its bed prolonged in a straight line through the reef, this channel could be filled up only very slowly with sediment. but a beach of sand and of fragments of the smaller kinds of coral seems, in the case of mauritius, to be slowly encroaching on the shallow channel. on many shelving and sandy coasts, the breakers tend to form a bar of sand a little way from the beach, with a slight increase of depth within it : for instance, capt. grey * states that the west coast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47988577384370557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.163605"} {"text": "on the shallow channel. on many shelving and sandy coasts, the breakers tend to form a bar of sand a little way from the beach, with a slight increase of depth within it : for instance, capt. grey * states that the west coast of australia, in lat. 24\u00b0, is fronted by a sand bar, about 200 yards in width, on which there is only two feet of water ; but within * capt. grey ' s journal of two expeditions, vol. i. p. 369. it the depth increases to two fathoms. similar bars, more or less perfect, occur on other coasts. in these cases i suspect that the shallow channel ( which no doubt during storms is occasionally obliterated ) is scooped out by the flowing away of the water thrown beyond the line, on which the waves break with the greatest force. at pernambuco a bar of hard sandstone, * which has the same external form and height as a coral - reef, extends nearly parallel to the coast ; within this bar currents, apparently caused by the water thrown over it during the greater part of each tide, run strongly, and are wearing away its inner wall. from these facts it can hardly be doubted, that within most fringing reefs, especially within those lying some distance from the land, a return stream must carry away the water thrown over the outer edge ; and the current thus produced, would tend to prevent the channel being filled up with sediment, and might even deepen it under certain circumstances. to this latter belief i am led, by finding that channels are almost universally present within the fringing reefs of those islands, which have undergone recent elevatory movements ; and this could hardly have been the case, if the conversion of the very shallow channel into land had not been counteracted to a certain extent. a fringing reef, if elevated in a perfect condition above the level of the sea, ought to present the singular appearance of a broad dry moat within a low mound. the author \u2020 of an interesting pedestrian tour round the mauritius, seems to have met with a structure of this kind : he says \" j ' observai que la, ou la mer etale, independamment des rescifs du large, il y a a terre une espece d ' effoncement, ou chemin couvert naturel. on y pourrait mettre du canon, \" & c. in another place he adds, \" avant de passer le cap, on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49897303079245126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.164541"} {"text": "une espece d ' effoncement, ou chemin couvert naturel. on y pourrait mettre du canon, \" & c. in another place he adds, \" avant de passer le cap, on remarque un gros banc de corail eleve de plus de quinze pieds : c ' est une espece de rescif, que la mer a abandonne : il regne au pied * i have described this singular structure in the lond. and edin. phil. mag. oct. 1841. \u2020 voyage a l ' isle de france, par un officier du roi, part. i. pp. 192, 200. une longue flaque d ' eau, dont on pourrait faire un bassin pour de petits vaisseaux. \" but the margin of the reef, although the highest and most perfect part, from being most exposed to the surf, would generally during a slow rise of the land be either partially or entirely worn down to that level, at which corals could renew their growth on its upper edge. on some parts of the coast - land of mauritius there are little hillocks of coral - rock, which are either the last remnants of a continuous reef, or of low islets formed on it. i observed two such hillocks between tamarin bay and the great black river, they were nearly 20 feet high, about 200 yards from the present beach, and about 30 feet above its level. they rose abruptly from a smooth surface, strewed with worn fragments of coral. they consisted in their lower part of hard calcareous sandstone, and in their upper of great blocks of several species of astr\u00e6a and madrepora, loosely aggregated : they were divided into irregular beds, dipping seaward, in one hillock at an angle of 8\u00b0, and in the other at 18\u00b0. i suspect that the superficial parts of the reefs, which have been upraised together with the islands they fringe, have generally been much more modified by the wearing action of the sea, than those of mauritius. many islands * are fringed by reefs quite similar to those of mauritius : but on coasts where the sea deepens very suddenly the reefs are much narrower, and their limited extension seems evidently to depend on the high inclination of the submarine slope ; \u2014 a relation which, as we have seen, does not exist in reefs of the barrier class. the fr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4597719338193457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.165423"} {"text": "sea deepens very suddenly the reefs are much narrower, and their limited extension seems evidently to depend on the high inclination of the submarine slope ; \u2014 a relation which, as we have seen, does not exist in reefs of the barrier class. the fringing - reefs on steep coasts are frequently not more than from 50 to 100 yards in width : they have a nearly smooth, hard, surface, * i may give cuba, as another instance ; mr. taylor ( loudon ' s mag. of nat. hist. vol. ix. p. 449. ) has described a reef several miles in length between gibara and vjaro, which extends parallel to the shore at the distance of between half and the third part of a mile, and encloses a space of shallow water, with a sandy bottom and tufts of coral. outside the edge of the reef, which is formed of great branching corals, the depth is six and seven fathoms. this coast has been upheaved at no very distant geological period. scarcely uncovered at low - water, and without any interior shoal channel, like that within those fringing reefs, which lie at a greater distance from the land. the fragments torn up during gales from the outer margin, are thrown over the reef on the shores of the island. i may give as instances, wateeo, where the reef is described by cook as being a hundred yards wide ; and mauti and elizabeth * islands, where it is only 50 yards in width : the sea round these islands is very deep. fringing - reefs, like barrier - reefs, both surround islands, and front the shores of continents. in the charts of the eastern coast of africa, by capt. owen, many extensive fringing reefs are laid down ; \u2014 thus, for a space of nearly forty miles, from lat. 1\u00b0 15 ' to 1\u00b0 45 ' s., a reef fringes the shore at an average distance of rather more than one mile, and therefore at a greater distance than is usual in reefs of this class ; but as the coast - land is not lofty, and as the bottom shoals very gradually ( the depth being only from 8 to 14 fathoms at a mile and a half outside the reef ) its extension thus far from the land offers no difficulty. the external margin of this reef is described, as formed of projecting points, within which there is a space, from six to twelve feet deep, with patches of living coral on it. at mu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49518514149981485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.167088"} {"text": "its extension thus far from the land offers no difficulty. the external margin of this reef is described, as formed of projecting points, within which there is a space, from six to twelve feet deep, with patches of living coral on it. at mukdeesha ( lat. 2\u00b0 1 ' n. ) \" the port is formed, \" it is said, \u2020 \" by a long reef extending eastward four or five miles, within which there is a narrow channel, with ten to twelve feet water at low spring tides : \" it lies at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the shore. again, in the plan of mombas ( lat. 4\u00b0 s. ) a reef extends for thirty - six miles, at the distance of from half a mile to one mile and a quarter from the shore ; within it, there is a channel navigable \" for canoes and small craft, \" between six and fifteen feet deep : outside the reef the depth is about 30 fathoms at the distance of nearly half * mauti is described by lord byron in the voyage of h. m. s. blonde, and elizabeth island by capt. beechey. \u2020 owen ' s africa, vol. i. p. 357, from which work the foregoing facts are likewise taken. a mile. part of this reef is very symmetrical, and has a uniform breadth of 200 yards. the coast of brazil is in many parts fringed by reefs. of these, some are not of coral formation ; for instance those near bahia, and in front of pernambuco ; but a few miles south of this latter city, the reef follows * so closely every turn of the shore, that i can hardly doubt it is of coral : it runs at the distance of three quarters of a mile from the land, and within it the depth is from ten to fifteen feet. i was assured by an intelligent pilot, that at ports frances and maceio, the outer part of the reef consists of living coral, and the inner of a white stone, full of large irregular cavities, communicating with the sea. the bottom of the sea off the coast of brazil shoals gradually to between 30 and 40 fathoms, at the distance of between nine and ten leagues from the land. from the description now given, we must conclude, that the dimensions and structure of fringing reefs depend entirely on the greater or less inclination of the submarine slope, conjoined with the fact, that reef - building polypifers can exist only at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48747410908900857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.168465"} {"text": "from the description now given, we must conclude, that the dimensions and structure of fringing reefs depend entirely on the greater or less inclination of the submarine slope, conjoined with the fact, that reef - building polypifers can exist only at limited depths. it follows from this, that where the sea is very shallow, as in the persian gulf and in parts of the east indian archipelago, the reefs lose their fringing character, and appear as separate and irregularly scattered patches, often of considerable area. from the more vigorous growth of the coral on the outside, and from the conditions being less favourable in several respects within, such reefs are generally higher and more perfect in their marginal than in their central parts : hence these reefs sometimes assume, ( and this circumstance ought not to be overlooked, ) the appearance of atolls ; but they differ from atolls in their central expanse being much less deep, in their form being less defined, and in being based on a shallow foundation. but when in a deep sea reefs fringe banks of sediment, which have accumulated beneath the surface, round either * see baron roussin ' s pilote de bresil, and accompanying hydrographical memoir. islands or submerged rocks, they are distinguished with difficulty on the one hand from encircling barrier - reefs, and on the other from atolls. in the west indies there are reefs, which i should probably have arranged under both these classes, had not the existence of large and level banks, lying a little beneath the surface, ready to serve as the basis for the attachment of coral, been occasionally brought into view by the entire or partial absence of reefs on them, \u2014 and had not the formation of such banks, through the accumulation of sediment now in progress, been sufficiently evident. fringing reefs sometimes coat, and thus protect the foundations of islands, which have been worn down by the surf to the level of the sea. according to ehrenberg, this has been extensively the case with the islands in the red sea, which formerly ranged parallel to the shores of the mainland, with deep water within them : hence the reefs now coating their bases, are situated relatively to the land like barrier - reefs, although not belonging to that class ; \u2014 but there are, as i believe, in the red sea some true barrier - reefs. the reefs of this sea and of the west indies will be described in the appendix. in some cases, fringing reefs appear to be considerably modified in outline by the course of the prevailing currents ; dr. j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5040987683042641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.170092"} {"text": "red sea some true barrier - reefs. the reefs of this sea and of the west indies will be described in the appendix. in some cases, fringing reefs appear to be considerably modified in outline by the course of the prevailing currents ; dr. j. allan informs me that on the east coast of madagascar almost every headland and low point of sand, has a coral - reef extending from it in a s. w. and n. e. line, parallel to the currents on that shore. i should think the influence of the currents chiefly consisted in causing an extension, in a certain direction, of a proper foundation for the attachment of the coral. round many intertropical islands, for instance the abrolhos on the coast of brazil surveyed by capt. fitzroy, and, as i am informed by mr. cuming, round the philippines, the bottom of the sea is entirely coated by irregular masses of coral, which although often of large size, do not reach the surface and form proper reefs. this must be owing either to insufficient growth, or to the absence of those kinds of corals which can withstand the breaking of the waves. the three classes, atoll - formed, barrier, and fringing reefs, together with the modifications just described of the latter, include all the most remarkable coral - formations anywhere existing. at the commencement of the last chapter in the volume, where i detail the principles on which the map ( plate iii. ) is coloured, the exceptional cases will be enumerated. on the growth of coral reefs. in this chapter i will give all the facts, which i have collected, relating to the distribution of coral - reefs, \u2014 to the conditions favourable to their increase, \u2014 to the rate of their growth, \u2014 and to the depth at which they are formed. these subjects have an important bearing on the theory of the origin of the different classes of coral - reefs. on the distribution of coral - reefs, and on the conditions favourable to their increase. with regard to the limits of latitude, over which coral - reefs extend, i have nothing new to add. the bermuda islands, in 32\u00b0 15 ' n. is the point furthest removed from the equator, in which they appear to exist ; and it has been suggested, that their extension so far northward in this instance is owing to the warmth of the gulf stream. in the pacific, the loo choo islands, in lat. 27\u00b0 n. have reefs on their shores, and there is an atoll in 28\u00b0 30 ', situated n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46776196927560576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.173945"} {"text": "this instance is owing to the warmth of the gulf stream. in the pacific, the loo choo islands, in lat. 27\u00b0 n. have reefs on their shores, and there is an atoll in 28\u00b0 30 ', situated n. w. of the sandwich archipelago. in the red sea there are coral - reefs in lat. 30\u00b0. in the southern hemisphere coral - reefs do not extend so far from the equatorial sea. in the southern pacific there are only a few reefs beyond the line of the tropic, but houtmans abrolhos on the western shores of australia in lat. 29\u00b0 s., are of coral - formation. the proximity of volcanic land, owing to the lime generally evolved from it, has been thought to be favourable to the increase of coral - reefs. there is, however, not much foundation for this view ; for no where are coral - reefs more extensive than on the shores of new caledonia, and of north - eastern australia, which consist of primary formations ; and in the largest groups of atolls, namely the maldiva, chagos, marshall, gilbert, and low archipelagoes, there is no volcanic or other kind of rock, excepting that formed of coral. the entire absence of coral reefs in certain large areas within the tropical seas, is a remarkable fact. thus no coral - reefs were observed, during the surveying voyages of the beagle and her tender on the west coast of south america south of the equator, or round the galapagos islands. it appears, also, that there are none * north of the equator ; mr. lloyd, who surveyed the isthmus of panama, remarked to me, that although he had seen corals living in the bay of panama, yet he had never observed any reefs formed by them. i at first attributed this absence of reefs on the coasts of peru and of the galapagos islands \u2020, to the coldness of the currents from the south, but the gulf of panama is one of the hottest pelagic districts in the world. \u2021 in the central parts of the pacific there are islands, entirely free from reefs ; in some few of these cases i have thought, that this was owing to recent volcanic action ; but the existence of reefs round the * i have been informed that this is the case, by lieut. ryder, r. n. and others who have had ample opportunities for observation. \u2020 the mean temperature of the surface sea from observations made by the direction of capt. fitzroy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4782045832607674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.178600"} {"text": "the * i have been informed that this is the case, by lieut. ryder, r. n. and others who have had ample opportunities for observation. \u2020 the mean temperature of the surface sea from observations made by the direction of capt. fitzroy on the shores of the galapagos islands, between the 16th of september and the 20th of october, 1835, was 68\u00b0 fahr. the lowest temperature observed was 58\u00b0. 5 at the s. w. end of albemarle island ; and on the west coast of this island, it was several times 62\u00b0 and 63\u00b0. the mean temperature of the sea in the low archipelago of atolls, and near tahiti, from similar observations made on board the beagle, was ( although further from the equator ) 77\u00b0. 5, the lowest any day being 76\u00b0. 5. therefore we have here a difference of 9\u00b0. 5 in mean temperature, and 18\u00b0 in extremes ; a difference doubtless quite sufficient to affect the distribution of organic beings in the two areas. \u2021 humboldt ' s personal narrative, vol. vii. p. 434. greater part of hawaii, one of the sandwich islands, shows that recent volcanic action does not necessarily prevent their growth. in the last chapter i stated that the bottom of the sea round some islands is thickly coated with living corals, which nevertheless do not form reefs, either from insufficient growth, or from the species not being adapted to contend with the breaking waves. i have been assured by several people, that there are no coral - reefs on the west coast of africa, * or round the islands in the gulf of guinea. this perhaps may be attributed, in part, to the sediment brought down by the many rivers debouching on that coast, and to the extensive mud - banks, which line great part of it. but the islands of st. helena, ascension, the cape verdes, st. paul ' s, and fernando noronha, are, also, entirely without reefs, although they lie far out at sea, are composed of the same ancient volcanic rocks, and have the same general form, with those islands in the pacific, the shores of which are surrounded by gigantic walls of coral - rock. with the exception of bermuda, there is not a single coral reef in the central expanse of the atlantic ocean. it will, perhaps, be suggested, that the quantity of carbonate of lime in different parts of the sea, may regulate the presence of reefs. but this cannot be the case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5026047849530546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.182021"} {"text": "is not a single coral reef in the central expanse of the atlantic ocean. it will, perhaps, be suggested, that the quantity of carbonate of lime in different parts of the sea, may regulate the presence of reefs. but this cannot be the case, for at ascension, the waves charged to excess precipitate a thick layer of calcareous matter on the tidal rocks ; and at st. jago, in the cape verdes, carbonate of lime, not only is abundant on the shores, but it forms the chief part of some upraised post - tertiary strata. the apparently capricious distribution, therefore, of coral - reefs, cannot be explained by any of these obvious causes : but, as the study of the terres - * it might be concluded, from a paper by capt. owen ( geograph. jour. vol. ii. p. 89. ) that the reefs off cape st. anne and the sherboro ' islands were of coral, although the author states that they are not purely corralline. but i have been assured by lieut. holland, r. n. that these reefs are not of coral, or at least they do not at all resemble those in the west indies. trial and better known half of the world, must convince every one that no station capable of supporting life is lost, \u2014 nay more, that there is a struggle for each station, between the different orders of nature, \u2014 we may conclude that in those parts of the intertropical sea, in which there are no coral - reefs, there are other organic bodies, supplying the place of the reef - building polypifers. it has been shown in the chapter on keeling atoll that there are some species of large fish, and the whole tribe of holothuri\u00e6 which prey on the tenderer parts of the corals. on the other hand, the polypifers in their turn must prey on some other organic beings ; the decrease of which from any cause, would cause a proportionate destruction of the living coral. the relations, therefore, which determine the formation of reefs on any shore, by the vigorous growth of the efficient kinds of coral, must be very complex, and with our imperfect knowledge quite inexplicable. from these considerations, we may infer that changes in the condition of the sea, not obvious to our senses, might destroy all the coral - reefs in one area, and cause them to appear in another : thus, the pacific or indian ocean might become as barren", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45460267935283727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.183526"} {"text": ", we may infer that changes in the condition of the sea, not obvious to our senses, might destroy all the coral - reefs in one area, and cause them to appear in another : thus, the pacific or indian ocean might become as barren of coral - reefs as the atlantic now is, without our being able to assign any adequate cause for such a change. it has been a question with some naturalists, which part of a reef is most favourable to the growth of coral. the great mounds of living porites and of millepora round keeling atoll occur exclusively on the extreme verge of the reef, which is washed by a constant succession of breakers ; and living coral no where else forms solid masses. at the marshall islands the larger kinds of coral ( chiefly species of astr\u00e6a, a genus closely allied to porites ) \" which form rocks measuring several fathoms in thickness, \" prefer, according to chamisso *, the most violent surf. i have stated that the outer margin of the maldiva atolls consists of living corals ( some of which, if not all, are of the same species with those at keeling atoll ), and here the surf is so tremendous, that even large ships have * kotzebue ' s first voyage, ( eng. transl. ), vol. iii. pp. 142, 143, 331. been thrown, by a single heave of the sea, high and dry on the reef, all on board thus escaping with their lives. ehrenberg * remarks, that in the red sea the strongest corals live on the outer reefs, and appear to love the surf ; he adds, that the more branched kinds abound a little way within, but that even these in still more protected places, become smaller. many other facts having a similar tendency might be adduced. \u2020 it has, however, been doubted by mm. quoy and gaimard, whether any kind of coral can even withstand, much less flourish in, the breakers of an open sea : \u2021 they affirm that the saxigenous lithophytes flourish only where the water is tranquil, and the heat intense. this statement has passed from one geological work to another ; nevertheless, the protection of the whole reef undoubtedly is due to those kinds of coral, which cannot exist in the situations thought by these naturalists to be most favourable to them. for should the outer and living margin perish, of any one of the many low coral - islands, round", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4708675292962467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.184588"} {"text": "reef undoubtedly is due to those kinds of coral, which cannot exist in the situations thought by these naturalists to be most favourable to them. for should the outer and living margin perish, of any one of the many low coral - islands, round which a line of great breakers is incessantly foaming, the whole, it is scarcely possible to doubt, would be washed away and destroyed, in less than half a century. but the vital energies of the corals conquer the mechanical power of the waves ; and the large fragments of reef torn up by every storm, are replaced by the slow but steady growth of the innumerable polypifers, which form the living zone on its outer edge. from these facts, it is certain, that the strongest and most massive corals flourish, where most exposed. the less perfect state of the reef of most atolls on the leeward and less exposed side, compared with its state to windward ; and the analogous * ehrenberg, uber die natur und bildung der corallen banke im rothen meere, p. 49. \u2020 in the west indies, as i am informed by capt. bird allen, r. n., it is the common belief of those, who are best acquainted with the reefs, that the coral flourishes most, where freely exposed to the swell of the open sea. \u2021 annales des sciences naturelles, tom. vi. pp. 276, 278. \u2014 \" la ou les ondes sont agitees, les lytophytes ne peuvent travailler, parce qu ' elles detruraient leurs fragiles edifices, \" & c. case of the greater number of breaches on the near sides of those atolls in the maldiva archipelago, which afford some protection to each other, are obviously explained by this circumstance. if the question had been, under what conditions the greater number of species of coral, not regarding their bulk and strength, were developed, i should answer, \u2014 probably in the situations described by mm. quoy and gaimard, where the water is tranquil and the heat intense. the total number of species of coral in the circumtropical seas must be very great : in the red sea alone, 120 kinds, according to ehrenberg, * have been observed. the same author has observed that the recoil of the sea from a steep shore is injurious to the growth of coral, although waves breaking over a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4903990711527507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.185479"} {"text": "the red sea alone, 120 kinds, according to ehrenberg, * have been observed. the same author has observed that the recoil of the sea from a steep shore is injurious to the growth of coral, although waves breaking over a bank are not so. ehrenberg also states, that where there is much sediment, placed so as to be liable to be moved by the waves, there is little or no coral ; and a collection of living specimens placed by him on a sandy shore died in the course of a few days. \u2020 an experiment, however, will presently be related, in which some large masses of living coral increased rapidly in size, after having been secured by stakes on a sand - bank. that loose sediment should be injurious to the living polypifers, appears, at first sight, probable ; and accordingly, in sounding off keeling atoll, and ( as will hereafter be shown ) off mauritius, the arming of the lead invariably came up clean, where the coral was growing vigorously. this same circumstance has probably given rise to a strange belief, which, according to capt. owen, \u2021 is general amongst the inhabitants of the maldiva atolls, namely, that corals have roots, and therefore that if merely broken down to the surface, they grow up again ; but if rooted out, they are permanently destroyed. by this means, the inhabitants keep their harbours clear ; and thus the french governor of st. mary ' s, in madagascar, * ehrenberg, uber die natur, & c. & c. p. 46. \u2020 ibid. p. 49. \u2021 capt. owen on the geography of the maldiva islands, geograph. journal, vol. ii. p. 88. \" cleared out and made a beautiful little port at that place. \" for it is probable that sand would accumulate in the hollows formed by tearing out the corals, but not on the broken and projecting stumps, and therefore, in the former case, the fresh growth of the coral might be thus prevented. in the last chapter i remarked, that fringing reefs are almost universally breached, where streams enter the sea. * most authors have attributed this fact to the injurious effects of the fresh water, even where it enters the sea only in small quantity, and during a part of the year. no doubt brackish water would prevent or retard the growth of coral ; but i believe that the mud and sand, which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4881642416621793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.186406"} {"text": "fresh water, even where it enters the sea only in small quantity, and during a part of the year. no doubt brackish water would prevent or retard the growth of coral ; but i believe that the mud and sand, which is deposited, even by rivulets when flooded, is a much more efficient check. the reef, on each side of the channel leading into port louis at mauritius, ends abruptly in a wall, at the foot of which i sounded, and found a bed of thick mud. this steepness of the sides appears to be a general character in such breaches : cook, \u2020 speaking of one at raiatea, says : \" like all the rest, it is very steep on both sides. \" now, if it were the fresh water mingling with the salt, which prevented the growth of coral, the reef certainly would not terminate abruptly ; but as the polypifers nearest the impure stream would grow less vigorously than those farther off, so would the reef gradually thin away. on the other hand, the sediment brought down from the land would only prevent the growth of the coral in the line of its deposition, but would not check it on the side, so that the reefs might increase till they overhung the bed of the channel. the breaches are much fewer in number, and front only the larger valleys in reefs of the encircling barrier class. they probably are kept open in the * lieut. wellstead and others have remarked that this is the case in the red sea : dr. ruppell ( reise. in abyss. band. i. p. 142 ) says that there are pear - shaped harbours in the upraised coral - coast, into which periodical streams enter. from this circumstance, i presume, we must infer that before the upheaval of the strata now forming the coast - land, fresh water and sediment entered the sea at these points ; and the coral being thus prevented growing, the pear - shaped harbours were produced. \u2020 cook ' s first voyage, vol. ii. p. 271. \u2014 ( hawkesworth ' s edit. ) same manner, as those into the lagoon of an atoll, namely, by the force of the currents and the drifting outwards of fine sediment. their position in front of valleys, although often separated from the land by deep - water lagoon - channels, which it might be thought would entirely remove the injurious effects both of the fresh water and the sediment, will receive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4574170636643042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.187300"} {"text": "of fine sediment. their position in front of valleys, although often separated from the land by deep - water lagoon - channels, which it might be thought would entirely remove the injurious effects both of the fresh water and the sediment, will receive a simple explanation when we discuss the origin of barrier - reefs. in the vegetable kingdom every different station has its peculiar group of plants, and similar relations appear to prevail with corals. we have already described the great difference between the corals within the lagoon of an atoll and those on its outer margin. the corals, also, on the margin of keeling island occurred in zones : thus the porites and millepora complanata grow to a large size, only where they are washed by a heavy sea, and are killed by a short exposure to the air ; whereas, three species of nullipora also live amidst the breakers, but are able to survive uncovered for a part of each tide : at greater depths, a strong madrepora and millepora alcicornis are the commonest kinds ; the former appearing to be confined to this part : beneath the zone of massive corals, minute encrusting corallines and other organic bodies live. if we compare the external margin of the reef at keeling atoll with that on the leeward side of mauritius, which are very differently circumstanced, we shall find a corresponding difference in the appearance of the corals. at the latter place, the genus madrepora is preponderant over every other kind ; and beneath the zone of massive corals, there are large beds of seriatopora. there is also a marked difference, according to captain moresby, * between the great branching corals of the red sea, and those on the reefs of the maldiva atolls. these facts, which in themselves are deserving of notice, bear, perhaps, not very remotely on a remarkable circumstance which has been pointed out to me by capt. moresby, * capt. moresby on the northern maldiva atolls, geograph. journ. vol. v. p. 401. namely, that, with very few exceptions, none of the coral - knolls within the lagoons of peros banhos, diego garcia and the great chagos bank, ( all situated in the chagos group, ) rise to the surface of the water ; whereas all those, with equally few exceptions, within solomon and egmont atolls in the same group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46409022789540144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.189459"} {"text": ", of the chagos group. the lagoon - reefs have reached the surface, some are small, others large, some shallow, others deep, some well enclosed, and others open. capt. moresby informs me that he has seen a french chart of diego garcia made eighty years before his survey, and apparently very accurate ; and from it he infers, that during this interval there has not been the smallest change in the depth on any of the knolls within the lagoon. it is, also, known that during the last fifty - one years, the eastern channel into the lagoon, has neither become narrower, nor decreased in depth ; and as there are numerous small knolls of living coral within it, some change might have been anticipated. moreover, as the whole reef round the lagoon of this atoll has been converted into land \u2014 an unparalleled case, i believe, in an atoll of such large size, \u2014 and as the strip of land is for considerable spaces more than half a mile wide \u2014 also a very unusual circumstance, \u2014 we have the best possible evidence, that diego garcia has remained at its present level for a very long period. with this fact, and with the knowledge, that no sensible change has taken place during eighty years in the coral knolls, and considering that every single reef has reached the surface in other atolls, which do not present the smallest appearance of being older that diego garcia and peros banhos, and which are placed under the same external conditions with them, one is led to conclude that these submerged reefs, although covered with luxuriant coral, have no tendency to grow upwards, and that they would remain at their present levels for an almost indefinite period. from the number of these knolls, from their position, size, and form, \u2014 many of them being only one or two hundred yards across, with a rounded outline, and precipitous sides, \u2014 it is indisputable that they have been formed by the growth of coral ; and this makes the case much more remarkable. in peros banhos and in the great chagos bank, some of these almost columnar masses are 200 feet high, and their summits lie only from two to eight fathoms beneath the surface ; there - fore, a small proportional amount more of growth would cause them to attain the surface, like those numerous knolls, which rise from an equally great depth within the maldiva atolls. we can hardly suppose that time has been wanting for the upward growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4586128794459784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.191918"} {"text": "a small proportional amount more of growth would cause them to attain the surface, like those numerous knolls, which rise from an equally great depth within the maldiva atolls. we can hardly suppose that time has been wanting for the upward growth of the coral, whilst in diego garcia, the broad annular strip of land, formed by the continued accumulation of detritus, shows how long this atoll has remained at its present level. we must look to some other cause than the rate of growth ; and i suspect it will be found in the reefs being formed of different species of corals, adapted to live at different depths. the great chagos bank is situated in the centre of the chagos group, and the pitt and speaker banks at its two extreme points. these banks resemble atolls, except in their external rim being about eight fathoms submerged, and in being formed of dead rock, with very little living coral on it : a portion nine miles long of the annular reef of peros banhos atoll is in the same condition. these facts, as will hereafter be shown, render it very probable that the whole group at some former period subsided seven or eight fathoms ; and that the coral perished on the outer margin of those atolls which are now submerged, but that it continued alive, and grew up to the surface on those which are now perfect. if these atolls did subside, and if from the suddenness of the movement or from any other cause, those corals which are better adapted to live at a certain depth than at the surface, once got possession of the knolls, supplanting the former occupants, they would exert little or no tendency to grow upwards. to illustrate this, i may observe, that if the corals of the upper zone on the outer edge of keeling atoll were to perish, it is improbable that those of the lower zone would grow to the surface, and thus become exposed to conditions for which they do not appear to be adapted. the conjecture, that the corals on the submerged knolls within the chagos atolls have analogous habits with those of the lower zone outside keeling atoll, received some support from a remark by captain moresby, namely, that they have a different appearance from those on the reefs in the maldiva atolls, which, as we have seen, all rise to the surface : he compares the kind of difference to that of the vegetation under different climates. i have entered at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47813424194205123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 75, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.192842"} {"text": "they have a different appearance from those on the reefs in the maldiva atolls, which, as we have seen, all rise to the surface : he compares the kind of difference to that of the vegetation under different climates. i have entered at considerable length into this case, although unable to throw much light on it, in order to show that an equal tendency to upward growth ought not to be attributed to all coral - reefs, \u2014 to those situated at different depths, \u2014 to those forming the ring of an atoll or those on the knolls within a lagoon, \u2014 to those in one area and those in another. the inference, therefore, that one reef could not grow up to the surface within a given time, because another, not known to be covered with the same species of corals, and not known to be placed under conditions exactly the same, has not within the same time reached the surface, is unsound. on the rate of growth of coral - reefs. the remark made at the close of the last section, naturally leads to this division of our subject, which has not, i think, hitherto been considered under a right point of view. ehrenberg * has stated, that in the red sea, the corals only coat other rocks in a layer from one to two feet in thickness, or at most to a fathom and a half ; and he disbelieves that, in any case, they form, by their own proper growth, great masses, stratum over stratum. a nearly similar observation has been made by mm. quoy and gaimard, \u2020 with respect to the thickness of some upraised beds of coral, which they examined at timor and some other places. ehrenberg \u2021 saw certain large massive corals in the red sea, which he imagines to be of such vast antiquity, that they might have been beheld by pharaoh ; and according to mr. lyell \u00a7 there are certain corals * ehrenberg, as before cited, pp. 39, 46, and 50. \u2020 annales des sciences, nat. tom. vi. p. 28. \u2021 ehrenberg, ut sup. p. 42. \u00a7 lyell ' s principles of geology, book iii. ch. xviii. at bermuda, which are known by tradition, to have been living for centuries. to show how slowly coral - reefs grow upwards, captain beechey * has adduced the case of the dolphin reef off tahiti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4770817800861392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.193843"} {"text": "iii. ch. xviii. at bermuda, which are known by tradition, to have been living for centuries. to show how slowly coral - reefs grow upwards, captain beechey * has adduced the case of the dolphin reef off tahiti, which has remained at the same depth beneath the surface, namely, about two fathoms and a half, for a period of sixty - seven years. there are reefs in the red sea, which certainly do not appear \u2020 to have increased in dimensions during the last half century, and from the comparison of old charts with recent surveys, probably not during the last two hundred years. these, and other similar facts, have so strongly impressed many with the belief of the extreme slowness of the growth of corals, that they have even doubted the possibility of islands in the great oceans having been formed by their agency. others again, who have not been overwhelmed by this difficulty, have admitted that it would require thousands, and tens of thousands of years, to form a mass even of inconsiderable thickness : but the subject has not, i believe, been viewed in the proper light. that masses of considerable thickness have been formed by the growth of coral, may be inferred with certainty from the following facts. in the deep lagoons of peros banhos and of the great chagos bank, there are, as already described, small steep - sided knolls covered with living coral. there are similar knolls in the southern maldiva atolls, some of which, as captain moresby assures me, are less than a hundred yards in diameter, and rise to the surface from a depth of between 250 and 300 feet. considering their number, form and position, it would be preposterous to suppose that they are based on pinnacles of any rock, not of coral formation ; or that sediment could have been heaped up into such small and steep isolated cones. as no kind of living coral grows above the height of a few feet, we are compelled to suppose that these knolls have been formed by the successive growth and death of many individuals, \u2014 first one being broken off or killed by some accident, and then another, and * beechey ' s voyage to the pacific, ch. viii. \u2020 ehrenberg, ut sup. p. 43. one set of species being replaced by another set with different habits, as the reef rose nearer the surface, or as other changes supervened. the spaces between the corals would become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4956729505196799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 77, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.194749"} {"text": "\u2020 ehrenberg, ut sup. p. 43. one set of species being replaced by another set with different habits, as the reef rose nearer the surface, or as other changes supervened. the spaces between the corals would become filled up with fragments and sand, and such matter would probably soon be consolidated, for we learn from lieut. nelson, * that at bermuda a process of this kind takes place beneath water, without the aid of evaporation. in reefs, also, of the barrier class, we may feel sure, as i have shown, that masses of great thickness have been formed by the growth of coral : in the case of vanikoro, judging only from the depth of the moat between the land and the reef, the wall of coral - rock must be at least 300 feet in vertical thickness. it is unfortunate that the upraised coral islands in the pacific have not been examined by a geologist. the cliffs of elizabeth island, in the low archipelago, are eighty feet high, and appear from captain beechey ' s description, to consist of a homogeneous coral rock. from the isolated position of this island we may safely infer that it is an upraised atoll, and therefore that it has been formed by masses of coral, grown together : savage island seems, from the description of the younger forster, \u2020 to have a similar structure, and its shores are about forty feet high : some of the cook islands also appear \u2021 to be similarly composed. capt. belcher, r. n. in a letter, which capt. beaufort showed me at the admiralty, speaking of bow atoll, says, \" i have succeeded in boring forty - five feet through coral - sand, when the auger became jammed by the falling in of the surrounding creamy matter. \" on one of the maldiva atolls, capt. moresby bored to a depth of twenty - six feet, when his auger also broke : he has had the kindness to give me the matter brought up ; it is perfectly white, and like finely triturated coral - rock. in my description of keeling atoll, i have given some facts, which show that the reef probably has grown out - * geological transactions, vol. v. p. 113. \u2020 forster ' s voyage round the world with cook, vol. ii. pp. 163, 167. \u2021 williams ' narrative of missionary enterprize, p. 30. wards ; and i found, just within the outer margin, the great mounds of porites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5064472349894578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 78, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.195734"} {"text": "s voyage round the world with cook, vol. ii. pp. 163, 167. \u2021 williams ' narrative of missionary enterprize, p. 30. wards ; and i found, just within the outer margin, the great mounds of porites and of millepora, with their summits lately killed, and their sides subsequently thickened by the growth of the coral : a layer, also, of nullipora had already coated the dead surface. as the external slope of the reef, is the same round the whole of this atoll, and round many other atolls, the angle of inclination must result from an adaption between the growing powers of the coral, and the force of the breakers, and their action on the loose sediment. the reef, therefore, could not increase outwards, without a nearly equal addition to every part of the slope, so that the original inclination might be preserved, and this would require a large amount of sediment, all derived from the wear of corals and shells, to be added to the lower part. moreover, at keeling atoll, and probably in many other cases, the different kinds of corals would have to encroach on each other ; thus the nullipor\u00e6 cannot increase outwards without encroaching on the porites and millepora complanata, as is now taking place ; nor these latter without encroaching on the strongly branched madrepora, the millepora alcicornis, and some astr\u00e6as ; nor these again without a foundation being formed for them within the requisite depth, by the accumulation of sediment. how slow, then, must be the ordinary lateral or outward growth of such reefs. but off christmas atoll, where the sea is much more shallow than is usual, we have good reason to believe that, within a period not very remote, the reef has increased considerably in width. the land has the extraordinary breadth of three miles ; it consists of parallel ridges of shells and broken corals, which furnish \" an incontestable proof, \" as observed by cook, * \" that the island has been produced by accessions from the sea, and is in a state of increase. \" the land is fronted by a coral - reef, and from the manner in which islets are known to be formed, we may feel confident that the reef was not three miles wide, when the first, or most backward ridge, was * cook ' s third voyage, book iii. ch. x. thrown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4747219969966354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.197970"} {"text": "the manner in which islets are known to be formed, we may feel confident that the reef was not three miles wide, when the first, or most backward ridge, was * cook ' s third voyage, book iii. ch. x. thrown up ; and, therefore, we must conclude that the reef has grown outwards during the accumulation of the successive ridges. here then, a wall of coral - rock of very considerable breadth has been formed by the outward growth of the living margin, within a period, during which ridges of shells and corals, lying on the bare surface, have not decayed. there can be little doubt, from the account given by capt. beechey, that matilda atoll, in the low archipelago, has been converted in the space of thirty - four years, from being, as described by the crew of a wrecked whaling vessel, a \" reef of rocks, \" into a lagoon island, fourteen miles in length, with \" one of its sides covered nearly the whole way with high trees. \" * the islets, also, on keeling atoll, it has been shown, have increased in length, and since the construction of an old chart, several of them have become united into one long islet : but in this case, and in that of matilda atoll, we have no proof, and can only infer as probable, that the reef, that is the foundation of the islets, has increased as well as the islets themselves. after these considerations, i attach little importance, as indicating the ordinary and still less the possible rate of outward growth of coral - reefs, to the fact that certain reefs in the red sea have not increased during a long interval of time ; or to other such cases, as that of ouluthy atoll in the caroline group, where every islet, described a hundred years before by cantova, was found in the same state by lutke, \u2020 \u2014 without it could be shown that, in these cases, the conditions were favourable to the vigorous and unopposed growth of the corals living in the different zones of depth, and that a proper basis for the extension of the reef was present. the former conditions must depend on many contingencies, and in the deep oceans where coral formations most abound, * beechey ' s voyage to the pacific, ch. vii. and viii. \u2020 f. lutke ' s voyage autour du monde. in the group elato, however, it appears that what is now the islet falipi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4522672236386683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 80, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.198955"} {"text": "beechey ' s voyage to the pacific, ch. vii. and viii. \u2020 f. lutke ' s voyage autour du monde. in the group elato, however, it appears that what is now the islet falipi, is called in cantova ' s chart, the banc de falipi. it is not stated whether this has been caused by the growth of coral, or by the accumulation of sand. a basis within the requisite depth can rarely be present. nor do i attach any importance to the fact of certain submerged reefs, as those off tahiti or those within diego garcia, not now being nearer the surface than they were many years ago, as an indication of the rate under favourable circumstances of the upward growth of reefs ; after it has been shown, that all the reefs have grown to the surface in some of the chagos atolls, but that in neighbouring atolls, which appear to be of equal antiquity and to be exposed to the same external conditions, every reef remains submerged ; for we are almost driven to attribute this to a difference, not in the rate of growth, but in the habits of the corals in the two cases. in an old - standing reef, the corals, which are so different in kind on different parts of it, are probably all adapted to the stations they occupy, and hold their places, like other organic beings, by a struggle one with another, and with external nature ; hence we may infer that their growth would generally be slow, except under peculiarly favourable circumstances. almost the only natural condition, allowing a quick upward growth of the whole surface of a reef, would be a slow subsidence of the area in which it stood ; \u2014 if, for instance, keeling atoll were to subside two or three feet, can we doubt that the protecting margin of live coral, about half an inch in thickness, which surrounds the dead upper surfaces of the mounds of porites, would in this case form a concentric layer over them, and the reef thus increase upwards, instead of, as at present, outwards? the nullipor\u00e6 are now encroaching on the porites and millepora, but in this case might we not confidently expect that the latter would, in their turn, encroach on the nullipor\u00e6? after a subsidence of this kind, the sea would gain on the islets, and the great fields of dead but upright corals in the lagoon, would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.476441989343291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 81, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.199839"} {"text": ", in their turn, encroach on the nullipor\u00e6? after a subsidence of this kind, the sea would gain on the islets, and the great fields of dead but upright corals in the lagoon, would be covered by a sheet of clear water ; and might we not then expect that these reefs would rise to the surface, as they anciently did when the lagoon was less confined by islets, and as they did within a period of ten years in the schooner - channel, cut by the inhabitants. in one of the maldiva atolls, a reef, which within a very few years existed as an islet bearing cocoa - nut trees, was found by lieut. prentice \" entirely covered with live coral and madrepore. \" the natives believe that the islet was washed away by a change in the currents, but if, instead of this, it had quietly subsided, surely every part of the island which offered a solid foundation, would in a like manner have become coated with living coral. through steps such as these, any thickness of rock, composed of a singular intermixture of various kinds of corals, shells, and calcareous sediment, might be formed ; but without subsidence, the thickness would necessarily be determined by the depth at which the reef - building polypifers can exist. if it be asked, at what rate in years i suppose a reef of coral favourably circumstanced could grow up from a given depth ; i should answer, that we have no precise evidence on this point, and comparatively little concern with it. we see, in innumerable points over wide areas, that the rate has been sufficient, either to bring up the reefs from various depths to the surface, or, as is more probable, to keep them at the surface, during progressive subsidences ; and this is a much more important standard of comparison than any cycle of years. it may, however, be inferred from the following facts, that the rate in years under favourable circumstances would be very far from slow. dr. allan of forres has, in his ms. thesis deposited in the library of the edinburgh university, ( extracts from which i owe to the kindness of dr. malcolmson, ) the following account of some experiments, which he tried during his travels in the years 1830 to 1832 on the east coast of madagascar. \" to ascertain the rise and progress of the coral family, and fix the number of species met with at foul point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46393180603061607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.200913"} {"text": "following account of some experiments, which he tried during his travels in the years 1830 to 1832 on the east coast of madagascar. \" to ascertain the rise and progress of the coral family, and fix the number of species met with at foul point ( lat. 17\u00b0 40 ' ) twenty species of coral were taken off the reef and planted apart on a sand - bank three feet deep at low water. each portion weighed ten pounds, and was kept in its place by stakes. similar quantities were placed in a clump and secured as the rest. this was done in december 1830. in july following, each detached mass was nearly level with the sea at low water, quite immoveable, and several feet long, stretching, as the parent reef, with the coast current from north to south. the masses accumulated in a clump were found equally increased, but some of the species in such unequal ratios, as to be growing over each other. \" the loss of dr. allan ' s magnificent collection by shipwreck, unfortunately prevents its being known to what genera these corals belonged ; but from the numbers experimented on, it is certain that all the more conspicuous kinds must have been included. dr. allan informs me, in a letter, that he believes it was a madrepora, which grew most vigorously. one may be permitted to suspect that the level of the sea might possibly have been somewhat different at the two stated periods ; nevertheless, it is quite evident that the growth of the ten - pound masses, during the six or seven months, at the end of which they were found immoveably fixed * and several feet in length, must have been very great. the fact of the different kinds of coral, when placed in one clump, having increased in extremely unequal ratios, is very interesting, as it shows the manner in which a reef, supporting many species of coral, would probably be affected by a change in the external conditions favouring one kind more than another. the growth of the masses of coral in n. and s. lines parallel to the prevailing currents, whether due to the drifting of sediment or to the simple movement of the water, is, also, a very interesting circumstance. a fact, communicated to me by lieut. wellstead, i. n., in some degree corroborates the result of dr. allan ' s experiments : it is, that in the persian gulf a ship had her copper bottom encrusted in the course of twenty months with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4797225016815242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 83, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.201817"} {"text": "each other by the most irregular gullies and cavities, into which the lead sinks many feet. outside this irregular border of madrepores, the water deepens gradually to twenty fathoms, which depth generally is found at the distance of from half to three quarters of a mile from the reef. a little further out the depth is thirty fathoms, and thence the bank slopes rapidly into the depths of the ocean. this inclination is very gentle compared with that outside keeling and other atolls, but compared with most coasts it is steep. the water was so clear outside the reef, that i could distinguish every object forming the rugged bottom. in this part, and to a depth of eight fathoms, i sounded repeatedly, and at each cast pounded the bottom with the broad lead, nevertheless the arming invariably came up perfectly clean, but deeply indented. from eight to fifteen fathoms a little calcareous sand was occasionally brought up, but more frequently the arming was simply indented. in all this space the two madrepores above mentioned, and two species of astr\u00e6a, with rather large * stars, seemed the commonest kinds ; and it must be noticed that twice at the depth of 15 fathoms, the arming was marked with a clean impression of an astr\u00e6a. besides these lithophytes, some fragments of the millepora alcicornis, which occurs in the same relative position at keeling island, were brought up ; and in the deeper parts there were large beds of a seriatopora, different from s. subulata, but closely allied to it. on the beach within the reef, the rolled fragments consisted chiefly of the corals just mentioned, and of a massive porites, like that at keeling atoll, of a meandrina, pocillopora verrucosa and of numerous fragments of nullipora. from fifteen to twenty fathoms the bottom was, with few exceptions, either formed of sand, or thickly covered with seriatopora : this delicate coral seems to form at these depths extensive beds, unmingled with any other kind. at 20 fathoms, one sounding brought up a fragment of madrepora apparently m. pocillifera, and i believe it is the same species ( for i neglected to bring specimens from both stations ) which mainly forms the upper margin of the reef ; if so, it grows in depths varying from 0 to 20 fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740055395970896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.205876"} {"text": "apparently m. pocillifera, and i believe it is the same species ( for i neglected to bring specimens from both stations ) which mainly forms the upper margin of the reef ; if so, it grows in depths varying from 0 to 20 fathoms. between twenty and thirty - three fathoms i obtained several soundings and they all showed a sandy bottom, with one exception * since the preceding pages were printed off, i have received from mr. lyell a very interesting pamphlet, entitled remarks upon coral - formations, & c., by j. couthouy, boston, united states, 1842. there is a statement ( p. 6 ), on the authority of the rev. j. williams, corroborating the remarks made by ehrenberg and lyell, ( p. 71 of this volume, ) on the antiquity of certain individual corals in the red sea and at bermuda ; namely, that at upolu, one of the navigator islands, \" particular clumps of coral are known to the fishermen by name, derived from either some particular configuration or tradition attached to them, and handed down from time immemorial. \" with respect to the thickness of masses of coral - rock, it clearly appears, from the descriptions given by mr. couthouy ( pp. 34, 58 ), that mangaia and aurora islands are upraised atolls, composed of coral - rock : the level summit of the former is about 300 feet, and that of aurora island is 200 feet above the sea - level. at 30 fathoms, when the arming came up scooped out, as if by the margin of a large caryophyllia. beyond 33 fathoms i sounded only once ; and from 86 fathoms, at the distance of one mile and a third from the edge of the reef, the arming brought up calcareous sand with a pebble of volcanic rock. the circumstance of the arming having invariably come up quite clean, when sounding within a certain number of fathoms off the reefs of mauritius and keeling atoll ( eight fathoms in the former case, and twelve in the latter ), and of its having always come up ( with one exception ) smoothed and covered with sand, when the depth exceeded 20 fathoms, probably indicates a criterion, by which the limits of the vigorous growth of coral might in all cases be readily ascertained. i do not, however, suppose that if a vast number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469235528049269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.208239"} {"text": "with sand, when the depth exceeded 20 fathoms, probably indicates a criterion, by which the limits of the vigorous growth of coral might in all cases be readily ascertained. i do not, however, suppose that if a vast number of soundings were obtained round these islands, the limit above assigned would be found never to vary, but i conceive the facts are sufficient to show, that the exceptions would be few. the circumstance of a gradual change, in the two cases, from a field of clean coral to a smooth sandy bottom, is far more important in indicating the depth at which the larger kinds of coral flourish, than almost any number of separate observations on the depth, at which certain species have been dredged up. for we can understand the gradation, only as a prolonged struggle against unfavourable conditions. if a person were to find the soil clothed with turf on the banks of a stream of water, but on going to some distance on one side of it, he observed the blades of grass growing thinner and thinner, with intervening patches of sand, until he entered a desert of sand, he would safely conclude, especially if changes of the same kind were noticed in other places, that the presence of the water was absolutely necessary to the formation of a thick bed of turf : so may we conclude, with the same feeling of certainty, that thick beds of coral are formed only at small depths beneath the surface of the sea. i have endeavoured to collect every fact, which might either invalidate or corroborate this conclusion. capt. mores - by, whose opportunities for observation during his survey of the maldiva and chagos archipelagoes have been unrivalled, informs me, that the upper part or zone of the steep - sided reefs, on the inner and outer coasts of the atolls in both groups, invariably consists of coral, and the lower parts of sand. at seven or eight fathoms depth, the bottom is formed, as could be seen through the clear water, of great living masses of coral, which at about ten fathoms generally stand some way apart from each other, with patches of white sand between them, and at a little greater depth these patches become united into a smooth steep slope, without any coral. capt. moresby, also, informs me in support of his statement, that he found only decayed coral on the padua bank ( northern part of the laccadive group ) which has an average depth between 25 and 35 fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48230713575501466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 88, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.210377"} {"text": "any coral. capt. moresby, also, informs me in support of his statement, that he found only decayed coral on the padua bank ( northern part of the laccadive group ) which has an average depth between 25 and 35 fathoms, but that on some other banks in the same group with only ten or twelve fathoms water on them, ( for instance, the tillacapeni bank ), the coral was living. with regard to the coral - reefs in the red sea, ehrenberg has the following passage. \" the living corals do not descend there into great depths. on the edges of islets and near reefs, where the depth was small, very many lived ; but we found no more even at six fathoms. the pearl - fishers at yemen and massaua asserted that there was no coral near the pearl - banks at nine fathoms depth, but only sand. we were not able to institute any more special researches. \" * i am, however, assured both by captain moresby and lieut. wellstead, that in the more northern parts of the red sea, there are extensive beds of living coral at a depth of 25 fathoms, in which the anchors of their vessels were frequently entangled. captain moresby attributes the less depth, at which the corals are able to live in the places mentioned by ehrenberg, to the greater quantity of sediment there ; and the situations, where they were flourishing at the depth of 25 fathoms, were protected, and the water was extraordinarily limpid. on the leeward side * ehrenberg uber die natur, & c. p. 50. of mauritius where i found the coral growing at a somewhat greater depth than at keeling atoll, the sea, owing apparently to its tranquil state, was likewise very clear. within the lagoons of some of the marshall atolls, where the water can be but little agitated, there are, according to kotzebue, living beds of coral in 25 fathoms. from these facts, and considering the manner in which the beds of clean coral off mauritius, keeling island, the maldiva and chagos atolls, graduated into a sandy slope, it appears very probable that the depth, at which reef - building polypifers can exist, is partly determined by the extent of inclined surface, which the currents of the sea and the recoiling waves have the power to keep free from sediment. mm. quo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4458850610253783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.211546"} {"text": "very probable that the depth, at which reef - building polypifers can exist, is partly determined by the extent of inclined surface, which the currents of the sea and the recoiling waves have the power to keep free from sediment. mm. quoy and gaimard * believe that the growth of coral is confined within very limited depths ; and they state that they never found any fragment of an astr\u00e6a, ( the genus they consider most efficient in forming reefs ) at a depth above 25 or 30 feet. but we have seen that in several places the bottom of the sea is paved with massive corals at more than twice this depth ; and at 15 fathoms ( or thrice this depth ) off the reefs of mauritius, the arming was marked with the distinct impression of a living astr\u00e6a. millepora alcicornis lives in from 0 to 12 fathoms, and the genera madrepora and seriatopora from 0 to 20 fathoms. capt. moresby has given me a specimen of sideropora scabra ( porites of lamarck ) brought up alive from 17 fathoms. mr. couthouy \u2020 states that he has dredged up on the bahama banks considerable masses of meandrina from 16 fathoms, and he has seen this coral growing in 20 fathoms. a caryophyllia, half an inch in diameter, was dredged up alive from 80 fathoms off juan fernandez ( lat. 33\u00b0 s. ) by capt. p. p. king : \u2021 this is the most remarkable fact with which i am acquainted, shewing the depth at which a genus of corals often found on reefs, * annales des sci. nat. tom. vi. \u2020 remarks on coral formations, p. 12. \u2021 i am indebted to mr. stokes for having kindly communicated this fact to me, together with much other valuable information. can exist. * we ought, however, to feel less surprise at this fact, as caryophyllia alone of the lamelliform genera, ranges * i will record in the form of a note all the facts that i have been able to collect on the depths, both within and without the tropics, at which those corals and corallines can live, which there is no reason to suppose ever materially aid in the construction of a reef. | name of zoophyte. | | depth in fathoms | | country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4860330717205687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 90, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.212672"} {"text": "tropics, at which those corals and corallines can live, which there is no reason to suppose ever materially aid in the construction of a reef. | name of zoophyte. | | depth in fathoms | | country and s. latitude | | authority. | | sertularia | | 40 | | cape horn 66\u00b0 | | [ where none is given, the observation is my own. ] | |,, a minute scarlet encrusting species, found living | | 190 | | keeling at. 12\u00b0 | |,, an allied, small stony subgeneric form | | 48 | | s. cruz riv. 50\u00b0 | | a coral allied to vincularia, with eight rows of cells | | 40 | | cape horn | | tubulipora, near to t. patina | | ditto | | ditto | | do. do. | | 94 | | east chiloe 43\u00b0 | | cellepora, several species, and allied sub - generic forms | | 40 | | cape horn | | ditto | | 40 and 57 | | chonos arch. 45\u00b0 | | ditto | | 48 | | s. cruz 50\u00b0 | | eschara | | 30 | | tierra del fuego 53\u00b0 | | ditto | | 48 | | s. cruz r. 50\u00b0 | | ditto | | 100 | | c. good hope 34\u00b0 | | quoy and gaimard, ann. scien. nat., t. vi. p. 284. | | millepora, a strong coral with cylindrical branches, of a pink colour, about two inches high, resembling in the form of its orifices m. aspera of lamarck | | 94 and 30 | | east chiloe 43\u00b0 tierra del fuego 53\u00b0 | | coralium | | 120 | | barbary 33\u00b0 n. | | peyssonel in paper read to royal society may, 1752. | | gorgonia ( or an allied form ) | | 160 | | abrolhos on the coast of brazil 18\u00b0 | | capt. beechey informed me of this fact in a letter. | ellis ( nat. hist. of coralline, p. 96 ) states that ombellularia was procured in lat. 79\u00b0 n. sticking to a line from the depth of 236 fathoms ; far beyond the tropic ; it is found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.479354671971714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 91, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.213454"} {"text": "the west indies it was noticed, that between the depth of 10 and 200 fathoms, the sounding - lead very generally came up, coated with the dead joints of a halimeda, of which he shewed me specimens. off pernambuco, in brazil, in about 12 fathoms, the bottom was covered with fragments dead and alive of a dull red nullipora, and i infer from roussin ' s chart, that a bottom of this kind extends over a wide area. on the beach, within the coral - reefs of mauritius, vast quantities of fragments of nullipor\u00e6 were piled up. from these facts it appears, that these simply organized bodies are amongst the most abundant productions of the sea. * fleming ' s british animals, genus caryophyllia. it has been argued * that reefs may possibly rise from very great depths through the means of small corals, first making a platform for the growth of the stronger kinds. this, however, is an arbitrary supposition : it is not always remembered, that in such cases there is an antagonist power in action, namely, the decay of organic bodies, when not protected by a covering of sediment, or by their own rapid growth. we have, moreover, no right to calculate on unlimited time for the accumulation of small organic bodies into great masses. every fact in geology proclaims that neither the land, nor the bed of the sea retain for indefinite periods the same level. as well might it be imagined that the british seas would in time become choked up with beds of oysters, or that the numerous small corallines off the inhospitable shores of tierra del fuego would in time form a solid and extensive coral - reef. * journal of the royal geograph. soc. 1831, p. 218. theory of the formation of the different classes of coral reefs. the atolls of the larger archipelagoes are not formed on submerged craters, or on banks of sediment \u2014 immense areas interspersed with atolls \u2014 their subsidence \u2014 the effects of storms and earthquakes on atolls \u2014 recent changes in their state \u2014 the origin of barrier - reefs and of atolls \u2014 their relative forms \u2014 the step - formed ledges and walls round the shores of some lagoons \u2014 the ring - formed reefs of the maldiva atolls \u2014 the submerged condition of parts or of the whole of some annular reefs \u2014 the disseverment of large atolls \u2014 the union of atolls by linear reefs \u2014 the great chagos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4782754762565886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 93, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.215396"} {"text": "ring - formed reefs of the maldiva atolls \u2014 the submerged condition of parts or of the whole of some annular reefs \u2014 the disseverment of large atolls \u2014 the union of atolls by linear reefs \u2014 the great chagos bank \u2014 objections from the area and amount of subsidence required by the theory, considered \u2014 the probable composition of the lower parts of atolls. the naturalists who have visited the pacific, seem to have had their attention rivetted by the lagoon - islands, or atolls, \u2014 those singular rings of coral - land which rise abruptly out of the unfathomable ocean, \u2014 and have passed over, almost unnoticed, the scarcely less wonderful encircling barrier - reefs. the theory most generally received on the formation of atolls, is that they are based on submarine craters : but where we can find a crater of the shape of bow atoll, which is five times as long as it is broad, ( plate i. fig. 4 ) ; or like that of menchicoff island, ( plate ii. fig. 3. ) with its three loops, together sixty miles in length ; or like rimsky korsacoff, narrow, crooked, and fifty - four miles long ; or like the northern maldiva atolls, made up of numerous ring - formed reefs, placed on the margin of a disk, \u2014 one of which disks is eighty - eight miles in length, and only from ten to twenty in breadth. it is, also, not a little improbable, that there should have existed as many craters of immense size crowded together beneath the sea, as there are now in some parts atolls. but this theory lies under a great difficulty, as will be evident, when we consider on what foundations the atolls of the larger archipelagoes rest : nevertheless, if the rim of a crater afforded a basis at the proper depth, i am far from denying that a reef like a perfectly characterized atoll might not be formed ; some such, perhaps, now exist ; but i cannot believe in the possibility of the greater number having thus originated. an earlier and better theory was proposed by chamisso ; * he supposes that as the more massive kinds of corals prefer the surf, the outer portions, in a reef rising from a submarine basis, would first reach the surface and consequently form a ring. but on this view it must be assumed, that in every case the basis consists of a flat bank ; for if it were conically formed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5062634192309343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 94, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.216304"} {"text": ", in a reef rising from a submarine basis, would first reach the surface and consequently form a ring. but on this view it must be assumed, that in every case the basis consists of a flat bank ; for if it were conically formed, like a mountainous mass, we can see no reason why the coral should spring up from the flanks, instead of from the central and highest parts : considering the number of the atolls in the pacific and indian oceans, this assumption is very improbable. as the lagoons of atolls are sometimes even more than forty fathoms deep, it must, also, be assumed on this view, that at a depth at which the waves do not break, the coral grows more vigorously on the edges of a bank than on its central part : and this is an assumption without any evidence in support of it. i remarked in the third chapter, that a reef, growing on a detached bank, would tend to assume on an atoll - like structure ; if, therefore, corals were to grow up from a bank with a level surface some fathoms submerged, having steep sides and being situated in a deep sea, a reef not to be distinguished from an atoll, might be formed : i believe some such exist in the west indies. but a difficulty of the same kind with that affecting the crater theory, renders, as we shall presently see, this view inapplicable to the greater number of atolls. no theory worthy of notice has been advanced to account for those barrier - reefs, which encircle islands of moderate * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 331. dimensions. the great reef which fronts the coast of australia has been supposed, but without any special facts, to rest on the edge of a submarine precipice, extending parallel to the shore. the origin of the third class or of fringing reefs presents, i believe, scarcely any difficulty, and is simply consequent on the polypifers not growing up from great depths, and their not flourishing close to gently shelving beaches where the water is often turbid. what cause, then, has given to atolls and barrier - reefs their characteristic forms? let us see whether an important deduction will not follow from the consideration of these two circumstances, \u2014 first, the reef - building corals flourishing only at limited depths, \u2014 and secondly, the vastness of the areas interspersed with coral - reefs and coral - islets, none of which rise to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5085250644072349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 95, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.217193"} {"text": "follow from the consideration of these two circumstances, \u2014 first, the reef - building corals flourishing only at limited depths, \u2014 and secondly, the vastness of the areas interspersed with coral - reefs and coral - islets, none of which rise to a greater height above the level of the sea, than that attained by matter thrown up by the waves and winds. i do not make this latter statement vaguely ; i have carefully sought for descriptions of every island in the intertropical seas ; and my task has been in some degree abridged by a map of the pacific, corrected in 1834 by m. m. d ' urville and lottin, in which the low islands are distinguished from the high ones ( even from those much less than a hundred feet in height ) by being written without a capital letter : i have detected a few errors in this map, respecting the heights of some of the islands, which will be noticed in the appendix, where i treat of coral - formations in geographical order. to the appendix, also, i must refer for a more particular account of the data on which the statements on the next page are grounded. i have ascertained, and chiefly from the writings of cook, kotzebue, bellinghausen, duperrey, beechey, and lutke, regarding the pacific ; and from moresby * with respect to the indian ocean, that in the fol - * see also capt. owen ' s and lieut. wood ' s papers in the geographical journal, on the maldiva and laccadive archipelagoes. these officers particularly refer to the lowness of the islets ; but i chiefly ground my assertion respecting these two groups, and the chagos group, from information communicated to me by capt. moresby. lowing cases the term \" low island \" strictly means land of the height, commonly attained by matter thrown up by the winds and the waves of an open sea. if we draw a line ( the plan i have always adopted ) joining the external atolls of that part of the low archipelago in which the islands are numerous, the figure will be a pointed ellipse ( reaching from hood to lazaref island ), of which the longer axis is 840 geographical miles, and the shorter 420 miles : in this space, * none of the innumerable islets, united into great rings, rise above the stated level. the gilbert group is very narrow, and 300 miles in length. in a prolonged line from this group, at the distance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47361006491863644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 96, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.218097"} {"text": "in this space, * none of the innumerable islets, united into great rings, rise above the stated level. the gilbert group is very narrow, and 300 miles in length. in a prolonged line from this group, at the distance of 240 miles, is the marshall archipelago, the figure of which is an irregular square, one end being broader than the other ; its length is 520 miles, with an average width of 240 : these two groups together are 1040 miles in length, and all their islets are low. between the southern end of the gilbert and the northern end of low archipelago, the ocean is thinly strewed with islands, all of which, as far as i have been able to ascertain, are low : so that from nearly the southern end of the low archipelago to the northern end of the marshall archipelago, there is a narrow band of ocean, more than 4000 miles in length, containing a great number of islands, all of which are low. in the western part of the caroline archipelago, there is a space of 480 miles in length, and about 100 broad, thinly interspersed with low islands. lastly, in the indian ocean, the archipelago of the maldivas is 470 miles in length, and 60 in breadth ; that of the laccadives is 150 by 100 miles : as there is a low island between these two groups, they may be consi - * i find from mr. couthouy ' s pamphlet, p. 58, that aurora island is about 200 feet in height ; it consists of coral rock, and seems to have been formed by the elevation of an atoll. it lies n. e. of tahiti, close without the line bounding the space coloured dark blue in the map appended to this volume. honden island, which is situated in the extreme n. w. part of the low arch., according to measurements made on board the beagle, whilst sailing by, is 114 feet from the summit of the trees to the water ' s edge. this island appeared to resemble the other atolls of the group. dered as one group of a thousand miles in length. to this may be added the chagos group of low islands, situated 280 miles distant, in a line prolonged from the southern extremity of the maldivas. this group, including the submerged banks, is 170 miles in length and 80 in breadth. so striking is the uniformity in direction of these three archipelagoes, all the islands of which are low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5234854054925276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 97, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.218978"} {"text": "the southern extremity of the maldivas. this group, including the submerged banks, is 170 miles in length and 80 in breadth. so striking is the uniformity in direction of these three archipelagoes, all the islands of which are low, that captain moresby, in one of his papers, speaks of them as parts of one great chain, nearly 1500 miles long. i am, then, fully justified, in repeating, that enormous spaces, both in the pacific and indian oceans, are interspersed with islands, of which not one rises above that height, to which the waves and winds in an open sea can heap up matter. on what foundations, then, have these reefs and islets of coral been constructed? a foundation must originally have been present beneath each atoll at that limited depth, which is indispensable for the first growth of the reef - building polypifers. a conjecture will perhaps be hazarded, that the requisite bases might have been afforded by the accumulation of great banks of sediment, which owing to the action of superficial currents, ( aided possibly by the undulatory movement of the sea ) did not quite reach the surface, \u2014 as actually appears to have been the case in some parts of the west indian sea. but in the form and disposition of the groups of atolls, there is nothing to countenance this notion ; and the assumption without any proof, that a number of immense piles of sediment have been heaped on the floor of the great pacific and indian oceans, in their central parts far remote from land, and where the dark blue colour of the limpid water bespeaks its purity, cannot for one moment be admitted. the many widely - scattered atolls must, therefore, rest on rocky bases. but we cannot believe that the broad summit of a mountain lies buried at the depth of a few fathoms beneath every atoll, and nevertheless throughout the immense areas above - named, with not one point of rock projecting above the level of the sea ; for we may judge with some accuracy of mountains beneath the sea, by those on the land ; and where can we find a single chain several hundred miles in length and of considerable breadth, much less several such chains, with their many broad summits attaining the same height, within from 120 to 180 feet? if the data be thought insufficient, on which i have grounded my belief, respecting the depth at which the reef - building polypifers can exist, and it be assumed that they can flourish at a depth of even 100 fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074475347023993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 98, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.219876"} {"text": "120 to 180 feet? if the data be thought insufficient, on which i have grounded my belief, respecting the depth at which the reef - building polypifers can exist, and it be assumed that they can flourish at a depth of even 100 fathoms, yet the weight of the above argument is but little diminished, for it is almost equally improbable, that as many submarine mountains, as there are low islands in the several great and widely - separated areas above - specified, should all rise within 600 feet of the surface of the sea and not one above it, as that they should be of the same height within the smaller limit of one or two hundred feet. so highly improbable is this supposition, that we are compelled to believe, that the bases of the many atolls did never at any one period all lie submerged within the depth of a few fathoms beneath the surface, but that they were brought into the requisite position or level, some at one period and some at another, through movements in the earth ' s crust. but this could not have been effected by elevation, for the belief that points so numerous and so widely - separated were successively uplifted to a certain level, but that not one point was raised above that level, is quite as improbable as the former supposition, and indeed differs little from it. it will probably occur to those who have read ehrenberg ' s account of the reefs of the red sea, that many points in these great areas have been elevated, but that as soon as raised, the protuberant parts were cut off by the destroying action of the waves : a moment ' s reflection, however, on the bason - like form of the atolls, will show that this is impossible ; for the upheaval and subsequent abrasion of an island would leave a flat disk, which might become coated with coral, but not a deeply concave surface ; moreover, we should expect to see, in some parts at least, the rock of the foundation brought to the surface. if, then, the foundations of the many atolls were not uplifted into the requisite position, they must of necessity have subsided into it ; and this at once solves every difficulty, * for we may safely infer, from the facts given in the last chapter, that during a gradual subsidence the corals would be favourably circumstanced for building up their solid frameworks and reaching the surface, as island", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5099985241704649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 99, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.223674"} {"text": "every difficulty, * for we may safely infer, from the facts given in the last chapter, that during a gradual subsidence the corals would be favourably circumstanced for building up their solid frameworks and reaching the surface, as island after island slowly disappeared. thus areas of immense extent in the central and most profound parts of the great oceans, might become interspersed with coral - islets, none of which would rise to a greater height than that attained by detritus heaped up by the sea, and nevertheless they might all have been formed by corals, which absolutely required for their growth a solid foundation within a few fathoms of the surface. it would be out of place here to do more than allude to the many facts, showing that the supposition of a gradual subsidence over large areas is by no means improbable. we have the clearest proof that a movement of this kind is possible, in the upright trees buried under strata many thousand * the additional difficulty on the crater hypothesis before alluded to, will now be evident ; for on this view the volcanic action must be supposed to have formed within the areas specified a vast number of craters, all rising within a few fathoms of the surface, and not one above it. the supposition that the craters were at different times upraised above the surface, and were there abraded by the surf and subsequently coated by corals, is subject to nearly the same objections with those given at the bottom of the last page ; but i consider it superfluous to detail all the arguments opposed to such a notion. chamisso ' s theory, from assuming the existence of so many banks, all lying at the proper depth beneath the water, is also vitally defective. the same observation applies to an hypothesis of lieut. nelson ' s ( geolog. trans. vol. v. p. 122 ), who supposes that the ring - formed structure is caused by a greater number of germs of corals becoming attached to the declivity, than to the central plateau of a submarine bank : it likewise applies to the notion formerly entertained, ( forster ' s observ. p. 151 ) that lagoon - islands owe their peculiar form to the instinctive tendencies of the polypifers. according to this latter view, the corals on the outer margin of the reef instinctively expose themselves to the surf in order to afford protection to corals living in the lagoon, which belong to other genera,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503026723862235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 100, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.225126"} {"text": "instinctive tendencies of the polypifers. according to this latter view, the corals on the outer margin of the reef instinctively expose themselves to the surf in order to afford protection to corals living in the lagoon, which belong to other genera, and to other families! feet in thickness ; we have also every reason for believing that there are now large areas gradually sinking, in the same manner as others are rising. and when we consider how many parts of the surface of the globe have been elevated within recent geological periods, we must admit that there have been subsidences on a corresponding scale, for otherwise the whole globe would have swollen. it is very remarkable that mr. lyell, * even in the first edition of his principles of geology, inferred that the amount of subsidence in the pacific must have exceeded that of elevation, from the area of land being very small relatively to the agents there tending to form it, namely, the growth of coral and volcanic action. but it will be asked, are there any direct proofs of a subsiding movement in those areas, in which subsidence will explain a phenomenon otherwise inexplicable? this, however, can hardly be expected, for it must ever be most difficult, excepting in countries long civilized, to detect a movement, the tendency of which is to conceal the part affected. in barbarous and semi - civilized nations how long might not a slow movement, even of elevation such as that now affecting scandinavia, have escaped attention! mr. williams \u2020 insists strongly that the traditions of the natives, which he has taken much pains in collecting, do not indicate the appearance of any new islands : but on the theory of a gradual subsidence, all that would be apparent would be, the water sometimes encroaching slowly on the land, and the land again recovering by the accumulation of detritus its former extent, and perhaps sometimes the conversion of an atoll with coral islets on it, into a bare or into a sunken annular reef. such changes would naturally take place at the periods when the sea rose above its usual limits, during a gale of more than ordinary strength ; and the effects of the two causes would be hardly distinguishable. in kotzebue ' s voyage there are accounts of islands, both in the caroline and marshall archipelagoes, which have been * principles of geology, sixth edition, vol. iii. p. 386. \u2020 williams ' s narrative of missionary enterprise, p. 31. partly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4886661251150337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 101, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.226160"} {"text": "voyage there are accounts of islands, both in the caroline and marshall archipelagoes, which have been * principles of geology, sixth edition, vol. iii. p. 386. \u2020 williams ' s narrative of missionary enterprise, p. 31. partly washed away during hurricanes ; and kadu, the native who was on board one of the russian vessels, said \" he saw the sea at radack rise to the feet of the cocoa - nut trees ; but it was conjured in time. \" * a storm lately entirely swept away two of the caroline islands, and converted them into shoals ; it partly, also, destroyed two other islands. \u2020 according to a tradition which was communicated to capt. fitzroy, it is believed in the low archipelago, that the arrival of the first ship caused a great inundation, which destroyed many lives. mr. stuchbury relates, that in 1825, the western side of chain atoll, in the same group, was completely devastated by a hurricane, and not less than 300 lives lost : \" in this instance it was evident, even to the natives, that the hurricane alone was not sufficient to account for the violent agitation of the ocean. \" \u2021 that considerable changes have taken place recently in some of the atolls in the low archipelago, appears certain from the case already given of matilda island : with respect to whitsunday and gloucester islands in this same group, we must either attribute great inaccuracy to their discoverer, the famous circumnavigator wallis, or believe that they have undergone a considerable change in the period of fifty - nine years, between his voyage and that of capt. beechey ' s. whitsunday island is described by wallis as \" about four miles long, and three wide, \" now it is only one mile and a half long. the appearance of gloucester island, in capt. beechey ' s words, \u00a7 \" has been accurately described by its discoverer, but its present form and extent differ materially. \" blenheim reef, in the chagos group, consists of a water - washed annular reef, thirteen miles in circumference, surrounding a lagoon ten fathoms deep ; on its surface there were a few worn patches of conglomerate coral - rock, of about the size of hovels ; and these * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 168. \u2020 m. desmoulins in comptes rendus, 1840, p. 837.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328861231407315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 102, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.227180"} {"text": ", of about the size of hovels ; and these * kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 168. \u2020 m. desmoulins in comptes rendus, 1840, p. 837. \u2021 west of england journal, no. 1, p. 35. \u00a7 beechey ' s voyage to the pacific, chap. vii., and wallis ' s voyage in the dolphin, chap. iv. capt. moresby considered, as being, without doubt, the last remnants of islets ; so that here an atoll has been converted into an atoll - formed reef. the inhabitants of the maldiva archipelago, as long ago as 1605, declared, \" that the high tides and violent currents were always diminishing the number of the islands : \" * and i have already shown, on the authority of capt. moresby, that the work of destruction is still in progress ; but that on the other hand the first formation of some islets is known to the present inhabitants. in such cases, it would be exceedingly difficult to detect a gradual subsidence of the foundation, on which these mutable structures rest. some of the archipelagoes of low coral - islands are subject to earthquakes : capt. moresby informs me that they are frequent, though not very strong, in the chagos group, which occupies a very central position in the indian ocean, and is far from any land not of coral formation. one of the islands in this group was formerly covered by a bed of mould, which, after an earthquake, disappeared, and was believed by the resident to have been washed by the rain through the broken masses of underlying rock : the island was thus rendered unproductive. chamisso \u2020 states, that earthquakes are felt in the marshall atolls, which are far from any high land, and likewise in the islands of the caroline archipelago. on one of the latter, namely oulleay atoll, admiral lutke, as he had the kindness to inform me, observed several straight fissures about a foot in width, running for some hundred yards obliquely across the whole width of the reef. fissures indicate a stretching of the earth ' s crust, and, therefore, probably changes in its level ; but these coral - islands, which have been shaken and fissured, certainly have not been elevated, and, therefore, probably they have subsided. in the chapter on keeling atoll, i attempted to show by direct evidence, that *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786781939665318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 103, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.228087"} {"text": "level ; but these coral - islands, which have been shaken and fissured, certainly have not been elevated, and, therefore, probably they have subsided. in the chapter on keeling atoll, i attempted to show by direct evidence, that * see an extract from pyrard ' s voyage in capt. owen ' s paper on the maldiva archipelago, in the geographical journal, vol. ii. p. 84. \u2020 see chamisso, in kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 182 and 136. the island underwent a movement of subsidence, during the earthquakes lately felt there. the facts stand thus ; \u2014 there are many large tracts of ocean, without any high land, interspersed with reefs and islets, formed by the growth of those kinds of corals, which cannot live at great depths ; and the existence of these reefs and low islets, in such numbers and at such distant points, is quite inexplicable, excepting on the theory, that the bases on which the reefs first became attached, slowly and successively sank beneath the level of the sea, whilst the corals continued to grow upwards. no positive facts are opposed to this view, and some general considerations render it probable. there is evidence of change in form, whether or not from subsidence, on some of these coral - islands ; and there is evidence of subterranean disturbances beneath them. will then the theory, to which we have thus been led, solve the curious problem, \u2014 what has given to each class of reef its peculiar form? let us in imagination place within one of the subsiding areas, an island surrounded by a \" fringing reef, \" \u2014 that kind, which alone offers no difficulty in the explanation of its origin. let the unbroken lines and the oblique shading in the woodcut a a \u2014 outer edge of the reef at the level of the sea. b b \u2014 shores of the island. a ' a ' \u2014 outer edge of the reef, after its upward growth during a period of subsidence. c c \u2014 the lagoon - channel between the reef and the shores of the now encircled land. b ' b ' \u2014 the shores of the encircled island. n. b. in this, and the following wood - cut, the subsidence of the land could only be represented by an apparent rise in the level of the sea. ( no. 4. ) represent a vertical section through such an island ; and the horizontal shading will represent the section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4906719438951714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 104, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.228968"} {"text": "wood - cut, the subsidence of the land could only be represented by an apparent rise in the level of the sea. ( no. 4. ) represent a vertical section through such an island ; and the horizontal shading will represent the section of the reef. now, as the island sinks down, either a few feet at a time or quite insensibly, we may safely infer from what we know of the conditions favourable to the growth of coral, that the living masses bathed by the surf on the margin of the reef, will soon regain the surface. the water, however, will encroach, little by little, on the shore, the island becoming lower and smaller, and the space between the edge of the reef and the beach proportionally broader. a section of the reef and island in this state, after a subsidence of several hundred feet, is given by the dotted lines : coral - islets are supposed to have been formed on the new reef, and a ship is anchored in the lagoon - channel. this section is in every respect that of an encircling barrier - reef ; it is, in fact, a section taken * e. and w. through the highest point of the encircled island of bolabola ; of which a plan is given in plate i. fig. 5. the same section is more clearly shown in the following woodcut ( no. 5 ) by the unbroken lines. the width of the reef, and its slope both on the outer and inner side, will have been determined by the growing powers of the coral, under the conditions, ( for instance the force of the breakers and of the currents ) to which it has been exposed ; and the lagoon - channel will be deeper or shallower, in proportion to the growth of the delicately branched corals within the reef, and to the accumulation of sediment, relatively, also, to the rate of subsidence and the length of the intervening stationary periods. it is evident in this section, that a line drawn perpendicularly down from the outer edge of the new reef to the foundation of solid rock, exceeds by as many feet as there have been feet of subsidence, that small limit of depth at which the effective polypifers can live, \u2014 the corals having grown up, as * the section has been made from the chart given in the atlas of the voyage of the coquille. the scale is. 57 of an inch to a mile. the height of the island, according to m. lesson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5169233483525001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 105, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.229846"} {"text": "having grown up, as * the section has been made from the chart given in the atlas of the voyage of the coquille. the scale is. 57 of an inch to a mile. the height of the island, according to m. lesson, is 4026 feet. the deepest part of the lagoon - channel is 162 feet ; its depth is exaggerated in the woodcut for the sake of clearness. the whole sank down, from a basis formed of other corals and their consolidated fragments. thus the difficulty on this head, which before seemed so great, disappears. as the space between the reef and the subsiding shore continued to increase in breadth and depth, and as the injurious effects of the sediment and fresh water borne down from the land were consequently lessened, the greater number of the channels, with which the reef in its fringing state must have been breached, especially those which fronted the smaller streams, will have become choked up by the growth of coral : on the windward side of the reef, where the coral grows most vigorously, the breaches will probably have first been closed. in barrier - reefs, therefore, the breaches kept open by draining the tidal waters of the lagoon - channel, will generally be placed on the leeward side, and they will still face the mouths of the larger streams, although removed beyond the influence of their sediment and fresh - water ; \u2014 and this, it has been shown, is commonly the case. referring to the following diagram, in which the newly - formed barrier - reef is represented by unbroken lines, instead of by dots as in the former woodcut, let the work of subsidence go on, and the doubly - pointed hill will form two small a ' a ' \u2014 outer edges of the barrier - reef at the level of the sea. the cocoa - nut trees represent coral - islets formed on the reef. b ' b ' \u2014 the shores of the island, generally formed of low alluvial land and of coral detritus from the lagoon - channel. a \" a \" \u2014 the outer edges of the reef now forming an atoll. c ' \u2014 the lagoon of the newly - formed atoll. according to the scale, the depth of the lagoon and of the lagoon - channel is exaggerated. islands ( or more, according to the number of the hills ) included within one annular reef. let the island continue subsiding, and the coral - reef will continue growing up on its own foundation, whilst the water gains inch by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4737446080018145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 106, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.230767"} {"text": "exaggerated. islands ( or more, according to the number of the hills ) included within one annular reef. let the island continue subsiding, and the coral - reef will continue growing up on its own foundation, whilst the water gains inch by inch on the land, until the last and highest pinnacle is covered, and there remains a perfect atoll. a vertical section of this atoll is shown in the woodcut by the dotted lines ; \u2014 a ship is anchored in its lagoon, but islets are not supposed yet to have been formed on the reef. the depth of the lagoon and the width and slope of the reef, will depend on the circumstances just referred to under barrier - reefs. any further subsidence will produce no change in the atoll, except perhaps a diminution in its size, from the reef not growing vertically upwards ; but should the currents of the sea act violently on it, and should the corals perish on part or on the whole of its margin, changes would result during subsidence which will be presently noticed. i may here observe, that a bank either of rock or of hardened sediment, level with the surface of the sea, and fringed with living coral, would ( if not so small as to allow the central space to be quickly filled up with detritus ) by subsidence be converted immediately into an atoll, without passing, as in the case of a reef fringing the shore of an island, through the intermediate form of a barrier - reef. if such a bank lay a few fathoms submerged, the simple growth of the coral ( as remarked in the third chapter ) without the aid of subsidence, would produce a structure scarcely to be distinguished from a true atoll ; for in all cases the corals on the outer margin of a reef, from having space and being freely exposed to the open sea, will grow vigorously and tend to form a continuous ring, whilst the growth of the less massive kinds on the central expanse, will be checked by the sediment formed there, and by that washed inwards by the breakers ; and as the space becomes shallower, their growth will, also, be checked by the impurities of the water, and probably by the small amount of food brought by the enfeebled currents, in proportion to the surface of living reefs studded with innumerable craving mouths : the subsi - dence of a reef based on a bank of this kind, would give depth to its central expanse or lagoon, steepness to its flanks,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5203443657430288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 107, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.231706"} {"text": "in proportion to the surface of living reefs studded with innumerable craving mouths : the subsi - dence of a reef based on a bank of this kind, would give depth to its central expanse or lagoon, steepness to its flanks, and through the free growth of the coral, symmetry to its outline : \u2014 i may here repeat that the larger groups of atolls in the pacific and indian oceans cannot be supposed to be founded on banks of this nature. if, instead of the island in the diagram, the shore of a continent fringed by a reef had subsided, a great barrier - reef, like that on the n. e. coast of australia, would have necessarily resulted ; and it would have been separated from the main land by a deep - water channel, broad in proportion to the amount of subsidence, and to the less or greater inclination of the neighbouring coast - land. the effect of the continued subsidence of a great barrier - reef of this kind, and its probable conversion into a chain of separate atolls, will be noticed, when we discuss the apparent progressive disseverment of the larger maldiva atolls. we now are able to perceive that the close similarity in form, dimensions, structure, and relative position ( which latter point will hereafter be more fully noticed ) between fringing and encircling barrier - reefs, and between these latter and atolls, is the necessary result of the transformation, during subsidence, of the one class into the other. on this view, the three classes of reefs ought to graduate into each other. reefs having an intermediate character between those of the fringing and barrier classes do exist ; for instance, on the s. w. coast of madagascar, a reef extends for several miles, within which there is a broad channel from seven to eight fathoms deep, but the sea does not deepen abruptly outside the reef. such cases, however, are open to some doubts, for an old fringing reef, which had extended itself a little on a basis of its own formation, would hardly be distinguishable from a barrier - reef, produced by a small amount of subsidence, and with its lagoon - channel nearly filled up with sediment during a long stationary period. between barrier - reefs, encircling either one lofty island or several small low ones, and atolls including a mere expanse of water, a striking series can be shown : in proof of this, i need only refer to the first plate at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5401391018695036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 108, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.232750"} {"text": "- reefs, encircling either one lofty island or several small low ones, and atolls including a mere expanse of water, a striking series can be shown : in proof of this, i need only refer to the first plate at the end of this volume, which speaks more plainly to the eye, than any description could to the ear. the authorities from which the charts have been engraved, together with some remarks on them, are given on a separate page descriptive of the plates. at new caledonia ( plate ii. fig. 5. ) the barrier - reefs extend for 150 miles on each side of the submarine prolongation of the island ; and at their northern extremity they appear broken up and converted into a vast atoll - formed reef, supporting a few low coral - islets : we may imagine that we here see the effects of subsidence actually in progress, \u2014 the water always encroaching on the northern end of the island, towards which the mountains slope down, and the reefs steadily building up their massive fabrics in the lines of their ancient growth. we have as yet only considered the origin of barrier - reefs and atolls in their simplest form ; but there remain some peculiarities in structure and some special cases, described in the two first chapters, to be accounted for by our theory. these consist, \u2014 in the inclined ledge terminated by a wall, and sometimes succeeded by a second ledge with a wall, round the shores of certain lagoons and lagoon - channels ; a structure which cannot, as i endeavoured to show, be explained by the simple growing powers of the corals, \u2014 in the ring or bason - like form of the central reefs, as well as of the separate marginal portions of the northern maldiva atolls, \u2014 in the submerged condition of the whole, or of parts of certain barrier and atoll - formed reefs ; where only a part is submerged, this being generally to leeward, \u2014 in the apparent progressive disseverment of some of the maldiva atolls, \u2014 in the existence of irregularly formed atolls, some being tied together by linear reefs, and others with spurs projecting from them, \u2014 and, lastly, in the structure and origin of the great chagos bank. step - formed ledges round certain lagoons. \u2014 if we suppose an atoll to subside at an extremely slow rate, it is difficult to follow out the complex results. the living corals would grow up on the outer margin ; and likewise probably in the gullies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5181628916410259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 109, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.233732"} {"text": "round certain lagoons. \u2014 if we suppose an atoll to subside at an extremely slow rate, it is difficult to follow out the complex results. the living corals would grow up on the outer margin ; and likewise probably in the gullies and deeper parts of the bare surface of the annular reef ; the water would encroach on the islets, but the accumulation of fresh detritus might possibly prevent their entire submergence. after a subsidence of this very slow nature, the surface of the annular reef sloping gently into the lagoon, would probably become united with the irregular reefs and banks of sand, which line the shores of most lagoons. should, however, the atoll be carried down by a more rapid movement, the whole surface of the annular reef, where there was a foundation of solid matter, would be favourably circumstanced for the fresh growth of coral ; but as the corals grew upwards on its exterior margin, and the waves broke heavily on this part, the increase of the massive polypifers on the inner side would be checked from the want of water. consequently, the exterior parts would first reach the surface, and the new annular reef thus formed on the old one, would have its summit inclined inwards, and be terminated by a subaqueous wall, formed by the upward growth of the coral ( before being much checked ), from the inner edge of the solid parts of the old reef. the inner portion of the new reef, from not having grown to the surface, would be covered by the waters of the lagoon. should a subsidence of the same kind be repeated, the corals would again grow up in a wall, from all the solid parts of the resunken reef, and, therefore, not from within the sandy shores of the lagoon ; and the inner part of the new annular reef would, from being as before checked in its upward growth, be of less height than the exterior parts, and therefore would not reach the surface of the lagoon. in this case the shores of the lagoon would be surrounded by two inclined ledges, one beneath the other, and both abruptly terminated by subaqueous cliffs. * * according to mr. couthouy ( p. 26 ) the external reef round many atolls descends by a succession of ledges or terraces. he attempts, i doubt whether successfully, to explain this structure somewhat in the same manner as i have attempted, with respect to the internal ledges round the lagoons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49932766288145763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 110, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.234676"} {"text": "the external reef round many atolls descends by a succession of ledges or terraces. he attempts, i doubt whether successfully, to explain this structure somewhat in the same manner as i have attempted, with respect to the internal ledges round the lagoons of some atolls. more facts are wanted regarding the nature both of the interior and exterior step - like ledges : are all the ledges, or only the upper ones, covered with living coral? if they the ring or bason - formed reefs of the northern maldiva atolls. \u2014 i may first observe, that the reefs within the lagoons of atolls and within lagoon - channels, would, if favourably circumstanced, grow upwards during subsidence in the same manner as the annular rim ; and, therefore, we might expect that such lagoon - reefs, when not surrounded and buried by an accumulation of sediment more rapid than the rate of subsidence, would rise abruptly from a greater depth than that at which the efficient polypifers can flourish : we see this well exemplified in the small abruptly - sided reefs, with which the deep lagoons of the chagos and southern maldiva atolls are studded. with respect to the ring or bason - formed reefs of the northern maldiva atolls, it is evident, from the perfectly continuous series which exists, that the marginal rings, although wider than the exterior or bounding reef of ordinary atolls, are only modified portions of such a reef ; it is also evident that the central rings, although wider than the knolls or reefs which commonly occur in lagoons, occupy their place. the ring - like structure has been shown to be contingent on the breaches into the lagoon being broad and numerous, so that all the reefs which are bathed by the waters of the lagoon, are placed under nearly the same conditions with the outer coast of an atoll standing in the open sea. hence the exterior and living margins of these reefs must have been favourably circumstanced for growing outwards, and increasing beyond the usual breadth ; and they must likewise have been favourably circumstanced for growing vigorously upwards, during the subsiding movements, to which by our theory the whole archipelago has been subjected ; and subsidence with this upward growth of the margins would convert the central space of each little reef into a small lagoon. this, however, could only take place with those reefs, which had increased to a breadth sufficient to prevent their central spaces from being almost immediately filled up with the sand and detrit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4855840168111244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 111, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.235737"} {"text": "would convert the central space of each little reef into a small lagoon. this, however, could only take place with those reefs, which had increased to a breadth sufficient to prevent their central spaces from being almost immediately filled up with the sand and detritus are all covered, are the kinds different on the ledges according to the depth? do the interior and exterior ledges occur together in the same atolls ; if so, what is their total width, and is the intervening surface - reef narrow, & c.? driven inwards from all sides : hence it is that few reefs, which are less than half a mile in diameter, even in the atolls where the bason - like structure is most strikingly exhibited, include lagoons. this remark, i may add, applies to all coral - reefs, wherever found. the bason - formed reefs of the maldiva archipelago may, in fact, be briefly described, as small atolls formed during subsidence over the separate portions of large and broken atolls, in the same manner as these latter were formed over the barrier - reefs, which encircled the islands of a large archipelago now wholly submerged. submerged and dead reefs. \u2014 in the second section of the first chapter, i have shown that there are in the neighbourhood of atolls, some deeply submerged banks, with level surfaces ; that there are others, less deeply but yet wholly submerged, having all the characters of perfect atolls, but consisting merely of dead coral - rock ; that there are barrier - reefs and atolls with merely a portion of their reef, generally on the leeward side, submerged ; and that such portions either retain their perfect outline, or they appear to be quite effaced, their former place being marked only by a bank, conforming in outline with that part of the reef which remains perfect. these several cases are, i believe, intimately related together, and can be explained by the same means. there, perhaps, exist some submerged reefs, covered with living coral and growing upwards, but to these i do not here refer. as we see that in those parts of the ocean, where coral reefs are most abundant, one island is fringed and another neighbouring one is not fringed ; as we see in the same archipelago, that all the reefs are more perfect in one part of it than in another, \u2014 for instance, in the southern half compared with the northern half of the maldiva archipelago, and likewise on the outer coasts compared with the inner coasts of the atolls in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5076860004739231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 112, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.236865"} {"text": "the reefs are more perfect in one part of it than in another, \u2014 for instance, in the southern half compared with the northern half of the maldiva archipelago, and likewise on the outer coasts compared with the inner coasts of the atolls in this same group, which are placed in a double row ; as we know that the existence of the innumerable polypifers forming a reef, depends on their sustenance, and that they are preyed on by other organic beings ; and, lastly, as we know that some inorganic causes are highly injurious to the growth of coral, it cannot be expected that during the round of change to which earth, air, and water are exposed, the reef - building polypifers should keep alive for perpetuity in any one place ; and still less can this be expected, during the progressive subsidences, perhaps at some periods more rapid than at others, to which by our theory these reefs and islands have been subjected and are liable. it is, then, not improbable that the corals should sometimes perish either on the whole or on part of a reef ; if on part, the dead portion, after a small amount of subsidence, would still retain its proper outline and position beneath the water. after a more prolonged subsidence, it would probably form, owing to the accumulation of sediment, only the margin of a flat bank, marking the limits of the former lagoon. such dead portions of reef would generally lie on the leeward side, * for the impure water and fine sediment would more easily flow out from the lagoon over this side of the reef, where the force of the breakers is less than to windward ; and therefore the corals would be less vigorous on this side, and be less able to resist any destroying agent. it is likewise owing to this same cause, that reefs are more frequently breached to leeward by narrow channels, serving as by ship - channels, than to windward. if the corals perished entirely, or on the greater part of the circumference of an atoll, an atoll - shaped bank of dead rock, more or less entirely submerged, would be produced ; and further subsidence, together with the accumulation of sediment, would often obliterate * mr. lyell, in the first edition of his principles of geology, offered a somewhat different explanation of this structure. he supposes that there has been subsidence ; but he was not aware that the submerged portions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49343416539925894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 113, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.237811"} {"text": "obliterate * mr. lyell, in the first edition of his principles of geology, offered a somewhat different explanation of this structure. he supposes that there has been subsidence ; but he was not aware that the submerged portions of reef were in most cases, if not in all, dead ; and he attributes the difference in height in the two sides of most atolls, chiefly to the greater accumulation of detritus to windward than to leeward. but as matter is accumulated only on the backward part of the reef, the front part would remain of the same height on both sides. i may here observe that in most cases ( for instance at peros banhos, the gambier group and the great chagos bank ) and i suspect in all cases, the dead and submerged portions do not blend or slope into the living and perfect parts, but are separated from them by an abrupt line. in some instances small patches of living reef rise to the surface from the middle of the submerged and dead parts. its atoll - like structure, and leave only a bank with a level surface. in the chagos group of atolls, within an area of 160 miles by 60, there are two atoll - formed banks of dead rock ( besides another very imperfect one ) entirely submerged ; a third, with merely two or three very small pieces of living reef rising to the surface ; and a fourth, namely peros banhos ( plate i. fig. 9 ), with a portion nine miles in length dead and submerged. as by our theory this area has subsided, and as there is nothing improbable in the death, either from changes in the state of the surrounding sea or from the subsidence being great or sudden, of the corals on the whole, or on portions of some of the atolls, the case of the chagos group presents no difficulty. so far indeed are any of the above - mentioned cases of submerged reefs from being inexplicable, that their occurrence might have been anticipated on our theory ; and as fresh atolls are supposed to be in progressive formation by the subsidence of encircling barrier - reefs, a weighty objection, namely that the number of atolls must be increasing infinitely, might even have been raised, if proofs of the occasional destruction and loss of atolls could not have been adduced. the disseverment of the larger maldiva atolls. \u2014 the apparent progressive disseverment in the maldiva archipelago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5120175095589276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 114, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.240242"} {"text": "raised, if proofs of the occasional destruction and loss of atolls could not have been adduced. the disseverment of the larger maldiva atolls. \u2014 the apparent progressive disseverment in the maldiva archipelago of large atolls into smaller ones, is, in many respects, an important consideration, and requires an explanation. the graduated series, which marks as i believe this process, can be observed only in the northern half of the group, where the atolls have exceedingly imperfect margins, consisting of detached bason - formed reefs. the currents of the sea flow across these atolls, as i am informed by capt. moresby, with considerable force, and drift the sediment from side to side during the monsoons, transporting much of it seaward ; yet the currents sweep with greater force round their flanks. it is historically known that these atolls have long existed in their present state ; and we can believe, that even during a very slow subsidence they might thus remain, the central expanse being kept at nearly its original depth by the accumulation of sediment. but in the action of such nicely balanced forces during a progressive subsidence, ( like that, to which by our theory this archipelago has been subjected, ) it would be strange if the currents of the sea should never make a direct passage across some one of the atolls, through the many wide breaches in their margins. if this were once effected, a deep - water channel would soon be formed by the removal of the finer sediment, and the check to its further accumulation ; and the sides of the channel would be worn into a slope like that on the outer coasts, which are exposed to the same force of the currents. in fact, a channel precisely like that bifurcating one which divides mahlos mahdoo ( plate ii. fig. 4. ), would almost necessarily be formed. the scattered reefs situated near the borders of the new ocean - channel, from being favourably placed for the growth of coral, would, by their extension, tend to produce fresh margins to the dissevered portions : such a tendency is very evident, ( as may be seen in the large published chart ) in the elongated reefs on the borders of the two channels intersecting mahlos mahdoo. such channels would become deeper with continued subsidence, and probably from the reefs not growing up perpendicularly, somewhat broader. in this case, and more especially if the channels had been formed originally of considerable breadth, the di", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.504181518411808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 115, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.241302"} {"text": "that there should be other large islands wholly submerged ; and these, we may now infer, would be surmounted, not by one enormous atoll, but by several large elongated ones, like the atolls in the maldiva group ; and these again, during long periods of subsidence, would sometimes become dissevered into smaller atolls. i may add, that both in the marshall and caroline archipelagoes, there are atolls standing close together, which have an evident relationship in form : we may suppose, in such cases, either that two or more encircled islands originally stood close together, and afforded bases for two or more atolls, or that one atoll has been dissevered. from the position, as well as form, of three atolls in the caroline archipelago ( the namourrek and elato group ), which are placed in an irregular circle, i am strongly tempted to believe that they have originated by the process of disseverment. * * the same remark is, perhaps, applicable to the islands of ollap, fanadik, and tamatam in the caroline archipelago, of which charts irregularly - formed atolls. \u2014 in the marshall group, musquillo atoll consists of two loops united in one point ; and menchicoff atoll is formed of three loops, two of which ( as may be seen in fig. 3. plate ii. ) are connected by a mere ribbon - shaped reef, and the three together are 60 miles in length. in the gilbert group some of the atolls have narrow strips of reef, like spurs, projecting from them. there occur also in parts of the open sea, a few linear and straight reefs, standing by themselves ; and likewise some few reefs in the form of crescents, with their extremities more or less curled inwards. now, the upward growth of a barrier - reef which fronted only one side of an island, or one side of an elongated island with its extremities, ( of which cases exist, ) would produce after the complete subsidence of the land, mere strips or crescent or hook - formed reefs : if the island thus partially fronted became divided during subsidence into two or more islands, these islands would be united together by linear reefs ; and from the further growth of the coral along their shores together with subsidence, reefs of various forms might ultimately be produced, either atolls united together by linear reefs, or atolls with spurs projecting from them. some, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5229427489143119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 117, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.243315"} {"text": "reefs ; and from the further growth of the coral along their shores together with subsidence, reefs of various forms might ultimately be produced, either atolls united together by linear reefs, or atolls with spurs projecting from them. some, however, of the more simple forms above specified, might, as we have seen, be equally well produced by the coral perishing during subsidence on part of the circumference of an atoll, whilst on the other parts it continued to grow up till it reached the surface. the great chagos bank. \u2014 i have already shown that the submerged condition of the great chagos bank, ( plate ii. fig. 1. with its section fig. 2. ) and of some other banks in the chagos group, may in all probability be attributed to the coral having perished before or during the movements of subsidence, to which this whole area by our theory has been sub - are given in the atlas of duperrey ' s voyage : a line drawn through the linear reefs and lagoons of these three islands forms a semicircle. consult also, the atlas of lutke ' s voyage ; and for the marshall group that of kotzebue ; for the gilbert group ( which is referred to in the ensuing page ) consult the atlas of duperrey ' s voyage. most of the points here referred to may, however, be seen in krusenstern ' s general atlas of the pacific. jected. the external rim or upper ledge, ( shaded in the chart, ) consists of dead coral - rock thinly covered with sand ; it lies at an average depth of between five and eight fathoms, and perfectly resembles in form the annular reef of an atoll. the banks of the second level, the boundaries of which are marked by dotted lines in the chart, lie from about fifteen to twenty fathoms beneath the surface ; they are several miles broad, and terminate in a very steep slope round the central expanse. this central expanse i have already described, as consisting of a level muddy flat between thirty and forty fathoms deep. the banks of the second level, might at first sight be thought analogous to the internal step - like ledge of coral - rock which borders the lagoons of some atolls, but their much greater width, and their being formed of sand, are points of essential difference. on the eastern side of the atoll some of the banks are linear and parallel, resembling islets in a great river, and pointed directly towards a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5014661124811852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 118, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.244263"} {"text": "first appeared to me far more anomalous than any i had met with. the process of formation is nearly the same with that, by which mahlos mahdoo has been trisected ; but in the chagos bank the channels of the oceanic currents entering at several different quarters, have united in a central space. this great atoll - formed bank appears to be in an early stage of disseverment ; should the work of subsidence go on, from the submerged and dead condition of the whole reef, and the imperfection of the s. e. quarter, a mere wreck would probably be left. the pitt ' s bank, situated not far southward, appears to be precisely in this state : it consists of a moderately level, oblong bank of sand, lying from 10 to 20 fathoms beneath the surface, with two sides protected by a narrow ledge of rock which is submerged between 5 and 8 fathoms. a little further south, at about the same distance as the southern rim of the great chagos bank is from the northern rim, there are two other small banks with from 10 to 20 fathoms on them ; and not far eastward soundings were struck on a sandy bottom, with between 110 and 145 fathoms. the northern portion with its ledge - like margin, closely resembles any one segment of the great chagos bank, between two of the deep - water channels, and the scattered banks southward appear to be the last wrecks of less perfect portions. i have examined with care the charts of the indian and pacific oceans, and have now brought before the reader all the examples, which i have met with, of reefs differing from the type of the class to which they belong ; and i think it has been satisfactorily shown, that they are all included in our theory, modified by occasional accidents which might have been anticipated as probable. in this course we have seen, that in the lapse of ages encircling barrier - reefs are occasionally converted into atolls, \u2014 the name of atoll being properly applicable, at the moment when the last pinnacle of encircled land sinks beneath the surface of the sea. we have, also, seen that large atolls during the progressive subsidence of the areas, in which they stand, sometimes become dissevered into smaller ones ; at other times, the reef - building polypifers having entirely perished, atolls are converted into atoll - formed banks of dead rock ; and these again, through further subsidence and the accumulation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5283664687351058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 120, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.246308"} {"text": ", sometimes become dissevered into smaller ones ; at other times, the reef - building polypifers having entirely perished, atolls are converted into atoll - formed banks of dead rock ; and these again, through further subsidence and the accumulation of sediment, modified by the force of the oceanic currents, pass into level banks with scarcely any distinguishing character. thus may the history of an atoll be followed from its first origin, through the occasional accidents of its existence, to its destruction and final obliteration. objections to the theory of the formation of atolls and barrier - reefs. \u2014 the vast amount of subsidence, both horizontally or in area, and vertically or in depth, necessary to have submerged every mountain, even the highest, throughout the immense spaces of ocean interspersed with atolls, will probably strike most people as a formidable objection to my theory. but as continents, as large as the spaces supposed to have subsided, have been raised above the level of the sea, \u2014 as whole regions are now rising, for instance, in scandinavia and south america, \u2014 and as no reason can be assigned, why subsidences should not have occurred in some parts of the earth ' s crust on as great a scale both in extent and amount as those of elevation, objections of this nature strike me as of little force. the remarkable point is, that movements to such an extent should have taken place within a period, during which the polypifers have continued adding matter on and above the same reefs. another and less obvious objection to the theory will perhaps be advanced from the circumstance, of the lagoons within atolls and within barrier - reefs never having become in any one instance during prolonged subsidences of a greater depth than 60 fathoms, and seldom more than 40 fathoms : but we already admit, if the theory be worth considering, that the rate of subsidence has not exceeded that of the upward growth of the corals on the exterior margin ; we are, therefore, only further required to admit, that the subsidence has not exceeded in rate the filling up of the interior spaces by the growth of the corals living there, and by the accumulation of sediment. as this filling up must take place very slowly within barrier - reefs lying far from the land, and within atolls which are of large dimensions and which have open lagoons with very few reefs, we are led to conclude that the subsidence thus counter - balanced, must have been slow in an extraordinary degree ; \u2014 a conclusion which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5244108830124405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 121, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.247324"} {"text": "land, and within atolls which are of large dimensions and which have open lagoons with very few reefs, we are led to conclude that the subsidence thus counter - balanced, must have been slow in an extraordinary degree ; \u2014 a conclusion which accords with our only means, namely, with what is known of the rate and manner of recent elevatory movements, of judging by analogy what is the probable rate of subsidence. in this chapter it has, i think, been shown, that the theory of subsidence, which we were compelled to receive from the necessity of giving to the corals, in certain large areas, foundations at the requisite depth, explains both the normal structure and the less regular forms of those two great classes of reefs, which have justly excited the astonishment of all persons who have sailed through the pacific and indian oceans. but further to test the truth of the theory, a crowd of questions will occur to the reader : do the different kinds of reefs, which have been produced by the same kind of movement, generally lie within the same areas? what is their relation of form and position, \u2014 for instance, do adjoining groups of atolls, and the separate atolls in these groups, bear the same relation to each other which islands do in common archipelagoes? have we reason to believe, that where there are fringing reefs, there has not lately been subsidence ; or, for it is almost our only way of ascertaining this point, are there frequently proofs of recent elevation? can we by this means account for the presence of certain classes of reefs in some large areas, and their entire absence in others? do the areas which have subsided, as indicated by the presence of atolls and barrier - reefs, and the areas which have remained stationary or have been upraised, as shown by fringing - reefs, bear any determinate relation to each other ; and are the dimensions of these areas such as harmonize with the greatness of the subterranean changes, which, it must be supposed, have lately taken place beneath them? is there any connection between the movements thus indicated, and recent volcanic action? \u2014 all these questions ought to receive answers in accordance with the theory ; and if this can be satisfactorily shown, not only is the theory confirmed, but as deductions, the answers are in themselves important. under this latter point of view, these questions will be chiefly considered in the following chapter. * * i may take this opportunity of briefly considering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194294393092406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 122, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.249432"} {"text": "shown, not only is the theory confirmed, but as deductions, the answers are in themselves important. under this latter point of view, these questions will be chiefly considered in the following chapter. * * i may take this opportunity of briefly considering the appearances, which would probably be presented by a vertical and deep section across a coral formation ( referring chiefly to an atoll ) formed by the upward growth of coral during successive subsidences. this is a subject worthy of attention, as a means of comparison with ancient coral strata. the circumferential parts would consist of massive species, in a vertical position, with their interstices filled up with detritus ; but this would be the part most subject to subsequent denudation and removal. it is useless to speculate how large a proportion of the exterior annular reef would consist of upright coral, and how much of fragmentary rock, for this would depend on many contingencies, \u2014 such as on the rate of subsidence, occasionally allowing a fresh growth of coral to cover the whole surface, and on the breakers having force sufficient to throw fragments over this same space. the conglomerate which composes the base of the islets, would ( if not removed by denudation together with the exterior reef on which it rests ) be conspicuous from the size of the fragments, \u2014 the different degrees in which they have been rounded, \u2014 the presence of fragments of conglomerate torn up rounded and recemented, \u2014 and from the oblique stratification. the corals which lived in the lagoon - reefs at each successive level, would be preserved upright, and they would consist of many kinds, generally much branched. in this part, however, a very large proportion of the rock ( and in some cases nearly all of it ) would be formed of sedimentary matter, either in an excessively fine, or in a moderately coarse state, and with the particles almost blended together. the conglomerate which was formed of rounded pieces of the branched corals, on the shores of the lagoon, would differ from that formed on the islets and derived from the outer coast ; yet both might have accumulated very near each other. i have seen a conglomerate limestone from devonshire like a conglomerate now forming on the shores of the maldiva atolls. the stratification taken as a whole, would be horizontal ; but the conglomerate beds resting on the exterior reef, and the beds of sandstone on the shores of the lagoon ( and no doubt on the external flanks ) would probably be divided ( as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5344430631075509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 123, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.250429"} {"text": ". the stratification taken as a whole, would be horizontal ; but the conglomerate beds resting on the exterior reef, and the beds of sandstone on the shores of the lagoon ( and no doubt on the external flanks ) would probably be divided ( as at keeling atoll and at mauritius ) by numerous layers dipping at considerable angles in different directions. the calcareous sandstone and coral rock would almost necessarily contain innumerable shells, echini, and the bones of fish, turtle, and perhaps of birds ; possibly, also, the bones of small saurians, as these animals find their way to the islands far remote from any continent. the large shells of some species of tridacna would be found vertically imbedded in the solid rock, in the position in which they lived. we might expect, also, to find a mixture of the remains of pelagic and littoral animals in the strata formed in the lagoon, for pumice and the seeds of plants are floated from distant countries into the lagoons of many atolls : on the outer coast of keeling atoll, near the mouth of the lagoon, the case of a pelagic pteropodous animal was brought up on the arming of the sounding lead. all the loose blocks of coral on keeling atoll were burrowed by vermiform animals ; and as every cavity, no doubt, ultimately becomes filled with spathose limestone, slabs of the rock taken from a considerable depth, would, if polished, probably exhibit the excavations of such burrowing animals. the conglomerate and fine - grained beds of coral - rock would be hard, sonorous, white, and composed of nearly pure calcareous matter : in some few parts, judging from the specimens at keeling atoll, they would probably contain a small quantity of iron. floating pumice and scori\u00e6, and occasionally stones transported in the roots of trees ( see my journal of researches, p. 549 ) appear the only sources, through which foreign matter is brought to coral - formations standing in the open ocean. the area over which sediment is transported from coral - reefs must be considerable : capt. moresby informs me that during the change of monsoons, the sea is discoloured to a considerable distance off the maldiva and chagos atolls. the sediment off fringing and barrier coral - reefs must be mingled with the mud, which is brought down from the land, and is transported seaward through the breaches, which occur in front of almost every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49966409475375895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 124, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.251344"} {"text": "land \u2014 areas of subsidence elongated, their intersection and alternation with those of elevation \u2014 amount, and slow rate of the subsidence \u2014 recapitulation. it will be convenient to give here a short account of the appended map ( plate iii. ) ; a fuller one, with the data for colouring each spot, is reserved for the appendix ; and every place there referred to may be found in the index. a larger chart would have been desirable ; but, small as the adjoined one is, it is the result of many months ' labour. i have consulted, as far as i was able, every original voyage and map ; and the colours were first laid down on charts on a larger scale. the same blue colour, with merely a difference in the depth of tint, is used for atolls or lagoon - islands, and barrier - reefs ; for we have seen, that as far as the actual coral - formation is concerned, they have no distinguishing character. fringing - reefs have been coloured red, for between them on the one hand, and barrier - reefs and atolls on the other, there is an important distinction with respect to the depth beneath the surface, at which we are compelled to believe their foundations lie. the two distinct colours, therefore, mark two great types of structure. the dark blue colour represents atolls and submerged annular reefs, with deep water in their centres. i have coloured as atolls, a few low and small coral - islands, without lagoons ; but this has been done only when it clearly appeared that they originally contained lagoons, since filled up with sediment : when there were not good grounds for this belief, they have been left uncoloured. the pale blue colour represents barrier - reefs. the most obvious character of reefs of this class is the broad and deep - water moat within the reef ; but this, like the lagoons of small atolls, is liable to become filled up with detritus and with reefs of delicately - branched corals : when, therefore, a reef round the entire circumference of an island extends very far into a profoundly deep sea, so that it can hardly be confounded with a fringing - reef which must rest on a foundation of rock within a small depth, it has been coloured pale blue, although it does not include a deep - water moat : but this has only been done rarely, and each case is distinctly mentioned in the appendix. the red colour represents reefs, fringing the land quite closely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5292471881565931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 126, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.253238"} {"text": "depth, it has been coloured pale blue, although it does not include a deep - water moat : but this has only been done rarely, and each case is distinctly mentioned in the appendix. the red colour represents reefs, fringing the land quite closely where the sea is deep, and where the bottom is gently inclined extending to a moderate distance from it, but not having a deep - water moat or lagoon like space parallel to the shore. it must be remembered that fringing reefs are frequently breached in front of rivers and valleys by deepish channels, where mud has been deposited. a space of 30 miles in width has been coloured round or in front of the reefs of each class, in order that the colours might be conspicuous on the appended map, which is reduced to so small a scale. the vermilion spots, and streaks, represent volcanos now in action, or historically known to have been so. they are chiefly laid down from von buch ' s work on the canary islands ; and my reasons for making a few alterations are given in the note below. * * i have also made considerable use of the geological part of berghaus ' physical atlas. beginning at the eastern side of the pacific, i have added to the number of the volcanos in the southern part of the cordillera, and have coloured juan fernandez according to observations collected during the voyage of the beagle, ( geol. trans. vol. v. p. 601. ) the uncoloured coasts consist, first and chiefly, of those, where there are no coral - reefs, or such small portions as to be quite insignificant. secondly, of those coasts where there are i have added a volcano to albemarle island, one of the galapagos archipelago, ( the author ' s journal of researches, p. 457 ). in the sandwich group there are no active volcanos, except at hawaii ; but the rev. w. ellis informs me, there are streams of lava apparently modern on maui, having a very recent appearance, which can be traced to the craters whence they flowed. the same gentleman informs me, that there is no reason to believe that any active volcano exists in the society archipelago ; nor are there any known in the samoa or navigator group, although some of the streams of lava and craters there appear recent. in the friendly group, the rev. j. williams says ( narrative of missionary enterprise, p. 29 ) that toofoa and proby islands are active volcanos. i infer from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5054457848447713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 127, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.254286"} {"text": "of the streams of lava and craters there appear recent. in the friendly group, the rev. j. williams says ( narrative of missionary enterprise, p. 29 ) that toofoa and proby islands are active volcanos. i infer from hamilton ' s voyage in the pandora ( p. 95 ), that proby island is synonymous with onouafou, but i have not ventured to colour it. there can be no doubt respecting toofoa ; and captain edwards ( von buch, p. 386 ) found the lava of a recent eruption at amargura still smoking. berghaus marks four active volcanos actually within the friendly group ; but i do not know on what authority : i may mention that maurelle describes latte as having a burnt - up appearance : i have marked only toofoa and amargura. south of the new hebrides lies matthews rock, which is drawn and described as an active crater in the voyage of the astrolabe. between it and the volcano on the eastern side of new zealand, lies brimstone island, which from the high temperature of the water in the crater, may be ranked as active. ( berghaus vorbemerk. 11. lief. s. 56 ). malte brun, vol. xii. p. 231, says that there is a volcano near port st. vincent in new caledonia. i believe this to be an error, arising from a smoke seen on the opposite coast by cook ( 2nd voyage, vol. ii. p. 23 ) which smoke went out at night. the mariana islands, especially the northern ones, contain many craters ( see freycinet ' s hydrog. descript. ) which are not active. von buch, however, states ( p. 462 ) on the authority of la peyrouse, that there are no less than seven volcanos between these islands and japan. gemellli careri ( churchill ' s collect. vol. iv. p. 458 ), says there are two active volcanos in lat. 23\u00b0 30 ' and in lat. 24\u00b0 ; but i have not coloured them. from the statements in beechey ' s voyage ( p. 518, 4to edit. ) i have coloured one in the northern part of the bonin group. m. s. julien has clearly made out from chinese manuscripts not very ancient, ( comptes rendus, 1840, p. 832 ), that there are two active", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45460198447291933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 128, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.255261"} {"text": "i have coloured one in the northern part of the bonin group. m. s. julien has clearly made out from chinese manuscripts not very ancient, ( comptes rendus, 1840, p. 832 ), that there are two active volcanos on the eastern side of formosa. in torres straits, on cap island ( 9\u00b0 48 ' s. 142\u00b0 39 ' e. ) a volcano was seen burning with great violence in 1793 by capt. bampton ( see introduction to flinders ' reefs, but where the sea is very shallow, for in this case the reefs generally lie far from the land, and become very irregular in their forms ; where they have not become irregular, they have been coloured. thirdly, if i had the means of ascertaining the fact, i should not colour a reef merely coating the edges of a submarine crater, or of a level submerged bank ; for such superficial formations differ essentially, even when not in external appearance, from reefs whose foundations as well as superficies have been wholly formed by the growth of coral. fourthly, in the red sea, and within some parts of the east indian archipelago, ( if the imperfect charts of the latter can be trusted, ) there are many scattered reefs, of small size, represented in the chart by mere dots, which rise out of deep water : these cannot be arranged under either of the three classes : in the red sea, however, some of these little reefs, from their position, seem once to have formed parts of a continuous barrier. there exist, also, scattered in the open ocean, some linear and irregularly - formed strips of coral - reef, which, as shown in the last chapter, are probably allied in their origin to atolls ; but as they do not belong to that class, they have not been coloured ; they are very few in number, and of insignificant dimensions. lastly, voyage, p. 41 ). mr. m ' clelland ( report of committee for investigating coal in india, p. 39 ) has shown that the volcanic band passing through barren island must be extended northwards. it appears by an old chart, that cheduba was once an active volcano ; ( see also silliman ' s north american journal, vol. xxxviii. p. 385. ) in berghaus ' phys. atlas, 1840, no. 7 of geological part, a volcano on the coast of pondicherry is said to have burst forth in 1757. ordinaire ( hist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4931070842439281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 129, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.256852"} {"text": "classified, have been adopted by most voyagers. i may further remark, that the dark blue colour represents land entirely composed of coral - rock ; the pale blue, land with a wide and thick border of coral - rock ; and the red, a mere narrow fringe of coral - rock. looking now at the map under the theoretical point of view indicated in the last chapter, the two blue tints signify that the foundations of the reefs thus coloured have subsided to a considerable amount, at a slower rate than that of the upward growth of the corals ; and that probably in many cases they are still subsiding. the red signifies that the shores which support fringing - reefs have not subsided ( at least to any considerable amount, for the effects of a subsidence on a small scale would in no case be distinguishable ) ; but that they have remained nearly stationary since the period when they first became fringed by reefs ; or that they are now rising or have been upraised, with new lines of reefs successively formed on them : these latter alternatives are obviously implied, as newly - formed lines of shore, after elevations of the land, would be in the same state with respect to the growth of fringing - reefs, as stationary coasts. if during the prolonged subsidence of a shore, coral - reefs grew for the first time on it, or if an old barrier - reef were destroyed and submerged, and new reefs became attached to the land, these would necessarily at first belong to the fringing class, and, therefore, be coloured red, although the coast was sinking : but i have no reason to believe, that from this source of error, any coast has been coloured wrongly with respect to movement indicated. well characterized atolls and encircling barrier - reefs, where several occur in a group, or a single barrier - reef if of large dimensions, leave scarcely any doubt on the mind respecting the movement by which they have been produced ; and even a small amount of subsequent elevation is soon betrayed. the evidence from a single atoll, or a single encircling barrier - reef, must be received with some caution, for the former may possibly be based upon a submerged crater or bank, and the latter on a submerged margin of sediment, or of worn - down rock. from these remarks we may with greater certainty infer that the spaces, especially the larger ones, tinted blue in the map, have subsided, than that the red spaces have remained stationary, or have been upraised. on the grouping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465568235480974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 131, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.260424"} {"text": "down rock. from these remarks we may with greater certainty infer that the spaces, especially the larger ones, tinted blue in the map, have subsided, than that the red spaces have remained stationary, or have been upraised. on the grouping of the different classes of reefs. \u2014 having made these preliminary remarks, i will consider first how far the grouping of the different kinds of coral - islands and reefs is corroborative of the truth of the theory. a glance at the map shows that the reefs, coloured blue and red, produced under widely different conditions, are not indiscriminately mixed together. atolls and barrier - reefs, on the other hand, as may be seen by the two blue tints, generally lie near each other ; and this would be the natural result of both having been produced during the subsidence of the areas in which they stand. thus, the largest group of encircled islands is that of the society archipelago ; and these islands are surrounded by atolls, and only separated by a narrow space from the large group of low atolls. in the midst of the caroline atolls, there are three fine encircled islands. the northern point of the barrier - reef of new caledonia seems itself, as before remarked, to form a complete large atoll. the great australian barrier is described as including both atolls and small encircled islands. capt. king * mentions many atoll - formed and encircling coral - reefs, some of which lie within the barrier, and others may be said ( for instance between lat. 16\u00b0 and 13\u00b0 ) to form part of it. flinders \u2020 has described an atoll - formed reef in lat. 10\u00b0, seven miles long and from one to three broad, resembling a boot in shape, with apparently very deep water within. eight miles westward of this, and forming part of the barrier, lie the murray islands, which are high and are encircled. in the corallian sea, between the two great barriers of australia and new caledonia, there are many low islets and coral - reefs, some of which are annular, or horse - shoe shaped. observing the smallness of the scale of the map, the parallels of latitude being 900 miles apart, we see, that none of the large groups of reefs and islands supposed to have been produced by long - continued subsidence, lie near extensive lines of coast coloured red, which are supposed to have remained stationary since the growth of their reefs, or to have been upraised and new lines of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5089916324756414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 132, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.261479"} {"text": "reefs and islands supposed to have been produced by long - continued subsidence, lie near extensive lines of coast coloured red, which are supposed to have remained stationary since the growth of their reefs, or to have been upraised and new lines of reefs formed on them. where the red and blue circles do occur near each other, i am able, in several instances, to show that there have been oscillations of level, subsidence having preceded the elevation of the red spots ; and elevation having preceded the subsidence of the blue spots ; and in this case the juxta - position of reefs belonging to the two great types of structure, is little surprising. we may, therefore, conclude that the proximity in the same areas of the two classes of reefs, which owe their origin to the subsidence of the earth ' s crust, and their separation from those formed during its stationary or uprising condition, holds good to the full extent, which might have been anticipated by our theory. * sailing directions, appended to vol. ii. of his surveying voyage to australia. \u2020 voyage to terra australia, vol. ii. p. 336. as groups of atolls have originated in the upward growth, at each fresh sinking of the land, of those reefs which primarily fringed the shores of one great island, or of several smaller ones ; so we might expect that these rings of coral - rock, like so many rude outline charts, would still retain some traces of the general form, or at least general range, of the land, round which they were first modelled. that this is the case with the atolls in the southern pacific as far as their range is concerned, seems highly probable, when we observe that the three principal groups are directed in n. w. and s. e. lines, and that nearly all the land in the s. pacific ranges in this same direction ; namely, n. western australia, new caledonia, the northern half of new zealand, the new hebrides, saloman, navigator, society, marquesas, and austral archipelagoes : in the northern pacific, the caroline atolls abut against the n. w. line of the marshall atolls, much in the same manner as the e. and w. line of islands from ceram to new britain do on new ireland : in the indian ocean the laccadive and maldiva atolls extend nearly parallel to the western and mountainous coast of india. in most respects, there is a perfect resemblance with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5125596384407948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 133, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.262580"} {"text": "of islands from ceram to new britain do on new ireland : in the indian ocean the laccadive and maldiva atolls extend nearly parallel to the western and mountainous coast of india. in most respects, there is a perfect resemblance with ordinary islands in the grouping of atolls and in their form : thus the outline of all the larger groups is elongated ; and the greater number of the individual atolls are elongated in the same direction with the group, in which they stand. the chagos group is less elongated than is usual with other groups, and the individual atolls in it are likewise but little elongated ; this is strikingly seen by comparing them with the neighbouring maldiva atolls. in the marshall and maldiva archipelagoes, the atolls are ranged in two parallel lines, like the mountains in a great double mountain - chain. some of the atolls, in the larger archipelagoes, stand so near each other, and have such an evident relationship in form, that they compose little sub - groups : in the caroline archipelago, one such sub - group consists of pouynipete, a lofty island encircled by a barrier - reef, and separated by a channel only four miles and a half wide from andeema atoll, with a second atoll a little further off. in all these respects an examination of a series of charts will show how perfectly groups of atolls resemble groups of common islands. on the direct evidence of the blue spaces in the map having subsided during the upward growth of the reefs so coloured, and of the red spaces having remained stationary, or having been upraised. \u2014 with respect to subsidence, i have shown in the last chapter, that we cannot expect to obtain in countries inhabited only by semi - civilized races, demonstrative proofs of a movement, which invariably tends to conceal its own evidence. but on the coral - islands supposed to have been produced by subsidence, we have proofs of changes in their external appearance \u2014 of a round of decay and renovation \u2014 of the last vestiges of land on some \u2014 of its first commencement on others : we hear of storms desolating them to the astonishment of their inhabitants : we know by the great fissures with which some of them are traversed, and by the earthquakes felt under others, that subterranean disturbances of some kind are in progress. these facts, if not directly connected with subsidence, as i believe they are, at least show how difficult it would be to discover proofs of such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5177268159587067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 134, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.263514"} {"text": "and by the earthquakes felt under others, that subterranean disturbances of some kind are in progress. these facts, if not directly connected with subsidence, as i believe they are, at least show how difficult it would be to discover proofs of such movement by ordinary means. at keeling atoll, however, i have described some appearances, which seem directly to show that subsidence did take place there during the late earthquakes. vanikoro, according to the chevalier dillon, * * see capt. dillon ' s voyage in search of la peyrouse. m. cordier in his report on the voyage of the astrolabe, ( p. cxi. vol. i. ) speaking of vanikoro, says the shores are surrounded by reefs of madrepore, \" qu ' on assure etre de formation tout - a - fait moderne. \" i have in vain endeavoured to learn some further particulars about this remarkable passage. i may here add, that according to our theory, the island of pouynipete, ( pl. i. fig. 7. ) in the caroline archipelago, being encircled by a barrier - reef, must have subsided. in the new s. wales lit. advert. feb. 1835, ( which i have seen through the favour of dr. lloghstky, ) there is an account of this island, ( subsequently confirmed by mr. campbell, ) in which it is said, \" at the n. e. end, at a place called tamen, there are ruins of a town, now only accessible by boats, the waves reaching to the steps of the houses. \" judging from this passage, one would be tempted to conclude that the island must have subsided, since these houses were built. i may, also, here append a statement in malte brun, ( vol. ix. p. 775, given is often violently shaken by earthquakes, and there, the unusual depth of the channel between the shore and the reef, \u2014 the almost entire absence of islets on the reef, \u2014 its wall - like structure on the inner side, and the small quantity of low alluvial land at the foot of the mountains, all seem to show that this island has not remained long at its present level, with the lagoon - channel subjected to the accumulation of sediment, and the reef to the wear and tear of the breakers. at the society archipelago, on the other hand, where a slight tremor is only rarely felt, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4853958388279089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 135, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.264389"} {"text": "long at its present level, with the lagoon - channel subjected to the accumulation of sediment, and the reef to the wear and tear of the breakers. at the society archipelago, on the other hand, where a slight tremor is only rarely felt, the shoalness of the lagoon channels round some of the islands, the number of islets formed on the reefs of others, and the broad belt of low land at the foot of the mountains, indicate that, although there must have been great subsidence to have produced the barrier - reefs, there has since elapsed a long stationary period. * without any authority, ) that the sea gains in an extraordinary manner on the coast of cochin china, which lies in front and near the subsiding coral - reefs in the china sea : as the coast is granitic, and not alluvial, it is scarcely possible that the encroachment of the sea can be owing to the washing away of the land ; and if so, it must be due to subsidence. * mr. couthouy states, ( remarks, p. 44, ) that at tahiti and eimeo the space between the reef and the shore has been nearly filled up by the extension of those coral - reefs, which within most barrier - reefs merely fringe the land. from this circumstance, he arrives at the same conclusion as i have done, that the society islands since their subsidence have remained stationary during a long period ; but he further believes that they have recently commenced rising, as well as the whole area of the low archipelago. he does not give any detailed proofs regarding the elevation of the society islands, but i shall refer to this subject in another part of this chapter. before making some further comments, i may observe how satisfactory it is to me, to find mr. couthouy affirming, that \" having personally examined a large number of coral - islands, and also residing eight months among the volcanic class, having shore and partially encircling reefs, i may be permitted to state that my own observations have impressed a conviction of the correctness of the theory of mr. darwin. \" this gentleman believes, that subsequently to the subsidence by which the atolls in the low archipelago were produced, the whole area has been elevated to the amount of a few feet : this indeed be a remarkable fact ; but as far as i am able to judge, the turning now to the red colour ; as on our map, the areas which have sunk slowly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5049638450813181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 136, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.265360"} {"text": "the whole area has been elevated to the amount of a few feet : this indeed be a remarkable fact ; but as far as i am able to judge, the turning now to the red colour ; as on our map, the areas which have sunk slowly downwards to great depths are many his conclusion are not sufficiently strong. he states that he found in almost every atoll which he visited, the shores of the lagoon raised from 18 to 30 inches above the sea - level, and containing imbedded tridacn\u00e6 and corals standing as they grew ; some of the corals were dead in their upper parts, but below a certain line they continued to flourish. in the lagoons, also, he frequently met with clusters of madrepore, with their extremities standing from one inch to a foot above the surface of the water. now, these appearances are exactly what i should have expected, without any subsequent elevation having taken place ; and i think mr. couthouy has not borne in mind the indisputable fact, that corals, when constantly bathed by the surf, can exist at a higher level than in quite tranquil water, as in a lagoon. as long, therefore, as the waves continued at low water to break entirely over parts of the annular reef of an atoll, submerged to a small depth, the corals and shells attached on these parts might continue living at a level above the smooth surface of the lagoon, into which the waves rolled ; but as soon as the outer edge of the reef grew up to its utmost possible height, or if the reef were very broad nearly to that height, the force of the breakers would be checked, and the corals and shells on the inner parts near the lagoon would occasionally be left dry, and thus be partially or wholly destroyed. even in atolls, which have not lately subsided, if the outer margin of the reef continued to increase in breadth seaward, ( each fresh zone of corals rising to the same vertical height as at keeling atoll, ) the line where the waves broke most heavily would advance outwards, and therefore the corals which, when living near the margin, were washed by the breaking waves during the whole of each tide, would cease being so, and would therefore be left on the backward part of the reef standing exposed and dead. the case of the madrepores in the lagoons with the tops of their branches exposed, seems to be an analogous fact, to the great fields of dead but upright corals in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49080763763865876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 137, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.266250"} {"text": "on the backward part of the reef standing exposed and dead. the case of the madrepores in the lagoons with the tops of their branches exposed, seems to be an analogous fact, to the great fields of dead but upright corals in the lagoon of keeling atoll ; \u2014 a condition of things which i have endeavoured to show, has resulted from the lagoon having become more and more enclosed and choked up with reefs, so that during high winds, the rising of the tide ( as observed by the inhabitants ) is checked, and the corals, which had formerly grown to the greatest possible height, are occasionally exposed, and thus are killed : and this is a condition of things, towards which almost every atoll in the intervals of its subsidence must be tending. or if we look to the state of an atoll directly after a subsidence of some fathoms, the waves would roll heavily over the entire circumference of the reef, and the surface of the lagoon would like the ocean never be quite at rest, and and large, we might naturally have been led to conjecture, that with such great changes of level in progress, the coasts which have been fringed probably for ages, ( for we have no reason to believe that coral - reefs are of short duration, ) would not have remained all this time stationary, but would frequently have undergone movements of elevation. this supposition, we shall immediately see, holds good to a remarkable extent ; and although a stationary condition of the land can hardly ever be open to proof, from the evidence being therefore the corals in the lagoon, from being constantly laved by the rippling water, might extend their branches to a little greater height than they could, when the lagoon became enclosed and protected. christmas atoll, ( 2\u00b0 north lat. ) which has a very shallow lagoon, and differs in several respects from most atolls, possibly may have been elevated recently ; but its highest part appears ( couthouy, p. 46 ) to be only ten feet above the sea - level. the facts of a second class, adduced by mr. couthouy, in support of the alleged recent elevation of the low archipelago, are not all ( especially those referring to a shelf of rock ) quite intelligible to me : he believes that certain enormous fragments of rock on the reef, must have been moved into their present position, when the reef was at a lower level ; but here again the force of the breakers on any inner point of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.492939705622305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 138, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.268434"} {"text": "quite intelligible to me : he believes that certain enormous fragments of rock on the reef, must have been moved into their present position, when the reef was at a lower level ; but here again the force of the breakers on any inner point of the reef being diminished by its outward growth without any change in its level, has not, i think, been borne in mind. we should, also, not overlook the occasional agency of waves caused by earthquakes and hurricanes. mr. couthouy further argues, that since these great fragments were deposited and fixed on the reef, they have been elevated ; he infers this from the greatest amount of erosion not being near their bases, where they are unceasingly washed by the reflux of the tides, but at some height on their sides, near the line of high - water mark, as shown in an accompanying diagram. my former remark again applies here, with this further observation, that as the waves have to roll over a wide space of reef before they reach the fragments, their force must be greatly increased with the increasing depth of water as the tide rises, and therefore i should have expected that the chief line of present erosion would have coincided with the line of high - water mark ; and if the reef had grown outwards, that there would have been lines of erosion at greater heights. the conclusion, to which i am finally led by the interesting observations of mr. couthouy, is, that the atolls in the low archipelago have, like the society islands, remained at a stationary level for a long period : and this probably is the ordinary course of events, subsidence supervening after long intervals of rest. only negative, we are, in some degree, enabled to ascertain the correctness of the parts coloured red on the map, by the direct testimony of upraised organic remains of a modern date. before going into the details on this head, ( printed in small type, ) i may mention, that when reading a memoir on coral formations by mm. quoy and gaimard, * i was astonished to find, for i knew that they had crossed both the pacific and indian oceans, that their descriptions were applicable only to reefs of the fringing class ; but my astonishment ended satisfactorily, when i discovered that, by a strange chance, all the islands which these eminent naturalists had visited, though several in number, \u2014 namely, the mauritius, timor, new guinea, the mariana and sandwich archipelagoes, could be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4932723429960949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 139, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.270586"} {"text": "is described by capt. beechey, * as being quite flat, and about eighty feet in height ; it is entirely composed of dead corals, forming a honeycombed, but compact rock. in cases like this, of an island having exactly the appearance, which the elevation of any one of the smaller surrounding atolls with a shallow lagoon would present, one is led to conclude ( with little better reason, however, than the improbability of such small and low fabrics lasting, for an immense period, exposed to the many destroying agents of nature ), that the elevation has taken place at an epoch not geologically remote. when merely the surface of an island of ordinary formation is strewed with marine bodies, and that continuously, or nearly so, from the beach to a certain height, and not above that height, it is exceedingly improbable that such organic remains, although they may not have been specifically examined, should belong to any ancient period. it is necessary to bear these remarks in mind, in considering the evidence of the elevatory movements in the pacific and indian oceans, as it does not often rest on specific determinations, and therefore should be received with caution. six of the cook and austral islands ( s. w. of the society group ), are fringed ; of these, five were described to me by the rev. j. williams, as formed of coral - rock, ( associated with some basalt in mangaia ), and the sixth as lofty and basaltic. mangaia is nearly 300 feet high, with a level summit ; and according to mr. s. wilson \u2020 it is an upraised reef ; \" and there are in the central hollow, formerly the bed of the lagoon, many scattered patches of coral - rock, some of them raised to a height of forty feet. \" these knolls of coral - rock were evidently once separate reefs in the lagoon of an atoll. mr. martens, at sydney, informed me that this island is surrounded by a terrace - like plain at about the height of a hundred feet, which probably marks a pause in its elevation. from these facts we may infer, perhaps, that the cook and austral islands have been upheaved at a period probably not very remote. savage island ( s. e. of the friendly group ), is about forty feet in height. forster \u2021 describes the plants as already growing out of * beechey ' s voyage in the pacific, p. 46, 4to. edition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584547275021451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 141, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.273491"} {"text": ". savage island ( s. e. of the friendly group ), is about forty feet in height. forster \u2021 describes the plants as already growing out of * beechey ' s voyage in the pacific, p. 46, 4to. edition. \u2020 couthouy ' s remarks, p. 34. \u2021 observations made during voyage round the world, p. 147. the dead, but still upright and spreading trees of coral ; and the younger forster * believes that an ancient lagoon is now represented by a central plain : here we cannot doubt that the elevatory forces have recently acted. the same conclusion may be extended, though with somewhat less certainty, to the islands of the friendly group, which have been well described in the second and third voyages of cook. the surface of tongatabou is low and level, but with some parts a hundred feet high ; the whole consists of coral - rock, \" which yet shews the cavities and irregularities worn into it by the action of the tides. \" \u2020 on eoua the same appearances were noticed at an elevation of between 200 and 300 feet. vavao, also, at the opposite or northern end of the group, consists, according to the rev. j. williams, of coral - rock. tongatabou, with its northern extensive reefs, resembles either an upraised atoll with one half originally imperfect, or one unequally elevated ; and anamouka, an atoll equally elevated. this latter island contains \u2021 in its centre a salt - water lake, about a mile - and - a - half in diameter, without any communication with the sea, and around it the land rises gradually like a bank : the highest part is only between twenty and thirty feet ; but on this part, as well as on the rest of the land, ( which as cook observes, rises above the height of true lagoon - islands, ) coral - rock like that on the beach, was found. in the navigator archipelago, mr. couthouy \u00a7 found on manua many and very large fragments of coral at the height of eighty feet, \" on a steep hill - side, rising half a mile inland from a low sandy plain abounding in marine remains. \" the fragments were embedded in a mixture of decomposed lava and sand. it is not stated whether they were accompanied by shells, or whether the corals resembled recent species ; as these remains were embedded, they possibly may belong to a remote epoch ; but i presume this was not the opinion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491782225940984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 142, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.274429"} {"text": ", to the height of 150 feet, by madreporitic strata of a modern date. he mentions similar formations at waigiou, amboina, bourou, ceram, sonda and timor : at this latter place, mm. quoy and gaimard \u00b6 have likewise described the primitive rocks, as coated to a considerable height with coral. some small islets eastward of timor are said in kolff ' s voyage * * to resemble small coral islets upraised some feet above the sea. dr. macolmson informs me that dr. hardie found in java an extensive formation, containing an abundance of shells, of which the greater part appear to be of existing species. dr. jack \u2020 \u2020 * voyage de la coquille, part. zoolog. \u2020 freycinet ' s voyage autour du monde. see also the hydrographical memoir, p. 215. \u2021 kotzebue ' s first voyage. \u00a7 lutke ' s voyage, vol. ii. p. 304. | | partie zoolog. voyage de la coquille. \u00b6 ann. des scien. nat., tom. vi. p. 281. * * translated by windsor earl, chapters vi. and vii. \u2020 \u2020 geolog. transact. 2nd series, vol. i. p. 403. on the peninsula of malacca, in front of pinang, 5\u00b0 30 ' n., dr. ward collected some shells, which dr. malcolmson informs me, although not compared with existing species, had a recent appearance. dr. ward describes in this neighbourhood ( trans. asiat. soc. vol. xviii., part 2, p. 166. ) a single water - worn rock, with a conglomerate of sea shells at its base, situated six miles inland, which, according to the traditions of the natives, was has described some upraised shells and corals, apparently recent, on pulo nias off sumatra ; and marsden relates in his history of this great island, that the names of many promontories, show that they were originally islands. on part of the west coast of borneo and at the sooloo islands, the form of the land, the nature of the soil, and the water - washed rocks, present appearances, * ( although it is doubtful whether such vague evidence is worthy of mention, ) of having recently been covered by the sea ; and the inhabitants of the sooloo islands believe that this has been the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46836157248957844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 144, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.276220"} {"text": "and the water - washed rocks, present appearances, * ( although it is doubtful whether such vague evidence is worthy of mention, ) of having recently been covered by the sea ; and the inhabitants of the sooloo islands believe that this has been the case. mr. cuming, who has lately investigated, with so much success, the natural history of the phillippines, found near cabagan, in luzon, about fifty feet above the level of the r. cagayan, and seventy miles from its mouth, a large bed of fossil shells : these, he informs me, are of the same species with those now existing on the shores of the neighbouring islands. from the accounts given us by captain basil hall and captain beechey \u2020 of the lines of inland reefs, and walls of coral - rock worn into caves, above the present reach of the waves, at the loo choo islands, there can be little doubt that they have been upraised at no very remote period. dr. davy \u2021 describes the northern province of ceylon as being very low, and consisting of a limestone with shells and corals of very recent origin ; he adds, that it does not admit of a doubt that the sea has retired from this district even within the memory of man. there is also some reason for believing that the western shores of india, north of ceylon, have been upraised within the recent period. \u00a7 once surrounded by the sea. capt. low has also described ( ibid. part i. p. 131. ) mounds of shells lying two miles inland on this line of coast. * notices of the east indian arch., singapore, 1828, p. 6, and append. p. 43. \u2020 capt. b. hall, voyage to loo choo, append. pp. xxi. and xxv. capt. beechey ' s voyage, p. 496. \u2021 travels in ceylon, p. 13. this madreporitic formation is mentioned by m. cordier in his report to the institute, ( may 4, 1839, ) on the voyage of the chevrette, as one of immense extent, and belonging to the latest tertiary period. \u00a7 dr. benza, in his journey through the n. circars, ( the madras lit. and scient. journ. vol. v. ) has described a formation with recent freshwater and marine shells, occurring at the distance of three or four miles from the present shore. dr. benza, in conversation with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45991603652286805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 145, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.279078"} {"text": "( the madras lit. and scient. journ. vol. v. ) has described a formation with recent freshwater and marine shells, occurring at the distance of three or four miles from the present shore. dr. benza, in conversation with me, attributed their position to a rise of the land. dr. malcolmson, how - mauritius has certainly been upraised within the recent period, as i have stated in the chapter on fringing - reefs. the northern extremity of madagascar is described by capt. owen * as formed of madreporitic rock, as likewise are the shores and outlying islands along an immense space of eastern africa, from a little north of the equator for 900 miles southward. nothing can be more vague than the expression \" madreporitic rock ; \" but at the same time it is, i think, scarcely possible to look at the chart of the linear islets, which rise to a greater height than can be accounted for by the growth of coral, in front of the coast from the equator to 2\u00b0 s., without feeling convinced that a line of fringing reefs has been elevated at a period so recent, that no great changes have since taken place on the surface of this part of the globe. some, also, of the higher islands of madreporitic rock on this coast, for instance pemba, have very singular forms, which seem to show the combined effect of the growth of coral round submerged banks, and their subsequent upheaval. dr. allan informs me that he never observed any elevated organic remains on the seychelles, which come under our fringed class. the nature of the formations round the shores of the red sea, as described by several authors, shows that the whole of this large area has been elevated within a very recent tertiary epoch. a part of this space in the appended map, is coloured blue, indicating the presence of barrier - reefs ; on which circumstance i shall presently make some remarks. ruppell \u2020 states that the tertiary formation, of which he has examined the organic remains, forms a fringe along the shores with a uniform height of from 30 and 40 feet, from the mouth of the gulf of suez to about lat. 26\u00b0 ; but that south of 26\u00b0, the beds attain only the height of from 12 to 15 feet. this, however, can hardly be quite accurate ; although possibly there may be a decrease in the elevation of the shores in the middle parts of the red sea, for dr. malcolmson ( as he informs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4982949669146407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 146, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.280712"} {"text": "the height of from 12 to 15 feet. this, however, can hardly be quite accurate ; although possibly there may be a decrease in the elevation of the shores in the middle parts of the red sea, for dr. malcolmson ( as he informs me ) collected from the cliffs of camaran island ( lat. 15\u00b0 30 ' s. ) shells and corals, apparently recent, at a ever, ( and there cannot be a higher authority on the geology of india ) informs me that he suspects that these beds may have been formed by the mere action of the waves and currents accumulating sediment. from analogy i should much incline to dr. benza ' s opinion. * owen ' s africa, vol. ii. p. 37 for madagascar ; and for s. africa, vol. i. pp. 412 and 426. lieut. boteler ' s narrative contains fuller particulars regarding the coral - rock, vol. i. p. 174., and vol. ii. pp. 41 and 54. see also ruschenberger ' s voyage round the world, vol. i. p. 60. \u2020 ruppell, reise in abyssinien, band i. s. 141. height between 30 and 40 feet ; and mr. salt ( travels in abyssinia ) describes a similar formation a little southward on the opposite shore at amphila. moreover, near the mouth of the gulf of suez, although on the coast opposite to that on which dr. ruppell says that the modern beds attain a height of only 30 to 40 feet, mr. burton * found a deposit replete with existing species of shells, at the height of 200 feet. in an admirable series of drawings by capt. moresby, i could see how continuously the cliff - bounded low plains of this formation extended with a nearly equable height, both on the eastern and western shores. the southern coast of arabia seem to have been subjected to the same elevatory movement, for dr. malcolmson found at sahar low cliffs containing shells and corals, apparently of recent species. the persian gulf abounds with coral reefs ; but as it is difficult to distinguish them from sand - banks in this shallow sea, i have coloured only some near the mouth ; towards the head of the gulf mr. ainsworth \u2020 says that the land is worn into terraces, and that the beds contain organic remains of existing forms. the west indian archipelago of \" fringed \" islands, alone remains to be mentioned : evidence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4824301776146236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 147, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.281709"} {"text": "; towards the head of the gulf mr. ainsworth \u2020 says that the land is worn into terraces, and that the beds contain organic remains of existing forms. the west indian archipelago of \" fringed \" islands, alone remains to be mentioned : evidence of an elevation within a late tertiary epoch of nearly the whole of this great area, may be found in the works of almost all the naturalists who have visited it. i will give some of the principal references in a note. \u2021 it is very remarkable, on reviewing these details, to observe in how many instances fringing - reefs round the shores, have coincided with the existence on the land of upraised organic * lyell ' s principles of geology, 5th edition, vol. iv. p. 25. \u2020 ainsworth ' s assyria and babylon, p. 217. \u2021 on florida and the north shores of the gulf of mexico, rogers ' report to brit. assoc. vol. iii. p. 14. \u2014 on the shores of mexico, humboldt, polit. essay on new spain, vol. i. p. 62. ( i have also some corroborative facts with respect to the shores of mexico. ) \u2014 honduras and the antilles, lyell ' s principles, 5th ed. vol. iv. p. 22. \u2014 santa cruz and barbadoes, prof. hovey, silliman ' s journ vol. xxxv. p. 74. \u2014 st. domingo, courrojolles, jour. de phys. tom. liv. p. 106. \u2014 bahamas, united service journ. no. lxxi. pp. 218 and 224. \u2014 jamaica, de la beche geol. man. p. 142. \u2014 cuba, taylor in lond. and edin. phil. mag. vol. xi. p. 17. dr. daubeny also at a meeting of the geolog. soc. orally described some very modern beds lying on the n. w. parts of cuba. i might have added many other less important references. remains, which seem, from evidence more or less satisfactory, to belong to a late tertiary period. it may, however, be objected, that similar proofs of elevation, perhaps, occur on the coasts coloured blue in our map : but this certainly is not the case with the few following and doubtful exceptions. the entire area of the red sea appears to have been upraised within a modern period ; nevertheless i have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48343433821249554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 148, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.282566"} {"text": ", perhaps, occur on the coasts coloured blue in our map : but this certainly is not the case with the few following and doubtful exceptions. the entire area of the red sea appears to have been upraised within a modern period ; nevertheless i have been compelled, ( though on unsatisfactory evidence, as given in the appendix ) to class the reefs in the middle part, as barrier - reefs ; should, however, the statements prove accurate of the less height of the tertiary beds in this middle part, compared with the northern and southern districts, we might well suspect that it had subsided subsequently to the general elevation by which the whole area has been upraised. several authors * have stated that they have observed shells and corals high up on the mountains of the society islands, \u2014 a group encircled by barrier - reefs, and, therefore, supposed to have subsided : at tahiti mr. stutchbury found on the apex of one of the highest mountains, between 5000 and 7000 feet above the level of the sea, \" a distinct and regular stratum of semi - fossil coral. \" at tahiti, however, other naturalists, as well as myself, have searched in vain at a low level near the coast, for upraised shells or masses of coral - reef, where if present they could hardly have been overlooked. from this fact, i concluded that probably the organic remains strewed high up on the surface of the land, had originally been embedded in the volcanic strata, and had subsequently been washed * ellis, in his polynesian researches, was the first to call attention to these remains, ( vol. i. p. 38. ) and the tradition of the natives concerning them. see also william ' s, nar. of miss. enterprize, p. 21 ; also tyerman and g. bennett, journ. of voyage, vol. i. p. 213 ; also mr. couthouy ' s remarks, p. 51 ; but his principal fact, namely, that there is a mass of upraised coral on the narrow peninsula of tiarubu, is from hearsay evidence ; also mr. stutchbury, west of england journ. no. 1. p. 54. there is a passage in von zach, corres. astronom. vol. x. p. 266., inferring an uprising at tahiti, from a footpath now used, which was formerly impassable ; but i particularly inquired from several native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47981757043460366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 149, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.283482"} {"text": "von zach, corres. astronom. vol. x. p. 266., inferring an uprising at tahiti, from a footpath now used, which was formerly impassable ; but i particularly inquired from several native chiefs, whether they knew of any change of this kind, and they were unanimous in giving me an answer in the negative. out by the rain. i have since heard from the rev. w. ellis, that the remains which he met with, were ( as he believes, ) interstratified with an argillaceous tuff ; this likewise was the case with the shells observed by the rev. d. tyerman at huaheine. these remains have not been specifically examined ; they may, therefore, and especially the stratum observed by mr. stutchbury at an immense height, be contemporaneous with the first formation of the society islands, and be of any degree of antiquity : or they may have been deposited at some subsequent, but probably not very recent period of elevation ; for if the period had been recent, the entire surface of the coast - land of these islands, where the reefs are so extensive, would have been coated with upraised coral, which certainly is not the case. two of the harvey, or cook islands, namely, aitutaki and manouai, are encircled by reefs, which extend so far from the land, that i have coloured them blue, although with much hesitation, as the space within the reef is shallow, and the outline of the land is not abrupt. these two islands consist of coral - rock ; but i have no evidence of their recent elevation, besides, the improbability of mangaia, a fringed island in the same group, ( but distant 170 miles, ) having retained its nearly perfect atoll - like structure, during any immense lapse of time after its upheaval. the red sea, therefore, is the only area in which we have clear proofs of the recent elevation of a district, which, by our theory ( although the barrier - reefs are there not well characterized ), has lately subsided. but we have no reason to be surprised at oscillations of level of this kind having occasionally taken place. there can be scarcely any doubt that savage, aurora, * and mangaia islands, and several of the * aurora island is described by mr. couthouy ( remarks, p. 58 ) ; it lies 120 miles n. e. of tahiti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48374818263084396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 150, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.284494"} {"text": "be scarcely any doubt that savage, aurora, * and mangaia islands, and several of the * aurora island is described by mr. couthouy ( remarks, p. 58 ) ; it lies 120 miles n. e. of tahiti ; it is not coloured in the appended map, because it does not appear to be fringed by living reefs. mr. couthouy describes its summit as \" presenting a broad table - land which declines a few feet towards the centre, where we may suppose the lagoon to have been placed. \" it is about 200 feet in height, and consists of reef - rock and conglomerate, with existing species of coral embeded in it. the island has been elevated at two successive periods ; the cliffs being islands in the friendly group, existed originally as atolls, and these have undoubtedly since been upraised to some height above the level of the sea ; so that by our theory, there has here, also, been an oscillation of level, \u2014 elevation having succeeded subsidence, instead of, as in the middle part of the red sea and at the harvey islands, subsidence having probably succeeded recent elevation. it is an interesting fact, that fais, which, from its composition, form, height, and situation at the western end of the caroline archipelago, one is strongly induced to believe existed before its upheaval as an atoll, lies exactly in the prolongation of the curved line of the mariana group, which we know to be a line of recent elevation. i may add, that elizabeth island, in the southern part of the low archipelago, which seems to have had the same kind of origin as fais, lies near pitcairn island, the only one in this part of the ocean which is high, and at the same time not surrounded by an encircling barrier - reef. on the absence of active volcanos in the areas of subsidence, and on their frequent presence in the areas of elevation. \u2014 before making some concluding remarks on the relations of the spaces coloured blue and red, it will be convenient to consider the position on our map of the volcanos historically known to have been in action. it is impossible not to be struck, first with the absence of volcanos in the great areas of subsidence tinted pale and dark blue, \u2014 namely, in the central parts of the indian ocean, in the china sea, in the sea between the barriers of australia and new caledonia, in the caroline, marshall,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4882298263161361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 151, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.285501"} {"text": "show the effects of past and ancient eruptions. in these cases, it would appear as if the volcanos had come into action, and had become extinguished on the same spots, according as the elevating or subsiding movements prevailed. there are some other coasts on the map, where volcanos in a state of action concur with proofs of recent elevation, besides those coloured red from being fringed by coral - reefs. thus i hope to show in a future volume, that nearly the whole line of the west coast of south america, which forms the greatest volcanic chain in the world, from near the equator for a space of between 2000 and 3000 miles * see the note at p. 121, on the authorities for colouring the volcanos in the appended map. southward, has undergone an upward movement during a late geological period. the islands on the north - western shores of the pacific, which form the second greatest volcanic chain, are very imperfectly known ; but luzon, in the philippines, and the loo choo islands, have been recently elevated ; and at kamtschatka * there are extensive tertiary beds of modern date. evidence of the same nature, but not very satisfactory, may be detected in northern new zealand, where there are two volcanos. the co - existence in other parts of the world of active volcanos, with upraised beds of a modern tertiary origin, will occur to every geologist. \u2020 nevertheless, until it could be shown that volcanos were inactive or did not exist in subsiding areas, the conclusion that their distribution depended on the nature of the subterranean movements in progress, would have been hazardous. but now, viewing the appended map, it may, i think, be considered as almost established, that volcanos are often ( not necessarily always ) present in those areas where the subterranean motive power has lately forced, or is now forcing outwards the crust of the earth, but that they are invariably absent in those, where the surface has lately subsided or is still subsiding. \u2021 on the relations of the areas of subsidence and elevation. \u2014 the immense surfaces on the map, which, both by our theory and by the plain evidence of upraised marine remains, have undergone a change of level either downwards or upwards during a late period, is a most remarkable fact. the exis - * at sedanka, in lat. 58\u00b0 n. ( von buch ' s descrip. des isles canaries, p. 455.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4701974031252978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 153, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.290640"} {"text": "or upwards during a late period, is a most remarkable fact. the exis - * at sedanka, in lat. 58\u00b0 n. ( von buch ' s descrip. des isles canaries, p. 455. ) in a forthcoming part, i shall give the evidence referred to with respect to the elevation of new zealand. \u2020 during the subterranean disturbances which took place in chile in 1835, i have shown ( geolog. trans. 2nd ser. vol. v. p. 606. ) that at the same moment that a large district was upraised, volcanic matter burst forth at widely - separated points, through both new and old vents. \u2021 we may infer from this rule, that in any old deposit, which contains interstratified beds of erupted matter, there was at the period, and in the area of its formation, a tendency to an upward movement in the earth ' s surface, and certainly no movement of subsidence. tence of continents shows that the areas have been immense, which at some period have been upraised : in south america we may feel sure, and on the north - western shores of the indian ocean we may suspect, that this rising is either now actually in progress, or has taken place quite recently. by our theory, we may conclude that the areas are likewise immense which have lately subsided, or, judging from the earthquakes occasionally felt and from other appearances, are now subsiding. the smallness of the scale of our map should not be overlooked : each of the squares on it contains ( not allowing for the curvature of the earth ) 810, 000 square miles. look at the space of ocean from near the southern end of the low archipelago to the northern end of the marshall archipelago, \u2014 a length of 4500 miles, in which, as far as is known, every island, excepting aurora which lies just without the low archipelago, is atoll - formed. the eastern and western boundaries of our map are continents, and they are rising areas : the central spaces of the great indian and pacific oceans, are mostly subsiding ; between them, north of australia, lies the most broken land on the globe, and there the rising parts are surrounded and penetrated by areas of subsidence, * so that the prevailing movements now in progress, seem to accord with the actual states of surface of the great divisions of the world. the blue spaces on the map are nearly all elongated ; but it does not necessarily follow from this, ( a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5256980195757286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 154, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.293482"} {"text": ", * so that the prevailing movements now in progress, seem to accord with the actual states of surface of the great divisions of the world. the blue spaces on the map are nearly all elongated ; but it does not necessarily follow from this, ( a caution, for which i am indebted to mr. lyell, ) that the areas of subsidence were likewise elongated ; for the subsidence of a long, narrow, space of the bed of the ocean, including in it a transverse chain of mountains, surmounted by atolls, would only be marked on the map by a transverse blue band. but where a chain of atolls and barrier - reefs lies in an elongated area, between spaces coloured red, which therefore have re - * i suspect that the arru and timor - laut islands present an included small area of subsidence, like that of the china sea ; but i have not ventured to colour them from my imperfect information, as given in the appendix. mained stationary or have been upraised, this must have resulted either from the area of subsidence having originally been elongated ( owing to some tendency in the earth ' s crust thus to subside ), or from the subsiding area having originally been of an irregular figure, or as broad as long, and having since been narrowed by the elevation of neighbouring districts. thus the areas, which subsided during the formation of the great north and south line of atolls in the indian ocean, \u2014 of the east and west line of the caroline atolls, \u2014 and of the north - west and south - east line of the barrier - reefs of new caledonia and the louisiade, must have originally been elongated, or if not so, they must have since been made elongated by elevations, which we know to belong to a recent period. i infer from mr. hopkins ' s researches, * that for the formation of a long chain of mountains, with few lateral spurs, an area elongated in the same direction with the chain, must have been subjected to an elevatory movement. mountain - chains, however, when already formed, although running in very different directions, it seems, \u2020 may be raised together by a widely - acting force : so, perhaps, mountain - chains may subside together. hence, we cannot tell whether the caroline and marshall archipelagoes, two groups of atolls running in different directions and meeting each other, have been formed by the subsidence of two areas, or of one large * researches in physical geology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.539972454739524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 155, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.296364"} {"text": "together. hence, we cannot tell whether the caroline and marshall archipelagoes, two groups of atolls running in different directions and meeting each other, have been formed by the subsidence of two areas, or of one large * researches in physical geology, transact. cambridge phil. soc. vol. vi. part i. \u2020 for instance in s. america from lat. 34\u00b0 for many degrees southward there are upraised beds containing recent species of shells, on both the atlantic and pacific side of the continent, and from the gradual ascent of the land, although with very unequal slopes, on both sides towards the cordillera, i think it can hardly be doubted that the entire width has been upraised in mass within the recent period. in this case the two w. n. w. and e. s. e. mountain - lines, namely the sierra ventana and the s. tapalguen, and the great north and south line of the cordillera have been together raised. in the west indies the n. and s. line of the eastern antilles, and the e. and w. line of jamaica, appear both to have been upraised within the latest geological period. area, including two distinct lines of mountains. we have, however, in the southern prolongation of the mariana islands, probable evidence of a line of recent elevation having intersected one of recent subsidence. a view of the map will show that, generally, there is a tendency to alternation in the parallel areas undergoing opposite kinds of movement ; as if the sinking of one area balanced the rising of another. the existence in many parts of the world of high table - land, proves that large surfaces have been upraised in mass to considerable heights above the level of the ocean ; although the highest points in almost every country consist of upturned strata, or erupted matter : and from the immense spaces scattered with atolls, which indicate that land originally existed there, although not one pinnacle now remains above the level of the sea, we may conclude that wide areas have subsided to an amount, sufficient to bury not only any formerly existing table - land, but even the heights formed by fractured strata, and erupted matter. the effects produced on the land by the later elevatory movements, namely, successively rising cliffs, lines of erosion, and beds of littoral shells and pebbles, all requiring time for their production, prove that these movements have been very slow ; we can, however, infer this with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.516388523095112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 156, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.298512"} {"text": "later elevatory movements, namely, successively rising cliffs, lines of erosion, and beds of littoral shells and pebbles, all requiring time for their production, prove that these movements have been very slow ; we can, however, infer this with safety, only with respect to the few last hundred feet of rise. but with reference to the whole vast amount of subsidence, necessary to have produced the many atolls widely scattered over immense spaces, it has already been shown ( and it is, perhaps, the most interesting conclusion in this volume ), that the movements must either have been uniform and exceedingly slow, or have been effected by small steps, separated from each other by long intervals of time, during which the reef - constructing polypifers were able to bring up their solid frame - works to the surface. we have little means of judging whether many considerable oscillations of level have generally occurred during the elevation of large tracts : but we know, from clear geological evidence, that this has frequently taken place ; and we have seen on our map, that some of the same islands have both subsided and been upraised. i conclude, however, that most of the large blue spaces have subsided without many and great elevatory oscillations, because only a few upraised atolls have been observed : the supposition that such elevations have taken place, but that the upraised parts have been worn down by the surf, and thus have escaped observation, is overruled by the very considerable depth of the lagoons of all the larger atolls ; for this could not have been the case, if they had suffered repeated elevations and abrasion. from the comparative observations made in these latter pages, we may finally conclude, that the subterranean changes which have caused some large areas to rise, and others to subside, have acted in a very similar manner. recapitulation. \u2014 in the three first chapters, the principal kinds of coral - reefs were described in detail, and they were found to differ little, as far as relates to the actual surface of the reef. an atoll differs from an encircling barrier - reef only in the absence of land within its central expanse ; and a barrier - reef differs from a fringing - reef, in being placed at a much greater distance from the land with reference to the probable inclination of its submarine foundation, and in the presence of a deep - water lagoon - like space or moat within the reef. in the fourth chapter the growing powers of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49338055923106616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 157, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.303337"} {"text": ", in being placed at a much greater distance from the land with reference to the probable inclination of its submarine foundation, and in the presence of a deep - water lagoon - like space or moat within the reef. in the fourth chapter the growing powers of the reef - constructing polypifers were discussed ; and it was shown, that they cannot flourish beneath a very limited depth. in accordance with this limit, there is no difficulty respecting the foundations, on which fringing - reefs are based ; whereas, with barrier - reefs and atolls, there is a great apparent difficulty on this head ; \u2014 in barrier - reefs from the improbability of the rock of the coast or of banks of sediment extending, in every instance, so far seaward within the required depth ; \u2014 and in atolls, from the immensity of the spaces over which they are interspersed, and the apparent necessity for believing that they are all supported on mountain - summits, which, although rising very near to the surface - level of the sea, in no one instance emerge above it. to escape this latter most improbable admission, which implies the existence of submarine chains of mountains of almost the same height, extending over areas of many thousand square miles, there is but one alternative ; namely, the prolonged subsidence of the foundations, on which the atolls were primarily based, together with the upward growth of the reef - constructing corals. on this view every difficulty vanishes : fringing - reefs are thus converted into barrier - reefs ; and barrier - reefs, when encircling islands, are thus converted into atolls, the instant the last pinnacle of land sinks beneath the surface of the ocean. thus the ordinary forms and certain peculiarities in the structure of atolls and barrier - reefs can be explained ; \u2014 namely, the wall - like structure on their inner sides \u2014 the bason or ring - like shape both of the marginal and central reefs in the maldiva atolls \u2014 the union of some atolls as if by a ribbon \u2014 the apparent disseverment of others \u2014 and the occurrence, in atolls as well as in barrier - reefs, of portions of reef, and of the whole of some reefs, in a dead and submerged state, but retaining the outline of living reefs. thus can be explained the existence of breaches through barrier - reefs in front of valleys, though separated from them by a wide space of deep water ; thus, also, the ordinary outline of groups of atolls, and the relative forms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5362743248856827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 158, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.305429"} {"text": "living reefs. thus can be explained the existence of breaches through barrier - reefs in front of valleys, though separated from them by a wide space of deep water ; thus, also, the ordinary outline of groups of atolls, and the relative forms of the separate atolls one to another ; thus can be explained the proximity of the two kinds of reefs formed during subsidence, and their separation from the spaces where fringing - reefs abound. on searching for other evidence of the movements supposed by our theory, we find marks of change in atolls and in barrier - reefs, and of subterranean disturbances under them ; but from the nature of things, it is scarcely possible to detect any direct proofs of subsidence, although some appearances are strongly in favour of it. on the fringed coasts, however, the presence of upraised marine bodies of a recent epoch, plainly show, that these coasts, instead of having remained stationary, which is all that can be directly inferred from our theory, have generally been elevated. finally, when the two great types of structure, namely barrier - reefs and atolls on the one hand, and fringing - reefs on the other, were laid down in colours on our map, a magnificent and harmonious picture of the movements, which the crust of the earth has within a late period undergone, is presented to us. we there see vast areas rising, with volcanic matter every now and then bursting forth through the vents or fissures with which they are traversed. we see other wide spaces slowly sinking without any volcanic outbursts ; and we may feel sure, that this sinking must have been immense in amount as well as in area, thus to have buried over the broad face of the ocean every one of those mountains, above which atolls now stand like monuments, marking the place of their former existence. reflecting how powerful an agent with respect to denudation, and consequently to the nature and thickness of the deposits in accumulation, the sea must ever be, when acting for prolonged periods on the land, during either its slow emergence or subsidence ; reflecting, also, on the final effects of these movements in the interchange of land and ocean - water, on the climate of the earth, and on the distribution of organic beings, i may be permitted to hope, that the conclusions derived from the study of coral - formations, originally attempted merely to explain their peculiar forms, may be thought worthy of the attention of geologists. a detailed description of the reefs and islands in the coloured map", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5159160328653213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 159, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.311920"} {"text": "may be permitted to hope, that the conclusions derived from the study of coral - formations, originally attempted merely to explain their peculiar forms, may be thought worthy of the attention of geologists. a detailed description of the reefs and islands in the coloured map, plate iii. in the beginning of the last chapter i stated the principles on which the map is coloured. there only remains to be said, that it is an exact copy of one by m. c. gressier, published by the depot general de la marine, in 1835. the names have been altered into english, and the longitude has been reduced to that of greenwich. the colours were first laid down on accurate charts, on a large scale. the data, on which the volcanos historically known to have been in action, have been marked with vermilion, were given in a note to the last chapter. i will commence my description on the eastern side of the map, and will describe each group of islands consecutively, proceeding westward across the pacific and indian oceans, but ending with the west indies. the western shores of america appear to be entirely without coral reefs : south of the equator the survey of the beagle, and north of it, the published charts show that this is the case. even in the bay of panama, where corals flourish, there are no true coral reefs, as i have been informed by mr. lloyd. there are no coral - reefs in the galapagos archipelago, as i know from personal inspection ; and i believe there are none on the cocos, revilla - gigedo, and other neighbouring islands. clipperton rock, 10\u00b0 n. 109\u00b0 w., has lately been surveyed by capt. belcher ; in form it is like the crater of a volcano. from a drawing appended to the ms. plan in the admiralty, it evidently is not an atoll. the eastern parts of the pacific present an enormous area, without any islands, except easter, and sala, and gomez islands, which do not appear to be surrounded by reefs. the low archipelago. \u2014 this group consists of about 80 atolls : it would be quite superfluous to refer to descriptions of each. in d ' urville and lottin ' s chart, one island ( wolchonsky ) is written with a capital letter, signifying, as explained in a former chapter, that it is a high island ; but this must be a mistake, as the original chart by bellinghausen shows that it is a true atoll.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47567004229213367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 160, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.314155"} {"text": "already described in a note ( p. 139 ), on the authority of mr. couthouy : it is an upraised atoll, but as it does not appear to be fringed by living reefs, it is left uncoloured. the society arch. is separated by a narrow space from the low arch. ; and in their parallel direction they manifest some relation to each other. i have already described the general character of the reefs of these fine encircled islands. in the atlas of the coquille ' s voyage there is a good general chart of the group, and separate plans of some of the islands. tahiti the largest island in the group is almost surrounded, as seen in cook ' s chart, by a reef from a half a mile to a mile and a half from the shore, with from 10 to 30 fathoms within it. some considerable submerged reefs lying parallel to the shore, with a broad and deep space within, have lately been discovered ( naut. mag. 1836, p. 264, ) on the n. e. coast of the island, where none are laid down by cook. at eimeo the reef \" which like a ring surrounds it, is in some places one or two miles distant from the shore, in others united to the beach. \" ( ellis, polynesian researches, vol. i. p. 18, 12mo. edit. ) cook found deep water ( 20 fathoms ) in some of the harbours within the reef. mr. couthouy, however, states ( remarks, p. 45, ) that both at tahiti and eimeo, the space between the barrier - reef and the shore, has been almost filled up, \u2014 \" a nearly continuous fringing - reef surrounding the island, and varying from a few yards to rather more than a mile in width, the lagoons merely forming canals between this and the sea - reef, \" that is the barrier - reef. tapamanoa is surrounded by a reef at a considerable distance from the shore ; from the island being small, it is breached, as i am informed by the rev. w. ellis, only by a narrow and crooked boat - channel. this is the lowest island in the group, its height probably not exceeding 500 feet. a little way north of tahiti, the low coral islets of teturoa are situated ; from the description of them given me by the rev. j. williams ( the author of the narrative of missionary enterprise ), i should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49074190029382736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 162, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.317043"} {"text": "500 feet. a little way north of tahiti, the low coral islets of teturoa are situated ; from the description of them given me by the rev. j. williams ( the author of the narrative of missionary enterprise ), i should have thought they had formed a small atoll, and likewise from the description given by the rev. d. tyerman and g. bennett ( journ. of voy. and travels, vol. i. p. 183, ) who say that ten low coral islets \" are comprehended within one general reef, and separated from each other by interjacent lagoons ; \" but as mr. stutchbury ( west of england journal, vol. i. p. 54, ) describes it as consisting of a mere narrow ridge, i have left it uncoloured. maitea, eastward of the group, is classed by forster as a high encircled island ; but from the account given by the rev. d. tyerman and g. bennett ( vol. i. p. 57, ) it appears to be an exceedingly abrupt cone, rising from the sea without any reef ; i have left it uncoloured. it would be superfluous to describe the northern islands in this group, as they may be well seen in the chart accompanying the 4to. edition of cook ' s voyages, and in the atlas of the coquille ' s voyage. maurua is the only one of the northern islands, in which the water within the reef is not deep, being only 4\u00bd fathoms ; but the great width of the reef, stretching three miles and a half southward of the land ( which is represented in the drawing in the atlas of the coquille ' s voyage as descending abruptly to the water ) shows, on the principle explained in the beginning of the last chapter, that it belongs to the barrier class. i may here mention, from information communicated to me by the rev. w. ellis, that on the n. e. side of huaheine there is a bank of sand, about a quarter of a mile wide, extending parallel to the shore, and separated from it by an extensive and deep lagoon : this bank of sand rests on coral rock, and undoubtedly was originally a living reef. north of bolabola lies the atoll of toubai ( motou - iti of the coquille ' s atlas ), which is coloured dark blue ; the other islands, surrounded by barrier - reefs, are pale blue : three of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43850094284831304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 163, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.318270"} {"text": "north of bolabola lies the atoll of toubai ( motou - iti of the coquille ' s atlas ), which is coloured dark blue ; the other islands, surrounded by barrier - reefs, are pale blue : three of them are represented in figures 3, 4, and 5, in plate i. there are three low coral - groups lying a little e. of the society arch., and almost forming part of it, namely, bellinghausen, which is said by kotzebue ( second voyage, vol. ii. p. 255, ) to be a lagoon - island ; mopeha, which, from cook ' s description ( second voyage, book iii. chap. 1, ) no doubt is an atoll ; and the scilly islands, which are said by wallis ( voyage, chap. ix. ) to form a group of low islets and shoals, and therefore, probably, they compose an atoll : the two former have been coloured blue, but not the latter. mendana or marquesas group. \u2014 these islands are entirely without reefs, as may be seen in krusenstern ' s atlas, making a remarkable contrast with the adjacent group of the society ' s islands. mr. f. d. bennett has given some account of this group, in the seventh volume of the geograph. journ. he informs me that all the islands have the same general character, and that the water is very deep close to their shores. he visited three of them, namely, dominicana, christiana, and roapoa ; their beaches are strewed with rounded masses of coral, and although no regular reefs exist, yet the shore is in many places lined by coral - rock, so that a boat grounds on this formation. hence these islands ought probably to come within the class of fringed islands and be coloured red ; but as i am determined to err on the cautious side, i have left them uncoloured. cook or harvey and austral. isl. \u2014 palmerston island is minutely described as an atoll by capt. cook during his voyage in 1774 ; coloured blue. aitutaki was partially surveyed by the beagle, ( see map accompanying voyages of adventure and beagle ) ; the land is hilly, sloping gently to the beach ; the highest point is 360 feet ; on the southern side the reef projects five miles from the land : off this point the beagle found no bottom with 270 fathoms : the reef", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48133619773833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 164, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.320314"} {"text": ") ; the land is hilly, sloping gently to the beach ; the highest point is 360 feet ; on the southern side the reef projects five miles from the land : off this point the beagle found no bottom with 270 fathoms : the reef is surmounted by many low coral - islets. although within the reef the water is exceedingly shallow, not being more than a few feet deep, as i am informed by the rev. j. williams ; nevertheless, from the great extension of this reef into a profoundly deep ocean, this island probably belongs, on the principle lately adverted to, to the barrier class, and i have coloured it pale blue ; although with much hesitation. \u2014 manouai or harvey isld. the highest point is about 50 feet : the rev. j. williams informs me that the reef here, although it lies far from the shore, is less distant than at aitutaki, but the water within the reef is rather deeper : i have also coloured this pale blue, with many doubts. \u2014 round mitiaro isld., as i am informed by mr. williams, the reef is attached to the shore ; coloured red. \u2014 mauki, or maouti ; the reef round this isld. ( under the name of parry isld. in the voyage of h. m. s. blonde, p. 209, ) is described as a coral flat, only 50 yards wide, and two feet under water. this statement has been corroborated by mr. williams, who calls the reef attached ; coloured red. \u2014 atiu, or wateeo ; a moderately elevated, hilly island, like the others of this group. the reef is described in cook ' s voyage as attached to the shore, and about 100 yards wide ; coloured red. \u2014 fenoua - iti ; cook describes this isld. as very low, not more than six or seven feet high, ( vol. i. book ii. chap. iii. 1777 ) ; in the chart published in the coquille ' s atlas, a reef is engraved close to the shore : this isld. is not mentioned in the list given by mr. williams ( p. 16 ) in the narrative missionary enterprise ; nature doubtful. as it is so near atiu, it has been unavoidably coloured red. \u2014 rarotonga ; mr. williams informs me it is a lofty basaltic isld., with an attached reef ; coloured red. \u2014 there are three islands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640856605180205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 165, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.323057"} {"text": "is so near atiu, it has been unavoidably coloured red. \u2014 rarotonga ; mr. williams informs me it is a lofty basaltic isld., with an attached reef ; coloured red. \u2014 there are three islands. rourouti, roxburgh, and hull, of which i have not been able to obtain any account, and have left them uncoloured. hull isld., in the french chart, is written with small letters, as being low. \u2014 mangaia ; height about 300 feet ; \" the surrounding reef joins the shore, \" ( williams ' s narrative, p. 18 ) ; coloured red. \u2014 rimetara ; mr. williams informs me that the reef is rather close to the shore ; but, from information given me by mr. ellis, the reef does not appear to be quite so closely attached to it as in the foregoing cases : the isld. is about 300 feet high, ( naut. mag. 1839, p. 738 ) ; coloured red. \u2014 rurutu ; mr. williams and mr. ellis inform me that this island has an attached reef ; coloured red. it is described by cook under the name of oheteroa : he says it is not surrounded, like the neighbouring islds., by a reef ; he must have meant a distant reef. \u2014 toubouai ; in cook ' s chart, ( 2d voyage, vol. ii. p. 2, ) the reef is laid down in part one mile, and in part two miles from the shore. mr. ellis ( polynes. res. vol. iii. p. 381 ) says the low land round the base of the isld. is very extensive ; and this gentleman informs me that the water within the reef appears deep ; coloured blue. \u2014 raivaivai, or vivitao ; mr. williams informs me that the reef is here distant ; mr. ellis, however, says that this is certainly not the case on one side of the isld. ; and he believes that the water within the reef is not deep ; hence i have left it uncoloured. \u2014 lancaster reef, described in naut. mag. 1833, ( p. 693, ) as an extensive crescent - formed coral - reef, i have not coloured it. \u2014 rapa, or oparree ; from the accounts given of it by ellis and vancouver, there does not appear to be any reef. \u2014 i. de bass is an adjoining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44191677417429953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 166, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.326436"} {"text": "crescent - formed coral - reef, i have not coloured it. \u2014 rapa, or oparree ; from the accounts given of it by ellis and vancouver, there does not appear to be any reef. \u2014 i. de bass is an adjoining isld., of which i cannot find any account. \u2014 kemin isld. ; krusenstern seems hardly to know its position, and gives no further particulars. islands between the low and gilbert archipelagoes. caroline isld. ( 10\u00b0 s., 150\u00b0 w. ) is described by mr. f. d. bennett ( geograph. journ. vol. vii. p. 225 ) as containing a fine lagoon ; coloured blue. \u2014 flint isld., ( 11\u00b0 s., 151\u00b0 w. ) ; krusenstern believes that it is the same with peregrino, which is described by quiros ( burney ' s chron. hist. vol. ii. p. 283 ) as \" a cluster of small islands connected by a reef, and forming a lagoon in the middle ; \" coloured blue. \u2014 wostock is an isld. a little more than half a mile in diameter, and apparently quite flat and low, and was discovered by bellinghausen ; it is situated a little west of caroline isld., but it is not placed on the french charts ; i have not coloured it, although i entertain little doubt from the chart of bellinghausen, that it originally contained a small lagoon. \u2014 penrhyn isld. ( 9\u00b0 s., 158\u00b0 w. ) ; a plan of it in the atlas of the first voyage of kotzebue, shows that it is an atoll ; blue. \u2014 starbuck isld. ( 5\u00b0 s., 156\u00b0 w. ) ; is described in lord byron ' s voyage in the blonde ( p. 206 ) as formed of a flat coral - rock, with no trees ; the height not given ; not coloured. \u2014 malden isld. ( 4\u00b0 s., 154\u00b0 w. ) ; in the same voyage ( p. 205 ) this island is said to be of coral formation, and no part above 40 feet high ; i have not ventured to colour it, although, from being of coral formation, it is probably fringed ; in which case it should be red. jarvis, or bunker isld. ( 0\u00b0 20 ' s. 160\u00b0 w. ) is described by mr. f. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4467192519367736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 167, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.327383"} {"text": "although, from being of coral formation, it is probably fringed ; in which case it should be red. jarvis, or bunker isld. ( 0\u00b0 20 ' s. 160\u00b0 w. ) is described by mr. f. d. bennett ( geograph. journ. vol. vii. p. 227 ) as a narrow, low strip of coral formation ; not coloured. \u2014 brook is a small, low isld. between the two latter ; the position, and perhaps even the existence of it is doubtful ; not coloured. \u2014 pescado and humphrey islands ; i can find out nothing about these islands, except that the latter appears to be small and low ; not coloured. \u2014 rearson, or grand duke alexander ' s, ( 10\u00b0 s., 161\u00b0 w. ) ; an atoll, of which a plan is given by bellinghausen ; blue. \u2014 souvoroff islands, ( 13\u00b0 s., 163\u00b0 w. ) ; admiral krusenstern, in the most obliging manner, obtained for me an account of these islands from admiral lazareff, who discovered them. they consist of five very low islands of coral formation, two of which are connected by a reef, with deep water close to it. they do not surround a lagoon, but are so placed that a line drawn through them includes an oval space, part of which is shallow ; these islets, therefore, probably once ( as is the case with some of the islands in the caroline arch. ) formed a single atoll ; but i have not coloured them. \u2014 danger isld. ( 10\u00b0 s., 166\u00b0 w. ) ; described as low by com. byron, and more lately surveyed by bellinghausen ; it is a small atoll with three islets on it ; blue. \u2014 clarence isld. ( 9\u00b0 s., 172\u00b0 w. ) ; discovered in the pandora ( g. hamilton ' s voyage, p. 75 ) : it is said, \" in running along the land, we saw several canoes crossing the lagoons ; \" as this island is in the close vicinity of other low islands ; and as it is said, that the natives make reservoirs of water in old cocoa - nut trees, ( which shows the nature of the land ) i have no doubt it is an atoll, and have coloured it blue. \u2014 york isld. ( 8\u00b0 s., 172\u00b0 w. ) is described by commodore byron ( chap. x. of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4697885004115319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 168, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.328382"} {"text": "shows the nature of the land ) i have no doubt it is an atoll, and have coloured it blue. \u2014 york isld. ( 8\u00b0 s., 172\u00b0 w. ) is described by commodore byron ( chap. x. of his voyage ) as an atoll ; blue. \u2014 sydney isld. ( 4\u00b0 s., 172\u00b0 w. ), is about three miles in diameter, with its interior occupied by a lagoon, ( capt. tromelin, annal. marit. 1829, p. 297 ; ) blue. \u2014 phoenix isld. ( 4\u00b0 s., 171\u00b0 w. ) is nearly circular, low, sandy, not more than two miles in diameter, and very steep outside, ( tromelin annal. marit. 1829, p. 297 ) : it may be inferred that this isld. originally contained a lagoon, but i have not coloured it. \u2014 new nantucket, ( 0\u00b0 15 ' n., 174\u00b0 w. ) from the french chart it must be a low isld. ; i can find nothing more about it, or about mary isld. ; both uncoloured. \u2014 gardner isld. ( 5\u00b0 s., 174\u00b0 w. ), from its position, is certainly the same as kemin isld. described ( krusenstern, p. 435, appen. to mem. publ. 1827 ) as having a lagoon in its centre ; blue. islands south of the sandwich archipelago. christmas isld. ( 2\u00b0 n., 157\u00b0 w. ) capt. cook, in his third voyage ( vol. ii. chap. x. ) has given a detailed account of this atoll. the breadth of the islets on the reef is unusually great, and the sea near it does not deepen so suddenly as is generally the case. it has more lately been visited by mr. f. d. bennett, ( geograph. journ. vol. vii. p. 226 ) ; and he assures me that it is low and of coral formation : i particularly mention this, because it is engraved with a capital letter, signifying a high isld., in d ' urville and lottin ' s chart. mr. couthouy, also, has given some account of it, ( remarks, p. 46 ) from the hawaiian spectator ; he believes it has lately undergone a small elevation, but his evidence does not appear to me satisfactory ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46723172231176574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 169, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.329205"} {"text": "chart. mr. couthouy, also, has given some account of it, ( remarks, p. 46 ) from the hawaiian spectator ; he believes it has lately undergone a small elevation, but his evidence does not appear to me satisfactory ; the deepest part of the lagoon is said to be only ten feet ; nevertheless, i have coloured it blue. \u2014 fanning isld., ( 4\u00b0 n., 158\u00b0 w. ) according to capt. tromelin, ( ann. maritim. 1829, p. 283, ) is an atoll : his account, as observed by krusenstern, differs from that given in fanning ' s voyage, ( p. 224 ) which, however, is far from clear ; coloured blue. \u2014 washington isld. ( 4\u00b0 n., 159\u00b0 w. ) is engraved as a low isld. in d ' urville ' s chart, but is described by fanning, ( p. 226, ) as having a much greater elevation than fanning isld., and hence i presume it is not an atoll ; not coloured. \u2014 palmyra isld. ( 6\u00b0 n., 162\u00b0 w. ) is an atoll divided into two parts ( krusenstern ' s mem. suppl. p. 50, also fanning ' s voyage, p. 233 ) ; blue. \u2014 smyth ' s, or johnston ' s islds. ( 17\u00b0 n., 170\u00b0 w. ) capt. smyth, r. n., has had the kindness to inform me that they consist of two very low small islands, with a dangerous reef off the east end of them. capt. smyth does not recollect whether these islets, together with the reef, surrounded a lagoon ; uncoloured. sandwich arch. \u2014 hawaii ; in the chart in freycinet ' s atlas, small portions of the coast are fringed by reefs ; and in the accompanying hydrog. memoir, reefs are mentioned in several places, and the coral is said to injure the cables. on one side of the islet of kohaihai there is a bank of sand and coral with five feet water on it, running parallel to the shore, and leaving a channel of about fifteen feet deep within. i have coloured this isld. red, but it is very much less perfectly fringed than others of the group. \u2014 maui ; in freycinet ' s chart of the anchorage of raheina, two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.432340298282986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 170, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.330021"} {"text": "of about fifteen feet deep within. i have coloured this isld. red, but it is very much less perfectly fringed than others of the group. \u2014 maui ; in freycinet ' s chart of the anchorage of raheina, two or three miles of coast are seen to be fringed ; and in the hydrog. memoir \" banks of coral along shore \" are spoken of. mr. f. d. bennett informs me that the reefs, on an average, extend about a quarter of a mile from the beach ; the land is not very steep, and outside the reefs the sea does not become deep very suddenly ; coloured red. \u2014 morotoi, i presume, is fringed : freycinet speaks of the breakers extending along the shore at a little distance from it. from the chart, i believe it is fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 oahu ; freycinet, in his hydrog. memoir, mentions some of the reefs. mr. f. d. bennett informs me that the shore is skirted for forty or fifty miles in length. there is even a harbour for ships formed by the reefs, but it is at the mouth of a valley ; red. \u2014 atooi, in la peyrouse ' s charts, is represented as fringed by a reef, in the same manner as oahu and morotoi ; and this, as i have been informed by mr. ellis, on part at least of the shore, is of coral formation : the reef does not leave a deep channel within ; red. \u2014 oneehow ; mr. ellis believes this island is also fringed by a coral - reef : considering its close proximity to the other islands, i have ventured to colour it red. i have in vain consulted the works of cook, vancouver, la peyrouse, and lisiansky, for any satisfactory account of the small islands and reefs, which lie scattered in a n. w. line prolonged from the sandwich group, and hence have left them uncoloured, with one exception ; for i am indebted to mr. f. d. bennett for informing me of an atoll - formed reef, in lat. 28\u00b0 22 ', long. 178\u00b0 30 ' w., on which the gledstanes was wrecked in 1837. it is apparently of large size, and extends in a n. w. and s. e. line : very few islets have been formed on it. the lagoon seems to be shallow ; at least", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49194437339825814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 171, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.330852"} {"text": "gledstanes was wrecked in 1837. it is apparently of large size, and extends in a n. w. and s. e. line : very few islets have been formed on it. the lagoon seems to be shallow ; at least, the deepest part which was surveyed was only three fathoms. mr. couthouy ( remarks, p. 38 ) describes this isld. under the name of ocean isld. considerable doubts should be entertained regarding the nature of a reef of this kind, with a very shallow lagoon, and standing far from any other atoll, on account of the possibility of a crater or flat bank of rock lying at the proper depth beneath the surface of the water, thus affording a foundation for a ring - formed coral - reef. i have, however, thought myself compelled, from its large size and symmetrical outline, to colour it blue. samoa or navigator group. \u2014 kotzebue, in his second voyage, contrasts the structure of these islands with many others in the pacific, in not being furnished with harbours for ships, formed by distant coral - reefs. the rev. j. williams, however, informs me, that coral - reefs do occur in irregular patches on the shores of these islands ; but that they do not form a continuous band, as round mangaia, and other such perfect cases of fringed islands. from the charts accompanying la peyrouse ' s voyage, it appears that the north shore of savaii, maouna, orosenga, and manua, are fringed by reefs. la peyrouse, speaking of maouna, ( p. 126. ) says that the coral - reef surrounding its shores, almost touches the beach ; and is breached in front of the little coves and streams, forming passages for canoes, and probably even for boats. further on ( p. 159. ) he extends the same observation to all the islands which he visited. \u2014 mr. williams in his narrative, speaks of a reef going round a small island attached to oyolava, and returning again to it : all these islands have been coloured red. \u2014 a chart of rose island, at the extreme west end of the group, is given by freycinet, from which i should have thought that it had been an atoll ; but according to mr. couthouy ( remarks, p. 43. ) it consists of a reef, only a league in circuit, surmounted by a very few low islets ; the lagoon is very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4558722344734303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 172, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.331702"} {"text": "that it had been an atoll ; but according to mr. couthouy ( remarks, p. 43. ) it consists of a reef, only a league in circuit, surmounted by a very few low islets ; the lagoon is very shallow, and is strewed with numerous large boulders of volcanic rock. this island, therefore, probably consists of a bank of rock, a few feet submerged, with the outer margin of its upper surface fringed with reefs ; hence it cannot be properly classed with atolls, in which the foundations are always supposed to lie at a depth, greater than that at which the reef - constructing polypifers can live ; not coloured. beveridge reef, 20\u00b0 s. 167\u00b0 w., is described in the naut. mag. ( may 1833, p. 442 ) as ten miles long in a n. & s. line, and eight wide ; \" in the inside of the reef, there appears deep water ; \" there is a passage near the s. w. corner : this therefore seems to be a submerged atoll, and is coloured blue. savage isl., 19\u00b0 s. 170\u00b0 w., has been described by cook and forster. the younger forster, ( vol. ii. p. 163. ) says it is about forty feet high : he suspects that it contains a low plain, which formerly was the lagoon. the rev. j. williams informs me that the reef fringing its shores, resembles that round mangaia ; coloured red. friendly arch. \u2014 pylstaart isl : judging from the chart in freycinet ' s atlas, i should have supposed that it had been regularly fringed ; but as nothing is said in the hydrog. memoir ( or in the voyage of tasman, the discoverer ) about coral - reefs, i have left it uncoloured. \u2014 tongatabou : in the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe, the whole south side of the island is represented as narrowly fringed by the same reef which forms an extensive platform on the northern side. the origin of this latter reef, which might have been mistaken for a barrier - reef, has already been attempted to be explained, when giving the proofs of the recent elevation of this island. \u2014 in cook ' s charts the little outlying island also of eoaigee, is represented as fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 eoua : i cannot make out from capt. cook ' s charts and descriptions, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44663607623245116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 173, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.332720"} {"text": "of this island. \u2014 in cook ' s charts the little outlying island also of eoaigee, is represented as fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 eoua : i cannot make out from capt. cook ' s charts and descriptions, that this island has any reef, although the bottom of the neighbouring sea seems to be corally, and the island itself is formed of coral - rock. forster, however, distinctly ( observations, p. 14. ) classes it with high islands having reefs, but it certainly is not encircled by a barrier - reef ; and the younger forster ( voyage, vol. 1., p. 426. ) says, that \" a bed of coral rocks surrounded the coast towards the landing - place. \" i have therefore classed it with the fringed islands, and coloured it red. the several islands lying n. w. of tongatabou, namely anamouka, komango, kotou, lefouga, foa, & c., are seen in capt. cook ' s chart to be fringed by reefs, and several of them are connected together. from the various statements in the first volume of cook ' s third voyage, and especially in the 4th and 6th chapters, it appears that these reefs are of coral formation, and certainly do not belong to the barrier class ; coloured red. \u2014 toufoa & kao, forming the western part of the group, according to forster, have no reefs ; the former is an active volcano, \u2014 vavao. there is a chart of this singularly - formed island, by espinoza : according to mr. williams it consists of coral - rock : the chevalier dillon informs me that it is not fringed ; not coloured. nor are the islands of latte and amargura, for i have not seen plans on a large scale of them, and do not know whether they are fringed. niouha, 16\u00b0 s. 174\u00b0 w. or keppel island of wallis, or cocos isld. from a view and chart of this island, given in wallis ' s voyage, ( 4to. edit ) it is evidently encircled by a reef ; coloured blue : it is however remarkable that boscawen island, immediately adjoining, has no reef of any kind ; uncoloured. wallis island, 13\u00b0 s. 176\u00b0 w., a chart and view of this island in wallis ' s voyage, ( 4to. edit. ) shows that it is encircled. a view of it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4382037639448595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 174, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.333576"} {"text": "of any kind ; uncoloured. wallis island, 13\u00b0 s. 176\u00b0 w., a chart and view of this island in wallis ' s voyage, ( 4to. edit. ) shows that it is encircled. a view of it in the naut. mag. july 1833, p. 376., shows the same fact ; blue. alloufatou, or horn island, onouafu, or proby island, and hunter islands, lie between the navigator and fidji groups. i can find no distinct accounts of them. fidji or viti group. \u2014 the best chart of the numerous islands of this group, will be found in the atlas of the astrolabe ' s voyage. from this, and from the description given in the hydrog. memoir accompanying it, it appears that many of these islands are bold and mountainous, rising to the height of between 3, 000 and 4, 000 feet. most of the islands are surrounded by reefs, lying far from the land, and outside of which the ocean appears very deep. the astrolabe sounded with 90 fathoms in several places about a mile from the reefs, and found no bottom. although the depth within the reef, is not laid down, it is evident from several expressions, that capt. d ' urville believes that ships could anchor within, if passages existed through the outer barriers. the chev. dillon informs me that this is the case : hence i have coloured this group blue. in the s. e. part, lies batoa, or turtle island of cook, ( 2nd voyage, vol. 2. p. 23, and chart ; 4to. edit. ) surrounded by a coral - reef, \" which in some places extends two miles from the shore ; \" within the reef the water appears to be deep, and outside it is unfathomable ; coloured pale blue. at the distance of a few miles, capt. cook ( ibid. p. 24 ) found a circular coral - reef, four or five leagues in circuit, with deep water within ; \" in short, the bank wants only a few little islets to make it exactly like one of the half - drowned isles so often mentioned, \" \u2014 namely, atolls. south of batoa, lies the high island of ono, which appears in bellinghausen ' s atlas to be encircled ; as do some other small islands to the south ; coloured pale blue : near ono, there is an annular - reef, quite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4817365839929391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 175, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.334420"} {"text": "of batoa, lies the high island of ono, which appears in bellinghausen ' s atlas to be encircled ; as do some other small islands to the south ; coloured pale blue : near ono, there is an annular - reef, quite similar to the one just described in the words of capt. cook ; coloured dark blue. rotoumah, 13\u00b0 s. 179\u00b0 e. \u2014 from the chart in duperrey ' s atlas, i thought this isl. was encircled, and had coloured it blue ; but the chev. dillon assures me that the reef is only a shore or fringing one ; red. independence isl. 10\u00b0 s. 179\u00b0 e., is described by mr. g. bennett, ( united service journ. 1831, part ii. p. 197 ) as a low island of coral formation ; it is small, and does not appear to contain a lagoon, although an opening through the reef is referred to. a lagoon probably once existed, and has since been filled up ; left uncoloured. ellice group. \u2014 oscar, peyster, and ellice islds., are figured in arrowsmith ' s chart of the pacific ( corrected to 1832 ) as atolls, and are said to be very low ; blue. \u2014 nederlandisch isl. i am greatly indebted to the kindness of admiral krusenstern, for sending me the original documents concerning this island. from the plans given by capts. eeg and khremtshenko, and from the detailed account given by the former, it appears that it is a narrow coral island, about two miles long, containing a small lagoon. the sea is very deep close to the shore, which is fronted by sharp coral - rocks. capt. eeg compares the lagoon with that of other coral - islands ; and he distinctly says, the land is \" very low \". i have therefore coloured it blue. admiral krusenstern ( memoir on the pacific, append. 1835 ) states that its shores are 80 ft. high ; this probably arose from the height of the cocoa - nut trees, with which it is covered, being mistaken for land. \u2014 gran cocal is said in krusenstern ' s memoir to be low, and to be surrounded by a reef ; it is small, and therefore probably once contained a lagoon ; uncoloured. \u2014 st. augustin. from a chart and view of it, given in the atlas of the co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45123460320339603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 176, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.335267"} {"text": "memoir to be low, and to be surrounded by a reef ; it is small, and therefore probably once contained a lagoon ; uncoloured. \u2014 st. augustin. from a chart and view of it, given in the atlas of the coquille ' s voyage, it appears to be a small atoll, with its lagoon partly filled up ; coloured blue. gilbert group. \u2014 the chart of this group, given in the atlas of the coquille ' s voyage, at once shows that it is composed of ten well characterized atolls. in d ' urville and lottin ' s chart, sydenham is written with a capital letter, signifying that it is high ; but this certainly is not the case, for it is a perfectly characterized atoll, and a sketch, showing how low it is, is given in the coquille ' s atlas. some narrow strip - like reefs project from the southern side of drummond atoll, and render it irregular. the southern island of the group is called chase ( in some charts, rotches ) ; of this i can find no account, but mr. f. d. bennett discovered ( geograph. journ. vol. vii. p. 229, ) a low extensive island in nearly the same latitude, about three degrees westward of the longitude assigned to rotches, but very probably it is the same island. mr. bennett informs me that the man at the mast - head reported an appearance of lagoon - water in the centre ; and, therefore, considering its position, i have coloured it blue. pitt isld., at the extreme northern point of the group, is left uncoloured, as its exact position and nature is not known. \u2014 byron isld., which lies a little to the eastward, does not appear to have been visited since commodore byron ' s voyage, and it was then seen only from a distance of 18 miles ; it is said to be low ; uncoloured. ocean, pleasant, and atlantic islds. all lie considerably to the west of the gilbert group : i have been unable to find any distinct account of them. ocean island is written with small letters in the french chart, but in krusenstern ' s memoir it is said to be high. marshall group. \u2014 we are well acquainted with this group from the excellent charts of the separate islands, made during the two voyages of kotzebue : a reduced one of the whole group may be easily seen in krusenstern ' s atlas, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5127454779190241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 177, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.336148"} {"text": ". \u2014 we are well acquainted with this group from the excellent charts of the separate islands, made during the two voyages of kotzebue : a reduced one of the whole group may be easily seen in krusenstern ' s atlas, and in kotzebue ' s second voyage. the group consists ( with the exception of two little islands which probably have had their lagoon filled up, ) of a double row of 23 large and well - characterized atolls, from the examination of which chamisso has given us his well - known account of coral formations. i include gaspar - rico, or cornwallis isld., in this group, which is described by chamisso ( kotzebue ' s first voyage, vol. iii. p. 179, ) \" as a low sickle - formed group, with mould only on the windward side. \" gaspard island is considered by some geographers as a distinct island lying n. e. of the group, but it is not entered in the chart by krusenstern ; left uncoloured. in the s. w. part of this group lies baring isld., of which little is known ; ( see krusenstern ' s appendix, 1835, p. 149. ) i have left it uncoloured ; but boston isld. i have coloured blue, as it is described ( ibid. ) as consisting of 14 small islands, which, no doubt, inclose a lagoon, as represented in a chart in the coquille ' s atlas. \u2014 two islands, aur kawen and gaspar rico, are written in the french chart with capital letters ; but this is an error, for from the account given by chamisso in kotzebue ' s first voyage, they are certainly low. the nature, position, and even existence, of the shoals and small islands north of the marshall group, are doubtful. new hebrides. \u2014 any chart, on even a small scale, of these islands, will show that their shores are almost without reefs, presenting a remarkable contrast with those of new caledonia on the one hand, and the fidji group on the other. nevertheless, i have been assured by mr. g. bennett, that coral grows vigorously on their shores ; as, indeed, will be further shown in some of the following notices. as, therefore, these islands are not encircled, and as coral grows vigorously on their shores, we might almost conclude,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580925511338763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 178, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.336988"} {"text": ". bennett, that coral grows vigorously on their shores ; as, indeed, will be further shown in some of the following notices. as, therefore, these islands are not encircled, and as coral grows vigorously on their shores, we might almost conclude, without further evidence, that they were fringed, and hence i have applied the red colour with rather greater freedom than in other instances. \u2014 matthew ' s rock, an active volcano, someway south of the group ( of which a plan is given in atlas of the astrolabe ' s voyage ) does not appear to have reefs of any kind about it. \u2014 annatom, the southernmost of the hebrides ; from a rough wood - cut given in the united service journal ( 1831, part iii. p. 190, ) accompanying a paper by mr. bennett, it appears that the shore is fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 tanna ; forster, in his observations ( p. 22, ) says tanna has on its shores coral - rock and madrepores ; and the younger forster, in his account ( vol. ii. p. 269, ) speaking of the harbour says, the whole s. e. side consists of coral - reefs, which are overflowed at high water : part of the southern shore in cook ' s chart is represented as fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 immer, is described ( united service journ. 1831, part iii. p. 192, ) by mr. bennett, as being of moderate elevation, with cliffs appearing like sandstone : coral grows in patches on its shore, but i have not coloured it ; and i mention these facts, because immer might have been thought, from forster ' s classification ( observations, p. 14, ) to have been a low island, or even an atoll. \u2014 erromango isl. ; cook ( 2d voyage, vol. ii. p. 45, 4to. edit. ) speaks of rocks every where lining the coast, and the natives offered to haul his boat over the breakers to the sandy beach : mr. bennett, in a letter to the editor of the singapore chron., alludes to the reefs on its shores. it may, i think, be safely inferred from these passages that the shore is fringed in parts by coral reefs ; coloured red. \u2014 sandwich isld., the east coast is said ( cook ' s 2d voyage, vol. ii. p. 41, ) to be low, and to be guarded by a chain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45829795904917336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 179, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.339676"} {"text": "is fringed in parts by coral reefs ; coloured red. \u2014 sandwich isld., the east coast is said ( cook ' s 2d voyage, vol. ii. p. 41, ) to be low, and to be guarded by a chain of breakers. in the accompanying chart it is seen to be fringed by a reef ; coloured red. \u2014 mallicollo ; forster speaks of the reef - bounded shore : the reef is about thirty yards wide, and so shallow that a boat cannot pass over it. forster, also, ( observat. p. 23, ) says, that the rocks of the sea - shore consist of madrepore. in the plan of sandwich harbour, the headlands are represented as fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 aurora and pentecost islds., according to bougainville, apparently have no reefs : nor has the large isld. of s. espiritu, nor bligh isld. or banks ' islds., which latter lie to the n. e. of the hebrides. but in none of these cases, have i met with any detailed account of their shores, or seen plans on a large scale ; and it will be evident, that a fringing reef of only thirty, or even a few hundred yards in width, is of so little importance to navigation, that it will seldom be noticed, excepting by chance ; and hence i do not doubt that several of these islands, now left uncoloured, ought to be red. santa - cruz group. \u2014 vanikoro ( fig. 1, pl. i. ) offers a striking example of a barrier - reef : it was first described by the chevalier dillon, in his voyage, and was surveyed in the astrolabe ; coloured pale blue. \u2014 tikopia and fataka islands appear, from the descriptions of dillon and d ' urville, to have no reefs : anouda is a low, flat isld., surrounded by cliffs, ( astrolabe hydrog. and krusenstern mem. vol. ii. p. 432 ) ; these are uncoloured. \u2014 toupoua ( otooboa of dillon ) is stated by capt. tromelin ( annales marit. 1829, p. 289 ) to be almost entirely included in a reef, lying at the distance of two miles from the shore. there is a space of three miles without any reef, which, although indented with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4532115019227112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 180, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.340948"} {"text": "be atoll - formed ; these are left uncoloured. australian barrier - reef. \u2014 the limits of this great reef, which has already been described, have been coloured from the charts of flinders and king. in the northern parts, an atoll - formed reef, lying outside the barrier, has been described by bligh, and is coloured dark blue. in the space between australia and new caledonia, called by flinders the corallian sea, there are numerous reefs. of these, some are represented in krusenstern ' s atlas as having an atoll - like structure ; namely, bampton shoal, frederic, vine or horse - shoe, and alert reefs ; these have been coloured dark blue. louisiade : the dangerous reefs which front and surround the western, southern, and northern coasts of this so - called peninsula and archipelago, seem evidently to belong to the barrier class. the land is lofty, with a low fringe on the coast ; the reefs are distant, and the sea outside them profoundly deep. nearly all that is known of this group is derived from the labours of dentrecasteaux and bougainville : the latter has represented one continuous reef ninety miles long, parallel to the shore, and in places as much as ten miles from it ; coloured pale blue. a little distance northward, we have the laughlan islds., the reefs round which are engraved in the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe, in the same manner as in the encircled islands of the caroline arch. : the reef is, in parts, a mile and a half from the shore, to which it does not appear to be attached ; coloured blue. at some little distance from the extremity of the louisiade lies wells reef, described in g. hamilton ' s voyage in h. m. s. pandora, ( p. 100 ) : it is said, \" we found we had got embayed in a double reef, which will soon be an island. \" as this statement is only intelligible on the supposition of the reef being crescent or horse - shoe formed, like so many other submerged annular reefs, i have ventured to colour it blue. saloman archipelago : the chart in krusenstern ' s atlas shows that these islands are not encircled, and as coral appears, from the works of surville, bougainville, and labillardiere, to grow on their shores, this circumstance, as in the case of the new hebrides,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4736405306659901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 182, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.343070"} {"text": "that these islands are not encircled, and as coral appears, from the works of surville, bougainville, and labillardiere, to grow on their shores, this circumstance, as in the case of the new hebrides, is a presumption that they are fringed. i cannot find out anything from dentrecasteaux ' s voyage, regarding the southern islds. of the group, so have left them uncoloured. \u2014 malayta isld. in a rough ms. chart in the admiralty has its northern shore fringed. \u2014 ysabel isld., the n. e. part of this island, in the same chart, is also fringed : mendana, speaking ( burney, vol. i. p. 280 ) of an islet adjoining the northern coast, says it is surrounded by reefs : the shores, also, of port praslin appear regularly fringed. \u2014 choiseul isld. ; in bougainville ' s chart of choiseul bay, parts of the shores are fringed by coral - reefs. \u2014 bougainville isld. ; according to dentrecasteaux, the western shore abounds with coral - reefs, and the smaller islands are said to be attached to the larger ones by reefs ; all the before - mentioned islands have been coloured red. \u2014 bouka islds. ; capt. duperrey has kindly informed me in a letter, that he passed close round the northern side of this island, ( of which a plan is given in his atlas of the coquille ' s voyage, ) and that it was \" garnie d ' une bande de recifs a fleur d ' eau adherentes au rivage ; \" and he infers, from the abundance of coral on the islands north and south of bouka, that the reef probably is of coral ; coloured red. off the north coast of the salomon arch., there are several small groups which are little known : they appear to be low, and of coral formation ; and some of them probably have an atoll - like structure : the chev. dillon, however, informs me this is not the case with the b. de candelaria. \u2014 outong java, according to the spanish navigator, maurelle, is thus characterized ; but this is the only one, which i have ventured to colour blue. new ireland. \u2014 the shores of the s. w. point of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4423903226329684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 183, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.343920"} {"text": "\" three or four miles in diameter, having deep water inside with an opening at the n. n. w. part, and on the outside steep to. \" i have from these data, coloured the group pale blue, and circular - reef dark blue. \u2014 the anachorites, echequier, and hermites, consist of innumerable low islands of coral formation, which probably have atoll - like forms ; but not being able to ascertain this, i have not coloured them, nor durour isld., which is described by carteret as low. the caroline arch. is now well known, chiefly from the hydrographical labours of lutke : it contains about forty groups of atolls, and three encircled islands, two of which are engraved in fig. 2 and 7, pl. i. commencing with the eastern part ; the encircling reef round ualan, appears to be only about half a mile from the shore ; but as the land is low, and covered with mangroves, ( voyage autour da monde, par f. lutke, vol. i. p. 339 ) the real margin has not probably been ascertained. the extreme depth in one of the harbours within the reef, is 33 fathoms, ( see charts in atlas of coquille ' s voyage, ) and outside at half a mile distance from the reef, no bottom was obtained with 250 fathoms. the reef is surmounted by many islets, and the lagoon - like channel within is mostly shallow, and appears to have been much encroached on by the low land surrounding the central mountains ; these facts show that time has allowed much detritus to accumulate ; coloured pale blue. \u2014 pouynipete or seniavine. in the greater part of the circumference of this island, the reef is about one mile and three quarters distant : on the north side it is five miles off the included high islets. the reef is broken in several places ; and just within it, the depth in one place is 30 fathoms, and in another, 28, beyond which, to all appearance, there was \" un porte vaste et sur. \" ( lutke, vol. ii. p. 4. ) coloured pale blue. \u2014 hogoleu or roug. this wonderful group contains at least 62 islands, and its reef is 135 miles in circuit. of the islands, only a few, about six or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48422836252412493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 185, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.345804"} {"text": "vol. ii. p. 4. ) coloured pale blue. \u2014 hogoleu or roug. this wonderful group contains at least 62 islands, and its reef is 135 miles in circuit. of the islands, only a few, about six or eight, ( see hydrog. description, p. 428 of the voyage of the astrolabe, and the large accompanying chart taken chiefly from that given by duperrey, ) are high, and the rest are all small, low, and formed on the reef. the depth of the great interior lake has not been ascertained ; but capt. d ' urville appears to have entertained no doubt about the possibility of taking in a frigate. the reef lies no less than fourteen miles distant from the northern coasts of the interior high islds. ; seven from their western sides, and twenty from the southern : the sea is deep outside. this island is a likeness on a grand scale to the gambier group in the low archipelago. of the groups of low * islands forming the chief part of the caroline archipelago, all those of larger size, have the true atoll - structure, ( as may be seen in the atlas by capt. lutke ) and some even of the very small ones, as macaskill and duperrey, of which plans are given in the atlas of the coquille ' s voyage. there are however, some low, small islands of coral formation, namely, ollap, tamatam, bigali, satahoual, which do not contain lagoons ; but it is probable that lagoons originally existed, but have since filled up : lutke ( vol. ii. p. 304. ) seems to have thought that all the low islands, with only one exception, contained lagoons. from the sketches, and from the manner in which the margins of these islands are engraved in the atlas of the voyage of the coquille, it might have been thought that they were not low ; but by a comparison with the remarks of lutke ( vol. ii. p. 107, regarding bigali ) and of freycinet ( hydrog. mem. l ' uranie, voy. p. 188, regarding tamatam, ollap, & c. ) it will be seen that the artist must have represented the land incorrectly. the most southern isld. in the group, namely, piguiram, is not coloured, because i have found no account of it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4553261399745154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 186, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.346781"} {"text": "on the reef ; coloured dark blue. pelew islds. \u2014 krusenstern speaks of some of the islands being mountainous ; the reefs are distant from the shore, and there are spaces within them, and not opposite valleys, with from ten to fifteen fathoms. according to a ms. chart of the group by lieut. elmer in the admiralty, there is a large space within the reef with deepish water : although the high land does not hold a central position with respect to the reefs, as is generally the case, i have little doubt that the reefs of the pelew islands ought to be ranked with the barrier - class, and i have coloured them pale blue. in lieut. elmer ' s chart there is a horse - shoe - formed shoal, laid down thirteen miles n. w. of pelew, with fifteen fathoms within the reef, and some dry banks on it ; coloured dark blue. \u2014 spanish, martires, sanserot, pulo anna and mariere islands are not coloured, because i know nothing about them, excepting that according to krusenstern, the second, third, and fourth mentioned, are low, placed on coral - reefs, and therefore perhaps contain lagoons ; but pulo mariere is a little higher. mariana archipelago, or ladrones. \u2014 guahan. almost the whole of this island is fringed by reefs, which extend in most parts about a third of a mile from the land. even where the reefs are most extensive, the water within them is shallow. in several parts there is a navigable channel for boats and canoes within the reefs. in freycinet ' s hydrog. mem., there is an account of these reefs, and in the atlas, a map on a large scale ; coloured red. \u2014 rota. \" l ' ile est presque entierement entouree des recifs. \" ( p. 212, freycinet ' s hydrog. mem. ) these reefs project about a quarter of a mile from the shore ; coloured red. \u2014 tinian. the eastern coast is precipitous, and is without reefs ; but the western side is fringed like the last island ; coloured red. \u2014 saypan. the n. e. coast, and likewise the western shores appear to be fringed ; but there is a great, irregular, horn - like reef projecting far from this side ; coloured red. \u2014 farallon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44108904534995674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 188, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.350401"} {"text": "coloured red. \u2014 saypan. the n. e. coast, and likewise the western shores appear to be fringed ; but there is a great, irregular, horn - like reef projecting far from this side ; coloured red. \u2014 farallon de medinilla, appears so regularly and closely - fringed in freycinet ' s charts, that i have ventured to colour it red, although nothing is said about reefs in the hydrographical memoir. the several islands which form the northern part of the group are volcanic, ( with the exception perhaps of torres, which resembles in form the madreporitic island of medinilla, ) and appear to be without reefs. mangs, however, is described ( by freycinet, p. 219, hydrog. ) from some spanish charts, as formed of small islands placed \" au milieu des nombreux recifs ; \" and as these reefs in the general chart of the group do not project so much as a mile ; and as there is no appearance from a double line, of the existence of deep water within, i have ventured, although with much hesitation, to colour them red. respecting folger and marshall islds., which lie some way east of the marianas, i can find out nothing, excepting that they are probably low. krusenstern says this of marshall isl. ; and folger isl. is written with small letters in d ' urville ' s chart ; uncoloured. bonin or arzobispo group. \u2014 peel isld. has been examined by capt. beechey, to whose kindness i am much indebted for giving me information regarding it : \" at port lloyd there is a great deal of coral ; and the inner harbour is entirely formed by coral reefs, which extend outside the port along the coast. \" capt. beechey, in another part of his letter to me, alludes to the reefs fringing the island in all directions ; but at the same time it must be observed that the surf washes the volcanic rocks of the coast in the greater part of its circumference. i do not know whether the other islands of the archipelago, are fringed ; i have coloured peel isld. red. \u2014 grampus isld. to the eastward, does not appear ( meare ' s voyage, p. 95. ) to have any reefs, nor does rosario isld., ( from lutke ' s chart ) which lies to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4613367323031783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 189, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.351418"} {"text": ". \u2014 grampus isld. to the eastward, does not appear ( meare ' s voyage, p. 95. ) to have any reefs, nor does rosario isld., ( from lutke ' s chart ) which lies to the westward. respecting the few other islands in this part of the sea, namely the sulphur islds. with an active volcano, and those lying between bonin and japan, ( which are situated near the extreme limit in latitude, at which reefs are formed, ) i have not been able to find any clear account. west end of new guinea. \u2014 port dory. from the charts in the voyage of the coquille, it would appear that the coast in this part is fringed by coral - reefs ; m. lesson, however, remarks that the coral is sickly ; coloured red. \u2014 waigiou. a considerable portion of the northern shore of these islands are seen in the charts ( on a large scale ) in freycinet ' s atlas to be fringed by coral - reefs. forrest ( p. 21, voyage to new guinea ) alludes to the coral - reefs lining the heads of piapis bay ; and horsburgh, ( vol. ii. p. 599, 4th edit. ) speaking of the islands in dampier strait, says, \" sharp coral - rocks line their shores ; \" coloured red. \u2014 in the sea north of these islands, we have guedes, ( or freewill, or st. david ' s, ) which from the chart given in the 4to edit. of carteret ' s voyage, must be an atoll. krusenstern says the islets are very low ; coloured blue. \u2014 carteret ' s shoals, in 2\u00b0 53 ' n., are described as circular, with stony points shewing all round, with deeper water in the middle ; coloured blue. \u2014 aiou ; the plan of this group, given in the atlas of the voyage of the astrolabe, shows that it is an atoll ; and, from a chart in forrest ' s voyage, it appears there is twelve fathoms within the circular reef ; coloured blue. \u2014 the s. w. coast of new guinea appears to be low, muddy, and devoid of reefs. the arru, timor laut and tenimber groups have lately been examined by capt. kolff, the ms. translation of which, by mr. w. earl, i have been permitted to read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4592215906534389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 190, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.352272"} {"text": "muddy, and devoid of reefs. the arru, timor laut and tenimber groups have lately been examined by capt. kolff, the ms. translation of which, by mr. w. earl, i have been permitted to read, through the kindness of capt. washington, r. n. these islands are mostly rather low, and are surrounded by distant reefs ; ( the ki islands, however, are lofty, and, from mr. stanley ' s survey, appear without reefs ; ) the sea in some parts is shallow, in others profoundly deep, ( as near larrat ). from the imperfection of the published charts, i have been unable to decide to which class these reefs belongs. from the distance to which they extend from the land where the sea is very deep, i am strongly inclined to believe they ought to come within the barrier class, and be coloured blue ; but i have been forced to leave them uncoloured. \u2014 the last - mentioned groups are connected with the east end of ceram by a chain of small islands, of which the small groups of ceram - laut, goram, and keffing are surrounded by very extensive reefs, projecting into deep water, which, as in the last case, i strongly suspect belong to the barrier class ; but i have not coloured them. from the south side of keffing, the reefs project five miles, ( windsor earl ' s sailing direct. for the arafura sea, p. 9. ) ceram. \u2014 in various charts which i have examined, several parts of the coast are represented as fringed by reefs. \u2014 manipa island, between ceram and bourou, in an old ms. chart in the admiralty, is fringed by a very irregular reef, partly dry at low water, which i do not doubt is of coral formation ; both islands coloured red. \u2014 bourou ; parts of this island appear fringed by coral - reefs, namely, the eastern coast, as seen in freycinet ' s chart ; and cajeli bay, which is said by horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 630 ) to be lined by coral - reefs, that stretch out a little way, and have only a few feet water on them. in several charts, portions of the islands forming the amboina group are fringed by reefs ; for instance, noessa, harenca, and ucaster, in freycinet ' s charts. the above - mentioned islands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4435712355889239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 191, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.353196"} {"text": "on them. in several charts, portions of the islands forming the amboina group are fringed by reefs ; for instance, noessa, harenca, and ucaster, in freycinet ' s charts. the above - mentioned islands have been coloured red, although the evidence is not very satisfactory. \u2014 north of bourou the parallel line of the xulla isles extend : i have not been able to find out anything about them, excepting that horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 543 ) says that the northern shore is surrounded by a reef at the distance of two or three miles ; uncoloured. \u2014 mysol group ; the kanary islands are said by forrest ( voyage, p. 130 ) to be divided from each other by deep straits, and are lined with coral - rocks ; coloured red. \u2014 guebe, lying between waigiou and gilolo, is engraved as if fringed ; and it is said by freycinet, that all the soundings under five fathoms were on coral ; coloured red. \u2014 gilolo. in a chart published by dalrymple, the numerous islands on the western, southern, ( batchian and the strait of patientia, ) and eastern sides appear fringed by narrow reefs ; these reefs, i suppose, are of coral, for it is said in malte brun, ( vol. xii. p. 156, ) \" sur les cotes ( of batchian ) comme dans les plupart des iles de cet archipel, il y a de rocs de madrepores d ' une beaute et d ' une variete infinies. \" forrest, also, ( p. 50, ) says seland, near batchian, is a little island with reefs of coral ; coloured red. \u2014 morty island, ( north of gilolo ) ; horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 506 ) says the northern coast is lined by reefs, projecting one or two miles, and having no soundings close to them ; i have left it uncoloured, although, as in some former cases, it ought probably to be pale blue. \u2014 celebes. the western and northern coasts appear in the charts to be bold and without reefs. near the extreme northern point, however, an islet in the straits of limbe, and part of the adjoining shore, appear to be fringed : the east side of the bay of manado, has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44329017298624834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 192, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.354041"} {"text": "charts to be bold and without reefs. near the extreme northern point, however, an islet in the straits of limbe, and part of the adjoining shore, appear to be fringed : the east side of the bay of manado, has deep water, and is fringed by sand and coral, ( astol. voyage hydrog. part, p. 453 - 4 ) ; this extreme point, therefore, i have coloured red. \u2014 of the islands leading from this point to magindanao, i have not been able to find any account, except of serangani, which appears surrounded by narrow reefs ; and forrest ( voyage, p. 164 ) speaks of coral on its shores ; i have, therefore, coloured this island red. to the eastward of this chain lie several islands ; of which i cannot find any account, except of karkalang, which is said by horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 504 ) to be lined by a dangerous reef, projecting several miles from the northern shore ; not coloured. islands near timor. \u2014 the account of the following islands is taken from capt. d. kolff ' s voyage in 1825, translated by mr. w. earl, from the dutch. \u2014 lette has \" reefs extending along shore at the distance of half a mile from the land. \" \u2014 moa has reefs on the s. w. part. \u2014 lakor has a reef lining its shore ; these islands are coloured red. still more eastward, luan has, differently from the last - mentioned islands, an extensive reef ; it is steep outside, and within there is a depth of twelve feet ; from these facts, it is impossible to decide which class this island belongs. \u2014 kissa, off the point of timor, has its \" shore fronted by a reef, steep too on the outer side, over which small proahs can go at the time of high water ; \" coloured red. \u2014 timor ; most of the points, and some considerable spaces of the northern shore, are seen in freycinet ' s chart to be fringed by coral - reefs ; and mention is made of them in the accompanying hydrog. memoir ; coloured red. \u2014 savu, s. e. of timor, appears in flinders ' chart to be fringed ; but i have not coloured it, as i do not know that the reefs are of coral. \u2014 sandalwood isld. has, according to horsburgh ( vol. ii. p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45369387314297027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 193, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.359070"} {"text": "appears in flinders ' chart to be fringed ; but i have not coloured it, as i do not know that the reefs are of coral. \u2014 sandalwood isld. has, according to horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 607, ) a reef on its southern shore, four miles distant from the land ; as the neighbouring sea is deep, and generally bold, this probably is a barrier - reef, but i have not ventured to colour it. n. w. coast of australia. \u2014 it appears, in capt. king ' s sailing directions ( narrative of survey, vol. ii. pp. 325 to 369, ) that there are many extensive coral - reefs skirting, often at considerable distances, the n. w. shores, and encompassing the small adjoining islets. deep water, in no instance, is represented in the charts between these reefs and the land ; and, therefore, they probably belong to the fringing class. but as they extend far into the sea, which is generally shallow, even in places where the land seems to be somewhat precipitous ; i have not coloured them. houtman ' s abrolhos ( lat. 28\u00b0 s. on west coast ) have lately been surveyed by capt. wickham ( as described in naut. mag., 1841, p. 511 ) : they lie on the edge of a steeply - shelving bank, which extends about 30 miles seaward, along the whole line of coast. the two southern reefs, or islands, enclose a lagoon - like space of water, varying in depth from 5 to 15 fathoms, and in one spot with 23 fathoms. the greater part of the land has been formed on their inland sides, by the accumulation of fragments of corals ; the sea - ward face consisting of nearly bare ledges of rock. some of the specimens, brought home by capt. wickham, contained fragments of marine shells, but others did not ; and these closely resembled a formation at king george ' s sound, principally due to the action of the wind on calcareous dust, which i shall describe in a forthcoming part. from the extreme irregularity of these reefs with their lagoons, and from their position on a bank, the usual depth of which is only 30 fathoms, i have not ventured to class them with atolls, and hence have left them uncoloured. \u2014 rowley shoals. these lie someway from the n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4551574443658238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 194, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.360547"} {"text": "position on a bank, the usual depth of which is only 30 fathoms, i have not ventured to class them with atolls, and hence have left them uncoloured. \u2014 rowley shoals. these lie someway from the n. w. coast of australia : according to capt. king ( narrative of survey, vol. i. p. 60, ) they are of coral - formation. they rise abruptly from the sea, and capt. king had no bottom with 170 fathom close to them. three of them are crescent - shaped ; they are mentioned by mr. lyell, on the authority of capt. king, with reference to the direction of their open sides. \" a third oval reef of the same group is entirely submerged, \" ( principles of geolog., book iii. chap. xviii. ) ; coloured blue. \u2014 scott ' s reefs, lying north of rowley shoals, are briefly described by capt. wickham ( naut. mag., 1841, p. 440 ) : they appear to be of great size, of a circular form, and \" with smooth water within, forming probably a lagoon of great extent. \" there is a break on the western side, where there probably is an entrance : the water is very deep off these reefs ; coloured blue. proceeding westward along the great volcanic chain of the east - indian archipelago, solor strait is represented in a chart published by dalrymple from a dutch ms., as fringed ; as are parts of flores, of adenara, and of solor. horsburgh speaks of coral growing on these shores, and therefore i have no doubt that the reefs are of coral, and accordingly have coloured them red. we hear from horsburgh ( vol ii. p. 602, ) that a coral flat bounds the shores of sapy bay. from the same authority it appears ( p. 610, ) that reefs fringe the island of timor - young, on the n. shore of sumbawa ; and, likewise, ( p. 600, ) that bally town in lombock, is fronted by a reef, stretching along the shore at the distance of a hundred fathoms, with channels through it for boats ; these places, therefore, have been coloured red. \u2014 bally isld. : in a dutch ms. chart on a large scale of java, which was brought from that island by dr. horsfield, who had the kindness to show it me at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46592773096499274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 195, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.361503"} {"text": "therefore, have been coloured red. \u2014 bally isld. : in a dutch ms. chart on a large scale of java, which was brought from that island by dr. horsfield, who had the kindness to show it me at the india - house, its western, northern, and southern shores appear very regularly fringed by a reef ( see, also, horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 593 ) ; and as coral is found abundantly there, i have not the least doubt that the reef is of coral, and therefore have coloured it red. java. \u2014 my information regarding the reefs of this great island is derived from the chart just mentioned. the greater part of madura is represented in it as regularly fringed, and likewise portions of the coast of java immediately south of it. dr. horsfield informs me that coral is very abundant near sourabaya. the islets and parts of the n. coast of java, west of point buang, or japara, are fringed by reefs, said to be of coral. lubeck, or bavian islands, lying at some distance from the shore of java, are regularly fringed by coral - reefs : carimon java appears equally so, though it is not directly said that the reefs are of coral ; there is a depth between 30 and 40 fathoms round these islands. parts of the shores of sunda str., where the water is from 40 to 80 fathoms deep, and the islets near batavia appear in several charts to be fringed. in the dutch chart the southern shore, in the narrowest part of the island, is in two places fringed by reefs of coral. west of segorrowodee bay, and the extreme s. e. and e. portions are likewise fringed by coral - reefs ; all the above - mentioned places coloured red. macassar st. ; the east coast of borneo appears, in most parts, free from reefs, and where they occur, as on the coast of pamaroong, the sea is very shallow ; hence no part is coloured. in macassar str. itself, in about lat. 2\u00b0 s., there are many small islands with coral shoals projecting far from them. there are also ( old charts by dalrymple ) numerous little flats of coral, not rising to the surface of the water, and shelving suddenly from five fathoms to no bottom with fifty fathoms ; they do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47842885996792006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 196, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.362582"} {"text": "far from them. there are also ( old charts by dalrymple ) numerous little flats of coral, not rising to the surface of the water, and shelving suddenly from five fathoms to no bottom with fifty fathoms ; they do not appear to have a lagoon - like structure. there are similar coral - shoals a little farther south ; and in lat. 4\u00b0 55 ' there are two, which are engraved from modern surveys, in a manner which might represent an annular reef with deep water inside : capt. moresby, however, who was formerly in this sea, doubts this fact, so that i have left them uncoloured : at the same time i may remark, that these two shoals make a nearer approach to the atoll - like structure than any other within the e. indian arch. southward of these shoals there are other low islands and irregular coral - reefs ; and in the space of sea, north of the great volcanic chain, from timor to java, we have also other islands, such as the postillions, kalatoa, tokan - bessees, & c., which are chiefly low, and are surrounded by very irregular and distant reefs. from the imperfect charts i have seen, i have not been able to decide whether they belong to the atoll or barrier - classes, or whether they merely fringe submarine banks, and gently sloping land. in the bay of bonin, between the two southern arms of celebes, there are numerous coral - reefs ; but none of them seem to have an atoll - like structure. i have, therefore, not coloured any of the islands in this part of the sea ; i think it, however, exceedingly probable that some of them ought to be blue. i may add that there is a harbour on the s. e. coast of bouton, which, according to an old chart, is formed by a reef, parallel to the shore, with deep water within ; and in the voyage of the coquille, some neighbouring islands are represented with reefs a good way distant, but i do not know whether with deep water within. i have not thought the evidence sufficient to permit me to colour them. sumatra. \u2014 commencing with the west coast and outlying islands ; engano isld. is represented in the published chart as surrounded by a narrow reef, and napier, in his sailing directions, speaks of the reef being of coral ( also horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 115 ) ; coloured red. rat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4834470721772137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 197, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.363618"} {"text": "isld. is represented in the published chart as surrounded by a narrow reef, and napier, in his sailing directions, speaks of the reef being of coral ( also horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 115 ) ; coloured red. rat isld. 3\u00b0 51 ' s. is surrounded by reefs of coral, partly dry at low water ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 96 ). \u2014 trieste isld. ( 4\u00b0 2 ' s. ) the shore is represented, in a chart which i saw at the india house, as fringed in such a manner, that i feel sure the fringe consists of coral ; but as the island is so low, that the sea sometimes flows quite over it, ( dampier voyage, vol. i. p. 474 ) i have not coloured it. \u2014 pulo dooa, lat. 3\u00b0. in an old chart it is said there are chasms in the reefs round the island, admitting boats to the watering - place, and that the southern islet consists of a mass of sand and coral. \u2014 pulo pisang ; horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 86 ) says that the rocky coral bank, which stretches about forty yards from the shore, is steep to all round : in a chart, also, which i have seen, the island is represented as regularly fringed. pulo mintao is lined with reefs on its west side ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 107 ). \u2014 pulo baniak ; the same authority ( vol. ii. p. 105 ), speaking of a part, says it is faced with coral rocks. \u2014 minguin, 3\u00b0 36 ' n. a coral reef fronts this place, and projects into the sea nearly a quarter of a mile ( notices of the indian arch. published at singapore, p. 105 ). \u2014 pulo brassa, 5\u00b0 46 ' n. a reef surrounds it at a cable ' s length ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 60 ). i have coloured all the above specified points red. i may here add, that both horsburgh and mr. moor ( in the notices just alluded to ) frequently speak of the numerous reefs and banks of coral on the west coast of sumatra ; but these nowhere have the structure of a barrier - reef, and marsden ( history of sumatra ) states, that where the coast is flat, the fringing reefs extend furthest from it. the northern and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4559502547189785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 198, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.364482"} {"text": "of coral on the west coast of sumatra ; but these nowhere have the structure of a barrier - reef, and marsden ( history of sumatra ) states, that where the coast is flat, the fringing reefs extend furthest from it. the northern and southern points, and the greater part of the east coast, are low, and faced with mud banks, and therefore without coral. nicobar islands. \u2014 the chart represents the islands of this group as fringed by reefs. with regard to great nicobar, capt. moresby informs me, that it is fringed by reefs of coral, extending between 200 and 300 yards from the shore. the northern nicobars appear so regularly fringed in the published charts, that i have no doubt the reefs are of coral. this group, therefore, is coloured red. andaman islands. \u2014 from an examination of the ms. chart, on a large scale, of this island, by capt. arch. blair, in the admiralty, several portions of the coast appear fringed ; and as horsburgh speaks of coral reefs being numerous in the vicinity of these islands, i should have coloured them red, had not some expressions in a paper in the asiatic researches ( vol. iv. p. 402 ) led me to doubt the existence of reefs ; uncoloured. the coast of malacca, tanasserim, and the coasts northward, appear in the greater part to be low and muddy : where reefs occur, as in parts of malacca straits, and near singapore, they are of the fringing kind ; but the water is so shoal, that i have not coloured them. in the sea, however, between malacca and the west coast of borneo, where there is a greater depth from 40 to 50 fathoms, i have coloured red some of the groups, which are regularly fringed. the northern natunas and the anambas islds. are represented in the charts on a large scale, published in the atlas of the voyage of the favourite, as fringed by reefs of coral, with very shoal water within them. \u2014 tumbelan and bunoa islds. ( 1\u00b0 n. ) are represented in the english charts as surrounded by a very regular fringe. \u2014 st. barbes ( 0\u00b0 15 ' n. ) is said by horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 279 ) to be fronted by a reef, over which boats can land only at high water. \u2014 the shore of borneo at tunjong apee is also fronted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46709564248619617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 199, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.365340"} {"text": "' n. ) is said by horsburgh ( vol. ii. p. 279 ) to be fronted by a reef, over which boats can land only at high water. \u2014 the shore of borneo at tunjong apee is also fronted by a reef, extending not far from the land ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 468 ). these places i have coloured red ; although with some hesitation, as the water is shallow. i might perhaps have added pulo leat, in gaspar str., lucepara and carimata ; but as the sea is confined and shallow, and the reefs not very regular, i have left them uncoloured. the water shoals gradually towards the whole west coast of borneo : i cannot make out that it has any reefs of coral. the islands, however, off the northern extremity, and near the s. w. end of palawan, are fringed by very distant coral reefs : thus the reefs in the case of balabac are no less than five miles from the land ; but the sea, in the whole of this district, is so shallow, that the reefs might be expected to extend very far from the land. i have not, therefore, thought myself authorized to colour them. the n. e. point of borneo, where the water is very shoal, is connected with magindanao by a chain of islands called the sooloo archipelago, about which i have been able to obtain very little information ; pangootaran, although ten miles long, entirely consists of a bed of coral - rock ( notices of e. indian arch. p. 58 ) : i believe from horsburgh that the island is low ; not coloured. \u2014 tahow bank, in some old charts, appears like a submerged atoll ; not coloured. forrest ( voyage, p. 21 ) states that one of the islands near sooloo is surrounded by coral rocks ; but there is no distant reef. near the s. end of basselan, some of the islets in the chart accompanying forrest ' s voyage, appear fringed with reefs ; hence i have coloured, though unwillingly, parts of the sooloo group red. the sea between sooloo and palawan, near the shoal coast of borneo is interspersed with irregular reefs and shoal patches ; not coloured : but in the northern part of this sea, there are two low islets, cagayanes and cavilli, surrounded by extensive coral -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47689564775545884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 200, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.366261"} {"text": "near the shoal coast of borneo is interspersed with irregular reefs and shoal patches ; not coloured : but in the northern part of this sea, there are two low islets, cagayanes and cavilli, surrounded by extensive coral - reefs ; the breakers round the latter ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 513 ) extend 5 or 6 miles from a sand - bank, which forms the only dry part ; these breakers are steep to outside ; there appears to be an opening through them on one side, with four or five fathoms within : from this description, i strongly suspect that cavilli ought to be considered an atoll ; but, as i have not seen any chart of it, on even a moderately large scale, i have not coloured it. the islets off the northern end of palawan are in the same case as those off the southern end, namely they are fringed by reefs, some way distant from the shore, but the water is exceedingly shallow ; uncoloured. the western shore of palawan will be treated of under the head of china sea. phillippine archipelago. \u2014 a chart on a large scale of appoo shoal, which lies near the s. e. coast of mindoro, has been executed by capt. d. ross : it appears atoll - formed, but with rather an irregular outline ; its diameter is about ten miles ; there are two well defined passages leading into the interior lagoon, which appears open ; close outside the reef all round, there is no bottom with seventy fathoms ; coloured blue. \u2014 mindoro : the n. w. coast is represented in several charts, as fringed by a reef ; and luban isld. is said, by horsburgh, ( vol. ii. p. 436 ) to be \" lined by a reef. \" \u2014 luzon : mr. cuming, who has lately investigated with so much success the natural history of the philippines, informs me, that about three miles of the shore north of point st. jago, is fringed by a reef ; as are ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 437 ) the three friars off silanguin bay. between point capones and playa honda, the coast is \" lined by a coral reef, stretching out nearly a mile in some places, \" ( horsburgh ) ; and mr. cuming visited some fringing reefs on parts of this coast, namely, near puebla, iba, and mans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4480814323632322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 201, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.367229"} {"text": "is \" lined by a coral reef, stretching out nearly a mile in some places, \" ( horsburgh ) ; and mr. cuming visited some fringing reefs on parts of this coast, namely, near puebla, iba, and mansinglor. in the neighbourhood of solon - solon bay, the shore is lined ( horsburgh, ii. p. 439 ) by coral reefs, stretching out a great way : there are also reefs about the islets off solamague ; and as i am informed by mr. cuming, near st. catalina, and a litle north of it. the same gentleman informs me there are reefs on the s. e. point of this island in front of samar, extending from malalabon to bulusan. these appear to be the principal fringing - reefs on the coasts of luzon ; and they have all been coloured red. mr. cuming informs me that none of them have deep water within ; although it appears from horsburgh that some few extend to a considerable distance from the shore. within the philippine archipelago, the shores of the islands do not appear to be commonly fringed, with the exception of the s. shore of masbate, and nearly the whole of bohol ; which are both coloured red. on the s. shore of magindanao, bunwoot isld. is surrounded ( according to forrest, voyage, p. 253 ), by a coral - reef, which in the chart appears one of the fringing class. with respect to the eastern coasts of the whole archipelago, i have not been able to obtain any account. babuyan islands. \u2014 horsburgh says, ( vol. ii. p. 442 ) coral - reefs line the shores of the harbour in fuga ; and the charts show there are other reefs about these islands. camiguin has its shore in parts lined by coral - rock ( horsburgh, p. 443 ) ; about a mile off shore there is between 30 and 35 fathoms. the plan of port san pio quinto shows that its shores are fringed with coral ; coloured red. \u2014 bashee islands : horsburgh, speaking of the southern part of the group, ( vol. ii. p. 445 ) says the shores of both islands are fortified by a reef, and through some of the gaps in it, the natives can pass in their boats in fine weather ; the bottom near the land is coral - rock. from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43041244978440407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 202, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.368161"} {"text": ". p. 445 ) says the shores of both islands are fortified by a reef, and through some of the gaps in it, the natives can pass in their boats in fine weather ; the bottom near the land is coral - rock. from the published charts, it is evident that several of these islands are most regularly fringed ; coloured red. the northern islands are left uncoloured, as i have been unable to find any account of them. \u2014 formosa. the shores, especially the western one, seem chiefly composed of mud and sand, and i cannot make out that they are anywhere lined by reefs ; except in a harbour ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 449 ) at the extreme northern point : hence, of course, the whole of this island is left uncoloured. the small adjoining islands are in the same case. \u2014 patchow, or madjiko - sima groups. patchuson has been described by capt. broughton ( voy. to the n. pacific, p. 191 ) ; he says, the boats, with some difficulty, found a passage through the coral - reefs, which extend along the coast, nearly half a mile off it. the boats were well sheltered within the reef ; but it does not appear that the water is deep there. outside the reef the depth is very irregular, varying from five to fifty fathoms ; the form of the land is not very abrupt ; coloured red. \u2014 taypin - san ; from the description given ( p. 195, ) by the same author, it appears that a very irregular reef extends, to the distance of several miles, from the southern island ; but whether it encircles a space of deep water is not evident ; nor, indeed, whether these outlying reefs are connected with those more immediately adjoining the land ; left uncoloured. i may here just add that the shore of kumi, ( lying west of patchow, ) has a narrow reef attached to it in the plan of it, in la peyrouse ' s atlas ; but it does not appear in the account of the voyage that it is of coral ; uncoloured. \u2014 loo choo. the greater part of the coast of this moderately hilly island, is skirted by reefs, which do not extend far from the shore, and which do not leave a channel of deep water within them, as may be seen in the charts accompanying capt. b. hall ' s voyage to loo choo, ( see also remarks in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46816878241485427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 203, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.369214"} {"text": ", which do not extend far from the shore, and which do not leave a channel of deep water within them, as may be seen in the charts accompanying capt. b. hall ' s voyage to loo choo, ( see also remarks in appendix, p. xxi. and xxv. ) there are, however, some ports with deep water, formed by reefs in front of valleys, in the same manner as happens at mauritius. capt. beechey, in a letter to me, compares these reefs with those encircling the society islands ; but there appears to me a marked difference between them, in the less distance at which the loo choo reefs lie from the land with relation to the probable submarine inclination, and in the absence of an interior deep water - moat or channel, parallel to the land. hence, i have classed these reefs with fringing - reefs, and coloured them red. \u2014 pescadores ( west of formosa ). dampier ( vol. i. p. 416, ) has compared the appearance of the land to the southern parts of england. the islands are interlaced with coral reefs ; but as the water is very shoal, and as spits of sand and gravel ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 450, ) extend far out from them, it is impossible to draw any inferences regarding the nature of the reefs. china sea. \u2014 proceeding from north to south, we first meet the pratas shoal, ( lat. 20\u00b0 n. ) which, according to horsburgh, ( vol. ii. p. 335, ) is composed of coral, is of a circular form, and has a low islet on it. the reef is on a level with the water ' s edge, and when the sea runs high, there are breakers mostly all round, \" but the water within seems pretty deep in some places ; although steep to in most parts outside, there appears to be several parts where a ship might find anchorage outside the breakers ; \" coloured blue. \u2014 the paracells have been accurately surveyed by capt. d. ross, and charts on a large scale published : but few low islets have been formed on these shoals, and this seems to be a general circumstance in the china sea ; the sea close outside the reefs is very deep ; several of them have a lagoon - like structure ; or separate islets ( prattle, robert, drummond, & c. ) are so arranged round a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49618301177617974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 204, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.370214"} {"text": "be a general circumstance in the china sea ; the sea close outside the reefs is very deep ; several of them have a lagoon - like structure ; or separate islets ( prattle, robert, drummond, & c. ) are so arranged round a moderately shallow space, as to appear as if they had once formed one large atoll. \u2014 bombay shoal ( one of the paracells ) has the form of an annular reef, and is \" apparently deep within ; \" it seems to have an entrance ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 332 ) on its west side ; it is very steep outside. \u2014 discovery shoal, also, is of an oval form, with a lagoon - like space within, and three openings leading into it, in which there is a depth from two to twenty fathoms. outside, at the distance ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 333 ) of only twenty yards from the reef, soundings could not be obtained. the paracells are coloured blue. \u2014 macclesfield bank : this is a coral bank of great size, lying east of the paracells ; some parts of the bank are level, with a sandy bottom, but, generally, the depth is very irregular. it is intersected by deep cuts or channels. i am not able to perceive in the published charts, ( its limits, however, are not very accurately known ) whether the central part is deeper, which i suspect is the case, as in the great chagos bank, in the indian ocean ; not coloured. \u2014 scarborough shoal : this coral shoal is engraved with a double row of crosses, forming a circle, as if there was deep water within the reef : close outside there was no bottom, with a hundred fathoms ; coloured blue. \u2014 the sea off the west coast of palawan and the northern part of borneo is strewed with shoals : swallow shoal, according to horsburgh, ( vol. ii. p. 431, ) \" is formed, like most of the shoals hereabouts, of a belt of coral - rocks, with a basin of deeper water within. \" \u2014 half - moon shoal has a similar structure ; capt. d. ross describes it, as a narrow belt of coral - rock, \" with a basin of deep water in the centre, \" and deep sea close outside. \u2014 bombay shoal appears ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 432 ) \" to be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043807881587035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 205, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.372374"} {"text": "as a narrow belt of coral - rock, \" with a basin of deep water in the centre, \" and deep sea close outside. \u2014 bombay shoal appears ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 432 ) \" to be a basin of smooth water surrounded by breakers. \" these three shoals i have coloured blue. \u2014 the paraquas shoals are of a circular form, with deep gaps running through them ; not coloured. \u2014 a bank, gradually shoaling to the depth of 30 fathoms, extends to a distance of about 20 miles from the northern part of borneo, and to 30 miles from the northern part of palawan. near the land this bank appears tolerably free from danger, but a little further out it is thickly studded with coral shoals, which do not generally rise quite to the surface ; some of them are very steep to, and others have a fringe of shoal - water round them. i should have thought that these shoals had level surfaces, had it not been for the statement made by horsburgh \" that most of the shoals hereabouts are formed of a belt of coral. \" but, perhaps, that expression was more particularly applied to the shoals further in the offing. if these reefs of coral have a lagoon - like structure, they should have been coloured blue, and they would have formed an imperfect barrier in front of palawan and the northern part of borneo. but, as the water is not very deep, these reefs may have grown up from inequalities on the bank : i have not coloured them. \u2014 the coasts of china, tonquin, and cochin - china, forming the western boundary of the china sea, appear to be without reefs : with regard to the two last - mentioned coasts, i speak after examining the charts on a large scale in the atlas of the voyage of the favourite. indian ocean. \u2014 south keeling atoll has been specially described : nine miles north of it lies north keeling, a very small atoll, surveyed by the beagle, the lagoon of which is dry at low water. \u2014 christmas island, lying to the east, is a high island, without, as i have been informed by a person who passed it, any reefs at all. \u2014 ceylon : a space about eighty miles in length of the s. - western and southern shores of these islands has been described by mr. twynam, ( naut. mag. 1836, pp. 365 and 518 ) ; parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4922180592643472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 206, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.374003"} {"text": ". \u2014 ceylon : a space about eighty miles in length of the s. - western and southern shores of these islands has been described by mr. twynam, ( naut. mag. 1836, pp. 365 and 518 ) ; parts of this space appear to be very regularly fringed by coral - reefs, which extend from a quarter to half a mile from the shore. these reefs are in places breached, and afford safe anchorage for the small trading craft. outside, the sea gradually deepens ; there is 40 fathoms about six miles off shore : this part i have coloured red. in the published charts of ceylon there appear to be fringing reefs in several parts of the s. - eastern shores, which i have also coloured red. \u2014 at venloos bay the shore is likewise fringed. north of trincomalee there are also reefs of the same kind. the sea off the northern part of ceylon is exceedingly shallow ; and therefore i have not coloured the reefs which fringe portions of its shores, and the adjoining islets, as well as the indian promontory of madura. chagos, maldiva and laccadive archipelagoes. \u2014 these three great groups which have already been often noticed, are now well known from the admirable surveys of capt. moresby and lieut. powell. the published charts, which are worthy of the most attentive examination, at once show that the chagos and maldiva groups are entirely formed of great atolls, or lagoon - formed reefs, surmounted by islets. in the laccadive group, this structure is less evident ; the islets are low, not exceeding the usual height of coral formations, ( see lieut. wood ' s account, geograph. journ. vol. vi. p. 29 ) and most of the reefs are circular, as may be seen in the published charts ; and within several of them, as i am informed by capt. moresby, there is deepish water ; these therefore, have been coloured blue. directly north, and almost forming part of this group, there is a long, narrow, slightly - curved bank, rising out of the depths of the ocean, composed of sand, shells, and decayed coral, with from 23 to 30 fathoms on it. i have no doubt that it has had the same origin with the other laccidive banks ; but as it does not deepen towards the centre, i have not coloured it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48636886019461917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 207, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.375672"} {"text": "can make out, there is no deep - water moat within them ; and the sea outside does not deepen very suddenly. the outline, however, of the land appears to be ( life of sir j. makintosh, vol. ii. p. 165. ) hilly and rugged. i am unable to decide whether these reefs belong to the barrier - class, as seems probable from their great extension, or to the fringing - class ; uncoloured. \u2014 bourbon. the greater part of the shores of this island, are without reefs ; but capt. carmichael ( hooker ' s bot. misc. ) states that a portion, fifteen miles in length, on the s. e. side, is imperfectly fringed with coral - reefs : i have not thought this sufficient to colour the island. seychelles. \u2014 the rocky islands of primary formation, composing this group, rise from a very extensive and tolerably level bank, having a depth between 20 and 40 fathoms. in capt. owen ' s chart, and in that in the atlas of the voyage of the favourite, it appears that the east side of mahe and the adjoining islets of st. anne and cerf, are regularly fringed by coral reefs. a portion of the s. e. part of curieuse isld., the n., and part of the s. w. shore of praslin isld., and the whole west side of digue isld., appear fringed. from a ms. account of these islands by capt. f. moresby, in the admiralty, it appears that silhouette is also fringed ; he states that all these islands are formed of granite and quartz, that they rise abruptly from the sea, and that \" coral - reefs have grown round them, and project for some distance. \" dr. allan of forres, who visited these islands, informs me that there is no deep water between the reefs and the shore. the above specified points have been coloured red. amirantes islands : the small islands of this neighbouring group, according to the ms. account of them by capt. f. moresby, are situated on an extensive bank ; they consist of the debris of corals and shells ; are only about 20 feet in height, and are environed by reefs, some attached to the shore, and some rather distant from it. \u2014 i have taken great pains to procure plans and information regarding the several islands lying between s. e. and s. w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45109278161808564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 209, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.377699"} {"text": "in height, and are environed by reefs, some attached to the shore, and some rather distant from it. \u2014 i have taken great pains to procure plans and information regarding the several islands lying between s. e. and s. w. of the amirantes, and the seychelles ; relying chiefly on capt. f. moresby, and dr. allan, it appears that the greater number, namely \u2014 platte, alphonse, coetivi, galega, providence, st. pierre, astova, assomption, and glorioso, are low, formed of sand or coral - rock, and irregularly shaped ; they are situated on very extensive banks, and are connected with great coral - reefs. galega is said by dr. allan, to be rather higher than the other islands ; and st. pierre is described by capt. f. moresby, as being cavernous throughout, and as not consisting of either limestone or granite. these islands, as well as the amirantes, certainly are not atoll - formed, and they differ as a group from every other group with which i am acquainted ; i have not coloured them ; but probably the reefs belong to the fringing class. their formation is attributed both by dr. allan and capt. f. moresby, to the action of the currents, here exceedingly violent, on banks, which no doubt have had an independent geological origin. they resemble in many respects some islands and banks in the west indies, which owe their origin to a similar agency, in conjunction with an elevation of the entire area. in close vicinity to these several islands, there are three others of an apparently different nature : first, juan de nova, which appears from some plans and accounts to be an atoll ; but from others does not appear to be so ; not coloured. secondly, cosmoledo ; \" this group consists of a ring of coral, ten leagues in circumference, and quarter of a mile broad in some places, inclosing a magnificent lagoon, into which there did not appear a single opening \" ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 151 ) ; coloured blue. thirdly, aldabra ; it consists of three islets, about 25 feet in height, with red cliffs ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 176 ), surrounding a very shallow basin or lagoon. the sea is profoundly deep close to the shore. viewing this island in a chart, it would be thought an atoll ; but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819331588078345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 210, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.378728"} {"text": "with red cliffs ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 176 ), surrounding a very shallow basin or lagoon. the sea is profoundly deep close to the shore. viewing this island in a chart, it would be thought an atoll ; but the foregoing description shows that there is something different in its nature ; dr. allan also states that it is cavernous, and that the coral - rock has a vitrified appearance. is it an upheaved atoll, or the crater of a volcano? \u2014 uncoloured. comoro group. \u2014 mayotta, according to horsburgh ( vol. i. p. 216, 4th edit. ), is completely surrounded by a reef, which runs at the distance of three, four, and in some places even five miles from the land ; in an old chart, published by dalrymple, a depth in many places of 36 and 38 fathoms is laid down within the reef. in the same chart, the space of open water within the reef in some parts is even more than three miles wide : the land is bold and peaked ; this island, therefore, is encircled by a well - characterized barrier reef, and is coloured pale blue. \u2014 johanna ; horsburgh says ( vol. i. p. 217 ), this island from the n. w. to the s. w. point, is bounded by a reef, at the distance of two miles from the shore ; in some parts, however, the reef must be attached, since lieut. boteler ( narr. vol. i. p. 161 ), describes a passage through it, within which there is room only for a few boats. its height, as i am informed by dr. allan, is about 3, 500 feet ; it is very precipitous, and is composed of granite, greenstone, and quartz ; coloured blue. \u2014 mohilla ; on the s. side of this island there is anchorage, in from 30 to 45 fathoms, between a reef and the shore ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 214 ) ; in capt. owen ' s chart of madagascar, this island is represented as encircled ; coloured blue. \u2014 great comoro isld. is, as i am informed by dr. allan, about 8, 000 feet high, and apparently volcanic ; it is not regularly encircled ; but reefs of various shapes and dimensions, jut out from every headland on the w., s., and s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.469138035906266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 211, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.380324"} {"text": "am informed by dr. allan, about 8, 000 feet high, and apparently volcanic ; it is not regularly encircled ; but reefs of various shapes and dimensions, jut out from every headland on the w., s., and s. e. coasts, inside of which reefs there are channels, often parallel with the shore, with deep water. on the n. - western coasts the reefs appear attached to the shores. the land near the coast is in some places bold, but generally speaking it is flat ; horsburgh says, ( vol. i. p. 214, ) the water is profoundly deep close to the shore, from which expression i presume some parts are without reefs. from this description, i apprehend the reef belongs to the barrier class ; but i have not coloured it, as most of the charts which i have seen, represent the reefs round it as very much less extensive than round the other islands in the group. madagascar. \u2014 my information is chiefly derived from the published charts by capt. owen, and the accounts given by him and by lieut. boteler. commencing at the s. w. extremity of this island ; towards the northern part of the star bank ( in lat. 25\u00b0 s. ) the coast for ten miles is fringed by a reef ; coloured red. the shore immediately s. of st. augustin ' s bay appears fringed ; but tullear harbour, directly n. of it, is formed by a narrow reef ten miles long, extending parallel to the shore, with from four to ten fathoms within it. if this reef had been more extensive, it must have been classed as a barrier - reef ; but as the line of coast falls inwards here, a submarine bank perhaps extends parallel to the shore, which has offered a foundation for the growth of the coral ; i have left this part uncoloured. from lat. 22\u00b0 16 ' to 21\u00b0 37 ', the shore is fringed by coral reefs ( see lieut. boteler ' s narrative, vol. ii. p. 106 ), less than a mile in width, and with shallow water within. there are outlying coral shoals in several parts of the offing, with about ten fathoms between them and the shore, and the depth of the sea one mile and a - half seaward, is about 30 fathoms. the part above specified is engraved on a large scale ; and as in the charts on rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45940377788933195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 212, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.381320"} {"text": "ten fathoms between them and the shore, and the depth of the sea one mile and a - half seaward, is about 30 fathoms. the part above specified is engraved on a large scale ; and as in the charts on rather a smaller scale the same fringe of reef extends as far as lat. 33\u00b0 15 ' ; i have coloured the whole of this part of the coast red. the islands of juan de nova ( in lat. 17\u00b0 s. ) appear in the charts on a large scale to be fringed, but i have not been able to ascertain whether the reefs are of coral ; uncoloured. the main - part of the west coast appears to be low, with outlying sand - banks, which lieut. boteler ( vol. ii. p. 106 ) says, \" are faced on the edge of deep water by a line of sharp - pointed coral - rocks. \" nevertheless i have not coloured this part, as i cannot make out by the charts that the coast itself is fringed. the headlands of narrenda and passandava bays ( 14\u00b0 40 ' ) and the islands in front of radama harbour are represented in the plans as regularly fringed, and have accordingly been coloured red. with respect to the east coast of madagascar, dr. allan informs me in a letter, that the whole line of coast, from tamatave in 18\u00b0 12 ' to c. amber at the extreme northern point of the island, is bordered by coral - reefs. the land is low, uneven, and gradually rising from the coast. from capt. owen ' s charts, also, the existence of these reefs, which evidently belong to the fringing class, on some parts, namely, n. of british sound and near ngoncy, of the above line of coast might have been inferred. lieut. boteler ( vol. i. p. 155 ) speaks of \" the reef surrounding the island of st. mary ' s at a small distance from the shore. \" in a previous chapter i have described, from the information of dr. allan, the manner in which the reefs extend in n. e. lines from the headlands on this coast, thus sometimes forming rather deep channels within them : this seems caused by the action of the currents, and the reefs spring up from the submarine prolongations of the sandy headlands. the above specified portion of the coast is coloured red. the remaining s. e. portions do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4713218252794653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 213, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.384252"} {"text": "channels within them : this seems caused by the action of the currents, and the reefs spring up from the submarine prolongations of the sandy headlands. the above specified portion of the coast is coloured red. the remaining s. e. portions do not appear in any published chart to possess reefs of any kind ; and the rev. w. ellis, whose means of information regarding this side of madagascar have been extensive, informs me he believes there are none. east coast of africa. \u2014 proceeding from the northern part, the coast appears, for a considerable space, without reefs. my information, i may here observe, is derived from the survey by capt. owen, together with his narrative ; and that by lieut. boteler. at mukdeesha ( 2\u00b0 1 ' n. ) there is a coral - reef extending four or five miles along the shore, ( owen ' s nar. vol. i. p. 357 ) which in the chart lies at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the shore, and has within it from six to ten feet water : this then is a fringing - reef, and is coloured red. from juba a little s. of the equator, to lamoo ( in 2\u00b0 20 ' s. ) \" the coast and islands are formed of madrepore \" ( owen ' s narrative, vol. i. p. 363 ). the chart of this part ( entitled dundas islds. ) presents an extraordinary appearance ; the coast of the mainland is quite straight, and it is fronted at the average distance of two miles, by exceedingly narrow, straight islets, fringed with reefs. within the chain of islets, there are extensive tidal flats and muddy bays, into which many rivers enter : the depth of these spaces varies from one to four fathoms \u2014 the latter depth not being common, and about twelve feet the average. outside the chain of islets, the sea, at the distance of a mile, varies in depth from eight to fifteen fathoms. lieut. boteler ( nar. vol. i. p. 369 ) describes the muddy bay of patta, which seems to resemble other parts of this coast, as fronted by small, narrow, level islets formed of decomposing coral, the margin of which is seldom of greater height than twelve feet, overhanging the rocky surface from which the islets rise. knowing that the islets are formed of coral, it is i think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48215801057442265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 214, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.385414"} {"text": "level islets formed of decomposing coral, the margin of which is seldom of greater height than twelve feet, overhanging the rocky surface from which the islets rise. knowing that the islets are formed of coral, it is i think scarcely possible to view the coast, and not at once conclude that we here see a fringing - reef, which has been upraised a few feet : the unusual depth of from two to four fathoms within some of these islets, is probably due to muddy rivers having prevented the growth of coral near the shore. there is, however, one difficulty on this view, namely, that before the elevation took place, which converted the reef into a chain of islets, the water must apparently have been still deeper ; on the other hand it may be supposed that the formation of a nearly perfect barrier in front of so large an extent of coast, would cause the currents ( especially in front of the rivers, ) to deepen their muddy beds. when describing, in the chapter on fringing reefs, those of mauritius, i have given my reasons for believing that the shoal spaces within reefs of this kind, must, in many instances, have been deepened. however this may be, as several parts of this line of coast are undoubtedly fringed by living reefs, i have coloured it red. \u2014 maleenda ( 3\u00b0 20 ' s. ) in the plan of the harbour, the south headland appears fringed ; and in owen ' s chart on a larger scale, the reefs are seen to extend nearly thirty miles southward ; coloured red. mombas ( 4\u00b0 5 ' s. ) the island which forms the harbour, \" is surrounded by cliffs of madrepore, capable of being rendered almost impregnable, \" ( owen ' s nar. vol. i. p. 412 ). the shore of the main land, n. and s. of the harbour, is most regularly fringed by a coral - reef at a distance from half a mile to one mile and a quarter from the land ; within the reef the depth is from nine to fifteen feet ; outside the reef the depth at rather less than half a mile is thirty fathoms. from the charts it appears that a space about thirty - six miles in length, is here fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 pemba ( 5\u00b0 s. ) is an isld. of coral formation, level, and about 200 feet in height ( owen ' s nar. vol. i.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4687171535085617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 215, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.386607"} {"text": "six miles in length, is here fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 pemba ( 5\u00b0 s. ) is an isld. of coral formation, level, and about 200 feet in height ( owen ' s nar. vol. i. p. 425 ) ; it is 35 miles long, and is separated from the mainland by a deep sea. the outer coast is represented in the charts as regularly fringed ; coloured red. the main land in front of pemba is likewise fringed ; but there also appear to be some outlying reefs with deep water between them and the shore. i do not understand their structure, either from the charts or the description, therefore have not coloured them. \u2014 zanzibar resembles pemba in most respects ; its southern half on the western side and the neighbouring islets are fringed ; coloured red. on the main land, a little s. of zanzibar, there are some banks parallel to the coast, which i should have thought had been formed of coral, had it not been said ( boteler ' s nar. vol. ii. p. 39 ) that there were composed of sand ; not coloured. \u2014 latham ' s bank is a small island, fringed by coral - reefs ; but being only ten feet high, it has not been coloured. \u2014 monfeea is an island of the same character as pemba : its outer shore is fringed, and its southern extremity is connected with keelwa point on the main land by a chain of islands fringed by reefs ; coloured red. the four last - mentioned islands resemble in many respects some of the islands in the red sea, which will presently be described. \u2014 keelwa. in a plan of the shore, a space of 20 miles n. and s. of this place is fringed by reefs, apparently of coral : these reefs are prolonged still further southward in owen ' s general chart. the coast in the plans of the rivers lindy and monghow ( 9\u00b0 59 ' and 10\u00b0 7 ' s. ) has the same structure ; coloured red. \u2014 querimba islands ( from 10\u00b0 40 ' to 13\u00b0 s. ) a chart on a large scale is given of these islands : they are low, and of coral formation ( boteler ' s nar. vol. ii. p. 54 ) ; and generally have extensive reefs projecting from them, which are dry at low water, and which on the outside rise abruptly from a deep sea : on their insides they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5041857787369097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 216, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.387689"} {"text": "( boteler ' s nar. vol. ii. p. 54 ) ; and generally have extensive reefs projecting from them, which are dry at low water, and which on the outside rise abruptly from a deep sea : on their insides they are separated from the continent by a channel, or rather a succession of bays, with an average depth of ten fathoms. the small headlands on the continent also have coral - banks attached to them ; and the querimba islands and banks are placed on the lines of prolongation of these headlands, and are separated from them by very shallow channels. it is evident that whatever cause, whether the drifting of sediment or subterranean movements, produced the headlands, likewise produced, as might have been expected, submarine prolongations to them ; and these towards their outer extremities, have since afforded a favourable basis for the growth of coral - reefs, and subsequently for the formation of islets. as these reefs clearly belong to the fringing - class, the querimba islands have been coloured red. \u2014 monabila ( 13\u00b0 32 ' s. ) in the plan of this harbour, the headlands outside are fringed by reefs apparently of coral ; coloured red. \u2014 mozambique ( 15\u00b0 s. ) the outer part of the island on which the city is built, and the neighbouring islands, are fringed by coral - reefs ; coloured red. from the description given in owen ' s nar. ( vol. i. p. 162 ) the shore from mozambique to delagoa bay appears to be low and sandy : many of the shoals and islets off this line of coast are of coral formation ; but from their small size and lowness, it is not possible, from the charts, to know whether they are truly fringed. hence this portion of coast is left uncoloured, as are likewise those parts more northward, of which no mention has been made in the foregoing pages, from the want of information. persian gulf. \u2014 from the charts lately published on a large scale by the east indian company, it appears that several parts, especially the southern shores of this gulf, are fringed by coral - reefs ; but as the water is very shallow, and as there are numerous sand - banks, which are difficult to distinguish on the chart from reefs, i have not coloured the upper part red. towards the mouth, however, where the water is rather deeper, the islands of ormuz and larrack, appear so regularly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609040445079844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 217, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.391542"} {"text": "- banks, which are difficult to distinguish on the chart from reefs, i have not coloured the upper part red. towards the mouth, however, where the water is rather deeper, the islands of ormuz and larrack, appear so regularly fringed, that i have coloured them red. there are certainly no atolls in the persian gulf. the shores of immaum, and of the promontory forming the southern headland of the persian gulf, seem to be without reefs. the whole s. w. part ( except one or two small patches ) of arabia felix, and the shores of socotra appear from the charts and memoir of capt. haines ( geograph. journ., 1839, p. 125, ) to be without any reefs. i believe there are no extensive coral - reefs on any part of the coasts of india, except on the low promontory of madura ( as already mentioned ) in front of ceylon. red sea. \u2014 my information is chiefly derived from the admirable charts published by the east indian company in 1836, from personal communication with capt. moresby, one of the surveyors, and from the excellent memoir, \" uber die natur der corallen - banken des rothen meeres, \" by ehrenberg. the plains immediately bordering the red sea seem chiefly to consist of a sedimentary formation of the newer tertiary period. the shore is, with the exception of a few parts, fringed by coral - reefs. the water is generally profoundly deep close to the shore ; but this fact, which has attracted the attention of most voyagers, seems to have no necessary connection with the presence of reefs ; for capt. moresby particularly observed to me, that, in lat. 24\u00b0 10 ' on the eastern side, there is a piece of coast, with very deep water close to it, without any reefs, but not differing in other respects from the usual nature of the coast - line. the most remarkable feature in the red sea is the chain of submerged banks, reefs, and islands, lying some way from the shore, chiefly on the eastern side ; the space within being deep enough to admit a safe navigation in small vessels. the banks are generally of an oval form, and some miles in width ; but some of them are very long in proportion to their width. capt. moresby informs me that any one, who had not made actual plans of them, would be apt to think that they were much more elongated than they really are.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.468901540924119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 218, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.392864"} {"text": "width ; but some of them are very long in proportion to their width. capt. moresby informs me that any one, who had not made actual plans of them, would be apt to think that they were much more elongated than they really are. many of them rise to the surface, but the greater number lie from 5 to 30 fathoms beneath it, with irregular soundings on them. they consist of sand and living coral ; coral on most of them, according to capt. moresby, covering the greater part of their surface. they extend parallel to the shore, and they are not unfrequently connected in their middle parts by short transverse banks with the main land. the sea is generally profoundly deep quite close to them, as it is near most parts of the coast of the main land ; but this is not universally the case, for between lat. 15\u00b0 and 17\u00b0 the water deepens quite gradually from the banks, both on the eastern and western shores, towards the middle of the sea. islands in many parts arise from these banks ; they are low, flat - topped, and consist of the same horizontally stratified formation with that forming the plain - like margin of the main land. some of the smaller and lower islands consist of mere sand. capt. moresby informs me, that small masses of rock, the remnants of islands, are left on many banks where there is now no dry land. ehrenberg also asserts that most of the islets, even the lowest, have a flat abraded basis, composed of the same tertiary formation : he believes that as soon as the surf wears down the protuberant parts of a bank, just beneath the level of the sea, the surface becomes protected from further abrasion by the growth of coral, and he thus accounts for the existence of so many banks standing on a level with the surface of this sea. it appears that most of the islands are certainly decreasing in size. the form of the banks and islands is most singular in the part just referred to, namely, from lat. 15\u00b0 to 17\u00b0, where the sea deepens quite gradually : the dhalac group, on the western coast, is surrounded by an intricate archipelago of islets and shoals ; the main island is very irregularly shaped, and it includes a bay seven miles long, by four across, in which no bottom was found with 252 feet : there is only one entrance into this bay, half a mile wide, and with an island in front", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890454828023738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 219, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.394001"} {"text": "island is very irregularly shaped, and it includes a bay seven miles long, by four across, in which no bottom was found with 252 feet : there is only one entrance into this bay, half a mile wide, and with an island in front of it. the submerged banks on the eastern coast, within the same latitudes, round farsan isld., are, likewise, penetrated by many narrow creeks of deep water ; one is twelve miles long, in the form of a hatchet, in which, close to its broad upper end, soundings were not stuck with 360 feet, and its entrance is only half a mile wide : in another creek of the same nature, but even with a more irregular outline, there was no bottom with 480 feet. the island of farsan, itself, has as singular a form as any of its surrounding banks. the bottom of the sea round the dhalac and farsan islands consists chiefly of sand and agglutinated fragments, but, in the deep and narrow creeks, it consists of mud ; the islands themselves consist of thin, horizontally stratified, modern tertiary beds, containing but little broken coral ; * their shores are fringed by living coral - reefs. from the account given by ruppell \u2020 of the manner in which dhalac has been rent by fissures, the opposite sides of which have been unequally elevated, ( in one instance to the amount of 50 feet, ) it seems probable that its irregular form, as well as probably that of farsan, may have been partly caused by unequal elevations ; but, considering the general form of the banks, and of the deep - water creeks, together with the composition of the land, i think their configuration is more probably due in great part to strong currents having drifted sediment over an uneven bottom : it is almost certain that their form cannot be attributed to the growth of coral. whatever may have been the precise origin of the dhalac and farsan archipelagoes, the greater number of the banks on the eastern side of the red sea seem to have originated through nearly similar means. i judge of this from their similarity in configuration, ( in proof of which i may instance a bank on the east coast in lat. 22\u00b0 ; although it is true that the northern banks generally have a less complicated outline, ) and from their similarity in composition, as may be observed in their upraised portions. the depth within the banks northward of lat. 17\u00b0, is usually greater, and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46596367038736636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 220, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.395039"} {"text": "true that the northern banks generally have a less complicated outline, ) and from their similarity in composition, as may be observed in their upraised portions. the depth within the banks northward of lat. 17\u00b0, is usually greater, and their outer sides shelve more abruptly ( circumstances which seem to go together ) than in the dhalac and farsan archipelagoes ; but this might easily have been caused by a difference in the action of the currents during their formation : moreover, the greater quantity of living coral, which, according to capt. moresby, exists on the northern banks, would tend to give them steeper margins. from this account, brief and imperfect as it is, we can see that the great chain of banks on the eastern coast, and on the western side in the southern portion, differ greatly from true barrier - reefs wholly formed by the growth of coral. it is indeed the direct conclusion of * ruppell reise in abyssinie, band. i. s. 247. \u2020 ibid. s. 245. ehrenberg, ( uber die, & c. pp. 45 and 51, ) that they are connected in their origin quite secondarily with the growth of coral ; and he remarks that the islands off the coast of norway, if worn down level with the sea, and merely coated with living coral, would present a nearly similar appearance. i cannot, however, avoid suspecting, from information given me by dr. malcolmson and capt. moresby, that ehrenberg has rather under - rated the influence of corals, in some places at least, on the formation of the tertiary deposits of the red sea. the west coast of the red sea between lat. 19\u00b0 and 22\u00b0. \u2014 there are, in this space, reefs, which, if i had known nothing of those in other parts of the red sea, i should unhesitatingly have considered as barrier - reefs ; and, after deliberation, i have come to the same conclusion. one of these reefs, in 20\u00b0 15 ', is twenty miles long, less than a mile in width, ( but expanding at the northern end into a disk, ) slightly sinuous, and extending parallel to the main - land at the distance of five miles from it, with very deep water within ; in one spot soundings were not obtained with 205 fathoms. some leagues further south, there is another linear reef, very narrow, ten miles long, with other small portions of reef", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47176181074217804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 221, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.396149"} {"text": "of five miles from it, with very deep water within ; in one spot soundings were not obtained with 205 fathoms. some leagues further south, there is another linear reef, very narrow, ten miles long, with other small portions of reef, north and south, almost connected with it ; and within this line of reefs ( as well as outside ) the water is profoundly deep. there are also some small linear and sickle - formed reefs, lying a little way out at sea. all these reefs are covered, as i am informed by capt. moresby, by living corals. here, then, we have all the characters of reefs of the barrier class ; and in some outlying reefs we have an approach to the structure of atolls. the source of my doubts about the classification of these reefs, arises from having observed in the dhalac and farsan groups the narrowness and straightness of several spits of sand and rock : one of these spits in the dhalac group is nearly fifteen miles long, only two broad, and it is bordered on each side with deep water ; so that, if worn down by the surf, and coated with living corals, it would form a reef nearly similar to those within the space under consideration. there is, also, in this space ( lat. 21\u00b0 ) a peninsula, bordered by cliffs, with its extremity worn down to the level of the sea, and its basis fringed with reefs : in the line of prolongation of this peninsula, there lies the island of macowa, ( formed, according to capt. moresby, of the usual tertiary deposit, ) and some smaller islands, large parts of which likewise appear to have been worn down, and are now coated with living corals. if the removal of the strata in these several cases had been more complete, the reefs thus formed would have nearly resembled those barrier - like ones now under discussion. notwithstanding these facts, i cannot persuade myself that the many very small, isolated, and sickle - formed reefs and others, long, nearly straight, and very narrow, with the water unfathomably deep close round them, could possibly have been formed by corals merely coating banks of sediment, or the abraded surfaces of irregularly shaped islands. i feel compelled to believe that the foundations of these reefs have subsided, and that the corals, during their upward growth, have given to these reefs their present forms : i may remark that the subsidence of narrow and irregular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933964878635759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 222, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.397733"} {"text": "reefs along the whole line of coast ; but as the greater number rise from banks not very deeply submerged, ( the formation of which has been shown to be only secondarily connected with the growth of coral, ) their origin may be due simply to the growth of knolls of corals, from an irregular foundation situated within a limited depth. but between lat. 18\u00b0 and 20\u00b0, there are so many linear, elliptic and extremely small reefs, rising abruptly out of profound depths, that the same reasons, which led me to colour blue a portion of the west coast, have induced me to do the same in this part. there exist some small outlying reefs rising from deep water, north of lat. 20\u00b0, ( the northern limit coloured blue, ) on the east coast ; but as they are not very numerous, and scarcely any of them are linear, i have thought it right to leave them uncoloured. in the southern parts of the red sea, considerable spaces of the main land, and of some of the dhalac islands, are skirted by reefs, which, as i am informed by capt. moresby, are of living coral, and have all the characters of the fringing class. as in these latitudes, there are no outlying linear or sickle - formed reefs, rising out of unfathomable depths, i have coloured these parts of the coast red. on similar grounds, i have coloured red the northern parts of the western coast, ( north of lat. 24\u00b0 30 ' ) and likewise the shores of the chief part of the gulf of suez. in the gulf of acaba, as i am informed by capt. moresby, there are no coral - reefs, and the water is profoundly deep. west indies. \u2014 my information regarding the reefs of this area, is derived from various sources, and from an examination of numerous charts ; especially of those lately executed during the survey under capt. owen, r. n. i lie under particular obligation to capt. bird allen, r. n., one of the members of the late survey, for many personal communications on this subject. as in the case of the red sea, it is necessary to make some preliminary remarks on the submerged banks of the west indies, which are in some degree connected with coral - reefs, and cause considerable doubts in their classification. that large accumulations of sediment are in progress on the west indian shores, will be evident to any one who examines the charts of that sea, especially of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4798489359269238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 224, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.400482"} {"text": "are in some degree connected with coral - reefs, and cause considerable doubts in their classification. that large accumulations of sediment are in progress on the west indian shores, will be evident to any one who examines the charts of that sea, especially of the portion north of a line joining yucutan and florida. the area of deposition seems less intimately connected with the debouchement of the great rivers, than with the course of the sea - currents ; as is evident from the vast extension of the banks from the promontories of yucutan and mosquito. besides the coast - banks, there are many of various dimensions which stand quite isolated ; these closely resemble each other ; they lie from 2 or 3 to 20 or 30 fathoms under water, and are composed of sand, sometimes firmly agglutinated, with little or no coral ; their surfaces are smooth and nearly level, shelving only to the amount of a few fathoms, very gradually all round towards their edges, where they plunge abruptly into the unfathomable sea. this steep inclination of their sides, which is likewise characteristic of the coast - banks, is very remarkable : i may give as an instance, the misteriosa bank, on the edges of which the soundings change in 250 fathoms horizontal distance, from 11 to 210 fathoms ; off the northern point of the bank of old providence, in 200 fathoms horizontal distance, the change is from 19 to 152 fathoms ; off the great bahama bank, in 160 fathoms horizontal distance, the inclination is in many places from 10 fathoms to no bottom with 190 fathoms. on coasts in all parts of the world, where sediment is accumulating, something of this kind may be observed ; the banks shelve very gently far out to sea, and then terminate abruptly. the form and composition of the banks standing in the middle parts of w. indian sea, clearly show that their origin must be chiefly attributed to the accumulation of sediment ; and the only obvious explanation of their isolated position is the presence of a nucleus, round which the currents have collected fine drift matter. any one who will compare the character of the bank surrounding the hilly island of old providence, with those banks in its neighbourhood which stand isolated, will scarcely doubt that they surround submerged mountains. we are led to the same conclusion by examining the bank called thunder knoll, which is separated from the great mosquito bank by a channel only seven miles wide, and 145 fathoms deep.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4872395152115274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 225, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.402793"} {"text": "isolated, will scarcely doubt that they surround submerged mountains. we are led to the same conclusion by examining the bank called thunder knoll, which is separated from the great mosquito bank by a channel only seven miles wide, and 145 fathoms deep. there cannot be any doubt that the mosquito bank has been formed by the accumulation of sediment round the promontory of the same name ; and thunder knoll resembles the mosquito bank, in the state of its surface submerged 20 fathoms, in the inclination of its sides, in composition, and in every other respect. i may observe, although the remark is here irrelevant, that geologists should be cautious in concluding that all the outlyers of any formation have once been connected together, for we here see that deposits, doubtless of exactly the same nature, may be deposited with large valley - like spaces between them. linear strips of coral - reefs and small knolls project from many of the isolated, as well as coast - banks ; sometimes they occur quite irregularly placed, as on the mosquito bank, but more generally they form crescents on the windward side, situated some little distance within the outer edge of the banks : \u2014 thus on the serranilla bank they form an interrupted chain which ranges between two and three miles within the windward margin : generally they occur, as on roncador, courtown and anegada banks, nearer the line of deep - water. their occurrence on the windward side is conformable to the general rule, of the efficient kinds of corals flourishing best where most exposed ; but their position some way within the line of deep water i cannot explain, without it be, that a depth somewhat less than that close to the outer margin of the banks, is most favourable to their growth. where the corals have formed a nearly continuous rim, close to the windward edge of a bank some fathoms submerged, the reef closely resembles an atoll ; but if the bank surrounds an island ( as in the case of old providence ), the reef resembles an encircling barrier - reef. i should undoubtedly have classed some of these fringed banks as imperfect atolls, or barrier - reefs, if the sedimentary nature of their foundations had not been evident from the presence of other neighbouring banks, of similar forms and of similar composition, but without the crescent - like marginal reef : in the third chapter, i observed that probably some atoll - like reefs did exist, which had originated in the manner here supposed. proofs of elevation within recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49936135678867327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 226, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.404049"} {"text": ", of similar forms and of similar composition, but without the crescent - like marginal reef : in the third chapter, i observed that probably some atoll - like reefs did exist, which had originated in the manner here supposed. proofs of elevation within recent tertiary periods abound, as referred to in the sixth chapter, over nearly the whole area of the west indies. hence it is easy to understand the origin of the low land on the coasts, where sediment is now accumulating ; for instance, on the northern part of yucutan, and on the n. e. part of mosquito, where the land is low, and where extensive banks appear to be in progressive formation. hence, also, the origin of the great bahama banks, which are bordered on their western and southern edges by very narrow, long, singularly - shaped islands, formed of sand, shells and coral - rock, and some of them about a hundred feet in height, is easily explained by the elevation of banks fringed on their windward ( western and southern ) sides by coral - reefs. on this view, however, we must suppose either that the chief part of the surfaces of the great bahama sand - banks were all originally deeply submerged, and were brought up to their present level by the same elevatory action, which formed the linear islands ; or that during the elevation of the banks, the superficial currents and swell of the waves continued wearing them down and keeping them at a nearly uniform level : the level is not quite uniform ; for, in proceeding from the n. w. end of the bahama group towards the s. e. end, the depth of the banks increases, and the area of land decreases, in a very gradual and remarkable manner. the latter view, namely, that these banks have been worn down by the currents and swell during their elevation, seems to me the most probable one. it is, also, i believe, applicable to many banks, situated in widely distant parts of the west indian sea, which are wholly submerged ; for, on any other view, we must suppose, that the elevatory forces have acted with astonishing uniformity. the shore of the gulf of mexico, for a space of many hundred miles, is formed by a chain of lagoons, from one to twenty miles in breadth, ( columbian navigator, p. 178, & c. ) containing either fresh or salt water, and separated from the sea by linear strips of sand. great spaces of the shores of southern brazil, * and of the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5050476989651642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 227, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.410673"} {"text": "twenty miles in breadth, ( columbian navigator, p. 178, & c. ) containing either fresh or salt water, and separated from the sea by linear strips of sand. great spaces of the shores of southern brazil, * and of the united states from long island ( as observed by professor rogers ) to florida, have the same character. professor rogers, in his report to the british association, ( vol. iii. p. 13, ) speculates on the origin of these low, sandy, linear islets : he states that the layers of which they are composed are too homogeneous, and contain too large a proportion of shells, to permit the common supposition of their formation being simply due to matter thrown up, where it now lies, by the surf : he considers these islands as upheaved bars or shoals, which were deposited in lines where opposed currents met. it is evident that these islands and spits of sand parallel to the coast, and separated from it by shallow lagoons, have no necessary connection with coral formations. but in southern florida, from the accounts i have received from persons who have resided there, the upraised islands seem to be formed of strata, containing a good deal of coral, and they are extensively fringed by living reefs ; the channels within these islands are in some places between two and three miles wide, and five or six fathoms deep, though generally \u2020 they are less in depth and width. after having seen how frequently banks of sediment in the west indian sea are fringed by reefs, we can readily conceive that bars of sediment might be greatly aided in their formation along a line of coast, by the growth of corals ; and such bars would, in that case, have a deceptive resemblance with true barrier - reefs. having now endeavoured to remove some sources of doubt in * in the london and edinburgh philosophical journal, 1141, p. 257, i have described a singular bar of sandstone lying parallel to the coast off pernambuco in brazil, which probably is an analagous formation. \u2020 in the ordinary sea charts, no lagoons appear on the coast of florida, north of 26\u00b0 ; but major whiting ( silliman ' s journal, vol. xxxv. p. 54 ) says that many are formed by sand thrown up along the whole line of coast from st. augustine ' s to jupiter inlet. classifying the reefs of the west indies, i will give my authorities for colouring such portions of coast as i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5062689544495282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 228, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.412323"} {"text": "54 ) says that many are formed by sand thrown up along the whole line of coast from st. augustine ' s to jupiter inlet. classifying the reefs of the west indies, i will give my authorities for colouring such portions of coast as i have thought myself warranted in doing. capt. bird allen informs me, that most of the islands on the bahama banks are fringed, especially on their windward sides, with living reefs ; and hence i have coloured those, which are thus represented in capt. owen ' s late chart, red. the same officer informs me, that the islets along the southern part of florida are similarly fringed ; coloured red. \u2014 cuba : proceeding along the northern coast, at the distance of forty miles from the extreme s. e. point, the shores are fringed by reefs, which extend westward for a space of 160 miles, with only a few breaks. parts of these reefs are represented in the plans of the harbours on this coast by capt. owen ; and an excellent description is given of them by mr. taylor, ( loudon ' s mag. of nat. hist. vol. ix. p. 449 ) ; he states that they enclose a space called the ' baxo, ' from half to three quarters of a mile in width, with a sandy bottom, and a little coral. in most parts people can wade, at low water, to the reef ; but in some parts the depth is between two and three fathoms. close outside the reef, the depth is between six and seven fathoms : these well - characterized fringing reefs are coloured red. \u2014 westward of long. 77\u00b0 30 ', on the northern side of cuba, a great bank commences, which extends along the coast for nearly four degrees of longitude. in the place of its commencement, in its structure, and in the \" cays, \" or low islands on its edge, there is a marked correspondence ( as observed by humboldt, pers. narr, vol. vii. p. 88 ) between it and the great bahama and sal banks, which lie directly in front. hence one is led to attribute the same origin to both these sets of banks ; namely, the accumulation of sediment, conjoined with an elevatory movement, and the growth of coral on their outer edges : those parts which appear fringed by living reefs are coloured red. \u2014 westward of these banks, there is a portion of coast apparently without reefs, except in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46491355945288126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 229, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.413836"} {"text": "conjoined with an elevatory movement, and the growth of coral on their outer edges : those parts which appear fringed by living reefs are coloured red. \u2014 westward of these banks, there is a portion of coast apparently without reefs, except in the harbours, the shores of which seem in the published plans to be fringed. \u2014 the colorado shoals, ( see capt. owen ' s charts, ) and the low land at the western end of cuba, correspond as closely in relative position and structure to the banks at the extreme point of florida, as the banks above described on the north side of cuba, do to the bahamas. the depth within the islets and reefs on the outer edge of the colorados, is generally between two and three fathoms, increasing to twelve fathoms in the southern part, where the bank becomes nearly open, without islets or coral - reefs ; the portions which are fringed are coloured red. \u2014 the southern shore of cuba is deeply concave, and the included space is filled up with mud and sand banks, low islands, and coral - reefs. between the mountainous isle of pines and the southern shore of cuba, the general depth is only between two and three fathoms ; and in this part, small islands, formed of fragmentary rocks and broken madrepores, ( humboldt, pers. narr. vol. vii. pp. 51, 86 to 90, 291, 309, 320, ) rise abruptly, and just reach the surface of the sea. from some expressions used in the columbian navigator, ( vol. i. pt. ii. p. 94, ) it appears that considerable spaces along the outer coast of southern cuba are bounded by cliffs of coral - rock, formed probably by the upheaval of coral - reefs and sand banks. the charts represent the southern part of the isle of pines as fringed by reefs, which the columb. navig. says extend some way from the coast, but have only from nine to twelve feet water on them ; these are coloured red. \u2014 i have not been able to procure any detailed description of the large group of banks and \" cays \" further eastward on the southern side of cuba ; within them there is a large expanse, with a muddy bottom, from eight to twelve fathoms deep : although some parts on this line of coast are represented in the general charts of the west indies, as fringed, i have not thought it prudent to colour them. the remaining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5181532518022696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 230, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.416141"} {"text": "a muddy bottom, from eight to twelve fathoms deep : although some parts on this line of coast are represented in the general charts of the west indies, as fringed, i have not thought it prudent to colour them. the remaining portion of the south coast of cuba appears to be without coral - reefs. yucutan. \u2014 the n. e. part of the promontory appears, in capt. owen ' s charts to be fringed ; coloured red. the eastern coast, from 20\u00b0 to 18\u00b0 is fringed. south of lat. 18\u00b0, there commences the most remarkable reef in the west indies : it is about 130 miles in length, ranging in a n. and s. line, at an average distance of 15 miles from the coast. the islets on it are all low, as i have been informed by capt. b. allen ; the water deepens suddenly on the outside the reef, but not more abruptly than off many of the sedimentary banks : within its southern extremity ( off honduras ) the depth is 25 fathoms ; but in the more northern parts, the depth soon decreases to 10 fathoms, and within the northernmost part, for a space of 20 miles, the depth is only from one to two fathoms. in most of these respects we have the characteristics of a barrier reef ; nevertheless, from observing, first, that the channel within the reef is a continuation of a great irregular bay, which penetrates the main land to the depth of 50 miles ; and secondly, that considerable spaces of this barrier - like reef are described in the charts ( for instance, in lat. 16\u00b0 45 ' and 16\u00b0 12 ' ) as formed of pure sand ; and thirdly, from knowing that sediment is accumulating in many parts of the west indies in banks parallel to the shore ; i have not ventured to colour this reef as a barrier, without further evidence that it has really been formed by the growth of corals, and that it is not merely in parts a spit of sand, and in other parts a worn - down promontory, partially coated and fringed by reefs : i lean, however, to the probability of its being a barrier - reef, produced by subsidence. to add to my doubts, immediately on the outside of this barrier - like reef, turneffe, lighthouse, and glover reefs are situated, and these reefs have so completely the form of atolls, that if they had occurred in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48253144787874774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 231, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.418449"} {"text": "of the coast appear to be fringed ; but as these are not represented in the charts of the whole island, i have not coloured them. \u2014 st. domingo : i have not been able to obtain sufficient information, either from plans of the harbours, or from general charts, to enable me to colour any part of the coast, except 60 miles from port de plata westward, which seems very regularly fringed : many other parts, however, of the coast are probably fringed, especially towards the eastern end of the island. \u2014 puerto rico : considerable portions of the southern, western, and eastern coasts, and some parts of the northern coast, appear in the charts to be fringed ; coloured red. some miles in length of the southern side of the island of st. thomas is fringed ; most of the virgin gorda islands, as i am informed by mr. schomburgk, are fringed ; the shores of anegada, as well as the bank on which it stands, are likewise fringed ; these islands have been coloured red. the greater part of the southern side of santa cruz appears in the danish survey to be fringed ( see also prof. hovey ' s account of this island, in silliman ' s journal, vol xxxv. p. 74. ) ; the reefs extend along shore for a considerable space, and project rather more than a mile ; the depth within the reef is three fathoms ; coloured red. \u2014 the antilles, as remarked by von buch ( descrip. iles canaries, p. 494, ) may be divided into two linear groups, the western row being volcanic, and the eastern of modern calcareous origin ; my information is very defective on the whole group. of the eastern islands, barbuda and the western coasts of antigua and mariagalante appear to be fringed : this is also the case with barbadoes, as i have been informed by a resident ; these islands are coloured red. on the shores of the western antilles, of volcanic origin, very few coral - reefs appear to exist. the island of martinique, of which there are beautifully - executed french charts, on a very large scale, alone presents any appearance worthy of special notice. the south - western, southern, and eastern coasts, together forming about half the circumference of the island, are skirted by very irregular banks, projecting generally rather less than a mile from the shore, and lying from two to five fathoms submerged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46109387400684376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 233, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.421204"} {"text": "western, southern, and eastern coasts, together forming about half the circumference of the island, are skirted by very irregular banks, projecting generally rather less than a mile from the shore, and lying from two to five fathoms submerged. in front of almost every valley, they are breached by narrow, crooked, steep - sided passages. the french engineers ascertained by boring, that these submerged banks consisted of madreporitic rocks, which were covered in many parts by thin layers of mud or sand. from this fact, and especially from the structure of the narrow breaches, i think there can be little doubt that these banks once formed living reefs, which fringed the shores of the island, and like other reefs probably reached the surface. from some of these submerged banks reefs of living coral rise abruptly, either in small detached patches, or in lines parallel to, but some way within, the outer edges of the banks on which they are based. besides the above banks which skirt the shores of the island, there is on the eastern side a range of linear banks, similarly constituted, 20 miles in length, extending parallel to the coast - line, and separated from it by a space between two and four miles in width, and from five to fifteen fathoms in depth. from this range of detached banks, some linear reefs of living coral likewise rise abruptly ; and if they had been of greater length ( for they do not front more than a sixth part of the circumference of the island, ) they would necessarily from their position have been coloured as barrier - reefs ; as the case stands, they are left uncoloured. i suspect that after a small amount of subsidence, the corals were killed by sand and mud being deposited on them, and the reefs being thus prevented from growing upwards, the banks of madreporitic rock were left in their present submerged condition. the bermuda islands have been carefully described by lieut. nelson, in an excellent memoir in the geol. transactions ( vol. v. part. i. p. 103. ) in the form of the bank or reef, on one side of which the islands stand, there is a close general resemblance to an atoll ; but in the following respects there is a considerable difference, \u2014 first, in the margin of the reef not forming ( as i have been informed by mr. chaffers, r. n., ) a flat, solid surface, laid bare at low water, and regularly bounding the internal space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48237754106206426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 234, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.423548"} {"text": ", \u2014 first, in the margin of the reef not forming ( as i have been informed by mr. chaffers, r. n., ) a flat, solid surface, laid bare at low water, and regularly bounding the internal space of shallow water or lagoon ; secondly, in the border of gradually shoaling water, nearly a mile and a half in width, which surrounds the entire outside of the reef ( as is laid down in capt. hurd ' s chart ) ; and thirdly, in the size, height, and extraordinary form of the islands, which present little resemblance to the long, narrow, simple islets, seldom exceeding half a mile in breadth, which surmount the annular reefs of almost all the atolls in the indian and pacific oceans. moreover, there are evident proofs ( nelson, ibid. p. 118 ), that islands similar to the existing ones, formerly extended over other parts of the reef. it would, i believe, be difficult to find a true atoll with land exceeding 30 feet in height ; whereas, mr. nelson estimates the highest point of the bermuda islands to be 260 feet ; if, however, mr. nelson ' s view, that the whole of the land consists of sand drifted by the winds, and agglutinated together, were proved correct, this difference would be immaterial ; but, from his own account, ( p. 118 ), there occur in one place, five or six layers of red earth, interstratified with the ordinary calcareous rock, and including stones too heavy for the wind to have moved, without having at the same time utterly dispersed every grain of the accompanying drifted matter. mr. nelson attributes the origin of these several layers, with their embedded stones, to as many violent catastrophes ; but further investigation in such cases has generally succeeded in explaining phenomena of this kind by ordinary and simpler means. finally, i may remark, that these islands have a considerable resemblance in shape to barbuda in the west indies, and to pemba on the eastern coast of africa, which latter island is about 200 feet in height, and consists of coral - rock. i believe that the bermuda islands, from being fringed by living reefs, ought to have been coloured red ; but i have left them uncoloured, on account of their general resemblance in external form to a lagoon - island or atoll. | in the early part of this volume, | | for adm. lutke read lutke. | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5181963340714836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 235, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.425140"} {"text": "i have left them uncoloured, on account of their general resemblance in external form to a lagoon - island or atoll. | in the early part of this volume, | | for adm. lutke read lutke. | | for mr. stuchbury read stutchbury. | the names in italics are all names of places, and refer exclusively to the appendix : in well - defined archipelagoes, or groups of islands, the name of each separate island is not given. abrolhos, brazil, coated by corals, 58 abrolhos ( australia ), 174 absence of coral - reefs from certain coasts, 61 acaba, gulf of, 196 admiralty group, 168 africa, east coast, fringing reef of, 56 madreporitic, rock of, 136 africa, east coast, 188 age of individual corals, 71, 81 alert reef, 166 alexander grand duke, island, 157 on holuthuri\u00e6 feeding on corals, 14 on quick growth of corals at madagascar, 77 on reefs affected by currents, 58 america, west coast, 151 anamouka, description of, 133 andaman islands, 178 appoo reef, 179 arabia felix, 191 great extent of, interspersed with low islands, 91 of subsidence and of elevation, 142 of subsidence appear to be elongated, 143 of subsidence alternating with areas of elevation, 145 arru group, 172 ascidia, depth at which found, 86 atlantic islands, 163 breaches in their reefs, 28, 107 dimensions of, 20 dimensions of groups of, 91 not based on craters, or on banks of sediment, or of rock, 89, 92, 93, 94, 146 of irregular forms, 20, 111 steepness of their flanks, 22 width of their reef and islets, 20 their lowness, 90 general range, 126 with part of their reef submerged, and theory of, 27, 106 their whole reef submerged, and theory of, 28, 106 augustin, st. 162 aurora island, an upraised atoll, 81, 91, 139 austral islands, recently elevated, 132, 139 austral islands, 154 australia, n. w. coast, 174 australian barrier - reef, 46, 125 australian barrier, 166 babuyan group, 180 bahama banks, 198, 200 of australia, 46, 125 of new caledonia, 49 breaches through, 100 not based on worn - down margin of rock, 49 on banks of sediment, 49 on submarine craters, 50 steep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4646446566743742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 236, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.427890"} {"text": "186 composition of coral - formations, 116 coral - rock on keeling atoll, 12 on other atolls, 25 coral rock, 116 cook islds., recently elevated, 132, 139 cook islds., 154 coral - blocks bored by vermiform animals, 14, 117 their distribution and absence from certain areas, 60 destroyed by loose sediment, 65 at keeling atoll, 12 organic remains of, 117 dead but upright in keeling lagoon, 15 depths at which they live, 84 off keeling atoll, 8 killed by a short exposure, 6 living in the lagoon of keeling atoll, 13 quick growth of, in keeling lagoon, 13 merely coating the bottom of the sea, 58 standing exposed in the low arch., 129 corallian sea, 125 corallian sea, 166 alleged proofs of recent elevation of the low arch., 128 on coral - rock at mangaia and aurora isl., 81 on external ledges round coral islands, 104 remarks confirmatory of the author ' s theory, 128 crescent - formed reefs, 110 cuming, mr., on the recent elevation of the phillippines, 135 dangerous or low arch., 152 danger islds., 157 at which reef - building corals live, 80 at mauritius, the red sea, and in the maldiva arch., 83 at which other corals and corallines can live, 85 dhalac group, 192 diego garcia, slow growth of reefs, 69 dimensions of the larger groups of atolls, 91 disseverment of the maldiva atolls, and theory of, 37, 108 distribution of coral - reefs, 60 domingo, st., 202 dory port recently elevated, 134 dory port, 171 duff islds., 165 at keeling atoll, 18 in groups of atolls, 97 in navigator arch., 133 east indian arch. recently elevated, 134 on the banks of the red sea, 58, 191 on depth at which corals live in the red sea, 83 on corals preferring the surf, 64 on the antiquity of certain corals, 71 elevated reef of mauritius, 54 proofs of, 131 immense areas of, 143 elizabeth isld., 73 recently elevated, 132, 140 elizabeth isld., 152 ellice group, 162 their height, 45 their geological composition, 46, 50 eoua, description of, 133 erupted matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral rock, 118 fais recently elevated, 134, 140 farallon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4481354263469709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 238, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.430856"} {"text": "152 ellice group, 162 their height, 45 their geological composition, 46, 50 eoua, description of, 133 erupted matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral rock, 118 fais recently elevated, 134, 140 farallon de medinilla, 171 farsan group, 192 fidji arch., 161 feeding on corals, 14 killed in keeling lagoon by heavy rain, 19 fissures across coral islds., 97, 193 on a submerged shed at keeling atoll, 17 on an inundation in the low archipelago, 96 florida, 199, 200 forster, theory of coral formations, 94 frederic reef, 166 friendly group recently elevated, 133, 140 friendly arch., 160 absent where coast precipitous, 51 breached in front of streams, 66 described by mm. quoy and gaimard, 131 not closely attached to shelving coasts, 53 of east coast of africa, 56 of cuba, 55 of mauritius, 51 on worn - down banks of rock, 58 on banks of sediment, 58 their appearance when elevated, 54 their growth influenced by currents, 58 by shallowness of sea, 57 galapagos arch., 151 gambier islds. section of, 48 gambier islds., 152 gaspar rico, 163 geological composition of coral - formations, 116 gilbert arch., 162 gloucester isld., 96 glover reef, 202 gran cocal, 162 great chagos bank, description and theory of, 39, 111 grey, capt., on sand - bars, 53 grouping of the different classes of reefs, 124 hall, capt. b., on loo choo, 135 harvey islds. recently elevated, 139 harvey or cook islds., 154 height of encircled islds., 45 holuthuri\u00e6 feeding on corals, 14 honden isld., height of, 91 honduras, reef off, 201 houtman abrolhos, 174 huaheine, alleged proofs of its recent elevation, 139 hurricanes, effects of on coral islds., 96 india, west coast, recently elevated, 135 irregular reefs in shallow seas, 57 islets of coral - rock, their formation, 11 islets of coral - rock, their destruction in the maldiva atolls, 37 java recently elevated, 134 johnston isld., 158 juan de nova, 186 juan de nova ( madagascar ), 187 kamtschatka, proofs of its recent elevation, 142", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4703059109294023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 239, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.434682"} {"text": ", their destruction in the maldiva atolls, 37 java recently elevated, 134 johnston isld., 158 juan de nova, 186 juan de nova ( madagascar ), 187 kamtschatka, proofs of its recent elevation, 142 keeling atoll, section of reef, 5 south atoll, 183 north atoll, 183 kemin, 156, 157 laccadive group, 184 ladrones or marianas, recently elevated, 134 ladrones arch., 170 lagoon of keeling atoll, 13 bordered by inclined ledges and walls, and theory of their formation, 30, 103 of small atolls filled up with sediment, 31 lagoon - channels within barrier - reefs, 43 lagoon - reefs, all submerged in some atolls, and all rising to the surface in others, 68 lancaster reef, 156 lauglan islds., 166 ledges round certain lagoons, 30, 103 lighthouse reef, 202 lloyd, mr., on corals refixing themselves, 78 loo choo, recently elevated, 135 loo choo, 181 low archipelago, alleged proofs of its recent elevation, 128 low. arch. 152 lowness of coral - islands, 90 loyalty group, 166 lutke, adm., on fissures across coral - islands, 97 luzon recently elevated, 135 on channels into the lagoons of atolls, 29 on the lowness of their leeward sides, 109 on the antiquity of certain corals, 71 on the apparent continuity of distinct coral - islands, 118 on the recently elevated beds of the red sea, 137 on the outline of the areas of subsidence, 143 macassar str., 176 macclesfield bank, 182 quick growth of corals at, 77 madreporitic rock of, 136 madura ( java ), 176 madura ( india ), 183 mahlos mahdoo, theory of formation, 109 malacca recently elevated, 134 on recent elevation of w. coast of india, 135 on recent elevation of camaran isld., 136 maldiva atolls, and theory of their formation, 32, 105, 108 steepness of their flanks, 22 growth of coral at, 77 maldiva arch., 183 mangaia isld., 81 recently elevated, 132, 139 marianas recently elevated, 134 mariana arch., 170 marquesas arch., 154 marshall arch., 163 marshall isld., 171 mary ' s st. in madagascar, harbour made in reefs, 65 mary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740936461082577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 240, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.441734"} {"text": "recently elevated, 132, 139 marianas recently elevated, 134 mariana arch., 170 marquesas arch., 154 marshall arch., 163 marshall isld., 171 mary ' s st. in madagascar, harbour made in reefs, 65 mary isld., 157 matta or aurora, 152 matilda atoll, 75 fringing reefs of, 51 depths at which corals there live, 81 recently elevated, 136 maurua, section of, 48 menchicoff atoll, 20, 111 mendana arch., 154 mendana isles, 165 mexico, gulf of, 199 millepora complanata at keeling atoll, 7 molucca islands, recently elevated, 134 moresby, capt., on boring through coral - reefs, 73 mosquito coast, 202 musquillo atoll, 111 namourrek group, 110 navigator arch., elevation of, 133 navigator arch., 159 on the consolidation of coral - rocks, under water, 73 theory of coral - formations, 94 on the bermuda islds., 204 new britain, 168 steepness of its reef, 42 barrier - reef of, 49, 103, 110, 125 new caledonia, 166 new guinea ( e. end ), 168 new guinea ( w. end ), 171 new hanover, 167 new hebrides recently elevated, 133 new hebrides, 164 new ireland recently elevated, 133 new ireland, 167 new nantucket, 157 nicobar islds., 178 at keeling atoll, 9 on the reefs of atolls, 24 on barrier reefs, 42 their wide distribution and abundance, 86 objections to the theory of subsidence, 115 ocean islds., 159, 163 oscar group, 162 oscillations of level, 138, 146 oualan, or ualan, 168 ouluthy atoll, 75 outong java, 167. s. w. coast, 178 n. w. coast, 179 western bank, 183 pelew islds., 170 pemba isld., singular form of, 136 pernambuco, bar of sandstone at, 54 persian gulf, recently elevated, 137 persian gulf, 191 peyster group, 162 phillippine arch., recently elevated, 135 phillippine arch., 179 pitt ' s bank, 113 pitt isld., 163 porites, chief coral on margin of keeling atoll, 6 its probable subsidence, 127 pratas shoal, 181 puerto rico, 203 pulo anna, 170 pumice floated to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46801907815282395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 241, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.444506"} {"text": "bank, 113 pitt isld., 163 porites, chief coral on margin of keeling atoll, 6 its probable subsidence, 127 pratas shoal, 181 puerto rico, 203 pulo anna, 170 pumice floated to coral islds., 117 pyrard de laval, astonishment at the atolls in the indian ocean, 2 quoy and gaimard, depths at which corals live, 84 description of reefs applicable only to fringing - reefs, 131 range of atolls, 126 banks of rock coated by reefs, 58 proofs of its recent elevation, 136 supposed subsidence of, 138 red sea, 191 irregular in shallow seas, 57 rising to the surface in some lagoons and all submerged in others, 68 their distribution, 60 their absence from some coasts, 61 ring - formed reefs of the maldiva atolls, and theory of, 33, 105 rose isld. 160 rowley shoals, 175 ruppell, dr. on the recent deposits of red sea, 137 sable, ile de, 184 sahia de malha, 184 st. pierre, 185 salomon arch. 167 samoa, or navigator arch., elevation of, 133 samoa arch. 159 sand - bars parallel to coasts, 53 sandwich arch, recently elevated, 131 sandwich arch. 158 santa - cruz group, 165 savage isld. recently elevated, 73, 132, 139 saya, or sahia de malha, 184 scarborough shoal, 182 scarus feeding on corals, 14 scori\u00e6 floated to coral islds. 117 scott ' s reef, 175 of islands encircled by barrier - reefs, 48, 99 of bolabola, 99 in keeling - lagoon, 14 in other atolls, 26, 34 injurious to corals, 65 sediment transported from coral - islands far seaward, 117 ship - bottom quickly coated with coral, 78 smyth isld. 158 society arch. 124 stationary condition of, 128 alleged proofs of recent elevation, 138 society arch. 152 sooloo islds. recently elevated, 135 sooloo islds. 179 sponge, depths at which found, 86 stones transported in roots of trees, 117 storms, effects of on coral - islds. 96 on the growth of an agaricia, 79 on upraised corals in society arch. 138 of keeling atoll, 17 extreme slowness of, 115, 145 areas of, apparently elongated, 143 areas of, immense, 142 great amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4827560383506141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 242, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.446664"} {"text": "on the growth of an agaricia, 79 on upraised corals in society arch. 138 of keeling atoll, 17 extreme slowness of, 115, 145 areas of, apparently elongated, 143 areas of, immense, 142 great amount of, 145 suez, gulf of, 196 sulphur islds. 171 sumatra, recently elevated, 135 surf favourable to the growth of massive corals, 63 swallow shoal, 182 sydney isld. 157 tahiti, alleged proofs of its recent elevation, 138 temperature of the sea at the galapagos arch. 61 tenimber isld. 172 theories on coral formations, 88 - 94 theory of subsidence, and objections to, 93, 114 thickness, vertical, of barrier - reefs, 47, 99 thomas, st. 203 timor recently elevated, 134 tokan bessees, 176 tongatabou, description of, 133 traditions of change in coral - islds., 95 embedded in coral - rock, 79 left exposed in the low arch. 129 tubularia, quick growth of, 79 turneffe reef, 202 section of, 48 its state and changes in its reefs, 127 vine reef, 166 virgin gorda, 203 viti arch. 161 islands, with living corals on their shores, 61 matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral - rock, 118 authorities for their position on the map, 120 their presence determined by the movements in progress, 140 absent or extinct in the areas of subsidence, 141 wallis isld. 161 wells ' reef, 166 wellstead, lieut. account of a ship coated with corals, 78 banks of sediment, fringed by reefs, 58 recently elevated, 137 west indies, 196 view of, 2. changes in its state, 96 williams, rev. j. on traditions of the natives regarding coral - islds. 95 williams, rev. j., on antiquity of certain corals, 81 xulla islds. 173 york isld. 157 yucutan, coast of, 201 zones of different kinds of corals outside the same reefs, 67, 74. london : \u2014 printed by stewart and murray, old bailey. preparing for publication, by the same author. visited during the voyage of the beagle, ( under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. ; ) some brief notices on the geology of new zealand, and the cape of good hope. on the southern parts voyage of the beagle, ( under the command of captain fitzroy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4630112650089775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 243, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.448607"} {"text": ", ( under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. ; ) some brief notices on the geology of new zealand, and the cape of good hope. on the southern parts voyage of the beagle, ( under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. ) edited and superintended by charles darwin, m. a., f. r. s., f. g. s., naturalist to the expedition. parts now complete. part i. \u2014 fossil mammalia. by richard owen, esq. f. r. s., corres. memb. of the institute of france. with a geological introduction by mr. darwin, price 1l. 10s. part ii. \u2014 mammalia. by george r. waterhouse, esq., curator to the zoological society. with notices of their habits and ranges, by mr. darwin. price 1l 18s. part iii. \u2014 birds. by john gould, esq., f. l. s. with notices of their habits and ranges, by mr. darwin. price 2l. 15s. part iv. \u2014 fish. by the rev. leonard jenyns, m. a., f. l. s. price 1l. 14s. two more numbers, on reptiles and amphibia, by thomas esq., f. r. s., f. l. s., will complete this work. in the press or recently published by smith, elder and co. 65, cornhill, london. preparing for publication. observations in the southern hemisphere, made during a recent residence at the cape of good hope. by sir john herschel, bart., f. r. s., & c. to be illustrated by numerous plates. nearly ready, in two volumes demy 8vo., with plates. notes and observations on the ionian islands and malta, with some remarks on constantinople and turkey ; and on the system of quarantine, as at present conducted. by john davy, m. d., f. r. s. the modern history and condition of egypt. its climate, diseases, and capabilities ; comprising the proceedings of mahommed ali pascha, from 1829 to 1842, with illustrations of scripture history, the fulfilment of prophecy, and the progress of civilization in the east. by w. holt yates, m. d., & c. & c. in two volumes 8vo., with illustrations. preparing for publication. with the approval of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4450013979073321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 244, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.450584"} {"text": "and worsted manufactures, and the natural and commercial history of sheep, with the various breeds, and modes of management in different countries. by james bischoff, esq. in two large volumes, 8vo., price 1l. 6s. cloth. a comprehensive history of the iron trade, throughout the world, from the earliest records to the present time. with an appendix, containing official tables, and other public documents. by harry scrivenor, esq., blaenavon. in one volume demy 8vo. price 15s. cloth. \" mr. scrivenor ' s history is written with elaborate research and anxious care, and goes into and exhausts the entire subject ; it contains numerous facts full of interest to common readers. \" \u2014 tait ' s magazine. a familiar explanation of the nature, advantages, and importance of assurances upon lives, and the various purposes to which they may be usefully applied : including also a particular account of the routine required for effecting a policy ; and of the different systems of life assurance now in use, the principles, terms, and tables of seventy london assurance offices, & c. by lewis pocock, f. s. a. in post 8vo., price 7s. cloth. \" there are no technicalities in mr. pocock ' s work to prevent its being useful to all ; and those, therefore, who are likely to have recourse to life insurance will do wisely in consulting this familiar explanation of its nature and advantages. \" \u2014 globe. the history of the republic of texas, from the discovery of the country up to the present time ; with a description of the soil, climate, general resources, & c., and a new map. by n. doran maillard, esq. demy 8vo., price 15s. cloth. \" a picture of texas and the texans, no 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price 8s. boards. the hindoostanee jest book : containing a choice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4222061015372625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 247, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.463043"} {"text": "of hindoostanee grammar ; an extensive vocabulary, english and hindoostanee ; and a useful collection of dialogues. 1 vol. 8vo., price 8s. boards. the hindoostanee jest book : containing a choice collection of humorous stories in arabic and roman characters ; to which is added a hindoostanee poem, by meer moohummud tugee. second edition, 8vo., price 10s. 6d. the persian moonshee : containing a copious grammar, and a series of entertaining stories ; also the pund - namu of shykh - sadee, being a compendium of ethics, in verse, by that celebrated poet ; to which is added, forms of addresses, petitions, citations, bonds, & c. the whole in the arabic 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more instructive or entertaining volume than this it has not been our fortune to meet with for a long time. \" \u2014 athen\u00e6um. the tropical agriculturist : a practical treatise on the cultivation and management of various productions suited to tropical climates, and capable of advantageous production in our colonies, & c. by george richardson porter. in demy 8vo., with 45 botanical plates, price 21s. by the same author, the nature and properties of the sugar cane ; with practical directions for the improvement of its culture, and the manufacture of its products. second edition. with plates. \" these valuable volumes open to colonial residents such a mine of hitherto concealed wealth, that every proprietor, emigrant, or person interested in the success of an emigrant friend, ought to procure a copy as their surest guide to fortune. \" the only complete and uniform edition of the works of sir humphry davy. the life and collected of sir humphry davy, bart. foreign associate of the institute of france &", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4408808632264731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 249, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.467478"} {"text": "procure a copy as their surest guide to fortune. \" the only complete and uniform edition of the works of sir humphry davy. the life and collected of sir humphry davy, bart. foreign associate of the institute of france & c. edited by his brother, john davy, m. d. f. r. s. now complete, in 9 vols. post 8vo., price 10s. 6d. each, in cloth binding. contents of the volumes ; \u2014 sold separately. the life of sir h. davy, with a portrait. ' this biography is admirably written \u2014 correct details, full of instruction, and amusing throughout. \" \u2014 london review. the whole of sir h. davy ' s early miscellaneous papers, from 1799 to 1805 ; with an introductory lecture, and outlines of lectures on chemistry delivered in 1802 and 1804. researches on nitrous oxide, and the combination of oxygen and azote, and on the respiration of nitrous oxide and other gases. elements of chemical philosophy. with twelve plates of chemical apparatus. vols. v. and vi. and other papers in philosophical transactions, and journal of the royal institution. with numerous engravings. vols. vii. and viii. elements of agricultural chemistry. discourses delivered before the royal society, miscellaneous lectures, and extracts from lectures. with many plates. salmonia, and consolation in travel. * * * this new and uniform edition of the writings of sir humphry davy embraces the whole of his works, during the space of thirty years ( 1799 to 1829 ), a period memorable in the history of chemistry, and made so in no small degree by his own discoveries. researches, physiological and anatomical. by john davy, m. d. f. r. s. & c. illustrated by numerous engravings. the principal subjects treated of are animal electricity ; \u2014 animal heat ; \u2014 the temperature of different animals ; \u2014 pneumothorax in connexion with the absorption of gases by serous and mucous membranes ; \u2014 the properties of the blood in health and disease ; \u2014 the properties of different animal textures ; \u2014 the putrefactive process ; \u2014 the preservation of anatomical preparations ; \u2014 the effects of the poison of certain serpents ; \u2014 the structure of the heart of batrachian animals, & c. & c. in 2 vols. 8vo., price 30s. bound in cloth. \" the subjects treated by the author are extremely numerous and interesting ; several new facts in the physiology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49426288540088253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 250, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.468596"} {"text": "of the heart of batrachian animals, & c. & c. in 2 vols. 8vo., price 30s. bound in cloth. \" the subjects treated by the author are extremely numerous and interesting ; several new facts in the physiology of animals are brought forward, and some curious and instructive experiments are explained and illustrated with remarkable felicity. \" \" this work is written with a clearness and simplicity which renders its scientific details readily comprehensible. \" \u2014 herald. new work on geological study, uniform with the bridgewater treatises. the certainties of geology. by w. sidney gibson, esq., f. g. s. price 10s. 6d. cloth. \" an able and elaborate treatise, to demonstrate that the science of geology is not inconsistent with christian belief. \" \u2014 literary gazette. \" a work calculated to arrest the serious attention of every christian reader. \" \" the clearest and most comprehensive introduction to the science of geology which has yet fallen under our notice. the principles of geology are moreover explained with a perspicuity and a completeness which we may look for in vain in other works professing the same object. \" \u2014 united service gazette. the first volume of the transactions of the meteorological society of london. illustrated by a synoptical chart and numerous diagrams. royal 8vo., price 2l. 2s. the first paper in the volume, entitled directions for making meteorological observations on land or at sea, by r. c. woods, esq. may be purchased separately, price 2s. 6d. important scientific works, now publishing, under the authority of government. in royal 4to. parts, price 10s. and 12s. each, containing on an average ten coloured engravings, with descriptive letterpress, the zoology of south africa : comprising figures of all the new species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and fishes, obtained during the expedition fitted out by \" the cape of good hope association for exploring central africa, \" in the years 1834, 1835, and 1836, with letterpress descriptions, and a summary of african zoology. by andrew smith, m. d., surgeon to the forces, and director of the expedition. * * * the whole of the plates are engraved in the highest style of art, from the original drawings taken expressly for this work, and beautifully coloured after nature. 15 parts are now published. uniform with the above. the zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. beagle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832685680588757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 251, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.470022"} {"text": "engraved in the highest style of art, from the original drawings taken expressly for this work, and beautifully coloured after nature. 15 parts are now published. uniform with the above. the zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. beagle, under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. during the years 1832 to 1836. edited and superintended by charles darwin, esq., m. a. sec. g. s. naturalist to the expedition. comprising highly - finished representations of the most novel and interesting objects in natural history, collected during the voyage of the beagle, with descriptive letterpress, and a general sketch of the zoology of the southern part of south america. figures are given of many species of animals hitherto unknown or but imperfectly described, together with an account of their habits, ranges, and places of habitation. the collections were chiefly made in the provinces bordering on the rio plata, in patagonia, the falkland islands, tierra del fuego, chili, and the galapagos archipelago in the pacific. 17 parts are now published, and 2 more will complete the work. * * * in order to secure to science the full advantage of discoveries in natural history, the lords commissioners of her majesty ' s treasury have been pleased to make a liberal grant of money towards defraying part of the expenses of these two important publications. they have, in consequence, been undertaken on a scale worthy of the high patronage thus received, and are offered to the public at a much lower price than would otherwise have been possible. outlines of naval routine ; being a concise and complete manual in fitting, re - fitting, quartering, stationing, making and shortening sail, heaving down, rigging shears, and, in short, performing all the ordinary duties of a man - of - war, according to the best practice. by lieutenant alexander d. fordyce, r. n. in royal 8vo., price 10s. 6d. boards. the anglo - saxon language. a grammar of the anglo - saxon tongue, with a praxis by erasmus rask, of the university of copenhagen. translated by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in 1 vol. 8vo, price 12s. boards. a selection, in prose and verse, anglo - saxon authors, of various ages : with a glossary. designed chiefly as a first book for students. by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in 8vo., price 20s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.462607607555222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 252, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.471446"} {"text": ". a selection, in prose and verse, anglo - saxon authors, of various ages : with a glossary. designed chiefly as a first book for students. by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in 8vo., price 20s. bds. the anglo - saxon version story of apollonius of tyre, upon which is founded the play of \" pericles, \" attributed to shakspeare. from a ms. in the library of c. c. c., cambridge ; with a literal translation, & c. by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in small 8vo., price 6s. bds. or, a display of the topography, history, customs, manners, arts, manufactures, commerce, literature, religion, jurisprudence, & c. of the chinese empire. by the rev. charles gutzlaff. revised by the rev. andrew reed, d. d. in 2 vols., post 8vo., with a new map of the chinese empire, price 1l 4s. cloth boards. \" we obtain from these volumes more information of a practical kind than from any other publication ; a closer view of the domestic life of the chinese \u2014 of the public institutions \u2014 the manufactories \u2014 natural resources \u2014 and literature. the work in fact is full of information, gathered with diligence, and fairly leaves the english reader without any excuse for ignorance on the subject. \" \u2014 atlas. \" this is by far the most interesting, complete, and valuable account of the chinese empire that has yet been published. \" \u2014 sun. a history of upper and lower california, from their first discovery to the present time ; comprising an account of the climate, soil, natural productions, agriculture, commerce, & c. ; a full view of the missionary establishments, and condition of the free and domesticated indians. by alexander forbes, esq. with an appendix relating to steam navigation in the pacific. in 1 volume, demy 8vo., with a new map by arrowsmith, plans of the harbour, and numerous engravings, price 14s. \" this is a very interesting and important work, and will make the public well acquainted with an extensive country known to europe nearly three hundred years, yet its history, till the appearance of this volume, has been nearly a blank. \" \u2014 sunday times. a narrative of two expeditions into the interior of australia, undertaken by captain charles sturt, of the 39th regiment, by order of the colonial government to ascertain the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45085902449191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 253, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.475791"} {"text": "appearance of this volume, has been nearly a blank. \" \u2014 sunday times. a narrative of two expeditions into the interior of australia, undertaken by captain charles sturt, of the 39th regiment, by order of the colonial government to ascertain the nature of the country to the west and north - west of the colony of new south wales. second edition, 2 volumes 8vo., price 28s. illustrated with a large map of australia, by arrowsmith ; charts, fossils, landscapes, and beautifully coloured plates of birds, & c. \" we heartily recommend these volumes to public notice. they are full of interest, well and modestly written, carefully illustrated, and, on the whole, make us better acquainted with the interior of australia and its native tribes, than any other work we have met with. \" \u2014 athen\u00e6um. an account of the settlements of the new zealand company, from personal observations during a residence there. by the hon. henry william petre. \" this is a valuable contribution to our sources of information respecting new zealand, and the best proof of the author ' s very favourable opinion of the country, is his making immediate arrangements to return there as a colonist. \" in demy 8vo., with a map and plates. fourth edition. price 3s. cloth. new zealand, south australia, and new south wales : a record of recent travels in these colonies, with especial reference to emigration, and the advantageous employment of labour and capital. by r. g. jameson, esq. \" mr. jameson is an intelligent and unprejudiced observer, and has made good use of his faculties. \" \u2014 spectator. post 8vo., price 8s. cloth, with maps and plates. a practical treatise on brewing, based on chemical and economical principles ; with formul\u00e6 for public brewers, and instructions for private families. by william black. second edition, much enlarged and improved, in small 8vo. ( revised by dr. birkbeck. ) price 12s. in neat cloth binding. \" this very useful work re - appears with many valuable additions to its former instructions and information. and the art of brewing can no longer be a mystery or a matter of difficulty ; and neither the wholesale nor the private brewer should be without it. \" medical guide for mothers, in pregnancy, accouchement, suckling, weaning, & c., and in some of the more important diseases of infancy. with an appendix on the successful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44257168180490625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 254, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.478167"} {"text": "the private brewer should be without it. \" medical guide for mothers, in pregnancy, accouchement, suckling, weaning, & c., and in some of the more important diseases of infancy. with an appendix on the successful cure of consumption, by a new remedy. by j. r. hancorn, member of the royal college of surgeons, & c. foolscap 8vo., price 5s. cloth. the last of the plantagenets : an historical narrative, illustrating some of the public events and domestic and ecclesiastical manners of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. third edition, in 1 vol. fcp. 8vo., price 7s. 6d. cloth boards. \" this is a work that must make its way into a permanent place in our literature. the quaintness of its language, the touching simplicity of its descriptions and dialogues, and the reverential spirit of love which breathes through it, will insure it a welcome reception amongst all readers of refined taste and discernment. \" \u2014 atlas. the byron gallery : a series of 36 historical embellishments to illustrate the poetical works of lord byron ; beautifully engraved from drawings and paintings by the most celebrated artists, and adapted by their size and excellence to bind up with and embellish every edition published in england of lord byron ' s works, and also the various sizes and editions published in france, germany, and america ; ample directions being given for placing them in the respective editions. elegantly bound in morocco, price 1l. 15s., forming a splendid ornament for the drawing - room table. \" adequately to describe the delicate beauty of these splendid plates does not appear to lie within the power of language. there is not an admirer of the works of the departed noble poet who can feel satisfied that he has a perfect edition of them, unless the ' byron gallery ' be attached to it. there is no instance in which excellence in poetry and the arts are so admirably combined. \" \u2014 imperial magazine. stanfield ' s coast scenery ; a series of 40 picturesque views in the british channel. from original drawings taken expressly for this publication, by clarkson stanfield, esq., r. a. this work is published in super - royal 8vo., containing beautifully - finished line engravings, by the most eminent artists, accompanied by highly interesting topographical descriptions, forming altogether one of the most splendid works of the kind which has ever appeared, and may now be had,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43056619846702177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 255, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.479327"} {"text": "super - royal 8vo., containing beautifully - finished line engravings, by the most eminent artists, accompanied by highly interesting topographical descriptions, forming altogether one of the most splendid works of the kind which has ever appeared, and may now be had, done up in appropriate and elegant morocco binding, price 32s, 6d. \" it seems almost a sin against patriotism, as well as good taste, not to possess oneself of a work so peculiarly national, and so exceedingly beautiful. \" \u2014 metropolitan. an historical tale, from the prussian and lithuanian annals ; translated from the polish of adam mickiewicz, by h. cattley. in 1 volume demy 8vo., price 7s. ; with illustrations, handsomely bound. \" breathes the noble spirit of the original so freely and so forcibly, that it is almost as fresh and true in one language as in the other. \" \u2014 atlas. the vow of the gileadite, a lyric narrative. by william brown galloway, ma., curate of barnard castle. the profits, if any, will be given to the poor. \" the fine flowing style in which it is written, and the pure and hallowed feeling which seems to have dictated every line, are qualities sufficient to ensure for this poem a lasting reputation. \" \u2014 city chronicle. foolscap 8vo., price 5s. cloth. under the patronage of the highland society of london. a literal translation of the genuine remains of ossian, with a preliminary dissertation, and an appendix. by patrick macgregor, m. a. in 1 volume, post 8vo., price 12s. neatly bound. \" those persons who wish to cultivate an acquaintance with the celtic language, will find mr. mcgregor ' s volume a valuable and agreeable assistant. \" \u2014 times. the progress of creation, considered with reference to the present condition of the earth. an interesting and useful work for young people. by mary roberts, author of \" annals of my village, \" & c. & c. in small 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 7s. in fancy cloth. \" we have seldom met with a work, in which instruction and entertainment are more happily blended. \" \u2014 times. \" this beautiful volume forms an instructive collection of striking facts, interspersed with amiable reflections. \" \u2014 spectator. the life - book of a labourer. by a working clergyman. contens : \u2014 the king ' s heart \u2014 links of the past \u2014 newnham paddex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43895644110129306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 256, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.480302"} {"text": ". in 8vo., price 3s. 6d. in cloth, gilt leaves. \" a very scholarly composition, displaying much research and information respecting the anglo - saxon institutions. \" \u2014 spectator. prize essay, 1840. the obligations of literature mothers of england. by caroline a. halsted. in 1 volume post 8vo., price 5s., neatly bound in cloth. \" the object of the writer has been to show the services rendered by the mothers of england to religion and the state, and to science and learning generally ; and the examples adduced display considerable knowledge and research, and are always happily selected and placed in the most attractive point of view. \" \u2014 britannia. the life of margaret beaufort, countess of richmond and derby. and mother of king henry the seventh, foundress of christ ' s and of st. john ' s college, oxford ; being the historical memoir for which the honorary premium was awarded by the directors of the gresham commemoration, crosby hall. by caroline a. halsted, author of \" investigation, \" & c. in 1 vol. demy 8vo., with a portrait, price 12s. \" this work cannot fail of success. the subject is deeply interesting, and has been hitherto almost unexplored. the style is chaste and correct, and it has high claims to popularity wide and permanent. on many topics the authoress has accumulated some valuable historical details from sources which have not hitherto been consulted, and has thus compiled a work which, if not entitled to rank amongst the ' curiosities of literature, ' is at least one of the most interesting and instructive books of the season. \" \u2014 atlas. or, travels in the boudoir. by caroline a. halsted, author of \" the life of margaret beaufort, \" & c. & c. small 8vo., with highly - finished plates, 7s. in embossed cloth. this is an elegantly - written and highly - instructive work for young people, in which a general knowledge of various interesting topics, connected with every - day life, is presented to the youthful mind in an attractive and amusing form. scenes in the hop gardens. in 1 vol. small 8vo., neatly bound in cloth, with a frontispiece and vignette, price 4s. \" there is a tone of unaffected but deep piety throughout this little work ; the peculiar truths of the gospel are kept in view, and reasons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4644601687093458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 258, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.484302"} {"text": "., neatly bound in cloth, with a frontispiece and vignette, price 4s. \" there is a tone of unaffected but deep piety throughout this little work ; the peculiar truths of the gospel are kept in view, and reasons for adhering to the national worship of our land are forcibly laid down. \" \u2014 church of england magazine. \" we strongly recommend the little volume before us to the attention of our readers, and would strenuously advise its adoption as a present to the young, and a reward book to the senior classes in sunday and other schools. \" \u2014 christian guardian. social evils and their remedy : a series of narratives by the rev. c. b. tayler, m. a. the first number, entitled \" the mechanic, \" was pronounced to be \" one of the most useful and interesting publications that had issued from the press. \" the following are the contents of the different numbers, price 1s. 6d. each. | ii. the lady and the lady ' s maid. | | vi. live and let live ; or, the manchester weavers. | | iii. the pastor of dronfells. | | iv. the labourer and his wife. | | vii. the soldier. | | v. the country town. | | viii. the leaside farm. | every two consecutive numbers form a volume, which may be procured, neatly bound, price 4s. each. \" the design of mr. taylor is praiseworthy ; his object being to counteract, by a series of tales illustrative of the power and necessity of religion in the daily and hourly concerns of life, ' the confusion of error with truth in miss martineau ' s entertaining stories : ' ' \u2014 christian remembrancer. works by mrs. ellis. pictures of private life ; containing \" an apology for fiction ; \" \" the hall and the cottage ; \" \" ellen eskdale ; \" \" the curate ' s widow ; \" and \" marriage as it may be. \" uniform with the above, the second series, comprising \" misanthropy, \" and \" the pains of pleasing. \" the third series, containing a highly interesting narrative, under the title of by sarah stickney, now mrs. ellis. foolscap 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 7s. 6d. each, cloth extra ; or 10s. 6d. elegantly bound in morocco. \" sarah stickney is an honour to her sex, and an orname", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44783553598103665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 259, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.485906"} {"text": ". foolscap 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 7s. 6d. each, cloth extra ; or 10s. 6d. elegantly bound in morocco. \" sarah stickney is an honour to her sex, and an ornament to literature. how rich in experience \u2014 how subtle in thought \u2014 how deep in knowledge \u2014 what pictures of real life she can call up by the magic of her pen! we would place her volumes in an exquisite small library, sacred to sabbath feelings and the heart ' s best moods, when love and charity and hope combine to throw over the mind that soft and tranquil glow only to be compared to the later glories of the day. \" \u2014 spectator. \" the aim of the writer is evidently to instruct as well as amuse, by offering these admirable sketches as beacons to warn the young, especially of her own sex, against the errors which have shipwrecked the happiness of so many. \" \u2014 gentleman ' s magazine. london : printed by stewart & murray, old bailey. return to homepage citation : john van wyhe, editor. 2002 -. the complete work of charles darwin online. ( http : / / darwin - online. org. uk / ) file last updated 2 july, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42873655320241666, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 260, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.486535"} {"text": "farmers \u2019 markets have figuratively replaced the town square, something we have lost over the last decades due to sprawl and urbanization. in many communities around the country, farmers \u2019 markets are where we chat with neighbors, make new connections and find out about the issues at play in our communities. according to the united states department of agriculture, there are 7864 farmers \u2019 markets operating today \u2014 a 348 % increase since 1994. clearly they are providing value to the american public. the pace of modern american life is such that we want \u2014 maybe even need \u2014 to boil complex issues down to essential truths. yet isolating a few specific factors and extrapolating solely from these to proclaim that local food is not eco - friendly, or not a viable solution, is irresponsible. this is not to say that measuring a single issue like carbon emissions as it relates to food production and transportation is not important ; it is vitally important. but, there are many more factors at play \u2014 some very tangible, some less so \u2014 in evaluating the importance of local food. we are literally losing ground in this country, and the role that local food plays in ensuring we are preserving and protecting that ground \u2014 and the communities built on it, the lives lived on it \u2014 should no longer be up for debate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4484771974613285, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.488404"} {"text": "declares a cursor definition. a cursor is declared in accordance with the select - statement or the result set procedure call specified in procedure - call - statement. the select - statement may be specified explicitly in ordinary embedded sql applications or by the name of a prepared select - statement, identified by statement - name, in dynamic sql statements, see the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 11, dynamic sql. the cursor is identified by cursor - name, and may be used in fetch, delete current and update current statements. the cursor must be activated with an open statement before it can be used. a cursor declared as reopenable may be opened several times in succession, and previous cursor states are saved on a stack, see open. saved cursor states are restored when the current state is closed, see close. a cursor declared as scroll will be a scrollable cursor. for a scrollable cursor, records can be fetched using an orientation specification. see the description of fetch for a description of how the orientation can be specified. a cursor will be non - scrollable if no scroll is explicitly specified. the cursor will be non - scrollable and not reopenable by default. select - statement, see select statements. procedure - call - statement, see call. if an execute - statement - command is used, the precompiled statement must be a select or a result - set procedure. if a procedure - call - statement is specified, it must specify a result set procedure. the following restrictions apply to procedural usage : - the cursor cannot be declared as reopenable - the select - statement cannot be in the form of a prepared dynamic sql statement, i. e. specifying statement - name is not allowed - if the cursor declaration contains a select statement, the access - clause for the procedure must be reads sql data or modifies sql data, see create procedure. the declare cursor statement is declarative, not executable. in an embedded usage context, access rights for the current ident are checked when the cursor is opened, not when it is declared. in a procedural usage context, access rights for the current ident are checked when the cursor is declared, i. e. when the procedure containing the declaration is created. the value of cursor - name may not be the same as the name of any other cursor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5024776436161305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.499251"} {"text": "for the current ident are checked when the cursor is declared, i. e. when the procedure containing the declaration is created. the value of cursor - name may not be the same as the name of any other cursor declared within the same compound statement ( procedural usage ) or in the same compilation unit ( embedded usage ). the select - statement is evaluated when the cursor is opened, not when it is declared. this applies both to select - statement ' s identified by statement name, and to host variable references used anywhere in the select statement. the execution of the result set procedure specified in a call statement is controlled by the opening of the cursor and subsequent fetches, see the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 12, result set procedures. reopenable cannot be used if evaluation of select - statement uses a work table, or if the cursor declaration occurs within a procedure. if the declared cursor is a dynamic cursor, the declare statement must be placed before the prepare statement. a reopenable cursor can be used to solve the ' parts explosion ' problem. refer to the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 8, the ' parts explosion ' problem for a description. exampledeclare cur1 cursor for execute statement seltaba extended the execute statement command is a mimer sql extension. support for the keyword reopenable is a mimer sql extension. note : see also standard compliance for select. upright database technology ab voice : + 46 18 780 92 00 fax : + 46 18 780 92 40", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5055300974540433, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.501148"} {"text": "the earliest of the maps was drawn by thomas kitchen for the reverend dr. robertson ' s history of america and is titled ' mexico or new spain in which the motion of cortes may be traced. \" another of the early maps appears as the frontispiece in henderson yoakum ' s history of texas, and shows rivers, location of indian tribes, indian villages, missions, crossings, roads with dates of origin, presidios and trails. texas is listed as \" new phillipines. \" there is a set of military maps of the texas revolution, which accompanies andrew jackson houston ' s texas independence. the u. s. war department ' s map by w. h. emory is titled ' map of texas and the countries adjacent, ' dated 1844, prior to annexation. the walker map of 1949 and the marcy maps of 1850 and 1853 show additions to knowledge of indian tribes, fortifications, wagon routes, rivers and numerous notes on topography. in 1857 - 60, the united state department of the interior, j. h. clark, commissioner, produced the ' map of the united states and texas - boundary line and adjacent territory determined and surveyed. ' the ' new map of texas as it is in 1874, ' was prepared \" expressly for morphis ' history of texas. \" robert t. hill produced the ' map of texas and parts of adjoining territories ' for the u. s. geological survey in 1899. many of the map descriptions are found in day ' s maps of texas 1527 - 1900 : the map collection of the texas state archives, austin, 1964.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37234576180698575, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.507113"} {"text": "if you assign a task to the computer. it can only complete the task if it can understand everything you want to say to computer. if your words are signs that you use to deliver the message to computer. the computer will not be able to fulfill the requirement and cannot perform according to your instructions. contextual computing is the source for computer to understand user and to deliver the best services according to the instructions of the users. dictionary definition of context is it is the general situation of an idea that is associated with that idea and helps that idea to be understood by people. in contextual computing the used context enables the computer to understand the user and his situation for a proper output. various contextual computing techniques are working for different fields of life like education, engineering, health - care etc. many applications have no use without contextual computing like gps devices used in cars are useless without proper direction guidelines - top emerging technologiesnew innovative technology moving towards the height of development is called emerging technologies. top 10 disruptive technologies - distributed computing a field of computer sciences being very popular now a day is called distributed computing. - social media networkssocial media network has been very popular during the last few years. - cloud computinga computer based technology that reduces the pain of running a business with a mess of employees. - web mashupsa next step to a largely experimental work in web 2. 0 environment is known as web mashups. - user interfaceinteraction between a computer and a human being is called a user interface. - ubiquitous computinghave you ever thought about an invisible force watching your activities and participating. - contextual computingif you assign a task to the computer. it can only complete the task if it can understand. - augmented realitymost of us can watch cartoons, movies and games which are not actually in real environment. - semanticsa very important area of linguistic study is called semantics. - multicore and hybrid processorsto reduce the consumption of power and increase the performance of a computer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5904136283441266, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.510722"} {"text": "examples of python source code or interactive sessions are represented as \\ verbatim environments. this environment is a standard part of latex. it is important to only use spaces for indentation in code examples since tex drops tabs instead of converting them to spaces. representing an interactive session requires including the prompts and output along with the python code. no special markup is required for interactive sessions. after the last line of input or output presented, there should not be an ` ` unused ' ' primary prompt ; this is an example of what not to do : > > > 1 + 1 2 > > > within the \\ verbatim environment, characters special to latex do not need to be specially marked in any way. the entire example will be presented in a monospaced font ; no attempt at ` ` pretty - printing ' ' is made, as the environment must work for non - python code and non - code displays. there should be no blank lines at the top or bottom of any \\ verbatim display. longer displays of verbatim text may be included by storing the example text in an external file containing only plain text. the file may be included using the standard \\ verbatiminput macro ; this macro takes a single argument naming the file containing the text. for example, to include the python source file example. py, use : use of \\ verbatiminput allows easier use of special editing modes for the included file. the file should be placed in the same directory as the latex files for the document. the python documentation special interest group has discussed a number of approaches to creating pretty - printed code displays and interactive sessions ; see the doc - sig area on the python web site for more information on this topic. see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111680901126754, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.513028"} {"text": "phlebitis is the term for the swelling of a vein, most often in one \u2019 s leg. thrombophlebitis is the term for inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot. the term is often shortened to phlebitis. the condition is easily treatable, though it sometimes leads to more serious health concerns. there are two kinds of phlebitis : superficial phlebitis ( affecting veins near the skin ' s surface ) and deep venous thrombosis ( dvt ). when the clot is embedded into a deep vein, thrombophlebitis can become much more serious. the condition, appropriately named deep vein thrombosis, can cause blood clots in the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ), heart attack, and stroke. phlebitis is often caused by : - prolonged bed rest following an operation - use of estrogen - lack of exercising your legs over an extended period of time ( eg, long airplane trips ) - prior episodes of phlebitis - trauma to the lower extremity - cancer malignancy \u2014 certain cancers may put you at risk for a clotting condition. this condition can lead to venous thrombosis. cancers such as pancreatic, stomach, prostate, and colon cancer, as well as acute leukemia are known to increase clots. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. the following factors increase your chance of developing phlebitis : - sitting for long periods of time, such as on an airplane or being confined to bed rest health conditions that increase the risk of blood clots - these include cancers particularly of the pancreas which is associated with recurrent phlebitis blood disorders which increase the clotting potential of blood - these include protein c deficiency due to factor v leiden ( hereditary blood coagulation disorder ) - very visible, cord - like vein that is tender and sensitive to pressure. this cord may develop over several hours to days. - redness and warmth surrounding the vein. - swelling around the vein. - a low - grade fever may be seen, however a high fever and drainage that is purulent ( pus ) indicate infection. - call your physician immediately should you develop a fever, shortness of breath ( which may indicate that the clot may have traveled to the lung ), and severe pain and swelling in the arm or leg. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45348169602141997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.526831"} {"text": "call your physician immediately should you develop a fever, shortness of breath ( which may indicate that the clot may have traveled to the lung ), and severe pain and swelling in the arm or leg. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. tests may include the following : - physical exam - x - ray or ultrasound to check for deeper blood clots - venogram in which dye or contrast is injected - in case of recurrent episodes of phlebitis, screening for blood disorders is done. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : - anti - inflammatory medication \u2014 you may be advised to take over - the - counter pain relievers, like aspirin or ibuprofen. - exercise \u2014 walking is typically recommended. - compress \u2014 another option is applying a warm compress over the inflamed vein. - elevation \u2014 elevating the arm or leg with the inflamed vein to a level above the heart may be beneficial. if you are diagnosed with phlebitis, follow your doctor ' s instructions. phlebitis can sometimes be prevented by the following actions : - if you fly for long periods of time, walk around the cabin and stretch your limbs every hour or so. - if you drive for long periods of time, pull over and stretch your limbs ever hour or so. on flights or car rides lasting more than four hours, take additional precautions to reduce your risk of thrombosis. these include : - avoid wearing tight clothing around your waist. - drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 92 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3715695934968828, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.527922"} {"text": "dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. they can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling \u2019 s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. dragons don \u2019 t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. young dragons will emit an extremely high - pitched squeal when they are frightened. to communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. dark green dragons, once they mature, appear to become an entirely different species. however, this isn \u2019 t true. rather, they burrow underground and get nutrients from their vines. these vines are sometimes referred to as dragon grass. these dragons are very violent, and will use their vines to capture, kill, and eat anything that moves, as well as nearby plants. luckily, their range is limited and they cannot use magic. dark green dragons tend to be easy to spot since they usually kill all plants around them and thus are usually surrounded by a large clearing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4611483384264627, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.531412"} {"text": "this project is a result of cambridge university library being presented with a unique opportunity of rescuing from a bank vault in paris a collection of precious medieval hebrew and arabic documents from the cairo genizah. the aging family who owns it is anxious to make institutional arrangements in the near future and if this does not prove possible will simply sell it off ( or give it away ) as individual items to collectors without any concern for accessibility. in the past hundred years, the documents found in the ben ezra synagogue in cairo, egypt, have revolutionised the study of most aspects of medieval jewish culture in the mediterranean area. some 200, 000 items ( comprising almost a million leaves ), held in various libraries around the world, have not only made possible the reconstruction of many of the best - known hebrew, aramaic and judeo - arabic works of the 10 - 13th centuries but have also brought to light the existence of numerous, previously unknown, literary items. in addition, the genizah materials have also illuminated the daily lives and culture of jews, muslims and christians in the eastern mediterranean during a period that included the crusades and that saw contacts with the western mediterranean and north africa on the one hand and with india on the other. these fragmentary pieces, in vellum and paper, include bills, lists, itineraries, letters and cheques that have fascinated social and economic historians. their linguistic characteristics have furnished specialists with insights into the development of various semitic and a number of european languages ( the latter because of their transcription in hebrew characters ). the genizah texts are undoubtedly as important as the dead sea scrolls for scholarly and popular understanding of cultural history. cambridge university library now has the rare opportunity of obtaining a collection of 5, 000 unconserved fragments that are currently unavailable for consultation and research. much of it dates from the classical genizah period ( 10 - 13th centuries ) but there appears to be a greater preponderance of 16th century items and of less \u201c standard \u201d material with magical and mystical content. the current plan is that, as soon as the first batch of 1, 000 fragments is received, work will commence on its conservation. the cost of this part of the work is not included in this project. once each item has been conserved, a digital image of it will be prepared, accompanied by the necessary metadata. a special area within a new wing of the library currently being prepared will be assigned to the mosseri collection. an efficient and expeditious treatment of these items, and an arrangement to make them widely available to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48942414066319434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.537963"} {"text": ", accompanied by the necessary metadata. a special area within a new wing of the library currently being prepared will be assigned to the mosseri collection. an efficient and expeditious treatment of these items, and an arrangement to make them widely available to scholars, will demonstrate just how important this collection and this project are to the world of scholarship. if the pilot project to deal with 1, 000 fragments is successfully completed, it is hoped then to proceed with the treatment of the remaining 4, 000 items. 1000 separate fully - conserved fragments have been identified against existing records with their correct classmark, recto and verso have been assigned, and full and detailed physical and content descriptions have been produced. these descriptions are kept on a unix system as a text - only file to facilitate long - term availability of the information. formatted catalogue entries will be placed online as the images are mounted on cambridge university library \u2019 s website. all 1000 fragments have been digitally photographed, recto and verso, as 600dpi life - size tiffs. lower - quality jpegs have been prepared of most of the files for mounting online. the 1000 fragments come mainly from the first half of the collection, mosseri \u201c boxes \u201d i \u2013 vii, with the whole of boxes i and ia completed ( halakhic and documentary material, mostly ). very few fragments come from the end of the collection viii \u2013 xa, due to the particular conservation problems that they will pose. the first of the fragments are already available to readers through the university library \u2019 s manuscripts reading room, with all 1000 to follow as they are bound into hardcover volumes. initial estimates of the collection suggested that it consists of 5000 fragments, whereas the actual total is in excess of 7000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.475257430698926, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.539179"} {"text": "the white, mottled area in the right - center of this image from nasa \u2019 s shuttle radar topography mission ( srtm ) is madrid, the capital of spain. located on the meseta central, a vast plateau covering about 40 percent of the country, this city of 3 million is very near the exact geographic center of the iberian peninsula. the meseta is rimmed by mountains and slopes gently to the west and to the series of rivers that form the boundary with portugal. the plateau is mostly covered with dry grasslands, olive groves and forested hills. madrid is situated in the middle of the meseta, and at an elevation of 646 meters ( 2, 119 feet ) above sea level is the highest capital city in europe. to the northwest of madrid, and visible in the upper left of the image, is the sistema central mountain chain that forms the \u201c dorsal spine \u201d of the meseta and divides it into northern and southern subregions. rising to about 2, 500 meters ( 8, 200 feet ), these mountains display some glacial features and are snow - capped for most of the year. offering almost year - round winter sports, the mountains are also important to the climate of madrid. three visualization methods were combined to produce this image : shading and color coding of topographic height and radar image intensity. the shade image was derived by computing topographic slope in the northwest - southeast direction. north - facing slopes appear bright and south - facing slopes appear dark. color coding is directly related to topographic height, with green at the lower elevations, rising through yellow and brown to white at the highest elevations. the shade image was combined with the radar intensity image in the flat areas. size : 172 by 138 kilometers ( 107 by 86 miles ) location : 40. 43 degrees north latitude, 3. 70 degrees west longitude orientation : north toward the top image data : shaded and colored srtm elevation model, with srtm radar intensity added original data resolution : srtm 1 arcsecond ( about 30 meters or 98 feet ) date acquired : february 2000 image courtesy srtm team nasa / jpl / nima", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5183414469659622, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.542905"} {"text": "activity plan for respect wildlife exploring respect for wildlife this activity should take about 70 minutes. what your group will learn after participating in this activity plan, which calls for participants to observe impacts on wildlife, participants will be able to - describe what activities cause impacts to wildlife. - identify the actions that can be taken to minimize impacts to wildlife. your participants are going on an imaginary hike to a marshland area where they will encounter a flock of ducks, a doe, and a fawn. this activity will help them think about their potential impacts to wildlife and how these impacts can materials and preparation - a garden hose or some other means of marking the marshland - duck decoys, silhouettes, or pictures of ducks - pictures or silhouettes of a doe and fawn deer - read the entire lesson plan and the background on the principles of leave no trace thoroughly. - lay out the garden hose or some other means or marking the - place the duck, doe, and fawn pictures or silhouettes in the grabbing your group ' s attention ( 20 minutes ) explain to participants that they will be hiking along a trail and will come to a marsh area with ducks, a doe, and a fawn. ask them to explain the actions they will take so they do not disturb the ducks and deer. steps for teaching the activity ( 30 minutes ) how wild is wildlife? the participants will demonstrate the techniques they feel will help minimize impact to wildlife in the marshland area. after demonstrating these techniques, group members will move past the marshland. the activity will help them become more aware of their potential effects on wildlife and how they can avoid as they approach the marked marshland, ask group members to demonstrate how they will avoid disturbing the wildlife and how they will be able to tell if they were successful. after participants have passed the marshland, ask them why they used the techniques they did to minimize their impacts to the ducks and deer in the marsh. ask them if there are any other techniques they could use. emphasize that the best means of determining their success is the degree to which the wildlife may have altered their normal behavior. in contrast, if the ducks fly or the deer run away quickly, you know you have gotten too close. quick movement and loud noises are stressful to animals. considerate campers should - observe wildlife from afar to avoid - give animals a wide berth, especially during breeding, nesting, and birthing seasons. - store food securely so wildlife will not be attracted to - keep garbage and food scraps away from animals so they will not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46517685993224456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.548712"} {"text": "imagine today ' s world without electricity. hard to fathom, isn ' t it? just as hard to comprehend is today ' s electrical industry without the people who built it \u2014 the workers who designed the structures, strung the wires, laid the conduit, energized systems, and currently maintain and improve the complex electrical systems we all take for granted. ec & m sought out industry leaders \u2014 voices of the industry, we call them \u2014 to talk about how the electrical design, construction, and maintenance fields have changed through the years. in the profiles that follow, you ' ll read about electrical workers who got their start during or after world war ii and worked through good times and bad, laying the groundwork for today ' s electrical industry. they saw major changes and improvements not only in the systems they designed and built, but also in the tools and processes they worked with. many talked about changes in electrical training, work processes, and the national electrical code. others commented on the way economic conditions affected their workload, and several noted the growth of specific subsets of the industry such as voice - data - video or the emergence of high technology. their voices represent all segments of the industry, including electric linemen, designers, journeyman electricians, electrical engineers, plant maintenance personnel, and owners of electrical design or construction shops. all were \u2014 and definitely still are \u2014 dedicated to making the field of electrical construction and maintenance one of the country ' s leading industries. none, it would seem, would have chosen anything other than the challenging, exciting, and rewarding careers they have had in this dynamic field. we also asked our experts to make a few predictions for the future. while none were bold enough to predict what the industry would look like 100 years from now, many had interesting comments about developments to watch over the next five to 10 years. whether they ' re looking back on the great industry they helped build or looking forward to what might be around the next corner, we think you will enjoy hearing what our voices of the industry have to say. founder, curator and volunteer \u2014 ken mullen started in industry : 1934 ken mullen did not come to the u. s. electrical industry via the most traditional route. born in germany in 1919, mullen worked as an electrical apprentice in hamburg, germany, from 1934 to 1938. in 1938, mullen, who is jewish, fled nazi germany and ended up in india, where he found work as an electrician and later as a supervisor in a foundry that made ammunition used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4667547535416451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.581238"} {"text": "apprentice in hamburg, germany, from 1934 to 1938. in 1938, mullen, who is jewish, fled nazi germany and ended up in india, where he found work as an electrician and later as a supervisor in a foundry that made ammunition used against the germans. after wwii, he moved to san francisco and found a city bursting at the seams and in dire need of electricians. \u201c i walked into the local union office, and they said they could use electricians very badly, \u201d mullen recalls. despite not knowing much about u. s. electrical work, he landed his first job doing motor repair in 1947. \u201c in the time since, i have had only five jobs in almost 45 years, all in the electrical field and with some of the finest electrical shops in the san francisco area, \u201d he says. mullen ' s early jobs were with very large contractors working on what he calls \u201c enormous \u201d factories. \u201c san francisco was a very industrial place then, \u201d mullen says. \u201c everything was motors \u2014 motors all over. they needed electricians who could wire them up, and for several years i did only motor work. when work slowed at one place, i could simply go to another, because there was so much work to be had. i could go where i wanted and never had to leave san francisco or the surrounding area to find work. \u201d they had very little machinery, so most work was done by hand. \u201c we had to bend pipe over tires with 2\u00d74s, \u201d he says. \u201c it was unbelievable, we had 2 - or 3 - in. pipe, and it was bent without any mechanical device. we heated it to bend it. it is so much different today, when the computer figures out the bends in the building, and then you get your pipes already bent. when we had to dig a ditch, it was with a shovel and a wheelbarrow. we had no machinery. we had battery - operated things but no way of doing things when the battery was dead. \u201d health and safety issues have also changed over the years, mullen notes. \u201c in india, i had to figure it out myself, \u201d he says of safety and health practices. \u201c the last two years there i got lead poisoning and stopped working in factories. most of my experience, though, has been in america, and i have never had any bad accidents here. we are much more careful. osha is preventing a lot of bad things from happening, and everyone is more oriented to safety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42467586038619537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.582312"} {"text": "factories. most of my experience, though, has been in america, and i have never had any bad accidents here. we are much more careful. osha is preventing a lot of bad things from happening, and everyone is more oriented to safety. i have gotten two shocks in my life, and they were both 200v. i was very fortunate and have never been in a hospital in my life except for hip replacement. \u201d that ' s not exactly true \u2014 mullen did visit hospitals as part of his electrical construction work. in the 1950s, he says the city was teaming with new construction for hospitals, breweries, and apartment buildings. \u201c i worked in many breweries in the 1950s, \u201d he recalls. \u201c hospitals and apartment buildings were very big, too. we always put in pipe and then pulled wire through. it was much slower but did a very good job of protecting the wires. air conditioning started coming about then, too. all of a sudden, everybody started putting in furnaces and air conditioning after 1960. \u201d mullen says he has always been a strong supporter of electricians ' unions, particularly the ibew. \u201c i was very strong in the union, \u201d he says. \u201c i was never a business representative, as i had too many other things to do, but i found that without the unions, there was no life here in this country. many said why don ' t you go into business on your own, but the unions in my opinion offered a great advantage. \u201d in his post - retirement life, mullen has partnered with ibew local 6 in san francisco to found the ken mullen electrical museum of san francisco in 1991, where many of the tools he used in his life ' s work are on display. mullen says he sees good times ahead for the electric industry. \u201c it is still booming, but we still have problems finding people to work, \u201d he says. \u201c there is a lot of work building hotels and high - rise office buildings, not as much industrial any more. we don ' t know what will happen in the future, but i am one of those persons who does not bother with politics. i am happy to have had a great life doing electrical work. \u201d retired lineman and electrician crown point, ind. started in industry : 1946 glenn zieseniss got his start in the electrical industry courtesy of a milkman. \u201c i lived on a farm, and the milkman quit his job and went to work for the electric line company, \u201d zieseniss recalls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4118619751082887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.583330"} {"text": ": 1946 glenn zieseniss got his start in the electrical industry courtesy of a milkman. \u201c i lived on a farm, and the milkman quit his job and went to work for the electric line company, \u201d zieseniss recalls of his start in electric work. \u201c it was 1946, and i had just come home from world war ii, where i met the russians at the elbe [ river ]. [ the milkman ] told me electric work was good work. \u201d on the milkman ' s suggestion, zieseniss tried it and never looked back. zieseniss started out as a groundman, or \u201c grunt, \u201d on utility line crews, but says circumstances soon led him to work as a lineman. \u201c we were short of workmen then, and there were several of us that started out as apprentice linemen stringing wires, \u201d he recalls. \u201c i started doing mostly 7. 2kv line extensions to homes and / or farms in rural areas, and by 1948 was promoted to journeyman lineman, in part because of the shortage of qualified linemen. for the next four years, i worked on increasingly higher voltage lines, and in 1951 and 1952 i worked in an ordnance plant in illinois that produced ammunition for the korean war, where i started in the inside wiring field. \u201d from 1952 to 1989, zieseniss worked as a journeyman lineman and electrician in the chicago area. zieseniss says he saw major changes in equipment and safety materials. \u201c i would say the biggest changes in line work were the use of bucket trucks and improvements in safety equipment, \u201d he says. \u201c when we worked in the ordnance plants, it was all either rubber gloves or maybe some hot - stick work. i ' ve been bitten by 2300v a couple of times, but never got burned, just got bit heavily. \u201d from 1947 through 49, zieseniss did a lot of conversion work in hammond and smaller cities. for the most part, the work consisted of burying conduit in concrete. he also worked with 17 different contractors on schools, hospitals, and the occasional odd job. \u201c in one case an airplane hit a smokestack and that was a specialty job, reconstructing that, \u201d he says. zieseniss also served as an electrical inspector for the city of crown point, ind., from april 1984 to march 1998. \u201c on the inspection side, i saw that many contractors were not really keeping abreast of what the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4303326407453466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.584263"} {"text": "says. zieseniss also served as an electrical inspector for the city of crown point, ind., from april 1984 to march 1998. \u201c on the inspection side, i saw that many contractors were not really keeping abreast of what the code says for safety, \u201d zieseniss says. \u201c they seemed to be fighting that all the way. \u201d he says safety is a big thing today for most contractors and utilities, and he points to the increased use of flash hazards and low - impedance transformers as steps in the right direction. zieseniss says today ' s emphasis on design - build may be an example of electrical work going in the wrong direction. \u201c when i was working in the mills, the working prints were excellent, \u201d zieseniss recalls. \u201c now you don ' t know what is going on. the engineers have been priced out of the job for detail work. they leave it up to the guy in the field to figure things out. the prints are just not complete when i see them. in the early years, they had a detail for every column for all the electrical. nowadays, you have to fight for your spot on that column or figure out what should go on the column. \u201d in his long electrical career, zieseniss always enjoyed the freshness of new challenges. \u201c i was never in the same place for very long, \u201d zieseniss says. \u201c i never was much of one for the maintenance jobs, and preferred building new things and moving on. i was a free electrician to go wherever i was sent. i never drove more than 50 miles for day - in and day - out work, and could always find plenty of work in the chicago area. \u201d zieseniss, who says he has been a faithful reader of ec & m for decades, says something he read in a 1970 editorial has stuck with him through the years. \u201c it was in a \u2018 thoughts from our shop \u2019 article on page seven of that issue, \u201d zieseniss recalls. \u201c it said that the inspector must enforce the letter and spirit of the code that is written, not as the designer or installer would like to see it written. we need to live by laws or else we will have electrical anarchy. \u201d retired electrical engineer started in industry : 1948 dick porcaro ' s interest in the electrical trades started as a young boy. \u201c i always had a fascination for electrical things as a kid, starting with radios and crystal sets, \u201d porcaro says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.421081826273822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.585235"} {"text": "retired electrical engineer started in industry : 1948 dick porcaro ' s interest in the electrical trades started as a young boy. \u201c i always had a fascination for electrical things as a kid, starting with radios and crystal sets, \u201d porcaro says. \u201c i went to a technical high school and had an electrical course there. then, i was doing part - time electric work and went to city college of new york at night. all that time i was working during the day full - time with engineering and construction companies. i spent some time with mobil, and then wound up with bechtel. \u201d porcaro says most of his work focused on electrical engineering for chemical and petrochemical plants and notes that one thing he always liked about the electrical industry is that it is constantly changing. \u201c code changes were always interesting things to keep on top of, \u201d porcaro says. \u201c if you look at the way the code looked in the early \u2019 40s or \u2019 50s, it was a 5\u00d77 brown soft - cover thing a half - inch thick. now it is a heck of a lot bigger, and the changes are mostly around different materials \u2014 how you can use new things without compromising safety. \u201d cabling and installation materials, he says, have changed a lot. \u201c leaded cables used to be popular. they were always interesting in that they required high - caliber mechanical help to make the splices. new methods have come along to simplify the splices, and no one uses lead anymore due to environmental concerns. \u201d \u201c lighting has also changed quite a bit, \u201d porcaro adds. \u201c it seemed that equipment was generally a lot more robust in the old days, while today the tendency has been to make things less expensive and still get an adequate amount of light in the facilities. the robust equipment seems to be gone, and everything has been made simpler and lighter. \u201d in the engineering offices, the major activity used to be making drawings, porcaro adds. \u201c you made them as clear and simple as possible and error - free. some were so darn good you knew exactly what you had to do. in those days, once the drawing left the designer you could be sure it was right. we have more of a challenge with some drawings today. drawings made by some computer designers are a heck of a lot different. some still are making them clear, but there is so much pressure to get the work done as quickly as possible today. i think people sometimes lose sight of the fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4207537322907917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.586170"} {"text": "drawings today. drawings made by some computer designers are a heck of a lot different. some still are making them clear, but there is so much pressure to get the work done as quickly as possible today. i think people sometimes lose sight of the fact that you can build something cheaper by spending more time on engineering and not as much on construction. \u201d another major change porcaro saw through the years was the increasing use of trays instead of conduit. \u201c most installations were wiring conduit. then, in the 1950s, people were realizing you could get a pretty good installation by installing cable trays and laying cable in the trays rather than pulling conduit, \u201d he says. \u201c that was a major change in terms of wiring technique. \u201d system grounding changes have also been significant, he says. \u201c everything used to be either solidly grounded or completely ungrounded, \u201d porcaro says. \u201c one thing companies learned really early was the damage that could happen if things were not grounded properly. you started seeing more medium - and low - resistance grounding systems, rather than having things solidly grounded. \u201d porcaro also has observed changes in the way electricity is used, citing energy conservation as an example. \u201c we never even thought about it much before \u2014 the whole idea of energy conservation using adjustable - speed drives, \u201d he says. \u201c that has been a big change, trying to reduce energy requirements. \u201d concerning the future of the industry, porcaro says he sees the u. s. electric industry getting less and less involved with heavy manufacturing and more involved with power generation. \u201c we haven ' t necessarily created a lot more generating capacity in the last few years, \u201d porcaro says. \u201c i see a continued emphasis in power plant construction. \u201d rosendin electrical inc., san jose, calif. started in industry : 1950 ray rosendin calls his entry into the electrical - contracting business a \u201c baptism by fire. \u201d rosendin ' s father started rosendin electrical in 1919, and by the time ray was 13 he was already working in his father ' s shop, running errands in the summers. when ray graduated from college and came on full - time in 1950, the firm had grown to around 30 employees. \u201c my father brought me up around electrical work, so by that time i had a fair knowledge of what was happening, \u201d rosendin recalls. \u201c but in 1953 he had a heart attack, so i had to take over the business, ready or not.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4751311491542165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.587255"} {"text": "father brought me up around electrical work, so by that time i had a fair knowledge of what was happening, \u201d rosendin recalls. \u201c but in 1953 he had a heart attack, so i had to take over the business, ready or not. \u201d \u201c they did business on the back of an envelope in those days, \u201d rosendin says. \u201c if someone didn ' t have integrity, you just didn ' t do business with them. then when i got out of school and into the business you saw more paperwork. \u201d rosendin says in the 1950s schools and residential work made up the bulk of his business, followed a bit later by industrial growth in and around the san francisco bay area. \u201c industry started coming into the bay area in the middle 1950s, \u201d rosendin says. \u201c that was when lockheed and ibm came here. \u201d next, rosendin says, came the electronics boom of the mid - 1960s, spearheaded by companies like fairchild industries and hewlett - packard. that boom, he says, was nothing like the silicon valley explosion that took place a few decades later, but the big electronics companies formed the base from which the area ' s current \u201c dot - com \u201d economy could mushroom, he says. rosendin says one major change in the way the electrical industry has developed is that more contractors are now including designers and engineers on their staffs. \u201c we have a complete engineering department, \u201d he says. \u201c we have seen that evolve into pretty much of a science and seen the inherent benefit in having our own engineers. \u201d another way the industry has changed, he says, is that training and staff development is more crucial than ever. \u201c we have always wanted to maintain as strong and knowledgeable a work force as we could, \u201d rosendin says. \u201c we started attending trade shows in the 1950s. we attend all the new shows, and we demo new tools here whenever we can. we have always had good apprenticeship programs, but in addition to that, contractors now supplement apprenticeship with their own programs to bring additional knowledge to employees. people in the field need to know a lot more now to solve some of the complex problems that come up. we also have our regular meetings with our people to talk about safety and new procedures. \u201d rosendin says silicon valley itself has changed a great deal over the past 20 years, with computers and the internet becoming a part of everyday life. \u201c power requirements are growing exponentially from what we used to know, while people are more concerned than ever about their backup power systems, \u201d he says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3784273144056506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.589338"} {"text": "great deal over the past 20 years, with computers and the internet becoming a part of everyday life. \u201c power requirements are growing exponentially from what we used to know, while people are more concerned than ever about their backup power systems, \u201d he says. this summer in particular should be interesting for california consumers, rosendin says, as the state tries to work its way through high demand and tight power supplies. as for the future of the industry, rosendin says he sees strong growth well into the future. president \u2014 neca, consultant former part owner, motor city electric, started in industry : 1953 dick martin started in the electrical industry in detroit in the early 1950s, and is now in his sixth decade in the electrical trade as the current president of neca and a consultant and former owner of motor city electric. the son of an electrical contractor, martin started as an apprentice in 1953, became an estimator in 1967, and became part owner of motor city electric in 1992. \u201c the 1950s was kind of a tough period, with a lot of unemployment, \u201d martin says. \u201c i never got laid off, though, because there were lots of schools and hospitals to be built, plus new auto plants. by the end of the decade, we were also starting to put in a lot of central air conditioning. they were also starting to build a lot of expressways, and so the 1960s were really pretty good times. \u201d however, as imported japanese and german cars became more popular in the u. s., the big three american automakers suffered sales losses, and business tapered off. work in and around detroit became a bit slower, he says, but much of the slack was taken up by hospital and school construction, particularly in the suburbs. those building booms went on, martin says, until the late 1970s and early 1980s, when higher interest rates froze construction and the local economy slowed. by the 1990s, electrical workers in the area were busy again, with automakers upgrading plants and factories. another booming business, he says, was the construction of casinos. martin says the tools and technologies of the electric construction trades have changed in several important ways over the years. \u201c flex wiring made our productivity go up immensely, \u201d he says. \u201c we now use mobile rigs in all our work, and electric scaffolds are a big thing today. all the tools are so much more sophisticated, like for instance one - shot benders. today, you dial the bend you want, and it ' s done. all the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4040601375187099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.590463"} {"text": "our work, and electric scaffolds are a big thing today. all the tools are so much more sophisticated, like for instance one - shot benders. today, you dial the bend you want, and it ' s done. all the cordless tools today make a big difference, and the use of pvc conduit became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s because it is easier to install and work with. the use of computers in our estimating has been fabulous. years ago, you did it by hand. an estimate would take you two weeks. today it ' s done in three days. \u201d as befits the current president of neca, martin says he and his companies have always been very active with unions and industry associations. he estimates about 65 % of detroit - area contractors belong to neca, and says unionization is \u201c on the upswing \u201d in michigan and elsewhere around the country. among the reasons, he says, is the unions ' and union shops ' tendency to offer some of the best training. not only that, electrical workers today understand that comprehensive and ongoing training is critical to their success. martin has been in his local for 48 years. looking toward the future, martin says a big change in the industry may be a move toward distributed generation, particularly in fuel cells that will sit on - site and produce power for local use. \u201c we will need some training for that, \u201d he says, predicting that fuel cells could \u201c revolutionize our industry. \u201d president and owner electrical corp. of america, started in industry : 1961 jim lacy is closing in on his 40th anniversary in the electrical contracting industry \u2014 all in and around the kansas city metropolitan area. he started in the industry as part of an electrical apprenticeship program at a junior college in the kansas city area in 1961. for the first six months, he worked for a contractor doing strictly residential work. in january 1962, lacy went to work for great northern, which focused on petrochemical and refinery work, and he stayed with that company until december 1978, working his way up the ladder from apprentice to journeyman, then foreman, estimator, vice president, and eventually president. today, he is president and owner of electrical corp. of america in raytown, mo. \u201c the work i did back then was heavy industrial work, \u201d lacy recalls of the 1960s. \u201c the scaffolding was all hand - built on wheels, and we had a man on the ground pushing the scaffold from place to place. there was no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4203999166180684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.591599"} {"text": "i did back then was heavy industrial work, \u201d lacy recalls of the 1960s. \u201c the scaffolding was all hand - built on wheels, and we had a man on the ground pushing the scaffold from place to place. there was no such thing as a rotohammer or rotodrills. drilling was done with a drill or an impact hammer \u2014 a mini - jackhammer \u2014 and when the rotohammer came out with a drill and hammer all at once we thought that was the end of the world. most of the anchoring was done with lead anchors, and now so much is done with epoxy. cable and wire has also changed considerably. the wires you see today are much smaller, and the insulation is much thinner. \u201d lacy says the increasing importance of electrical work in the construction industry has been a major change over the last several decades. electric work, he argues, has grown and changed considerably more than most of the other building industries. \u201c it has become a larger portion of any building or home, \u201d lacy says. \u201c if you go back to a house built 40 years ago that hadn ' t been modernized, you will see how much the electric industry has changed \u2014 with a lot more outlets and many more things running off electricity. it is no longer a question whether every home will have a refrigerator, television, and a lot of other electrical appliances running all or most of the time. \u201d looking toward the future, lacy says he sees the telecom or voice - data - video ( vdv ) segment of the business growing larger and larger. \u201c that area is growing more technical, and the people that are in the business are receiving more and better training than ever. we are going to see more and more time out of every employee ' s year spent in training. if 25 years ago someone went to a three - day seminar that was a big deal, but today my technicians are spending six to nine weeks per year staying up with the changes \u2014 that will be a trend hitting every employer in the future. \u201d another trend lacy sees is a move toward private generating facilities. \u201c we are going to see all kinds of energy growth requirements, and people doing private investment rather than generation being done strictly by utilities, \u201d lacy predicts. retired plant engineer started in industry : 1964 george house is an electric maintenance guru \u2014 at least that ' s what they called him at amoco in houston, where he was a plant manager for 22 of his 30 years in the business. his knowledge of the maintenance field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4260577671115444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.592632"} {"text": "started in industry : 1964 george house is an electric maintenance guru \u2014 at least that ' s what they called him at amoco in houston, where he was a plant manager for 22 of his 30 years in the business. his knowledge of the maintenance field was what took him so far, but his entry into the field, he says, was due to one overriding personality trait \u2014 curiosity. \u201c i started, like everyone else, in the engineering department doing projects, \u201d house explains. \u201c it really interested me to figure out what was causing equipment to fail. outages were a big cost factor. not only that but when we had outages there were safety concerns like loss of cooling water or loss of power to the safety systems themselves. \u201d house calls the evolution of equipment during his electrical maintenance career extraordinary. \u201c when i first started, a 23kv switchgear was an open device with long arc shoots, and many were encased in oil, \u201d he says. \u201c even for 480kv stuff, we were using oil - encased gear. it was big and bulky. that was before the development of metal - enclosed switchgear, which has been a huge improvement. metal - enclosed gear is easier to keep clean, and in the event that there is a problem, it doesn ' t migrate and you don ' t burn the whole switch room down. \u201d electrical meters were very different too, house adds. \u201c the meters were all analog, \u201d he says. \u201c the old simpson 260 was the mainstay, and it was nothing like the digital meters we have today. i don ' t see the day - to - day fix - it type of tools having changed that much, but the way we go about our work has really changed. house notes a big change has been trying to figure out how to spend your maintenance money. \u201c so much today is based on signature analysis, while it used to be that you would take a breaker down and put it back together and that was maintenance. half the time, we didn ' t put it back together right, so we caused many of our own problems. today, everyone has some type of advanced, computerized diagnostics to make sure things are functionally adequate. you can figure out what is going to go wrong before it is going wrong, and do something about it before you have a bunch of damage to fix, \u201d he says. \u201c the reliability of the equipment has improved so much over the years that it does not take as many people to maintain that equipment, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48603963390968785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.593659"} {"text": "is going wrong, and do something about it before you have a bunch of damage to fix, \u201d he says. \u201c the reliability of the equipment has improved so much over the years that it does not take as many people to maintain that equipment, \u201d house continues, \u201c so there has been a steady decline in the number of people needed for maintenance. also, a motor that we might have rewound a few years ago five or six times, now we just buy another one. \u201d computers have also changed the electrical maintenance field, house says. \u201c this is certainly true in terms of process control, \u201d he says. \u201c the idea today is to use computerized analysis to wring every bit you can out of the process and make it more efficient. we have also gone away from the individual controller and more to the controllers where we use a computer to turn them on and off. reliability, though, is more important than efficiency. you can ' t even afford one failure today. \u201d house says his fondest memories of working in electrical maintenance are of the people he has worked with. \u201c the things i remember most are the people, \u201d he says. \u201c i hear so many times that people have changed, that the old guys had the work ethic and the young people don ' t have it. i ' d love to think us old dogs were that good, but i think the young people today are pretty good, too \u2014 maybe even better than some of us were then. \u201d director of building facilities started in industry : 1976 john weber is director of building facilities for lego systems in enfield, conn., the u. s. headquarters of the danish toy giant. before working in plant management, he spent eight years at allen bradley inc., of milwaukee, now the industrial control and automation products division of rockwell automation. weber says he has seen major advances in electrical industry safety. terminal strips and terminations, he says, are inherently safer today, with a \u201c dead front \u201d design. he says he remembers working as an electrician ' s helper in the 1970s with terminations that had exposed or protruding screw heads, leaving little room for mistakes \u2014 if a screwdriver made contact with a termination screw, it could arc and destroy equipment. most, if not all, equipment today features recessed screw heads, he says, reducing that particular safety risk. another example, he says, is the development of ground fault circuit interrupter ( gfci ) equipment. \u201c it used to be two - pronged plugs for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45653959472674815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.594624"} {"text": "today features recessed screw heads, he says, reducing that particular safety risk. another example, he says, is the development of ground fault circuit interrupter ( gfci ) equipment. \u201c it used to be two - pronged plugs for everything, \u201d weber says. \u201c you would buy a refrigerator and it was just floating electrically. now even if there is a leakage of current, it will trip a breaker at 3ma to 5ma. \u201d weber also credits osha standards for lockout / tagout, fall protection, and cord inspections that contribute to greater on - the - job safety. \u201c when i worked my first electrical job there was not nearly as much safety training, \u201d he says. \u201c today it is a federal law to make sure i know all the lockout / tagout training. \u201d a major technological advancement, weber says, was the introduction and use of electronics for controls and relays. \u201c i remember opening up panels that were as big as a closet, with rows and rows of relays, \u201d he says. \u201c those were complex control panels and just to get logic you were expending so much energy. they also threw off enough heat that the control rooms needed huge air conditioners. \u201d today, he says, companies can take advantage of compact electronic programmable logic controllers that offer dense packaging and a lot more input / output in a small space. weber notes, though, \u201c electronics had a slow acceptance by the field. electricians resisted it, because they did not like the fact that they could not see what was happening within a circuit. the industry wanted to promote the high - tech aspect, but it fell on deaf ears on the part of the electricians, until they finally had to accept it as the way things were going to go anyway. \u201d another important change, weber says, comes in the form of increased power - metering capabilities. \u201c i can remember standing in front of the old electro - mechanical, very maintenance - prone equipment, \u201d weber says. \u201c at the end of the month, someone had to replace the paper. if you forgot to do that, the pen ended up writing through the paper and onto the metal drum. the pens would also run out of ink or get stuck. they were a nightmare to clean or maintain. today we have electronic meters that collect information and send it back to where i am sitting now. i can do archiving and look at very complex electrical measurements that weren ' t available before. metering can be integrated into the it functions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42946468109694125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.595588"} {"text": "presented by lars - erik jonsson and roger saljo from gothenburg university, sweden. students attending seminars can sometimes leave the seminar either annoyed that they were not able to make a full contribution or relieved they were not found out! online seminars can help both groups of students. the project tried to encourage useful participation by structuring the online experience : - sharing an experience - friendly atmosphere - synchronising activities - aiming for dialogue rather than monologue participants must be prepared. in a face to face - to - face seminar, students can hide. online, you have to contribute or effectively you are not there. to contribute, you have to prepare. harder to hide your lack of preparation. writing is a powerful tool for the development of thinking. asynchronous contributions allow thinking time more or less eliminates plagiarism - difficult to see how you could get someone else to write all your contributions for you. also, during the discussions, you get to know the students and listen to their written \" voice \". see jonsson and saljo ' s chapter in institutional transformation through best practices in virtual campus development : advancing e - learning policies question and answer : it is of course possible for a participant ' s post is ignored. partly this is the job of the tutor to ensure students are not overlooked. student moderators may not be necessary but makes students active and is valuable. however you cannot expect students to have a productive discussion on their own. you need a tutor asking difficult questions and pushing for better discussion. social chat is encouraged but shouldn ' t be allowed to dominate. do some students benefit more than others from these seminars than others. [ to be fair, this is true of any seminar - probably any form of learning! - dm ] some students will feel more of an outsider and as tutors we must be aware of this. is there a problem in using elearning to learn about elearning? the reponse was along the lines of, \" well that ' s what we do! \" : - ) learning about learning is almost inherently circular in nature!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.501404765004707, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.599046"} {"text": "the and gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output ( 1 ) only if all its inputs are high. a dot (. ) is used to show the and operation i. e. a. b. bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i. e. ab. \" if both inputs are true the output will be true \" 3 input and gate truth table : ttl and gate : ttl logic gates are constructed by transistor - transistor logic. fig - 2 shows a rtl - resistor transistor logic. the ttl based and gate ics are as below : - 74ls08 quad 2 - input - 74ls11 triple 3 - input - 74ls21 dual 4 - input cmos and gate : three ( 3 ) p - type and three ( 3 ) n - type mosfets constructs a 2 input and gate logic. the first 2 p - type and 2 n - type mosfet construct a nand gate logic and the rest two p - type and n - type construct an inverter logic. so the first portion gives nand output and the second part getting that output gives and output doing the not logic operation ( inverting ) see the fig - 3. the cmos type and gates are shown below : - cd4081 quad 2 - input - cd4073 triple 3 - input - cd4082 dual 4 - input and gate analogy : fig - 4 shows an analogy of and logic gate. which constructed by a battery, 2 - switches ( spst ) and a electric bulb ; where 2 switches are indicates and inputs and the electric bulb as the and output. if the switch a is closed and b is open the bulb will not light. if again switch a is opened and b is closed the output will be the same as previous, the bulb will not light. but if the both switches ( a and b ) are closed the bulb will give light. that means this circuit follows the truth table of an and logic gate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.59000526084821, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.602052"} {"text": "professional and technical writing / about professional writing this is a wikibook created by students and teachers of technical and professional writing. it is intended to be used as a guide for anything from writing a resume and cover letter to a company memo, report, or proposal once you are on the job. when exploring this wikibook you will discover details and tips that you will find helpful when composing various writing structures common in today ' s work place. this book begins with the rhetorical nature of technical and professional writing and ends with an appendix. the following gives insight to each area discussed in the book in addition to displaying an outline of the wiki book. the rhetorical nature of technical and professional writing the goal of rhetorical writing is to effectively communicate information to a group or an audience. it can be used for general or professional communication. the main focus here is the communication with your co - workers or the boss. the rhetorical nature of technical and professional writing ethics and technical communication this section covers legal and ethical issues associated with the managing of communication between different cultures. ethics and technical communication this section offers guidelines as well as tips in constructing documents such as resumes and cover letters. these two documents are critical for obtaining a desired job. an excellent resume and cover letter will make you stand out among other competitors and help you get the job you want. career documents business communications are the tools that would be used in the workplace. they teach us how to create a communication between coworkers. this includes having a main point to your writing, as well as something to attract your readers attention. this section offers a \" how to \" of writing a business letter, to composing business worthy e - mails, and memos. in addition, there is also a focus on website design, which is an essential tool in today ' s business world. business communications this is the nitty gritty of document design. subjects discussed in this section include the details of front matter ( i. e. table of content ) and back matter ( i. e appendix ), how to organize a document, and usability testing. having the ability to properly create, display, and organize the front and back matter of your document places you at a distinct advantage. the front matter is where most readers get the most interested and those who wish to look further into your document can view the appendix. these two sections are very important because of their effect on the reader. designing documents composing business reports and proposals this section starts by giving the reader the 3 p ' s of reports and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48462428119081025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.607818"} {"text": "sl psychology / intro to research methods the following items should be included in this section : the hypothetico - deductive ( scientific ) method, types of psychological research methods, research designs, sampling, reliability, validity, and triangulation. research into mind can be traced back to ancient greece. however, empirical psychological research has its roots in investigations into cognitive functions such as introspection and memory. while early psychological researchers attempted to bring the same standards of rigor and control to their investigations as physical scientists enjoy, psychological research poses unique obstacles. psychological research investigates mind. only recently the contents of the mind become observable since the advent of neuro - imaging technologies such as eegs, pet scans, and fmris, thus early psychological research was focused on disagreements between different schools or generations of researchers that used varied approaches toward their investigations into the invisible mind. for example, cognitive researchers rely on inferences made from activities aimed at employing cognitive functions such as memory as opposed to examining how or where actual memories are laid down. conversely behaviorist researchers employed a more empirically rigorous method seeking only to make generalizations about phenomena that were directly observable and replicable in controlled settings. contemporary psychological research is derived from these disparate traditions and perspectives. it utilizes the hypothetico - deductive or scientific method : 1. observation and data gathering 2. inference of generalizations 3. construction of explanatory theories 4. deduction of hypothesis to test theories 5. hypothesis testing 6. support or challenges to existing theories and commensurate adjustments. theories and hypothesis two key steps, theory construction and hypothesis deduction / testing pose special problems for researchers. theories are sets of related generalizations explaining a specific mental phenomena e. g. schema and memory organization and hypotheses are specific predictions for research investigations. these steps are derived from empirical data, but are heavily influenced by an individual researcher \u2019 s perspective. thus, researchers seek to clearly articulate operational definitions in an effort to make their research easily replicable. additionally, controls are implemented to ensure credibility of results and subsequent conclusions. finally, published research contributing to knowledge in the discipline is peer reviewed and usually rigorously scrutinized. psychological research can take many forms ranging from : controlled laboratory true experiments ( involving the manipulation of independent variables and controls for confounding variables ) to field research ( involving deliberate manipulation of independent variables in natural uncontrolled environments ) to naturalistic / quasi experimental method ( involving observation and analysis of independent variables", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5538643074698752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.617728"} {"text": "experiments ( involving the manipulation of independent variables and controls for confounding variables ) to field research ( involving deliberate manipulation of independent variables in natural uncontrolled environments ) to naturalistic / quasi experimental method ( involving observation and analysis of independent variables changed by natural incidence ). no matter which research method is employed, controls are carefully implemented to ensure the credibility of research. key issues surrounding controls are : research design, sampling, reliability and validity. the underlying structure of an investigation. it involves how psychologists use subjects / participants in their experiments. the three most common designs are : 1. repeated measures : using the same subjects in the experimental and control conditions 2. independent measures : using different subjects / participants in the experimental and control conditions 3. matched pairs : using different subjects / participants in the experimental and control conditions with each sample having similar characteristics. the process of selecting participants / subjects to examine derived from a target population ( a specified subpopulation of all humans ). the results of a study are inferred from examination of the sample \u2019 s performance on a given measure, thus the sample is key in the line of reasoning from initial design to examination of results. several methods can be employed when choosing a sample : random, stratified and convenience. random sampling provides the best chance for the sample group to be representative of the target population. stratified samples reflect similar proportions of various sub - groups within a sample. convenience sampling involves choosing participants / subjects that are available at the time of data collection. convenience samples do not control for possible biases that may within certain subgroups of a population and thus the results and conclusions from a convenience sample must be analyzed with caution and triangulated. a study is reliable if it is replicable and the same results are achieved repeatedly. there are four types of reliability in regard to psychological study : - test - retest reliability ( also called stability reliability ) - interrater reliability - parallel forms reliability - internal consistency reliability to judge for reliability in this case, the test is administered two different times to the exact same or similar subjects. this judges for consistency of results across time, and to make sure the results were not affected by context of the time. reliability is higher if the retest is close in chronological proximity to the original test. research psychologists tend to replicate older studies to generate theories or to amend findings to account for reliability. in attention for example, treisman consistently retested findings to amend the attention models. two or more judges score the test. the scores are then compared to determine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5557131318578796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.620515"} {"text": "tend to replicate older studies to generate theories or to amend findings to account for reliability. in attention for example, treisman consistently retested findings to amend the attention models. two or more judges score the test. the scores are then compared to determine how much the two raters agree on the consistency on a rating system. an example of interrater reliability would be that of teachers grading essays for an ap or ib exam. if a scale from 1 to 5 was used ( where 1 is the worst and 5 is the best ), and one teacher gave an essay a score of 2 and another gave a score of 5, then the reliability would be inconsistent. through training, practice, and discussion, the individual raters can reach a consistent level of assessing an experiment, test, or result. often, the raters are moderated by a higher rater who will assist in reaching consistency. parallel forms reliability a large set of questions that are related to the same construct are generated and then divided into two sets. the two different sets are given to the same sample of people at the same time. therefore, the two tests that study the same content are judged against each other for consistency. an example would be a pretest - posttest, where the two groups would either receive form 1 or form 2, and in the posttest situation, the groups would be switched. internal consistency reliability in this case, the tool is used as the tool to determine reliability. thus would be a test situation in which the items on the test measure the same content. often, questions can be strikingly similar, which shows that the test is also a measure for internal consistency reliability. therefore, the similar questions should be answered in the same way. there are different ways to measure internal consistency reliability : - average inter - item correlation - average itemtotal correlation - split - half reliability - cronbach ' s alpha ( a ) quantitative versus qualitative measures coolican, h. ( 2004 ). research methods and statistics in psychology. cambridge university press. 1. in what ways has new technology changed the science of psychology? provide three examples. 2. how does the importance of validity and reliability change depending on the type of study? 3. in what ways will the different aspects of an experiment ( sampling, methods, reliabilty, and validity ) affect the results and conclusions of an psychology study?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.502845770968233, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.624979"} {"text": "anatolian weights and measures the use of metal in anatolia increased significantly towards the end of the chalcolithic period, reflecting the development of trade relations in the region, and from commercial documents that have been deciphered, we know that units of weight originating in mesopotamia were used in anatolia. although there is no firm evidence about the use of weights and measures in anatolia prior to the assyrian colonies period, finds made of valuable metals with graduated markings are thought to have been used for measuring or for exchange in trade. for example, at troy small gold bars and in particular graduated rods seem beyond doubt to show the existence of trade based on measurement. the hittites, like the other tribes of the near east, used silver as a medium of exchange, in the form of rings or rods of specific size and weight. as in earlier times, hematite weights continued to be used to measure shekels and manas, units of weight that originated in babylon. anatolian weights and measures in the hellenic period the laws of solon implemented around athens in the greek period are also thought to have been used in anatolia. solon ruled that the talent of weight ( greek talanton ) should be 3 manas heavier than the monetary talent, distributing the difference between the constituent parts of the weight talent. this unit was the stater ( 873. 2 g ), equivalent to the old currency unit, the didrachmon. fractions of this unit were also used. the main greek units of weight were the talent and mana, but these were not identical everywhere. for example, in athens after the introduction of the solonian standard this was equivalent to 36. 39 kg when weighing commodities. as a monetary unit it was equivalent to metal weighing 25. 92 kg. one sixtieth of a talent was a mna or mana. the principal liquid measures were the katule ( 0. 27 litres ) and the amphora ( 1. 27 litres ), while dry measures were the khonix ( 1. 08 litres ) and medimnos ( 51. 84 litres ). in the famous history by herodotus of halicarnassus we find almost all the measurements of length used in anatolia during the ancient greek period : foot : 0. 296 cm ( the modern foot is 30. 48 cm ) finger : one sixteenth of a foot, 0. 0185 metres cubit : 1. 5 feet, 0. 444 metres fathom : 6 feet, 4 cubits, 1. 776 metres plethron :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4621329623049718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.631110"} {"text": "octet : selected works from the school of visual arts, new york relational aesthetics, a term coined in 2002 by nicolas bourriaud refers to a kind of art that interacts with its onlookers. not based on formal concerns of aesthetic experience, audience participation is a necessary and required aspect of this type of work. like the situationists before them, practitioners in this field aim towards developing collective social experiences, and endeavors to fuse art with life. word as image to conceive of words as flesh, or breath or abstract signs, integrating words with the visual arts has had a cross - cultural history. from the rosetta stone to oracle bones, from bark cloth paintings, to illuminated manuscripts, words turn sounds into a concrete script. simple lines and dots, dabs and flows, arabesques and undulating rhythms displace the articulating voice in the external world. identity and identity politics what does it mean to be human? what does it mean to be part of a marginalized social group? how do race, religion, and / or gender, constitute an identity? the manner in which the self is defined is expressed through physical attributes, shared social values or political persuasions. in heterogeneous societies, such as america, a melting pot of citizens from italian, irish, jewish, arab, african, chinese, hispanic and turkish descent among others, form distinct communities. assimilating variegated cultural identities into the larger fabric of american life creates a multi - racial, multi - ethnic composite population. what does it mean to be an asian - american or a latino in the usa? although we all share the primary structure of dna, making us human, we each are also distinctly unique.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6280687682763192, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.635066"} {"text": "chancellor of austria | federal chancellor of the republic of austria state flag of austria as president of austria | term length | | no term limit | | inaugural holder | | karl renner, as state chancellor 30 october 1918 | formation | | first republic of austria 10 november 1920 | this article is part of the series : politics and government of the federal chancellor ( german : bundeskanzler, sometimes shortened to kanzler ) is the head of government of austria. in his capacity as chairman of the austrian federal government, the chancellor represents the supreme federal authority of the executive branch. though formally an equal member of the cabinet, the chancellor is considered to be the most powerful position in austrian politics, and as such is the nation ' s de facto chief executive. his official seat is in the federal chancellery. the use of the term chancellor ( kanzler, derived from latin : cancellarius ) as head of the chancery writing office can be traced back as far as the ninth century, when under king louis the german the office of the archchancellor ( erzkanzler ), later imperial chancellor ( reichserzkanzler ), was created as a high office on the service of the holy roman emperor. the task was usually fulfilled by the prince - archbishops of mainz as archchancellors of the german lands. in the course of the imperial reform, the habsburg emperor maximilian i in 1498 attempted to counter the spiritual power of the reichserzkanzler with a more secular position of an imperial court chancellor ( hofkanzler ), but the two became merged. these were also the times when attempts were made to balance imperial absolutism by the creation of imperial governments ( reichsregiment ), ultimately a failure. habsburg monarchy nevertheless, when maximilian ' s grandson ferdinand i succeeded him as archduke of austria in 1521, his elder brother emperor emperor charles v ( 1519 \u2013 1556 ) appointed mercurino gattinara as \" grand chancellor of all the realms and kingdoms of the king \" ( gro\u00dfkanzler aller lander und konigreiche ). the separate position of an austrian court chancellor appeared as a osterreichische hofkanzlei around 1526, when the habsburg monarchy arose with the bohemian and hungarian inheritance ; it was however once again merged with the equivalent reichshofkanzlei office of the holy roman empire in 1559. upon the 1620 battle of white mountain and the suppression of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4347120134990197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.664246"} {"text": ", when the habsburg monarchy arose with the bohemian and hungarian inheritance ; it was however once again merged with the equivalent reichshofkanzlei office of the holy roman empire in 1559. upon the 1620 battle of white mountain and the suppression of the bohemian revolt, emperor ferdinand ii had separate court chancelleries established in order to strengthen the unity of the habsburg hereditary lands. beside a bohemian and hungarian chancellery, he created the office of an austrian chancellor in vienna, responsible for the archduchy of austria proper ( i. e. upper and lower austria ) with the inner austrian territories and tyrol. under emperor leopold i ( 1658 \u2013 1705 ) the term again became hofkanzler with johann paul freiherr von hocher ( 1667 \u2013 1683 ), and theodor von strattman ( 1683 \u2013 1693 ). the eighteenth century was dominated by prince wenzel anton of kaunitz - rietberg ( 1753 - 1792 ), who was chancellor to four habsburg emperors from maria theresa to francis ii, with the titles of both hofkanzler and staatskanzler. he was succeeded by johann philipp von cobenzl ( 1792 \u2013 1793 ), who was dismissed by emperor francis ii over the partition of poland and was succeeded by johann amadeus francis de paula ( baron thugot ) ( 1793 \u2013 1800 ). thugot ' s chancellorship did not survive the austrian defeats by the french at the battles of marengo and hohenlinden in 1800 and he was replaced by johan ludwig joseph cobenzl ( 1800 \u2013 1805 ), his predecessor ' s cousin, but who in turn was dismissed following the austrian defeat at austerlitz in 1805. austrian empire with the consequent dissolution of the holy roman empire and founding of the austrian empire, francis ii abdicated the former imperial throne, but remained emperor francis i of austria in 1806. he had replaced cobenzl with johan philip charles stadion ( 1805 \u2013 1809 ) the previous year, but his career was in turn cut short in 1809 following yet another austrian defeat by napoleon at the battle of wagram and subsequent humiliation at the treaty of schonbrunn. prince klemens von metternich was appointed by francis i to the positions of hofkanzler and staatskanzler ( 1821 - 1848 ). however there is some opinion that the chancellor title was not used between prince kaunitz - rietberg ' s resignation in 1792 and 1821. as the metternich system had become a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39908823428719686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.665798"} {"text": "staatskanzler ( 1821 - 1848 ). however there is some opinion that the chancellor title was not used between prince kaunitz - rietberg ' s resignation in 1792 and 1821. as the metternich system had become a synonym for his reactionary politics, the title of a state chancellor was abolished upon the 1848 revolutions. the position became that of a minister - president of austria, equivalent to prime minister, with the exception of count friedrich ferdinand von beust ( 1867 \u2013 1871 ) the title only re - emerging at the birth of german austria after world war i in 1918, when karl renner was appointed staatskanzler. with the enactment of the constitution of austria on 10 november 1920, the actual term bundeskanzler was implemented as head of the executive branch of the first austrian republic. since a 1929 constitutional reform, the chancellor is appointed by the president of austria. in theory, the president can select anyone he wishes to be chancellor. de facto however, the national council parliament has the right to pass a motion of no confidence in the government as a whole or individual cabinet members at any time. also, it would be all but impossible for a cabinet to govern without adequate support in parliament. the chancellor assumes his office immediately and nominates the federal ministers for appointment by the president. appointments and dismissals are made by the president at the chancellor ' s recommendation. however, it has become strong constitutional convention for the president to act on the chancellor ' s advice. once sworn in, the government is capable of acting, without further confirmation by the national council. the chancellor ' s term of office is not limited and in no way affiliated with the legislative session, though he usually declares the resignation of his government to the presient upon a parliamentary election. if not, he would have to cope with the authority of the president to dismiss the cabinet or with the possibility of a vote of no confidence by the newly elected national council. the chancellor is normally entrusted by the president with the continuation of his offical duties until a new government is sworn in. role and powers as primus inter pares ( \" first among equals \" ) in the austrian government, the chancellor chairs the weekly cabinet meetings ( ministerrat ) coordinating the government ' s policies, but \u2014 unlike the chancellor of germany \u2014 does not possess the power to direct the federal ministers ; nor could he appoint or dismiss the cabinet members, though the president would normally act at his suggestion. thus, although considered as the most powerful political position by the public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44603587144658774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.667678"} {"text": "unlike the chancellor of germany \u2014 does not possess the power to direct the federal ministers ; nor could he appoint or dismiss the cabinet members, though the president would normally act at his suggestion. thus, although considered as the most powerful political position by the public opinion in austria, he has a considerably weaker standing than the us president or the uk prime minister. bills adopted by the national council and certified by the president need the countersignature by the chancellor to obtain legal force. as a result of government formation process, the chancellor could also conduct affairs of a federal ministry in his own responsibility. according to the protocol, the chancellor ranks 3rd after the austrian president and the president of the national council. the chancellor normally chairs the largest political party in the austrian parliament. his political power is devolved from within the party, and can vary depending on his personality and whether there is a coalition government. especially his relationship with the federal minister of finance has proven vital in the last decades. the long - lasting proporz constellation of two approxiamtely equipollent coalition parties has led to some incrustations in austrian politics. the chancellor ' s authority is much stronger in a single - party cabinet, which only josef klaus and bruno kreisky have achieved so far. on the other hand, in 2000 wolfgang schussel was appointed chancellor of a highly controversial coalition government with the far - right freedom party ( fpo ), although his austrian people ' s party ( ovp ) then had only been third in the previous parliamentary election. list of chancellors of austria see also - politics of austria - constitution of austria - austrian federal government - vice - chancellor of austria - federal chancellery of austria - president of austria - interdisziplinarer arbeitskreis kurmainz und der erzkanzler des reiches - cambridge modern history vol xiii 1911. books. google. ca. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20. - kaisergruft : metternich - osterreich lexikon 1966, band 1 - official site ( german )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.398017423118596, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.674455"} {"text": "hummus with olive oil | place of origin | | egypt, levant | | main ingredient ( s ) | | chickpeas, tahini | hummus ( arabic : \u062d\u0645\u0635 ) is a middle eastern and arabic food dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic. today, it is popular throughout the middle east, turkey, north africa, morocco, and in middle eastern cuisine around the globe. hummus is an arabic word ( \u062d\u0645\u0635 hummus ) meaning \" chickpeas, \" and the complete name of the prepared spread in arabic is \u062d\u0645\u0635 \u0628\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0629 hummus bi tahina, which means \" chickpeas with tahini \". spellings of the word in english can be inconsistent. \" houmous \" is the standard spelling in british english. among other spellings are hummus, hummous, hommos, humos, hommus and hoummos. many cuisine - related sources describe hummus as an ancient food, or connect it to famous historical figures such as saladin. indeed, its basic ingredients \u2014 chickpeas, sesame, lemon, and garlic \u2014 have been eaten in the region for millennia. but in fact, there is no specific evidence for this purported ancient history of hummus bi tahini. though chickpeas were widely eaten in the region, and they were often cooked in stews and other hot dishes, pureed chickpeas eaten cold with tahini do not appear before the abbasid period in egypt and the levant. the earliest known recipes for a dish similar to hummus bi tahini are recorded in cookbooks published in cairo in the 13th century. a cold puree of chickpeas with vinegar and pickled lemons with herbs, spices, and oil, but no tahini or garlic, appears in the kitab al - wusla ila l - habib fi wasf al - tayyibat wa - l - tib ; and a puree of chickpeas and tahini called hummus kasa appears in the kitab wasf al - atima al - mutada : it is based on pureed chickpeas and tahini, and acidulated with vinegar ( though not lemon ), but it also contains many spices, herbs, and nuts, and no garlic. it is also served by rolling it out and letting it sit overnight, which presumably gives it a very different texture from hum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4787866159215308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.697197"} {"text": "acidulated with vinegar ( though not lemon ), but it also contains many spices, herbs, and nuts, and no garlic. it is also served by rolling it out and letting it sit overnight, which presumably gives it a very different texture from hummus bi tahini. | nutritional value per 100 g ( 3. 5 oz ) | | energy | | 695 kj ( 166 kcal ) | | percentages are relative to us recommendations for adults. source : usda nutrient database hummus is high in iron and vitamin c and also has significant amounts of folate and vitamin b6. the chickpeas are a good source of protein and dietary fiber ; the tahini consists mostly of sesame seeds, which are an excellent source of the amino acid methionine, complementing the proteins in the chickpeas. depending on the recipe, hummus carries varying amounts of monounsaturated fat. hummus is useful in vegetarian and vegan diets ; like other combinations of grains and pulses, it serves as a complete protein when eaten with bread. as an appetizer and dip, hummus is scooped with flatbread, such as pita. it is also served as part of a meze or as an accompaniment to falafel, grilled chicken, fish or eggplant. garnishes include chopped tomato, cucumber, coriander, parsley, caramelized onions, sauteed mushrooms, whole chickpeas, olive oil, hard - boiled eggs, paprika, sumac, ful, olives, pickles and pine nuts ( as photographed in the \" history \" section ). outside the middle east, it is sometimes served with tortilla chips or crackers. in vegetarian dishes from the middle east, arto der haroutunian calls hummus, \" one of the most popular and best - known of all syrian dishes \" and a \" must on any mezzeh table. \" syrians in canada ' s arab diaspora prepare and consume hummus along with other dishes like falafel, kibbe and tabouleh, even among the third and fourth - generation offspring of the original immigrants. hummus is a common part of everyday meals in israel. a significant reason for the popularity of hummus in israel is the fact that it is made from ingredients that, following kashrut ( jewish dietary laws ), can be combined with both meat and dairy meals. few other foods can be combined with a wide variety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.459494049950643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.699697"} {"text": "reason for the popularity of hummus in israel is the fact that it is made from ingredients that, following kashrut ( jewish dietary laws ), can be combined with both meat and dairy meals. few other foods can be combined with a wide variety of meals consistently with the dietary laws. it is seen as almost equally popular amongst israeli jews and israeli arabs. as a result of its popularity, israelis elevated hummus to become a \" national food symbol \" and consume more than twice as much hummus as neighbouring arab countries, according to figures by tsabar salads, a hummus manufacturer in israel. commenting on its popularity, gil hovav, an israeli food editor interviewed on the bbc program cooking in the danger zone, stated that \" even during the intifada years jews would sneak [... ] into the muslim quarter just to have a vital, really genuine good humous [ sic ], \" and noted that like many dishes considered to be israeli national foods, hummus is actually arab. however, he also said, commenting on iraqi, egyptian, syrian or yemeni food in israel, that \" jews came from these countries to israel and they brought their food with them \". many restaurants run by mizrahi jews and arab citizens of israel are dedicated to hot hummus, which may be served as chick peas softened with baking soda along with garlic, olive oil, cumin and tahini. one of the fancier hummus versions available is hummus masabacha, made with lemon - spiked tahini garnished with whole chick peas, a sprinkling of paprika and a drizzle of olive oil. hummus is sold in restaurants, supermarkets and hummus - only shops ( known in hebrew as humusiot ). for palestinians, hummus has long been a staple food, often served warm, with bread, for breakfast, lunch or dinner. all of the ingredients in hummus are easily found in palestinian gardens, farms and markets, thus adding to the availability and popularity of the dish. in palestinian areas, hummus is usually garnished, with olive oil, \" nana \" mint leaves, paprika, parsley or cumin. a related dish popular in the region of palestine and jordan is laban ma ' hummus ( \" yogurt and chickpeas \" ), which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil and is topped with pieces of toasted bread. by the end of the 20th century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4590349340826408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.701059"} {"text": "hummus ( \" yogurt and chickpeas \" ), which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil and is topped with pieces of toasted bread. by the end of the 20th century, hummus had emerged as part of the american culinary fabric. in 2008, more than fifteen million americans consumed hummus on a regular basis. hummus became a popular staple in american restaurants with the armenian migration from lebanon to southern california and the east coast after the lebanese civil war ( 1975 - 1990 ). it was further popularized in the united states by jews returning from visits in israel and by israeli expatriates. according to a 2010 market research, hummus consumption in the united states has increased by 35 % over a period of 21 months, with sales reaching nearly $ 300 million. in 2006, hummus was present in 12 % of american households, rising to 17 % by early 2009. one commentator attributed the growth of hummus to america \u2019 s embrace of ethnic foods, and to experimentation with exotic foods. in november 2009, gadi lesin, president & ceo of the israeli strauss group food manufacturer said that market share of co - owned sabra dipping company in the usa makes it the largest packaged hummus dip manufacturer in the world. in october 2008, the association of lebanese industrialists petitioned to the lebanese ministry of economy and trade to request protected status from the european commission for hummus as a uniquely lebanese food, similar to the protected geographical status rights held over regional food items by various european union countries. fadi abboud, president of the lebanese industrialists association, stated that \" israelis have usurped several lebanese and oriental products \". according to abboud, lebanon exported the first hummus dish in 1959. as a response, food critic janna gur wrote : \" the success of certain brands of israeli hummus abroad may have been what brought about abboud ' s anger \", leading him to claim that israel has been \" stealing \" their country ' s national dishes, like hummus, falafel, tabbouleh, and baba ghanouj. also in response to abboud ' s statement, shooky galili, an israeli journalist specialising in food and who writes a blog dedicated to hummus, said that \" trying to make a copyright claim over hummus is like claiming for the rights to bread or wine. [... ] hummus is a centuries old arab dish \u2014 nobody owns it, it belongs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44126392207300347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.702229"} {"text": "a blog dedicated to hummus, said that \" trying to make a copyright claim over hummus is like claiming for the rights to bread or wine. [... ] hummus is a centuries old arab dish \u2014 nobody owns it, it belongs to the region \". as of late 2009, the lebanese industrialists association was still \" preparing documents and proof \" to support its claim. in may 2010, the guinness world record for the largest dish of hummus in the world returned to lebanon. the winning dish, cooked by 300 cooks in the village of al - fanar, near beirut, weighed approximately 10450 kg ( roughly 23000 lb ), more than double the previous record set by 50 israeli arabs and jews who cooked approximately 4100 kg ( roughly 9000 lb ) in january 2010 in the arab - israeli village of abu ghosh. according to local media, the recipe included 8 tons of boiled chick peas, 2 tons of tahini, 2 tons of lemon juice and 70 kg ( 154 lb ) of olive oil. - sami zubaida, \" national, communal and global dimensions in middle eastern food cultures \" in sami zubaida and richard tapper, a taste of thyme : culinary cultures of the middle east, london and new york, 1994 and 2000, isbn 1 - 86064 - 603 - 4, p. 35. - maan z. madina, arabic - english dictionary of the modern literary language, 1973, s. v. \u062d \u0645 \u0635 - newman, joni marie ( 2007 ), cozy inside, lulu. com, p. 67, isbn 1604028955, 9781604028959 check - pam peters ( 2007 ), the cambridge guide to australian english usage, cambridge university press, p. 370, isbn 0 - 521 - 87821 - 7 - mideastfood. about. com, hummus 101, retrieved 28 february 2008 - choice. com, more about hummus, \" hummus has existed for thousands of years. \" retrieved 5 may 2008 - insidehookah. com food - hummus, \"... it is evident that it \u2019 s been a middle eastern / mediterranean favorite, and sometimes staple, for thousands of years. \" retrieved 5 may 2008 - percival, jenny, lebanon to sue israel for marketing hummus as its own, guardian. co. uk, 7 october 2008, retrieved 9 november 2009 - tannahill p. 25, 61 - brothwell & brothwell passim - www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4264544517488111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.703327"} {"text": ", jenny, lebanon to sue israel for marketing hummus as its own, guardian. co. uk, 7 october 2008, retrieved 9 november 2009 - tannahill p. 25, 61 - brothwell & brothwell passim - www. straightdope. com, who invented hummus?, 21 march 2001, \" hummus has been around for too long, in too many forms, and the origin is lost in antiquity... there ' s no way of knowing where it started... \", retrieved 5 may 2008 - e. g. a \" simple dish \" of meat, pulses and spices described by muhammad bin hasan al - baghdadi in the 13th century, tannahill p. 174 - lilia zaouali, medieval cuisine of the islamic world, university of california press, 2007, isbn 978 - 0 - 520 - 26174 - 7, translation of l ' islam a tavola ( 2004 ), p. 65 - encyclopedia of jewish food, john wiley & sons, 2010, by gil marks, page 270 - perry et al., p. 383 - bricklin, 1994, p. 115. - hummus nutritiondata. com - arto der hartoiunian vegetarian dishes from the middle east, london 1983, p. 33. - paul r. magocsi ( 1999 ), encyclopedia of canada ' s peoples, university of toronto press, p. 1244, isbn 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 8 - even mentioned by the israel defense forces cookbook, see houston chronicle \" diversity in the dining room helps ring in israel ' s new year \" - middle east, 2006, lonely planet, page 282 - hummus brings israelis, palestinians to the table, the christian science monitor, by joshua mitnick, july 25, 2007 - bbc cooking in the danger zone : israel and palestinian territories, pp. 5 - 6 : \" humous is arabic. falafel, our national dish, our national israeli dish, is completely arabic and this salad that we call an israeli salad, actually it ' s an arab salad, palestinian salad. \" - cooking in the danger zone : israel and palestinian territories, page 3 - food & wine, may 2008 ; on the hummus hunt in israel by jen murphy, p. 66, - the perfect hummus debate - salloum and peters, 1996, p. 204. - ibrahim, lailie, institute for middle east understanding, hummus, a palestinian staple, 31 march 2006,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4370704755193317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.704758"} {"text": "by jen murphy, p. 66, - the perfect hummus debate - salloum and peters, 1996, p. 204. - ibrahim, lailie, institute for middle east understanding, hummus, a palestinian staple, 31 march 2006, retrieved 9 march 2008. - marks, gil ( 2010 ), encyclopedia of jewish food, john wiley and sons, pp. 269 - 271 - john powell, \" encyclopedia of north american immigration \", infobase publishing, 2005, isbn 1 - 4381 - 1012 - x, 9781438110127, p. 176. - there \u2019 s hummus among us by elena ferretti, fox news, april 05, 2010 - aviv levy ( 25 november 2009 ), \u05d6\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4 \" \u05d1 : \u05db\u05d1\u05e9\u05d4 40 % \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e7, globes, retrieved 25 november 2009 unknown parameter - karam, zeina, \" hummus war looms between lebanon and israel \", associated press, 7 october 2008, retrieved 10 december 2008. - carolynne wheeler ( 11 october 2008 ), \" hummus food fight between lebanon and israel \", the daily telegraph - \" whose hummus is it anyway? \", the times of south africa, november 9, 2008 - yalibnan. january 9, 2010 http : / / www. yalibnan. com / 2010 / 01 / 09 / hummus - war - between - lebanon - israel - escalates / | url = missing title ( help ). retrieved 4 july 2010. - gur, janna ( cited as ' jana ' ), santa fe new mexican, \" hummus history : tales of a wandering chickpea \", 21 october 2008, retrieved 11 december 2008 - lebanon claims latest title in ' hummus war ' ( cnn ) - \" lebanese score in hummus war with israel \", associated press, 24 october 2009 - \" lebanon breaks israel ' s hummus world record \". yahoo. ap. 8 may 2010. - \" abu gosh mashes up world ' s largest hummus \". ynet. afp. 8 january 2010. - \" abu ghosh secures guinness world record for largest dish of hummus \". israel ministry of foreign affairs. 11 january 2010. retrieved 31 march 2010. - jack brockbank ( 12 january 2010 ). \" the largest serving of hummus \". guinness world records. retrieved 31 march", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45112862635951556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.707437"} {"text": "record for largest dish of hummus \". israel ministry of foreign affairs. 11 january 2010. retrieved 31 march 2010. - jack brockbank ( 12 january 2010 ). \" the largest serving of hummus \". guinness world records. retrieved 31 march 2010. - edited by fawzia afzal - khan and kalpana seshadri - crooks, fawzia ; seshadri - crooks, kalpana ( 2000 ), the pre - occupation of postcolonial studies, duke university press, isbn 0 - 8223 - 2521 - 7, 9780822325215 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - edited by linda amster ; introduction by mimi sheraton, linda ; sheraton, mimi ( 2003 ), the new york times jewish cookbook : more than 825 traditional and contemporary recipes from around the world, st. martin ' s press, isbn 0 - 312 - 29093 - 4, 9780312290931 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - mark bricklin,, mark ( 1994 ), prevention magazine ' s nutrition advisor : the ultimate guide to the health - boosting and health - harming factors in your diet, rodale, isbn 0 - 87596 - 225 - 4, 9780875962252 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - don brothwell and patricia brothwell, c. d. ; brothwell, b. ( 1998 ), food in antiquity : a survey of the diet of early peoples, expanded edition, johns hopkins university, isbn 0 - 8018 - 5740 - 6 more than one of - marks, gil ( 2010 ), encyclopedia of jewish food, john wiley and sons, pp. 269 \u2013 271 - charles perry, a. j. arberry, maxime rodinson,, maxime ; perry, charles ( 1998 ), medieval arab cookery, prospect books ( uk ), isbn 0 - 907325 - 91 - 2, 978 - 0907325918 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - habeeb salloum and james peters ; drawings by lynn peterfreund ; photographs by neal cassidy., habeeb ; peters, james ( 1996 ), from the lands of figs and olives : over 300 delicious and unusual recipes, i. b. tauris, isbn 1 - 86064", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44649592798222204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.709335"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2008 ) the october manifesto ( russian : \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442, \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 17 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f ), officially the manifesto on the improvement of the state order ( \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 ), is a document that served as a precursor to the russian empire ' s first constitution, which would be adopted the next year. the manifesto was issued by emperor nicholas ii, under the influence of count sergei witte, on 30 october [ o. s. 17 october ] 1905 as a response to the russian revolution of 1905. the october manifesto addressed the unrest application throughout the russian empire and pledged to grant basic civil liberties, including personal immunity ; and freedom of assembly, association, press, religion, and speech. other provisions include the allowance of a broad participation in the duma ( parliament ), the introduction of universal male suffrage, as well as a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the duma. the manifesto was a precursor to the empire ' s first constitution. neither document, however, resulted in significant reform, and the emperor continued to exercise absolute veto power over parliamentary legislation. between 1906 \u2013 7 the duma was dissolved and reformed twice. the october manifesto divided opposition to the emperor. the kadets were appeased by the idea of having freedom of speech and a truly representative government, and the union of october 17 ( informally known as the octobrists, this party took its name from the october manifesto ). the marxists, however, maintained that nicholas had only made small concessions, arguing that the duma was only a shell of democracy as it could not pass laws without the approval of the monarch, and that freedom of speech was heavily regulated. - the memoirs of count witte new york & toronto ( 1921 ), armonk, new york ( 1990 ). isbn 0 - 87332 - 571 - 0. - fiehn, terry. ( 1996 ). russia & the ussr 1905 - 1941. hodder headline group, london. isbn 0 - 7195 - 5255 - 9. the october manifesto of 1905", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45127546925183837, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.713811"} {"text": "| jmol - 3d images | | image 1 | | molar mass | | 169. 18 g mol\u22121 | | ( what is : /? ) except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 \u00b0c, 100 kpa ) pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin b6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. it differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the ' 4 ' position. its hydrochloride salt pyridoxine hydrochloride is often used. function in the body pyridoxine assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production. it is linked to cardiovascular health by decreasing the formation of homocysteine. pyridoxine may help balance hormonal changes in women and aid the immune system. lack of pyridoxine may cause anemia, nerve damage, seizures, skin problems, and sores in the mouth. it is required for the production of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, as it is the precursor to pyridoxal phosphate : cofactor for the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. this enzyme is responsible for converting the precursors 5 - hydroxytryptophan ( 5 - htp ) into serotonin and levodopa ( l - dopa ) into dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. as such it has been implicated in the treatment of depression and anxiety. very good sources of pyridoxine are grains and nuts. medicinal uses pyridoxine is given to patients taking isoniazid to combat the toxic side effects of the drug. it is given 10 \u2013 50 mg / day to patients on to prevent peripheral neuropathy and cns effects that are associated with the use of inh. in one form of homocystinuria, activity of the deficient enzyme can be enhanced by the administration of large doses of pyridoxine ( 100 - 1000 mg / day ). vitamin b6 can be compounded into a variety of different dosage forms. it can be used orally as a tablet, capsule, or solution. it can also be used as a nasal spray or for injection when in its solution form. vitamin b6 is usually safe,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4994920058323027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.718487"} {"text": "| minimalism in art | | minimalism in music | postmodern music is both a musical style and a musical condition. as a musical style, postmodern music contain characteristics of postmodern art \u2014 that is, art after modernism ( see modernism in music ). it favors eclecticism in form and musical genre, and often combines characteristics from different genres, or employs jump - cut sectionalization. it tends to be self - referential and ironic, and it blurs the boundaries between \" high art \" and kitsch. daniel albright ( 2004 ) summarizes the traits of the postmodern style as bricolage, polystylism, and randomness. as a musical condition, postmodern music is simply the state of music in postmodernity. in this sense, postmodern music does not have any one particular style or characteristic, and is not necessarily postmodern in style. however, the music of postmodernity is thought to differ from that of modernity in that whereas modern music was valued for its fundamentals and expression, postmodern music is valued as both a commodity and a symbolic indicator of identity. for example, one significant role of music in postmodern society is to act as a language by which people can signify their identity as a member of a particular subculture. table of contents the postmodern musical style modernist influences and postmodern philosophy in the modern period, recording of music was seen as a way of transcribing an external event, as a photograph is supposed to record an moment in time. however, with the invention of magnetic tape in the 1930 ' s the ability to directly edit a recording, and create a result which did not actually occur, made it possible for a recording to be viewed as the end product of artistic work itself. through the 1950 ' s, most music, even popular music, presented itself as the capturing of a performance, even if that performance was mic ' ed to improve hearing of different parts. antecedents to this process, including the electronic music of edgar varese, can be found dating back for several decades, and in 1948 pierre schaeffer would use tape to \" compose \" pieces, however it is with the advent of rock ' n ' roll and particularly producer phil spector and glenn gould in classical music in the late 1950 ' s that the idea of using tape to create a stand alone artistic work became more and more prevalent. however, it was with the studio recordings of the beatles where the full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5426127220370038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.794893"} {"text": "particularly producer phil spector and glenn gould in classical music in the late 1950 ' s that the idea of using tape to create a stand alone artistic work became more and more prevalent. however, it was with the studio recordings of the beatles where the full use of multi - track recording and layering became common to popular music. the creation of this recording process transformed pop music. rock and hip hop both extend this process further, by using more and more sophisticated techniques to layer and mix individual tracks. the rise of popular music created another pressure on music, which would lead to another strand of post - modernity, namely the ability to create a sufficiently large audience for works. in the modernist view, such a connection was unnecessary \u2013 people would naturally gravitate towards \" serious \" music as the place where ideas could be presented in musical form, rather than \" popular \" music, which was seen, as the victorians had seen it, as subsidiary to the more \" weighty \" genres. as with post - modern philosophy, post - modern music questioned whether this hierarchy of \" high \" and \" low \" culture was correct or appropriate. a third strand of post - modern music is a change in the fundamental idea of what music is supposed to be \" about \". as the period wore on, the idea that \" music is mainly about itself \", became more and more firmly entrenched. reference was not merely a technique, but the substance of music. musical works reference other musical works, not because they can, but because they must. this is part of the general change from modernism which saw the basic subject of art being the most pure elements of musical technique \u2013 whether intervals, motivic fragments or rhythms \u2013 to postmodernism which sees the basic subject of art being the stream of media, manufactured objects, and genre materials. in otherwords, post - modernity views the role of art to be commenting on the consumer society and its products, where as modernism sought to convey the \" reality \" of the universe in its most fundamental form. postmodern techniques and their application the ability to record and mix, and later sample, would feed into this idea, with the inclusion of \" found sounds \", snippets of other recordings, spoken voices, noises, and sampled tableux into music. pioneers include edgar varese, who began to experiment with the possibilities of new electronic instruments, using synthesizers and tape loops. john cage used tapes, radios, and record players to reproduce prerecorded sounds in a wide variety of ways", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5604987549992512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.797090"} {"text": "into music. pioneers include edgar varese, who began to experiment with the possibilities of new electronic instruments, using synthesizers and tape loops. john cage used tapes, radios, and record players to reproduce prerecorded sounds in a wide variety of ways in works such as the series \" imaginary landscape \" and \" europera. \" early examples in popular music include abbey road, pink floyd ' s meddle and the \" dub \" style of music of lee ' scratch ' perry. as digital technology has made sampling easy, it has become very common in hip hop, and is taken to its extreme in bastard pop. as composers became interested in incorporating pre - existing sounds, they also looked to emulate the effect using only conventional instruments, by extensive quotation from pre - existing material. quotation and reference to earlier work in principle was not new, as composers such as richard strauss and charles ives are famous for its use in their tone poems and symphonies nearly a century before, and it is essentially the basis behind organum, parody mass, and other early musical genres. however, the completeness of the collage or thorough use of a pre - existing piece went far beyond earlier composers ' brief quotations or use of a cantus firmus. george rochberg has used pieces from the classical repertoire as the basis for many of his compositions, essentially composing a frequently ironic commentary on an earlier work. olivier messiaen ' s \" oiseaux exotiques \" and \" catalogue d ' oiseaux \" are collages of bird songs, precisely notated by species in the score, gathered together in a musical form. a tour - de - force of post - modern musical collage is the third movement of luciano berio ' s \" sinfonia, \" which uses the scherzo of gustav mahler ' s \" resurrection symphony \" as a musical foundation, and text from samuel beckett ' s \" the unnameable, \" but adds quotations spanning classical repertory, as though they were sampled or found haphazardly by spinning a radio dial. a related aspect of post - modern classical music was an interest in reducing the role of a composer in musical composition, not by the use of pre - composed material, but instead by the use of random procedures in composition and performance. this began as a reaction to elements of late modernism, in particular, the modernist project of atonality, begun by arnold schoenberg, which had been taken to its logical conclusion, total serialism, by such late modernist composers as pierre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189519692356626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.801135"} {"text": ". this began as a reaction to elements of late modernism, in particular, the modernist project of atonality, begun by arnold schoenberg, which had been taken to its logical conclusion, total serialism, by such late modernist composers as pierre boulez, karlheinz stockhausen, and others. a group of composers, including boulez, stockhousen, and especially john cage began introducing elements of ' chance ' in their music to create aleatory music. cage is famous for using the i ching to direct his compositions, essentially removing himself from the compositional procedure. on the other hand, his piece 4 ' 33 \" is performed by a silent pianist, and is said to consist entirely of environmental noise. aleatory music began to blur the boundaries between the composer and the audience, and between the musician and the environment, which was a postmodern trend. at the same time, there was also a new interest in non - western music, early music ( typically meaning pre - baroque ), and popular music. this attention to all musical traditions is a general post - modern feature ; for them the division between \" high \" and \" low art \" is illusory. gyorgy ligeti found rhythmic elements of pygmy song that fit his own sensibilities, and they influenced his later compositions. olivier messiaen studied thoroughly indian music and medieval music, and some of his scores make reference to indian tala or plainchant. tan dun, born in china, has sought ways in his compositions to unite the chinese and western strands of music. steve reich studied west african drumming, indonesian gamelan, and hebrew cantillation, and his works are sometimes compared to perotin or rock music. further eroding the wall between \" art music \" and \" popular music, \" a number of djs have remixed his work on the album \" reich remixed. \" glenn branca and rhys chatham have worked with rock musicians and combined the techniques of classical and popular music. the approach of post - modern composers with regard to foreign, obsolete or popular musical idioms differs substantially from the \" exotic \" references of earlier composers. one key difference is the thoroughness of the study. mozart ' s \" rondo alla turca \" is supposedly influenced by turkish music, but it is a superficial and stereotypical reference imposed in a pure classical form. post - modern composers have generally sought in earnest to understand the underlying principles of exotic music by years of study or performance in the idiom. the result is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259435934300102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.802564"} {"text": "turkish music, but it is a superficial and stereotypical reference imposed in a pure classical form. post - modern composers have generally sought in earnest to understand the underlying principles of exotic music by years of study or performance in the idiom. the result is often more subtly incorporated into the composer ' s vocabulary, so much that one may not imagine the source of the foreign elements until they are pointed out. the emergence of postmodern styles in the late 1950s and 1960s a series of styles, influenced by pop and post - modern conditions began to form, and existing styles began to incorporate post - modern elements. in popular music, jazz, rhythm and blues, and early rock and roll are all begin to become shaped by not only new technology, but a fundamentally different way of producing recordings. instead of trying to achieve a rounded three dimensional sound in imitation of the concert experience, recordings increasingly foregrounded the vocals and made the rest of the sounds a single \" wall \" behind the main track. by the mid 1960s this \" wall of sound \" style was the standard of most commercial radio. the full incorporation of the studio mixing techniques, electronics and use of layering would lead to the establishment of rock. \" pop \" music, as a specific sub - genre, would eschew the electric guitar driven sound of rock in favor of synthesizers, acoustic instruments, and more subdued rhythm sections. at the same time, dance music, particularly the \" disc jockeys \" at urban parties were creating a different road into post - modernity in music. their approach was to take records on turntables, and by hand control the speed of the turntable, and using the mixing board as an instrument, add reverb and other sound effects. at the same time they would speak into the microphone, using the dance tracks as a background for their own speech, which would lead, eventual to eventually evolving into the djing and mcing of hip hop music. further evolution in the 1990s turntablism movement focused on the djing aspect of hip hop, with music made almost entirely of samples. dj shadow is the most well known turntablist dj, but q - bert and mixmaster mike of the invisibl skratch piklz, dj spooky and cut chemist were also highly influential. in classical music, minimalism is usually regarded as the first \" post - modern \" style. minimalism was in part a reaction to the perceived inaccessibility and sterility of modernist classical music of such composers in the tradition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5280866782576521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.809873"} {"text": "highly influential. in classical music, minimalism is usually regarded as the first \" post - modern \" style. minimalism was in part a reaction to the perceived inaccessibility and sterility of modernist classical music of such composers in the tradition of arnold schoenberg, pierre boulez, the early john cage, and others among the avant - garde. the earliest minimalist composers included lamonte young, who had studied under schoenberg and incorporated elements of serialism in his early minimalist works, and terry riley, who was largely influenced in his composition by the repetitiveness of indian music and rock music. minimalism and related postmodern musical styles laid the groundwork for re - integrating popular and ' highbrow ' music, which had been separated since the rise of modernism. by the 1970s, avant - garde rock and pop musicians ( such as suicide and throbbing gristle ) had become interested in electronic instrumentation, the use of eastern rhythms and unconventional instruments ( for example the use of the sitar by the beatles ) and drone - like or repetitive music, stylistically similar to minimalism ( such as the music of the velvet underground, tangerine dream, and kraftwerk ). tape loops also prefigured the use of ' sampling ' in techno music and house music, and the ' scratching ' of hip - hop. moreover the ' ironic ' ' cut and paste ' approach of stockhausen ' s later work ( which used elements from both ' high ' and ' low ' art ) was highly influential on many pop and rock composers in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s : see, for example, frank zappa or the residents. ( see contemporary music ). it should also be noted that postmodern jazz has also been highly influential on contemporary pop / rock music. this has developed from two main sources, the innovations of charlie parker in the immediate post - war period, and ( again ) arnold schoenberg : this time, however, not so much his serial work as his pre - wwi ' atonal ' style, where all forms of tonality were abandoned. the merging of these two traditions led to the development of free jazz in the 1950s by ornette coleman who went onto inspire a new generation of musicians in the 1960s and 1970s : for example, john coltrane, albert ayler and sun ra. free jazz was hugely influential on many avant - garde rock musicians : for example captain beefheart, and, in a completely different way the stooges and lou reed ( who eventually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4945312171569608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.816752"} {"text": "for example, john coltrane, albert ayler and sun ra. free jazz was hugely influential on many avant - garde rock musicians : for example captain beefheart, and, in a completely different way the stooges and lou reed ( who eventually worked with coleman in 2003 on the raven album ). these artists themselves were influential on a generation of punk musicians in the 1970s and 1980s ( see for example the lounge lizards and the pop group ). in the 1970s miles davis repaid the compliment by incorporating elements of funk and rock into his sound, most notably on his bitches brew album. again, this has been hugely influential on contemporary rock and jazz. the postmodern musical condition : the condition of music in postmodernity as a musical condition, postmodern music is music situated after the modern age, during the present period, where music has become valued primarily a commodity and a culture, rather than a form of idealized modernist expression for its own sake. some authors have suggested that the transition in music from modern to postmodern occurred in the late 1960s, influenced in part by psychedelic music and the late beatles albums. ( sullivan, 1995, p. 217. ) in the 1970s, the postmodern condition continued with the advent of disco, punk rock, heavy metal, hip - hop, and a newly - commodified country music. the difference between modern music and postmodern music then is that modernist music was characterized by a focus on musical fundamentals and expression. in postmodern music, however, the commodity being sold by record companies and pop stars is not the fundamentals of the music, but the cultural image surrounding the music, which reverberates through film, television, and other media. causes and theories of post - modernity in music another theory advanced is that post - modernity is the explicit reaction to the rise of a mass production consumer society, and is linked to the need to create coherence and aesthetic value from the artifacts and patterns of that society. postmodern musical artists - patricia barber - luciano berio - john cage - ornette coleman - john adams - philip glass - steve reich - george rochberg - alfred schnittke - ezequiel vinao - lamonte young - john zorn - the beatles - the velvet underground - pink floyd - frank zappa - wire ( band ) - the butthole surfers - throbbing gristle - king tubby - kurtis blow - grandmaster flash - grand wizard theodore - run dmc -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5267773283448729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.818081"} {"text": "toilets are by far the main source of water use in the home, accounting for nearly 30 percent of an average home ' s indoor water consumption. older, inefficient toilets that use as much as 6 gallons per flush also happen to be a major source of wasted water in many homes. recent advancements have allowed toilets to use 1. 28 gallons per flush or less while still providing equal or superior performance. this is 20 percent less water than the current federal standard of 1. 6 gallons per flush. the watersense label is used on toilets that are independently certified to meet rigorous criteria for both performance and efficiency. only water \u2013 saving toilets that complete the certification process can earn the watersense label. by replacing old, inefficient toilets with watersense labeled models, the average family can reduce water used for toilets by 20 to 60 percent \u2014 that ' s nearly 13, 000 gallons of water savings for your home every year! they could also save more than $ 110 per year in water costs, and $ 2, 200 over the lifetime of the toilets. nationally, if all old, inefficient toilets in the united states were replaced with watersense labeled models, we could save 520 billion gallons of water per year, or the amount of water that flows over niagara falls in about 12 days. look for the watersense label! whether remodeling a bathroom, starting construction of a new home, or simply replacing an old, leaky toilet that is wasting money and water, installing a watersense labeled toilet is a high - performance, water - efficient option worth considering. watersense labeled toilets are available at a wide variety of price points and a broad range of styles and in many areas, utilities offer rebates and vouchers that can lower the price of a watersense labeled toilet. are you a manufacturer interested in labeling your high - efficiency toilet, or a retailer or distributor interested in selling watersense labeled toilets? please visit the final specification for toilets page for more detailed information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4373961506797413, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.824837"} {"text": "two - way approaches to indigenous mental health literacy nagel, tricia m., thompson, carolyn, robinson, gary, condon, john, and trauer, thomas ( 2009 ) two - way approaches to indigenous mental health literacy. australian journal of primary health, 15 ( 1 ). pp. 50 - 55. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1071 / py08052 this study was designed to provide important new information about relapse prevention in indigenous 1 people with chronic mental illness. it aimed to explore indigenous mental health promotion with aboriginal mental health workers ( amhw ) in order to develop strategies for effective mental health intervention. the research was conducted in three remote indigenous communities in the top end of the northern territory with amhw. assessment, psycho - education, and care - planning resources were developed with local amhw through exploration of local indigenous perspectives of mental health promotion. qualitative research methods and an ethnographic approach were used to elicit information, and data included key informant interviews, participant observation, music, photography and story telling. the study confirms that indigenous people in remote communities prefer to use story telling and local language, local artwork and local music to convey health information. it also confirms that family and local practitioners are key cultural informants and that indirect, holistic and \u2018 two - way \u2019 messages are preferred. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | for codes : | | 11 medical and health sciences > 1117 public health and health services > 111701 aboriginal and torres strait islander health @ 50 % | 11 medical and health sciences > 1117 public health and health services > 111712 health promotion @ 50 % | seo codes : | | 92 health > 9203 indigenous health > 920399 indigenous health not elsewhere classified @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 02 jun 2010 10 : 09 | | last modified : | | 12 feb 2011 21 : 36 | last 12 months : 0 | citation counts with external providers : | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4805659225704892, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.829634"} {"text": "the thesis describes in detail the area of the uranium lodes in the south alligator river valley in the northern territory of australia. the four land forms are described, together with the soils developed on them, and the morphological and genetic relationships of the latter are discussed. the published stratigraphy of the area is recapitulated, and some changes of viewpoint are advocated : an unconformity within the upper proterozoic rocks is described ; the characteristics of the scinto breccia unit are ascribed to silicification of diverse stratigraphic units ; the allegedly organic origin of calcareous rocks of the koolpin formation is disputed ; and the lack of obvious signs of unconformity between the stag creek volcanics ( archaeozoic? ) and the lower proterozoic sequence is pointed out. a petrological study of a collection of rocks from the area is made, and this includes a description of some diaspore - rich volcanics in which the uranium mineralisation appears to be of syngenetic origin. the characteristics of the ore bodies or radioactive prospects are described, together with the ore - deposition controls. an epigenetic origin is postulated for most of the uranium deposits. exploration techniques employed in the discovery or evaluation of the ore bodies are discussed, and the results are reported of a programme of geochemical testing of stream waters in the drainage basin. it is concluded that, in this area, the geochemical technique has only limited usefulness for the discovery of uranium. the extraction of ore, and its subsequent treatment by solvent - extraction processes is described. an account is given of some other uranium occurrences in northern australia viz., the rum jungle, mary kathleen and pandanus creek ore bodies, and the radioactive or mineralised prospects at denham river and saunders creek in western australia. a general account of theories of emplacement of uranium ore in australia and elsewhere postulates an epigenetic origin from a magmatic source for most of the australian deposits, but accepts a sedimentary origin for the uranium associated with conglomerates. a brief historical survey of developments in the uranium industry pays special attention to events in australia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020665116709832, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.832437"} {"text": "- free unlimited amendments - free bibliography page - free title page - free plagiarism report - free formatting - unique customer support - properly cited paper - 100 % original papers - 275 words per page - any citation style - guaranteed privacy - 24 / 7 customer support a literature review gives an account of works published by researchers and scholars. students may write literature reviews in form of assignments or in form of annotated bibliography. it is written in form of a discursive prose, and does not summarize one piece of literature after the other. literature review is often part of an essay \u2019 s introduction, research report or thesis \u2019 introduction. students should organize literature reviews into sections presenting themes or including a relevant story. literature reviews aim at evaluating and synthesizing published material in accordance to the guiding concept of the research question. students write literature reviews in order to inform the readers about their knowledge and ideas concerning a topic. moreover, literature reviews show the strengths and weaknesses of a literature topic. literature review is a kind of writing defined by a guiding concept. such a guiding concept may be the problem or issue under discussion, research objective or an argumentative thesis. students are not supposed to use a set of summaries or mere descriptive list of available material when writing literature reviews. literature reviews help students to enhance their knowledge about a topic, and help them gain a wide variety of skills. the skills demonstrated by students writing literature reviews are as following : the first skill is information seeking which is the ability of students to efficiently scan literature. scanning is done using computerized methods or manually in order to identify the useful books and articles. the second skill is critical appraisal. this refers to the ability of students to apply analytical principles in order to identify valid and unbiased studies. a literature review should portray organization, and must relate to the research question or thesis formulated. a literature review must also synthesize results by summarizing them to known and unknown. the other vital point is for a literature review to identify controversial areas in literature and lastly, to formulate questions that require in - depth research. a student needs to identify the research question that his or her literature review helps to define. moreover, a student must identify or know the scope of the literature review, and the types of publications used when writing the literature review. it is essential for a student to do enough research in order to gather relevant material for writing a literature review. moreover, the research has to be narrow enough to exclude the irrelevant material that do not form part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49057182344991207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.843703"} {"text": "- tomato ( n. ) - 1753, earlier tomate ( c. 1600 ), from spanish tomate ( mid - 16c. ) from nahuatl tomatl \" a tomato, \" literally \" the swelling fruit, \" from tomana \" to swell. \" spelling probably influenced by potato ( 1565 ). a member of the nightshade family, all of which contain poisonous alkaloids. introduced in europe from the new world, by 1550 they regularly were consumed in italy but grown only as ornamental plants in england and not eaten there or in the u. s. at first. an encyclopedia of 1753 describes it as \" a fruit eaten either stewed or raw by the spaniards and italians and by the jew families of england. \" introduced in u. s. as part of a program by secretary of state thomas jefferson ( 1789 ), but not commonly eaten until after c. 1830. alternative name love apple and alleged aphrodisiac qualities have not been satisfactorily explained ; perhaps from italian name pomodoro, taken as from adorare \" to adore, \" but probably actually from d ' or \" of gold \" ( in reference to color ) or de moro \" of the moors. \" slang meaning \" an attractive girl \" is recorded from 1929, on notion of juicy plumpness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45656350663695255, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.846349"} {"text": "rewriting ptr salinity, alkalinity, chemical toxicity and drainage based on the wrb - standard review of available information in the sgdbe in the sgdbe, the attribute wr gives information about the water regime of the stu following 4 classes. this attribute gives information about the duration and the depth where the soil is saturated by water during the year. the relation between the values of this attribute and the drainage classes used for cgms is given in table 4 - 21. the class 4 of wr is corresponding to the vp ( very poorly drained ) class used in cgms. but for the other classes of wr, there are several cgms classes that correspond. for these wr classes, it is necessary to use other information to choose which cgms class corresponds. to do so, the information from the soil name ( fao85 - full, fao90 - full and wrb - full ) and the agricultural limitations ( aglim1, aglim2 ) will be used. these attributes will also be used when wr is not given ( that is the case for all the data coming from the digital soil map of the world ). the current cgms rule for drainage class on the part of the sgdbe where soil names were given in the fao - unesco 1974 legend is evaluated. note that not each individual record is compared separately. first, all records of the cgms rule have been applied. thus, for example, not all gleysols will receive value \u2018 p \u2019 ; only the stus that have not been assigned \u2018 w \u2019 or \u2018 vp \u2019 because of a drained or flooded phase. for each occurrence of the rule, the values taken by the wr attribute ( except when wr = 0 ) were counted ( table 4 - 22 ). some occurrences show a good correlation with wr : - with a good estimation ( in bold ) : for gleysols, gleyic soils, podzoluvisols, arenosols and coarse - textured soils ; - with a bad estimation ( in light grey ) : for histosols, placic podzols, plinthic acrisols, stagnic soils, humic podzols, albic luvisols, orthic greyzems and vertisols. the occurrences using the phase are generally dispatched in several wr classes. this result is not surprising because phases are generally not well defined. moreover, the use of phases was very heterogeneous from one country to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5084749257844419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.865888"} {"text": "in table 4 - 26. gleyic and stagnic properties refer to soil material which is saturated with water at some periods of the year, or throughout the year, in most years, and which show evidence of reduction processes or of reduction and segregation of iron. gleyic properties are related to saturation by groundwater. stagnic properties are related to saturation by surface water within 50 cm. in wrb the water regime is described by : - gleysols : soils having gleyic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface ; - planosols : soils having an eluvial horizon, the lower boundary of which is marked, within 100 cm from the soil surface, by an abrupt textural change associated with stagnic properies above that boundary ; - histosols : soils having : - a folic horizon which one of its characteristics is to have water saturation for less than one month in most years ; - or a histic horizon which one of its characteristics is to have water saturation for at least one month in most years ; - gelistagnic soils present a temporary water saturation at the surface caused by a frozen - gleyic soils are soils having gleyic properties within 100 cm from the soil surface. two specifiers can be used : - endogleyic : soils having gleyic properties between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface ; - epigleyic : soils having gleyic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface. - oxyaquic cryosols : cryosols saturated with water during the thawing period and lacking redoximorphic features within 100 cm from the soil surface ; - planic soils are soils having an eluvial horizon abruptly overlying a slowly permeable horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface ; - rheic histosols : histosols having a water regime conditioned by surface water ; - stagnic soils are soils having stagnic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface ; - endostagnic soils are soils having stagnic properties between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. gleyic properties refer to soil materials which are, at least temporarily, completely saturated with groundwater for a period that allows reducing conditions to occur and show a gleyic colour pattern. stagnic properties refer to soil materials which are completely saturated with surface water for a period long enough to allow reducing conditions to occur and show a stagnic colour pattern. attributes aglim1 and aglim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5605195417545183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.879412"} {"text": "show a gleyic colour pattern. stagnic properties refer to soil materials which are completely saturated with surface water for a period long enough to allow reducing conditions to occur and show a stagnic colour pattern. attributes aglim1 and aglim2 several phases are related with the water regime of the soils : drained, fragipan, flooded, phreatic. the drained phase has no definition, and becomes \u2018 excessively drained \u2019 in the instructions guide for version 4. 0. when looking at the stus having a dominant phase drained, all the values for wr are represented ; the values 1, 2 and 3 are representing each of them around 30 % of these stus, the value 4 representing 8 %. there is a low correlation between the phase drained and the water regime showing its bad quality. it is proposed to ignore this value in the rule. the fragipan phase is defined in the fao - unesco 1974 legend. it marks soils which have the upper level of the fragipan occurring within 100 cm from the soil surface. a fragipan is a loamy ( uncommonly a sandy ) subsurface horizon which has a high bulk density relative to the horizons above it. it is slowly to very slowly permeable. the flooded phase has no definition. the phreatic phase is defined in the fao - unesco 1974 legend. it marks soils which have a groundwater table between 3 and 5 m from the soil surface. at this depth the presence of a groundwater is not normally reflected in the morphology of the solum ; however, its presence is important for the water regime of the soil. the petrocalcic phase marks soils in which the upper part of a petrocalcic horizon occurs within 100 cm from the soil surface ( fao - unesco, 1974 ). the petrocalcic horizon is a continuous cemented or indurated calcic horizon. the hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow to very slow. when the current cgms rule for drainage was evaluated, it appears that phases have often a high variability for the wr attribute. in this case it is proposed not to use them for estimating the drainage class.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5522766065477936, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.880293"} {"text": "i have been discussing a multitude of issues including quantitative easing, ricardian equivalence, and the current state of monetary policy with scott sumner over the in comments of his excellent blog and it has given me the inspiration to provide a more thorough outline of my thinking. i think that the best way to think about money is, as leland yeager might say, in terms of monetary equilibrium. in other words, if we view money as being just one other good in a walrasian general equilibrium model, then an excess demand ( supply ) of money is accompanied by an excess supply ( demand ) of goods and services. thus, maintaining monetary equilibrium is essential to achieving economic stability. what \u2019 s more, the particular problem with an excess demand ( or supply ) of money is that money has no market of its own. or as keynes would say, labor cannot be shifted away from the production of goods where there is an excess supply to the manufacture of money. further, the fact that money does not have a market of its own implies that an excess demand ( supply ) of money will have an impact on all markets because money is a medium of exchange. my view here is not unique. in fact, nick rowe recently wrote an excellent post on this very topic that rightfully referenced the work of robert clower. the central point is that individuals have notional demands for money, goods, and services. notional demand is understood as the intended demand. thus, suppose for example that everyone arrives at some centralized market with their own plans for consumption and ultimate real money balances. if there is an excess demand for say lemonade, individuals can bid up the price of lemonade and the market will clear. if the excess demand is for money, however, there exists no price to adjust to clear the market and the effective demand for goods and services will fall short of supply. a very simple way to think about monetary equilibrium is in the context of the equation of exchange : mv = py where m is money, v is velocity, p is the price level, and y is real output. thus, m is the supply of money and v can be seen as the demand for money. ( a particular note : velocity is understood as the number of times that the average dollar \u2014 or other medium of account * \u2014 is turned over. thus an decrease in velocity reflects an increase in the demand for money. ) monetary equilibrium therefore implies that the product mv should be constant ( and thus so should nominal gdp, or py. keep in mind that this is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385873766993043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.897990"} {"text": "\u2014 is turned over. thus an decrease in velocity reflects an increase in the demand for money. ) monetary equilibrium therefore implies that the product mv should be constant ( and thus so should nominal gdp, or py. keep in mind that this is a static analysis ). the maintenance of monetary equilibrium essentially implies that monetary policy should be aimed at satisfying money demand ( or nominal income ) rather than the price level ( as is currently the case ). thus, in a growing economy, the price level should actually be falling as increases in real output and productivity put downward pressure on prices. this type of thinking loosely forms the basis for what george selgin calls the productivity norm. such a maintenance of monetary equilibrium has a rich history in the course of economic thought ( see selgin, 1995 ). so how does this framework relate to the current situation? scott sumner believes that the current recession could have been avoided using a nominal income target ( more specifically, using nominal income futures targeting ). i am not sure that i agree with this assertion, but it does fit with this framework. allow me to explain. if sumner is correct, then ( using our simple equation of exchange model ) anticipations of lower nominal income would be reflected in an increase in the demand for money or a decrease in spending ( a fall in v ). ( alternatively, it is possible that the increase in the demand for money could be an exogenous event such as described by keynes when there is an increase in uncertainty. ) if the central bank was targeting nominal income, they would respond by increasing the money supply to offset the fall in velocity such that nominal income remains at the target level. sumner, however, likes to view this phenomenon through the lens of nominal income and expectations rather than through a monetary equilibrium framework ( or at least that is my impression ). thus, in his mind, the nominal income target signals to economic agents that the federal reserve will do everything that it can to make sure that nominal income does not fall. if the fed is credible on this point, then nominal income will not fall because people expect the fed to follow through on this promise. i actually think that my view of monetary equilibrium is consistent with this view, but that sumner simply has a different way of describing the policy. in any event, sumner has recently expressed his concern with the productivity norm view because ( as i understand it ) he is concerned with nominal wage rigidity. thus, the falling prices implied by the productivity norm might actually produce malign effects. he would prefer a broader idea of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5391946995409371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.899880"} {"text": "has recently expressed his concern with the productivity norm view because ( as i understand it ) he is concerned with nominal wage rigidity. thus, the falling prices implied by the productivity norm might actually produce malign effects. he would prefer a broader idea of a nominal income target. he might be correct, but i do not share this concern about wage rigidity. the reason is because wage rigidity should only be a concern when prices are falling due to adverse aggregate demand shocks. falling prices due to productivity advances should have no effect on the nominal wage. in fact, rising productivity should be consistent with higher real wages ( in this case due to falling prices ). in any event, one need not worry about this problem under the current circumstances because the decline in nominal income is the result of a severe adverse aggregate demand shock. i am inclined to think that nominal income targeting is certainly more desirable than the current regime. however, the ultimate question is whether or not the current situation could have been avoided under a nominal income targeting regime. scott sumner believes that we could have avoided the recession and simply experienced a burst of the housing bubble had we followed a nominal income target. i actually think that we might not have even had a housing bubble if we had a nominal income target ( that allows for falling prices ). in any event, the current situation has raised interesting questions about the state of monetary policy and monetary stability. hopefully, we will also stumble upon some of the answers. * \u201c money is here called a medium and not, as customary, a unit of account because, clearly, money itself is not a unit, but the good whose unit is used as the unit of account \u201d niehans ( 1978 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49089618842891247, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.900651"} {"text": "the farmers alliance the populist movement first came into being in small communities far from any cities or centers of political or cultural activity. during the summer of 1890 farm families in the agrarian south and west gathered in their respective areas to discuss their problems. at these gatherings, agrarian families listened to the speeches of recruiters from the \u201c national farmers \u2019 alliance. \u201d the farmers \u2019 alliance grew at an astounding speed. during the late 1800 \u2019 s discontent among the agrarian population was becoming a worldwide issue. with the advent of advanced forms of transportation and communication the farmers were suddenly hurled into a far larger market that they no longer were in control of. due to the increased opportunity for competition, prices of crops began to drop. however, this same phenomenon affected other products as well and, although farmers were making less profit quantitatively, their actual purchasing power ( or qualitative profit ) was increasing. farmers expressed grievances about the cost of shipping their goods, however during this period the price of shipping actually decreased. all of these things, however, were still detrimental to the agrarian community because, up until this point, they had not required the services of the railroad to ship crops, and they had not been in need of as many manufactured goods to support their farms. all of this can be deceiving. while general economic trends were more positive than anything else, the situation of farming communities varied widely from location to location. in fact, no nationwide patters could be clearly defined. in reality there was a more pressing issue that lead to the ascension of the populist movement : despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, farmers were having the distinct feeling that their situation was becoming worse. it is said that reality is perception, and this is certainly true in any social science because people do not react to their environment, they react to their perception of their environment. the farmers perceived doomsday. in the 1870 \u2019 s and 80 \u2019 s there was a growing social trend favoring cities and industry. farmers \u2019 children were leaving their homes and family businesses to make it big in the city. literature was published during this time describing the drab and meaningless existence of farm life. during this time multitudes of farmers ' organizations were changing and merging with each other. two major organizations emerged, both calling themselves the farmers \u2019 alliance : the northwestern alliance in mississippi and the west, and the southern alliance ( however, the geographical coverage of these two organizations is not highly clear - cut ). the southern alliance was started in texas in 1875 and began absorbing other agrarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4582682580924858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.931445"} {"text": "the farmers \u2019 alliance : the northwestern alliance in mississippi and the west, and the southern alliance ( however, the geographical coverage of these two organizations is not highly clear - cut ). the southern alliance was started in texas in 1875 and began absorbing other agrarian societies after 1886. the primary concerns of this society were residual systems from the old civil war south. the sharecropping system, crop - liens, and overworked land ranked at the top of their lists. the northwestern alliance was similar to the southern alliance, but differed on policies of the southern alliance such as secrecy, and segregated organizations for blacks. in 1889 the southern alliance took on the \u201c national farmers \u2019 alliance \u201d title and absorbed the greater part of the northwestern alliance. the alliance then formed its own political party due to a disapproval of both the republican and democratic parties. the first peoples \u2019 party was formed in 1890. the party \u2019 s demands were for a federal farmers reserve ( the sub - treasury ) that would allow crops to be temporarily sold to the government, which would then hold them until the most opportune selling time presented itself, then distribute the profits back to the farmers. they also demanded, and much more within reason, the free coinage of both gold and silver, an abolition on tariffs, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators, and railroad regulation. during the elections of 1890 the fledgling people \u2019 s party gained thirty - eight supporters in congress. the sub - treasury was a system devised by the populists to combat what they perceived to be a bad market for their products. it would allow farmers to store their crops in government warehouses and then take out a government loan for up to 80 % of the market price of said goods. the loan would come to term upon the sale of the crops, which could be held until ideal market conditions presented themselves. this is an ingenious idea, except that it is basically asking for government aid for farmers and therefore it was slightly harder to gain acceptance at the national level than it was to convince their neighbors that it was a good idea. the federal income tax why would a farmer who is struggling to keep their home ask for a new tax? well, boys and girls, is it simple. how does the government make money? collecting taxes. how did the government make their money at this time? property taxes. who had the most money? factory owners and businessmen did. who had the most land? farmers. who paid the most money? farmers. is this fair?. the election of 1892 after the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4737083594010644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.933063"} {"text": "government make their money at this time? property taxes. who had the most money? factory owners and businessmen did. who had the most land? farmers. who paid the most money? farmers. is this fair?. the election of 1892 after the 1890 elections the populists formed the political party that gave them their name, the new people \u2019 s party was also known as the populist party. up until this time the populists had been participating with the democratic party to avoid splitting the white vote by forming a new party, and thus neutering the white \u2019 s supremacy. the new party was formed because the populists were not content with the false support provided to them by their democratic congressmen. the democrats played off of the popularity of the populist movement, but rarely followed through on their campaign promises. the new populist party gained over one million votes in the election of 1892 and gained 22 electoral votes. populist governors were installed in kansas and north dakota, and ten congressmen, five senators, and approximately fifteen hundred state legislators were installed. the populists never ran a more successful election, but the democrats, through coercion, fraud, and manipulation, suppressed the populists \u2019 following during the election of 1892. push for equality there was one unintended side effect of the populist movement. in the south, where racism was most rampant, there were certain populist politicians who saw a definite similarity of condition between white and black farmers. both were in the same bad situation. blacks and whites served together on populist election committees, spoke from the same platforms, and even served on the same juries. it was unheard of for a black to be called for jury duty at this time. in 1892 a black populist was threatened with a lynching. two thousand white populist farmers gathered in the area and protected him. some of these farmers rode all night to get there. the populist sheared across race lines in many ways. then there was the panic of 1893. primary source : \" america past and present \" by divine, and lecture from mr. gruver ' s american history class.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40990797666810275, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:46.934382"} {"text": "since the terrorist attacks of september 11, already keen interest in prayer has increased as part of the frenzied upsurge in religion in general. topping the new york times ' bestseller list is a small book called the prayer of jabez, with \" its message that lives can be profoundly changed by the power of prayer. \" images bombard us on television regularly of masses of humanity kneeling in supplication, praying to some all - powerful deity. these images only increase the perception that prayer is a potent force in dealing with the world ' s problems that is endorsed by almost all of humanity. many religious people want to cling to the ancient belief in the supernatural, including prayer, and yet accept the conclusions and benefits of modern science. they can ' t have it both ways. to study the natural world, scientists must have an implicit assumption that it operates only by natural, predictable processes, which cannot be affected arbitrarily by an all - powerful deity. one of the major ways that scientists provide proof of theories is through well - designed studies, of which the \" gold standard \" is the large, randomized, prospective, controlled, double - blind type. if such a study could be influenced by a personal god who responded to prayers to change the results, science would be in shambles. there would be no way ever to do a valid experiment since investigators couldn ' t be sure that someone, somewhere, hadn ' t uttered a specific or generic prayer that would affect the study. in short, science by its very nature, rejects any influence of prayer on the physical world. even though prayer is an irrational concept, could it nevertheless be tested scientifically? francis galton, the brilliant and eccentric cousin of charles darwin, thought so and gave the idea scientific legitimacy. galton was the father of biometry and a central figure in the founding of modern statistical analysis. he argued that regardless of how the prayers \" may be supposed to operate, \" the efficacy of prayer... is a perfectly appropriate and legitimate subject of scientific inquiry \" because it can be tested statistically. he then proceeded to set up such studies. in one statistical study, galton examined the longevity of clergy. he reasoned that clergy should be the longest lived of all since they were the most \" prayerful class \" of all and among the most prayed for. when galton compared the longevity of eminent clergy with eminent doctors and lawyers, the clergy were the shortest lived of the three groups. in this study of the clergy, he cited a previous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5548200722222807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.022381"} {"text": "prayerful class \" of all and among the most prayed for. when galton compared the longevity of eminent clergy with eminent doctors and lawyers, the clergy were the shortest lived of the three groups. in this study of the clergy, he cited a previous study by guy ( galton wasn ' t the first to think of analyzing prayer statistically but usually gets the credit ) where guy found prayer did not protect royalty, who were much prayed for, when compared to other members of the aristocracy. in analyzing the data on royalty, galton concluded : \" sovereigns are literally the shortest lived of all who have the advantage of affluence. \" galton looked for other statistical data. he examined the insurance rates for ships. he reasoned that ships carrying missionaries and pilgrims should have lower rates since frequent praying by the occupants should decrease the number of accidents. he found that the rates were the same ; ships carrying missionaries and pilgrims sank just as often as other ships. following up on galton ' s statistical studies on prayer, rupert sheldrake, a cambridge - trained plant biologist, did one of his own, examining the effects of prayer in india. most people there prefer having a son, and a tremendous amount of praying goes into the effort to produce one. sheldrake examined statistics of live male births in india and used data from england as a control where the preference for sons was less strong. he found that in both england and india there were 106 males to 100 females, just as in every other country. he stated, \" if this enormous amount of psychic effort and praying of holy men were working, you would expect on average the percentage of live male births to be higher. \" although these statistical studies from the nineteenth century strongly suggest that prayer is not effective, they do not meet the \" gold standard \" of a completely valid scientific study. the media regularly mention a large number of contemporary studies that supposedly scientifically validate the beneficial effects of prayer on human health. so what is the truth in this matter? actually, there are only three that meet the \" gold standard. \" happily, the fact that there are only three studies considerably reduces the amount of information freethinkers need to acquire to refute frequent and erroneous claims. when we say that a finding in a scientific study is statistically significant, \" significant \" has a specific statistical meaning. to be considered significant, a finding must be (. 05 ) or less, which means the probability that it could be due to chance is 5 in 100. the main", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5281289929973092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.025373"} {"text": "scientific study is statistically significant, \" significant \" has a specific statistical meaning. to be considered significant, a finding must be (. 05 ) or less, which means the probability that it could be due to chance is 5 in 100. the main point to appreciate is that this figure, although reasonable, is strictly arbitrary. therefore, the figure of (. 05 ) is borderline significant,. 04 ( a probability of 4 in a 100 of being due to chance ) is considered significant, and. 06 ( 6 in 100 ) is considered not significant. the figure (. 05 ) is the one accepted for \" ordinary \" scientific studies. but what criterion should be applied in proving a supernatural finding? after all, as the old saw goes, extraordinary claims should require extraordinary proof, and this requirement should especially apply to claims of the supernatural. the james randi educational foundation has a standing offer of one million dollars to anyone who can demonstrate any supernatural event under carefully controlled scientific conditions. the foundation has never had a single person who even got past the preliminary testing. its members think that a study that would prove a claim of the supernatural should eliminate the possibility that the result could be by chance, in the range of 1 in 10, 000, 000, a far cry from 5 in 100. robert park, in his excellent book, voodoo science, observes that a characteristic of voodoo science is that there are always very small differences in studies, just barely detectable, and that can ' t be amplified in further investigations. these barely detectable positive results usually indicate flaws in the studies themselves rather than real findings. let ' s examine in some detail the three studies on intercessory prayer that were large, prospective, randomized, double - blind ones - - the only three that pass muster as valid scientific investigations of the effects of prayer on human health. intercessory prayer ( prayer at a distance ) was chosen so that the placebo effect of direct prayer would be eliminated. all of these studies were done on coronary care unit ( ccu ) patients. the first study was entitled \" positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population \" by randolph byrd, m. d., published in the southern medical journal, july 1988. dr. byrd stated : \" my study concerning prayer and patients in a general hospital coronary care unit was designed to answer two questions : ( 1 ) does intercessory prayer to the judeo - christian god have any effect on the patient ' s medical condition and recovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5223281369507793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.028613"} {"text": "\" my study concerning prayer and patients in a general hospital coronary care unit was designed to answer two questions : ( 1 ) does intercessory prayer to the judeo - christian god have any effect on the patient ' s medical condition and recovery while in the hospital? ( 2 ) how are these effects characterized, if present? \" over ten months, 393 patients admitted to the ccu at san francisco general hospital were randomized to an intercessory prayer group ( 192 patients ) or to a control group ( 201 patients ). after randomization, each patient in the prayer group was assigned to three to seven intercessors, who were all \" born - again christians ( according to the gospel of john 3 : 3 ) \" of various denominations. dr. byrd wrote : \" the patients ' first name, diagnosis, and general condition, along with pertinent updates on their condition, were given to the intercessors. the intercessory prayer was done outside the hospital daily until the patient was discharged from the hospital. under the direction of a coordinator, each intercessor was asked to pray daily for a rapid recovery and for prevention of complications and death, in addition to other areas of prayer they believed to be beneficial to the patient. \" the results were summarized in \" table 2 \" of the byrd study entitled \" results of intercessory prayer. \" there was no statistically significant difference between the prayer and control group in these measurements : days in ccu after entry ; days in hospital after entry ; number of discharge medications. only when a list of 26 \" new problems, diagnoses, and therapeutic events after entry \" was compiled was any statistically differences found and then only in 6 of the items : congestive heart failure (. 03 ) ; diuretics (. 05 ) ; cardiopulmonary arrest (. 02 ) ; pneumonia (. 03 ) ; antibiotics (. 005 ) ; intubation / ventilation (. 002 ). when dr. byrd subjected these items to multivariate analysis ( a statistical method of analyzing the overall significance when multiple factors are positive ), he found the prayer group to better the control group at the statistically significant level of (. 0001 ). in \" table 3, \" \" results of scoring the postentry hospital course, \" he constructed three categories, \" good, intermediate, and bad, \" using a self - designed and previously not scientifically validated method. the prayer group bettered the control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028916464846847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.030130"} {"text": "3, \" \" results of scoring the postentry hospital course, \" he constructed three categories, \" good, intermediate, and bad, \" using a self - designed and previously not scientifically validated method. the prayer group bettered the control group at a level of (. 01 ). although this study appears to meet the \" gold standard \" of a large, prospective, randomized, double - blind investigation, scientists have pointed out a number of flaws : the study was not \" blinded ' in two respects : 1 ) janet greene, the coordinator of the study, on whom dr. byrd depended for the collection of data, knew exactly who was being prayed for, and interacted regularly with the patients in the study. 2 ) \" table 3 \" was formulated by dr. byrd at the request of editors who initially evaluated his paper after the \" blinding \" had been removed. there was no difference in clear - cut end points such as days in the ccu, days in the hospital, or mortality between the two groups. only when complicated statistical analyses were done on a long list of items do any data emerge that favor the prayed - for group - - hardly evidence of an all - powerful deity. also, if prayer had any effect, an overall improvement would be expected. of the six items where the prayer group did better, four were of borderline statistical significance and only two were clearly significant. are we to conclude that the deity is only concerned with reducing antibiotic use and ventilating patients in the ccu? this study provides no information on the physicians involved in this study. this information could be important since certain physicians use antibiotics and intubate patients much more readily than others. the method that dr. byrd used in his scoring in \" table 3 \" had not been validated by any previous studies. when irwin tessman, ph. d., professor of biological sciences at purdue university, requested of dr. byrd that dr. tessman be allowed to review the raw data that went into the study, he was refused. since dr. byrd ' s claim is one of the supernatural, it would seem appropriate that all aspects of the study be reviewed by independent investigators. the degree of obvious religiosity communicated by dr. byrd raises doubts that he could be completely objective on a scientific investigation of prayer, something that he deeply believes is effective. under \" acknowledgments \" at the end of the paper, he writes : \" i thank god for responding to the many prayers made on behalf of the patients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5196949718847624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.031345"} {"text": "on a scientific investigation of prayer, something that he deeply believes is effective. under \" acknowledgments \" at the end of the paper, he writes : \" i thank god for responding to the many prayers made on behalf of the patients. \" the second study that appears to meet the \" gold standard \" for scientific studies is \" a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of remote, intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients admitted to the coronary care unit \" published in the october 25, 1999 edition of the archives of internal medicine. the investigators were william s. harris, ph. d., plus eight others of the mid america heart institute. the study was conducted at saint luke ' s hospital, kansas city, missouri, a private, university - associated hospital. \" the purpose of the present study was to attempt to replicate byrd ' s findings by testing the hypothesis that patients who are unknowingly and remotely prayed for by blinded intercessors will experience fewer complications and have a shorter hospital stay than patients not receiving such prayer, \" admitted the investigators. the intercessors ( five to pray for each patient compared to three to seven in byrd ' s study ), were to pray for \" a speedy recovery with no complications \" plus \" anything else that seemed appropriate to them. \" 1013 patients were randomized, 484 to the prayer group and 529 to the usual care group. after removal of those patients who spent less than 24 hours in the ccu ( prayer was not started until 24 hours after admission ), 524 remained in the usual care group and 466 in the prayer group ( a high drop - out rate ). a list of events after entry into the study was compiled, much like the one in the byrd study, but with 34 events instead of the 26 in the byrd study. again, a scheme was devised to evaluate the overall hospital course, a totally new and untested system, but different from the also new and untested one devised by byrd. the harris study scheme was called the mid america heart institute cardiac care unit ( mahi - ccu ) scoring system, and its criteria are presented in \" table 1 \" of his paper. the only finding in the harris study that indicated the prayer group outperformed the control group was in using the mahi - ccu scoring system and then only at a probability level of (. 04 ), a figure very close to the cut - off level of (. 05 ). the harris study is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5206847077467234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.032504"} {"text": "in the hospital, or mortality. in remarks at the end of the harris study, the investigators stated : \" our findings support byrd ' s conclusions despite the fact that we could not document an effect of prayer using his scoring system. \" this statement is erroneous. not only do these findings not support byrd ' s conclusions, they directly refute them. the most recent study and, i believe, the best designed one, was published in the mayo clinic proceedings in december 2001, entitled \" intercessory prayer and cardiovascular disease progression in a coronary care unit population : a randomized controlled trial. \" this third \" gold standard \" study should settle the matter once and for all scientifically. the investigators were jennifer m. aviles, m. d., and six others. this trial was done on patients immediately after discharge from the coronary care unit, a time when the intensity of extraneous intercessory praying by family and friends would generally be waning. here is their summary of the findings : \" patients and methods : in this randomized, controlled trial conducted between 1997 and 1999, a total of 799 coronary care unit patients were randomized at hospital discharge to the intercessory prayer group or to the control group.... the primary end point after 26 weeks was any of the following : death, cardiac arrest, rehospitalization for cardiovascular disease, coronary revascularization, or an emergency department visit for cardiovascular disease. patients were divided into a high - group based on the presence of any of 5 risk factors ( age > or = 70 years, diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease ) or a low - risk group ( absence of risk factors ) for subsequent primary events. \" the investigators summarized their findings as follows : \" conclusions : as delivered in this study, intercessory prayer had no significant effect on medical outcomes after hospitalization in a coronary care unit. \" not even one difference showed up between the control group and the prayed - for group. the statistical studies from the nineteenth century, and the three ccu studies on prayer are quite consistent with the fact that humanity is wasting a huge amount of time on a procedure that simply doesn ' t work. nonetheless, faith in prayer is so pervasive and deeply rooted, you can be sure believers will continue to devise future studies in a desperate effort to confirm their beliefs. now that you have the scientific information,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145710586732514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.035390"} {"text": "many people are confused about the concepts in dbus. this page gives an analogy to the web which should help to explain things. - unique bus name - well - known bus name - object path - method name - in parameters - out parameters web server analogy - unique bus name is like an ip address. in particular it is dynamic. - well - known bus name is like a hostname. it can be held by different programs at different times, but they should all implement the same api - object path is like the path on the server - interface / method name is like get or post - in parameters are like like get / post variables - out parameters are like the page which is returned. object - oriented language analogy - an object path refers to an object, such as a java. lang. object - an interface is exactly like a java interface - in parameters are method arguments - out parameters are method return values - unique bus name identifies the running process or application uniquely ( these bus names are never re - used by a different process ) - well - known bus name is a \" symlink \" that points to the process providing a particular api - an api is made up of objects that are expected to exist, which are expected to implement certain interfaces - see also http : / / log. ometer. com / 2007 - 05. html # 17", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5686041234916297, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.036761"} {"text": "most americans believe that the declaration of independence by the continental congress on july 4, 1776 began american independence. while this date announced the formal break between the american colonists and the \u201c mother country, \u201d it did not guarantee independence. not all americans favored independence and most historical estimates place the number of loyalist, or tory, americans near one - third of the population. winning independence required an eight - year war that began in april, 1775 and ended with a peace treaty finalized on september 3, 1783. unfortunately the infant nation found itself born in a world dominated by a superpower struggle between england and france. the more powerful european nations viewed the vulnerable united states, correctly, as weak and ripe for exploitation. tragically, few americans know of this period of crisis in our nation \u2019 s history because of the irresponsible neglect of the american education system. american independence marked the end of one chapter in american history and the beginning of another. as with all historical events this declaration continued the endless cycle of action and reaction, because nothing occurs in a vacuum. tragically, most americans \u2019 historical perspective begins with their birth, rendering everything that previously occurred irrelevant. furthermore, most educators conveniently \u201c compartmentalize \u201d their subjects and do not place them in the proper historical context. since most americans only remember the united states as a superpower they do not know of our previous struggles. unfortunately our agenda driven education system also ignores this period and often portrays america in the most negative light. without delving too deeply into the deteriorating relations between the american colonists and their \u201c mother country, \u201d declaring independence came slowly. none of the thirteen colonies trusted the other colonies and rarely acted in concert, even during times of crisis. regional and cultural differences between new england, mid - atlantic and the southern colonies deeply divided the colonists. even in these early days of america slavery proved a dividing issue, although few believed in racial equality. the \u201c umbilical cord \u201d with england provided the only unifying constant that bound them together culturally and politically. the colonies further possessed different forms of government as well, although they steadfastly expressed their liberties and \u201c rights as englishmen. \u201d some colonies existed as royal colonies, where the english monarch selected the governor. proprietary colonies formed when merchant companies or individuals, called proprietors, received a royal grant and appointed the governor. charter colonies received their charters much as proprietary colonies with individuals or merchants receiving royal charters and shareholders selected the governor. each colony elected its own legislature and local communities made their laws mostly based on english common law. any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4732283122984821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.060269"} {"text": "a royal grant and appointed the governor. charter colonies received their charters much as proprietary colonies with individuals or merchants receiving royal charters and shareholders selected the governor. each colony elected its own legislature and local communities made their laws mostly based on english common law. any form of national, or \u201c continental, \u201d unity remained an illusion largely in the minds of the delegates of the first continental congress. the second continental congress convened on may 10, 1775 because england ignored the grievances submitted by the first continental congress. furthermore, open warfare erupted in massachusetts between british troops and the colonial militia at lexington and concord on april 19, 1775. known today as patriot \u2019 s day few americans outside of massachusetts celebrate it, or even know of it. setting forth their reasons for taking up arms against england, they established the continental army on june 14, 1775. for attempting a united front, they appointed george washington, a virginian, as commander - in - chief. on july 10, 1775, the congress sent parliament one last appeal for resolving their differences, which proved futile. while congress determined the political future of the colonies fighting continued around boston, beginning with the bloody battle on breed \u2019 s hill on june 17, 1775. known as the battle of bunker hill in our history the british victory cost over 1, 000 british and over 400 american casualties. this battle encouraged the americans because it proved the \u201c colonials \u201d capable of standing against british regulars. british forces withdrew from boston in march, 1776 and awaited reinforcements from england as fighting erupted in other colonies. while washington and the continental army watched the british in boston, congress authorized an expedition against canada. they hoped for significant resentment of british rule by the majority of french inhabitants, something they misjudged. in september, 1775 the fledgling continental army launched an ambitious, but futile, two - pronged invasion of canada. launched late in the season, particularly for canada, it nevertheless almost succeeded, capturing montreal and moving on quebec. it ended in a night attack in a snowstorm on december 31, 1775 when the commander fell dead and the second - in - command fell severely wounded. american forces did breach the city walls, however when the attack broke down these men became prisoners of war. for disrupting the flow of british supplies into america congress organized the continental navy and continental marines on october 13, 1775 and november 10, 1775, respectively. still, no demands for independence despite the creation of national armed forces, the invasion of a \u201c foreign country \u201d and all the trappings of a national government. the full title of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43866556616960883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.061489"} {"text": "marines on october 13, 1775 and november 10, 1775, respectively. still, no demands for independence despite the creation of national armed forces, the invasion of a \u201c foreign country \u201d and all the trappings of a national government. the full title of the declaration of independence ends with \u201c thirteen united states of america, \u201d with united in lower case. i found no evidence that the founding fathers did this intentionally, or whether it merely reflected the writing style of the time. despite everything mentioned previously regarding \u201c continental \u201d actions, the thirteen colonies jealously guarded their sovereignty. although congress declared independence england did not acknowledge the legality of this resolution and considered the colonies \u201c in rebellion. \u201d england assembled land and naval forces of over 40, 000, including german mercenaries, for subduing the \u201c insurrection. \u201d this timeless lesson proves the uselessness of passing resolutions with no credible threat of force backing them up. unfortunately our academic - dominated society today believes merely the passage of laws and international resolutions forces compliance. we hear much in the news today about \u201c intelligence failures \u201d regarding the war against terrorism. england definitely experienced an \u201c intelligence failure \u201d as it launched an expedition for \u201c suppressing \u201d this \u201c insurrection \u201d by a \u201c few hotheads. \u201d first, they under estimated the extent of dissatisfaction among the americans, spurred into action by such \u201c rabble rousers \u201d as john adams. they further under estimated the effectiveness of washington and the continental army, particularly after the american victories at trenton and princeton. british officials further under estimated the number of loyalists with the enthusiasm for taking up arms for the british. while loyalist units fought well, particularly in the south and the new york frontier, they depended heavily on the support of british regulars. once british forces withdrew, particularly in the south, the loyalist forces either followed them or disappeared. a perennial lesson for military planners today, do not worry about your \u201c footprint, \u201d decisively defeat your enemy. this hardens the resolve of your supporters, influences the \u201c neutrals \u201d in your favor and reduces the favorability of your enemies. regarding the \u201c national defense \u201d the continental congress and \u201c states \u201d did not fully cooperate against the superpower, england. the raising of the continental army fell on the individual colonies almost throughout the war with the congress establishing quotas. unfortunately, none of the colonies ever met their quota for continental regiments, with the soldiers negotiating one - year enlistments. continental army recruiters often met with competition from the individual colonies, who preferred fielding their militias. the congress offered bounties in the almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45894288907113145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.062575"} {"text": "none of the colonies ever met their quota for continental regiments, with the soldiers negotiating one - year enlistments. continental army recruiters often met with competition from the individual colonies, who preferred fielding their militias. the congress offered bounties in the almost worthless \u201c continental currency \u201d and service far from home in the continental army. colonial governments offered higher bounties in local currencies, or british pounds, and part - time service near home. congress only possessed the authority for requesting troops and supplies from the colonial governors, who often did not comply. for most of the war the continental army remained under strength, poorly supplied, poorly armed and mostly unpaid. volumes of history describe the harsh winters endured by the continentals at valley forge and morristown, new jersey the following year. colonial governments often refused supplies for troops from other colonies, even though those troops fought inside their borders. as inflation continued devaluing \u201c continental currency \u201d farmers and merchants preferred trading with british agents, who often paid in gold. this created strong resentment from the soldiers who suffered the hardships of war and the civilians who profited from this trade. in fairness, the staggering cost of financing the war severely taxed the colonial governments and local economies, forcing hard choices. congress further declared independence as a cry for help from england \u2019 s superpower rival, france, and other nations jealous of england. smarting from defeat in the seven years war ( french and indian war in america ), and a significant reduction in its colonial empire, france burned for revenge. france \u2019 s ally, spain, also suffered defeat and loss of territory during this war and sought advantage in the american war. however, france and spain both needed american victories before they risked their troops and treasures. with vast colonial empires of their own they hesitated at supporting a colonial rebellion in america. as monarchies, france and spain held no love of \u201c republican ideals \u201d or \u201c liberties, \u201d and mostly pursued independent strategies against england. fortunately their focus at recouping their former possessions helped diminish the number of british forces facing the americans. on the political front the congress knew that the new nation needed some form of national government for its survival. unfortunately the congress fell short on this issue, enacting the weak articles of confederation on november 15, 1777. delegates so feared the \u201c tyranny \u201d of a strong central government, as well as they feared their neighbors, that they rejected national authority. in effect, the congressional delegates created thirteen independent nations instead of one, and our nation suffered from it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43381816655561944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.063814"} {"text": "delegates so feared the \u201c tyranny \u201d of a strong central government, as well as they feared their neighbors, that they rejected national authority. in effect, the congressional delegates created thirteen independent nations instead of one, and our nation suffered from it. amending this confederation required the approval of all thirteen states, virtually paralyzing any national effort. this form of government lasted until the adoption of the us constitution on september 17, 1787. despite these weaknesses the fledgling \u201c united states \u201d survived and even achieved some success against british forces. particularly early in the war, the british forces possessed several opportunities for destroying the continental army and ending the rebellion. fortunately for us british commanders proved lethargic and complacent, believing the \u201c colonial rabble \u201d incapable of defeating them. furthermore, as the continental army gained experience and training it grew more professional, standing toe - to - toe against the british. since the us achieved superpower status it fell into the same trap, continuously underestimating less powerful enemies. the surrender of british forces at yorktown, virginia on october 19, 1781 changed british policy regarding its american colonies. british forces now controlled mainly three enclaves : new york city ; charleston, south carolina and savannah, georgia. loyalist forces, discouraged by british reverses, either retreated into these enclaves, departed america or surrendered. waging a global war against france and spain further reduced the number of troops available for the american theater. this serves another modern lesson for maintaining adequate forces for meeting not only your superpower responsibilities, but executing unforeseen contingencies. ironically, the victory at yorktown almost defeated the americans as well, since the civil authorities almost stopped military recruitment. washington struggled at maintaining significant forces for confronting the remaining british forces in their enclaves. an aggressive british commander may still score a strategic advantage by striking at demobilizing american forces. fortunately, the british government lost heart for retaining america and announced the beginning of peace negotiations in august, 1782. the treaty of paris, signed on september 3, 1783 officially ended the american revolution ; however it did not end america \u2019 s struggles. american negotiators proved somewhat naive in these negotiations against their more experienced european counterparts. of importance, the british believed american independence a short - lived situation, given the disunity among americans. congress began discharging the continental army before the formal signing of the treaty, leaving less than one hundred on duty. instead of a united \u201c allied \u201d front, america, france and spain virtually negotiated separate treaties with england, delight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4698109834718376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.065406"} {"text": "infant nation seemed stillborn, or as the vulnerable prey for the more powerful europeans. as stated previously the articles of confederation actually created thirteen independent nations, with no national executive for enforcing the law. therefore each state ignored the resolutions from congress and served its own self - interest. each state established its own rules for interstate commerce, printed its own money and even established treaties with foreign nations. no system existed for governing the interactions between the states, who often treated each other like hostile powers. the new nation did possess one thing in abundance, land ; the vast wilderness between the appalachian mountains and the mississippi river. conceded by the british in the treaty of paris, the americans looked at this as their economic solution. the nation owed the veterans of the revolution a huge debt and paid them in the only currency available, land grants. unfortunately, someone must inform the indians living on this land and make treaties regarding land distribution. for the americans this seemed simple, the indians, as british allies, suffered defeat with the british and must pay the price. after all, under the rules of european \u201c civilized \u201d warfare, defeated nations surrendered territory and life went on. unfortunately no one, neither american nor british, informed the indians of these rules, because no one felt they deserved explanation. besides, the british hoped that by inciting indian troubles they might recoup their former colonies. with british arms and encouragement the tribes of the \u201c old northwest \u201d raided the western frontier with a vengeance. from western new york down through modern kentucky these indians kept up their war with the americans. in kentucky between 1783 and 1790 the various tribes killed an estimated 1, 500 people, stole 20, 000 horses and destroyed an unknown amount of property. our former ally, spain, controlled all of the territory west of the mississippi river before the american revolution. from here they launched expeditions that captured british posts at modern vicksburg and natchez, mississippi, and the entire gulf coast. however, they claimed about two - thirds of the southeastern us based on this \u201c conquest \u201d including land far beyond the occupation of their troops. like the british, they incited the indians living in this region for keeping out american settlers. spain also controlled the port of new orleans and access into the mississippi river. americans living in kentucky and other western settlements depended on the mississippi river for their commerce. the national government seemed unable, or unwilling, at forcing concessions from spain, and many westerners considered seceding from the union. known as the \u201c spanish conspiracy \u201d this plot included many influential americans and only disappeared after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4632428236356393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.069849"} {"text": "the mississippi river for their commerce. the national government seemed unable, or unwilling, at forcing concessions from spain, and many westerners considered seceding from the union. known as the \u201c spanish conspiracy \u201d this plot included many influential americans and only disappeared after the american victory at fallen timbers. while revisionist historians ignore the \u201c spanish conspiracy \u201d they illuminate land speculation by americans in spanish territory. of course they conveniently ignore the duplicity of spanish officials in these plots, and their acceptance of american money. in signing the declaration of independence the founding fathers pledged \u201c their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor. \u201d many continental army officers bankrupted themselves when congress and their states proved recalcitrant at reimbursing them for incurred expenses. these officers often personally financed their troops and their expeditions because victory required timely action. of importance for the western region, george rogers clark used his personal credit for financing his campaigns, which secured america \u2019 s claim. it takes no \u201c lettered \u201d historian for determining that without clark \u2019 s campaign that america \u2019 s western boundary ends with the appalachian mountains, instead of the mississippi river. with the bankrupt congress and virginia treasuries not reimbursing him he fell into the south carolina yazoo company. clark \u2019 s brother - in - law, dr. james o \u2019 fallon, negotiated this deal for 3, 000, 000 acres of land in modern mississippi. this negotiation involved the spanish governor of louisiana, don estavan miro, a somewhat corrupt official. when the spanish king negated the treaty, clark, o \u2019 fallon and the other investors lost their money and grew hateful of spain. another, lesser known, negotiation involved former continental army colonel george morgan and the spanish ambassador, don diego de gardoqui. morgan received title for 15, 000, 000 acres near modern new madrid, missouri for establishing a colony. ironically, an unscrupulous american, james wilkinson, discussed later in the document, working in conjunction with miro, negated this deal. both of these land deals involved the establishment of american colonies in spanish territory, with americans declaring themselves spanish subjects. few spaniards lived in the area west of the mississippi river and saw the growing number of american settlers as a threat. however, if these americans, already disgusted with their government, became spanish subjects, they now became assets. if they cleared and farmed the land, they provided revenue that spanish louisiana desperately needed. since many of these men previously served in the revolution, they provided a ready militia for defending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.429513221148598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.071038"} {"text": "disgusted with their government, became spanish subjects, they now became assets. if they cleared and farmed the land, they provided revenue that spanish louisiana desperately needed. since many of these men previously served in the revolution, they provided a ready militia for defending their property. this included defending it against their former country, the united states, with little authority west of the appalachian mountains. internationally, the weak us became a tragic pawn in the continuing superpower struggle between england and france. with no naval forces for protection, american merchant mariners became victims of both nations on the high seas. british and french warships stopped american ships bound for their enemy, confiscating cargo and conscripting sailors into their navies. in the mediterranean sea, our ships became the targets of the barbary pirates, the ancestors of our enemies today. helpless, our government paid ransoms for prisoners and tribute for safe passage until the barbary wars of the early 19th century. despite all of these problems most influential americans still \u201c looked inward, \u201d and feared a strong central government more than foreign domination. when the cries of outrage came from the western frontiers regarding indian depredations, our leaders still more feared a \u201c standing army. \u201d in the world of the founding fathers the tyranny of king george iii \u2019 s central government created their problem. the king further used his \u201c standing army \u201d for oppressing the colonists and infringing on their liberties. congress also possessed more recent examples of the problems with a \u201c standing army \u201d during the american revolution. first came the mutiny of the pennsylvania line in january, 1781 for addressing their grievances. since the beginning of the war, in 1775, the continental soldiers endured almost insurmountable hardships, as explained previously. the soldiers rarely received pay, and then received the almost worthless \u201c continental currency, \u201d which inflation further devalued. this forced severe hardships also on the soldiers \u2019 families, and many lost their homes and farms. the soldiers marched on the then - capital, philadelphia, for seeking redress for these grievances. forced into action, congress addressed their problems with pay and the soldiers rejoined the army. a second, though less well known, mutiny occurred with the new jersey line shortly thereafter with different results. for \u201c nipping \u201d a growing problem \u201c in the bud, \u201d washington ordered courts - martial and the execution of the ring leaders. the last such trouble occurred in the final months of the war in the continental army camp at newburgh, new york. dissatisfied with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42756175239255373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.074660"} {"text": ". fortunately many prominent americans saw that the country needed a different form of government for ensuring its survival. despite the best intentions and established rules, few people followed these rules or respected our intentions. the constitutional convention convened in philadelphia in may, 1787 with george washington unanimously elected as its president. as the delegates began the process of forming a \u201c more perfect union, \u201d the old, traditional \u201c colonial \u201d rivalries influenced the process. while most americans possess at least ancillary knowledge of the heated debates among the delegates, few know the conditions. meeting throughout the hot summer, the delegates kept the windows of their meeting hall closed, preventing the \u201c leaking \u201d of information. we must remember that this occurred before electric - powered ventilation systems or air conditioning. they kept out the \u201c media, \u201d and none of the delegates spoke with \u201c journalists, \u201d again for maintaining secrecy. modern americans, often obsessed with media access, do not understand why the delegates kept their deliberations secret. most of the delegates felt they possessed one chance for creating this new government and achieving the best possible needed their focus. \u201c media access \u201d jeopardized this focus and \u201c leaked \u201d information, with potential interruptions, jeopardized their chance for success. we find this incomprehensible today, with politicians running toward television cameras, \u201c leaking \u201d information and disclosing national secrets. unfortunately a \u201c journalistic elite \u201d exists today, misusing the first amendment, with many \u201c media moguls \u201d believing themselves the \u201c kingmakers \u201d of favorite politicians. the delegates sought the best document for satisfying the needs of the most people, making \u201c special interest groups \u201d secondary. creating a united nation proved more important than prioritizing regional and state desires. these delegates debated, and compromised, on various issues ; many of which remain important today. they worried over the threat of dominance by large, well - populated states over smaller, less - populated states. other issues concerned taxation, the issue that sparked the american revolution, and import duties, which pitted manufacturing states against agricultural states. disposition of the mostly unsettled western land, claimed by many states, proved a substantial problem for the delegates. the issue of slavery almost ended the convention and the delegates compromised, achieving the best agreement possible at the time. on september 17, 1787 the delegates adopted the us constitution and submitted it for approval by the individual states. again, merely passing laws and adopting resolutions does not immediately solve the problems, or change people \u2019 s attitudes. ratification of the constitution required the approval of nine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5047955049671573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.080691"} {"text": "the effect of uvr on biological systems is wavelength dependent. action spectrum for dna damage is an essential component of understanding the effects of increased uvb on a range of antarctic invertebrate larvae. the wavelength dependency is quantified using spectral weighting functions which provide information such as the target organelles / molecules of the uvr, the degree that organisms are... influenced by wavelengths that are enhanced by the process of ozone depletion and the activity of sunscreening and anti - oxidant compounds. biological weighting functions ( bwfs ) were made for 3 embryonic stages of sterechinus ( eggs, blastula, 4 armed larvae ) and embryos of acodantaster, perknaster and parbolarsis. the embryos and larvae were exposed to artificial lights for 3 days. three filter treatments with 50 % nominal cut - off at 280, 305, 320, 375 and 400nm wavelengths were used. dna was analysed for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers ( cpds ). using the species specific bwf and spectral irradiance data, biological effective irradiances were calculated for a given ambient light environment. modelling of the species specific and stage specific effects of ozone depletion on larval stage were made using the bwfs and the change in ambient light field during ozone depletion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5646792087903187, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.083113"} {"text": "glaucoma is a disease that can cause vision to be permanently lost very slowly over time. the disease starts by enlarging an individual \u2019 s \u201c blind spot, \u201d then may progress leading to complete blindness. glaucoma is sometimes referred to as \u201c the silent thief of sight \u201d because a typical person would have absolutely no symptoms in the early stages of the disease, and would only notice after it was too late and the damage was done. the disease essentially attacks the optic nerve in the back of the eye. typically high pressure inside of the eye - the intra ocular pressure, or iop - causes this damage. the number one risk factor for glaucoma is a family history of the disease, but glaucoma may affect anyone. as with most diseases of the body, the earlier the findings are caught, the more we are able to do. with modern medicine, it is rare that any new case of early glaucoma caught progresses past the \u201c early \u201d stage. how do i know if i am at risk or have glaucoma? annual eye exams. many eye doctors today are equipped with advanced instruments that allow us to catch the earliest signs of elevated eye pressures and damage to the optic nerve. carillon vision care has multiple instruments to check the pressure, and has the most advanced optic nerve imaging instrument available : the optical coherence tomographer, or oct. the oct technology measures every attribute of an optic nerve in micrometers ( one - thousandth of a millimeter! ). this allows us to know absolutely if any damage is present. i am told i am a \u201c glaucoma suspect. \u201d what is that? a glaucoma suspect is a medical diagnosis. this typically means that there is either high eye pressures with no optic nerve damage, or the optic nerve looks suspicious for possible damage. a glaucoma suspect may never actually go on to develop the disease, but we watch these patients very carefully. treatment is initiated only when we are certain that there is early damage. okay, i have glaucoma. how is it treated? a number of ways. the first line of treatment is typically to lower the eye pressure by using prescription eye drops. usually 1 drop once per day is enough. our doctors carefully review all of the new research to make sure we use only the best type of medication for each particular patient. the very first generic glaucoma medication came out a year ago, latanoprost. all other brand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5366603449870273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.093454"} {"text": ". our doctors carefully review all of the new research to make sure we use only the best type of medication for each particular patient. the very first generic glaucoma medication came out a year ago, latanoprost. all other brand name glaucoma medications are very expensive. all of the 1 year published studies on latanoprost confirm the medicine is just as effective as the name brand, and our doctors have a number of glaucoma patients responding very well to this new formulation. when these drops are not enough to lower the pressure, there are a group of simple laser surgeries that are effective for most patients. these lasers essentially increase the drainage channels inside the eye helping lower the pressure. the take home message here is preventative care. if you or a loved one does not require corrective lenses and has not been in for an eye exam for a while, the time is now. if you would like more information on glaucoma, or any other common eye disease, check out www. allaboutvision. com. dr. andrew neukirch is the ceo of carillon vision care located in glenview, il sources : merk manual \u201c glaucoma, \u201d jack kanski \u2019 s \u201c clinical ohpthalmology, \u201d and allaboutvision. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42395698345307964, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.094017"} {"text": "50 years ago this week, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as the cuban missile crisis unfolded. the united states finally decided to first blockade rather than immediately attack cuba to prevent the soviet union from finishing installation of missiles that could reach the continental united states. this article introduces the little - known story of the battles between the \u201c hawks \u201d and the \u201c doves \u201d in the kennedy administration as related in a new publication, the joint chiefs of staff and national policy, vol. 8, 1961 - 1964. when president john f. kennedy finally announced the naval blockade of cuba and the reasons for it on national television, americans huddled together, practiced nuclear drills, and prayed for some peaceful solution to prevent all - out nuclear war. only decades later did the full story of brinkmanship, bravado and brilliance come out about what really happened behind the scenes during those two weeks. image credit : the arizona state library, archives and public records a little known side of the story comes from the top military commanders who were serving the kennedy administration during the crisis, found in the surprisingly fascinating book titled the joint chiefs of staff and national policy, vol. 8, 1961 - 1964, from the office of joint history of the joint chiefs of staff. the joint chiefs of staff during the kennedy administration this accounting of the joint chiefs of staff during this tumultuous period in the history of american foreign affairs goes beyond the normal third party historian \u2019 s post mortem, since the author was actually able to meet with several members of the joint chiefs in the 1970 \u2019 s to add more of their personal insights, including admiral arleigh burke, admiral george anderson, general lyman lemnitzer, chairman during 1960 - 1962, and the chairman who succeeded him, general maxwell d. taylor. image : president john f. kennedy meets with the joint chiefs of staff. photograph includes : ( l - r ) united states marine corps general david shoup ; united states army general earle wheeler ; united states air force general curtis lemay, president kennedy ; chairman of the joint chiefs of staff general maxwell taylor ; united states navy admiral george anderson. west wing lawn. white house. washington, d. c. credit : robert knudsen. white house photographs. john f. kennedy presidential library and museum, boston what results is an interesting amalgam of history and a peek into the tensions between military joint chiefs and the civilians to whom they reported. describing the relationship of the kennedy administration and the military establishment, author walter s. poole says : \u201c during 1961 - 1962", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4587778625114517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.103246"} {"text": "is an interesting amalgam of history and a peek into the tensions between military joint chiefs and the civilians to whom they reported. describing the relationship of the kennedy administration and the military establishment, author walter s. poole says : \u201c during 1961 - 1962, relations between the jcs and their civilian superiors were often awkward and even confrontational \u201d particularly between secretary of defense robert s. mcnamara and lemnitzer. the old - school joint chiefs were concerned about the new approach to foreign policy being espoused by the kennedy administration, and tensions grew. according to the author : \u201c what most concerned the jcs was an apparent erosion of us credibility that emboldened communist leaders to pursue more adventurous policies. president john f. kennedy and secretary of defense robert s. mcnamara pursued what they conceived as more flexible approaches to strategy and crisis management. \u201d quick background on the cuban missile crisis in 1962, the soviet union was losing the arms race with the united states. in late april 1962, soviet premier nikita khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate - range missiles in cuba to double the soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential u. s. attack against the soviet union from the jupiter missiles the u. s. had just placed in turkey. ever since the failed bay of pigs invasion the previous year, fidel castro felt a second attack by the u. s. on cuba was inevitable, so he agreed to host the missiles as protection. image : initial u. s. intelligence estimates of possible u. s. targets within range of the nuclear - capable soviet ss - 4 medium - range ballistic missiles ( mrbms ) and ss - 5 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( irbms ) found by the u - 2 spy plane surveillance photographs if they were launched from cuba. credit : bettmann / corbis on october 15, 1962, the national photographic intelligence center confirmed that secret reconnaissance photographs from an american u - 2 spy plane flight the day before were finally able to definitively prove the suspicion that soviet medium - range and intermediate - range ballistic missiles capable of hitting atlanta, the midwest, washington, dc, and even los angeles and seattle were indeed in place and in the process of being installed and ready in cuba within days. in response, president kennedy and secretary mcnamara assembled the executive committee of the national security council call \u201c excomm \u201d as a task force that, together with the joint chiefs of staff and experts from the state department and other intelligence agencies, would debate the united states \u2019 options to deter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4929306136704077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.106035"} {"text": "secretary mcnamara assembled the executive committee of the national security council call \u201c excomm \u201d as a task force that, together with the joint chiefs of staff and experts from the state department and other intelligence agencies, would debate the united states \u2019 options to deter the soviets from nuclear escalation. to blockade, strike or invade? earlier in september 1962, after cloud - obscured u - 2 photos had hinted at soviet build - up in cuba, the joint strategic survey council had submitted a recommendation for blockading rather than invading cuba, on grounds that a blockade would be less dramatic, require smaller resources, cause fewer casualties, and be more plausibly related to upholding the monroe doctrine. in his 1823 annual message to congress, president james monroe had established this doctrine followed by the u. s. ever since that warned european countries not to interfere in the western hemisphere, stating \u201c that the american continents \u2026 are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any european powers. \u201d however, as the crisis unfolded, the primary debate among the military commanders of the joint chiefs was over whether to carry out an all - inclusive attack against soviet and cuban forces on the island or a surgical strike confined to just attacking the missiles themselves, the nuclear storage sites, and soviet mig planes. both president kennedy and mcnamara thought that an all - inclusive attack would inevitably lead to invasion of cuba, and then possible counter - attacks elsewhere by the soviets or escalation to all - out war. but general taylor reported that the joint chiefs and the combatant commanders felt \u201c so strongly about the dangers inherent in [ only ] the limited strike that they would prefer taking no military action. they feel it \u2019 s opening up the united states to attacks which they can \u2019 t prevent, if we don \u2019 t take advantage of surprise. \u201d taylor added that his personal inclination was \u201c all against invasion, but nonetheless trying to eliminate as effectively as possible every weapon [ present in cuba ] that can strike the united states \u201d. according to the reports by the author, the joint chiefs were opposed to only attacking the medium - range ballistic missiles themselves, saying it would incur \u201c an unacceptable risk \u201d and that not attacking the enemy \u2019 s planes would expose the continental united states and puerto rico to air attack and could cause unnecessary casualties among the garrison at guantanamo and the forces assembling for invasion. instead, the jcs initially recommended \u201c also hitting tactical missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other appropriate targets, as well as imposing a \u2018 complete \u2019 blockade. \u201d image : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.473672941775741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.108003"} {"text": "garrison at guantanamo and the forces assembling for invasion. instead, the jcs initially recommended \u201c also hitting tactical missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other appropriate targets, as well as imposing a \u2018 complete \u2019 blockade. \u201d image : a meeting of the executive committee of the national security council in the cabinet room during the cuban missile crisis, october 29, 1962, 10 : 10 - 10 : 58am. clockwise from left : attorney general robert f. kennedy ( standing ) ; assistant sec. defense paul nitze ; dep. usia dir. donald wilson ; special counsel theodore sorensen ; exec. sec. nsc bromley smith ; special assistant mcgeorge bundy ; sec. treasury douglas dillon ; vice president lyndon b. johnson ; ambassador llewellyn thompson ; william c. foster ; cia dir. john mccone ( hidden ) ; under secretary of state george ball ( hidden ) ; president john f. kennedy ; sec. state dean rusk ; sec. defense robert mcnamara ; dep. sec. defense roswell gilpatric ; chairman jcs gen. maxwell taylor. credit : photo by cecil stoughton, jfk library st - a26 - 18 - 62 the blues vs. the reds even more fascinating was the story of the war gaming techniques used. to quickly develop two alternative scenarios for the president to consider, the excomm task force split into two groups that constantly exchanged position papers and critiqued each other \u2019 s work. the \u201c blues, \u201d who were to prepare the scenario for a surprise air strike, included general maxwell taylor, robert kennedy, treasury secretary douglas dillon, director mccone, dean acheson, and mcgeorge bundy. the \u201c reds, \u201d drafting the blockade option, included chief of u. s. naval operations adm. george anderson, marine corps commandant david shoup, secretary rusk, deputy secretary gilpatric, and theodore sorensen. image : on october 11 last week, certain documents from attorney general robert f. kennedy \u2019 s personal papers about the cuban missile crisis were declassified. in it was the above personal list of who rfk thought among the excomm were the \u201c hawks \u201d who favored an air strike ( shown in the right column labeled \u201c strike \u201d ) vs. the \u201c doves \u201d who favored a blockade of cuba ( in the left column ). note that the \u201c chiefs \u201d meaning the joint chiefs of staff along with general taylor are shown on the \u201c hawks \u201d strike side of his list on the right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43572929989516407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.108930"} {"text": ". the \u201c doves \u201d who favored a blockade of cuba ( in the left column ). note that the \u201c chiefs \u201d meaning the joint chiefs of staff along with general taylor are shown on the \u201c hawks \u201d strike side of his list on the right. source : the national security archive in less than two days, two complete scenarios were prepared and presented to president kennedy on october 20, with competing input coming from the pentagon and the state department. from this insider accounting of events, we learn that the chairman thought that the probable sequence of events to be green - lighted would be : a political approach ; a warning ; air attack on the missile sites ; blockade ; and, if necessary, invasion, with the earliest air strike date set for october 21 ( optimally the 23rd ), and an invasion to begin on october 28. however, to find out exactly what happened and how the drama played out behind the scenes, pick up a copy of this fascinating book. how do i obtain \u201c the joint chiefs of staff and national policy, vol. 8, 1961 - 1964 \u201d? - buy it online 24 / 7 at gpo \u2019 s online bookstore. - buy it at gpo \u2019 s retail bookstore at 710 north capitol street nw, washington, dc 20401, open monday - friday, 9am to 4pm, except federal holidays, ( 202 ) 512 - 0132. - find it in a library. find this and other government publications about cuba in our cuba collection. about the author : michele bartram is promotions manager for gpo \u2019 s publication and information sales division and is responsible for online and offline marketing of the us government online bookstore ( http : / / bookstore. gpo. gov ) and promoting federal government content to the public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48154194988842014, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.109581"} {"text": "author contact : email @ example. com biocatalysis and biotransformations are important alternatives to consider when one is looking to substitute a conventional method with a greener one. one of the many advantages of using biotransformation as a synthetic method is that they are usually done in water and at ambient conditions. in addition, the reagents themselves are readily available, safe, and inexpensive to both buy and dispose of. this experiment uses shredded carrots to enantioselectively reduce benzofuran - 2 - yl methyl ketone, yielding the optically pure alcohol. this lab illustrates the topics of green chemistry, biocatalysis, biotransformations, reductions, carbonyl chemistry, stereochemistry, stereoselectivity, optical activity, thin - layer chromatography, liquid - liquid extractions, and column chromatography. the authors also suggest that students perform the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone to compare and contrast the ease, safety, \" greenness \" and stereoselectivity of the two reactions. the supplemental materials include lab procedures, lab report outline, lab questions, instructor notes, a list of necessary lab equipment, and cas numbers. summary prepared october 2008 by douglas m. young at the university of oregon. ravia, s. ; gamenara, d. ; schapiro, v. ; bellomo, a. ; adum, j. ; seoane, g. ; gonzalez, d. j. chem. educ., print 2006, 83, pp 1049 - 1051.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5569050689343334, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.111066"} {"text": "aging is something that we all have to go through, and thinking about this makes all of us sad and a little scared. aging is linked to many complex and various biological mechanisms in human body, which are irreversible and destructive. despite numerous scientific breakthroughs and discoveries to help people look, feel and live their lives as the young, till now, unfortunately, it is completely impossible to stop aging. at the same time, a lot has been found out about the opportunities to slow aging and help people remain in their excellent physical and mental health. a great deal of people around the world are wondering how to prevent aging and how to effectively slow down aging processes in the body. below, check out 5 most important tips and rules on how to slow down aging and maintain our good health and vitality. 1. protect your cells from free radical damage and oxidative stress. the process known as oxidative stress occurs when free radicals are in plenty in our cells, so they can not be neutralized by the existing amounts of antioxidants. as a result of this, free radicals go on multiplying and creating more and more of volatile free radicals which very soon start damaging cell membranes, fats, proteins, vessel walls, and sometimes even dna molecules in cells. it was found out that oxidative stress causes over 70 chronic generative diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart attack, a stroke, alzheimer \u2019 s disease, macular degeneration, and so on. in order to slow aging processes in the body, one should use plenty of natural antioxidant sources, like green tea, broccoli, tomatoes, spinach, carrots, and so on. remember that vitamins a, e and c have clear antioxidant properties, so using natural sources of this vitamins like vegetable oils or oily fish can assist your cells in preventing cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, cataract and alzheimer \u2019 s disease. 2. always monitor your heart health. staying active is considered one of the best ways to support the function of cardiovascular system and slow aging. in addition to the known benefits of a healthy lifestyle, it was recently found out that active body produces increased amounts of co - enzyme q10. this substance plays a key role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and free radical damage. make sure that your daily diet is high in healthy fats ( add oily fish, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, as well as plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables ) that can assist you in reducing cho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47420551405708505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.115291"} {"text": "cardiovascular diseases and free radical damage. make sure that your daily diet is high in healthy fats ( add oily fish, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, as well as plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables ) that can assist you in reducing cholesterol levels and maintaining a healthy body weight. monitor your blood pressure, cholesterol level and blood sugar level at least once per every 6 months. 3. maintain high energy levels. to slow aging, it is very important to remain energetic and keep positive attitude all the time. learn to reduce stresses and learn effective stress management techniques. try to achieve balance in your life, avoid multitasking, worrying or scaring situations. get plenty of sleep and make a habit of going to sleep early. take good time to rest, have a number of hobbies to relax your mind, and many good friends to talk to about life. focuse on positive and take a good care about yourself. for the diet, you can use a combination of carnitine and alpha - lipoic acid as a very effective energy boosting mixture working on cellular level and supporting the function of cells to produce proper amounts of energy. 4. support your vision and take a good care about your eye health. if you are wondering how to prevent aging and stay healthy for many years, you should keep in mind the importance of vision problem prevention as a part of your program to slow aging. usually, following a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle is quite eonugh to reduce your risks to suffer from serious eye problems. it is necessary to have periodic eye exams and observe the rules of daily eye care. to support you vision, you can use such herbal remedies as common chickweed ( stellaria media ), fennel flower ( nigella sativa ), as well as enrich your diet with carotene high foods like carrots, bell peppers, spinach, sweet potatoes, and so on. 5. do everything you can to support your memory. it is very important to stay focused, organized, and mentally active. solve puzzles, memorize new things, develop your problem - solving skills. using special foods to improve memory or herbal remedies for memory support can be one of the smartest ideas to slow aging. many herbalists recommend using ginkgo biloba as a great support for memory function. this natural remedy can stimulate blood circulation and boosts blood flow to the brain, prevents blood clots formation, and has excellent antioxidant effects. ginkgo biloba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822459861787703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.116206"} {"text": "tomorrow is world aids day. this is an important day to recognize, not just for those of us that love to talk about sex and sexual health, but for everyone. but does having one day a year set aside for such an important issue really address the significance of aids? claire keeton, the senior hiv reporter at the sunday times newspaper, recently had a blog post about world aids day and what this day means : \u201c some people with hiv / aids and activists object to world aids day \u2013 essentially saying it allows people to ignore the epidemic the rest of the year, as long as they remember it for a single day. paying lip service. window dressing \u2026 from my side, world aids day does have advantages. it \u2019 s the one time of the year that all media make space for hiv / aids stories. \u201d many people still don \u2019 t know the facts about hiv / aids - like how it \u2019 s transmitted, how to get tested and how protect yourself, or that it \u2019 s not curable, though it is treatable. the goal of having a day about aids that is advertised and supported all over the world is so that more people will learn important information for their own sexual health. world aids day is important and necessary. as keeton says, having a day set aside ensures that aids is not forgotten and not ignored. but having one day a year is not enough. hopefully tomorrow will encourage people to get tested and get information. but more importantly, it will hopefully encourage people to take action and educate themselves and others all year long. if this day exists to make sure people don \u2019 t forget about aids, then we can \u2019 t stop there. what happens on december 2 and for the next 364 days until world aids day 2010? let \u2019 s make every day a day to talk about hiv / aids and sexual health, to support those living with hiv / aids, and to make sure that in the future, we won \u2019 t need one day a year to tackle this enormous issue because we are always thinking about it. don \u2019 t forget that head & hands is hosting a free anonymous hiv screening clinic for youth 12 - 25 on tuesday, december 1 between 5 - 9 : 30 pm. check out http : / / www. senseproject. org / 2009 / 11 / know - your - status - savoir - cest - pouvoir / for more info.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430663652287229, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.123628"} {"text": "obesity is a condition in which you have a high body mass index ( bmi ), or too much body fat for your height. obesity is the not the same as being overweight, which is when your weight is higher than what is healthy for your height. in people who are overweight, the excess weight may be caused by high bone density, body structure, or excess body fat. morbid obesity occurs when the excess body fat becomes a danger to your overall health. when you eat, your body stores the calories you consume for energy in your muscles and tissues. if those calories are not used, the body stores them as fat. if you continue to eat more calories than your body can use during daily activities and exercise, your body will build up fat stores. obesity and morbid obesity are the result of too much fat being stored in your body. many behavioral factors play a role in obesity, including your eating habits and daily activity level. many people develop their eating habits as children and have trouble refining them to maintain proper body weight as they age. as an adult, you may be inactive at your job and have less time for exercise, meal planning, and physical activity. other factors, such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep, can lead to weight gain. people who quit smoking often experience temporary weight gain. women may also have trouble losing the weight they gain during pregnancy or gain additional weight during menopause. these rarely lead to morbid obesity by themselves, but can be a contributing factor. genetic factors can play a role in how your body stores energy, but this relationship has not been fully researched. current research is investigating the relationship between genetics and body weight. anyone can gain weight and become obese if they eat more calories than their bodies can use. the symptoms of obesity are weight gain and a body mass index ( bmi ) above 30. bmi is an estimate of your body fat content and is calculated using your height and weight measurements. without proper treatment, obesity can lead to other serious health problems, such as : - heart disease - sleep apnea ( when you periodically stop breathing during sleep ) your doctor will measure your weight and height in order to calculate your bmi. your bmi is an estimate of your body fat and is used as a primary screening tool for obesity. your provider may also take a measurement of your waist circumference. these combined measurements will help estimate how much body fat you have and determine your risk of diseases, such as heart disease, stroke,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4997836051933084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.132364"} {"text": "used as a primary screening tool for obesity. your provider may also take a measurement of your waist circumference. these combined measurements will help estimate how much body fat you have and determine your risk of diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. the acceptable percentage of body fat can vary by age, sex, and ethnicity, but typically ranges between 10 and 22 percent for men and 20 to 32 percent for women. your doctor will provide more specific information about your bmi and what it means for you. bmi ranges are as follows ( cdc ) : 18. 5 to 24. 9 25. 0 to 29. 9 30. 0 and above calculating body fat percentage a skinfold test may also be done to check your body fat percentage. in this test, a doctor measures the thickness of a fold of skin from the arm, abdomen, or thigh with a caliper. your healthcare provider may also ask questions about your lifestyle to find out more about your eating and exercise habits. your doctor may order additional blood tests to look for hormonal or other medical problems that could be causing your weight gain. diet & exercise the most effective way to lose weight is to adopt healthy eating habits, exercise routines, and stress management techniques. regular exercise and healthy eating are important, and even modest weight loss will improve your health. it is also important to learn stress management tools that can be used in place of overeating or snacking during stressful times. you should work with your doctor and a dietician to set realistic goals that will help you lose weight slowly through diet and exercise. it may be helpful to find support from friends, family, or your community in order to make lifestyle changes that will lead to long - term weight loss. weight loss drugs sometimes, weight loss drugs may be prescribed. while these medications may cause weight loss, most people regain the weight once they stop taking the medication. there are many herbal and over - the - counter supplements that claim to help you lose weight, but many of these claims have not been verified. surgery may also be an option to treat obesity if you have tried other methods for losing weight but have not been successful in maintaining long - term weight loss. it can often help reduce the risk of other diseases ( e. g. diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea ) that are associated with severe obesity. surgery may cause complications, and you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. there are two common types of weight - loss (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4326588035683428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.133366"} {"text": "g. diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea ) that are associated with severe obesity. surgery may cause complications, and you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. there are two common types of weight - loss ( bariatric ) surgeries : laparoscopic gastric bypass : in this procedure, the surgeon will place a band around the upper part of your stomach. this limits the amount of food you can eat at one time by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food. gastric bypass surgery : this surgery will change how the food you eat travels through your digestive tract by bypassing a portion of your stomach and small bowel. it will make you feel full when you \u2019 ve eaten less food. obesity and morbid obesity are serious and potentially life - threatening conditions. a healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and regular exercise are important for preventing obesity. diet and exercise people who are morbidly obese should avoid \u201c fad \u201d diets and focus instead on changing eating behaviors. recommendations include : - adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet - eating smaller meals - count calories - avoid saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars physical activity is good for overall health and is especially important if you \u2019 re trying to lose weight. to begin losing weight, you will need to do moderate to vigorous exercise for more than three hours per week. vigorous activity raises your heart rate significantly. examples include : - running or jogging - jumping rope moderate exercises include brisk walking or biking, and can also include everyday activities like shoveling snow or yard work ( cdc ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44414576483179813, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.134919"} {"text": "an episiotomy is an incision through the vaginal wall and the perineum ( the area between the thighs, extending from the vaginal opening to the anus ) to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate childbirth. during a vaginal birth, the physician / midwife will assist the fetus ' head and chin out of the vagina when it becomes visible. once the head is out of the vagina, the physician / midwife usually rotates the fetus to the side and eases the shoulders out, followed by the rest of the body. in some cases, the vaginal opening does not stretch enough to accommodate the fetus. the physician / midwife may perform an episiotomy to help enlarge the opening and deliver the fetus. the episiotomy is usually performed when the fetal head has stretched the vaginal opening to several centimeters during a contraction. although episiotomy was a very common procedure in the past, more recent studies have found that routine or preventive use of episiotomy does not benefit the health of mother or baby. the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists ( acog ) no longer recommends performing an episiotomy on a routine basis. discuss with your physician the best treatment option for you and your baby. an episiotomy may be classified into two types : midline or median - refers to a vertical incision that is made from the lower opening of the vagina toward the rectum. this type of episiotomy usually heals well but may be more likely to tear and extend into the rectal area, called a third or fourth degree laceration. mediolateral - refers to an incision that is made at a 45 - degree angle from the lower opening of the vagina to either side. this type of episiotomy does not tend to tear or extend, but is associated with greater blood loss and may not heal as well. after the delivery of the baby, the mother is asked to continue to push during the next few uterine contractions to deliver the placenta. once the placenta is delivered, the episiotomy incision is sutured. if a mother does not have regional anesthesia such as an epidural, a local anesthesia may be injected in the perineum to numb the area for repair of a tear or episiotomy after delivery. other related procedures that may be used during labor and birth include caesar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45174899630414317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.143244"} {"text": "of all medications ( prescribed and over - the - counter ) and herbal supplements that you are taking. notify your physician / midwife if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant ( blood - thinning ) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. it may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure. based upon your medical condition, your physician / midwife may request other specific preparation. an episiotomy may be performed as part of a vaginal birth. the procedure and the type of episiotomy may vary depending on your condition and your physician / midwife \u2019 s practices. generally, an episiotomy follows this process : you will be positioned on a labor bed, with your feet and legs supported for the birth. if you have not been given any labor or delivery anesthesia, a local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues before the incision. if epidural anesthesia is used, you will have no feeling from your waist down and no additional anesthesia will be needed for the episiotomy. during the second stage of labor ( pushing stage ), as the fetal head stretches the vaginal opening, the physician / midwife will use special scissors or a scalpel to make the episiotomy incision. the baby will be delivered. the placenta will be delivered. the episiotomy incision will be examined for any further tearing. a local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues. the perineal tissues and muscle will be repaired using sutures, which will dissolve over time. after an episiotomy, you may experience incisional pain. an ice pack may be applied immediately after birth to help reduce swelling and pain. during your stay in the hospital and at home after your baby \u2019 s birth, sitz baths ( warm or cold shallow baths ) may relieve soreness and speed healing. medicated creams or local anesthetic sprays applied to your perineum may also be helpful. you may take a pain reliever for soreness as recommended by your physician. aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. be sure to take only recommended medications. you should keep the incision clean and dry, using the cleansing method recommended by your physician after urination and bowel movements. if bowel movements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4152578630237801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.146435"} {"text": "or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. be sure to take only recommended medications. you should keep the incision clean and dry, using the cleansing method recommended by your physician after urination and bowel movements. if bowel movements are painful, stool softeners recommended by your physician / midwife may be helpful. you should not douche, use tampons, or have intercourse until the time instructed by your physician / midwife. you may also have other restrictions on your activity, including no strenuous activity or heavy lifting. you may resume your normal diet unless your physician / midwife advises you differently. your physician / midwife will advise you when to return for further treatment or care. notify your physician / midwife if you have any of the following : bleeding from the episiotomy site foul - smelling drainage from the vagina fever and / or chills severe perineal pain your physician / midwife may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation. the content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your physician. please consult your physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. this page contains links to other web sites with information about this procedure and related health conditions. we hope you find these sites helpful, but please remember we do not control or endorse the information presented on these web sites, nor do these sites endorse the information contained here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37712410477377534, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.147063"} {"text": "you may have heard that there are several kinds of fats. but how do we know which to avoid, and which are okay to eat? we need some fat in our diets. fats provide energy. they help build hormones and cells. while all fats are high in calories, some fats are better choices than others. choose unsaturated fats. they can actually help lower your cholesterol. these healthier fats usually stay liquid at room temperature, and are found in most vegetable oils. good fats are also found in avocados, some fish, and nuts. saturated fats and trans fats are not good choices. they can clog up the arteries that carry blood to your heart. most of these fats stay solid at room temperature. they \u2019 re found in fried foods, fatty meats, and baked goods. just like there are several sources of fats, there are also several sources of carbohydrate. carbohydrate is found in many foods. it provides fuel for our heart, brain and muscles. but, as with fats, some carbs are better than others. and if you have diabetes or pre - diabetes, controlling carbohydrate is important because when you eat too much carbohydrate, your blood sugar may rise too high. the best carbs provide fiber. fiber can help lower cholesterol. we can get fiber from fruits, vegetables and beans, as well as whole grain products - - whole wheat pastas and breads, and brown rice. it \u2019 s best to eat at least three ounces of whole grains per day. check the food \u2019 s packaging to make sure that \u2019 s what you \u2019 re getting. the not - so - good carbohydrate, like white flour and white sugar, is usually higher in calories and has little nutritional value. for too many of us, these make up too large a part of what we eat and drink everyday. choosing less white bread and fewer soft drinks and sweets is a move in the right direction. fats and carbohydrate. choose the ones that are better for you, and you \u2019 re on your way to healthier eating for life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42449616822840286, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.149282"} {"text": "vitamin b12, also called cobalamin, is a water - soluble vitamin. water - soluble vitamins are stored in the body in very limited amounts and are excreted through the urine. therefore, it is a good idea to have them in your daily diet. vitamin b12, the most complex of the vitamins, contains the metal cobalt, in its structure. vitamin b12 \u2019 s functions include the following : | age group ( in years ) | | recommended dietary allowance most diets provide adequate b12 ; deficiency is often a result of absorption problems. in the stomach ' s acidic environment and through the action of the enzyme pepsin, vitamin b12 is released from food. people who do not have enough stomach acid ( such as those taking strong acid - neutralizing medications ) may not be able to separate b12 from food. people with this problem, however, absorb b12 supplements without difficulty. two proteins are also important for the vitamin ' s absorption and transport : intrinsic factor ( if ) and r proteins. a b12 deficiency can result if there are any problems with pepsin, if, or r proteins. reduced secretion may occur in mid - to late - life. severely reduced levels of if lead to a condition called pernicious anemia. people with pernicious anemia have trouble absorbing b12 supplements and may need either very high doses or injections. symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency include the following : vitamin b12 has a very low potential for toxicity. the tolerable upper intake level ( ul ) for vitamin b12 from dietary sources and supplements combined has not been determined. this does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. because data is limited, caution should be used when supplementing. no symptoms of vitamin b12 toxicity have been reported. vitamin b12 can be found in animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. some foods high in vitamin b12 include : the following populations may be at risk for vitamin b12 deficiency and may require a supplement : megaloblastic anemia can occur as a result of either a folate deficiency or a vitamin b12 deficiency. supplementing with folate can correct this anemia. but, it will not correct the b12 deficiency. permanent nerve damage can result if a b12 deficiency is left untreated. if you have megaloblastic anemia, talk with your doctor about assessing your b12 status as well as your folate status. here are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790630371106335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.159175"} {"text": "b12 deficiency. permanent nerve damage can result if a b12 deficiency is left untreated. if you have megaloblastic anemia, talk with your doctor about assessing your b12 status as well as your folate status. here are tips to help increase your intake of vitamin b12 : academy of nutrition and dietetics american society for nutrition centre for science in the public interest andres e, federici l, affenberger s, et al. b12 deficiency : a look beyond pernicious anemia [ review ]. j fam pract. 2007 ; 56 : 537 - 542. groff jl, gropper s. advanced nutrition and human metabolism. belmont, ca : wadsworth thomson learning ; 2000. vitamin b12. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated december 14, 2011. accessed september 19, 2012. vitamin b12. office of dietary supplements website. available at : http : / / ods. od. nih. gov / factsheets / vitaminb12 - healthprofessional /. accessed september 19, 2012. vitamin b12. oregon state linus pauling institute website. available at : http : / / lpi. oregonstate. edu / infocenter / vitamins / vitaminb12 /. accessed september 19, 2012 wierzbicki as. homocysteine and cardiovascular disease : a review of the evidence. diab vasc dis res. 2007 ; 4 : 143 - 150. 3 / 6 / 2013 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / : marti - carvajal aj, lathyris d, salanti g. homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. cochrane database syst rev. 2013 ; 1 : cd006612. last reviewed september 2012 by brian randall, md last updated : 3 / 6 / 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4265003593813793, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.161393"} {"text": "through the hebrew catholic year, by judy bratten the most well - known and elaborate of the jewish feasts, pesach commemorates the miraculous exodus of the jewish people from the land of egypt under the leadership of moses. it is also a springtime celebration, provoking a flurry of cleaning in the traditional jewish home as the mother removes all trace of leaven and prepares for the seder, the ritual passover meal. passover includes the weeklong feast of unleavened bread when particular foods are prohibited while other symbolic foods are eaten. the hagaddah, a collection of scripture readings, prayers, rabbinical commentaries, songs and poetry is the guide for the seder and sets the tone for the entire eight days. the feast of first fruits, which occurs during passover, was a feast of thanksgiving in biblical times for the first grain of the season. with its direct association with easter, passover is a very special holiday in our family. it is also a time of spring cleaning, a culmination of our lenten purifications. we always invite guests to our seders so they can see for themselves the origins of the mass. our family prefers to use a traditional jewish hagaddah for the seder, commenting frequently on the significance of many of the prayers and messianic symbols and prophecies. we enjoy preparing the special foods : charoseth, bitter herbs, roasted eggs, etc. we made our own matzoh tash with three compartments for the three matzohs used during the seder, a clear symbol of the trinity. and we have plenty of matzoh, matzoh brei ( fried matzoh ), knoedlech ( matzoh balls ) and sponge cake ( with matzoh flour ). recipes are available in any jewish cookbook. ( ed. for the first two nights of passover, we recommend the hagaddahs available here or a traditional jewish hagaddah, available from regular book stores. the ahc has not yet produced a hagaddah for passover. ) this abbreviated service may be used on the other nights of passover. mother lights candles and says : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, creator of the radiance of fire. father : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who has sanctified these days and has sanctified thy people. all : blessed art thou, o lord our god,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42762799054917344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.173759"} {"text": "of the radiance of fire. father : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who has sanctified these days and has sanctified thy people. all : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who has preserved us alive, sustained us and brought us to enjoy this season. amen. child : we praise thee, o lord, for as we eat this matzoh, the bread of affliction, we remember the seder meal when yeshua transformed the bread into his body. father : blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who gives us the fruits of the earth. all : amen. ( all eat some matzoh ) child : we praise thee, o lord, for as we drink the cup of passover deliverance, we remember that seder meal when yeshua transformed the cup of redemption into his blood. father : ( raising a cup of wine ) blessed art thou, o lord our god, king of the universe, who createst the fruit of the vine. all : amen ( everyone sip from the cup ) father : the name of the eternal be blessed from now unto eternity. all : blessed be he of whose gifts we partake and by whose goodness we exist. father : may he who is most merciful make us worthy to behold the day of the messiah and eternal life. he gives great salvation through his son, yeshua his anointed. may he who maketh peace in high heavens grant peace to us and all israel. we ask this in the name of yeshua, thy son, who lives and reigns with thee and ruach hakodesh, one god, for ever and ever. sassociation of hebrew catholics. all rights reserved. \u2022 4120 w pine blvd \u2022 st louis mo 63108", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626801333543012, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.175225"} {"text": "1. tolkien ' s usage of \" thou \" and \" thee \" i. thou, thee i grew up in a religiously conservative environment, of the protestant sort. as this was some decades ago, the preferred bible version was, of course, the king james. by reading and studying the bible, and memorizing parts of it, i acquired an intuitive familiarity with the archaic language in use 500 years ago, before i ever read the lord of the rings, or heard of tolkien. i say \" intuitive \", because i absorbed the proper grammatical usage without understanding. as \" thou \" and \" thee \" were used mostly for god, and often capitalized, to boot, i associated them with formal usage, and \" you, you \" with ordinary usage. when i first read lotr, and dived into the appendices, at about age thirteen, i was quite puzzled by tolkien ' s reference to \" thou, thee \" as familiar as opposed to the formal \" you, you \". it was only when i took high school german, and later spanish and french, that i realized \" thou, thee \" were cognates for \" du, dich \", \" tu, ti \", \" tu, te \", all of which are familiar. \" you, you \" in english were at one time plural or formal, but have gradually displaced \" thou, thee \". why am i putting these pronouns in quoted pairs? not only that, i have \" you, you \" as a pair, when they ' re the same word, right? not really. at one time, english, like many other languages, had a case system for all its nouns \u2014 they would change form depending on usage in the sentence, whether nominative ( subject ) or accusative ( object ). the pronouns are the only ones left that retain cases \u2014 \" i, me \", \" she, her \", \" they, them \". \" you \" however, is used for both nominative and accusative. here is where i believe some writers, in an effort to give a sense of intimate, familiar, or even derogatory speech, have misinterpreted tolkien ' s commentary on usage. in lotr, appendix f, ii on translation, tolkien wrote in a footnote : in one or two places an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48663981480916463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.190708"} {"text": ", tolkien wrote in a footnote : in one or two places an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ceremonious language ; but a change from you to thou, thee is sometimes meant to show, there being no other means of doing this, a significant change from the deferential, or between men and women normal, forms to the familiar. when i first read it, i was already familiar with the correct grammatical usage of \" thou, thee \", so i read the pertinent sentence thus :... a change from you to [ thou, thee ] is sometimes meant to show... a significant change from the deferential... forms to the familiar. it seems some authors read the sentence like this :... a change from [ you to thou ], [ thee is sometimes meant to show... a significant change from the deferential... forms to the familiar ]. apparently interpreting this sentence to mean \" thou \" is deferential or formal, and \" thee \" is familiar. from my understanding of archaic english, this is not what tolkien intended. he surely, as a linguist, and expert on the various stages through which our language passed, was intimately familiar with the accurate, historical usage of pronouns in the english of the times when \" thou \" and \" thee \" were in use. i have pulled out a few quotes from lotr using \" thou \" and / or \" thee \". tt, book iii - chapter 5 the white rider lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! tt, book iii - chapter 6 the king of the golden hall the king now rose, and at once eowyn came forward bearing wine. ' ferthu theoden hal! ' she said. ' receive now this cup and drink in happy hour. health be with thee at thy going and coming! ' rotk, book v - chapter 2 the passing of the grey company the days are short. if thou art in haste, remember the paths of the dead. ' the days now are short. either our hope cometh, or all hope ' s end. therefore i send thee what i have made for thee. fare well, elfstone! ' then isildur said to their king : \" thou shalt be the last king.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4819405414268027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.192456"} {"text": "short. either our hope cometh, or all hope ' s end. therefore i send thee what i have made for thee. fare well, elfstone! ' then isildur said to their king : \" thou shalt be the last king. and if the west prove mightier than thy black master, this curse i lay upon thee and thy folk : to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. for this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end. \" ' nor would i, ' he said. ' therefore i say to you, lady : stay! for you have no errand to the south. ' ' neither have those others who go with thee. they go only because they would not be parted from thee - because they love thee. ' then she turned and vanished into the night. but she said : ' aragorn, wilt thou go? ' ' i will, ' he said. ' then wilt thou not let me ride with this company, as i have asked? ' ' i will not, lady, ' he said. ' for that i could not grant without leave of the king and of your brother ; and they will not return until tomorrow. but i count now every hour, indeed every minute. farewell! ' then she fell on her knees, saying : ' i beg thee! ' rotk, book v - chapter 4 the siege of gondor ' what is this, my lord? ' said the wizard. ' the houses of the dead are no places for the living. and why do men fight here in the hallows when there is war enough before the gate? or has our enemy come even to rath dinen? ' ' since when has the lord of gondor been answerable to thee? ' said denethor. ' or may i not command my own servants? ' ' you may, ' said gandalf. ' but others may contest your will, when it is turned to madness and evil. where is your son, faramir? ' ' pride and despair! ' he cried. ' didst thou think that the eyes of the white tower were blind? nay, i have seen more than thou knowest, grey fool. for thy hope is but ignorance. go then and labour in healing! go forth and fight! vanity. for a little space you may triumph on the field, for a day. but against the power that now arises there is no victory. to this city", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46391113103310183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.194048"} {"text": "thy hope is but ignorance. go then and labour in healing! go forth and fight! vanity. for a little space you may triumph on the field, for a day. but against the power that now arises there is no victory. to this city only the first finger of its hand has yet been stretched. all the east is moving. and even now the wind of thy hope cheats thee and wafts up anduin a fleet with black sails. the west has failed. it is time for all to depart who would not be slaves. ' ' such counsels will make the enemy ' s victory certain indeed, ' said gandalf. rotk, book v - chapter 6 the battle of the pelennor fields a cold voice answered : ' come not between the nazgul and his prey! or he will not slay thee in thy turn. he will bear thee away to the houses of lamentation, beyond all darkness, where thy flesh shall be devoured, and thy shrivelled mind be left naked to the lidless eye. ' a sword rang as it was drawn. ' do what you will ; but i will hinder it, if i may. ' ' hinder me? thou fool. no living man may hinder me! ' then merry heard of all sounds in that hour the strangest. it seemed that dernhelm laughed, and the clear voice was like the ring of steel. ' but no living man am i! you look upon a woman. eowyn i am, eomund ' s daughter. you stand between me and my lord and kin. begone, if you be not deathless! for living or dark undead, i will smite you, if you touch him. ' rotk, book v - chapter 10 the black gate opens ' so! ' said the messenger. ' then thou art the spokesman, old greybeard? have we not heard of thee at whiles, and of thy wanderings, ever hatching plots and mischief at a safe distance? but this time thou hast stuck out thy nose too far, master gandalf ; and thou shalt see what comes to him who sets his foolish webs before the feet of sauron the great. i have tokens that i was bidden to show to thee - to thee in especial, if thou shouldst dare to come. ' rotk, book vi - chapter 6 many partings then eowyn looked in the eyes of aragorn, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43774029361120786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.195493"} {"text": "i was bidden to show to thee - to thee in especial, if thou shouldst dare to come. ' rotk, book vi - chapter 6 many partings then eowyn looked in the eyes of aragorn, and she said : ' wish me joy, my liege - lord and healer! ' and he answered : ' i have wished thee joy ever since first i saw thee. it heals my heart to see thee now in bliss. ' in the above quotes, some use only one or the other. the shortest that uses both \" thou \" and \" thee \" is galadriel ' s message to gimli \u2014 lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! note that \" thou \" is in the position of subject and \" thee \" in that of object ( object of the preposition, rather than of the verb, but it would be the same ). if you read through all the quotes, you ' ll find that this is absolutely consistent \u2014 \" thou \" is subject and \" thee \" is object. if you have difficulties figuring out which is which, recast the sentence using \" he, him \" or \" she, her \", which are \" subject, object \" as well. for example : wherever he goes my thought goes with him. note also, in the conversations between aragorn and eowyn in the passing of the grey company, he uses \" you \" or \" your \" in addressing her, that is, polite usage, while she uses the intimate \" thou \" and \" thee \". aragorn keeps her linguistically at arm ' s length, and she ' s trying to get closer to him. contrast this to aragorn ' s usage at eowyn and faramir ' s trothplighting, in many partings, where he addresses her familiarly with \" thee \". again, in the gandalf / denethor conversations, gandalf consistently uses the polite, deferential \" you \" ( both subject and object ), while denethor talks down to him, using \" thou, thee \" in a derogatory fashion, as to an inferior or servant. ditto with sauron ' s messenger. interestingly, in the bit about isildur : then isildur said to their king : \" thou shalt be the last king. and if the west prove mightier than thy black master, this curse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595708634948862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.197001"} {"text": "ditto with sauron ' s messenger. interestingly, in the bit about isildur : then isildur said to their king : \" thou shalt be the last king. and if the west prove mightier than thy black master, this curse i lay upon thee and thy folk : to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. for this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end. \" isildur switches from \" thee \" and \" thou \" when addressing the king, his vassal and inferior, to \" you \", not as a polite form, but as a plural form, including the king ' s folk in the curse. i also went and dug up some shakespeare, who switches back and forth between \" thou, thee \" and \" you, you \", as well. from shakespeare, here ' s sonnet 18, which uses \" thou, thee \" : shall i compare thee to a summer ' s day? thou art more lovely and more temperate : rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, and summer ' s lease hath all too short a date : sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed, and every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature ' s changing course untrimmed : but thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow ' st, nor shall death brag thou wand ' rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to time thou grow ' st, so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee. in his plays, the different usage for familiar / derogatory and polite / plural is also quite evident. and, from the king james version : 16 and ruth said, intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest, i will go ; and where thou lodgest, i will lodge : thy people shall be my people, and thy god my god : 17 where thou diest, will i die, and there will i be buried : the lord do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me. of course, throughout the bible, you can find many instances of \" thou, thee \". a curious phenomenon is the \" quaker thee \", in which \" thee \" is used as subject, as well as object, sometimes even as possessive! this was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44106698239386577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.198554"} {"text": "course, throughout the bible, you can find many instances of \" thou, thee \". a curious phenomenon is the \" quaker thee \", in which \" thee \" is used as subject, as well as object, sometimes even as possessive! this was an artificial construct, promoted by a leader of the quakers, to preserve \" plain speaking \", or humility and equality in language. they used third - person verb inflections, however \u2014 \" thee is \" or \" thee has \". ii. thy, thine the possessives \" thy \" and \" thine \" are similar, and rather easier, once you have a grip on \" thou, thee \". they work almost like \" my \" and \" mine \". \" is this thy book? \" \" no, it is thine. the other book is mine. \" there is an exception, which shows up in the galadriel quote \u2014 lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! notice that instead of \" thy axe \", she uses \" thine axe \". this is because \" axe \" begins with a vowel ; that is, it follows the same rule as \" a, an \" \u2014 \" a book \", \" an apple \". in archaic english, \" my, mine \" would have behaved the same way. if you are familiar with the battle hymn of the republic, recall that it starts with \" mine eyes have seen... \". iii. doth, dost here ' s just a bit on verb inflections, as the web resources are many. in general, \" thou \" requires the verb to take the \" - st \" or \" est \" ending ( with a couple of exceptions ), while \" she \", \" he \", \" it \" and all other third person singular nouns might lead to \" - th \" or \" - eth \". notice that tolkien doesn ' t typically go that far \u2014 he limits his archaicisms to the \" thou \", etc. : lock - bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. but have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! here, he uses the archaic \" thou goest \" alongside the more modern \" my thought goes \", instead of the archaic \" my thought goeth \". the lotr quotes above use a number of verbs with \" thou \", most in the \" - st \" form : thou art ( this is an exception", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43482344298121367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.201078"} {"text": "more modern \" my thought goes \", instead of the archaic \" my thought goeth \". the lotr quotes above use a number of verbs with \" thou \", most in the \" - st \" form : thou art ( this is an exception the the \" - st \" rule ) thou shalt ( also an exception ) wilt thou go? ( ditto ) didst thou think verbs from the shakespeare sonnet, all but one in the \" - st \" form : thou ow ' st ( owest ) and one in the \" - th \" form : summer ' s lease hath all too short a date that last would be rendered \" thou hast \" in second person singular. once again, of course, both shakespeare and the king james bible make great examples of archaic english in actual usage. i hope you ' ve found this interesting and useful. if you need more information, here are some links. \" a note on shakespeare ' s grammar \" includes chart with some typical verb inflections. more background, grammar, discussion of quaker usage : \" plain speech faq \" this is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of j r r tolkien. the characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the tolkien estate, tolkien enterprises, and possibly new line cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. the author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. the work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of henneth annun story archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47431547068258806, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.202262"} {"text": "aims and objectives the centre was established to cover development oriented research, training and teaching on survival, adaptation and productivity of mountain plants. thus the major objectives of the centre are : - to undertake fundamental and applied studies on mountain plants. - to undertake studies on conservation of endangered plant species. - to set up demonstration units. - teaching and information diffusion. - framework of functioning the activities of the centre are organized under following groups : - seed biology and physiology of reproduction in threatened / endangered species and wild edibles. - biomass production potential in mountain plant species. - physiology and biochemistry of adaptation in high altitude plants. training and teaching - ph. d. programme in the proposed fields of research. - environmental plant biology course at m. phil. level. - post graduate diploma in biotechniques of medicinal and aromatic plants. - certificate course on biotechniques of medicinal and aromatic plants. - short term orientation course in nursery practices, plant form and functions, conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants ( maps ) and environmental management. - to develop package of practices for the cultivation of endangered maps and mountain - establishment of nursery and demonstration units. - demonstration unit on revegetation of wasteland in mountains. - publication and consultation in relevant fields. the centre has its main building and laboratory at srinagar garhwal and field station at tungnath. the main building at srinagar has an analytical laboratory ( 800 sq. m ), four glass houses and a net house. in addition, a medicinal plant biotechnology laboratory has also been set up at srinagar hosing tissue culture labs, green houses and analytical laboratories. the alpine research station of the centre in 10 acres land is situated at tungnath ( 3600 m a. s. l. ). this station has residential facilities and weather monitoring system. at present the garden at this station has about 50 rare species of alpine herbs and more will be added to this collection in coming years. in addition to this, a sub - station for medicinal plants has been established at pothibasa ( 2200 m ). alpine field station tungnath ( 3600m ) main laboratory at srinagar, garhwal ( 550m ) alpine field station, tungnath ( 3600 m ) demonstration site at pothibasa ( 2200m ) a small library is housed in the centre which contains important reference books. so far, nearly 1000 accessions of books have been procured and more are being added regularly. the centre has been subscribing to 14 indian and 4 foreign journals. this facility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4570603249467169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.208717"} {"text": "what it is : white blood cells play a role in reducing inflammation in the body. a high white blood cell count could mean that there is inflammation somewhere in the body, such as can occur in the gastrointestinal tract of people who have inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ). the white blood cell ( wbc ) count is also sometimes known as a leukocyte count or white count. a wbc count is typically done along with another common blood test, the complete blood cell count ( cbc ). a wbc count is the number of white blood cells per volume of blood, and is reported in either thousands in a microliter or millions in a liter of blood. what it ' s used for : a high wbc count can be an indicator of an infection, inflammation, or allergy. some conditions may cause a decrease in the wbc count. leukocytosis is the presence of an elevated wbc count ; leukopenia is a decreased wbc count. leukocytosis may be caused by several conditions including bacterial infection, inflammation, leukemia, trauma, or stress. leukopenia may occur as a result of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immune system disorders. how it ' s done : a blood sample will be taken, normally from the arm. if several tests are ordered, more than one vial of blood will be taken. the normal range for wbc count is 4, 300 to 10, 800 cells per cubic millimeter ( cmm ) or 4. 3 to 10. 8 x 109 cells per liter. a range of 11 to 17 x 109 / l may be considered mild to moderate leukocytosis, and a range of 3. 0 to 5. 0x109 / l may be considered mild leukopenia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925770307202768, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.213564"} {"text": "note : this message is displayed if ( 1 ) your browser is not standards - compliant or ( 2 ) you have you disabled css. read our policies for more information. the natural resources commission adopts rules that govern the administrative and regulatory functions of the department of natural resources. these rules are important to citizens and businesses in indiana because they cover an array of activities, including construction in or near rivers and streams, historic preservation, fish and wildlife management, and timber sales from private and public lands. following is the current status of the agency ' s permanent rules : general definitions ( 312 iac 1 ) this article contains a number of definitions that have general application throughout the commission ' s rules. examples include terms such as dnr \" director \" and \" department. \" procedures and delegations ( 312 iac 2 ) this article contains procedures for the natural resources commission and the various boards of the department of natural resources, as well as delegations of authority by the commission. also included are procedures for informal factfinding hearings held by divisions of the dnr before making decisions concerning permits and other issues. appeals of dnr decisions ( 312 iac 3 ) this article provides procedural rules for court - type proceedings held before the commission and its administrative law judges. these rules provide a \" cookbook \" for how to file and pursue an appeal ( technically called \" administrative review \" ) of a determination by the dnr or another determination over which the commission has jurisdiction. the homepage version of these rules includes unofficial annotations to help understand how these rules were interpreted in particular cases. law enforcement procedures and personnel ( 312 iac 4 ) these rules govern standards of conduct and discipline, and appellate procedures, for conservation officers. watercraft standards ( 312 iac 5 ) effective january 1, 2002, these rules supplement statutory standards for the operation and equipping of boats on public waters. a new emphasis is placed on enforcement directed to the disposal of wastewater from boats. new procedural standards are also included to help implement 2000 legislation to authorize the establishment of ecological zones and the licensing of fishing tournaments and other organized activities on public waters. for the remainder of 2001, 310 iac 2. 1 applies. navigable waterways ( 312 iac 6 ) one of the most asked - about areas of nrc responsibility is navigable waters. the division of hearings has recently developed a research aid to better understanding of the history and application of this important legal area. the aid annotates commission rules for navigable waters but also goes beyond those rules to outline important precedents from indiana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4856220549837132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.228107"} {"text": "navigable waters. the division of hearings has recently developed a research aid to better understanding of the history and application of this important legal area. the aid annotates commission rules for navigable waters but also goes beyond those rules to outline important precedents from indiana and federal courts. navigable waters ways roster. great lakes basin ( 312 iac 6. 2 ) this article would address diversions from the indiana portion of the great lakes basin. rules adopted in 2005 provided the genesis for state procedures. water withdrawal contracts from state reservoirs ( 312 iac 6. 3 ) this article governs the procedures for, and the substance of, consideration of any contract proposal made to the state and submitted to the division of water after february 28, 2009, for the withdrawal or release of water from the water supply storage of a reservoir. off - road vehicles and snowmobiles ( 312 iac 6. 5 ) this article addresses the registration of off - road vehicles and snowmobiles. the article is administered primarily through the division of accounting. trails and scenic rivers ( 312 iac 7 ) this very brief article sets general standards for the maintenance of snowmobile trails. also identified are the state ' s three scenic waterways. the dnr division of outdoor recreation administers the article. public use of dnr properties ( 312 iac 8 ) the article guides public use of state parks, forests, nature preserves, historic sites, state reservoirs, and similar properties.. several amendments became effective january 1, 2000, including those for activities on shooting ranges. the article does not include hunting or fishing regulations ; these are in 312 iac 9. neither does the article apply to dnr administration of floodways, navigable waterways, or public freshwater lakes. fish and wildlife ( 312 iac 9 ) this extensive article includes a wide variety of provisions designed to help manage fish and wildlife in indiana. hunting and fishing seasons and bag limits are set. endangered and threatened wild animals are given legal protection. permitting processes are set for scientific investigations, the possession of certain wild animals, falconry, and similar activities. recent amendments were directed to reptiles and amphibians native to indiana and to potentially dangerous reptiles. flood plain management ( 312 iac 10 ) effective january 1, 2002, these rules govern construction activities within floodways ( regulated by the dnr ) and construction activities for the portions of flood plains outside floodways ( regulated by local government ). a new \" general license \" is approved that allows for the placement of qualified outfall structures in floodways. additional licensing coordination is provided with respect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4341056600169575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.229191"} {"text": "\" waste \" of petroleum and other mineral resources. incorporated within the rules are standards governing class ii injection wells, a program for which the division of oil and gas has primacy through the u. s. environmental protection agency. other petroleum regulation ( 312 iac 17 ) as with article 16, this article is administered by the division of oil and gas. included are standards for the exploration of oil or gas on state - owned real estate ; test hole drilling ; and geophysical surveying for petroleum resources through seismic or other methodologies. entomology and plant pathology ( 312 iac 18 ) this article includes rules for the dnr division of entomology and plant pathology. included are provisions regulating nursery dealers and beekeepers. there are also standards designed to control pests or pathogens, such as africanized bees or purple loosestrife. ginseng management ( 312 iac 19 ) this article governs the collection and sale of ginseng from public and private properties. new standards require that wild ginseng be harvested only after a plant reaches maturity. the article is administered through dnr division of nature preserves, with support from the division of law enforcement. historic preservation review board ( 312 iac 20 ) these rules outline procedures of the historic preservation review board, as well as appeals from decisions of the board. the rules also reference the status of the state historic preservation officer ( who, in indiana, is also the dnr director ). archaeological review and recovery ( 312 iac 21 ) these rules set minimum qualifications among the levels of professionals and amateurs in order to conduct archaeological excavations and analyses. the division of historic preservation and archaeology is authorized to maintain a roster of persons who may conduct the activities, as well as to initiate a complaint with the natural resources commission to remove a person from the roster where the division believes the person has not performed according to those standards. human remains, burial objects, and artifacts ( 312 iac 22 ) these rules set standards for the excavation of archaeological sites by both professionals and amateurs, including the development of formal \" plans \" to conduct those excavations. cemeteries and burial grounds ; registration and management ( 312 iac 22. 5 ) these rules set standards for the submission, review, and implementation of a development plan within 100 feet of a cemetery. state historic rehabilitation tax credit ( 312 iac 23 ) this article governs the administration of the state historic rehabilitation tax credit established by ic 6 - 3. 1 - 16, and is administered by the department of natural resources, division of historic preservation and archaeology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47936610402508006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.232126"} {"text": "rehabilitation tax credit ( 312 iac 23 ) this article governs the administration of the state historic rehabilitation tax credit established by ic 6 - 3. 1 - 16, and is administered by the department of natural resources, division of historic preservation and archaeology. state museums and historic sites ( 312 iac 24 ) this article helps administer some of the activities of the dnr division of state museums and historic sites. included are standards for the receipt and disposal of museum artifacts, a process call \" accession and deaccession. \" ethical standards are set for dnr employees relative to the state museum ' s collection ; these are in addition to the general state employee ethics requirements. surface coal mining and reclamation ( 312 iac 25 ) these rules govern environmental standards for suface coal mining ( including surface impacts resulting from underground coal mines ) and the reclamation of those sites. through what is commonly called \" primacy, \" this indiana program administers federal smcra. rule recodification has completed the process established by state law, but 312 iac 25 becomes effective only upon approval by the federal office of surface mining and reclamation, and notice of the approval being published in the indiana register. until publication of the notice, the program will be addressed at 310 iac 12. dnr grant programs ( 312 iac 26 ) this article provides standards for administration of the hometown indiana grant program. various elements of the program are managed within the dnr by the division of outdoor recreation, the division of historic preservation and archeology, and the division of forestry. the program also gives recognition to the scorp and to some other grant programs administered by the division of outdoor recreation. flood control revolving fund ( 312 iac 27 ) this article assists with the implementation of the flood control revolving fund.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44633221015463165, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.233253"} {"text": "project learning tree \u2019 s \u201c web of life \u201d lets students investigate relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers by acting as organisms connected by string in a food web. want to make this lively activity have more energy? a fun musical variation to this activity is to assign a different sound to each plant. the consumers must say the respective sound when they feel the tug. each organism must repeat the sounds that the previous organism said. ( for example, hazelnut trees say \u201c da, \u201d oak trees say \u201c dee, \u201d raspberries say \u201c mo, \u201d grass says \u201c tie. \u201d the deer eats acorns and hazelnut trees so it will say \u201c da, dee. \u201d rabbits eat raspberries and grass, so it will say \u201c mo, tie. \u201d coyotes eat deer and rabbits, they will say \u201c da, dee, mo, tie \u201d ) the top consumers will likely have so many sounds to say that they will have a difficult time remembering them. want to expand this activity? try incorporating the following project learning tree activities : - are vacant lots vacant? - dynamic duos - field, forest and stream - planet diveristy - school yard safari hickman, p. 1997. hungry animals : my first look at a foodchain. kids can press ltd. johansson, p. 2004. wide open grasslands : a web of life. enslow publishers, incorporated. kitchen, b. 1994. when hunger calls. candlewick press. lauber, p. 1995. who eats what? : food chains and food webs. harpercollins publishers. mckinney, b. s. 2000. pass the energy, please! dawn publications. relf, p. 1996. magic school bus gets eaten : a book about food chains. scholastic, inc. cole, j. 1996. the magic school bus gets eaten. a book about food chains. scholastic inc. crenson, v. and r. gurevich. 2003. horseshoe crabs and shorebirds : the story of a food web. marshall cavendish inc. ellis, b. 2006. the web at dragonfly pond. dawn publications. greenaway, t. 2001. cycles in nature food chain. raintree steck - vaughn publishers. heinz, b. j. 2006. butternut hollow pond. lerner publishing group. kalman, b. and j. langille. 1998. what are food chains and webs? crabtree. mason, c. 2003. everybody ' s somebody ' s lunch : the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5626327606231358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.242433"} {"text": ". butternut hollow pond. lerner publishing group. kalman, b. and j. langille. 1998. what are food chains and webs? crabtree. mason, c. 2003. everybody ' s somebody ' s lunch : the role of predator and prey in nature. tilbury house publishers. nadeau, i. 2002. food chains in a backyard habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. nadeau, i. 2001. food chains in a forest habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. nadeau, i. 2002. food chains in a meadow habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. nadeau, i. 2001. food chains in a pond habitat. rosen publishing group, incorporated. norsgaard, e. j. 1990. nature ' s great balancing act : in our own backyard. penguin young readers group. penny, m. 1998. the foodchain. the bookwright press. pringle, l. p. 1975. chains, webs and pyramids : the flow of energy in nature. harpercollins publishers. rice, d. l. 1997. lifetimes. dawn publications. riley, p. 2002. food chains. franklin watts. spilsbury, l., spilsbury r. 2004. food chains and food webs : from producers to decomposers. heinemann library. staub, f. 2004. world of wonder ; the food chain. creative education. capeci, a. 2003. food chain frenzy ( the magic school bus chapter book ). scholastic inc. hemsley, w. 1992. feeding to digestion : projects with biology. scholastic library publishing. silverstein, a. 1998. food chains. lerner publishing group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5431521384774196, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.243044"} {"text": "mobile pastoralists the world over are the subject of an unusually large number of myths and misconceptions. these misconceptions have led to inadequate, often hostile, development policies and interventions which have erected major barriers to sustainable land management and have entrenched pastoral poverty. in order to achieve the twin goals of wisp, rangeland environmental sustainability and pastoral poverty reduction, it is therefore necessary to overcome anti - pastoral prejudice and bring an end to damaging policy and practice. in recent years there has been a growing consensus that pastoral poverty is rooted in the social, economic and political marginalisation of pastoralists. it is widely accepted that in rangelande environments, mobility is a pre - requisite for effective natural resource use, and it is understood that failure to support mobility of pastoralists has resulted in service delivery failure. yet the underlying, and usually under recognized, reality is that pastoralism is also a conservation strategy that can make best use of rangelands both in space ( in terms of accessing extensive ranges ) and time ( making best use of seasonal grazing ). questions remain unanswered over the role that pastoralists could play in conservation, given a more supportive policy and legal environment. wisp will contribute to closing this knowledge gap through a series of studies by national partners and sharing of best practice from the development and environment sectors. it is important to note however that the project neither supports \u201c turning the clock back \u201d nor \u201c freezing \u201d pastoralists in their current state. tremendous losses of rangelands have occurred in the past, which simply negates such a strategy. whatever the future of pastoralism, it has been shaped by many distinctive twentieth century influences, which confound a return to some prior or imagined condition. such influences include, for example, losses of prime grazing land to cultivation, gazetting of pastoral lands for conservation and political, economic and social marginalization. it is possible nonetheless to ensure that appropriate policies, legal mechanisms, and support systems are in place to enable pastoralists to enhance the economic, social and ecological sustainability of their livelihoods. wisp \u2019 s role is to facilitate this process by gathering and managing knowledge, developing advocacy tools, building capacity to influence policy, supporting advocacy processes and networking to enhance learning and strengthen policy debate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.519168979981485, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.248300"} {"text": "mario schenberg, brazil \u2019 s most important theoretical physicist, who researched the formation of supernova stars, was born in recife on this date in 1914. in the 1940s, together with indian physicist and nobel laureate subrahmanyan chanrasekhar, he discovered the schenberg - chandrasekhar limit, which is the maximum mass of the core of a star prior to its gravitational collapse. schenberg also made significant contributions to mathematics vis - a - vis quantum physics, and was widely respected as a writer and art critic. he was twice elected to be sao paolo state legislator on the communist ticket ; following brazil \u2019 s 1964 military coup d \u2019 etat, he was forced into retirement by presidential decree and was jailed for several months ( his second jailing for communist activism ). he also received death threats from brazilian neo - nazis for his opposition to a joint brazil - germany plan to build nuclear power stations in brazil in 1975. schenberg died in 1990. to view a video about the \u201c mario schenberg space ship, \u201d an interactive educational program for kids at the university of sao paolo, click here. \u201c the energy disappears in the nucleus of the supernova as quickly as... money disappeared at that roulette table. \u201d \u2014 mario schenberg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360328872255509, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.251946"} {"text": "a young person named k. asks yahoo, how do i go about writing a research paper on the jfk assassination? what would president john f. kennedy have thought about the enigmatic circumstances of his murder? fifty years later, i think we don \u2019 t ask this question often enough. instead we argue about what rachel maddow and bill o \u2019 reilly think. media criticism is important, but it is no substitute for historical analysis. there are certainly other ways to think about the story. counterfactually, for example. imagine jfk had survived the gunfire in dealey plaza. what would he have said about its causes? kennedy, of course, did not have time to comment on the gunfire that claimed his life, other than to say, after a bullet struck him in the back, \u201c my god, i \u2019 m hit. \u201d but that exclamation illuminated his instantaneous awareness of a lethal situation. jfk had been a soldier / sailor in world war ii. twenty years before he had faced gunfire. he had seen men die from it. he knew that he had been shot. before he could say anything more another bullet struck him in the head, fatally wounding him. that was not inevitable. earlier this month rachel maddow told the little - known story of how senator john f. kennedy introduced legislation to ban the importation of weapons produced for foreign armies, only to be thwarted by pro - gun legislators. then, on november 22, 1963, maddow said, lee oswald used an italian - made military rifle to shoot and kill president kennedy. for the popular msnbc anchor, this story illuminates the enduring and pernicious effects of the gun lobby from dallas to newtown. as a contemporary polemic, this novel interpretation of jfk \u2019 s assassination \u2014 the gun lobby did it \u2014 is strong. as history it is weak. it \u2019 s hard not to agree with maddow \u2019 s broad point : the gun manufacturers and gun violence have had a pernicious effect on american life for a long time. she is correct that an italian - made rifle, cheap and easily obtained under permissive u. s. gun laws, played a central role in the jfk assassination story. but her implication that the gun lobby, as a power sector in american politics, was an important causal factor in enabling jfk \u2019 s assassination is not founded in historical fact. read more a lot of people at the scene of the crime thought so. but don \u2019 t take my word for it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44478612336585965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.261634"} {"text": "power sector in american politics, was an important causal factor in enabling jfk \u2019 s assassination is not founded in historical fact. read more a lot of people at the scene of the crime thought so. but don \u2019 t take my word for it. in the latest installment of len osanic \u2019 s \u201c 50 reasons for 50 years \u201d video series, jfk photo expert robert groden compiles photographic imagery from the first few minutes after the assassination of president kennedy. view the pictures and decide for yourself. the pittsburgh tribune review recently asked dr. cyril wecht of duquesne university a question : the oni, according to researacher bill kelly, is withholding records of its own internal investigations of oswald after he defected to the soviet union in 1959 and after jfk was killed in 1963. the latter reports would be explosive if they showed that u. s. marine corps investigators doubted that oswald acted alone in killing kennedy. oni representatives assert that america \u2019 s oldest intelligence service doesn \u2019 t have any such records. that claim is dubious, for a number of reasons. no. read this unpersuasive ( some would say nutty ) article and you will find proof that even the piously paulite advocates of this theory have no actual evidence for it. robert f. kennedy jr. \u2019 s comments that his father did not believe that a \u201c lone - gunman \u201d killed his uncle, president john f. kennedy, have now been covered by all four television networks ( cbs, nbc, fox, and abc ), and gone viral on the internet. the remarks marked the first time a kennedy family member has publicly questioned the official theory that jfk was killed by a lone gunman. were rfk jr. \u2019 s remarks factually accurate? read more yes. the tape was probably destroyed in january 1986. this question, prompted by a comment from reader jsa, is a natural follow up to yesterday \u2019 s question, \u201c did the cia track oswald before jfk was killed? \u201d and there is a lot of evidence to support our answer. read more yes, closely and constantly. this is one of the biggest jfk revelations of the past 20 years, and one that we need talk up in social and news media the 50th anniversary of jfk \u2019 s assassination. while the cia assured congress in the 1970s that its interest in lee harvey oswald before jfk was killed was \u201c routine, \u201d the newest documents tell a very different story : oswald was monitored closely and constantly by an supersecret office", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46493300875975835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.263095"} {"text": "s assassination. while the cia assured congress in the 1970s that its interest in lee harvey oswald before jfk was killed was \u201c routine, \u201d the newest documents tell a very different story : oswald was monitored closely and constantly by an supersecret office within the cia \u2019 s counterintelligence staff from 1959 to 1963, known as the special investigations group. somebody did talk. his name was john martino. in 1963 he was an anti - castro militant who mixed with organized crime figures and cia officers. his story is one of the clearest indicators that opponents of jfk \u2019 s cuba policy had foreknowledge that president kennedy might be assassinated in dallas. to put it another way, those who doubt there was a conspiracy, need to address john martino \u2019 s story. it is corroborated in multiple ways. martino, a native of new jersey, was a petty racketeer as a young man with arrests for gambling and loan sharking. in the 1950s, he developed an expertise in electronic equipment related to gambling. he gravitated to south florida and then to havana where his skills won him a security job at the casino in the new deauville hotel in the cuban capital. havana was then dominated by organized crime syndicates who reaped big profits from gambling and related tourist attractions. in this balanced, if breathless, 1998 history channel video entitled \u201c missing files, \u201d we learn what the government sought to hide from public view. the approach is skeptical without crazy conspiracy mongering. operation northwoods was a pentagon plan to provoke a u. s. invasion of cuba in 1963 through the use of deception operations. first disclosed by the assassination records review board in 1997, the northwoods plans are among the most significant new jfk documents to emerge since oliver stone \u2019 s \u201c jfk \u201d movie. operation northwoods envisioned u. s. intelligence operatives staging violent attacks on u. s. targets and arranging for the blame for the mayhem to fall on fidel castro and his communist government. the idea, wrote one planner, was to creates a \u201c justification for u. s. intervention in cuba, \u201d by orchestrating a crime that placed the u. s. government \u201c in the apparent position of suffering defensible grievances from a rash and irresponsible government \u201d in cuba. these plans included the use of violence on american soil against american citizens. the question is still \u201c hotly debated \u201d says the jfk library and museum, not the least because the question has become part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46688526758432924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.264988"} {"text": "what is tetanus? tetanus is a bacterial infection that attacks the nervous system. tetanus may result in severe muscle spasms, and this can lead to a condition known as lockjaw, which prevents the mouth from opening and closing. tetanus can be fatal. tetanus is caused when the bacterium, clostridium tetani, enters the body through a break in the skin. the bacterium can come from soil, dust, or manure. it produces a toxin that causes the illness. in the united states and other countries with tetanus vaccination programs, the condition is rare. what is the tetanus vaccine? the tetanus vaccine is an inactivated toxoid ( a substance that can create an antitoxin ). there are different types of the vaccines to prevent tetanus, including : who should get vaccinated and when? the dtap vaccine is generally required before starting school. the regular immunization schedule is to give the vaccine at : - 2 months - 4 months - 6 months - 15 - 18 months - 4 - 6 years tdap is routinely recommended for children aged 11 - 12 years who have completed the dtap series. tdap can also be given to : - children aged 7 - 10 years who have not been fully vaccinated - children and teens aged 13 - 18 years who did not get the tdap when they were 11 - 12 years old - adults under 65 years who have never received tdap - pregnant women after 20 weeks gestation who have not previously received tdap - adults who have not been previously vaccinated and who have contact with babies aged 12 months or younger - healthcare providers who have not previously received tdap td is given as a booster shot every 10 years. the vaccine may also be given if you have a severe cut or burn. if you or your child has not been fully vaccinated against tetanus, talk to the doctor. what are the risks associated with the tetanus vaccine? most people tolerate the tetanus - containing vaccines without any trouble. the most common side effects are pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, mild fever, headache, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomachache. rarely, a fever of more than 102\u00baf, severe gastrointestinal problems, or severe headache may occur. nervous system problems and severe allergic reactions are extremely rare. localized allergic reactions ( redness and swelling ) at the injection site may occur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4742703218230095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.270356"} {"text": "rarely, a fever of more than 102\u00baf, severe gastrointestinal problems, or severe headache may occur. nervous system problems and severe allergic reactions are extremely rare. localized allergic reactions ( redness and swelling ) at the injection site may occur, while anaphylaxis ( life - threatening, widespread allergic reaction ) is extremely rare. acetaminophen ( eg, tylenol ) is sometimes given to reduce pain and fever that may occur after getting a vaccine. in infants, the medicine may weaken the vaccine ' s effectiveness. however, in children at risk for siezures, a fever lowering medicine may be important to take. discuss the risks and benefits of taking acetaminophen with the doctor. who should not get vaccinated? the vast majority of people should receive their tetanus - containing vaccinations on schedule. however, individuals in whom the risks of vaccination outweigh the benefits include those who : - have had a life - threatening allergic reaction to dtp, dtap, dt, tdap, or td vaccine - have had a severe allergy to any component of the vaccine to be given - have gone into a coma or long seizure within seven days after a dose of dtp or dtap talk with your doctor before getting the vaccine if you have : - allergy to latex - epilepsy or other nervous system problem - severe swelling or severe pain after a previous dose of any component of the vaccination to be given - guillain - barre syndrome wait until you recover to get the vaccine if you have moderate or severe illness on the day your shot is scheduled. what other ways can tetanus be prevented besides vaccination? caring properly for wounds, including promptly cleaning them and seeing a doctor for medical care, can prevent a tetanus infection. - reviewer : lawrence frisch, md, mph - review date : 06 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 61 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4395472802174936, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.272102"} {"text": "web and book design, copyright, kellscraft studio ( return to web text - ures ) chapter 15. observations of the gudgeon, the ruffe, and the bleak, and how to fish for them piscator. the gudgeon is reputed a fish of excellent taste, and to be very wholesome : he is of a fine shape, of a silver color, and beautified with black spots both on his body and tail. he breeds two or three times in the year, and always in summer. he is com mended for a fish of excellent nourishment : the germans call him groundling, by reason of his feeding on the ground ; and he there feasts himself in sharp streams, and on the gravel. he and the barbel both feed so, and do not hunt for flies at any time, as most other fishes do : he is an excellent fish to enter a young angler, being easy to be taken with a small red - worm, on or very near to the ground. he is one of those leather - mouthed fish that has his teeth in his throat, and will hardly be lost from off the hook if he be once strucken. they be usually scattered up and down every river in the shallows, in the heat of summer ; but in autumn, when the weeds begin to grow sour or rot, and the weather colder, then they gather together, and get into the deeper parts of the water. and are to be fished for there, with your hook always touching the ground, if you fish for him with a float, or with a cork. but many will fish for the gudgeon by hand, with a running - line upon the ground, without a cork, as a trout is fished for, and it is an excel lent way, if you have a gentle rod and as gentle a hand. there is also another fish called a pope, and by some a ruffe ; a fish that is not known to be in some rivers : he is much like the pearch for his shape, and taken to be better than the pearch, but will not grow to be bigger than a gudgeon : he is an excellent fish, no fish that swims is of a pleasanter taste, and he is also excellent to enter a young angler, for he is a greedy biter, and they will usually lie, abundance of them together, in one reserved place, where the water is deep, and runs quietly ; and an easy angler,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43993092884327967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.278963"} {"text": "is also excellent to enter a young angler, for he is a greedy biter, and they will usually lie, abundance of them together, in one reserved place, where the water is deep, and runs quietly ; and an easy angler, if he has found where they lie, may catch forty or fifty, or sometimes twice so many, at a standing. you must fish for him with a small red worm, and if you bait the ground with earth, it is excellent. there is also a bleak, or fresh - water sprat, a fish that is ever in motion, and therefore called by some the river - swallow ; for just as you shall observe the swallow to be, most evenings in summer, ever in motion, making short and quick turns when he flies to catch flies in the air, by which he lives, so does the bleak at the top of the water. ausonius would have him called bleak, from his whit ish color : his back is of a pleasant sad or sea - water - green, his belly white and shining as the mountain snow. and, doubtless, though he have the fortune, which virtue has in poor people, to be neglected, yet the bleak ought to be much valued, though we want allamot - salt, and the skill that the italians have to turn them into anchovies. this fish may be caught with a pater - noster line ; that is, six or eight very small hooks tied along the line, one half a foot above the other : i have seen five caught thus at one time, and the bait has been gentles, than which none is better. or this fish may be caught with a fine small artificial fly, which is to be of a very sad brown color, and very small, and the hook answerable. there is no better sport than whipping for bleaks in a boat, or on a bank in the swift water in a summer ' s evening, with a hazel top about five or six foot long, and a line twice the length of the rod. i have heard sir henry wotton say, that there be many that in italy will catch swallows so, or especially martins, this bird - angler standing on the top of a steeple to do it, and with a line twice so long as i have spoken of : and let me tell you, scholar, that both martins and bleaks be most excellent meat. and let me tell you, that i have known a hern that did constantly frequent one place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4258007716306197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.280141"} {"text": "according to the national program for playground safety ( npps ), a nonprofit organization that funds efforts to reduce playground injuries, more than 200, 000 preschool and elementary aged children are injured on playgrounds every year to the extent that they require hospital care. what \u2019 s more, while many of us assume that such dangers lurk only on public playgrounds, the reality is that private playgrounds \u2013 the ones in our own backyards \u2013 also pose a hazard and, consequently, potential legal liability. in fact, at least 19 % of playground injuries occur on home playground equipment. however, with just a bit more awareness and increased diligence, we can ensure that our children get the most out of their playtime and that we aren \u2019 t unwittingly placing ourselves in legal jeopardy. npps recommends using the acronym s. a. f. e. to guide us in our playground safety mission. supervise : children should never be left alone while playing on playground equipment. parents who supervise are able to better assess situations that children can \u2019 t and are consequently able to prevent injuries. age - appropriate : consider the level of difficulty in maneuvering the playground your child is using. are the tasks and movements those that your child is capable of mastering? taking kids to age - appropriate play sets drastically reduce the likelihood of injury. fall surface : a vast majority of playground injuries result directly from falls. as a result, playground owners should always use a fall surface material that takes into account equipment height, durability, surface depth, and american society for testing & materials standards. recommended materials include shredded rubber, sand, pea gravel, and hardwood fiber. equipment maintenance : playgrounds that are kept free of splinters, rust, cracks, structural weaknesses, and openings in which children could become stuck are much safer for children to play on. maintenance should be a routine endeavor. if a play set is visibly deteriorated, don \u2019 t go near it! by following these basic guidelines, we can reduce the number of annual injuries our children sustain from playgrounds. after all, many of such unfortunate incidents are completely preventable. what \u2019 s more, by applying such recommendations to the play sets in our own backyards, we can minimize our liability and keep our personal assets out of jeopardy. author : paul b. harding ; martin, harding & mazzotti llp \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4568268050443316, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.283195"} {"text": "if you ' ve ever been sick to your stomach while riding in a car, train, airplane, or boat, you know exactly what motion sickness feels like. it ' s no fun. to understand motion sickness, it helps to understand a few parts of your body and how they affect the way you feel movement : inner ears : liquid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear allows you to sense if you ' re moving, and, if you are, which way you ' re moving \u2014 up, down, side to side, round and round, forward, or backward. eyes : what you see also lets your body know whether you ' re moving and in which direction. skin receptors : these receptors tell your brain which parts of your body are touching the ground. muscles and joint sensory receptors : these sensing receptors tell your brain if you ' re moving your muscles and which position your body is in. the brain gets an instant report from these different parts of your body and tries to put together a total picture about what you are doing just at that moment. but if any of the pieces of this picture don ' t match, you can get motion sickness. for example, if you ' re riding in a car and reading a book, your inner ears and skin receptors will detect that you are moving forward. however, your eyes are looking at a book that isn ' t moving, and your muscle receptors are telling your brain that you ' re sitting still. so the brain gets a little confused. things may begin to feel a little scrambled inside your head at that point. when this happens, you might feel really tired, dizzy, or sick to your stomach. sometimes you might even throw up. and if you ' re feeling scared or anxious, your motion sickness might get even worse. put your best face forward. always sit facing forward. don ' t face backward in your seat or sit in a seat that faces backward. sitting forward helps keep the motion sensed by your eyes and ears the same. examine the great outdoors. look outside. from inside a car, look at stuff far away, like the barn up ahead or a mountain. if you ' re seasick on a boat, go to the top deck ( in the middle of the boat ) and look far out into the horizon \u2014 where the sea and sky meet. on an airplane, try looking out the window. this way, your eyes won ' t be fooled into thinking you ' re not moving when you actually are. get to the middle of things. whatever you ' re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5097249485519652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.287837"} {"text": "where the sea and sky meet. on an airplane, try looking out the window. this way, your eyes won ' t be fooled into thinking you ' re not moving when you actually are. get to the middle of things. whatever you ' re riding in, find the place with the least amount of movement. this means sitting closer to the center of a plane ( in the aisle seats over the wings ) or in the middle of a boat \u2014 rather than at the sides or the front, where you ' re more likely to feel seasick. if you feel this way easily during any kind of movement, it ' s a good idea to go to the doctor. he or she will want to make sure there ' s nothing wrong with your inner ears or any of the other body parts that sense movement. but for typical motion sickness, your parent may be able to give you medicine before you travel. for some kids, it may help to wear pressure bracelets that can be bought at the drugstore. if you feel yourself getting sick while you ' re traveling in a car, it might help if the driver finds a safe spot where you can get out and walk around a little bit. if you can ' t pull over, make sure you have a plastic bag in the car \u2014 just in case!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4595672646346809, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.289171"} {"text": "with warm weather and family events, the fourth of july can be a fun time with great memories. but before your family celebrates, make sure everyone knows about fireworks safety. if not handled properly, fireworks can cause burn and eye injuries in kids and adults. the best way to protect your family is not to use any fireworks at home \u2014 period. attend public fireworks displays, and leave the lighting to the professionals. lighting fireworks at home isn ' t even legal in many areas, so if you still want to use them, be sure to check with your local police department first. if they ' re legal where you live, keep these safety tips in mind : kids should never play with fireworks. things like firecrackers, rockets, and sparklers are just too dangerous. if you give kids sparklers, make sure they keep them outside and away from the face, clothing, and hair. sparklers can reach 1, 800\u00b0 fahrenheit ( 982\u00b0 celsius ) \u2014 hot enough to melt gold. buy only legal fireworks ( legal fireworks have a label with the manufacturer ' s name and directions ; illegal ones are unlabeled ), and store them in a cool, dry place. illegal fireworks usually go by the names m - 80, m100, blockbuster, or quarterpounder. these explosives were banned in 1966, but still account for many fireworks injuries. never try to make your own fireworks. always use fireworks outside and have a bucket of water and a hose nearby in case of accidents. steer clear of others \u2014 fireworks have been known to backfire or shoot off in the wrong direction. never throw or point fireworks at someone, even in jest. don ' t hold fireworks in your hand or have any part of your body over them while lighting. wear some sort of eye protection, and avoid carrying fireworks in your pocket \u2014 the friction could set them off. point fireworks away from homes, and keep away from brush and leaves and flammable substances. the national fire protection association estimates that local fire departments respond to more 50, 000 fires caused by fireworks each year. light one firework at a time ( not in glass or metal containers ), and never relight a dud. don ' t allow kids to pick up pieces of fireworks after an event. some may still be ignited and can explode at any time. soak all fireworks in a bucket of water before throwing them in the trash can. think about your pet. animals have sensitive ears and can be extremely frightened or stressed on the fourth of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44670346207160827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.294423"} {"text": "kawasaki disease is an illness that involves the skin, mouth, and lymph nodes, and most often affects kids under age 5. the cause is unknown, but if the symptoms are recognized early, kids with kawasaki disease can fully recover within a few days. untreated, it can lead to serious complications that can affect the heart. kawasaki disease occurs in 19 out of every 100, 000 kids in the united states. it is most common among children of japanese and korean descent, but can affect all ethnic groups. signs and symptoms kawasaki disease can ' t be prevented, but usually has telltale symptoms and signs that appear in phases. the first phase, which can last for up to 2 weeks, usually involves a persistent fever higher than 104\u00b0f ( 39\u00b0c ) and lasts for at least 5 days. other symptoms that typically develop include : severe redness in the eyes a rash on the stomach, chest, and genitals red, dry, cracked lips swollen tongue with a white coating and big red bumps sore, irritated throat swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet with a purple - red color swollen lymph nodes during the second phase, which usually begins within 2 weeks of when the fever started, the skin on the hands and feet may begin to peel in large pieces. the child also may experience joint pain, diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. if your child shows any of these symptoms, call your doctor. doctors can manage the symptoms of kawasaki disease if they catch it early. symptoms often disappear within just 2 days of the start of treatment. if kawasaki disease is treated within 10 days of the onset of symptoms, heart problems usually do not develop. cases that go untreated can lead to more serious complications, such as vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels. this can be particularly dangerous because it can affect the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. in addition to the coronary arteries, the heart muscle, lining, valves, and the outer membrane that surrounds the heart can become inflamed. arrhythmias ( changes in the normal pattern of the heartbeat ) or abnormal functioning of some heart valves also can occur. no single test can detect kawasaki disease, so doctors usually diagnose it by evaluating the symptoms and ruling out other conditions. most kids diagnosed with kawasaki disease will have a fever lasting 5 or more days and at least four of these symptoms : redness in both eyes changes around the lips, tongue, or mouth changes in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4887979821496062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.299760"} {"text": "sickle cell disease. it ' s a strange sounding name \u2014 and, no, the word \" sickle \" isn ' t related to \" sick. \" the disease got this name because it causes blood cells to be curved or c - shaped, like the shape of an old - fashioned farm tool called a sickle. normally, blood cells are round and look a bit like donuts. in people with sickle cell disease, some of the red blood cells harden and curve. they also break down faster than healthy red blood cells and can clog a person ' s small blood vessels. sickle cell disease is inherited. you can ' t catch it from someone. it ' s most common among people of african or hispanic descent, but it can occur in many different ethnic groups. there ' s no easy cure for sickle cell disease. in rare cases, it is possible to get sick enough to die, but most teens and kids are able to manage sickle cell disease by eating carefully and taking vitamins ( especially folic acid ), getting enough rest, and scheduling regular visits to the doctor \u2014 and by having supportive friends like you who let them just be themselves! what ' s my friend going through? your friend may be tired more often than you are or have trouble fighting infections. people with sickle cell disease can develop. they also may have some. your friend also might have bouts of severe pain, caused by the red blood cells restricting blood flow. these are called \" pain crises \" and they can happen anywhere in the body. pain crises can last anywhere from a few moments to several days or even longer. right now, there ' s no cure, but doctors can give a person medications to help lessen the pain. if you want to know what it ' s like to have sickle cell disease, ask your friend : your gentle curiosity may help your friend feel less self - conscious or less embarrassed ( after all, we all can feel awkward about the things that make us feel different from our friends ). if your friend doesn ' t feel like talking, though, don ' t press. doing a little research online can help you get a sense of what it ' s like to live with sickle cell disease. most teens with sickle cell disease have to pay extra attention to diet, exercise, and watching how their bodies respond to common infections. some may take antibiotics to help fight off common bacteria. they might need to have frequent doctor ' s appointments to stay well. first, be there for your friend. ok", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4968218773839055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.311312"} {"text": "attention to diet, exercise, and watching how their bodies respond to common infections. some may take antibiotics to help fight off common bacteria. they might need to have frequent doctor ' s appointments to stay well. first, be there for your friend. ok, so this is obvious. but sometimes a friend may not realize how important it can be. people with chronic illnesses often feel isolated and alone, especially if their symptoms keep them out of school for stretches of time. visit your friend as often as you can. even if you aren ' t sure what to say, just being there to listen to music, share some quiet time together, and show your support will mean a lot. if you can ' t be there in person, take a moment to text, call, or im. set up a social network group so your friend can stay connected to a bunch of people. or surprise your friend by sending a card or note through the mail. talk about it \u2014 and listen. most of us like to talk with people we love and trust when we ' re going through tough times. listen, ask questions, and do some basic research on your own so you can understand more about the condition and what your friend might be feeling. don ' t be afraid to ask questions of your friend ' s family, the doctors, and other people with sickle cell disease. your friend might have to limit some of activities, especially sports, and may feel self - conscious about having sickle cell disease. try to be understanding and remind your friend of the skills that make him or her shine \u2014 like a great singing voice or debating skills. having a chronic illness is only a part of who your friend is. encourage healthy habits. eating well and staying hydrated is important for all of us, but it ' s especially important for someone with sickle cell disease. help your friend avoid alcohol and smoking, both of which can aggravate the condition. it ' s a huge help to a friend ( not to mention your own health! ) when you don ' t drink or smoke, since people who feel like they ' re \" different \" may think they have to drink or smoke in order to fit in. know the warning signs. talk to your friend if you notice any of these symptoms. they may be signs of a serious problem : severe chest pain shortness of breath ( difficulty breathing ) abdominal swelling or pain any sudden weakness or loss of feeling, slurring of speech sudden changes in vision sickle cell disease carries a ( small ) risk of, so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46255588447850826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.313662"} {"text": "of a serious problem : severe chest pain shortness of breath ( difficulty breathing ) abdominal swelling or pain any sudden weakness or loss of feeling, slurring of speech sudden changes in vision sickle cell disease carries a ( small ) risk of, so it ' s a good idea to know the signs so your friend can get medical attention if he or she needs it. but don ' t panic, and don ' t let watching for danger signs get in the way of having fun together. most problems won ' t be serious. be the go - to person. managing a chronic disease takes a lot of energy and your friend may tire more easily than you do. if your friend has to miss school or starts to fall behind, nominate yourself to be the point person in charge of bringing books and assignments, and keeping him or her up to date on what classmates and friends are doing. take care of yourself. when a close friend has a disease like sickle cell, it can take a toll on you, too. so try to be aware of your own emotional needs. it ' s particularly hard to watch someone you care about endure a pain crisis \u2014 it can feel helpless and scary. think about how you want to respond and talk to your friend about what ' s most helpful. talk with a trusted adult about the impact this has on you, or keep a journal or write poetry or songs to get your feelings out. it can feel good to be there for your friend, in whatever way feels natural, so that the disease doesn ' t take center stage. more than anything, just focus on having fun together.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4713485091750635, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.314466"} {"text": "you have probably seen people who have down syndrome. they have certain physical features, such as a flatter face and upward slanting eyes. they may have medical problems, too, such as heart defects. kids with down syndrome usually have trouble learning and are slower to learn how to talk and take care of themselves. but despite their challenges, kids with down syndrome can go to regular schools, make friends, enjoy life, and get jobs when they ' re older. getting special help early \u2014 often when they are just babies and toddlers \u2014 can be the key to healthier, happier, more independent lives. chromosomes are the cause to understand why down syndrome happens, you need to understand a little about chromosomes. what are chromosomes? they ' re thread - like structures within each cell and are made up of genes. genes provide the information that determines everything about people, from hair color to whether they are girls or boys. most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. but a baby with down syndrome has an extra chromosome ( 47 instead of 46 ) or one chromosome has an extra part. this extra genetic material causes problems with the way their bodies develop. health problems are common about half of babies with down syndrome are born with heart defects, which means their hearts developed differently and don ' t work as they should. usually, these problems can be corrected by surgery. some babies may have intestinal problems that also require surgery to fix. kids with down syndrome are more likely to get infections that affect their lungs and breathing. when they do get infections, they often last longer. they may have eye or ear problems or digestion problems like constipation. some may develop leukemia, a type of cancer. each person with down syndrome is different and may have one, several, or all of these problems. kids with down syndrome tend to grow and develop more slowly than other children do. they may start walking or talking later than other babies. special help, such as physical therapy and speech therapy, can give kids a boost with their walking and talking skills. about 1 out of every 800 babies born in the united states has down syndrome, no matter what race or nationality the parents are. it is not contagious, so you can ' t catch it from someone else. you are born with it. no one gets down syndrome later in life. now you know that down syndrome is caused by a problem with a chromosome. you might already know that we get our chromosomes from our mother and father. remember the 23 pairs of chromosomes \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4951958661966357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.322330"} {"text": "born with it. no one gets down syndrome later in life. now you know that down syndrome is caused by a problem with a chromosome. you might already know that we get our chromosomes from our mother and father. remember the 23 pairs of chromosomes \u2014 half are from your mom and half are from your dad. but doctors aren ' t sure why this chromosome problem happens to some babies. it ' s nothing the mom or dad did before the child was born. anyone can have a baby with down syndrome. but the older the mother, the greater the risk. times have changed at one time, most kids with down syndrome did not live past childhood. many would often become sick from infections. others would die from their heart problems or other problems they had at birth. today, most of these health problems can be treated and most kids who have it will grow into adulthood. medicines can help with infections and surgery can correct heart, intestinal, and other problems. if the person gets leukemia, medical treatments can be very successful. down syndrome is something a person will have all of his or her life. but scientists continue to do research in the hope of finding ways to prevent down syndrome or at least improve the health and lives of people who have it. what ' s life like for kids with down syndrome? many kids with down syndrome go to regular schools and may attend regular classes. some need special classes to help them in areas where they have more trouble learning. their parents work with teachers and others to come up with a plan for the best way for each child to learn. kids with down syndrome like their playtime, too. they play sports and participate in activities, such as music lessons or dance classes. kids with down syndrome may look different, but they want to be treated the same way all kids want to be treated \u2014 with respect, fairness, and friendship.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43808819870659793, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.323761"} {"text": "the complete solution for ant control. 1. search - the queens of most species remain in the nest producing eggs and only venture out when moving to set up a new nest. the queens of argentine ants are an exception in that they will also forage for food with the workers. this makes argentines more invasive, as the queens can be spread by being transported on vehicles, plants, boxes and goods of all sorts. a single queen can set up a new colony with as few as 20 workers. in most cases the nest ( s ) will be in warm, dry sandy soil, often under a rock, paving stone, driveway etc. the position of the nest might be given away by a stream of worker ants going back and forth into a hole in the ground. do not spray this entrance with insecticide yet. spraying might serve only to induce the colony to leave and set up a nest or nests elsewhere and spread the problem. 2. ' kill the queen / s ' - first use no ants gel bait. workers feed on the bait and take it back to the nest to feed the queen ( s ), other workers and larvae. use many small amounts of bait where you see ants or have seen them in the past. ants change their feeding habits depending on the requirements of the nest. no ants gel bait contains a high level of protein and carbohydrate to attract a wide range of pest species and to satisfy their needs for both protein and sugar. squeeze a small ( pea sized ) amount of no ants gel bait into the base of each of the 3 bait stations. fold over lid and insert the 4 nibs into the corresponding holes with a pen or pencil. place the bait stations containing bait where ants are seen or have been seen in the past. additional baits can be placed on dishes, clean foil or other containers if there are many trails of ants. ants are very sensitive to strong chemicals. all dishes or containers used to hold bait should be rinsed well with clean water and dried before use ( this should not be necessary with the included bait stations ). replenish the bait regularly until you see no more ( or very few ) insects feeding. only then should you use spray insecticide to eradicate the nests and to act as a barrier to further infestation. note : white footed ants are less susceptible to baits as they do not feed it directly to rest of the colony. they process food and produce a sweet secretion which they feed queens and larvae with. thus they may have filtered out the toxin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4255273196581705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.330825"} {"text": ". note : white footed ants are less susceptible to baits as they do not feed it directly to rest of the colony. they process food and produce a sweet secretion which they feed queens and larvae with. thus they may have filtered out the toxin or have died before having a chance to pass it on. however, it is still worthwhile baiting first when treating for white footed ants. 3. stop them with barriers \u2013 make up no ants super spray. mix 20 ml of no ants super concentrate into 1 litre of clean water or total contents into 5 litres of water ( once diluted use the entire preparation ). it is the trails of worker ants getting into your home, other building or onto your deck that are usually the nuisance caused by ants. no ants super spray concentrate can be used to spray the nest sites after baiting and to spray around your house to prevent ants pestering you. no ants super surface spray will kill ants that cross the treated surfaces but will also act as a barrier. many trailing ant species will detect the insecticide and avoid it. ants inside : cover or remove food, food utensils and food preparation surfaces. spray or paint skirtings, cupboards bases, inlet and outlet water pipes, and anywhere ants are moving or where you have seen them in the past. wash down food preparation surfaces after treatment. ants outside : thoroughly spray the base of walls, paths, vents, gaps around pipes and cables and other points of entry to buildings. we recommend using kiwicare no ants bait before spraying nest sites to prevent spreading ant problems by nest budding ( colonies splitting and forming multiple new nests ). note : some ant species, particularly white footed ants climb trees and walls, so check for trails going up surfaces and spray or paint no ants super around the trunks of trees and plants close to the building and walls. note : some ants such as argentine ants ' farm ' aphids and scale insects for sweet secretions and it worth treating your plants with no insects or disease spectrum to control these sap sucking plant pests and deny the ants their food supply. 4. deny the ants a nest site \u2013 no ants super should be sprayed at the entrance to previously identified nest sites, even if there is now no activity. also spray all the cracks and crevices around paving, driveways, stones, and the bases of walls to prevent new ant nest being set up. note : kiwicare no ants outdoors or no insects lawngard prills can be useful in areas of garden where ants are a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38997076462075264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.332351"} {"text": "\u201c chasing venus is [ a ] thrilling adventure story.... wulf \u2019 s marvelous eye for detail and talent for simplifying complex science make the book, timed for release a month before the last transit of this century, well worth reading before june. \u201d \u2014 the denver post the author of the highly acclaimed founding gardeners now gives us an enlightening chronicle of the first truly international scientific endeavor \u2014 the eighteenth - century quest to observe the transit of venus and measure the solar system. on june 6, 1761, the world paused to observe a momentous occasion : the first transit of venus between the earth and the sun in more than a century. through that observation, astronomers could calculate the size of the solar system \u2014 but only if they could compile data from many different points of the globe, all recorded during the short period of the transit. overcoming incredible odds and political strife, astronomers from britain, france, russia, germany, sweden, and the american colonies set up observatories in remote corners of the world, only to have their efforts thwarted by unpredictable weather and warring armies. fortunately, transits of venus occur in pairs : eight years later, the scientists would have another opportunity to succeed. chasing venus brings to life the personalities of the eighteenth - century astronomers who embarked upon this complex and essential scientific venture, painting a vivid portrait of the collaborations, the rivalries, and the volatile international politics that hindered them at every turn. in the end, what they accomplished would change our conception of the universe and would forever alter the nature of scientific research. andrea wulf was born in india and moved to germany as a child. she trained as a design historian at the royal college of art and is the author of founding gardeners, the brother gardeners and, most recently, chasing venus, as well as the coauthor ( with emma gieben - gamal ) of this other eden : seven great gardens and 300 years of english history. she has written for the sunday times, financial times, the wall street journal and the los angeles times, and she regularly reviews for several newspapers, including the new york times, the guardian and the times literary supplement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45862563252420446, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.335855"} {"text": "| \" if i only had a brain! \" | the brain is usually referred to as if it were a single organ. however, the brain is a system with multiple and distinct components performing certain tasks for the body and mind. one such component, the amygdala ( amygdaloid nucleus ), plays an important part in our emotional processes. it can jolt our bodies in fear, form emotional memories, helps us feel our dreams and can shape the effects of certain stress disorders and phobias. indeed, the amygdala is where the excitement is at in our bodies. amygdala is the latin word for almond. anatomically, it is part of our limbic system including the hippocampus and basal ganglia. this group of structures deals with motivation, learning and memory. the amygdala is a mass of gray matter reaching into each hemisphere of the brain. the two amygdale sit on the horn - like tips of the hippocampus. they work with our sympathetic nervous system to put the body in a state of \u201c fight - or - flight \u201d. this means the body puts all its resources towards surviving a threat. the amygdala assesses stimuli extremely fast and that is how we get excited \u2013 information on a potential threat is sent directly from the thalamus and our body reacts with increased heart rate and better vision among other effects, such as processes of the bowels being stopped. while this is occuring, the thalamus sends information about the stimulus to the cortex which, to put it loosely, takes a while to think about it. this dual appraisal system gets us on our feet to aid in survival. however, the cortex could determine the stimulus was only a harmless spooking thus signaling the amygdala an all - clear so our body can relax. the amygdala has an important role in memory. it reminds us, for better or worse, of past situations. since it is so emotional, the amygdala is responsible for those persistent thoughts we wish we would forget ( schacter, gilbert, wegner 6. 5. 7 ). it nags us with recollections of painful or shocking events. flash bulb memories are vivid in our minds where we can remember where we were and what we were doing at the moment bad news came. now when i hear someone say, \u201c i still get worked up over that old situation \u201d, i know it is the amygdala causing physiological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4991041705671617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.343050"} {"text": "minds where we can remember where we were and what we were doing at the moment bad news came. now when i hear someone say, \u201c i still get worked up over that old situation \u201d, i know it is the amygdala causing physiological reactions. we need not fret too much however, as we can deal with persistence in memory and reframe things to help cope with lingering emotional pain ( 16. 3. 1 ). it \u2019 s about looking at the past in a new way that can facilitate emotional healing. the amygdala is central in fear conditioning. rats who were conditioned to associate a tone with pain reacted with freezing, which is a natural response to a threat where they crouch down motionless. the animal \u2019 s appraisal of the tone caused its amygdala to activate the sympathetic nervous system \u2019 s physiological effects. rats were conditioned in a lab experiment to get physically stressed out by a tone. but some people get stressed at the mere thought of rats! a quick trip to the phobia list site tells us this is referred to as zemmiphobia. while this is a pseudo - medical term, the real fear could be based in preparedness theory, which means there is a natural reason to be afraid of rats who can bite and spread disease. as a result of adaptation, humans could be predisposed to fear rats. i have seen a person shriek at the sight of a rat \u2013 an example of the amygdala in action! phobias are also linked to high levels of activity in the amygdala ( 14. 2. 2 ). a phobic disorder is persistent and excessive fear of specific objects. for example, this means some people can be really afraid of rats in a way that is irrational. the size of the amygdala can also affect our behavior. japanese researchers have evidence produced by brain scans that a smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder ( hayano, et al., 2009 ). the researchers first diagnosed the patients using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm - iv ). anxiety disorders are number 7 on the dsm - iv list. the research states, \u201c the basic conception of pd [ panic disorder ] is fear of panic attack and anticipatory anxiety, \u2018 panic attack may happen to me \u2019. fear and anxiety are inseparably connected the function of the amygdala, and the sense of fear is stored in the hippocampus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4967471255397093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.343928"} {"text": "of panic attack and anticipatory anxiety, \u2018 panic attack may happen to me \u2019. fear and anxiety are inseparably connected the function of the amygdala, and the sense of fear is stored in the hippocampus area ( 267 ). \u201d it is that nagging, persistent memory that creates the vicious circle of the fear of a panic attack causing an attack itself. the research suggests a smaller amygdala could indicate a dysfunctional aspect of that region of the brain ( 274 ). in other words, the little amygdala is causing big worries that lead to negative physical reactions. being an excitable part of the brain, the amygdala works day and night to even affect our sleep. this is how we intensely feel emotion in our dreams, whether it is bliss, terror, love or awe ( schacter, gilbert, wegner 5. 2. 2 ). the amygdala is acting with the visual association area of the brain, conjuring emotionally stirring images that can result in a nightmare and waking up from a scary dream. why am i compelled by the amygdala? i suppose it is my frequent interaction with it. certain emotional memories persist in my mind. some are good but i can \u2019 t seem to shake many that are bad. recollections of painful events and personal losses come back to me every now and then. i still feel these events and that is my amygdala at work. personally, hard life experiences have almost always resulted in hard lessons. it is not like dr. b. f. skinner experimenting on a rat, but it can be fear conditioning of sorts. the term, \u201c once bitten, twice shy \u201d could be about reacting to memories of real pain stored in the amygdala. sometimes, with those persistent memories, i wonder if i only knew then what i know now? it is not about so much about knowledge but rather it is wisdom and that is something time and experience can produce \u2013 or i would at least hope so! the amygdala is there to remind us of what experiences felt like so we can avoid them if possible. those little \u201c almonds \u201d strung together in the middle of our brain could be the roots of our own wisdom \u2013 which means knowing how to go about current situations because we are frequently reminded by feeling similar past experiences. hayano, f., nakamura, m., asami, t., uehara, k., yo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47748300851164494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.345101"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? to screen for or diagnose a chlamydia infection when to get tested? for screening : may be recommended if you are sexually active, pregnant or considering pregnancy, or at increased risk for this sexually transmitted disease ( std ) for diagnosis : when you have symptoms of this std, such as such as vaginal discharge and abdominal pain ( for women ) or unusual discharge from the penis or pain on urination ( for men ) ; when a newborn has conjunctivitis a swab or brush of cells or secretion from the infected area or a first - catch urine sample test preparation needed? tell your doctor about use of antibiotics or, for women, douches or vaginal creams within 24 hours before testing vaginal samples, as they may affect test results. you may be instructed to wait one to two hours after you last urinated before collecting a urine sample. follow any instructions you are given. the test sample what is being tested? this test is looking for evidence of infection by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease ( std ) in the united states and is especially common among people 15 to 25 years of age. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates that 2. 8 million americans are infected with chlamydia each year and notes that women are frequently re - infected if their partners don ' t get treatment. actual incidence may be higher since many people do not experience any symptoms and their cases go undiagnosed and unreported. still, over one million new cases are reported each year. diagnosing and treating chlamydia is very important to prevent long - term complications and spread of the infection to others. chlamydia is generally transmitted through sexual contact ( oral, vaginal, or anal ) with an infected partner. risk factors include having multiple sex partners, coinfection or previous infection with another std, and not using barrier contraception consistently. an infected mother can pass the infection to her baby during childbirth. these babies are in danger of developing conjunctivitis, an inflammation that can threaten eyesight, and pneumonia. about 75 % of infected women and 50 % of infected men have no symptoms ; some may experience only mild symptoms. for women, symptoms, if they occur, include bleeding between menstrual periods and after sexual intercourse, abdominal pain, painful intercourse, and an abnormal vaginal discharge. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45510038735506075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.355026"} {"text": "of infected men have no symptoms ; some may experience only mild symptoms. for women, symptoms, if they occur, include bleeding between menstrual periods and after sexual intercourse, abdominal pain, painful intercourse, and an abnormal vaginal discharge. for men, symptoms include pus or milky discharge from the penis and inflammation of the prostate ( prostatitis ) or of the rectal area ( proctitis ). both sexes can experience painful or frequent urination. chlamydia is easily treated with a course of antibiotics, but if left untreated, it can cause severe reproductive and other health problems. if left untreated, women may develop pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) from infections that start on the cervix but that can spread to the fallopian tubes and ovaries. this can cause infertility and increase the risk of tubal ( ectopic ) pregnancy, which is often fatal. women who are infected and pregnant may experience heavy bleeding before delivery and premature rupture of the membranes. men may become sterile. both sexes may develop rectal itching and red, swollen, itchy eyes. how is the sample collected for testing? many different kinds of samples may be used for testing, but not all laboratories can test every kind of sample. a doctor may use a swab or brush to collect a sample of cells or secretion from the infected area, such as the urethra, penis, anus, throat, cervix or vagina. sometimes a vaginal sample may be collected with a swab by the woman who is undergoing testing ( self - collection ). a first - catch urine sample may be collected in a container provided by the doctor or laboratory. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? tell your doctor about use of antibiotics or, if you are a woman, douches or vaginal creams within 24 hours before testing vaginal samples, as they may affect test results. you may be instructed to wait one to two hours after you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45619073755506745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.357899"} {"text": "your doctor about use of antibiotics or, if you are a woman, douches or vaginal creams within 24 hours before testing vaginal samples, as they may affect test results. you may be instructed to wait one to two hours after you last urinated before collecting a urine sample. follow any instructions you are given. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review kimberly a. workowski and stuart berman. sexually transmitted diseases guidelines, 2010. morbidity and mortality weekly report. pdf available for download at http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / treatment / 2010 / std - treatment - 2010 - rr5912. pdf through http : / / www. cdc. gov. published december 27, 2010. accessed july 2, 2012. united states preventive service task force. uspstf recommendations for sti screening. available online at http : / / www. uspreventiveservicestaskforce. org / uspstf08 / methods / stinfections. htm through http : / / www. uspreventiveservicestaskforce. org. last updated march 2008. accessed july 2, 2012. laboratory procedure manual. centers for disease control and prevention. pdf available for download at http : / / www. cdc. gov / nchs / data / nhanes / nhanes _ 05 _ 06 / chlmda _ d _ met _ chlamydia. pdf through http : / / www. cdc. gov. published october 2007. accessed july 2, 2012. sexual conditions health center : chlamydia tests. medscape. available online at http : / / www. webmd. com / sexual - conditions / chlamydia - tests? page = 3 through http : / / www. webmd. com. last updated : december", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45120822470620964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.358865"} {"text": "tests. medscape. available online at http : / / www. webmd. com / sexual - conditions / chlamydia - tests? page = 3 through http : / / www. webmd. com. last updated : december 15, 2010. accessed jul 2, 2012. centers for disease control and prevention. chlamydia - cdc fact sheet. available online at http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / chlamydia / stdfact - chlamydia. htm through http : / / www. cdc. gov. last updated february 8, 2012. accessed july 2, 2012. centers for disease control and prevention. chlamydia and gonorrhea \u2014 two most commonly reported infectious diseases in the united states. available online at http : / / www. cdc. gov / features / dsstddata / through http : / / www. cdc. gov. last updated april 22, 2011. accessed july 2, 2012. centers for disease control and prevention. 2010 treatment guidelines, special populations. available online at http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / treatment / 2010 / specialpops. htm # msm through http : / / www. cdc. gov. accessed september 2012. ( january 13, 2009 ) association for public health laboratories. expert consultation meeting summary report, laboratory diagnostic testing for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae. pdf available for download at http : / / www. aphl. org / aphlprograms / infectious / std / documents / ctgclabguidelinesmeetingreport. pdf through http : / / www. aphl. org. accessed sept 2012. sources used in previous reviews centers for disease control and prevention. chlamydia fact sheet. available online at http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / chlamydia / stdfact - chlamydia. htm through http : / / www. cdc. gov. arnot ogden medical center. chlamydia. available online at http : / / www. aomc. org / chlamydia. html through http : / / www. aomc. org. american social health association. learn chlamydia facts. available online at http : / / www. ashastd. org / learn / learn _ chlamydia _ facts. cfm through http : / / www. asha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4083933032589765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.359870"} {"text": "org. american social health association. learn chlamydia facts. available online at http : / / www. ashastd. org / learn / learn _ chlamydia _ facts. cfm through http : / / www. ashastd. org. centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. mmwr 2002 ; 51 ( no. rr - 6 ) [ 32 - 41 ]. planned parenthood. chlamydia. available online at http : / / www. plannedparenthood. org / health - topics / stds - hiv - safer - sex / chlamydia - 4266. htm through http : / / www. plannedparenthood. org. accessed february 2009. centers for disease control and prevention. chlamydia - cdc fact sheet. available online at http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / chlamydia / stdfact - chlamydia. htm through http : / / www. cdc. gov. accessed february 2009. teenshealth. chlamydia. available online at http : / / kidshealth. org / teen / sexual _ health / stds / std _ chlamydia. html through http : / / kidshealth. org. accessed february 2009. arup consult. sexually transmitted infections, bacteria. available online at http : / / www. arupconsult. com / topics / infectiousdz / bacteria / stis. html # through http : / / www. arupconsult. com. accessed february 2009. webmd. chlamydia tests. available online at http : / / www. webmd. com / sexual - conditions / chlamydia - tests through http : / / www. webmd. com. accessed february 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4161845549055422, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.360431"} {"text": "growth hormone ( gh ) controls the growth of soft tissue and bone. elevated gh causes an excess of bone and soft tissue growth. in adults, this can cause a rare disorder called acromegaly. it can cause serious complications and early death if not treated. in young children, bone fusion and growth is still occurring. excess gh can cause a similar condition called gigantism. the pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain. it produces many hormones, including gh. in most cases, the elevation of gh is caused by a benign tumor of this gland. in a small number of cases, malignant tumors of other organs ( pancreas, adrenal, lung ) may be the source of excess gh. risk factors that increase your chance of developing acromegaly include : - family history ( rare ) - age : 40 - 45 years old symptoms usually develop slowly over time. in children, the bones are elongated and cause soft tissue swelling. if not treated, children can grow to a height of 7 - 8 feet. symptoms and complications in adults may include : abnormally large growth and deformity of the : - hands ( rings no longer fit ) - feet ( need a bigger size shoe ) - face ( protrusion of brow and lower jaw ) - jaw ( teeth do not line up correctly when the mouth is closed ) - carpal tunnel syndrome skin changes, such as : - thickened, oily, and sometimes darkened skin - severe acne - excessive sweating and unpleasant body order due to enlargement of the sweat glands - deepening voice due to enlarged sinuses, vocal cords, and soft tissues of the throat - fatigue and weakness in legs and arms - sleep apnea - arthritis and other joint problems, especially in the jaw - abnormally large liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and / or other internal organs, which can lead to : - irregular menstrual cycles - galactorrhea ( abnormal production of breast milk ) in about 50 % of cases - impotence in about 50 % of cases the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. acromegaly is often not diagnosed until years after its onset. blood tests will be done to measure the level of : - insulin - like growth factor ( igf - i ) - growth hormone releasing hormone ( ghrh ) - other pituitary hormones a glucose tolerance test may also be given to see if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4774526085368257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.363618"} {"text": "blood tests will be done to measure the level of : - insulin - like growth factor ( igf - i ) - growth hormone releasing hormone ( ghrh ) - other pituitary hormones a glucose tolerance test may also be given to see if the gh level drops. it will not drop in cases of acromegaly. if these tests confirm acromegaly, the following may be done to locate the tumor that is causing the disorder : the goals of treatment are to : - reduce production of gh to normal levels - stop and reverse the symptoms caused by excess gh - correct other endocrine abnormalities ( thyroid, adrenal, sex organs ) - reduce the tumor size treatment may include : the tumor that is believed to be causing acromegaly may be removed. in most cases, this is the preferred treatment. however, drug treatment is becoming more popular as the primary treatment approach. external beams of radiation are used to shrink the tumor. it is most often used when surgery cannot be used or when medications have failed. drugs may be given to reduce the level of gh. these include : - cabergoline ( dostinex ) \u2014 given orally - pergolide ( permax ) \u2014 given orally - bromocriptine ( parlodel ) \u2014 may be given before surgery to shrink tumor - octreotide ( sandostatin ) \u2014 given by injections ( may be the most effective medication for this condition ) - pegvisomant \u2014 given by injections if not responding to other forms of treatment there are no known steps to prevent acromegaly. early treatment will help to prevent serious complications. - reviewer : kari kassir, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 30 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40052200839594004, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.364293"} {"text": "healthy eating will take center stage as scotland county joins the rest of the nation in recognizing \u201c national nutrition month \u201d this march. sponsored by the academy of nutrition and dietetics, the national nutrition month program was created to encourage consumers to develop a healthy eating plan. promoting the theme \u201c eat right, your way, every day, \u201d cardra e. burns of the scotland county department of public health said that healthy eating does not have to be painful. \u201c eating healthy doesn \u2019 t mean taste is compromised and most favorite foods can fit ( within a healthy diet pattern ), \u201d burns said. advising locals to choose foods packed with vitamins, minerals, fiber and other nutrients, the wic program director said that it is also important to choose foods that are low in calories. asked what foods should be included in a healthy diet, burns praised \u201c fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fat - free or low - fat dairy \u201d as healthy meal choices. included in burns \u2019 recommendation was a warning : \u201c be aware of portion sizes. even low - calorie foods can add up when portions are larger than you need. the key to eating right, your way is moderation with appropriate portion size \u2026 combined with physical activity. \u201d according to the academy of nutrition and dietetics, there are several ways to \u201c eat right, your way, every day. \u201d the personalization of a diet plan is among the most important steps that must be taken to achieve a balanced dietary plan. according to the academy, the easiest way to eat healthy is to find healthy foods that you enjoy. eating foods appropriate for your lifestyle is also important. whether you live a sedentary lifestyle or the lifestyle of an athlete, each person has unique nutritional requirements. the academy also recommends the incorporation of cultural and ethnic foods into the diet, as a way to keep traditions alive and to make eating enjoyable. national nutrition month comes just a month after a study was published linking the southern diet with the american south \u2019 s elevated stroke risk. over the past several decades medical science has observed that residents of the southeastern united states are approximately 20 percent more likely to suffer stroke than the rest of the country. using data from a national survey university of alabama at birmingham researchers learned that those most likely to eat the typical southern diet, including fried foods and sweet tea, were at a 41 % increased risk of stroke compared with those less likely to observe the southern diet. as part of this public education campaign, the scotland county department of public health \u2019 s website has been set up to include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4418197183602809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.367125"} {"text": "in recent years, the state of georgia has been faced with a new crisis : the deadly surge of prescription ( rx ) drug abuse. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) has labeled this emerging form of drug abuse a \u201c national epidemic, \u201d and reports that rx drugs are the cause of more deaths by overdose than \u201c street drugs \u201d such as cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine. a recent cdc study found that in 2009 more americans died from rx drugs than motor vehicle accidents, marking the first time drug - related deaths have outnumbered motor vehicle - related deaths since 1979, when the government started tracking drug - related deaths. the 2010 national survey on drug use and health found that about 7 million people regularly use rx drugs for non - medical purposes. unfortunately, georgia has not been immune to this growing problem. in 2010 alone, the georgia bureau of investigation ( gbi ) medical examiner \u2019 s office reported there were 560 rx drug related deaths in the 152 of 159 counties for which it performs autopsies, at least a 10 percent increase since 2009. what is extremely troubling is that the abuse is particularly prevalent among teens. in fact, the cdc reports that one in five high school students school has taken a rx drug without a doctor \u2019 s prescription. even more alarming, many teens are getting these drugs from friends and family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42081778058035496, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.368781"} {"text": "how lcls x - ray pulses can be used to determine the atomic structure of a complicated molecule. a new kind of laser slac ' s two - mile - long linear accelerator ( or linac ) has begun a new phase of its career, with the creation of the linac coherent light source ( lcls ). for nearly 50 years, slac ' s linac has produced high - energy electrons for cutting - edge physics experiments. now, scientists continue this tradition of discovery by using the linac to drive a new kind of laser, creating x - ray pulses of unprecedented brilliance. lcls produces pulses of x - rays more than a billion times brighter than the most powerful existing sources, the so - called synchrotron sources which are also based on large electron accelerators. the ultrafast x - ray pulses are used much like flashes from a high - speed strobe light, enabling scientists to take stop - motion pictures of atoms and molecules in motion, shedding light on the fundamental processes of chemistry, technology, and life itself. probing the ultrasmall the diameter of a human hair is about 1 / 1000 of an inch. the wavelength of visible light is about 50 times smaller than this, so ordinary microscopes can easily resolve a hair. but a molecule, about 10, 000 times smaller than a hair, is too small to be resolved with visible light. x - rays, with wavelengths that are even smaller than a molecule, are ideal for imaging at the atomic scale. capturing the ultrafast the atomic and molecular world is abuzz with frenetic motion. because they are so small and light, molecules and atoms react incredibly quickly to forces that act on them. chemical reactions, in which molecules join or split, can take place in mere quadrillionths of a second. the ultrafast lcls x - ray flash captures images of these events with a \u201c shutter speed \u201d of less than 100 femtoseconds ( 100 femtoseconds = 1 / 10 of a trillionth of a second ). a long history of imaging breakthroughs the lcls photographs atomic motion much as a \u201c strobe \u201d flash is used to photograph the motion of a bullet in flight. this latest advance in stop - action imaging at stanford has roots going back more than 100 years. around 1872, eadweard muybridge started making stop - motion photographs of people, animals, and trains in motion on leland stanford \u2019 s farm. he is famous for showing that all four of a horse \u2019 s feet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5787226233275802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.372566"} {"text": "properties of water life would not have existed on earth without water. water molecules are composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. together, the hydrogen and oxygen molecules form a shape that resembles the head of while water molecules seem to be simple compounds, their properties have profound impact on life. because of the arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, water molecules have polarized charges ( one end is positive and the other end is negative ). due to their polarized nature, 2 adjacent water molecules can form a linkage via a hydrogen bond. the polarized nature of water causes other molecules to be either hydrophilic ( like water ) or hydrophobic ( afraid of water ). this property allows certain molecules to dissolve in water while preventing others from entering the cell. for example, hydrophobic interaction can hold molecules together. another important property of water is its ability to facilitate the transfer of molecules through osmosis. when 2 aqueous solutions are separated by a membrane that only allows the passage of water molecules, water will move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side ( shown in the diagram below ). hydrophobic interactions can hold molecules together : 2 or more hydrophobic groups surrounded by water will tend to coalesce since they thereby cause less disruption to the hydrogen - bonded structure of water ( shown in the diagram below. red hexagons represent hydrophobic material and blue dots represent water molecules. ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5604556641050594, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.374733"} {"text": "thank you for signing up! about eco - friendly mattresses as adults, we should spend 7 - 8 hours each day sleeping in bed, or one - third of our day. therefore, the mattress we sleep on may affect our everyday health. unfortunately, most mattress makers use petrochemicals in their production, as well as synthetic foam products and chemical protective layers in the construction of our beds. as we breathe through the night, sleeping in our skin, these chemicals off - gas are absorbed into our bodies unknowingly. documented in the book toxic bedrooms by walter bader, several mattresses were sent to an atlanta - based lab revealing chemical emissions from up to 61 chemicals in a memory - foam mattress. switching to an eco - friendly mattress will support healthy sleeping and eliminate the unseen pollutants from your bedroom. chemicals in conventional mattresses the cpsc ( consumer product safety commission ) requires conventional mattresses to undergo a 70 - second open flame test in an effort to save lives, compelling most mattress manufacturers to use polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( pbdes ) as a flame retardant. pbdes slow the rate of open fire spreading and lower the temperature of combustion. according to environmental defence, an active canadian non - profit organization dedicated to protecting people and the environment, pbdes may cause reproductive and developmental disorders, and can cause cancer. there are still a lot of questions regarding the long - term effects to pbde exposure, reports the epa ' s experimental toxicology division. most conventional mattresses in the us ( reported by mark strobel, founder of strobel technologies, which manufactures toxin - free matresses ) also contain the chemicals boric acid, antimony trioxide, formaldehyde and ammonium polyphosphate to meet flammability tests and standards. the us consumer products safety commission ( cpsc ) proves these poisonous chemicals may leach to the surface of our beds and are consequently absorbed by our skin into our bodies, but has not restricted or regulated their usage. what are eco - friendly mattresses made of? a smart alternative to the nonrenewable and chemical materials used in conventional mattresses is the eco - friendly ( and human friendly ) mattress. eco - friendly mattresses generally contain sustainable and natural materials such as organic cotton, humanely produced wool, kapok filling and natural rubber. wool is naturally flame retardant and also regulates moisture, making it ideal for peaceful slumber without worrying about mildew and mold buildup. organic cotton is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4455696241340589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.378459"} {"text": "such as organic cotton, humanely produced wool, kapok filling and natural rubber. wool is naturally flame retardant and also regulates moisture, making it ideal for peaceful slumber without worrying about mildew and mold buildup. organic cotton is grown and produced without the harmful pesticides and chemicals used in conventionally produced cotton. kapok is a natural, renewable alternative to down from the sustainably harvested seed pods of kapok trees. many eco - friendly mattresses are made from natural rubber or latex, which comes from tapping the wood of rubber trees for sap used for production. these environmentally preferable materials are free of chemical components and are responsibly farmed and harvested. choosing an eco - friendly mattress fortunately, natural and eco - friendly mattresses are more available on the market now. you can find many retailers and ordering options on the internet or find an organic mattress in a bed store near you. you may expect the price of these mattresses to be higher than conventional mattresses, but remember that your investment helps the health of your family. additionally, some eco - friendly mattresses are even biodegradable. eco - friendly foam mattresses are made from natural latex or rubber which can be made into different densities depending on your preference. eco - friendly foam mattresses conform to your body, supporting peaceful and comfortable sleep. the natural rubber in eco - friendly foam mattresses comes from the sap of rubber trees. natural rubber or latex is inherently resistant to bacteria, mildew and mold. if you ' re in love with memory foam, there are now natural alternatives to the memory foam mattress called naturapedic. regardless of your mattress preferences, it ' s important to decide what your priorities are in relation to your comfort, budget and health, and commit to these values prior to shopping and before you purchase any eco - friendly mattress. eco - friendly mattress toppers are also available to consumers. eco - friendly toppers are the most economical way to healthier bed health. these can be added on top of your existing mattress, providing extra comfort and keeping natural materials closest to your skin as you sleep. eco - friendly toppers are produced without harmful petrochemical additives, most frequently replacing man - made products with natural fibers such as wool and organic cotton. wool is absorbent and breathable, making it a perfect layer to put between your skin and your mattress. to care for this organic product, simply expose to air and sun on each side every two months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4209134163260666, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.379433"} {"text": "lisa g kahle therapy horses for the use of animals to provide service and therapy to enhance people \u2019 s health and lives and to provide greater independence has been practiced throughout recorded history. today, many different types of animals \u2013 monkeys, birds, pigs, dogs, and horses, to name a few \u2013 provide therapeutic benefits to humans with physical and mental illnesses as well as providing assistance to people with disabilities. for deaf people of all ages, animals can provide love, protection, and companionship. while the most commonly recognized therapy and / or service animals are dogs, the use of horses as therapy animals for people who are deaf is becoming increasingly popular. the emphasis here on the use of horses for therapy rather than is important since the research suggests that horses are not well - suited as service animals. in fact, the guide horse foundation ( 2005 ), states the following : 1. the guide horse foundation is against the use of riding - size horses indoors because of the risk of injury to the horses, the... handler and the general public. while our research has indicated that miniature horses make suitable guide animals, large guide animals of any species can create a hazard for the public when used in an inappropriate setting for an animal of that size. 2. miniature horses are not well suited for assisting [ people who are deaf ]. horses do not possess the \" watch dog \" instinct which is important for a hearing assistance animal. horses are known to possess a particular ability to break through the wall of isolation and frustration which can be frequently present in the lives of people who are deaf. according to the professional association of therapeutic horsemanship ( path ), an international organization dedicated to serve as a resource and advocate for equine - assisted activities and therapies, \u201c people who are deaf or hard of hearing may experience improved self - esteem and a sense of independence and empowerment by becoming an independent equestrian. people with hearing impairments will develop unique ways to communicate with their instructor and equine partner while learning riding or driving. \u201d ( 2012 ) britton ( 1991 ) identified additional benefits of horse therapy to balance and coordination ; communication with a horse, which responds to actions, is often easier than communicating with another person, who responds to words. for example, when a rider pulls on the right rein, the horse turns to the right. if they pull both reins, the horse stops. if they don \u2019 t do anything at all, the horse usually will not do deaf person will need to be taught how to interpret the language of the horse, the horse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48660997746996737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.385514"} {"text": "horse turns to the right. if they pull both reins, the horse stops. if they don \u2019 t do anything at all, the horse usually will not do deaf person will need to be taught how to interpret the language of the horse, the horse can still compensate for sensory deficits of the rider. for example, if a horse hears something, like a loud noise, dog barking, or people laughing, they are able to alert the rider by responding with different body signals ; such as, raising of the head, tensing of the body, turning towards of the sound. as a deaf rider becomes more astute at recognizing these types of signals, it will contribute to developing an increased sensory awareness. there are also unique challenges to teaching the deaf to ride. robin hulsey writes, \u201c since effective communication is the key in teaching riding to anyone, regardless of disability, it is especially important in the case of a deaf child \u201d. ( 1979 ). the author offers person can \u2019 t see the instructor, they can \u2019 t \" hear \" the instructor. an instructor will need to place themselves in the arena such that the person can see them as they ride. anything that can be done to promote more effective communication with deaf students will make learning to ride easier and more enjoyable. persons may have a diminished sense of rhythm, teaching them concepts, such as posting to a trot, should be taught at a walk before moving to the next level. demonstration is one of the most effective techniques to introduce and reiterate riding concepts. it \u2019 s important for the instructor to establish new techniques by direct communication with the deaf rider before they then try it on their own. i had the privilege of meeting and observing a session with a local individual who provides horse therapy to the disabled. deb amidon, owner of edgecort farms has been providing therapeutic services with horses since 1996. the service is offered to several different organizations in the cortland county, new york area. there are two thirty - minute sessions conducted a day, twice a week. the students range widely including those who are severely autistic, mentally disabled, blind, hard of hearing, and deaf. several of her students have gone to the special olympics with horses from her stable. in speaking with ms. amidon about her experiences with deaf persons she reiterated positively all of the areas identified by vanessa britton above. students who are deaf achieve a sense of well - being, independence, and freedom through interacting with her horses. she also agreed that as an instructor teaching a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4861208407013186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.386557"} {"text": "her experiences with deaf persons she reiterated positively all of the areas identified by vanessa britton above. students who are deaf achieve a sense of well - being, independence, and freedom through interacting with her horses. she also agreed that as an instructor teaching a deaf student to ride, it \u2019 s important that they see you and that you develop a language you both understand. one of the things she strives to do with all her students is to have them \u201c be as independent as they can be. \u201d ( amidon, a riding instructor does not need to be someone well - versed in american sign language, but they should be well - versed in the knowledge and techniques of teaching riding. it will be important for the instructor to establish a means of communication with a deaf or hard of hearing person, learning the basics of sign language and additional signs unique to riding instruction. when an instructor is able to develop a connection between the student and the therapy horse, the benefits of teaching the deaf to ride far outweigh the challenges. adams, k. & rice, s. ( 2011, sept. 19 ). a brief information resource on assistance animals for the disabled. animal welfare information center, u. s. department of agriculture. retrieved june 27, 2012 : http : / / www. nal. usda. gov / awic / companimals / assist. htm amidon, d. ( 2012 ). edgecort horse farm. route 11, cortland, ny 13045. interview conducted july 11, 2012 britton, v. ( 1991 ). riding for the disabled. london : b. t. hulsey, r. ( 1979 ). horseback riding for the hearing impaired. chesterfield, missouri : riding high, inc. professional association of therapeutic horsemanship ( path ) international. ( 2012 ). benefits - deafness. resources, industry links, equine welfare. retrieved july 5, 2012 : the guide horse foundation. ( 2005 ). main web page and frequently asked miniature horse questions. retrieved july 1, u. s. department of justice. ( 2008, jan. 14 ). commonly asked questions about service animals in places of business. civil rights division, disability rights section. retrieved july 4, websites of additional articles on therapy horses & service animals : bragg, r. ( nd ). animals that help deaf people. retrieved july 1, 2012 : http : / / www. ehow. com / list _ 6851997 _ animals - deaf - people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4629988428451289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.387546"} {"text": "horses & service animals : bragg, r. ( nd ). animals that help deaf people. retrieved july 1, 2012 : http : / / www. ehow. com / list _ 6851997 _ animals - deaf - people. html national technical institute for the deaf. ( nd ). success stories : dacia anastasia hirsch. rochester institute of technology. rochester, ny 14623. retrieved june 28, 2012 : dogs for the deaf, inc. an organization dedicated to rescuing and professional dogs to assist with hearing loss, autism, panic / anxiety, and other challenges. http : / / www. dogsforthedeaf. org / interview conducted with ms. deb amidon owner of edge - cort horse how long have you been providing horse therapy to the overall what has been your experience doing this type of have you ever had a deaf or hearing impaired person? if yes, what are the unique challenges of these individuals? what has been the positive to teaching these individuals can i meet them? anything else you would like to share? notes : observed 4 different riders, some who had to be assisted, one who was able to ride by himself and understood direction and could guide the horse independently. you can learn american sign language ( asl ) online at american sign language university \u2122 asl resources by lifeprint. com \u00a9 dr. william vicars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44093738166591756, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.389462"} {"text": "akkadian is a cover term for the semitic languages of ancient mesopotamia, constituting the eastern branch of the semitic family. akkadian, the most ancient semitic linguistic continuum attested, was written in the cuneiform script, mainly on clay tablets. it is attested from the third millennium bce to the third century ce. linguistic research of akkadian has been relatively scanty, and grammatical descriptions of any of the attested languages and dialects were intended primarily for didactic purposes. research has concentrated on phonology, and, especially, on morphology, which is typically semitic. syntactic structures have remained the grammatical description offered in lw / m is based on the language of mythological narratives from the old babylonian period ( the first half of the second millennium bce ). considering the state of the art and the frame and goals of this series, the authors have confined themselves to a brief model of the language and to defining the basic linguistic strategies of akkadian. as such, it may also serve as a guide to semitic grammatical all levels of the grammar of this language are treated together for the first time : phonology, morphology, micro - and macro - syntax. some attention is given to linguistic variation, acknowledging the ( relatively small ) diversity within the time - space continuum of the texts which constitute this corpus. a short description of the cuneiform script will aim at giving some idea of the problems one encounters in attempting to elicit the linguistic data of akkadian. this grammatical description is written with a systemic, structural conception of language in mind. it is intended first and foremost for linguists for whom the language is inaccessible for various reasons, and for semitists whose expertise is not in akkadian. however, assyriologists will benefit from it as well, as this description is unique in its linguistic presentation, revealing important details hitherto unknown. shlomo izre ' el is professor of semitic linguistics at tel - aviv university. eran cohen is lecturer in linguistics at the hebrew university of jerusalem. a provisional list of corrections to literary old babylonian by shlomo izre ' el and eran cohen ( languages of the world / materials, 81, munchen : lincom, 2004 ) can be found at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49521396311707216, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.391816"} {"text": "by jeannine stein for takepart. com a new study discovered just how much stress in the workplace increases your risk of a heart attack. having a job that \u2019 s high in stress but low in power could be bad for your heart. a study released this week in the lancet found that people who experience job strain have a 23 percent increased risk of having a heart attack compared to their peers who have it easier at work. researchers analyzed 13 studies that included 197, 473 people who were followed for an average 7. 5 years. even after controlling for age, gender, lifestyle and other factors, the increased risk remained. the study didn \u2019 t find a cause and effect between stress and heart attack. but if there were a direct link, by reducing workplace stress, the authors said, heart attacks would come down in number too. what we already know : stress is a factor in heart disease, along with usual suspects such as smoking, diet and lack of activity. how does stress affect the heart? stress prompts the production of adrenaline and cortisol, which can boost blood pressure and give you energy, the mayo clinic says. but if that surge surges stays elevated, over time it can result in damage to the body \u2019 s systems and organs. a 2010 study in the journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism linked high cortisol levels to a substantial increase in death rates from heart attack and stroke. how stressed are we? a 2010galluppoll found that when americans were asked to rate aspects of their job environments, they were least happy about workplace stress. a 2011 stress in the workplace report from the american psychological association found that 36 percent of people surveyed said they usually feel stressed out or tense during the workday, and 49 percent said their low pay has a pretty strong influence on that stress. since stress is so prevalent and is linked with a number of health problems, many health experts argue that it \u2019 s become a public health issue. what this means for you : although factors like smoking and being a couch potato may have a bigger impact on heart disease than stress, stress shouldn \u2019 t be ignored. the mayo clinic recommends being proactive about stressors such as lack of time and finding ways to alleviate them. even taking a five or 10 - minute break to clear your head and shake off some anxiety can go a long way in easing tension. environmental news from living green magazine \u2013 where green is read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45086594136333713, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.394208"} {"text": "| u. s. naval observatory | | earth orientation department | in 1956, following several years of work, two astronomers at the u. s. naval observatory ( usno ) and two astronomers at the national physical laboratory ( teddington, england ) determined the relationship between the frequency of the cesium atom ( the standard of time ) and the rotation of the earth at a particular epoch. as a result, they defined the second of atomic time as the length of time required for 9 192 631 770 cycles of the cesium atom at zero magnetic field. the second thus defined was equivalent to the second defined by the fraction 1 / 31 556 925. 9747 of the year 1900. the atomic second was set equal, then, to an average second of earth rotation time near the end of the 19th century. the rapid service / prediction center of the international earth rotation service ( iers ), located at the u. s. naval observatory, monitors the earth ' s rotation. part of its mission involves the determination of a time scale based on the current rate of the rotation of the earth. ut1 is the non - uniform time based on the earth ' s rotation. the earth is constantly undergoing a deceleration caused by the braking action of the ocean tides. through the use of ancient observations of eclipses, it is possible to determine the deceleration of the earth to be roughly 2 milliseconds per day per century. this is an effect which causes the earth ' s rotational time to slow with respect to the atomic clock time. since it has been about 1 century since the defining epoch ( i. e., the duration since 1900 ), the difference has accumulated to roughly 2 milliseconds per day. other factors also affect the earth ' s dynamics, some in unpredictable ways, so that it is necessary to monitor the earth ' s rotation continuously. in order to keep the cumulative difference in ut1 - utc less than 0. 9 seconds, a leap second is inserted periodically in the atomic utc time scale to decrease the difference between the two. this leap second can be either positive or negative depending on the earth ' s rotation. since the first leap second in 1972, all leap seconds have been positive ( click here for a list of all announced leap seconds ). this reflects the general slowing trend of the earth due to tidal braking. confusion sometimes arises over the misconception that the occasional insertion of leap seconds every few years indicates that the earth should stop rotating within a few millennia. the confusion arises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5665692684267929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.402553"} {"text": "seconds ). this reflects the general slowing trend of the earth due to tidal braking. confusion sometimes arises over the misconception that the occasional insertion of leap seconds every few years indicates that the earth should stop rotating within a few millennia. the confusion arises because some mistake leap seconds as a measure of the rate at which the earth is slowing. the one - second increments are, however, indications of the accumulated difference in time between the two systems. as an example, the situation is similar to what would happen if a person owned a watch that lost two seconds per day. if it were set to a perfect clock today, the watch would be found to be slow by two seconds tomorrow. at the end of a month, the watch will be roughly a minute in error ( thirty days of the two second error accumulated each day ). the person would then find it convenient to reset the watch by one minute to have the correct time again. this scenario is analogous to that encountered with the leap second. the difference is that instead of resetting the clock that is running slow, we choose to adjust the clock that is keeping a uniform, precise time. the reason for this is that we can change the time of an atomic clock while it is not possible to alter the earth ' s rotational speed to match the atomic clocks. currently the earth runs slow at roughly 2 milliseconds per day. after 500 days, the difference between the earth rotation time and the atomic time would be one second. instead of allowing this to happen a leap second is inserted to bring the two times closer together. the decision of when to introduce a leap second in utc is the responsibility of the international earth rotation service ( iers ). according to international agreements, first preference is given to the opportunities at the end of december and june, and second preference to those at the end of march and september. since the system was introduced in 1972, only dates in june and december have been used. the official united states time is determined by the master clock at the u. s. naval observatory ( usno ). the observatory is charged with the responsibility for precise time determination and management of time dissemination. modern electronic systems, such as electronic navigation or communication systems, depend increasingly on precise time and time interval ( ptti ). examples are the ground - based loran - c navigation system and the satellite - based global positioning system ( gps ). navigation systems are the most critical application for precise time. gps, in particular, is widely used for navigating ships, planes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5416042963121477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.403546"} {"text": "are the ground - based loran - c navigation system and the satellite - based global positioning system ( gps ). navigation systems are the most critical application for precise time. gps, in particular, is widely used for navigating ships, planes, missiles, trucks, and cars anywhere on earth. these systems are all based on the travel time of electromagnetic signals : an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds ( 10 one - billionths of a second ) corresponds to a position accuracy of about 3 meters ( or 10 feet ). precise time measurements are needed for the synchronization of clocks at two or more sites. such synchronization is necessary, for example, for high - speed communications systems. power companies use precise time to control power distribution grids and reduce power loss. radio and television stations require precise time ( the time of day ) and precise frequencies in order to broadcast their transmissions. many programs are transmitted from coast to coast to affiliate stations around the country. without precise timing the stations would not be able to synchronize the transmission of these programs to local audiences. all of these systems are referenced to the usno master clock. very precise time is kept by using atomic clocks. the principle of operation of the atomic clock is based on measuring the microwave resonance frequency ( 9, 192, 631, 770 cycles per seconds ) of the cesium atom. at the observatory, the atomic time scale ( at ) is determined by averaging 60 to 70 atomic clocks placed in separate, environmentally controlled vaults. atomic time is a very uniform measure of time ( one tenth of one billionth of a second per day ). the usno must maintain and continually improve its clock system so that it can stay one step ahead of the demands made on its accuracy, stability and reliability. the present master clock of the usno is based on a system of some 60 independently operating cesium atomic clocks and 7 to 10 hydrogen maser atomic clocks. these clocks are distributed over 20 environmentally controlled clock vaults, to ensure their stability. by automatic inter - comparison of all clocks every 100 seconds, a time scale is computed which is not only reliable but also extremely stable. its rate does not change by more than about 100 picoseconds (. 0000000001 seconds ) per day from day to day. on the basis of this computed time scale, a clock reference system is steered to produce clock signals which serve as the usno master clock. the clock reference system is driven by a hydrogen maser atomic clock. hydrogen masers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5568852117793582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.404785"} {"text": "from day to day. on the basis of this computed time scale, a clock reference system is steered to produce clock signals which serve as the usno master clock. the clock reference system is driven by a hydrogen maser atomic clock. hydrogen masers are extremely stable clocks over short time periods ( less than one week ). they provide the stability and reliability needed to maintain the accuracy of the master clock system. very long baseline interferometry ( vlbi ) is used to determine universal time ( ut1 ) based on the rotation of the earth about its axis. vlbi is an advanced astronomical technique of observing extra - galactic sources ( typically quasars ) with radio telescopes. the information gained using vlbi can be used to generate images of the distant radio sources, measure the rotation rate of the earth, the motions of the earth in space, or even measure how the tectonic plates where the telescopes are located are moving on the surface of the earth. measuring the earth ' s rotational motion is critical for navigation. the most accurate navigation systems rely on measurements using satellite systems which are not tied to the earth ' s surface. these systems can provide a position accurate to a about a meter ( few feet ), but the position of the earth relative to the satellites must also be known to avoid potentially far larger errors. the u. s. naval observatory has been in the forefront of timekeeping since the early 1800s. in 1845, the observatory offered its first time service to the public : a time ball was dropped at noon. beginning in 1865 time signals were sent daily by telegraph to western union and others. in 1904, a u. s. navy station broadcast the first worldwide radio time signals based on a clock provided and controlled by the observatory. a time of day announcement can be obtained by calling 202 - 762 - 1401 locally in the washington area. for long distance callers the number is 900 - 410 - time. the latter number is a commercial service for which the telephone company charges 50 cents for the first minute and 45 cents for each additional minute. australia, hong kong, and bermuda can also access this service at international direct dialing rates. you can also get time for your computer by calling 202 - 762 - 1594. use 1200 baud, no parity, 8 bit ascii. | last modified : 24 october 2001 | | approved by eo dept. head, usno |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5701382173087237, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.406480"} {"text": "map - making has often adapted technologies designed for purposes other than making maps. i recall scitex hardware as the state - of - the - art in large format color computer mapping in the early 1980s when i was first learning cartography. cartography applications were developed when scitex, its origins in designing and printing textiles, noticed \u201c the similarity between printing large fabric surfaces and coloring topographic surfaces. \u201d ( pdf source ). step back a few generations and we find the then ubiquitous typewriter adapted to making maps by diy cartographers. it is not difficult to find old diy maps that used a typewriter to create type, like this 1950s map ( below ) of camp tonkawa in east texas ( source ). this is a sketch map that was run through a typewriter for typographic annotations : a more sophisticated diy approach to typing maps was detailed by r. a. daly in the march 1905 issue of the american journal of science. daly describes a typewriter with special characters \u2013 examples shown in the graphic which heads this posting \u2013 for creating area patterns on maps : it is safe to say that the majority of persons are seriously hampered in the preparation of text illustrations by the difficulty and expense entailed in the tedious drawing of map, section or diagram. yet the desirability of greatly increasing the proportion of such illustrations in the thousands of scientific articles published each year is manifest. that clearness, precision and conciseness in the exposition of a theme are generally enhanced by the use of abundant, appropriate diagrams and maps is as evident as that the blackboard is the constant friend of the teacher. ideally, the author should himself be able to make the original drawing quickly, neatly and artistically. the usual execution of drawing with the pen is, to the average author, discouragingly slow and expensive, not always neat, and still less often artistic. the following note relates to some experiments made to increase rapidity and neatness in the production of line drawings by the use of a machine. enough success has been attained to warrant the recommendation of the machine method to geologists, geographers, and others. recently the hammond typewriter company of new york has constructed, for the geological survey department of canada, a typewriter provided with a carbon ribbon and with ninety special characters designed for the preparation of line drawings to accompany geological and geographical papers. it is to be understood, of course, in the preparation of a diagram that an outline drawing is first prepared, and that the spaces thus formed are filled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4912303138453029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.410113"} {"text": "and with ninety special characters designed for the preparation of line drawings to accompany geological and geographical papers. it is to be understood, of course, in the preparation of a diagram that an outline drawing is first prepared, and that the spaces thus formed are filled with the symbols shown in the legends, by means of the machine. the earliest printed computer maps, such as the map below created with symap software in the mid - 1960s, used a line printer. line printers were, more or less, a typewriter adapted to printing from a computer. computer output, on monitors and printers, was limited to typical typewriter characters \u2013 letters, numbers, and symbols such as + or = or %. these limited symbols could be used to create area patterns on maps. a modification of the line printer hardware allowed the overprinting of characters, the darkest being overprinted oxav ranging down to a \u201c - \u201d for the lightest area pattern. the table below provides the overprint line printer symbols for a nine step range of grey tones : the output was actually less sophisticated than the output from the 1905 map typewriter given the limited symbology of the line printer : a recent book by nick chrisman called charting the unknown ( esri press, 2006 ) documents the early history of computer mapping and gis at harvard university \u2019 s laboratory for computer graphics and spatial analysis, including the symap software which produced the above map. \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 source of above quotes : \u201c machine - made line drawings for the illustration of scientific papers \u201d by r. a. daly. american journal of science, march 1905. source of line printer symbols table : r. mould and c. wyld, \u201c a comparison between line printer and conventional polaroid gamma camera displays using a liver phantom. off - line computer and contour mapping package. \u201d physics in medicine and biology, 18 : 1, january 1973, p. 88 - 99.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47526049950019145, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.410918"} {"text": "if you \u2019 re in the market for some new threads, consider buying old ones. thrift store shopping can be a great way to save money and reduce your impact on the environment, if you can stand to wear gently - used garments \u2014 ones that have seen a wash cycle, of course. also, donating your old clothes to a second - hand store in marina del rey instead of throwing them in the trash will keep your contribution from ending up in a landfill. some thrift shops will even buy your old digs, cha - ching. like any other industrialized nation, the united states produces a lot. we are a nation of producers and consumers. we buy new things, then we throw away the packaging. in some cases, we trash the actual things we buy when they become damaged or obsolete, then we buy more new things. this makes for a lot of waste, most of which \u2014 56 percent, according to the environmental protection agency \u2014 will end up in a landfill though clothing and other textiles made up less than 10 percent of municipal solid waste \u2014 things we use and throw away each day, like product packaging, food scraps, grass clippings, sofas, computers, tires and refrigerators \u2014 produced in 2010, it \u2019 s still about 13 million tons of the stuff, according to the epa. only 15 percent of the textiles thrown away in 2010 were recovered for recycling. we are getting better at recycling, but we \u2019 re also producing more waste. the epa estimates that the rate at which we recycle municipal solid waste has increased from less than 10 percent in 1980 to approximately 34 percent in 2010. however, during that time, the amount of waste produced per person per day has increased from 3. 66 - 4. 43 pounds, according to the agency. are you a thrift shopper or donator? have you sold your threads to a second - hand store? let us know in the comments section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4357512862613615, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.413975"} {"text": "see also the browse high school calculus stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : maximizing the volume of a box. maximizing the volume of a cylinder. volume of a tank. what is a derivative? - modelling discrete data with exponential functions [ 5 / 14 / 1996 ] how can i fit an exponential function to a set of three discrete data - monkey climbing a chain [ 09 / 22 / 1999 ] a 20 - lb. monkey is attached to a 50 - ft. chain that weighs 0. 5 lb. per - the monotone convergence theorem [ 10 / 02 / 1998 ] could you please explain the meaning and purpose of the monotone - moving a circle on a polar graph [ 05 / 04 / 2001 ] how do you move a circle so the center is not ( 0, 0 ), but to where the center can be ( r, [ theta ] )? - moving particle [ 07 / 14 / 1999 ] assume a particle moves on the x - axis according to the formula x = t ^ 3 - 6t ^ 2 + 9t + 5. find : the velocity when t = 3... - the moving shadow [ 03 / 24 / 1999 ] a man walks toward a light... at what rate does the tip of his shadow move and at what rate does its length change? - multidimensional calculus and vector geometry [ 02 / 09 / 1999 ] the depth of iron ore can be approximated by a plane... - navigation formula [ 10 / 14 / 1996 ] given the starting latitude, longitude, distance, and course of a plane, what formula gives its destination latitude and longitude? - newton - raphson method [ 02 / 28 / 2000 ] how can i find the 1st, 2nd, 3rd iterations and the parameters of x ^ 3 - 13. 1x ^ 2 + 48. 48x - 46. 62 using the newton - raphson method? - newton - raphson method [ 06 / 24 / 2009 ] are there any equations that cannot be solved using the newton - raphson method, regardless of the initial estimate? - newton ' s method and square roots [ 12 / 04 / 1998 ] can you explain how finding square roots by hand relates to newton ' s method for approximating the zero of a function? - non - constant functions [ 02 / 12 / 2001 ] are there any non - constant functions f and g such that ( f * g ) ' = f ' * g '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5797723245259172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.420756"} {"text": "to newton ' s method for approximating the zero of a function? - non - constant functions [ 02 / 12 / 2001 ] are there any non - constant functions f and g such that ( f * g ) ' = f ' * g '? - nondifferentiable functions [ 11 / 6 / 1994 ] in my calculus book, it mentions a function that is not differentiable at any point due to the fact that it is not smooth at any point. it does not go any farther, and i was interested in hearing more. - non - linear equation [ 2 / 13 / 1996 ] solve 5x ^ 2 + log ( x ) = 0 for x... - nonvertical asymptotes [ 10 / 16 / 2001 ] does this problem have slant asymptotes? f ( x ) = ( x ^ ( 4 / 3 ) + x ^ ( 1 / 3 ) - 2 ) / ( x ^ ( 4 / 3 ) - 16 ). i ' m also having trouble taking the derivative of this problem : - a norman window [ 1 / 16 / 1995 ] a norman window is a window in the shape of a rectangle with a semicircle attached to the top. assuming that the perimeter of the window is 12 feet, find the dimensions that allow the maximum amount of light to - the n targets problem [ 11 / 15 / 2001 ] given n targets with equal probability of being hit by a cannon, that is, 1 / n. let x be the number of firings required to hit all the targets. what is the expectation e ( x ) of x? - numeric derivatives using ti - 83, ti - 92 [ 10 / 17 / 2003 ] my calculator says that the numeric derivative of sin ( x ) is sin ( 2x ) / ( 2x ). shouldn ' t it be cos ( x )? - oblique asymptotes [ 04 / 03 / 2002 ] i ' m stuck on how to calculate oblique limits, for example, x ^ 2 / ( x - 3 ). - odd bernoulli numbers must be 0 [ 02 / 16 / 2003 ] take the second derivative of t / exp ( t ) - 1 and find that it is an even function ; show that an even function, when expressed as a taylor series, has only even powers of t ; draw the conclusion that the odd bernoulli numbers have to be 0. - odes and integration with the chain rule [ 05 / 30", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5622847498472103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.423353"} {"text": "function ; show that an even function, when expressed as a taylor series, has only even powers of t ; draw the conclusion that the odd bernoulli numbers have to be 0. - odes and integration with the chain rule [ 05 / 30 / 1998 ] what is an ordinary differential equation? how do you integrate f ' ( x ) = - oil can dimensions [ 12 / 11 / 2001 ] what are the dimensions of an oil can with a one - liter capacity that uses the least amount of tin? - operating a tour service [ 5 / 21 / 1996 ] how many people does it take to maximize your profit? - optimization [ 12 / 13 / 1995 ] an ap calculus student asks questions about his chapter test. - optimization [ 11 / 26 / 1996 ] to make a funnel, we take a circular piece of metal, cut out a sector, and connect the two radial edges together to make an open cone. what should the angle of the sector be to maximize the volume of the cone? - optimization : minimum area [ 11 / 07 / 1997 ] how do you fold a piece of paper ( rect. with width a and unlimited length ) so one corner just reaches the righthand side for minimum area? - optimization ( min - max ) [ 01 / 21 / 2001 ] if a piece of string of fixed length is made to enclose a rectangle, show that the enclosed area is greatest when the rectangle is a square. - optimizing advertising [ 10 / 15 / 2003 ] doubling the amount spent on advertising increases total income by 20 percent. what is the optimum level of advertising? - ordinary differential equation, second order [ 10 / 26 / 2002 ] i ' ve been looking for solutions to the differential equation y ' ' = x ^ 2 - parametric equations [ 07 / 21 / 1998 ] a curve is given parametrically by the equations : x = ( 3 - 2k ) ^ 2 and y = ( 2 + k ) ^ 2. find dy / dx, the x - intercept, the cartesian equation... - partial derivatives [ 03 / 24 / 2001 ] what sense do partial derivatives make in the case where u is given as a function of two variables, say x and y...? - partial fractions [ 06 / 08 / 1997 ] how do you break 1 / x ^ 2 * ( x + 2 ) into partial fractions? - partial fractions [ 11 / 23 / 2003 ] i need to put this fraction into power series formation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5402144142538429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.424384"} {"text": "##s [ 06 / 08 / 1997 ] how do you break 1 / x ^ 2 * ( x + 2 ) into partial fractions? - partial fractions [ 11 / 23 / 2003 ] i need to put this fraction into power series formation : ( 3x ^ 2 - x ) / ( x ^ 3 - x ^ 2 - x + 1 ). i ' ve tried to use partial fractions but keep getting stuck. - percentage of numbers divisible by 6, 8 [ 03 / 18 / 2003 ] what percentage of numbers is divisible by 6? by 8? - permutation and combination equality [ 07 / 18 / 1999 ] prove that ( nc0 ) ^ 2 + ( nc1 ) ^ 2 + ( nc2 ) ^ 2 +... + ( ncn ) ^ 2 = ( 2ncn ), where nci = n! / ( ( n - i )! * i! ). - picard ' s method [ 08 / 10 / 1997 ] can you tell me about picard ' s iteration method of solving differential - plane flying parametrically [ 06 / 28 / 1999 ] how can i find out when a plane, whose position approaching an airport is described parametrically by p _ t = ( 1000, 500, 900 ) + t [ - 100, - 50, - 90 ], will be closest to the traffic control center, located at ( 24, 11, 13 )? - point of inflection [ 05 / 17 / 1997 ] the cubic polynomial h ( x ) = x ^ 3 - 3bx ^ 2 + 3cx + d has a local maximum and a local minimum... - point on a parabola [ 1 / 9 / 1995 ] how do you find the point on the parabola y = x ^ 2 nearest the point ( - - points of intersection [ 08 / 31 / 1997 ] estimate all points of intersection of the graphs f ( x ) = x + sin x and g ( x ) = x ^ 3 by using a calculator or computer. how do you know you have found them all?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4968539492640005, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.425198"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : order of operations 3d and higher browse middle school algebra stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : direct and indirect variation. inequalities and negative numbers. positive / negative integer rules. solving simple linear equations. - formulas for the equation of a line [ 09 / 28 / 1998 ] can you explain the meaning behind the point - slope formula? what about other formulas for the equation of a line? - four methods of solving classic chicken and egg problems [ 02 / 24 / 2009 ] if 6 cats can kill 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats will it take to kill 100 rats in 50 minutes? a look at four different solution methods for this sort of problem. - the fourth dimension [ 8 / 24 / 1995 ] what is the fourth dimension mathematically? - fraction : algebra without the equations [ 8 / 23 / 1996 ] i have come up with a way to solve fraction problems like \" 2 / 3 of? = 66 \", but i have no idea why it works. - fraction equation problem [ 5 / 10 / 1995 ] let 1 / a = a + 1 / b = b + 1 / c = c + 1 / d = 2. what is the value of abcd? - fraction equivalents of decimals that repeat... mostly [ 05 / 04 / 2010 ] how do you find the fraction equivalent of a repeating decimals that also includes digits that do not repeat? doctor greenie tweaks a student ' s formal algebraic approach, introduces another wrinkle grounded in the base ten number system, then shares two algorithms based on his work with high school students who take part in - fraction or decimal form? [ 07 / 30 / 2002 ] is it better to write 1 / 2 ( 6x - 3 ( 2x - 1 ) ) or 0. 5 ( 6x - 3 ( 2x - 1 ) ), and why? - fractions and cross multiplication [ 07 / 14 / 1998 ] when do you cross - multiply in solving fractions? - fractions and lowest terms [ 07 / 19 / 2001 ] simplifying expressions : how do you finish cancelling fractions, and then what do you multiply? what is the lowest term? - from word problems to equations [ 01 / 28 / 1999 ] if the sides of a square are lengthened by 3m, the area becomes 81m squared. find the length of a side of the original square. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5422154717772955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.431758"} {"text": "is the lowest term? - from word problems to equations [ 01 / 28 / 1999 ] if the sides of a square are lengthened by 3m, the area becomes 81m squared. find the length of a side of the original square. - functions and equations [ 02 / 10 / 2001 ] when is an equation also a function? how do you recognize a function? - a game in three rounds [ 04 / 19 / 1999 ] after three rounds each of the girls has 8 chips. how many chips did they have at the start? - geometrically completing the square [ 08 / 07 / 1997 ] what are the steps for geometrically completing the square? - getting the job done [ 12 / 17 / 1996 ] two typists share a job and each does half of the work. the second typist begins working one hour after the first... - given perimeters, find sides [ 8 / 5 / 1996 ] a triangle and a rectangle have equal perimeters... find the sides. - grade averages [ 11 / 16 / 1995 ] if johnny has an 82 % average for the 1st 9wks and a 75 % average for the 2nd 9wks, what grade would he have to get on the final to receive an 80 % semester grade? the grades are weighted as follows : each 9wks 40 % and the semester test 20 %. - graphing intercepts [ 11 / 06 / 1997 ] how would i find the intercept for a problem such as 3x - 2y = 12? - graphing slope intercept [ 02 / 13 / 1999 ] when given the slope intercept form, how do you know whether you rise or drop when looking at the slope? - grid patterns [ 09 / 10 / 99 ] finding a formula for the difference between the diagonal products of the numbers in a 2x2 square within a 3x5 rectangle of numbers, and generalizing it for any rectangle of numbers. - guess and check tables, algebra [ 10 / 12 / 2002 ] find the mass of hector ' s math, science, and spanish textbooks. - hands of a clock [ 10 / 10 / 1997 ] how many times do the hour and minute hands cross in a 12 - hour period of - heads and legs [ 07 / 25 / 2001 ] joe counts 48 heads and 134 legs among the chickens and dogs on his farm. how many dogs and how many chickens does he have? - a hen and a half [ 09 / 23 / 1998 ] if a hen and a half lays an egg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.543837031085905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.432622"} {"text": "] joe counts 48 heads and 134 legs among the chickens and dogs on his farm. how many dogs and how many chickens does he have? - a hen and a half [ 09 / 23 / 1998 ] if a hen and a half lays an egg and a half in a day and a half, how many eggs will five hens lay in 6 days? - hot air balloons [ 12 / 25 / 1996 ] a hot air balloon covered 2100 miles in 7 days. if it covered 50 miles more each day than the day before, how many miles did it cover each day? - how does the trick work? [ 06 / 20 / 2003 ] from time to time i ' ve run across math tricks that ask me to give a number, then take me through a series of other questions and by the time i work my way to the end, the trick tells me my original number. - how does the volume change? [ 03 / 04 / 1999 ] we have been doing a project where we change one side of an object and see how it affects the volume... - how long is duke the dog? [ 09 / 04 / 2001 ] duke the dog ' s head is 6 inches long, his tail is as long as his head plus half the length of his body, and his body is as long as the head and the tail combined. - how long is the train? [ 05 / 21 / 1999 ] two trains are traveling in opposite directions along parallel tracks, train a at 72kph and train b at 54kph... - how many apples? [ 09 / 19 / 2002 ] how many apples did john get from his boss? - how many coins did each originally have? [ 10 / 22 / 2001 ] natalie has some nickels, dirk has some dimes, and quincy has some quarters. dirk has five more dimes than quincy has quarters... how many coins did each originally have? - how many factor pairs does a given number have? [ 03 / 19 / 2004 ] i ' m wondering if there is a formula or algorithm that will tell me exactly how many pairs of factors a number has? - how many games were tied? [ 06 / 07 / 1999 ] how many games are tied if each team receives 3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and no points for a loss, and after 4 rounds the accumulated points are : lions 22, tigers 19, mounties 14, royals 12? - how many mice, cats, and dogs? [ 01 / 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5083718192932833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.433566"} {"text": ", 1 point for a tie, and no points for a loss, and after 4 rounds the accumulated points are : lions 22, tigers 19, mounties 14, royals 12? - how many mice, cats, and dogs? [ 01 / 13 / 2003 ] you must spend $ 100 to buy 100 pets, choosing at least one of each pet. the pets and their prices are : mice @ $ 0. 25 each, cats @ $ 1. 00 each, and dogs @ $ 15. 00 each. how many mice, cats, and dogs must you - how many of each ticket were sold? [ 09 / 06 / 2001 ] five hundred tickets were sold for a play, for $ 8 at the lower level and $ 6 at the upper level, totaling $ 3600. - how many stools? how many tables? [ 12 / 13 / 2002 ] in their spare time, the buffalo bills operations staff members build 3 - legged stools and 4 - legged tables. last month they used 72 legs to build 3 more stools than tables. - how many trains meet? [ 09 / 17 / 2001 ] every hour, on the hour, a train leaves tallahassee for jacksonville, while another train leaves jacksonville for tallahassee. the trip between the two cities takes exactly two hours. how many trains going in the opposite direction will a tallahassee train to jacksonville meet? - how many valentines? [ 02 / 10 / 2003 ] if everyone in your class gave a valentine to everyone else in your class, how many valentines would be exchanged? - how much does the youngest boy get? [ 05 / 25 / 2000 ] five brothers, each born in a different year, share a gift of $ 100... - how much money entering the first store? [ 09 / 26 / 2002 ] timothy spent all of his money at five stores. at each store, he spent $ 1 more than half of the amount he had when entering the store. how much money did he have when he entered the first store? - how much popcorn did paul sell? [ 01 / 28 / 2002 ] paul made $ 44. 14 selling 27 items ( beer and popcorn ). if he made $ 1. 22 selling popcorn and $ 2. 62 selling beer, how many boxes of popcorn were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45051557414455645, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.434417"} {"text": "hepatitis a is an infection of the liver. it can be passed easily from contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected person.. hepatitis a is caused by a specific virus. it may be spread by : - drinking water contaminated by raw sewage - eating food contaminated by the hepatitis a virus, especially if it has not been properly cooked - eating raw or partially cooked shellfish contaminated by raw sewage - sexual contact with a partner infected with the hepatitis a virus, especially as oral - anal contact hepatitis a is present in stool of people with the infection. they can spread the infection if they do not wash their hands after using the bathroom and touch other objects or food. factors that increase your chance of a hepatitis a infection include : - having close contact with an infected person \u2014 although the virus is generally not spread by casual contact - using household items that were used by an infected person and not properly cleaned - having oral - anal sexual contact with an infected person - traveling to or spending long periods of time in a country where hepatitis a is common or where sanitation is poor - working as a childcare worker, changing diapers or toilet training children - being in daycare centers - being institutionalized - injecting drugs \u2014 especially if you share needles - receiving plasma products, common in conditions like hemophilia hepatitis a does not always cause symptoms. adults are more likely to have them than children. - loss of appetite - nausea and vomiting - abdominal pain or discomfort - yellowing of the eyes and skin - darker colored urine - light or chalky colored stools the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include : - blood test \u2014 to look for signs of hepatitis a - liver function studies hepatitis a usually goes away on its own within two months. there are no lasting effects in most once the infection passes. the goals of hepatitis a treatments are to : - help you stay as comfortable as possible - prevent the infection from being passed to others - prevent stress on the liver while it ' s healing. mainly done by avoiding certain substances like specific medications or alcohol you will be immune to the virus once you are well. in rare cases, the infection is very severe. a liver transplant may be needed in these cases if the liver is severely damaged. to decrease your chance of hepatitis a : - wash your hands often with soap and water. - wash your hands before eating or preparing food. - avoid using household utensils that a person with hepatitis a may touch. make sure all household utens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4813470054173797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.442222"} {"text": "to decrease your chance of hepatitis a : - wash your hands often with soap and water. - wash your hands before eating or preparing food. - avoid using household utensils that a person with hepatitis a may touch. make sure all household utensils are carefully cleaned. - avoid sexual contact with a person with hepatitis a. - avoid injected drug use. if you do, do not share needles. if you travel to a high risk region, take the following precautions : - drink bottled water - avoid ice chips - wash fruits well - eat well - cooked food medical treatments that may help prevent infection include : - immune ( gamma ) globulin \u2014 temporary protection from hepatitis a. it can last about 3 - 6 months. it must be given before exposure to the virus or within two weeks after exposure. hepatitis a vaccine \u2014 highly effective in preventing infection. it provides full protection four weeks after the first injection. a second injection provides long - term protection. the vaccine should be considered for : - all children aged 12 - 23 months - children aged 24 months or older who are at high risk and have not been previously vaccinated - people traveling to areas where hepatitis a is prevalent ( the centers for disease control and prevention ' s traveler ' s health website shows which areas have a high prevalence of hepatitis a. ) - men who have sex with men - injection drug users - people who are at risk because of their job, such as lab workers - people with chronic liver disease - people with blood - clotting disorders, such as hemophilia - people who will have close contact with an adopted child from a medium - or high - risk area - people who desire immunity to hepatitis a check with your doctor to see if you should receive the vaccine. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 02 / 2013 - - update date : 02 / 20 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4041551026532153, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.443036"} {"text": "mainstream groups such as the american heart association and the american dietetic association endorse a unified set of dietary guidelines for people who wish to lose weight \u2014 eat a low - fat diet and cut calories. however, many popular diet books take a very different approach. the atkins diet, the zone diet,, and numerous other dietary approaches turn thumbs down on low - fat. instead, these methods recommend cutting down on carbohydrates. according to proponents of these theories, when you reduce the carbohydrates in your diet ( and, correspondingly, increase protein and / or fat ), you will find it much easier to reduce your calorie intake, and you may even lose weight without cutting calories. the controversy over these contradictions has been heated. proponents of the low - fat diet claim that low - carbohydrate diets are ineffective and even dangerous, while low - carb proponents say much the same about the low - fat approach. however, an article published in the journal of the american medical association suggests that neither side has a strong case. researchers concluded, essentially, that a calorie is a calorie, regardless of whether it comes from a low - carbohydrate or a low - fat diet. they did not find any consistent evidence that the low - carb diet makes it easier to lose weight than the low - fat diet, but neither did they find any consistent evidence for the reverse. furthermore, the authors of the review did not find any compelling reason to conclude that low - carb diets are unsafe, although they did point out that the long - term safety of such diets remains unknown. subsequent studies confirmed these findings for a variety of low - carb diets. in some studies, one particular diet method may do better than others. but, in other studies, a different diet stands out. for example, researchers reviewing 13 studies comparing low - carb against low - fat / low - calorie diets in overweight subjects for at least 6 months concluded that the low - carb diets tended to perform better at reducing weight and cardiovascular disease factors for up to 1 year. but, in a subsequent trial involving 144 obese subjects with diabetes, researchers found that a low - carb diet did not result in greater weight loss when compared to a low - fat diet over a 2 - year period, nor did it perform any better at improving blood cholesterol or glucose levels. as research continues, a consensus has yet to emerge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4535762415098349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.447112"} {"text": "once every few generations, there is a technological development that historians later realize actually amounted to a rapid transformational change for an entire profession. the job of architects, for example, was transformed with the advent of safe elevators, which allowed buildings to be significantly taller and still usable. meeting professionals are about to face a similar change. audience response systems, often called clickers or keypads, allow each person at a gathering to have a voice in the meeting. essentially, ars devices transform audiences from observers into participants. in a few years, attendees will expect meeting professionals to be not just familiar with the technology, but also able to deploy it skillfully. what do meeting professional need to know to adapt to the coming clicker revolution? ars systems are combinations of handheld devices, receivers, computers, and display and / or projection systems. together, these devices allow a meeting facilitator to ask an audience a question ( almost always multiple choice ) and instantly record and, if desired, display the answers. how widespread is the use of these devices? the current estimate is that about 1 million clickers are in use nationwide. the vast majority are used in k - 12 and college classrooms to test factual knowledge. but increasingly, the meeting industry is recognizing that they are useful for other purposes. what kinds of questions can be asked? typically, ars systems are used to ask participants multiple - choice questions. question types can be placed in four categories : fact questions explore what people know. ( which christian denomination has the most members in the united states? ) demographic questions reveal the diversity of the people in the room. ( what size church do you attend? ) experience questions explore what people have done. ( how many local church mergers have you been involved in? ) perspective questions reveal people ' s opinions. ( how successful have we been in improving our ministry to youth? ) any or all of these can be used for advancing the meeting ' s agenda, because data generated can be instantly or subsequently analyzed. questions also can be used to generate laughter, create fun competitions, and build a sense of connection among participants. how convenient are the systems? the decreasing physical size of the systems, increasing ease of use, and declining prices are causing the clicker revolution to accelerate. some clickers have footprints the size of a business card, which means that not only can hundreds be carried easily, but they can be shared with colleagues across distances. many systems are designed to work with microsoft office. an emerging trend involves the use of text - messaging technology, with attendees '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48621607987882537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.451945"} {"text": "a business card, which means that not only can hundreds be carried easily, but they can be shared with colleagues across distances. many systems are designed to work with microsoft office. an emerging trend involves the use of text - messaging technology, with attendees ' mobile devices used as the clickers. what is the key to using these systems well? three elements must be woven together to create an experience that will leave participants buzzing. - clicker questions must be designed to connect to the stated meeting purposes the questions should embody an intersection of meeting objectives, elegant meeting design, and participant expectations. ministers figuring out how to turn a congregation around need something different from what is needed by attendees at a youth gathering, and both need something different from what would be suitable for delegates at a governance meeting. - clicker questions and answers must be designed to anticipate relevant issues and possible responses. a good set of clicker questions takes participants on a stimulating journey based on the question content. you want your questions and answer choices constructed so people are thinking about the meaning of the answers, not how you might have constructed the questions better. - the facilitator must help the participants to link the results to the purposes of the meeting. a savvy facilitator can interpret question results skillfully, whether the results are expected or surprising. this adds to the dynamism and usefulness of keypad sessions. internet experiences and television shows are creating the expectation that people will be co - creators rather than mere passive vessels. meeting professionals who want to stay current would do themselves a favor by becoming familiar with audience response systems or forming partnerships with meeting strategists who know how to use them. dr. david campt ( david @ thedwcgroup ) and matthew freeman ( email @ example. com ) are affiliated with the dwc group ( www. thedwcgroup. com ), which has worked with faith communities and seminaries to develop meeting and conference strategy, facilitate results - focused dialogues, and create interactive audience experiences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5016402834107303, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.453008"} {"text": "price fixing in the massachusetts theocracy [ this article is excerpted from conceived in liberty ( 1975 ), volume 1, chapter 31 : \" economics begins to dissolve the theocracy : the failure of wage and price controls. \" an mp3 audio file of this article, narrated by floy lilley, is available for download. ] from the first, the massachusetts oligarchy, seeing that in the new world land was peculiarly abundant in relation to labor, tried by law to push down the wage rates that they had to pay as merchants or landowners. maximum - wage controls were persistently imposed. john winthrop set the tone in 1633, complaining that \" the scarcity of workmen had caused them to raise their wages to an excessive rate. \" what else was supposed to happen with a scarce product? as in the south, there were at the base of new england ' s economic structure indentured servants and negro slaves, who sometimes were farm labor but mostly were artisans, helpers, and domestic servants. after the servants ' terms expired, they received small grants of land and became farmer - settlers. the massachusetts gentry also supplemented this system of labor with general compulsory service in harvesting neighboring farms \u2014 a neat way of exploiting the local citizenry at wage rates far below the market. maximum - wage control always aggravates a shortage of labor, as employers will not be able to obtain needed workers at the statutory price. in trying to force labor to be cheaper than its price on the free market, the gentry only made it more difficult for employers to obtain that labor. by 1640 winthrop was admitting that massachusetts had found by experience that it would not avail by any law to redress the excessive rates of laborers ' and workmen ' s wages, etc. ( for being restrained, they would either remove to other places where they might have more or else being able to live by planting or other employments of their own, they would not be hired at all ). of course, one method of alleviating this induced shortage was by using the forced labor of slavery, servitude, and compulsory harvest service. thus, one intervention by violence in the market created conditions impelling a further and stronger intervention. but apart from forced labor, the massachusetts authorities, as we have noted, found it extremely difficult to enforce maximum - wage control. the first maximum - wage law was enacted by massachusetts as early as 1630. due to the high wages commanded by the scarcity of construction craftsmen, the law concentrated on maximum - wage rates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44672155892186094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.469050"} {"text": "noted, found it extremely difficult to enforce maximum - wage control. the first maximum - wage law was enacted by massachusetts as early as 1630. due to the high wages commanded by the scarcity of construction craftsmen, the law concentrated on maximum - wage rates in the building trades. carpenters, bricklayers, etc., were limited to two shillings a day and any payment above this rate would subject both the employer and the worker to punishment ( for instance, a buying - cartel of employers established by the law punished the recalcitrant employer who decided to break ranks ). almost immediately, the magistrates decided to imbibe more of the magic medicine, and legal wage rates were pushed down to 16 pence a day for master carpenters and bricklayers, and correspondingly lower for other laborers. but the economic laws of the market made enforcement hopeless, and after only six months, the general court repealed the laws, and ordered all wages to be \" left free and at liberty as men shall reasonably agree. \" but massachusetts bay was not to remain wise for long. by 1633 the general court became horrified again at higher wage rates in construction and other trades and at the propensity of the working classes to rise above their supposedly appointed station in life by relaxing more and by spending their wages on luxuries. denouncing \" the great extortion \u2026 by divers persons of little conscience \" and the \" vain and idle waste of precious time, \" the court enacted a comprehensive and detailed wage - control program. the law of 1633 decreed a maximum of two shillings a day without board and 14 pence with board, for the wages of sawyers, carpenters, masons, bricklayers, etc. top - rate laborers were limited to 18 pence without. these rates were approximately double those of england for skilled craftsmen and treble for unskilled laborers. constables were to set the wages of lesser laborers. penalties were levied on the employers and the wage earners who violated the law. sensing that maximum controls below the market wage led to a shortage of labor, the general court decreed that no idleness was to be permitted. in effect, minimum hours were decreed in order to bolster the maximum - wage law \u2014 another form of compulsory labor. workmen were ordered to work \" the whole day, allowing convenient time for food and rest. \" interestingly, the general court soon decided to make an exception for the government itself, which was naturally having difficulty finding men willing to work on its public - works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44834254289958647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.470101"} {"text": "were ordered to work \" the whole day, allowing convenient time for food and rest. \" interestingly, the general court soon decided to make an exception for the government itself, which was naturally having difficulty finding men willing to work on its public - works projects. a combination of the carrot and the stick was used : government officials were allowed to award \" such extraordinary wages as they shall judge the work to deserve. \" on the other hand, they were empowered to send town constables to conscript laborers as the need arose. although merchants were happy to join the landed oligarchy and the puritan zealots in forcing down the wage rates of laborers, they were scarcely as happy about maximum controls on selling prices. the gentry were eager, however, to force downward the prices of products they needed to buy. a blend of mercantilist fallacies and puritan suspicion of commerce, the result was persistent attempts to force commodities below their market prices. having little conception of the function of the price system on the free market, the massachusetts authorities also felt that maximum - price control would bolster the maximum - wage - rate program. there was no understanding that general movements in prices and wages are governed by the supply of and demand for money, and that this too can best work itself out on the free market. corn was the major monetary medium of the north, and in 1630 massachusetts set the sterling price of corn at six shillings per bushel. failing to work, this control was repealed along with the wage laws of 1631, and corn was \" left at liberty to be sold as men can agree. \" in 1633, however, maximum - price controls were reimposed as an auxiliary to the wage controls. the massive wage laws of 1633 were quickly discovered to be a failure ; once again the quiet but powerful economic laws of the market had triumphed over the dramatic decrees of the coercive state. after one year the actual wage rates were 50 percent higher than the statutory levels. at that point, the general court repealed the penalties against paying, but retained those against receiving, wages above the fixed legal rate. while, in fact, no employer had ever been tried or penalized under the old act, the wage law was now an open and flagrant piece of class legislation. this was nothing new, however, as there were ample precedents in english maximum - wage laws since the early 15th century. another change made in 1634 allowed a little flexibility in decreed prices and wages by permitting each town to alter the legal rate in case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493390148454857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.471346"} {"text": "this was nothing new, however, as there were ample precedents in english maximum - wage laws since the early 15th century. another change made in 1634 allowed a little flexibility in decreed prices and wages by permitting each town to alter the legal rate in case of disputes. only a year later the general court, despairing of the continued failure of the law to take hold, repealed the comprehensive wage controls and the auxiliary price controls. just before this comprehensive repeal, the courts had apparently been driven by the failure to inflict ever harsher penalties ; fines had been so heavy that two workers were imprisoned for failure to pay. the authorities were at the crossroads : should they begin to impose on workers violating clearly unworkable economic decrees the sort of punishment meted out to heretics or to critics of the government? happily, common sense, in this case, finally prevailed. made wary by its thundering failure, the theocracy no longer attempted a comprehensive planned economy in massachusetts bay. from then on, it was content to engage in annoying, but not fatal, hit - and - run harassments of the market. penalties were made discretionary, and in 1636 wage and price regulations were transferred by the provincial government to the individual towns, as suggested by the leading puritan divine, rev. john cotton. the general court was supposed to exercise overall supervision, but exerted no systematic control. control by each town, as had been anticipated, was even more ineffective than an overall plan, because each town, bidding against the others for laborers, competitively bid wages up to their market levels. the general court wailed that all this was \" to get the great dishonor of god, the scandal of the gospel, and the grief of divers of god ' s people. \" a committee of the most eminent oligarchs of the bay colony was appointed to suggest remedies, but could think of no solution. of the towns, dorchester was perhaps the most eager to impose wage controls. during the pequot war, and again in 1642, it combined maximum wages with conscription of any laborer unwilling to work and to work long enough at the low rates. hingham also enacted a maximum - wage program in 1641, and salem was active in prosecuting wage offenders. in 1635, the year of the repeal of the wage and price plan, the massachusetts authorities tried a new angle : under the cloak of a desire to \" combat monopolizing, \" the massachusetts government created a legal monopoly of nine men \u2014 one from each of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4553783756279629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.473438"} {"text": "the year of the repeal of the wage and price plan, the massachusetts authorities tried a new angle : under the cloak of a desire to \" combat monopolizing, \" the massachusetts government created a legal monopoly of nine men \u2014 one from each of the existing towns \u2014 for purchasing any goods from incoming ships. this import monopoly was to board all the ships before anyone else, decide on the prices it would pay, and then buy the goods and limit itself to resale at a fixed 5 percent profit. but this attempt to combine monopoly with maximum - price control failed also. the outlawing of competing buyers could not be enforced and the import monopoly had to be repealed within four months. what ensued was far better but was still not pure freedom of entry. instead, licensing was required of all importers, with preference usually given to friends of the government. generally, the merchants were the most progressive, worldly, and cosmopolitan element in massachusetts life. the merchants were able to gain political control of the growing commercial hub of boston by the mid - 1630s. but the rest of massachusetts remained in the hands of a right alliance of puritan zealots and landed gentry who dominated the magistrates ' council and the governorship. during the decade of the 1630s only 2 out of 22 magistrates were merchants, 1 of these being the hutchinsonian leader william coddington. this reflected the occupational differences of their native england. the gentry had, by and large, been minor gentry in rural england, while the merchants usually hailed from london or other urban centers. in contrast to the authoritarian and theocratic gentry, the merchants had a far more individualist and independent spirit and often opposed the massachusetts oligarchy. it was no accident that almost all the merchants championed the hutchinsonian movement \u2014 including coddington, john coggeshall, and the hutchinson family itself. in spite of the earlier failures, massachusetts tried to resume its harassment and regulation of the merchants, but even more sporadically than in the case of wages. millers were fined for charging what were arbitrarily termed \" excessive \" prices for their flour. a woodmaker was fined in 1639 for charging the boston government \" excessive \" prices for making boston ' s stocks, and, as professor richard morris notes in government and labor in early america, the general court \" with great puritan humor sentenced him, in addition, to sit in the stocks he himself had made. \" heavy fines and puritan denunciations were also the lot of merchants supposedly overcharging for nails, gold buttons,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569417832209073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.474870"} {"text": "general court \" with great puritan humor sentenced him, in addition, to sit in the stocks he himself had made. \" heavy fines and puritan denunciations were also the lot of merchants supposedly overcharging for nails, gold buttons, and other commodities. the puritan church was quick to condemn these merchants, and insisted on penitence for this \" dishonor of god ' s name \" in order to regain membership in the church. the most notable case of persecution of a merchant occurred in 1639. robert keayne, a leading boston importer and large investor in the massachusetts bay company, and the devout brother - in - law of rev. john wilson, was found guilty in general court of gaining \" excess \" profit, including a markup of over 150 percent on some items. the authorities displayed once more their profound ignorance of the functions of profit and loss in the market economy. keayne was especially aggrieved because there was no law on the books regulating profits. in contrast, the maine court, in the case of cleve v. winter ( 1640 ), dismissed charges against a merchant for setting excessive prices, on the grounds that it was not legitimate to regulate a man ' s profit in trade. so a sounder strain of thought did exist despite the official view. massachusetts ' sister colonies also tried to impose a theocratic planned economy. as we might have expected, the effort of new haven colony, founded in distaste for the alleged laxity of massachusetts puritanism, was the most comprehensive. new haven ' s act of 1640 established fixed profit markups of varying grades for different types of trade : 3 pence in the shilling, for example, for retail of english imports, and less for wholesale. prices were supposed to be proportionate to risk for colonial products. above all, a highly detailed list of maximum - wage rates for each occupation was issued. a year later, an ambitious new schedule was decreed, pushing down wage rates even further. but even fanatical new haven could not conquer economic law, and only nine months later the authorities were forced to admit defeat, and the entire program was repealed. after that resounding failure, no further comprehensive controls were attempted at new haven, although there were a few sporadic attempts to regulate specific occupations. comprehensive wage control was also attempted in connecticut. an abortive regulation of wages was imposed in early 1640, but repealed later the same year. the following year connecticut, again alarmed about \" excessive \" and rising wages (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4320410969556019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.476089"} {"text": "some basic tips for drawing railroad layouts are offered in this article. these guidelines can be used for any scale layout, i \u2019 ve used ho because it \u2019 s very popular, and the scale i am most familiar with myself. if you are modeling at a different scale, i have several articles outlined the exact details them, in my tips for model railroaders. the first step in planning your model train layout is to know what scale you are going to work at, and what the overall dimensions of your layout will be. sketch some rough ideas on paper to get a feel for what you want and how it will work in the amount of space you have. for more great tips on setting up your model railroad, just fill in your name and email and i \u2019 ll send them to you. as an added bonus, you get my detailed report on using dcc to control your trains. a good idea is to establish minimum dimensions for your layout such as the minimum curve radii, switch turnout angles and maximum grades. the rolling stock you want to use, and methods of operation, help determine these design elements of your layout. if you are running short trains with just a few cars and engines, then 18 \u2033 minimum radius curves will work fine. on the other hand, for larger and longer, you may need curves of 30 \u2033 radius or larger ( ho scale ). what is the maximum grade you can use? a 4 or 5 percent grade is rare in prototype railroads but you may need it in your model due to the amount of space you have. if you are planning for one track to cross over another, you must have enough length of track to rise 3 \u2033 to 4 \u2033 ( ho scale ) without getting too steep for your models. ( note \u2013 prototype railroads rarely go above a 3 percent grade. if you want your model to be completely accurate, then you will also be limited to this amount of grade. ) model railroad clearances take extra care when one track comes close to another. ensure that there is enough clearance for two trains to pass, otherwise the cars will collide and derail. this is especially critical at curves. when the railroad car is on a curve, the ends go over the track width. and, the middle of the car is forced to the inside of the track. the longer your rolling stock, the more offset you need between curves. you can check this visually by placing your longest and shortest rolling stock on a section of curved track to see the overlap. set two sections side by side, place your longest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4614114394764639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.481129"} {"text": "track. the longer your rolling stock, the more offset you need between curves. you can check this visually by placing your longest and shortest rolling stock on a section of curved track to see the overlap. set two sections side by side, place your longest locomotive or rolling stock in them, and see for yourself. layout drawing techniques a simple way to draw your ideas of a railroad layout is to begin by drawing all the outside dimensions or fixed objects ( such as the outline of the room, posts, etc. ). once these fixed objects are located on the drawing, then fill in around them with the track. draw in the important scenery, buildings, roads, etc. if you are replicating some real place, work from maps, or perhaps even measurements you took on a scouting visit! many modelers fine they have to \u201c compress \u201d space, leaving out some of the longer distances, so they can get it all in. that \u2019 s fine. locate the major curves of your layout next. you know which corners will have a 90 degree turn on the layout. place a circle in this corner drawn to the radius that you think you need. place circular arcs in all the corners of the main line. you will connect the circles with your main lines later. then select where any switching yards and sidings will be. using your plan you can try different locations, unless your plan is replicating some real place. once the important curves, yards and other objects have been drawn in, begin connecting curves with straight lines. you may want to use broad curves to connect different areas on the layout ( instead of straight lines ). you can always make adjustments later. then draw in any sidings, off the straight track. just \u201c rough in \u201d the switch at first, until you know exactly where you want it. make a simple three dimension drawing ( x, y, z ) to ensure that grades and crossovers are adequate. begin by locating the portion of your plan which will be the minimum elevation. this can be the lowest part of the table top, the floor or any other arbitrary point you like. the main thing is to make it easy to measure from. use your three dimensional drawing to check the clearance at bridges for the train to pass under. make sure that the grade produced by creating a rise at a bridge is not too steep for your train. a 4 percent grade is about the steepest most models can climb. leave enough clearance at the bridge for the thickness of the bridge, the height of the cars and the height of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48596745629057164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.482228"} {"text": "a rise at a bridge is not too steep for your train. a 4 percent grade is about the steepest most models can climb. leave enough clearance at the bridge for the thickness of the bridge, the height of the cars and the height of the rails and ballasting. in ho scale this requires from 3 to 4 inches of clearance. building your layout once you have drawn a perfect layout, you will still have to build it. during construction, you may adjust for errors in the drawing when you build the layout. you want your drawing to be accurate, but sometime close is good enough! some modelers make a full size drawing and trace through the paper or lay the track on top of the paper. this could be impractical for you, if it \u2019 s a large layout. you must be careful if you are printing out many pieces of small paper to draw a full size layout. ensure you are taping them together \u201c to scale. \u201d when taping paper sections together, you can measure across several pieces of paper to check the overlap at the edges. in other words, if the distance of that yard ladder is 2. 52 feet on your layout, measure across all the papers taped together to make sure it \u2019 s 2. 52 feet in real life while you are taping it all together. set up your drawing coordinate system on your bench work. simply make an x and y axis baseline on the bench work. use one of your main bench edges ( or the walls of the room ) as the baseline. draw this in your drawing ( if its not there already ). now whenever you use a printout or coordinates to locate something on the bench work, keep \u201c checking in \u201d to the baseline to make sure you haven \u2019 t slipped something by a small amount. like this article? i \u2019 ve also written a two part article about model train benchwork and scenery. did you find this article useful or informative? tell the world! it \u2019 s easy, using the \u201c tell a friend \u201d service below \u2013 hover your mouse over it and go from there! you can also tweet this article using the green \u201c tweet \u201d button to the right. thanks!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4665405483913009, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.483088"} {"text": "the diagram below shows the path of the sun across the sky in melbourne for four important dates : the outer circle on the diagram represents the horizon and the inner circles are lines of constant elevation, drawn at 15\u00b0 intervals. the radial lines are lines of constant azimuth drawn at 15\u00b0 intervals also. the position of the sun at each hour of the day is marked and the time indicated. all times are australian eastern standard time. add one hour for daylight savings. hi, fernando. the \" time and date \" website gives information about the length of days for several locations in regional victoria, including ballarat. hope this helps! hi there john. as in the northern hemisphere the sun rises in the east and sets in west ( due to earth \u2019 s rotation from west to east ), but its path as seen from the southern hemisphere is across the northern sky. you might find this link and this one useful. hi steve - the sun is at the centre of our solar system, and all planets revolve about the sun. the sun at the centre of our solar system, is in our galaxy called the milky way galaxy amongst about 400 billion other stars. all the stars that can be seen with the naked eye are in our galaxy. it ' s important to remember at this point that our sun is not at the centre of the galaxy. because we revolve about the sun, which is very close to us, all the other stars which are much further away, do not appear to move as we move around the sun. so the constellations, such as the southern cross, look the same wherever we are. as the axis of the earth is tilted, the south pole axis points towards the southern cross, so that constellation is always visible in the lower latitudes such as victoria. hope that helps we love receiving comments, but can \u2019 t always respond. hi there suradi - thanks for your question. according to the museum ' s planetarium presenters, these days a sun path can be got using any good astronomy program or planetarium software such as starry night or stellarium. please note, if you would like to use our diagram for anything other than private use then mv copyright acknowledgement would be expected. the link to this section of the nasa website gives a brief insight to the history of the evolution of the theory of the planets movement around the sun. hi casper, the sun \u2019 s path is at its lowest in the sky on the winter solstice \u2013 21st june, see here for more information. hi john,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44685132732208577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.491444"} {"text": "the history of the evolution of the theory of the planets movement around the sun. hi casper, the sun \u2019 s path is at its lowest in the sky on the winter solstice \u2013 21st june, see here for more information. hi john, there are two websites that may help you determine the angle of the sun at your house on a particular date. the rise and set times on the planetarium website provides a calendar for the visibility of the sun in melbourne. there is also an online resource about how to make your own sun angle calculator. hi jim, if you were at one of the poles during a summer equinox the sun continues to make a circle in the sky, but now it would dip below the horizon for a while. it may appear to be an ellipse, but in actual fact it is still a circle. this youtube clip, http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = zzcafg - meja shows what it would look like a little further away from the pole. this web link may also be helpful. try to think of it this way - if you were \u201c on \u201d the southern cross and looked towards earth with a theoretical, highly powerful telescope, then melbourne would always be visible, because the bottom of the earth is pointing towards the southern cross. as the earth spins on its axis, melbourne would appear to rotate around the globe. as go further north from melbourne, say to sydney, then as the earth spins, an observer on the southern cross would see sydney disappear briefly on each rotation. the further you travel north the less time you will be able to see the southern cross, until you can never see the southern cross. it is like that the sun is at the centre of a globe of stars, and the earth always points to one spot in the sky which is close to the southern cross. in reality this is not so, but the concept is true. i hope this may clarify it a bit more for you. hi mel, the tropic of capricorn is technically an infinitesimally thin line, although the uncertainty in the measurement of the earth ' s obliquity corresponds to an error in positioning of the tropic of about 3cm. we can ' t locate the tropic any better than this, so this is a kind of width. at the moment the tropic is at 23\u00b026 ' 16. 7 \" s. but the obliquity of the earth varies and is decreasing around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4527950071780351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.492354"} {"text": "the tropic any better than this, so this is a kind of width. at the moment the tropic is at 23\u00b026 ' 16. 7 \" s. but the obliquity of the earth varies and is decreasing around a half a second of arc per year, so the tropic is moving slowly northwards at the same rate. this corresponds to something like 13m per year. so depending on what kind a timeframe you want to look at this also puts limits on how precisely you can locate the tropic. within a decade, for example, we can ' t locate the tropic more precisely than a 133m band. hi georgina - several factors effect sunrise and set times, such as surrounding buildings or mountains, elevation above sea level, etc ; however the main reason in this case is because sydney is much further east than melbourne, by approximately 700 km. for advice about seating, you would probably be best to check with mcg staff directly - mcg contact details can be found here. the only time that the sun rises due east and sets due west is at the spring and autumn equinoxes, 21st march and 21st september. after the spring equinox the sun gradually rises and sets further south until the solstice on 21st december, then starts moving northwards. so for your house to have the sun shining on the south facing side, it needs to be between these two equinoxes. after the autumn equinox the sun rises and sets northwards of east and west, so no sun on your south wall. for more information, please see the following link : http : / / museumvictoria. com. au / discoverycentre / infosheets / planets / the - path - of - the - sun / hi again steve - the sun is not at any point directly ' between ' earth and the southern cross. an important point to consider here is that unlike earth, the sothern cross does not revolve around our sun. if you look at the diagram at the top of this page, you can see the path of the sun as it appears to us here in melbourne throughout the year. if we were to factor into this diagram the relatively static position of the southern cross, it would be close to the southern horizon. notice that the southern most path of the sun ( in the summer solstice ) does not intersect with the position of the southern cross. this means the sun does not obstruct our view of the southern cross", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4556955445575968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.493374"} {"text": "close to the southern horizon. notice that the southern most path of the sun ( in the summer solstice ) does not intersect with the position of the southern cross. this means the sun does not obstruct our view of the southern cross - so, we are never on ' the other side of the sun ' to the southern cross. as we ' ve explained previously, the sothern cross may not be visible during the day due to brightness of the sun, but it is still there. hello cool - we ran this past our experts in the planetarium, and their response is as follows : in australia, seasons begin on the first day of a particular calendar month \u2013 march for autumn, june for winter, september for spring and december for summer. this is also the convention followed internationally by meteorologists. one idea for australia following this rule, is that during the early years of australia \u2019 s white settlement soldiers would change from their summer to winter uniforms on the first of the month. indigenous australians have a more tactile view of the seasons. they link the seasons to the local conditions and environment, and also to the activities of the birds, plants and animals around them. with such a diverse climate across australia, it \u2019 s no surprise that the seasons vary greatly across indigenous groups. some regions have five seasons and others only three as the bureau of meteorology explains. in other countries, such as britain and the usa, the seasons are said to begin on the equinoxes and solstices \u2013 spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice. these are the times when earth reaches a particular point along its orbit around the sun. i hope this helps great photo images! i would love to obtain a specimen of the jack jumper to photograph for my biology website waynesword. palomar. edu. although i am primarily... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow museum victoria on hi i have my mum ' s passport and ticket on the orontes dated 22nd april 1940 arriving melbourne sometime may 1940 from the uk - i would like to find more inf...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4269930599838144, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.494321"} {"text": "the edx examination is a test that measures the electrical activity in your nerves and muscles. it consists of two parts : - nerve conduction studies that measure the ability of specific nerves to transmit electrical impulses, or messages, to muscles. - needle electrode examinations that measure the electrical activity in muscles along nerves.. measuring the electrical activity in nerves and muscles helps detect the presence, location and extent of nerve and muscle disorders. muscle weakness, nerve pains, and numbness may be due to a problem in the brain, spinal cord, the nerve supplying the muscle, the junction between the nerve and muscle ( called the neuromuscular junction ) and muscle. the edx examination can help physicians distinguish where the problem lies. you will be asked to lie on an examination table. the technician will tape several small, flat metal discs, called electrodes, on your skin. repeated brief electrical stimuli are administered to the nerve. electrical waveforms are recorded from muscles or from nerves and measured. you will feel a tingling sensation and twitching in your muscle each time the electrical stimulus is applied. once the testing has been completed, the skin electrodes are removed. the nerve conduction studies are then followed by the needle examination by the physician. a small thin needle ( about the size of a straight pin ) attached by wires to a recording machine will be inserted in the specific muscles being examined. no electrical stimuli or injections are passed through this needle ; they simply record your muscle activity. you will be asked to relax and contract the muscles that are being examined. the electrical activity of the muscle will be displayed as electrical waves on a screen that the physician will view. the more relaxed you are, the easier the tests will be. the physician and technician will try to make you as comfortable as possible. before the edx examination this test should not be performed until at least three weeks ( 21 days ) have passed since the onset of your symptoms. if it has been less than that, please notify the emg lab at 216. 444. 5544, or toll free 1. 800. ccf. care ext. 45544. you may be asked to reschedule at a later date. - take medications as prescribed, including any for pain. - if you are taking anticoagulant medications ( coumadin, heparin, lovenox, or crystalline warfarin ) or medication for myasthenia gravis ( mestinon or pyridostigmine bromide ) and have not received", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5267796453597299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.498193"} {"text": "##ulant medications ( coumadin, heparin, lovenox, or crystalline warfarin ) or medication for myasthenia gravis ( mestinon or pyridostigmine bromide ) and have not received instructions from your physician to discontinue your medications for the edx examination, please call 216. 444. 5544 or toll free 1. 800. 223. 2273 ext. 45544. you may be asked to discontinue these medications for several days before the test. however, do not discontinue medications without first consulting your physician. - the edx examination cannot be performed on patients with a bleeding disorder or lymphedema. - nerve conduction studies cannot be performed on patients with internal defibrillators. if you have an internal defibrillator and have been scheduled for this test, please call 216. 444. 5544 or toll free 1. 800. 223. 2273 ext. 45544. it will be necessary to assess whether the device can be turned off prior to undergoing this test. - patients with internal nerve stimulators must be able to turn them off before nerve conduction studies can be performed if you have an internal nerve stimulator and have been scheduled for this test, please call 216. 444. 5544. on the day of the test eat a normal breakfast and / or lunch. do not apply any lotions or oils to the skin ; it could hinder the electrode connection to the skin. after the test the neuromuscular staff evaluates the data collected and the final report is sent to the doctor who referred you for the test ( usually between 1 - 2 working days ). your doctor will provide you with the results. neurology appointment office 216. 636. 5860, or toll free 1. 800. ccf. care ext. 65860. desk s90, ninth floor of the \u201c s \u201d building. please call the edx laboratory if you have any concerns or questions or wish to speak to a technician : 216. 444. 5544, or toll free 1. 800. ccf. care ext. 45544.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4543053497716487, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.499296"} {"text": "no doubt native americans took advantage of the natural bounty of the suwannee and the neighboring forest. by around 7500 bc the native american population increased, and people began to settle, at least for a time, along rivers and lakes. they fished, gathered freshwater snails, and hunted deer. within andrews on the bluff above the suwannee are the remains of an ancient hunting and fishing camp. when spanish explorer narvarez crossed the suwannee thousands of years later, his men called it \" river of the deer. \" later, indians escaping to florida from other parts of the southeast named it \" suwani, \" meaning \" echo river \" in creek. sound echoes from the river ' s limestone bluffs, especially when the water is low. postcard, 1936 - florida photo archives ferry on the suwannee ca 1882 - florida photo archives by the 1830s the tranquil, tree - lined suwannee became an important navigation route. steamboats carried lumber to cedar key for transport by steamship to europe and the northeast. much of the virgin cypress in the suwannee floodplain was harvested in the early 1900s. furrows created by \" snaking \" huge cypress logs are still visible along the banks of the suwannee. in the early part of the 1900s what was later to become andrews was subject to a wide range of uncontrolled uses, including open range livestock grazing. range hogs readily adapted to the habitat and are still present on andrews today as hunters rediscover each fall. in 1945 the andrews family purchased the area. they managed the land for outdoor recreation and were careful to protect natural resources. limited weekend hunts were held for deer, turkey, and squirrel, and no mining or significant timber harvest occurred. the andrews family created four, five - acre clearings in the upland hardwoods and scattered roadside openings. in the late 1970s the deer density approached one deer per ten acres, which resulted in severe over - browsing of understory vegetation and a decline in the physical condition of the deer. doe harvest was initiated in the early 1980s to reduce the population and to achieve a more balanced sex ratio. the state purchased the land in 1985 through the save our rivers and conservation and recreation lands programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3806913922727786, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.501702"} {"text": "talking points on the environment # 15 a species protection plan that works for both wildlife and humans although most americans oppose the excesses of the endangered species act, many also favor some form of species protection for the most valued species. the best way to protect these species while protecting individual liberty is through a voluntary, incentive - based system. elements of such a system might include : - tax for nature swaps : incentives could be offered to private property owners to create rather than destroy wildlife habitat by making changes to the tax code. losses in federal tax receipts resulting from such tax breaks would be made up from profits generated from publicly - held natural resources. - advice and information : the federal government ' s role in species protection could be changed from a coercive role to an advisory one, thereby fostering cooperation rather than confrontation. government could offer information resources to encourage and assist landowners with their own - cash for species protection : cash payments could be provided to landowners for their conservation efforts, ending the unfunded federal mandate for species protection and strengthening private property rights in the process. the large increases in federal esa funding needed to make these payments could be paid for with profits generated from publicly - held natural resources. - privatization : greater \" pride of ownership \" - - and thus environmental stewardship - - could be fostered by giving individuals greater control over their own land and greater ownership of all lands ( by selling off some surplus federal land ). - rewards for responsibility and innovation on public lands : efforts to preserve species on public lands could be enhanced by rewarding those who improve habitat with such incentives as favorable lease terms. - conservation through commerce : private breeding of endangered and threatened species could be encouraged by reducing government interference. the development of private, for - profit wildlife and hunting reserves and captive breeding programs in recent decades has led to the recovery of such species as alligators in florida, bighorn sheep in wyoming and elephants in five african countries. recommendations developed based on information from david ridenour of the national center for public policy research ; myron ebell, formerly of the american land rights association ; john shanahan of the heritage foundation ; and ecosanity by joseph l. bast, peter j. hill and richard c. rue ( madison books, issue date : april 12, 1995. talking points on the economy : environment # 15, published by the national center for public policy research, 501 capitol ct ne, washington, d. c. 20002 tel. ( 202 ) 543 - 4110, fax ( 202 ) 543 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4504348183375657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.504508"} {"text": "a major depressive episode ( mde ) is defined as a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experiences a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, plus at least four additional symptoms of depression ( such as problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, and feelings of self - worth ) ( american psychiatric association 1994 ). in 2009, about 14 percent of 14 - to 25 - year - olds reported having had an mde in their lifetime, which was not measurably different from the percentage in 2006. from 2006 to 2009, the percentages of males and females who had experienced an mde did not measurably change ; nor were there differences from 2006 to 2009 among 14 - to 17 - year - olds and 18 - to 20 - year - olds. however, among all 21 - to 25 - year - olds, the percentage who reported having an mde in their lifetime decreased from 16 to 14 percent, and the percentage among females in this age group decreased from 20 to 18 percent. in contrast, the percentage of male 14 - to 17 - year - olds reporting an mde increased from 8 percent in 2006 to 10 percent in 2009. among 14 - to 25 - year - olds, higher percentages of females than males reported having experienced an mde in their lifetime in each year from 2006 through 2009 ; in 2009, the reported incidence of lifetime mdes was about twice as high for females as for males ( 19 vs. 10 percent ). differences also emerged when examining reports of lifetime mdes by age group. the percentage of reported lifetime mdes in 2009 for 14 - to 17 - year - olds ( 15 percent ) was higher than the percentage for 18 - to 20 - year - olds ( 13 percent ). in 2009, higher percentages of 14 - to 17 - year - olds ( 10 percent ) reported having an mde in the past year than did 18 - to 20 - year - olds and 21 - to 25 - year - olds ( 8 percent each ). across all three age groups, higher percentages of females than males reported having an mde in the past year. for example, 11 percent of female 18 - to 20 - year - olds reported having an mde in the past year, compared with 5 percent of male 18 - to 20 - year - olds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542857171295417, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.507818"} {"text": "| who, unicef tackle critical lack of ' child size ' medicines | geneva - 21 january 2009 - - the world health organization ( who ) has received a us $ 9. 7 million grant from the bill & melinda gates foundation to work with unicef to conduct crucial research in children \u2019 s medicines, with the aim of increasing the number of ' child size ' medicines designed and formulated specifically for children. currently, many medicines are only designed for adults. more than 50 percent of medicines prescribed for children have either not been developed specifically for children or have not been proven to be effective and safe for their use. therefore many children lack access to essential treatment because no suitable paediatric dosage or formulation of the necessary medicine exists, or those that do exist are not available or are too expensive. \" we must take the guess work out of medicines for children, \" said carissa etienne, assistant director - general, who. \" children are suffering and dying from diseases we can treat, and yet we lack the critical evidence needed to deliver appropriate, effective, affordable medicines that might save them. \u201d as an unsafe alternative to missing paediatric medicines, healthcare workers and parents often use fractions of adult dosage forms or prepare makeshift prescriptions of medicines by crushing tablets or dissolving portions of capsules in water. other challenges include the need for more clinical trials and research to be carried out on paediatric medicines. \" some progress has been made on children ' s medicines but too many medicines are still given to children that have never been properly tested for them, \" said dr hans hogerzeil, director of essential medicines and pharmaceutical policies, who. \" this work is an excellent example of coordination of united nations agencies and key experts in the world to address this urgent problem. \" the grant provides support for essential research to : determine the optimum dosage forms for paediatric medicines ( e. g. small tablets, dispersible tablets, powders ) ; develop dosing guides ( e. g. a review of existing priority medicines and the identification of the appropriate doses for new medicines for children ) ; and develop guidelines for testing, treatment and use of medicines in children, including guidelines on conducting clinical trials in children. globally, 1000 children under the age of five die every hour. diarrhoeal diseases account for 17 percent of these deaths. the optimal treatment for diarrhoea is zinc with oral rehydration salts. yet, in a recent study of health facilities zinc was the least available of all pa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45868007203659056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.512924"} {"text": "hour. diarrhoeal diseases account for 17 percent of these deaths. the optimal treatment for diarrhoea is zinc with oral rehydration salts. yet, in a recent study of health facilities zinc was the least available of all paediatric medicines. and when zinc is available, it is not licensed as a treatment to reduce diarrhoea - - leaving pharmacists to concoct doses - - and it is both unpleasant tasting and difficult to administer. to reduce child mortality in this area, easy to use, palatable and appropriate dosages are needed. \" the bill & melinda gates foundation grant will contribute to accelerating work on investigating, clarifying and communicating to partners, including industry, what the needs of children are in terms of medicines and dosages to more effectively fight child morbidity and mortality \u201d, hanne bak pedersen, deputy - director unicef supply division, said. \u201c unicef is very pleased to be working with who on this project and appreciates the support from the gates foundation. \u201d another major cause of under - five mortality is pneumonia, leading to 17 percent of deaths each year. effective treatment of pneumonia requires 50mg of amoxicillin per kilogram of child ' s weight per day for three to five days. an easy to use package of oral amoxicillin providing the appropriate dose would ensure the right course of medicine is taken, and thus help reduce child mortality. \" improving essential medicines for children is a critical global health issue, \u201d added jaime sepulveda, director of integrated health solutions development, bill & melinda gates foundation. \" this program will help provide effective health interventions to children and improve child survival, particularly in the world \u2019 s poorest countries. this work follows the who - led \" make medicines child size \" initiative launched in december 2007, which focuses on improving access to better medicines for children. the topic of children \u2019 s medicines will be discussed at the who executive board meeting in january 2009. for more information : backgrounder - ' make medicines child size ' - http : / / www. who. int / childmedicines / en all press releases, fact sheets and other who media material may be found at www. who. int grosvenor medical centre, off shirley street, nassau, bahamas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43976642184620707, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.514722"} {"text": "there is no safe amount of alcohol that mothers - to - be can drink, experts believe. abstinence is best, say experts even the small amount advised by the government can harm the unborn child, a uk conference on foetal alcohol syndrome heard this week. dr raja mukherjee of st george ' s medical school believes many more babies - up to one in every 100 - are affected than currently recognised. many are incorrectly labelled with ' behavioural ' problems, he said. heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is known to be damaging to the unborn child, which is why the government sets a limit of one to two units of alcohol per week for mothers - to - be. but dr mukherjee told delegates at an foetal alcohol syndrome aware uk conference in wigan that studies show any amount of alcohol can be damaging. he said one in every 100 babies born is damaged by their mother drinking while pregnant, but many cases are going unrecognised. no safe level according to dr mukherjee, obvious cases of foetal alcohol syndrome - a group of problems in children born to mothers who drank alcohol during their pregnancy, which includes abnormal facial features and nervous system problems - are recognised and detected. but many children who develop behavioural problems as a result of exposure to alcohol in the womb are incorrectly diagnosed as having conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. the real culprit, alcohol consumption, goes unnoticed in these milder forms, collectively called foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, he said. he blamed binge drinking for the high rates of damage. \" the brain develops throughout pregnancy and the most vulnerable period is the first three months - the first trimester - when people may not even know they are pregnant. \" he said the government should warn women that any amount of alcohol could damage their unborn child. \" the current recommendation of one to two units is ambiguous. \" the only guaranteed safe way is not to drink at all when you are pregnant, \" he said. a spokeswoman from the national organisation on foetal alcohol syndrome said : \" we do not want to panic any woman who is pregnant and may have had a couple of drinks. the chances are their child will be fine. \" but there is a risk if you drink alcohol during pregnancy. the only way you can be certain is to abstain from alcohol, \" she said. a spokeswoman from the department of health said : \" we would be interested to see any further research in to this area but current evidence does not justify changing our advice. \" in may, lord", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43593730390947527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.517877"} {"text": "the research, which is featured on the cover of the july 17, 2005 issue of the journal of experimental medicine, focused on the major human pathogen staphylococcus aureus and the characteristic yellow - orange color for which it is named ( \" aureus \" is latin for \" golden \" ). among the deadliest of all disease - causing organisms, \" staph \" is the leading cause of human infections in the skin and soft tissues, bones and joints, abscesses and normal heart valves. staph especially flourishes in the hospital setting, producing bloodstream and surgical wound infections. the spread of antibiotic resistant strains of staph, referred to as methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus or mrsa, has reached epidemic proportions and poses a major threat to the public health. the ucsd team proved for the first time that the golden pigment that coats the surface of staph is not just for decoration ; rather, the molecules that give the bacteria its golden hue also help it resist killing by neutrophils, white blood cells with a front line role in immune defense against invading microbes. staph ' s coloration reflects the production of molecules called carotenoids, similar to those present in carrots and other colorful vegetables and fruits. dietary carotenoids have long been touted for their antioxidant properties with hope that they could slow aging or fight off cancer. the scientists found that pathogenic staph took advantage of the antioxidant effects of its carotenoid pigment to extend its own life, by inactivating chemicals deployed by neutrophils that are lethal to most bacteria. the ucsd team u contact : leslie franz university of california - san diego", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5166249557447515, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.519541"} {"text": "photograph by taylor s. kennedy, national geographic updated march 16, 2011 on st. patrick ' s day \u2014 thursday, march 17 \u2014 millions of people will don green and celebrate the irish with parades, good cheer, and perhaps a pint of beer. but few st. patrick ' s day revelers have a clue about st. patrick, the historical figure, according to the author of st. patrick of ireland : a biography. who was the man behind st. patrick ' s day? for starters, the real st. patrick wasn ' t even irish. he was born in britain around a. d. 390 to an aristocratic christian family with a townhouse, a country villa, and plenty of slaves. what ' s more, patrick professed no interest in christianity as a young boy, freeman noted. at 16, patrick ' s world turned : he was kidnapped and sent overseas to tend sheep as a slave in the chilly, mountainous countryside of ireland for seven years. ( see ireland pictures. ) \" it was just horrible for him, \" freeman said. \" but he got a religious conversion while he was there and became a very deeply believing christian. \" st. patrick ' s disembodied voices according to folklore, a voice came to patrick in his dreams, telling him to escape. he found passage on a pirate ship back to britain, where he was reunited with his family. the voice then told him to go back to ireland. \" he gets ordained as a priest from a bishop, and goes back and spends the rest of his life trying to convert the irish to christianity, \" freeman said. patrick ' s work in ireland was tough \u2014 he was constantly beaten by thugs, harassed by the irish royalty, and admonished by his british superiors. after he died on march 17, 461, patrick was largely forgotten. but slowly, mythology grew around patrick, and centuries later he was honored as the patron saint of ireland, freeman noted. st. patrick ' s day shamrock shortage according to st. patrick ' s day lore, patrick used the three leaves of a shamrock to explain the christian holy trinity : the father, the son, and the holy spirit. today, st. patrick ' s day revelers wear a shamrock out of tradition. but people in ireland hoping to wear an authentic shamrock are running low on luck. trifolium dubium, the wild - growing, three - leaf clover that some botanists consider the official shamrock, is an annual plant that germinates in the spring. recently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3593711960411562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.526844"} {"text": "ireland hoping to wear an authentic shamrock are running low on luck. trifolium dubium, the wild - growing, three - leaf clover that some botanists consider the official shamrock, is an annual plant that germinates in the spring. recently, ireland has had two harsh winters, affecting the plant ' s growth. \" the growing season this year is at least as delayed as it was last year, and therefore there is the potential for shortage of home - grown material, \" john parnell, a botanist at trinity college dublin, said in an email. \" we have had frost and snow showers in parts of ireland within the past week, \" he added. other experts pin the shortage of the traditional plant as much on modern farming methods and loss of traditional hay meadows. \" the cold winters we are having here lately are just another nail in the coffin, \" carsten krieger, a landscape and nature photographer whose books include the wildflowers of ireland, said via email. to make up for the shortfall, many sellers are resorting to other three - leaf clovers, such as the perennials trifolium repens and medicago lupulina. according to the irish times, these plants are \" bogus shamrocks. \" trinity college ' s parnell agreed that trifolium dubium is the most commonly used shamrock today, which lends credence to the claims of authenticity. however, he added, the custom of wearing a shamrock dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries, and \" i know of no evidence to say what people then used. i think the argument on authenticity is purely academic \u2014 basically i ' d guess they used anything cloverlike then. \" what ' s more, botanists say there ' s nothing uniquely irish about shamrocks. most clover species can be found throughout europe. no snakes in ireland another st. patrick myth is the claim that he banished snakes from ireland. it ' s true no snakes exist on the island today, freeman said \u2014 but they never did. ireland, after all, is surrounded by icy ocean waters \u2014 much too cold to allow snakes to migrate from britain or anywhere else. since snakes often represent evil in literature, \" when patrick drives the snakes out of ireland, it is symbolically saying he drove the old, evil, pagan ways out of ireland [ and ] brought in a new age, \" freeman said. the snake myth, the shamrock story, and other tales were likely spread by well - meaning monks centuries after st. patrick ' s death,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4352499788460844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.527802"} {"text": "old, evil, pagan ways out of ireland [ and ] brought in a new age, \" freeman said. the snake myth, the shamrock story, and other tales were likely spread by well - meaning monks centuries after st. patrick ' s death, freeman said. st. patrick ' s day : made in america? until the 1970s, st. patrick ' s day in ireland was a minor religious holiday. a priest would acknowledge the feast day, and families would celebrate with a big meal, but that was about it. \" st. patrick ' s day was basically invented in america by irish - americans, \" freeman said. irish - american history expert timothy meagher said irish charitable organizations originally celebrated st. patrick ' s day with banquets in places such as boston, massachusetts ; savannah, georgia ; and charleston, south carolina. eighteenth - century irish soldiers fighting with the british in the u. s. revolutionary war held the first st. patrick ' s day parades. some soldiers, for example, marched through new york city in 1762 to reconnect with their irish roots. other parades followed in the years and decades after, including well - known celebrations in boston, philadelphia, and chicago, primarily in flourishing irish immigrant communities. \" it becomes a way to honor the saint but also to confirm ethnic identity and to create bonds of solidarity, \" said meagher, of catholic university in washington, d. c.. dyeing the river green for st. patrick ' s day sometime in the 19th century, as st. patrick ' s day parades were flourishing, wearing the color green became a show of commitment to ireland, meagher said. in 1962 the show of solidarity took a spectacular turn in chicago when the city decided to dye a portion of the chicago river green. the tradition started when parade organizer steve bailey, head of a plumbers ' union, noticed how a dye used to trace possible sources of river pollution had stained a colleague ' s overalls a brilliant green, according to greenchicagoriver. com. why not use the dye to turn the whole river green on st. patrick ' s day, bailey thought. so began the tradition. the environmental impact of the dye is minimal compared with pollution such as bacteria from sewage - treatment plants, said margaret frisbie, the executive director of the advocacy group friends of the chicago river. rather than advising against the dye, her group focuses on turning the chicago river into a welcoming habitat full of fish, herons, turtles, and beavers. if the river becomes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41988144608612576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.528751"} {"text": ", the executive director of the advocacy group friends of the chicago river. rather than advising against the dye, her group focuses on turning the chicago river into a welcoming habitat full of fish, herons, turtles, and beavers. if the river becomes a wildlife haven, the thinking goes, chicagoans won ' t want to dye their river green. \" our hope is that, as the river continues to improve, ultimately people can get excited about celebrating st. patrick ' s day different ways, \" she said. pint of guinness on st. patrick ' s day on any given day 5. 5 million pints of guinness, the famous irish stout brand, are consumed around the world. but on st. patrick ' s day, that number more than doubles to 13 million pints, said beth davies ryan, global corporate - relations director of guinness. \" historically speaking, a lot of irish immigrants came to the united states and brought with them lots of customs and traditions, one of them being guinness, \" she said. today, the u. s. tradition of st. patrick ' s day parades, packed pubs, and green silliness has invaded ireland with full force, said freeman, the classics professor. the country, he noted, figured out that the popularity of st. patrick ' s day was a good way to boost spring tourism. ( get national geographic traveler magazine ' s list of the best hotels in ireland. ) \" like anybody else, \" he said, \" they can take advantage of a good opportunity. \" the ring nebula shines, a volcano erupts, and germans see the bat signal in this week ' s best new space pictures. as extreme weather seems to accelerate globally, scientists believe events down under can help explain what to look for - and guard against. cicadas bugging you? see our recipe ideas for the low - fat critters, including the new candied cicada cocktail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3834237493551039, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.529469"} {"text": "all tea comes from a single plant, the camellia sinensis. an evergreen bush, tea is grown predominantly in southeastern asia. harvesting, picking and processing the camellia sinensis bush yields 5 classes of tea : white, green, oolong, black, and pu \u00b7 erh. although scientists believe yunnan province in china to be the birthplace of the tea plant, both indian and chinese mythology stake legendary claims to its discovery. known as the divine healer, second emperor shen nung is credited with identifying the medicinal properties of hundreds of ingredients that later became the foundation of chinese medicine. it is said that he possessed the magical property of a transparent stomach with which he could gauge the effects of medicine on the body. one fateful afternoon in the year 2737 b. c., shen nung was boiling water and resting upon a wild tree when a slight breeze stirred the branches above and caused a few leaves to drift into the simmering cauldron. intrigued by the tempting aroma, shen nung drank the liquid and felt revitalized and invigorated. as chance would have it, he was resting under a tea tree. according to another legend, an indian bodhisattva by the name of bodhidharma went to china to teach buddhism in the 6th century b. c.. one version of the story tells of his students becoming impatient and falling asleep during lengthy meditation. leading by example, bodhidharma began a nine year meditation near the entrance of a cave. after seven years he accidentally fell asleep. when he awoke he became angry with himself and sliced the eyelids from his face, throwing them upon the ground. legend has it, that a tea plant grew where his eyelids fell. the monks of zen buddhism would come to incorporate the use of tea into their rituals to attain a calm awakeness and focus during their meditations. \u201c monkey - picked \u201d is a term used today to denote high - quality tea, but like the origin of tea ' s use, the history of the term is shrouded in mystery. one story tells of buddhist monks training monkeys to fetch precious leaves from tea trees growing from the sides of treacherously steep cliffs. another version portrays the monks throwing stones at monkeys perched high in tea trees, so that they would fall to the ground, breaking the branches and bringing the prized, top - most leaves down with them. today, most tea plants are pruned to waist high bushes and monkeys aren ' t used to pick the leaves. when someone refers to \u201c monkey - picked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45394641260539303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.541681"} {"text": "ground, breaking the branches and bringing the prized, top - most leaves down with them. today, most tea plants are pruned to waist high bushes and monkeys aren ' t used to pick the leaves. when someone refers to \u201c monkey - picked \u201d tea, they are simply referring to premium quality tea leaves. before the advent of tea cultivation, two genera of camellia sinensis thrived in the wild. camellia sinensis var. sinensis ( china bush ) is at home on the foggy mountainsides of southwestern china and produce a small, tender leaf during a short growing period. separated from china by the himalayan mountains, camellia sinensis var. assamica ( assam bush ) prefers the jungle - like conditions of northeastern india and yields a large, broad leaf that can be picked year - round. since the discovery of tea by the western world in the 1600 \u2019 s, tea has been transplanted and cultivated all over the world. although still predominantly grown in china and india, tea gardens thrive in sri lanka, vietnam, kenya, uganda, argentina and brazil. experimental and small - production gardens are even being grown in hawaii, washington, and south carolina. the top leaves and bud of the camellia sinensis bush yield thousands of varieties of tea. like different vines for different wines, tea farmers harvest different bushes for specific varieties of tea. for example, one cultivar may yield a lung jing green tea while another bush is best used for a ti kuan yin oolong. teas are generally named after the region they are from : darjeeling from darjeeling india, yunnan from yunnan province in china ; or named after the physical attributes of processed tea : jasmine pearls from the scenting and rolling of green tea, silver needles from the color and shape of budset white tea. white tea ( in one form or another ) has been treasured for over 1, 000 years as the finest of all teas and for a time, was reserved solely for chinese royalty. true to its history, white tea remains a delicacy to this day, albeit, one we can all enjoy. harvested in early spring, tender young buds are carefully plucked the day before they unfurl into leaves. the downy buds are briefly withered and then quickly air driedsteamed to prevent oxidation. as a result of minimal processing, white tea is valued for its high concentration of polyphenols. the flavor of white tea can be described as delicate, smooth, sweet, velvety, and reminiscent of fresh apr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45163612573280676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.542769"} {"text": "! this process is often imitated with perfumes and \" natural \" or artificial flavoring, but results in unpleasant and sharp aromas and tastes. choose real jasmine blossoms and scenting methods for the best experience. oolong teas are made from large, broad tea leaves that are picked later in the season than green tea. oolongs can be made from the bud of the tea plant with up to three large leaves still attached to the twig, or from a single large leaf. some oolongs are green in color and tightly rolled into little pellets, while others are brown, crimped, or loosely folded. what separates oolongs from other classes of tea is that oolongs are only partially oxidized. particular to the style of oolong being produced, a complex method of bruising the tea leaves is used to break down cell walls and begin the oxidation of the leaf. low heat is then used to halt the process, allowing for the still pliable leave to be rolled, curled, crimped, twisted, and fired into their final form. different levels of oxidation and firing are used to bring out complex flavors and aromas that are uniquely \u201c oolong. \u201d sometimes referred to as the \u201c tea for connoisseurs, \u201d oolongs possess aromatics that range from distinctively floral, to reminiscent of stone fruit. flavors can be smooth, savory, full - bodied and rich ; or delicate, with notes of orchid, honey, and exotic fruits. black tea results from the full oxidation of the bud and first two leaves of the tea plant. like green and white teas, a high quality black tea is picked early in the spring and contains a high ratio of bud - to - leaf. unlike other teas, leaves destined for black tea are spread thickly during the withering process. an extended withering time ( up to 18 hours ) drives moisture out of the leaf and begins the conversion of delicate \u201c juices \u201d within the leaf into dark, complex liquoring compounds. the oxidation begins at this stage and continues into the rolling process. after being sorted by size, the withered leaves will be twisted, compressed, and rolled multiple times, breaking down cell walls and allowing enzymes to mix. special oxidation chambers are used to feed air through thin layers of rolled leaves to quicken the process. once the tea master determines oxidation is complete and the flavors and aromas properly developed, the leaves will be dried, cooled, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46713386857528644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.544883"} {"text": "enzymes to mix. special oxidation chambers are used to feed air through thin layers of rolled leaves to quicken the process. once the tea master determines oxidation is complete and the flavors and aromas properly developed, the leaves will be dried, cooled, and packaged for sale grown and produced similarly all over the world, black tea is graded and sold by its size of leaf and point of origin. high quality black teas are of whole leaf with a high ratio of leaf buds ( tips ) to leaf. terms like \u201c flowery orange pekoe \u201d ( fop ) are used to describe a full leaf tea with tips. names like : assam, darjeeling, yunnan, and ceylon refer to the region where the tea was grown lower quality black teas are prepared from fannings and dust ( not full leaf ) will taste bitter and harsh. full leaf black teas will have aromas that are clean, nutty, and bright, with flavors that are brisk, full, coppery and soft. pu \u00b7 erh ( pu - er ) is an ancient healing tea picked from 500 year old organic wild tea trees in the majestic mountains of china ' s yunnan province. pu \u00b7 erh \u2019 s history began over 2000 years ago when tea was transported along five tea horse roads \u2019. the first and most traveled road began in the village of pu erh. in order to maximize their load, merchants compressed the tea, and to their surprise, the tea tasted better at the journey \u2019 s end and yielded additional health benefits. it is said the last emperor \u2019 s mother, known as the beautiful countenance, was cured of her gout by drinking pu \u00b7 erh pu \u00b7 erh is processed differently than traditional white, green, oolong, and black teas. pu \u00b7 erh undergoes a unique fermenting process : once picked, the leaves are piled, dampened, and turned, over a 60 - day period. the tea is then dried and ready to be compressed into bricks for additional aging, or left as loose tea, which numi uses in its tea bags. the resulting taste is rich and smooth with hints of malt - a great alternative to coffee. numi is first to bring you this revolutionary healthy tea in tea bags, aged compressed tea bricks and bottled iced teas. health & vitality the roots of these mature trees gather more minerals from the earth resulting in elevated levels of antioxidants ; more than most green teas. the unique fermentation process then acts on the nutrients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4690863022421853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.545863"} {"text": "and bottled iced teas. health & vitality the roots of these mature trees gather more minerals from the earth resulting in elevated levels of antioxidants ; more than most green teas. the unique fermentation process then acts on the nutrients that already exist in the tea leaves. pu \u00b7 erh has been purported in chinese culture to aid digestion and metabolism, maintain healthy cholesterol levels, help with weight management and naturally boost energy ( without the jitters ). * according to independent orac tests, numi \u2019 s bottled puerh iced teas contain 3x more antioxidants than leading brand black and green iced teas. * along with a healthy diet and exercise. after tea leaves are picked and still moist, they are sewn with cotton thread together with flowers into various shapes and bundles ( tea leaves may also be scented with jasmine blossoms before sewing for a more floral flavor ). some shapes take one minute to sew, while other more elaborate designs containing lilies, chrysanthemum, or osmanthus flowers may take up to twelve minutes. the sewn leaves and flowers are shaped into bundles or rosettes and then undergo the usual drying and firing process. they require boiling water in order for the leaves to expand and unfurl. tea is a misnomer for anything steeped in hot water. teas come from the tea plant. \u201c teasan \u201d is our term, from the french tisanes, for brewed herbal beverages ; which, strictly speaking, are not from the camellia sinensis plant. herbal teasans are dried pure herbs, fruits, spices and flowers, and are naturally caffeine free ( with a few exceptions like yerba mate ). grown all over the world, teasans have been steeped in hot water since the beginning of time for a warm soothing beverage or an inigorating boost to the day. \u201c tea absorbs yesterday \u2019 s weather \u201d and soaks in anything around it. it is recommended to store loose leaf tea in an air - tight container that is placed in a dry cool area away from light and strong scented items such as coffee or spices. stored in this fashion, tea will remain fresh for approximately 6 - 9 months. we offer small and large storage containers. tea is one of the few beverages naturally containing caffeine and has been enjoyed for millennia as an enlivened boost with focused clarity. unlike coffee which is absorbed quickly and can cause unpleasant jitters and an afternoon crash, the caffe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49689143351121595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.546797"} {"text": ". tea is one of the few beverages naturally containing caffeine and has been enjoyed for millennia as an enlivened boost with focused clarity. unlike coffee which is absorbed quickly and can cause unpleasant jitters and an afternoon crash, the caffeine in tea provides a gentle and sustained energy balanced by the calming effect of theanine, another compound found naturally in tea leaves. this unique combination makes tea the perfect beverage to enjoy throughout the day. a 6 to 8 ounce cup of tea generally contains between 15 and 70 milligrams of caffeine. remember, 8 ounces of brewed coffee has a range of 95 - 200 miligrams, so you can be sure that your cup of tea will always be lower in caffeine. we \u2019 re asked all the time how many milligrams of caffeine are in a particular tea, and the honest answer is : we don \u2019 t know for sure! the environment each year, location of the bush, processing style and method of steeping all has an effect on the amount in your cup, so we can only provide a range. we use the lower, medium, high and higher caffeine labeling on our package based on past tests and the proportion of tea to ingredients in each blend. our decaffeinated teas have 99. 9 % of the caffeine removed with a beneficial process known as effervescence that leaves no - residue and preserves the antioxidants. herbal teasans are derived from a variety of plants and herbs that naturally do not contain caffeine and are thus caffeine - free. one exception is the south american beverage yerba mate which contains a caffeine content comparable to coffee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4481749789131876, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.547441"} {"text": "| nih guidance on informed consent for gene transfer research nih guidelines : \" how will the major points covered in appendix m - ii, description of proposal, be disclosed to potential participants and / or their parents or guardians in a language that is understandable to them? \" improving comprehensibility of the consent form : comprehensibility of the consent form is promoted by : the text of the consent form can then provide detailed information about the particular study, and may repeat some of the summarized issues in the context of the particular study. sometimes, \" research \" and \" treatment \" terms are used interchangeably in consent forms. consistent use of terms is preferred, however, to help minimize the potential for confusion. for example, one term should be used to describe the experimental gene transfer intervention, instead of calling it, at various places, study injection, delivery of a modified virus vector, or gene shot. one term should be used to refer to the investigator ( instead of using, for example, both \" researcher \" and \" study doctor \" ), and one term should refer to participants ( instead of using, for example, both \" patients \" and \" subjects \" to refer to those enrolled in the study ). furthermore, consent forms should be written in the second person rather than the first person. telling potential subjects, \" this is what will happen to you if you are in this study \" conveys information more clearly than \" i have been told that if i join this study, this will happen to me \" - a construction that can be awkward and confusing. in addition, the use of emphatic and directive language should be avoided. a common example is \" you understand that.... \". this construction should never be used in consent forms because it conveys a presumption about what the participants comprehend and detracts from the consent form ' s proper educational focus on providing information and explanations to potential participants. various tools exist to gauge the comprehensibility of the consent form before it is used with potential participants. such tools include : improving comprehensibility of the consent process : in some studies that are especially complicated or risky, or that propose to enroll especially vulnerable participants, it may be desirable to develop a communication evaluation plan to ensure that study personnel have clearly and thoroughly explained key information and that potential participants understand key issues. such evaluation can take many forms, including : communicating with non - english speakers : federal regulations require that consent be provided in a language understood by the potential participant. for potential participants who do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5124111603052327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.551593"} {"text": "the good news just keeps rolling in for sharks \u2013 this time from toronto and taiwan. yesterday the toronto city council voted to ban the sale and use of shark fins in the city ; the ban will take effect in september 2012. meanwhile, taiwan has announced its intention to ban the practice of shark finning starting next year, a step forward in promoting the sustainable fishing and humane treatment of sharks. shark finning is the practice of cutting the valuable fins off of sharks, and throwing the dead or dying body back in the ocean. shark fins are used to make shark fin soup, a popular and expensive dish that is served primarily in china and taiwan. while the new regulation won \u2019 t stop the catching of sharks, it will mean that boats have to bring the whole shark in to port. this means that the species and size of the caught sharks can be monitored, and therefore can help assess the trends in populations. while this is a step in the right direction, it is important to reduce the demand for shark fins as well. up to 73 million sharks are killed each year for the global shark fin trade, and according to the international union for conservation of nature, about 20 percent of all sharks are threatened with extinction. that \u2019 s why oceana works to save sharks from overfishing. you can help by supporting our work to protect sharks! - disabled killer whale survives with help from its pod posted tue, may 21, 2013 - oceana ceo andy sharpless discusses his new book, the perfect protein posted wed, may 22, 2013 - happy world turtle day! posted thu, may 23, 2013 - washington passes legislation to fight seafood fraud posted fri, may 24, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43762864287958836, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.553322"} {"text": "leafscale gulper shark today the european commission proposed new catch limits for 2013 and 2014 that will allow fishermen to exploit some little - known but important deep - sea fishes against the advice of scientists. as this video of the european deep - sea prepared by our european office demonstrates, even though light doesn \u2019 t penetrate to the ocean bottom, it ' s still thriving with life. it ' s a strange world and the animals themselves often have fittingly strange names, like the mediterranean slimehead, greater forkbeard, and conger, to name a few. some species, like the roundnose grenadier, blue ling and red seabream, need special protection. executive director of oceana europe, xavier pastor explains why : \u201c due to their biological characteristics, like low reproduction, slow growth rate and late maturity, deep sea species are highly vulnerable to overexploitation. their management must, now more than ever, follow the precautionary approach. \u201d european fishermen have increasingly turned to scouring the deep - sea for fish as more traditional stocks have fallen and pirate fishermen have been able to hammer stocks of threatened deep - sea sharks through the sale of shark liver oil in the eu. right now oceana \u2019 s research vessel, the oceana ranger, is sailing off of the picturesque algarve section of portugal using an underwater robot, known as an rov, to explore and document the scarcely seen world of seamounts, deep - sea coral reefs and seafloor habitat. it \u2019 s an effort that will help scientists develop conservation proposals and better protect this vital ecosystem - - one that can be obliterated in an instant by bottom trawlers. keep up with the ranger expedition online and check out the latest pictures and video.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4481468680638559, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.556282"} {"text": "seco de los olivos : overview located in front of the coast of almeria ( southeast spain ), the chella bank ( seco de los olivos in spanish ) is a seamount whose top is found at a depth of 80 metres. it is a set of elevations that houses a very rich biodiversity, including deep - sea coral reefs, cetaceans, sharks and lots of fish. oceana is responsible for documenting this area as a partner of the life + indemares project of the european union, with the objective of turning it into a protected marine area within the natura 2000 network. in the frame of this project, oceana has obtained never before seen images of the bank with an underwater robot ( rov ). as well as these videos, which reach 600 metres depth, the on board diaries which are identified with the logo life + indemares illustrate the main findings of the 2010, 2011 and 2012 expeditions and also explain the threats presented by aggressive fishing and rubbish. oceana first documented chella bank in 2006 and the following year found in these waters the first carnivorous sponge observed in spain. all the details put together up to now demonstrate that this site in the alboran sea is an ecologically important area within the mediterranean and it is necessary to protect it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44085976384004, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.557654"} {"text": "theophany ( from greek theophania, meaning \" appearance of god \" ) is one of the great feasts of the orthodox church, celebrated on january 6. it is the feast which reveals the most holy trinity to the world through the baptism of the lord ( mt. 3 : 13 - 17 ; mark 1 : 9 - 11 ; luke 3 : 21 - 22 ). baptism of christ this observance commemorates christ ' s baptism by john the forerunner in the river jordan, and the beginning of christ ' s earthly ministry. the feast of theophany is the culmination of the christmas season, which starts on december 25 and ends on january 6. in mystic commemoration of this event, the great blessing of water is performed on this day, and the holy water so blessed is used by the local priest to bless the homes of the faithful. the feast is called theophany because at the baptism of christ the holy trinity appeared clearly to mankind for the first time - - the father ' s voice is heard from heaven, the son of god is incarnate and standing physically in the jordan, and the holy spirit descends on him in the form of a dove. this feast is also sometimes referred to as epiphany by english - speaking orthodox christians, but that name more properly refers to the western christian feast falling on that same day and commemorating the visit of the magi to the child jesus. the term \" epiphany \" does appear in the services for this feast, however. originally, there was just one christian feast of the shining forth of god to the world in the human form of jesus of nazareth. it included the celebration of christ ' s birth, the adoration of the wisemen, and all of the childhood events of christ such as his circumcision and presentation to the temple as well as his baptism by john in the jordan. there seems to be little doubt that this feast, like easter and pentecost, was understood as the fulfillment of a previous jewish festival, in this case the feast of lights. celebration of the feast the services of theophany are set up exactly as those of the nativity. historically the christmas services were established later. - for as many as been baptized into christ, - have put on christ the gospel readings of all the services tell of the lord ' s baptism by john in the jordan river. the epistle reading of the divine liturgy tells of the consequences of the lord ' s appearing which is the divine epiphany. since the main feature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48756883218705593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.564583"} {"text": "readings of all the services tell of the lord ' s baptism by john in the jordan river. the epistle reading of the divine liturgy tells of the consequences of the lord ' s appearing which is the divine epiphany. since the main feature of the feast is the blessing of water. it is prescribed to follow both the divine liturgy of the eve of the feast and the divine liturgy of the day itself. but most local parishes do it only once when most of the parishioners can be present. the blessing verifies that mankind, and all of creation, were created to be filled with the sanctifying presence of god. - when you, o lord were baptized in the jordan - the worship of the trinity was made manifest - for the voice of the father bore witness to you - and called you his beloved son. - and the spirit, in the form of a dove, - confirmed the truthfulness of his word. - o christ, our god, you have revealed yourself - and have enlightened the world, glory to you! kontakion ( tone 4 ) - today you have shown forth to the world, o lord, - and the light of your countenance has been marked on us. - knowing you, we sing your praises. - you have come and revealed yourself, - o unapproachable light. troparion ( tone 4 ) - today the lord enters the jordan and cries out to john : - \" do not be afraid to baptize me. - for i have come to save adam, the first - formed man. \" kontakion ( tone 4 ) - prepare, o zebulon, - and adorn yourself, o naphtali ; - river jordan, cease flowing - and receive with joy the master coming to be baptized. - adam, rejoice with our first mother - and do not hide yourself as you did of old in paradise ; - for having seen you naked, - he has appeared to clothe you with the first garment. - christ has appeared to renew all creation. eve and afterfeast hymn troparion ( tone 4 ) - of old, the river jordan - turned back before elisha ' s mantle at elijah ' s ascension. - the waters were parted in two - and the waterway became a dry path. - this is truly a symbol of baptism - by which we pass through this mortal life. - christ has appeared in the jordan to sanctify the waters! - discourse on the day of the baptism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4761673518852612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.567151"} {"text": "what is the ca 19 - 9 radioimmunoassay ( ria ) test? what does the ca 19 - 9 test measure? the ca 19 - 9 radioimmunoassay ( ria ) is a simple blood test that measures the level of tumor - associated antigens found in the blood serum of a person who has pancreatic cancer. antigens are substances that cause the immune system to make a specific immune response. ca 19 - 9 antigens are foreign substances released by pancreatic tumor cells. the normal range of ca 19 - 9 in the blood of a healthy individual is 0 - 37 u / ml ( units per milliliter ). ca 19 - 9 associated antigen levels are elevated in the blood of many patients with pancreatic cancer. it is important to note that not every patient with pancreatic cancer will have an elevated ca 19 - 9 level and some non - cancerous conditions can cause high ca 19 - 9 levels. for these reasons, the ca 19 - 9 test cannot be used as a diagnostic or screening test for pancreatic cancer. when is the ca 19 - 9 test performed? after the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is confirmed and if the individual \u2019 s ca 19 - 9 level was elevated before treatment, the ca 19 - 9 test is used periodically to judge the effectiveness of various treatments. what do the values or numbers of a ca 19 - 9 test mean? in general, if ca 19 - 9 values increase, then progression or growth of the tumor is indicated. if the values remain the same, then the disease is stable. finally, if ca 19 - 9 values decrease, then a response to treatment is indicated. a decline in ca 19 - 9 levels after treatment for pancreatic cancer followed by a rise later may suggest tumor recurrence. why is the ca 19 - 9 test performed? changes in ca 19 - 9 levels help determine if the tumor is progressing, remaining stable or responding to treatment. this test helps doctors decide if treatment should be changed or if additional tests or scans are necessary. how is the ca 19 - 9 test performed? a blood sample is taken from the patient and then sent to a laboratory for testing to determine the level of ca 19 - 9 present in the blood. this blood sample is measured using a radioimmunoassay, or ria, test. radioimmunoassay is a laboratory technique that can identify specific substances in the blood. how often is the ca 19 - 9 test performed? the doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4456293450828905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.571063"} {"text": "sample is measured using a radioimmunoassay, or ria, test. radioimmunoassay is a laboratory technique that can identify specific substances in the blood. how often is the ca 19 - 9 test performed? the doctor will determine how frequently the ca 19 - 9 tests should be performed. if the tumor seems to be growing despite treatment efforts, the ca 19 - 9 test may be repeated weekly or after each round of treatment is completed. in a patient who is not currently receiving treatment, the ca 19 - 9 test may be used periodically over time to determine if that patient should resume treatment or undergo additional testing. people who had their tumors surgically removed might have periodic ca 19 - 9 tests as part of their follow - up care. can conditions other than pancreatic cancer cause an elevated ca 19 - 9? yes. while a high ca 19 - 9 is most commonly associated with pancreatic cancer, other cancers, such as colorectal, lung, and gall bladder cancers, can also cause elevated levels. high ca 19 - 9 levels can also be caused by non - cancerous conditions such as gall stones, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and liver disease. during radiation therapy, ca 19 - 9 levels might be elevated due to the dying cancer cells releasing ca 19 - 9. since the results of a ca 19 - 9 test are not accurate, the test is not performed while the patient receives radiation treatment. the information and services provided by the pancreatic cancer action network, inc. are for informational purposes only. the information and services are not intended to be substitutes for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. if you are ill, or suspect that you are ill, see a doctor immediately! the pancreatic cancer action network does not recommend nor endorse any specific physicians, products or treatments even though they may be mentioned on this site. in addition, please note that any personal information you provide to the pancreatic cancer action network ' s associates during telephone and / or email consultations may be stored in a secure database to assist the pancreatic cancer action network, inc. in providing you with the best service possible. portions of the constituent data stored in this database may be used to inform future programs and services of the pancreatic cancer action network, inc., and may be provided in aggregate form to third parties to guide future pancreatic cancer research and treatment efforts. the pancreatic cancer action network, inc. will not provide personal identifying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47768717220181434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.573506"} {"text": "uncovering the origins of the earth study of the earth bricks of the earth : an innovative way to engage students in green building techniques the politics of the earth : environmental discourses movement of the earth \u2019 s crust the assessment of the damage from indian ocean tsunami on the coastal morphology of the andaman seacoast of thailand by remote sensing facts about the earth the blood of the earth \u2014 water mapping and analysis of marine pollution in tuticorin coastal area using remote sensing and gis evaluation of fluoride contamination in groundwater using remote sensing and gis techniques in virudhunagar district, india use coupon below to get discount at ecampus. com! $ 3 off textbook orders over $ 75 $ 4 off textbook orders over $ 90 $ 5 off textbook orders over $ 100 copy the coupon code before clicking the button! | amazon us | | paperback | | $ 303. 49 - $ 389. 00 | the book presents a comprehensive overview of the current state - of - the - art in the atmospheric boundary layer ( abl ) research. it focuses on experimental abl research, while most of the books on abl... remote sensing of the earth from space : atmospheric correction tsunamis are underrated as major hazards, mainly due to the misconceptions that they occur infrequently and happen along some distant shoreline. however, evidence for past great tsunami has recently... buried waste on the seabed is a major source of pollution. but, very often, waste sites are not known until a serious problem occurs, or are not adequately mapped. recent examples around europe... this book describes a new tool called the generic model system for simulations and assessment of potential radioactive spreading in the arctic regions. it considers the present and future potential... this popular book introduces the fundamentals of remote sensing from an earth resource ( versus engineering ) perspective. the author... the enclosed and marginal seas surrounding the european continent exhibit a wide spectrum of environmental traits, ranging from sub - polar to sub - tropical climates, from shallow continental shelves to... this book is an introductory graduate - level text on atmospheric remote sensing. the basic interaction between radiation and the atmosphere is examined, and illustrated with actual sensing examples.... a classic of nineteenth - century french literature, this science fiction tale delves into the depths of the earth, and by so doing, reveals the staggeringly long history of our planet. this... many advances in spaceborne instrumentation, remote sensing, and data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5193006038326725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.577380"} {"text": "you have an empty container, and an infinite number of marbles, each numbered with an integer from 1 to infinity. at the start of the minute, you put marbles 1 - 10 into the container, then remove one of the marbles and throw it away. you do this again after 30 seconds, then again in 15 seconds, and again in 7. 5 seconds. you continuosly repeat this process, each time after half as long an interval as the time before, until the minute is over. since this means that you repeated the process an infinite number of times, you have \" processed \" all your marbles. how many marbles are in the container at the end of the minute if for every repetition ( numbered n ) a. you remove the marble numbered ( 10 * n ) b. you remove the marble numbered ( n ) ( in reply to my ideas? well... to be specific, i think you said that you can ' t multiply or divide infinity ( not dividing by infinity ). i ' m not sure what dividing by infinity means, unless you ' re implying dividing by a variable as the variable grows towards infinity. in which case, you are talking about the \" normal \" limit described by calculus. you said in your first post \" so it ' s infinity times 9 divided by 10... wait, we can ' t divide or multiply infinity \". i don ' t see why not. but an infinity multiplied by, divided by, added to, or lessened by a constant is the same infinity. again, i would refer you to studies about what infinities mean and that they are normally dealt with as sets of elements and operations ( often mappings ) on those sets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5842136600995493, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.578917"} {"text": "a pheochromocytoma is a tumor typically of the adrenal gland, originating within the chromaffin cells, which produces excessive adrenaline. aside from the adrenal glands, it may also be located in other chromaffin tissue. although such tumors may grow to a considerable size, most are less than 10 cm. signs and symptoms pheochromocytoma symptoms vary depending upon the case and individual, but some possibilities may include the following : anxiety, nervousness, or panic attacks excessive sweating ( diaphoresis ) hyperglycemia ( elevated blood sugar levels ) hypertension ( high blood pressure ) localized amyloid deposits ( upon microscopic examination ) lower chest pain pallor ( pale color ) tachycardia ( elevated heart rate ) upper abdomen pain continue reading additional information on pheochromocytoma symptoms. diagnosis and treatment pheochromocytoma diagnosis is made by a doctor or medical professional. common methods of receiving a diagnosis involve measuring the catecholamines in the blood plasma, or metanephrines and catecholamines in the urine. if a pheochromocytoma is diagnosed, ct scan imaging may be useful in localizing the tumor. certain other conditions can be ruled out in the diagnosis process : anxiety disorders, essential hypertension, hyperthyroidism, insulinoma, paragangliomas, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and renovascular hypertension. pheochromocytoma treatment methods involve surgery : either surgical resection ( laparotomy or laparoscopy ), or adrenalectomy ( total removal of any adrenal glands affected by the tumor ). pheochromocytoma prognosis depends upon a number of factors, such as whether the tumor is malignant, and if so, how far it has spread. prognosis of such malignant cases in children is not as well known as in adults. continue to read more regarding diagnosis and treatment. it is sometimes known as the \" ten percent tumor \" due to the fact that a variety of its statistics are approximately 10 %. as an example, roughly 10 % of cases involve malignant pheochromocytoma tumors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044137840073638, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.582390"} {"text": "ariel schalit / ap locusts land on a sand dune in negev desert, southern israel, near the border with egypt, march 5. a swarm of locusts crossed into israel from neighboring egypt monday, raising fears that israel could be hit with a biblical plague ahead of the passover holiday. israel sent out planes to spray pesticides over agricultural fields to prevent damage by the small swarm of about 2, 000 locusts, said dafna yurista, a spokeswoman for the agriculture ministry. the ministry also set up an emergency hotline and asked israelis to be vigilant in reporting locust sightings. scientists can learn a lot about the locusts swarming over egypt and israel just by looking at the pictures. keith cressman, senior locust forecasting officer for the u. n. food and agriculture organization, is based hundreds of miles away in rome \u2014 but he can tell that these particular bugs may be on their last legs. \" the few good pics i have seen of the locusts show that they are a brick red rather than pinkish, \" cressman told nbc news in an email. \" both colors indicate they are immature adults, but the dark color suggests they are old and tired rather than young and hungry. hence, the infestations arriving in northeast egypt and israel will probably come to nothing. \" that ' s the good news. the bad news is that other locust swarms could pose a more serious threat to the region ' s agriculture later this year. to get the details, check out the full story in cosmic log. ibraheem abu mustafa / reuters a palestinian farmer displays locusts at a farm in khan younis in the southern gaza strip, march 5. palestinian officials said locusts had not hit gaza in several decades and numbers of locusts that reached gaza on tuesday were small but the agriculture ministry said they have taken all necessary steps to fight it if larger numbers hit the gaza strip. amir cohen / reuters a swarm of locusts fly near kmehin in israel ' s negev desert. ariel schalit / ap a locust on a sand dune in negev desert, southern israel. experts estimate that a swarm of 30 million locusts in egypt will cause severe crop damage. the correlation to the plague of locusts in the bible has the internet buzzing. more about locusts : - locusts hit egypt and israel before passover - gaddafi ' s fall leads to desert locusts ' rise - locusts illustrate the science of swarm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43754368849641245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.585063"} {"text": "ingenious fishing method may be spreading through dolphinsaugust 24th, 2011 in biology / plants & animals ( physorg. com ) - - researchers from murdoch university believe a recently documented method of fishing may be spreading throughout a population of dolphins. indo - pacific bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops aduncus ) in shark bay were photographed engaging in conching in 2007 and 2009. the dolphins would trap small fish in large conch shells with their rostrums ( beaks ), then bring the shells to the surface and shake them, causing the water to drain out and the fish to fall into their mouths. murdoch cetacean research unit researcher simon allen says this previously rarely witnessed phenomenon might be on the increase, suggesting that the technique is spreading. in the last four months alone, the research team have seen and photographed the behaviour no less than six times, possibly even seven. if and that is a big if we are witnessing the horizontal spread of this behaviour, then i would assume that it spreads by an associate of a conching dolphin closely observing the behaviour and then imitating it, mr. allen said. it is a tantalising possibility that this behavior could spread before our very eyes over a field season or two and that we could track that spread. the prospect of observing a learned behavior spreading through a population over a short period of time is exciting in itself, but the behavior also raises new questions about how exactly dolphins engage in conching. as yet, we dont know if dolphins simply pursue fish into the refuge of the large, empty conch / bailer shells or whether they actually manipulate the shells prior perhaps turning them over so that the opening is facing up in order to make them appealing to fish as a place to hide from the jaws of death, mr. allen said. if we were to set up a few shells opening down in a known location and either witness dolphins turning them over, see evidence of them having been turned over when we werent around, or better still get some video footage of dolphins manipulating them in some way, then that would be priceless, since that implies forward planning on the dolphins part. i wouldnt be too surprised to find such cunning and devilish ploys being adopted by shark bays bottlenose dolphins. until such observations are recorded though, mr. allen says it is too early to rush to any conclusions. members of the murdoch cetacean unit, with colleagues from the university of zurich, spend roughly four months of the year studying western shark bays", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49134297183044984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.588166"} {"text": "the steps by which molecules in the primordial soup came together to form the genetic backbone of life are largely unknown. one approach to finding out is to artificially create basic life functions in the laboratory and consider if such conditions might have been possible in the earth \u2019 s past. writing in physical review letters, hubert krammer and colleagues at the ludwig maximilian university of munich in germany show they are able to drive the replication of segments of trna ( transfer ribonucleic acid ), the molecule responsible for translating genetic code into the production of specific proteins, using a purely thermal process. krammer et al. begin by rapidly cooling a solution of four halves of trna from high temperatures to so that the molecules form hairpins \u2014 a state where the strand forms a closed loop on itself, except for a snippet of a sequence of bases, called a \u201c toe hold. \u201d it is this toe hold, which, in principle, carries enough information to encode a protein, that the authors try to protect and replicate by using a thermal process to coax the hairpins to open and pair to a complementary strand. when krammer et al. thermally cycle the solution between and, the energy stored in the hairpin ( which prefers it to bind to a complementary pair instead of itself ) compensates for the loss of entropy associated with the molecules pairing up with their partners. this thermally driven process occurs on a relatively fast time scale of about seconds, an important factor since molecules need to replicate faster than they degrade. according to the authors, convection currents in prebiotic liquids could have provided the necessary quenching and thermal cycling. \u2013 jessica thomas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6326849890110702, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.592306"} {"text": "biologic therapy may be used in the treatment of kidney cancer that has spread. biologic therapy is a treatment that uses drugs to improve the way your body \u2019 s immune system fights disease. your immune system is your body \u2019 s natural defense against disease. biologic therapy attempts to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system so that it can fight the cancer more effectively. these therapies can be used to fight cancer or to lessen the side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. examples of agents used to treat kidney cancer include interferon and interleukin 2 ( also known as il - 2, aldesleukin, or proleukin ). doctors are investigating using interferons with other biologic agents. interleukin 2 ( il - 2 ) is approved for metastatic kidney cancer, when the disease has spread to other places in the body. the medicine is given either subcutaneously ( shots under the skin ) or intravenously ( by vein ) either in the hospital or in an outpatient setting. treatment may be given in cycles separated by a rest period. although only about one in six patients with renal cell carcinoma have shrinkage of their cancer with il - 2, some of these patients have disappearance of their cancer ( complete remission ) that can be long - lasting. unfortunately, the medicine has many side effects and is not appropriate for all patients with renal cell carcinoma. a combination treatment of bevacizumab ( avastin ) and interferon - alpha is used for patients with kidney cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. the medicines are given intravenously and work by preventing the growth of new blood vessels to the tumor. the drugs were approved after clinical trials showed an increase of five months in survival rate versus interferon - alpha alone. tumor size also decreased 30 % with the combination medicines, versus 12 % with interferon - alpha alone. the most common side effects are hypertension and gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation. interleukin 2 produces responses in 15 % of kidney cancer patients. interferon response rate is about 15 %. the combination of interferon with other chemotherapy drugs and il - 2 increases the response rate. research shows adverse events occur in the majority of patients. the percentages of people experiencing common adverse events of il - 2 are as follows : - chills : 52 % - fever : 29 % - low blood pressure : 71 % - diarr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4708517387284866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.596247"} {"text": ". research shows adverse events occur in the majority of patients. the percentages of people experiencing common adverse events of il - 2 are as follows : - chills : 52 % - fever : 29 % - low blood pressure : 71 % - diarrhea : 67 % - vomiting : 50 % - rash : 42 % - shortness of breath : 43 % side effects for the bevacizumab and interferon alpha combination included : - protein in the urine - high blood pressure this new class of medicines attempts to interfere with the growth of the tumor by blocking the formation of new blood vessels around the tumor. in recent months, this drug has received fda approval. sorafenib ( nexavar ) is a new medicine that targets several different pathways of tumor growth. the most common side effects seen with this drug include : - blisters on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet - nerve damage this medicine is given in the form of a pill. taken in pill form, sunitinib ( sutent ) attacks both blood vessel growth and other targets that stimulate cancer cell growth. the results show tumor shrinkage in one third of the patients treated. the most common side effects are diarrhea, change in skin color, mouth irritation, weakness, and altered taste. other possible effects include tiredness, hypertension, bleeding, and hypothyroidism. temsirolimus ( torisel ) is an intravenous medicine used in advanced kidney cancer, which also works to inhibit cell growth. the most common side effects include : - skin rash - feeling weak - mouth irritation - loss of appetite - fluid buildup in the face or legs - increases in blood sugar and cholesterol levels pazopanib ( votrient ) is approved for the treatment of advanced kidney cancer. it is taken once a day as a pill either an hour before eating or two hours after eating. it works by preventing the growth of new blood vessels to tumors. the most common side effects include : - reviewer : mohei abouzied, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4405653185659291, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.597109"} {"text": "when the manchu ruled china during the qing dynasty, certain social strata emerged. among them were the banners, mostly manchu, who as a group were called banner people. manchu women typically wore a one - piece dress that came to be known as the cheongsam. the qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body. you can pull on cheongsam of plus size dresses under the dynastic laws after 1644, all han chinese were forced to wear a queue and dress in manchurian qipao instead of traditional han chinese clothing, under penalty of death. in the following 300 years, the qipao became the adopted clothing of the chinese ( though it cannot be considered as the traditional dress of chinese, as it was forced upon them ), and was eventually tailored to suit the preferences of the population. such was its popularity that the garment form survived the political turmoil of the 1911 xinhai revolution that toppled the qing dynasty. silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. the best - known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the mulberry silkworm bombyx mori reared in captivity ( sericulture ). the shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers ' triangular prism - like structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. \" wild silks \" are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm and can be artificially cultivated. a variety of wild silks have been known and used in china, south asia, and europe since early times, but the scale of production was always far smaller than that of cultivated silks. they differ from the domesticated varieties in color and texture, and cocoons gathered in the wild usually have been damaged by the emerging moth before the cocoons are gathered, so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths. commercially reared silkworm pupae are killed by dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge, or by piercing them with a needle, allowing the whole cocoon to be unraveled as one continuous thread. this permits a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk. wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. we can plus size dresses for you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5196955848971978, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.599545"} {"text": "what is api? api is an interface that allows software programs to interact with each other. it defines a set of rules that should be followed by the programs to communicate with each other. apis generally specify how the routines, data structures, etc. should be defined in order for two applications to communicate. apis differ in the functionality provided by them. there are general apis that provide library functionalities of a programming language such as the java api. there are also apis that provides specific functionalities such as the google maps api. there are also language dependent apis, which could only be used by a specific programming language. furthermore, there are language independent apis that could be used with several programming languages. apis needs to be implemented very carefully by exposing only the required functionality or data to the outside, while keeping the other parts of the application inaccessible. usage of apis has become very popular in the internet. it has become very common to allow some of the functionality and data through an api to the outside on the web. this functionality can be combined to offer an improved functionality to the users. what is sdk? sdk is a set of tools that can be used to develop software applications targeting a specific platform. sdks include tools, libraries, documentation and sample code that would help a programmer to develop an application. most of the sdks could be downloaded from the internet and many of the sdks are provided free to encourage the programmers to use the sdk \u2018 s programming language. some widely used sdks are java sdk ( jdk ) that includes all the libraries, debugging utilities, etc., which would make writing programs much easier in java. sdks make the life of a software developer easy, since there is no need to look for components / tools that are compatible with each other and all of them are integrated in to a single package that is easy to install. what is the difference between api and sdk? api is an interface that allows software programs to interact with each other, whereas a sdk is a set of tools that can be used to develop software applications targeting a specific platform. the simplest version of a sdk could be an api that contains some files required to interact with a specific programming language. so an api can be seen as a simple sdk without all the debugging support, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047683519705949, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.602029"} {"text": "depression is of high public health concern because it is the most common mental disorder and a primary cause of disease burden, disability ( 1 ), long - term sickness, absence from work, and premature retirement ( 2 ). furthermore, it has been described as the most costly brain disorder in europe ( 3 ). in southern european countries, prevalence rates of depression and suicide are lower than elsewhere in europe ( 4, 5 ), and a recent study of depression in spain, one of the largest southern european countries, found additional characteristics specific to this country, such as an earlier age at onset and higher rates of comorbidity and of chronicity ( 5 ). health services are a crucial resource in reducing the suffering of persons with depression ; however, studies have found large differences between countries in rates of depression treatment, with low overall rates ( 6 \u2014 8 ). although health care systems vary widely across the world, certain system characteristics, such as access to services, number of health professionals, and quality of care, contribute to the outcomes of depression treatment. studies of service use for the treatment of depression are scarce and mostly limited to western and northern european countries. although information from many countries, such as spain, is available, it remains fragmented and incomplete. the spanish national health system provides free and universal access to most types of health care. it is financed by general taxation and by out - of - pocket expenditures, including copayments for pharmacological treatments. the primary care sector acts as the gatekeeper to the system and therefore to specialized mental health care. because administration of health care is decentralized and is the responsibility of the 17 autonomous communities, the number and quality of mental health services is not homogeneous across spain. frequently described deficiencies include lack of specific budgets for mental health, heterogeneous information systems, and insufficient coordination with primary care services ( 9 ). the objective of this study was to analyze service use in the past 12 months for a major depressive episode among respondents to the european study of the epidemiology of mental disorders ( esemed ), in spain. we estimated the level of use of services, determined the proportion of individuals using services who could be considered to have received minimally adequate treatment, and identified the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with service use. we also compared these results with international data. the esemed - spain study was a cross - sectional, general population, household survey conducted with a representative sample of the spanish noninstitutionalized adult population. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5110841014200137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.621348"} {"text": "with service use. we also compared these results with international data. the esemed - spain study was a cross - sectional, general population, household survey conducted with a representative sample of the spanish noninstitutionalized adult population. a detailed description of methods is available elsewhere ( 10 \u2014 12 ). a stratified, multistage, clustered - area, probability sample without replacement design was used to guarantee the representativeness of all the regions in the country. the target population was noninstitutionalized adults ( aged 18 years and older ), who were identified from census tract data. the final sample included 5, 473 respondents ( including a random selection of 323 spouses of the married main respondents, who were also interviewed ) ; the final response rate was 78. 6 %. data collection was conducted from september 2001 to september 2002. individuals provided informed consent to participate in the interview. data for the individuals were weighted to account for the different probabilities of selection within households and among hard - to - reach individuals, as well as to reflect age, gender, and autonomous community distribution of the spanish general population. interview and questionnaire the survey instrument was the world mental health ( wmh ) survey version of the world health organization ( who ) composite international diagnostic interview ( cidi 3. 0 ) ( 13 ), which is a fully structured diagnostic interview to assess disorders and treatment, as well as several additional variables, such as disease severity and disability. by means of computerized algorithms, the cidi provides lifetime and 12 - month diagnoses of mental disorders based on dsm - iv criteria ( 14 ). in establishing the diagnosis, cidi rules about excluding organic mental disorders ( direct physiological effects of a general medical condition, a drug, or a medication ) were imposed. the cidi was administered by trained lay interviewers using a computer - assisted personal interview. assessment of depression severity respondents were assessed for major depressive episode in the past 12 months. on the basis on researchers ' consensus, individuals with the disorder were classified into three severity groups. the group with the most severe symptoms included those who had attempted suicide in the past 12 months, those who had a diagnosis of alcohol dependence with physiological dependence syndrome, and those who experienced severe role impairment ( scores from 8 to 10 ) in at least two areas of the wmh - adapted version of the sheehan disability scales ( sds ). individuals not classified as having severe symptoms were assigned to the moderate group if they had moderate role impairment in at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120306345255314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.622538"} {"text": "from 8 to 10 ) in at least two areas of the wmh - adapted version of the sheehan disability scales ( sds ). individuals not classified as having severe symptoms were assigned to the moderate group if they had moderate role impairment in at least one domain of the sds ( a score of more than 4 ) or if they had alcohol dependence disorder without physiological dependence. all other individuals were classified as having mild symptoms. health and social services use all respondents were asked about use of services for their \" emotions or mental health problems \" in the 12 months before the interview. those reporting use of services were asked to select from a list all providers whom they visited, including psychiatrist ; psychologist ; general practitioner, other physician, or other health care professional ; human services ( outpatient treatment with a religious or spiritual advisor or with a social worker or counselor in any setting other than a specialty mental health setting ) ; and a complementary - alternative medical sector ( outpatient treatment with any other type of healer, participation in an internet support group, or participation in a self - help group ). psychiatrists and psychologists constituted the specialized mental health category ; general practitioners, other physicians, and other health professionals constituted the general medical care category ; and both specialized mental health and general medical care constituted the health care sector. the type of treatment received by individuals who reported use of a service in the health care sector was assessed. pharmacological treatment was defined as that prescribed by a psychiatrist, general practitioner, or any other physician or health professional in the previous 12 months. psychotherapy was defined as having more than one session in the past 12 months of psychological counseling or therapy with a mental health professional ( psychiatrist or psychologist ) that lasted 15 minutes or longer. individuals who received neither drug nor psychological treatment were classified as being in the group with no active treatment. the definition of minimally adequate treatment followed previous research that was based on recommendations from clinical guidelines ( 15 \u2014 17 ). it was defined as receipt of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for at least two months plus at least four visits with a psychiatrist, a general practitioner, or any other physician or health professional or at least eight sessions with a psychologist or a psychiatrist lasting an average of 15 minutes or longer. human services and complementary - alternative medicine treatments were not considered to constitute adequate care because of the lack of experimental data documenting the effectiveness of such treatments for major depression ( 18 \u2014 22 ). chronic conditions and mental disorder variables the variable for chronic conditions included eight groups : musculoskeletal ( arthritis )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5393557852820525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.624540"} {"text": "to constitute adequate care because of the lack of experimental data documenting the effectiveness of such treatments for major depression ( 18 \u2014 22 ). chronic conditions and mental disorder variables the variable for chronic conditions included eight groups : musculoskeletal ( arthritis ), chronic pain ( neck or back pain or other somatoform pain ), digestive ( stomach or intestinal ulcer ), respiratory ( asthma, allergies, or any other chronic lung disease ), neurological problems, cancer, cardiovascular ( stroke, heart attack, heart disease, or high blood pressure ), and diabetes. the variable for mental disorders included mood disorders ( major depressive episode or dysthymia ), anxiety disorders ( panic disorder, specific phobia or social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia without panic ), and alcohol abuse or dependence. all analyses were performed with sastm software, version 9. 1, of the sas system for windows as well as sudaan, version 9. 0, a statistical package used to estimate standard errors of data obtained from surveys with complex designs. data analyses were carried out at the imim - hospital del mar in barcelona, spain, and at harvard university in boston. lifetime prevalence of a major depressive episode in the overall sample was 10. 6 %, and 12 - month prevalence was 4. 0 %. table 1 presents data on sociodemographic characteristics of the total sample and of those with a lifetime and 12 - month major depressive episode. among respondents with a depressive disorder in the past 12 months, 59. 1 % had used some type of service in the past 12 months for their emotional problems. as shown in table 2, the highest proportion of service users ( 58. 7 % ) reported use of services in the health care sector ( either general medical care or specialized mental health ). among those who used services in the health care sector, the highest proportion reported use only in general medical care ( 35. 3 % ). among respondents who had used past - year services for emotional problems in the heath care sector, at least 76 % received some type of active treatment : 70. 1 % reported receiving psychopharmacological treatment, either alone ( 37. 9 % ) or combined with psychotherapy ( 32. 2 % ). receipt of no active treatment was highest among respondents with moderate major depressive episode ( 10. 9 % ) and lowest among those with a mild disorder ( 5. 0 % ). as shown in table", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5084209804598834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.625925"} {"text": "with psychotherapy ( 32. 2 % ). receipt of no active treatment was highest among respondents with moderate major depressive episode ( 10. 9 % ) and lowest among those with a mild disorder ( 5. 0 % ). as shown in table 3, among respondents who had received active treatment in the past 12 months from providers in the health care sector, 31. 2 % received treatment that met criteria for minimal adequacy. in the overall sample, meaningful differences were found by type of health service used : respondents who received both specialized mental health care and general medical care accounted for the highest proportion of those receiving minimally adequate care ( 38. 6 % ), and the lowest proportion was among those who received services in general medical care only ( 12. 8 % ). these differences were also found among respondents with severe major depressive episode. results of logistic regression analyses of potential predictors of past - year service use among respondents with a 12 - month major depressive episode are shown in table 4. respondents in the group aged 35 \u2014 49 years were more likely than those in the other age groups to have used any services for their emotional problems within the past year ( or = 5. 7 ). service use was also more likely among those in the \" other \" employment group ( unemployed or too disabled to work ) ( or = 4. 9 ), compared with those who were employed. respondents who had a moderate disorder were more likely ( or = 3. 2 ) than those in the other severity groups to have used any services. respondents who had more than one 12 - month mental disorder ( that is, a mental disorder comorbid with their depression ) were significantly more likely than those with depression only to use any services ( two mental disorders, or = 2. 9 ; three or more mental disorders, or = 4. 1 ). on the other hand, respondents with a low - average income were less likely than those with a high income to have used any services for their emotional problems in the past 12 months ( or =. 3 ). the regression analyses also examined use of specialized mental health services in the past 12 months ( table 4 ). respondents in the group aged 35 \u2014 49 were more likely than those aged 18 \u2014 34 to use these services ( or = 3. 0 ). those with a severe or moderate disorder were significantly more likely to use these services than those with a mild disorder ( or = 5. 1 and or = 4. 7, respectively ). on the other hand, those with a high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5092781271742902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.627038"} {"text": "0 ). those with a severe or moderate disorder were significantly more likely to use these services than those with a mild disorder ( or = 5. 1 and or = 4. 7, respectively ). on the other hand, those with a high - average education level were less likely than those with a high level to use specialized services ( or =. 3 ). the study found that 40. 9 % of respondents to esemed - spain with a 12 - month major depressive episode reported not having used any type of service for their emotional problems in the past year. moreover, 68. 8 % of those who received active treatment in the health care sector ( specialized mental health or general medical care ) did not receive minimally adequate treatment. thus only 15. 0 % of all those with a 12 - month major depressive episode had received appropriate care. of particular concern is the 30. 8 % of those with a severe disorder who did not use any type of service for their emotional problems. by far, psychotropic medication was the treatment most used, either alone or ( less frequently ) in combination with psychological treatment. higher odds of any service use were found among respondents with a moderate disorder, those with a comorbid mental disorder, those who were unemployed or too disabled to work, and middle - aged respondents. study limitations and strengths our results should be interpreted within the context of some limitations. first, information about treatment was self - reported, which could have led to recall bias. previous studies have found that self - reports of service use for some mental disorders may be higher than use documented in administrative records ( 23, 24 ). the wmh survey tried to reduce recall bias by excluding respondents who failed to say that they would think carefully and answer honestly. furthermore, use of a 12 - month time frame can further reduce the risk of recall bias. second, some analyses consisted of small numbers of respondents, and this might have affected the reliability of results. third, esemed excluded several population groups, such as those who were institutionalized or homeless. although service use patterns of these groups may be different, their relative size is small, and it could be argued that overall population estimates would not diverge considerably if they were included. fourth, there is no consensus on criteria for defining minimally adequate treatment ; however, to our knowledge, the relationship between various criteria and significant clinical outcomes has not been studied. fifth, the spanish national health system comprises 17 regional systems whose management relies on each regional government. as a consequence, the level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4978764539170113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.628090"} {"text": "minimally adequate treatment ; however, to our knowledge, the relationship between various criteria and significant clinical outcomes has not been studied. fifth, the spanish national health system comprises 17 regional systems whose management relies on each regional government. as a consequence, the level of development of the mental health network, the allocation of economic resources, and the population density of professionals vary across regions ; these differences may influence the use of services. because of limitations in sample size, it was not possible to perform a more detailed analysis that would offer a clearer picture of probable regional differences. with these limitations in mind, we note that this is the first study that provides information about the use of services for a major depressive episode in spain that is based on a nationally representative sample and that used a standardized methodology that allows for international comparisons. previous research was restricted to specific regions and population subgroups ( 25, 26 ) or clinical samples ( 27 ) or used mixed methodologies, which provided an incomplete picture of service use for depression. our findings show that almost half of respondents with a major depressive episode did not use services in the health care sector for their emotional problems in the year before the interview. although concrete and easily comparable data are lacking, some studies have found lower use of health services for mental disorders in certain southern european countries, such as spain and italy, compared with other european countries, but the rates are still higher than those found in many low - income american samples or in asian countries ( 6, 28 ). comparable data on service use by individuals with major depression are even scarcer, but studies have shown that use is higher in spain than in countries such as italy and germany ( 29 ) and lower than in some northern european countries, such as finland, ireland, and the united kingdom ( 30 ). although underrecognition and undertreatment of common mental disorders are frequent in most countries, substantive cross - national differences in treatment rates have been described. treatment rates ranging from 50 % to 79 % in high - income countries have been reported, with rates typically lower in low - income regions ( 6 ). reasons for these differences are not well known, but several factors have been proposed. they include factors that predispose patients to seek treatment, factors related to the type and amount of services available from the health care system, and factors related to health care professionals ' ability to provide an adequate response to the need for treatment ( 6, 31 \u2014 35 ). the effect of social networks and support, which might be stronger in spain than in other european countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51211089716439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.629226"} {"text": "health care system, and factors related to health care professionals ' ability to provide an adequate response to the need for treatment ( 6, 31 \u2014 35 ). the effect of social networks and support, which might be stronger in spain than in other european countries ( 36 ), has also been discussed in the literature as either reducing service use by helping an individual to cope with stress or increasing service use by supporting treatment seeking ( 37 ). although an extensive review of these factors is beyond the scope of this article, the relevant findings are summarized below. a personal level of comfort and confidence about consulting with professionals has been considered the most important factor in help seeking for depression, together with personal understanding and self - evaluation of the problem and the anticipated or experienced reactions of family and friends ( 31, 32 ). attitudes toward seeking mental health care seem to be more positive in spain than in other european countries, and spaniards seem to place greater trust in treatments provided by health care professionals ( 38 ). in regard to stigma, a well - known cultural barrier to help seeking for mental disorders ( 32 ), two recent studies showed that stigma may be less prevalent in spain than in other european countries ( 39, 40 ). health system - related factors. the ability to access professional care is a key feature of health systems and also influences service use for mental disorders. access to services is free and universal in the spanish national health system, as is the case in many other european countries, where treatment rates are, however, higher. a link between a country ' s overall spending on health care and the rate of treatment for mental disorders has also been described ( 6 ), and available data show that the amount spent in spain is lower than the european average ; this is also true of spending on mental health, which remains around 5 % of spain ' s total health care budget \u2014 one of the lowest spending rates in the european union ( 41 \u2014 43 ). the availability of services and of professionals is another relevant determinant that has also been linked to the use of services for depression. studies have shown that regions with the lowest resources often have lower rates of consultation with health care professionals ( 44 ). spain has fewer psychiatrists and psychologists and fewer available mental health services than many other countries with the same level of development, and differences are even greater for psychiatric nurses and social workers ( 9, 42, 43 ). factors related to health care professionals. the spanish national health system is based on primary care, and referral from a general practitioner is usually required to gain access to specialized mental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4913454620461316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.630395"} {"text": "even greater for psychiatric nurses and social workers ( 9, 42, 43 ). factors related to health care professionals. the spanish national health system is based on primary care, and referral from a general practitioner is usually required to gain access to specialized mental health services. thus general practitioners act as gatekeepers of the system and have a key role in the correct detection and early management of most cases of depression. this is especially relevant in light of the high prevalence of major depression in primary care ( 45 ) and the evidence linking poor recognition of depression in primary care with worse short - term outcomes ( 46 ). in fact, underrecognition of depression in primary care has been extensively reported ( 47 \u2014 49 ), and a recent meta - analysis that included more than 50, 000 international patients showed that correct identification of depression by general practitioners occurred in only 47. 3 % of cases ( 50 ). this worrying situation has also been described in spain ( 51, 52 ), but international comparisons are scarce. roles of general practitioners and mental health specialists our results show that the proportion of respondents who sought service in the general medical care sector was only slightly higher than the proportion who visited mental health specialists. this finding is in contrast to other european countries and regions of the world, where general practitioners are clearly the professionals most frequently involved in the treatment of depression ( 6, 44 ). this difference might be partly explained by the higher rates of referral to mental health specialists by general practitioners that have been described in spain ( 44 ). these higher referral rates could be considered an attempt to improve the efficiency of a short - resourced health system. additional factors, such as the relative delay in mental health care reform in spain, may help explain why individuals with mild disorders were more likely to receive specialized mental health care. sociodemographic and clinical correlates of use the likelihood of use of services for depression has been linked to a variety of sociodemographic factors, such as middle age, female gender, higher education and income level, and not being married ( 6, 16, 53, 54 ). however, our results support only a few of them. of special concern is our finding that women were no more likely than men to seek treatment. this finding should receive attention because the higher prevalence of depression among women compared with men in spain was found to be much higher than in many other countries ( 5, 55, 56 ). symptom severity is another major determinant of service use ( 30, 57, 58 ), and mono", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4901383444606183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.631467"} {"text": "depression among women compared with men in spain was found to be much higher than in many other countries ( 5, 55, 56 ). symptom severity is another major determinant of service use ( 30, 57, 58 ), and monotonic relationships between severity and the probability of service use have been previously described ( 6 ). our results show that among individuals using any health sector services, those with a moderate disorder had higher odds of receiving treatment than individuals with mild disorders. further research should be undertaken to confirm these findings \u2014 in particular, the role of severity and of gender in help seeking. also, the finding that 31. 7 % of those with a severe disorder received care only from a general practitioner raises some concern about possible misallocations of scarce specialized resources, especially when the misallocations affect patients with higher risks of serious complications. minimally adequate treatment in our study 31. 2 % of the patients with a major depressive episode who received active treatment from general medical or mental health specialty care received minimally adequate treatment, a rate considerably lower than in other european countries ( 17 ). consistent with previous studies, our study found low overall rates of treatment adequacy ( 6, 59 ) and more adequate treatment in specialized settings ( 16, 60 ). reasons for the low rate of treatment adequacy are unclear, but they presumably involve provider factors, such as inadequate training and failure to adhere to guidelines ( 16 ). inadequate treatment has significant health and economic consequences, because treatments that meet clinical guidelines are more cost - effective and have been shown to decrease the number of years lived with a disability ( 61 ). taken together the results offer a complex picture of patterns of service use for a major depressive episode in spain. they include a less clear influence of disorder severity, a less relevant role for general practitioners than for mental health specialists, varying effects of sociodemographic factors, and a lower overall rate of minimally adequate treatment. low rates of service use for major depression in a country such as spain, with free and universal access to mental health care and a population with more positive attitudes toward help seeking for mental health problems, are worrisome and should call for a more proactive attitude of the health system. in particular, rates of comorbidity and of chronicity are higher in spain than in other european countries ( 5 ), and both are a possible consequence of inadequate treatment and a possible cause of increased costs of major depression. potential country - specific barriers to treatment, such as lower availability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4924689293951911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.632659"} {"text": "there were some notable differences between groups targeted for the 2009 - 10 pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines, and substantial differences in target groups between countries. the greatest inconsistency in target groups was seen in comparisons between s0910 and p0910. some groups targeted for the pandemic vaccine more commonly than for the 2009 - 10 seasonal vaccine, including pregnant women and obese persons, and health care workers were subsequently more commonly targeted for the 2010 - 11 post - pandemic seasonal vaccine. subsidies to increase vaccine uptake were available to target groups in many countries by either providing the vaccine for free, at a subsidized cost or through national health insurance ( figures and ). before further discussing the patterns in target groups, two important issues should be noted : ( a ) the social and political backgrounds of policy decisions to prioritize certain groups for p0910 are likely to differ from those for seasonal vaccines and ( b ) the ' best ' or ' optimal ' strategy to achieve certain public health objectives has yet to be fully clarified in the context of including or excluding certain groups for prioritization. as for ( a ), compared to seasonal vaccines, public health decision of prioritized groups for p0910 may be more associated with maintaining social security during emergency vaccination and avoiding any confusion that could arise from ' first come, first served ' basis among the public [ 8 ]. on the other hand, policymaking of seasonal vaccines is unlikely to face needs to give rapid decisions for implementing emergency vaccination programmes and to maintain social security, and rather, target groups of seasonal vaccines may sometimes reflect the results of surveys of public demands among the potential target groups and may also take into account aspects of cost - benefit and cost - effectiveness. with respect to ( b ), various studies including modeling exercises considered optimal vaccination strategies [ 16 ] but those exercises have not allowed full clarification of all target groups. it should be emphasized that the limitations of modeling studies and inconsistency in target groups ( as seen in the present study ) may be attributable to non - uniform public health objectives of vaccination, such as reducing peak hospital burden versus reducing overall mortality, as well as uncertainties with respect to the transmission dynamics, severity and age - specific immunity against influenza viruses before and after vaccination. the objective of this study has been not to criticize certain choices of target groups, but to explore to what extent target groups are similar between countries, or even within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5222005985376917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.641854"} {"text": ", severity and age - specific immunity against influenza viruses before and after vaccination. the objective of this study has been not to criticize certain choices of target groups, but to explore to what extent target groups are similar between countries, or even within countries from year to year and between the seasonal and pandemic vaccines. some inconsistent patterns were seen between pandemic and seasonal vaccines in targeting certain age groups, those with underlying medical conditions and those with occupations associated with higher risk. first, mathematical modeling studies have shown that achieving high vaccination coverage among school - age children could substantially elevate herd immunity and protect other risk groups ( including elderly and those with underlying diseases ) by means of a ' transmission - limiting ' strategy [ 17 ]. nevertheless, many countries experienced substantial attack rates in children before vaccines became available [ 21 ], and in such an instance ( e. g. after observing epidemic peak ), effectiveness of transmission - limiting strategy tends to be minimal [ 19 ]. while school - age children were targeted for the p0910 vaccine in some countries, most countries included in our review adopted a morbidity - limiting strategy and targeted groups at high risk of severe disease ( figures and ). vaccine effectiveness in the elderly remains uncertain [ 6 ] but the elderly are commonly targeted to receive interpandemic influenza vaccine because of their high risk of severe disease [ 4 ]. however, early seroepidemiological studies in 2009 suggested that the elderly may be protected against infection [ 23 ], and few countries included elderly in the target groups for the p0910 vaccine ( figure and table ). second, with regard to underlying medical conditions, pregnant and postpartum women appeared to be at higher risk of severe disease if infected from the early stages of the pandemic [ 24 ] and many countries prioritized this group to receive the vaccine when it became available. whereas pregnant women were less commonly targeted for seasonal influenza vaccination before the pandemic, evidence of an increased risk of severe influenza had already been observed in pregnant women before 2009 [ 28 ]. influenced by the 2009 pandemic, 22 / 34 countries targeted this group for s1011 vaccine ( figures and, table ). other than pregnant women, a number of studies during the pandemic found obesity to be a risk factor for hospitalization and death [ 26 ], and some countries incorporated obese individuals into the target groups for the p0910 vaccine and again retained them in the target groups for the post - pandemic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5178061514937018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.643163"} {"text": "##mic found obesity to be a risk factor for hospitalization and death [ 26 ], and some countries incorporated obese individuals into the target groups for the p0910 vaccine and again retained them in the target groups for the post - pandemic s1011 vaccine ( figures and, table ). third, regarding roles and occupations, health care workers were targeted for both pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines by many countries and they have been increasingly targeted during and after the course of the pandemic ( figures, and, table ), although they may not necessarily face higher risk of infection due to occupational exposures [ 34 ] and the issue of mandatory vaccination in this group remains controversial [ 36 ]. workers in long term residential care homes were less commonly targeted for the pandemic vaccine compared to the seasonal vaccines, perhaps because of the apparent low risk of ph1n1 in the elderly [ 7 ]. animal contacts might have been less commonly targeted merely because of displacement by other risk groups as p0910 vaccine was initially expected to be scarce. later they were more commonly targeted for the s1011 influenza vaccine which included the pandemic strain. a few limitations should be discussed. we were not able to find information on priority groups in many countries, and thus, the data included in our review may not sufficiently represent the worldwide patterns in target groups. in addition, information available online could differ from what was actually implemented, even though most of the information included in our study was from official government websites. potentially lower quality sources were excluded by limiting our search to official webpage of the government, news or academic journal articles. future studies of influenza vaccine policies could consider a survey - based approach interviewing a representative health official from each country. actual vaccine uptake or influenza - associated morbidity should also be investigated in relation to the policy decisions of target groups when relevant data are available as part of policy evaluations. there were also within country variations ; e. g. recommendations on target groups in canada and the united states differed between states. in these situations, the federal recommendations were used to reflect the central policy, but more detailed investigation of the heterogeneity in target groups between states or regions could be a topic for further research especially for a within - country policy evaluation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49605623165109597, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.644279"} {"text": "michael dirda : \" five propositions about poetry \" - in a very general sense, poets tend to use language in two ways : the artful or the natural. either they transmute their thoughts through metaphor, striking imagery, or unusual syntax into something rich and strange ; or they pack their meaning into what wordsworth famously called the language really used by men ( and women ). on the one hand, wallace stevens, gerard manley hopkins, and jorie graham ; on the other, william carlos williams, archilochos, and billy collins. most poets opt for flash and filigree \u2014 after all, \" o, for a beaker full of the warm south, / full of the true, the blushful hippocrene \" ( keats ) sounds like poetry. it takes real confidence, and sure judgment, to set down words as simple and deeply moving as \" pray, undo this button \" ( shakespeare ). - where a \" complete poems \" is a monument, a \" selected poems \" is an invitation, a sometimes needed icebreaker for shy new readers. in other words, most of us. just as expository prose generally aims to ingratiate, emphasizing clarity and communication, so a lot of poetry blithely ignores the ordinary courtesies : it is simply there, true to itself. let me be fanciful : if you picture good prose as a smooth politician deftly reaching out to the crowd and welcoming everyone into the party, then poetry is clint eastwood, serape flapping in the wind, standing quietly alone on a dusty street, pure coiled energy. he ' s not glad - handling anybody. - to read a volume of poetry is to enter the world of the mesmerist. in a serious artist ' s collected poems, the single constant is usually his or her distinctive, increasingly hypnotic voice. without relying on plot, dramatic action, or a cast of characters, lyric poets, especially, must entrance us with their words until we cannot choose by hear. eager for more, we turn page after page because we find ourselves in thrall to a particular diction. - nearly everyone can come up with a good explanation for why they don ' t keep up with contemporary poetry, but the main one is simply that reading strange and unfamiliar poems sounds a lot like schoolwork. the language often seems so... high - pitched and bizarre or just plain hard to understand. in fact, the best way to enjoy contemporary verse is simply to read it as though you were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46681171591646664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.647873"} {"text": "strange and unfamiliar poems sounds a lot like schoolwork. the language often seems so... high - pitched and bizarre or just plain hard to understand. in fact, the best way to enjoy contemporary verse is simply to read it as though you were dipping into a magazine, listening to a news report, overhearing a conversation. don ' t make it a big deal, simply thrill to the words or story. as the critic marvin mudrick once proclaimed : \" you don ' t read for understanding, you read for excitement. understanding is a product of excitement. \" later on, you can return to the poems that speak most strongly to you and make them a part of your life. - memorize the poems you love most. as anthony burgess wrote : \" the dragging out from memory of lines from volpone or the vanity of human wishes with the twelfth glass is the true literary experience. i mean that. verse is for learning by heart, and that is what a literary education should mostly consist of. \" when i was a teenager, i used to walk to high school. to pass those tedious twenty or thirty minutes i decided to memorize favourite lines and stanzas from oscar williams ' anthology, immortal poems of the english language. \" with rue my heart is laden... i met a traveller from an antique land... we ' d rather have the iceberg than the ship... the waste remains, the waste remains and kills... that dolphin - torn, that gong - tormented sea... our revels now are ended. \" in all my life no time has ever been better spent. labels : writing about poetry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44739206840989076, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.648520"} {"text": "qfk - quest for knowledge what is qfk? qfk is the game based mobile learning ( gbml ) platform. it enables development and playing of mobile educational games. games can be played via multimedia mobile devices ( mobile phones, smart phones ) or regular internet browser from the desktop computer, using www technologies only. players may use additional multimedia devices, such as digital cameras, pda ' s, or gps devices. qfk was developed within the emapps. com ( motivating active participation of primary schoolchildren in digital online technologies for creative opportunities through multimedia ) 6th framework program strep project. what are mobile educational games? games are based on the previously prepared game scripts called game matrixes. these are basically game stories ( narrative ), plots, challenges and belonging multimedia objects that form the game in the platform. there are no technical obstacles to implement any kind of game matrix in the platform. each game consists of multiple missions ( layers ). each mission consists of multiple tasks that need to be completed by the teams of players. games are played outside, in the real environment, on different locations and in real time by several teams of players. each team is divided into two parts : game base ( part of the team on the desktop computer ) and avatars ( part of the team on the field ). each game is run by the game master who gives additional clues, misguides teams and tracks progress. communication among players and game master is performed via integrated chat. players submit their results as text answers, uploaded files ( pictures, video, audio... ), solved puzzles or set of geographical coordinates. games are played by pupils of elementary or secondary schools. game masters are usually their teachers. games cover topics from different curricula fields. game stories are interesting, appealing and represent the modern approach to learning. why mobile educational games? games, played in the qfk platform differ from regular computer games which usually define aims, rules or missions and are played in the pure virtual world. mobile educational games take the players outside of their classrooms, involve real world and real people, blurred with alternate reality that can be defined in the game story. using modern multimedia devices enable infinite possiblities of communication, social netorking and creation of multimedia content. players learn through performance. this requires active participation and discovery, analysis, interpretation, problem solving, and physical activity. the educational value of the experience is not just the game itself, but creative coupling of educational media with effective pedagogy to engage students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5636992827433368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.651323"} {"text": "fifth grade, lesson 1 : biodiversity the more diverse an ecosystem is, the more interdependence of species exists within that system. the complex relationships among diverse species are difficult to identify. as species disappear or become extinct we begin to see the vital links that exist among species. essential levels of biodiversity vary among biomes and bioregions. could an ocelot live where you live? step 1 - - connect ( the concept to prior knowledge ) students will observe the biodiversity in their backyard by connecting the adaptations of the animals in their neighborhood to the climate and habitats in which they live in. - access to schoolyard or nearby park - paper, pencils - take students out into the school grounds and look for signs of life. - search for insects, birds, animal tracks, scat, feathers, nests, different types of trees, grasses, soil types, etc. - make a class list that shows all findings in the schoolyard and post it as a visual in the classroom. - make headings to organize groupings : insects, plants, mammals, birds, etc. - discuss the web of life concept. draw lines that connect one thing to another. step 2 - - literature / discuss ( give expert information book ; ask questions ) students will learn about the biodiversity of the rainforest and compare and contrast with that of their own schoolyard findings. - book : the great kapok tree by lynne cherry - biodiversity list from step 1 - 1 piece of long string or rope - read the great kapok tree by lynne cherry. discuss the different perspectives voiced throughout the book. activity : the web of life - have students stand in a large circle. - each student should choose one of the items from the classroom biodiversity list, making sure everyone represents a different living thing. - use a string or a rope to represent the links between each person. - one person starts by saying the name they chose and, as a class, decide how they are connected to another organism in the circle. - the rope is then passed to that organism. - the goal is to finish with a web that is connected to everyone. - this game demonstrates the intricate web of life. - debrief in order for students to see how everything in their backyard, as in the rainforest, is ultimately connected in some way or another to their specific environment. step 3a - - practice ( math and learning centers ) students will come up with their own web of life example. - access to natural area ( i. e., yard, park, etc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5516314679170062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.657636"} {"text": "connected in some way or another to their specific environment. step 3a - - practice ( math and learning centers ) students will come up with their own web of life example. - access to natural area ( i. e., yard, park, etc. ) - each student will look for an animal or insect in their own backyard or the schoolyard. - students will make observations based on the behavior of that animal or insect. - students will come up with their own web of life example based on the observations made and research on the behavior, food and habitat of that organism. - students will make observations that support the theory that all organisms are connected : behavior, food, habitat, etc. step 3b - - create ( performance tasks related to standard indicators ) students will demonstrate through writing how all living things interact with their environment in order to survive. - paper, pencils students will synthesize their observations of an organism and create a story that parallels the great kapok tree. using their observations as a framework, they will write their own stories to explain who depends on what for survival and why these interactions are unique to their environment. step 4 - - present ( edit work / students present projects ) students will practice their oral reading skills. - story from step 3b each student will read their story to the class. the rainforest alliance curriculum is unique in that it teaches science, math, language arts and social studies essentials while addressing the united states national standards for learning. these are the standards addressed in the fifth grade lessons. standard 3 : evaluation strategies students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate and appreciate texts. standard 1 : reading for perspective students read a wide range of print and non - print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves and of the cultures of the us and the world. standard 4 : communication skills students adjust their use of spoken, written and visual language to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. standard 7 : evaluating data students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. students develop an understanding of the structure and function in living systems, populations and ecosystems, and diversity and adaptations of organisms. standard 1 : grades 3 - 5 students understand the need for measuring with standard units and that measurements are approximations and how differences in units affect precision. standard 5 : technology research tools students use technology to locate, evaluate and collect information from a variety of sources. standard 4 : technology communication tools students use a variety of media and formats to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5375091048418817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.659748"} {"text": "that measurements are approximations and how differences in units affect precision. standard 5 : technology research tools students use technology to locate, evaluate and collect information from a variety of sources. standard 4 : technology communication tools students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. standard 5 : environment and society students should understand how human actions modify the physical environment. standard 6 : personal and social perspectives students develop an understanding of populations, resources and environments. fifth and sixth grade resources - fifth grade curriculum - sixth grade curriculum - el salvador slideshow [ pdf ] - el salvador slideshow script [ pdf ] - coffee slideshow [ pdf ] - alex goes exploring in el imposible [ pdf ] - alex explora el imposible [ pdf ] - alex explora o parque nacional o impossivel [ pdf ] - life in san miguelito [ pdf ] - la vida en san miguelito [ pdf ] - a vida em sao miguelito [ pdf ] - ocelot [ pdf ] - great curassow [ pdf ] - king vulture [ pdf ] - ruby - throated hummingbird [ pdf ] - blue - crowned motmot [ pdf ] - coffee [ pdf ] teacher summary : el imposible national park, el salvador [ pdf ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5338549901340182, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.660258"} {"text": "can microsoft save the world? microsoft research teams with top scientists to tackle the world ' s most pressing problems - - and it could turn conventional computing on its head in the process. three years ago, william henry gates iii ordered microsoft research to launch a science division. money was one motive - - by staking out a position in the growing field of scientific computing, future profits were insured. fortunately microsoft research doesn ' t have to turn every dollar and man - hour into marketable products. the science group has the wonderful freedom to work on the big problems : global warming, disease, the future of medicine, the origin of the universe and the creation of life - - those sorts of things. leading this charge is stephen emmott, director of the microsoft research european science program, an englishman with some 20 years of experience in science and computing, including a stint at bell labs. emmott ' s main goal is to blend computer science and traditional science, and in the process transform both. \" we are at a profoundly important point in time where computer science and computing have the potential to completely revolutionize the sciences, \" emmott says. microsoft doesn ' t plan to do this all alone. today 14 microsoft researchers are working with some 40 scientists around the world. those numbers are rapidly expanding. \" within 12 months, there ' ll be 30 microsoft research cambridge scientists collaborating with around 80 to 100 scientists worldwide to build new software tools for addressing important scientific challenges, \" emmott these efforts were given legs during the 2020 science conference, where some 30 scientists, hailing from nations from japan to germany and representing universities such as stanford and companies like glaxosmithkline inc., gathered. the group produced an 82 - page oversized glossy book, \" towards 2020 science, \" outlining their goals, technologies and plans. the conference also set the stage for research projects, now ongoing, that match microsoft researchers with their scientific counterparts. \" the real benefits come from bringing together people from microsoft research - - whether they ' re computer scientists or computational biologists or computational climatologists or oceanographers - - with people in the wider science community, to do the kinds of things that neither of us could do on our own, \" emmott understanding life bit by bit one of the more interesting microsoft projects is \" simulating biological systems in the stochastic pi calculus. \" the idea is to create a more scaleable way to track \" the behavior of biological systems. \" one approach is to build a so -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.460550038596882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.669231"} {"text": "one of the more interesting microsoft projects is \" simulating biological systems in the stochastic pi calculus. \" the idea is to create a more scaleable way to track \" the behavior of biological systems. \" one approach is to build a so - called stochastic pi machine, a project driven by andrew phillips of microsoft research. so what does stochastic mean? well, a stochastic process is one in which there is a certain amount of randomness. this means that computers and scientists can gather data and analyze the process, but, due to its random nature, cannot make accurate predictions about it. the stochastic pi machine is designed to simulate and model the workings of biological systems. using stochastic pi calculus, biological models can be built step by step, where models of small systems are ultimately built into a model of staggering complexity - - the type of complexity that matches the reality of biological systems themselves. one peek at the science 2020 work and you ' d swear it was tailor made for the bill & melinda gates foundation. not the case. while so many of the goals are identical, they are two entirely separate \" bill has clearly had input into the overall european scientific program. he launched it last year and has provided input on numerous occasions. with the bill & melinda gates foundation there is no formal link with what we ' re doing. however, some of the work that we are doing clearly has an implication for the areas that the foundation is working in, \" says stephen emmott, director of the microsoft research european nevertheless, gates ' foundation is privately funding projects that could just as easily be paid for by microsoft research. while microsoft research obsesses over the human genome, the gates foundation has earmarked $ 2. 5 billion to fight malaria by building a genetic map of the disease. the foundation is also working with glaxosmithkline, a microsoft research partner, to test a new vaccine. beating meningitis is another item on the gates foundation ' s agenda. the foundation, along with the serum institute of india, is working on an inexpensive vaccine that works across all age levels and prevents the disease from being passed from person to person. - - d. b. interestingly enough, computers are built much the same way. they start off simple, but through more and more memory, networks, grids etc., increase in complexity in an additive way. one of the biggest 2020 goals is fighting disease, a goal shared by the bill & melinda gates foundation, which has no formal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6195002862707154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.670179"} {"text": "off simple, but through more and more memory, networks, grids etc., increase in complexity in an additive way. one of the biggest 2020 goals is fighting disease, a goal shared by the bill & melinda gates foundation, which has no formal relationship with microsoft \" it is remarkable to think that it ' s 2006 and it ' s not known even how a cell works - - let alone how a human works. as a consequence, it ' s not well understood how to treat disease, \" emmott says. \" once we get to a stage where we have the tools for understanding fundamental biological processes, it is only a short step to building the tools and the languages to model how disease occurs in those biological systems - - i. e. when something goes wrong or when the system is invaded by a virus. \" emmott believes that such an approach could \" completely revolutionize how we think of treating disease and how we can identify and discover entirely novel therapies for treating diseases, whether they are third - world diseases such as malaria or first - world diseases such as cancer and obesity. \" projects are on the way. \" we ' re just getting underway on a project with my team in cambridge and one of the world ' s leading mathematical biologists at imperial college in london to build a global pandemic modeling system to predict when outbreaks of diseases will occur - - global outbreaks of diseases from avian flu to malaria. this will be a powerful tool for agencies such as the world health organization, for scientific researchers around the world to be able to use to do their own modeling [ and ] for medical research councils, as well as for interventionist types of organizations like the united nations, \" climate and the environment are key factors in understanding and predicting many diseases. \" there ' s a tremendously important relationship between environmental conditions and outbreaks of third - world diseases, but the relationship is not well understood, \" he says. \" being able to more effectively model and understand, say, climate change and increases in, or changes in, third - world diseases will be tremendously valuable eventually for agencies and foundations such as the bill & melinda gates foundation. \" the future of science, and in particular fighting disease, lies in miniaturization. take molecular computers. these tiny devices, while small enough to fit into a cell, are smart enough to understand inputs, such as whether a cell is diseased, and take actions - - for instance, releasing just the right amount of a cancer drug. in fact, one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5708762766463276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.671292"} {"text": "tiny devices, while small enough to fit into a cell, are smart enough to understand inputs, such as whether a cell is diseased, and take actions - - for instance, releasing just the right amount of a cancer drug. in fact, one of the biggest benefits of molecular machines is supporting smart drugs, which can be released or held back based on their surroundings. sensor networks are another example of tiny yet powerful tools. here, massive networks of sensors can be placed - - say, around a mountain - - that collect information on weather, plant life and trends, and help scientists understand the health of the mountain ' s ecosystem. through wireless networks, this data can be amassed and scrutinized. and science : a short course this field, also called computational biology, applies math, statistics and computer science to the understanding of biology, in particular the behavior of biological systems ( see systems machine learning : here software learns from experience. one technique is bayesian, a machine learning approach applied molecular computer : a computer small enough to fit into a cell. by detecting its surroundings and making decisions, these computers could support smart drugs. smart drugs : drugs that can adapt to their surroundings - - for instance, releasing their contents if disease is detected. stochastic : a stochastic process is \" fuzzy. \" you can collect the data and understand certain trends, but you can ' t predict precisely what will happen based on past experience. the stock market, especially given the last five years, is a prime example. systems biology : the attempt to understand how biological components work together. similar to molecular computers, small, intelligent, adaptable systems could support new artificial immune systems. \" virtual human immune systems should be able to compute the results of host - pathogen interaction, including solutions to the pattern recognition problem of discriminating between self and non - self, \" wrote soren brunak, a member of the 2020 science group, in \" towards 2020 science. \" the goal? to \" compute a specific vaccine design tailored to individuals with different tissue types in the best possible way, \" brunak computational biology, energy & global warming world health is one area where the pairing of computer science and traditional science holds tremendous promise. future energy is another. new energy sources are important for two reasons : we are running out of fossil fuels, and these fuels, most believe, contribute to global warming. science, in particular computational biology, could help. with this style of biology, scientists can build new tools for understanding biological processes. we could \" understand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5669255943679673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.672857"} {"text": "we are running out of fossil fuels, and these fuels, most believe, contribute to global warming. science, in particular computational biology, could help. with this style of biology, scientists can build new tools for understanding biological processes. we could \" understand how one of the world ' s efficient energy converters performs at such a level. there ' s something like 1. 6 kilowatts of energy [ from the sun ] that falls onto every square meter of the planet every hour. the most efficient converter of that energy from the sun into its own energy for a different purpose - - for growth - - is a plant, \" emmott says. \" it isn ' t terribly well understood how they make such efficient use of the sun ' s energy. that ' s because we don ' t even know how a cell works, whether it ' s a cell in a plant or a cell in a human. \" if we fully understood how plants convert energy, we could perhaps \" help energy companies and energy scientists mimic that process to build entirely novel technological solutions for new sources of energy that are currently unimaginable today. that ' s a decade or so away but it ' s worth pursuing, \" emmott believes. every year, humans crank out three times the amount of carbon dioxide that nature ' s \" carbon sinks \" absorb. if this keeps up, many scientists believe the planet will be forever changed by global warming, perhaps even doomed. while this problem is not on the top of the microsoft agenda, emmott ' s group does hope to help. \" our research efforts around climatology and earth life support systems, of which climate is an important one, are based around working with climatologists, oceanographers and ecologists, and building new computational tools that scientists urgently need, \" emmott says. \" climatologists are not short of data, so building tools to create yet more data is not urgently needed. what they do urgently need are software tools to model and couple the physical aspects of climate change, atmospheric and oceanographic type of effects, with the biotic - - produced or caused by living organisms - - elements of determining climates and climate change. that [ includes ] the organisms that live in the ocean that are carbon sinks, oxygen producers, regulators of the carbon cycles and regulators of climate, and also the biotic aspects such as forests - - terrestrial sources of carbon sinks and oxygen producers. it is currently largely unknown how the two interact - - the physical and biotic components", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5450780666671122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.674333"} {"text": "oxygen producers, regulators of the carbon cycles and regulators of climate, and also the biotic aspects such as forests - - terrestrial sources of carbon sinks and oxygen producers. it is currently largely unknown how the two interact - - the physical and biotic components. it is largely unknown what the impact is of the biotic components. it ' s an incredibly important component but just one that ' s not understood, \" science gives back microsoft is also working with the sloan digital sky survey, and has already helped craft an online astronomy catalog. physicists and astronomers for centuries have tried to unravel the mysteries of the universe - - yet after all this work our picture is far from complete. \" understanding the universe is a large - scale data - acquisition and data - analysis problem. that is one [ area ] where the standard software tools that microsoft currently produces, from web services to database technologies to better acquire, share and analyze large scale data in the science community, can help the science community understand origins of the universe and how the universe works, \" while science pushes the envelope of computing, computing and microsoft also \" science is where the real action is going to be for computer science over the next decade. by being at the cutting edge of the intersection of science and computer science, microsoft will gain remarkable insight as to the key things the company needs to do on the broad business and personal computing challenges and opportunities a decade later. they can think of what ' s happening at the intersection of science and computing as being like formula one. bmw and ferrari do formula one because the technology they need to develop to compete in formula one ends up in any standard family car a decade later - - and its gives them remarkable insights into technical engineering, \" emmott says. the 2020 roadmap is more specific. it argues that by 2015, the work done to build new scientific software frameworks will \" radicalize \" business computing. and beyond 2020, we should look for \" novel, biologically inspired computing architectures and paradigms, \" according to the roadmap.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5584995895719089, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.675245"} {"text": "understanding racism today requires that one understand the subtleties of the language of those who perpetuate it. please contribute to the glossary in the comments section. i will add confirmed, relevant and accurate tropes to the glossary. please read the entire article first. please note the difference between individual uses of prejudiced language and institutional racism. i encourage readers who have not yet already, to investigate this subject, which i \u2019 ll inevitably be posting on. the following post addresses use of racially prejudiced language and ideas in the context of institutional racism. as a result of the abolition of slavery, then later desegregation and the civil rights movement, and finally the combination of contemporary cultural pressures and demographic shifts, the language of racial prejudice and bigoted assumptions has changed dramatically, especially over the last 50 or so years. words that start with n are no longer the haute couture of racists and privilege - denying whites. although the old words are cropping up in specific places which guarantee anonymity and / or acceptance, the use of subtlety, context, subjective subtext and nuance have taken the place of open slurs and language. here we \u2019 ll take a look at some of these words and tropes, their context, and their meaning. many of these words are not new to the racist vocabulary, though many of the old words have taken on new aspects or are used in different contexts. this will be a modified open - source project, the only restriction being that the author has discretion over the final product. please put suggestions in the comments below. all black panthers are new black panthers - trope. a problem of assumptions and lack of disambiguation. used by people who have never read a factually correct book or article about the black panther party ( bpp ). this trope occurs because users are not aware that the bpp were black marxist revolutionaries, whereas the new black panther party ( nbpp ), which is not an actual descendant organization of the bpp, is a black nationalist organization. a way for whites to trumpet their ignorance of black history. see hoodlums, hooligans, thugs. fear of a black planet ensues. associated with the old - school trope, they all look the same to me. animal ( s ) - label. used in context to describe a person of color. this becomes a trope and is multiplied by the factors of age group, gender / sex, and socioeconomic disposition. multipliers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.562976405609069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.684425"} {"text": "look the same to me. animal ( s ) - label. used in context to describe a person of color. this becomes a trope and is multiplied by the factors of age group, gender / sex, and socioeconomic disposition. multipliers therefore include mob, teen mob, welfare queen and \u201c young people \u201d in scare quotes. barbarians - label. used ambiguously to refer to people of color, especially in regard to growing demographic shifts in the u. s. : \u201c our socioculture [ sic ] is raising barbarians in greater numbers with each passing decade. \u201d ( quoted from a typical comment at the blaze, regarding a story about a white girl and some cops who were attacked by teenagers \u2013 most of whom were evidently pocs. ) diversity - word / trope. used to denote the idea that mixing of the races in culture and relationships is inherently bad. users of this trope commonly cite any news event that they think proves their racism to be correct. usually users have an obsession with this trope. as in : \u201c this is what happens when obama introduces diversity into western civilization. \u201d ( apocryphal ) entitlements aka \u201c entitlement mentality \u201d - word / trope. the brazen assumption that pocs are lazy and self - entitled. also negates the fact that many persons who at one time receive social aid are the very people who at another time subsidized it in the first place. a blatant announcement of assumptions created by racial prejudice. see welfare, welfare queens. fear of a black planet - trope. the hysterical fear of living in a society where whites are a minority and blacks are a majority. feral youth - label / trope. this trope refers to poor people of color living in inner cities. it is often used interchangeably with hoodlums, hood rats and similar tropes. hoodlums, hooligans, thugs - labels / tropes. these words / tropes are commonly used ambiguously to refer to the spectre or threat of black power. users commonly make correlation fallacies while reading news reports from sites that only present negative information about non - conservative people of color, such as the blaze and worldnutdaily. they then ascribe hoodlum status to urban youth of color ; though the trope extends regardless of age. hood rats - label / word / trope. used ambiguously, this trope enables users to insult black people two - fold : because not all supposed \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5601097394274452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.685428"} {"text": "hoodlum status to urban youth of color ; though the trope extends regardless of age. hood rats - label / word / trope. used ambiguously, this trope enables users to insult black people two - fold : because not all supposed \u201c hood rats \u201d are non - white, this trope is not only meant to target black folks but also targets black culture \u2019 s influence on female - bodied white teens / children. inner city youths - trope. this label enables white conservatives to bash people of color with its degree of ambiguity, which is very thin considering the common knowledge that inner urban areas most often have a higher population of people of color. see also animal ( s ), zoo, hoodlums, hooligans, thugs. leave the cities - trope. also known among pocs as \u201c white flight \u201d, this trope is used by racist whites to denote the fact that urban areas often have higher concentrations of pocs, leaving white conservatives and supremacists to urge each other to \u201c flee the cities! \u201d mob - word / label. used to describe more than two people who are persons of color. frequently levied at teenagers. used to describe a plethora of situations, such as people in urban areas, or gatherings of black people. extenuating circumstances may mean that this term will be applied to whites who are not conservative, such as occupy wall street. never applied to right - wing groups in these circumstances. obama is kenyan ( or marxist, muslim, communist, et al. ) - trope. with the radical reaction by conservative whites to the election of a black person to the presidency of the u. s., this trope was bound to occur. it is a testament to the rabid fear of blacks in power. fear of a black planet ensues. political correctness ( pc ) is bad - trope. used by conservative white people who themselves use politically correct language to employ subtle racism / bigotry. an error of projection, as no one has benefited more from pc language than white racists / bigots who use pc in the home or at work, but not in their minds, in private conversation or anonymously on the internet. pc allows bigots to socially function while still clinging to a bigoted mindset. prepare yourself, aka prepare for the coming racial wars - trope. this trope comes in many forms and is favored especially by survivalist types, but is widespread among white conservatives. its pathology is twofold : a desire by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.519555465740326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.686295"} {"text": "nahuatl, known as \u201c mexicano \u201d by many of its speakers, is the most widely spoken indigenous language in mexico. it was the lingua franca of the aztec empire and is currently one of mexico \u2019 s official languages. it belongs to the uto - aztecan language family, which spread from the united states southwest to central america. in fact, it is theorized that nicaragua \u2019 s etymology comes from the nahuatl words \u201c nican ca anahuac, \u201d which roughly translates to \u201c here is anahauc \u201d denoting the geographical limits of the aztec empire. there are currently several regional varieties of nahuatl, including one still spoken in el salvador. all in all, today the language boasts over 1. 5 million native speakers. nahuatl is an agglutinative language and is rich in morphology. its classical form was highly metaphorical and poetic in style. some of the literary treasures studied in depth by scholars are the poems of nezahualcoyotl ( \u201c coyote in fast \u201d ) and the huehuetlahtolli ( literally \u201c the ancient word \u201d ), which is an ancient collection of sayings, exhortations, and the traditional wisdom of the culture which helped preserve and pass down family values and ideals to generations \u2014 until the spanish invasion. the good news is that despite the imposition of spanish and trends showing a slight decline in the number of nahuatl monolinguals, there has recently been a growing interest in nahuatl. aided by a movement of cultural revival, specifically in many areas of the united states, nahuatl \u2019 s resilience is in part due to the cultural consciousness and commitment of the new generation of mexicans. sergio avila ( @ nahualyolotl ) is part of that generation who are working to keep the language alive. using social media he strives to preserve the language and teach the rich history and culture of his ancestors. he has primarily been using his twitter account, which has more than 1, 000 followers to post a nahuatl \u201c word of the day \u201d as a way to teach and to interact with other up and coming learners of this indigenous language. he also is an administrator of the nahuatl facebook page. here is a short interview with sergio conducted in the nahuatl language : rising voices : tell us about yourself. notoca sergio, ompa mexihco tenochtitlan nichanti. ce pohualli ihuan chicoace xihuitl nicpia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4476782042732984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.691458"} {"text": "sergio conducted in the nahuatl language : rising voices : tell us about yourself. notoca sergio, ompa mexihco tenochtitlan nichanti. ce pohualli ihuan chicoace xihuitl nicpia. nitlacuilo ihuan ompa \u201c twitter \u201d ihuan \u201c facebook \u201d nitemachtia nochin cemilhuitl in nahuatlahtolli. rv : how long have you been studying nahuatl? how did you become interested in the language and how did you learn it? ome xihuitl nahuatlahtolli onicmomaxtic. ihcuac onimomatic \u00bf tleica in mexihcatlaca titlahtoah caxtillantlahtolli intla tehuan ahmo caxtillantlaca?. ompa \u201c tepeticpac tlahtolcalli, ce telpochcalli. rv : how do you use social media for language preservation? what kind of response are you seeing from your followers on twitter and facebook? nochin cemilhuitl ce nahuatlahtolli nitlacuiloa ompa \u201c twitter \u201d ihuan \u201c facebook \u201d. in tlacah quinpactiah notequiuh miec, inon nechpactia miec. in tlacah nechtlacuiloa \u201c pahpaquiliztli \u201d ihuan \u201c miec tlazohcamati \u201d. rv : give us an example or two of a \u201c nahuatl word of the day \u201d ( # palabranahuatl ) 1. nahualyolotl : corazon de nahual ( nahual es el ser que se reboza bajo la piel de otro, asi como parte de nuestra alma fuera de nuestro cuerpo, parecido a un \u201c animal totemico \u201d propio ) # palabranahuatl 2. chicahualiztli : fuerza ( fisica ) # palabranahuatl 2. chicahualiztli : strength ( physical ) rv : in your opinion, what is the future of the nahuatl language? nicneltoca intla cachi tlacah in nahualthtolli quimatizque ( tlen inon notequiuh ), yehuan quiihtazque iquetzalcayo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45796871163364117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.692183"} {"text": "part 4 of doug sovern \u2019 s kcbs cover story series on online high school classes. | part 1 | part 2 | part 3 alameda ( kcbs ) \u2013 tens of thousands of california high school students make up for failed classes by taking them again online with results that educators and students alike acknowledge demonstrates the need to re - think remote education. \u201c i think it should be changed so you learn from it, but i don \u2019 t think it should be taken away because it does help people get their credits back, \u201d said brittany mcgovern, an alameda high school student who had a frustrating experience trying to re - take failed math and social studies classes. mcgovern described being surrounded by so many unfocused students that she just stopped going to the computer center to finish her geometry and ethnic studies make - ups. her experience captures the challenge inherent in tailoring online education to the facebook and youtube generation of digital natives who grew up on the internet, said sally murphy, senior director of undergraduate studies at cal state east bay. \u201c the online environment for a lot of high school students is a social environment. it \u2019 s not a work environment. students who see the computer as a playground are less likely to take it seriously, \u201d she said. the result is students who get through classes without remembering what they were supposed to learn, murphy said. two - thirds of the incoming freshmen at cal state university campuses need to take remedial classes because their high schools gave them a diploma, but not an adequate education. critics say too many high schools feel pressured to raise graduation rates and let students make up classes by taking poorly supervised online courses. when properly supervised though, former alameda principal mike cooper believes, cyber high can work by keeping kids who might otherwise drop out from going over the edge academically. \u201c i really think there \u2019 s a place for it, but to call it learning and to call it a rigorous curriculum is, i don \u2019 t think, truthful, \u201d cooper said. \u201c it needs to be watched and monitored and make sure that there \u2019 s actual learning going on, they \u2019 re not just giving credits away. \u201d the boom in online learning can be attributed in part to how little it costs districts that according to murphy, the cal state east bay administrator, now need to refocus on making sure kids actually learn and not just pass. \u201c that means a smaller classroom. that means more teacher time. it means that we need to give more money to k - 12 education, \u201d she said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4277359979250781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.698487"} {"text": "school cafeterias across the country are serving up delicious and different menu items that are nutritious too. whether it ' s spicy stir fry, chicken curry salad, or cuban style roast pork, international recipes helps school districts to meet nutrition standards in a fun way. it also helps students to understand and appreciate different cultures. to provide students a wider range of vegetables, wayzata public schools in mn offers a spicy lemon chicken stir fry dish full of veggies like broccoli, carrot strips, green beans, crisp water chestnuts, onions and julienned red bell pepper. highline school district, wa ( featured in the video ) below provides kids with fun, educational activities that match the cultures represented on the lunch menu to promote cultural awareness among students. interested in ethnic menu options? check out the whole story and learn more about new ethnic school menus at : http : / / www. traytalk. org / ethnic - foods - spicing - up - school - menus / tray talk is not mealtalk! do you know that tray talk and mealtalk are different programs? mealtalk is usda ' s listserv and tray talk ( www. traytalk. org ) is sna ' s website for parents to help them understand the facts about school meals and learn about school nutrition success stories from around the country. \u00a9 2000 - 2013 school nutrition association, all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47652576741898556, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.701778"} {"text": "north berwick high school ' s health web. the pages on this site contain a range of interesting tasks designed to help pupils increase their understanding of health and wellbeing. are used by a variety of subjects across the school to enhance work in the classroom and at home. our bodyzone for a wide range of tasks to help you learn how your body works. you will also discover what you should and should not do to take proper care of your body. after all, it ' s the only one you ' ve got! our school health web includes a number of health challenges on a4 worksheets. they cover important matters of health and wellbeing and capture the interest of pupils by the use of quiz - based exercises in a variety of styles. click below to try some out : above to open the file. if your browser is google chrome you may need to right click and use ' save link as ' to download health care is very important in britain. but how much do you know about health care and the national health service? your teacher may display the health alphabet above on a alternatively, you can click on the image to open up the sheet on this computer. the answers are listed at are you easily you touch a wasp? even a dead one? the feeling of disgust plays an important role in keeping us healthy. find out how by completing an online bbc experiment. click the picture and follow the instructions carefully.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46133336207464476, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.703357"} {"text": "unless you ' re a detective, a thief or a strangely nosy person, you wouldn ' t take your neighbor ' s trash and dump it in your kitchen, let alone consume it. on the other hand, if you were dying of scurvy, those limes they threw away after last night ' s margarita party might look surprisingly appetizing. accepting a transplant of someone else ' s stool, however carefully tested, might sound just as extreme, but - - thanks in part to its effectiveness in treating the intractable bug clostridium difficile - - fecal microbiota transplantation might just be the next big thing in medicine [ sources : grady ; hudson ; mayo clinic ]. c. difficile, an emerging epidemic in hospitals and nursing homes, primarily affects older patients during long stays in care facilities. like opportunistic weeds, the bacteria move into areas of the gut decimated by the very antibiotics intended to oust infections ( antibiotics don ' t distinguish bacterial friend from foe ). once in the gut, c. difficile cranks out toxins that damage the intestinal lining, causing symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life - threatening colon inflammation. to make matters worse, c. difficile has grown increasingly virulent and antibiotic - resistant in recent years [ sources : grady ; hudson ; mayo clinic ]. sending bacteria to fight bacteria makes good sense. far from being a mere batch of bugs, many bacteria and other microbes are not only our friends, they are part of us. our bodies contain nine to 10 times as many microbial cells as human ones ; we each play host to 100 trillion bacteria. it ' s all part of a microbiome, an ecosystem of microbial communities that perform all kinds of useful work, from enabling digestion to aiding our immune systems [ sources : khoruts ; zimmer ; zimmer ]. the recognition of microbial contributions to health has given rise to the growing field of medical ecology, which approaches the body ' s microbiome as a garden to be nurtured and, if necessary, weeded. fecal transplantation extends this philosophy to \" organically mulching \" the gut garden : stool from a healthy donor contains beneficial gut microorganisms, aka flora, 60 - 80 percent of which will take up residence in the recipient ' s gut, replacing those destroyed by antibiotics and infections, and overthrowing harmful communities like c. difficile [ sources :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49253279216016405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.706011"} {"text": "download chapter 3 : ' basic soa using rest ' this chapter is excerpted from the book titled, soa using java web services, authored by mark hansen, published by prentice hall professional, may, 2007, isbn 0130449687, copyright 2007 pearson education, inc. for more information please visit : www. prenhallprofessional. com 3. 1. 1 what is rest? rest - style services ( i. e., restful services ) adhere to a set of constraints and architectural principles that include the following : - restful services are stateless. as fielding writes in section 5. 1. 3 of his thesis, \" each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server. \" - restful services have a uniform interface. this constraint is usually taken to mean that the only allowed operations are the http operations : get, post, put, and delete. - rest - based architectures are built from resources ( pieces of information ) that are uniquely identified by uris. for example, in a restful purchasing system, each purchase order has a unique uri. - rest components manipulate resources by exchanging representations of the resources. for example, a purchase order resource can be represented by an xml document. within a restful purchasing system, a purchase order might be updated by posting an xml document containing the changed purchase order to its uri. these are the basic principles behind rest. however, when people talk about the benefits of restful systems today, they usually are not strictly applying these principles. for example, among rest advocates, keeping shopping cart data on the server and maintaining a session related to the shopping process that is using the cart is acceptable. 2 in fact, the xml / http binding provided by jax - ws for implementing restful services provides for session management capabilities using cookies, url rewriting, and ssl session ids. more significant deviations from fielding ' s definition of rest involve getting around the \" uniform interface \" constraint by embedding verbs and parameters inside urls. the amazom. com rest interface, for example, includes verbs in query strings and doesn ' t have unique uris for each resource. systems like this, although labeled as restful, are really starting to look very much like rpc using xml over http without soap. for the purposes of this book, i am not going to wade into a debate on what is or isn ' t rest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.507340541711764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.712531"} {"text": "like this, although labeled as restful, are really starting to look very much like rpc using xml over http without soap. for the purposes of this book, i am not going to wade into a debate on what is or isn ' t restful. i simply define restful web services in contrast to soap web services. table 3 \u2013 1 illustrates the principal differences. a. some would argue that xml schema could be used as an interface definition for restful services. not only is that approach possible, but it is used in many practical cases. however, it is not a complete interface solution because many, if not most, restful services incorporate http parameters ( e. g., url query strings ) in addition to xml as part of their invocation interface. chapter 9 looks at the yahoo! shopping restful interface, which uses http parameters in this manner. this is consistent with common usage in the rest versus soap debates. rest uses simple xml over http without a wsdl interface definition. 3. 1. 2 topics covered in this chapterin addition to introducing restful web services, this chapter introduces and reviews some basic techniques for integrating enterprise information systems ( eiss ) using xml, xslt, http, and java. for each example, i demonstrate how to implement it with and without jws. the versions of the examples without jws use basic java http and xml techniques. both approaches are provided to give you a sense of what is really happening, under the covers, when a web service is consumed or deployed using jws. this should give you a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying jws and when to use them. for simple web services, often it is easier to work with the basic java tools than to pull out all the power of jws. on the other hand, you will see from these examples how things can quickly get complicated and require the power of the jws technologies. since one focus of this book is on soa - style development for the enterprise, many of the examples deal with eis \u2014 the basic infrastructure of most corporate computing environments. this chapter describes - structuring eis records as xml documents - getting eis records from a rest service ( with and without jws ) - posting eis records to a rest service ( with and without jws ) - basic soa - style integration of rest services using xslt for data transformation - deploying a rest service to be used for getting eis records \u2014 in other words, an http get service ( with and without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4963670249512749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.713628"} {"text": "with and without jws ) - basic soa - style integration of rest services using xslt for data transformation - deploying a rest service to be used for getting eis records \u2014 in other words, an http get service ( with and without jws ) - deploying a rest service to be used for posting eis records \u2014 in other words, an http post service ( with and without jws ) 3. 2 xml documents and schema for eis recordsthe first step toward implementing an soa component that consumes or provides eis records involves formatting the eis records that need to be exchanged as xml documents. this process is formalized by creating an xml schema to represent the structure of an xml document for a particular eis record. this section introduces some simple examples that are used throughout this chapter to illustrate the role of xml and xml schema in soa - style applications development based on web services. understanding these examples requires a basic knowledge of xml and xml schema. if you are new to xml, you should get an introductory text such as beginning xml by david hunter et al. [ hunter ]. for the necessary background on xml schema, i suggest definitive xml schema by priscilla walmsley [ walmsley ]. alternatively, if you know basic xml, but need to brush up on xml schema, you can probably find all you need to know for this book by reading through the w3c ' s \" xml schema part 0 : primer \" [ xsd part 0 ]. to illustrate how xml is used, i employ an example based on the fictitious xyz corporation. the example illustrates real soa challenges faced by many companies. xyz corporation has an order management system ( oms ) that needs to be integrated with a customer service system ( css ). the oms should be thought of as an eis, such as sap, for taking customer orders and tracking them through delivery. the css should be thought of as an eis, such as oracle ' s siebel customer relationship management applications, that is used by customer service employees as a tool for handling customer inquiries. xyz corporation would like to build an soa application bridging the oms and the css. every time a new order is entered in the oms ( or an existing order is updated ), the new soa application should transfer that information to the css and add it to the relevant customer ' s history log. the purpose of this soa application", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48979827110046503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.714596"} {"text": "flowering plants prevent inbreeding \u201c humans have mechanisms to prevent inbreeding that are in part cultural. but a plant can \u2019 t just get up and move to the next town to find a suitable, unrelated mate. some other system must be at work, \u201d says teh - hui kao, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at penn state and lead researcher of a team that has discovered a large suite of genes in the petunia plant that acts to prevent it from breeding with itself or its close relatives and promotes breeding with unrelated individuals. kao began to unravel the mystery of what he calls a \u201c non - self recognition system \u201d in the mid - 1980s by studying the genetic sequence of petunias. petunias and many common garden plants are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs, and these reproductive organs are located in close proximity within the flower. this floral anatomy makes it easy for a plant \u2019 s pollen to land on itself, resulting in self - fertilization and genetically inferior, inbred offspring. to prevent self - fertilization, many flowering plants, including the petunia, have evolved a strategy called self - incompatibility, or the ability to recognize self and non - self components within the male and female reproductive organs. the importance of bees \u201c we are losing more than a third of our colonies each winter, but beekeepers are a stubborn, industrious bunch. we split hives, rebound as much as we can each summer, and then just eat our losses. so even these big loss numbers understate the problem, \u201d says beekeeper for 50 years, david hackenberg, who owns the buffy bee honey farm outside tampa, fla. \u201c what folks need to understand is that the beekeeping industry, which is responsible for a third of the food we eat, is at a critical threshold. \u201d increasing fruit and veggie consumption : now is the time \u201c now that the president has signed first lady michelle obama \u2019 s child nutrition bill into law, and with debate beginning in early 2011 on the next farm bill, now is the time for strong, vocal support in favor of aligning education and agricultural policy with food and nutrition policy \u2026 the need to create a nexus between education, agricultural and nutrition policy has never been greater. farm and food policy should be linked more strongly with national health and nutrition goals. data released by the produce for better health foundation warns that in order to close the fruit and vegetable consumption gap, the united states department", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4788787569745246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.719043"} {"text": "and nutrition policy has never been greater. farm and food policy should be linked more strongly with national health and nutrition goals. data released by the produce for better health foundation warns that in order to close the fruit and vegetable consumption gap, the united states department of agriculture needs to close its spending gap. fruits and vegetables should account for 40 percent of a recommended daily diet, yet only 20 percent of what usda spends on food initiatives is on fruits and vegetables. to put the usda \u2019 s spending priorities in perspective, current subsidy allocations are : meat : 54. 7 percent dairy ( non - butter ) : 11. 4 percent fruits and vegetables : 9. 8 percent as congress moves towards considering the reauthorization of the 2012 farm bill, questions about the cost of the bill amidst growing calls for fiscal constraint will likely dominate the debate. what is important to remember is the status quo : without realigning our spending priorities, america will continue to pay $ 56 billion a year for diet - related chronic diseases specifically due to low fruit and vegetable consumption. both in human terms and in financial terms, poor nutrition is costing us dearly. \u201d \u2014 from an article by elizabeth pivonka, president and ceo of the produce for better health foundation, in the sun senital corn growers push ethanol last year, south dakota passed an ethanol blender pump incentive grant program \u2014 a program that reimburses fueling stations up to $ 10, 000 per pump to install alternative fueling infrastructure \u2014 and it \u2019 s been a huge success according to state officials. which prompted gale lush from the american corn growers foundation to ask, \u201c if they can do it in south dakota, why not here in nebraska and across the country? and, why not use more than $ 15 billion in foreign tax credit to do it? if you could take some of these subsidies from the oil companies that are producing oil overseas \u2014 that $ 15 billion, for instance \u2014 and channel them back here domestically we could start building our infrastructure here, \u201d lush says. and he said the best way to do that is by financing blender pumps. nebraska may be the second largest producer of ethanol in the country, but there are only about five pumps in the state. \u201c south dakota is a good model. they \u2019 ve had these blender pumps for years. they \u2019 re using the recovery act that was passed last year to help finance them. our state could do the same thing if they want to, \u201d says lush, adding that the first step in building an ethanol infrastructure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40818072842609093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.720177"} {"text": "augusta christine fells was born on february 29, 1892, in green cove springs, florida. she began making sculptures as a child, using the natural clay abundant in her area. she liked to sculpt animals and other small figures, but her father didn ' t approve of it, and did whatever he could to stop her. he was a methodist minister and believed it was a sin to make \" graven images. \" savage once said that her father \" almost whipped all the art out of me. \" \" from the time i can first recall the rain falling on the red clay in florida. i wanted to make things. when my brothers and sisters were making mud pies, i would be making ducks and chickens with the mud. \" but when he found a statue she sculpted of the virgin mary, he changed his mind. she entered some of her pieces into county fairs and won a number of honors. when she could not create a successful career as a sculptor in florida, she moved to new york city, where she was able to study at the cooper union, which offered free tuition, and eventually even gave her a scholarship for her living expenses. while she was at cooper union, she applied for a program to study sculpture abroad in france, but was denied solely because of her race. instead of taking it lightly, she raised a fuss, wrote letters to the media, bringing attention to the racists practices of the program. the program still refused to accept her, but her life was changed, and she became quite active in the civil rights fight. and she became better acquainted with the movers and shakes in the movement. she was even commissioned to sculpt busts of famous civil rights leaders like w. e. b. du bois and marcus garvey. and she did eventually travel to paris on the julius rosenwald fellowship, while enabled her study for one year. when she returned to harlem, she was very active in the art scene, taught classes in the community, and in 1932 established the savage studio of arts and crafts. a few years later, she became the first director of the harlem community arts center - - which is considered to be the forerunner of similar community arts centers around the country. her work is lovely and quite evocative. of all the pieces i ' ve seen, though, this one is my favorite.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4310441409363468, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.726388"} {"text": "siecus ' international policy and advocacy efforts have focused on monitoring, reporting, and taking actions on the activities of the opposition ; ensuring the evidence - based hiv - prevention strategies are implemented ; and equipping advocates wit the tools, skills, and critical information tot secure and protect sexual and reproductive health education programs, services, and rights. as we update our site, please visit back regularly to see updated news and resources. mexico city ministerial declaration \u2013 \u201c educating to prevent \u201d / declaracion ministerial de la ciudad de mexico \u2013 \u201c prevenir con educacion \u201d the mexico city ministerial declaration \u2013 \u201c educating to prevent, \u201d is a strategic tool to strengthen hiv prevention efforts in latin america and the caribbean ( lac ) by ensuring access to quality, comprehensive sexuality education and sexual and reproductive health services. the declarationseeks to foster equity among all people and to combat discrimination, including that based on an individual \u2019 s hiv status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. the needs of most - at - risk individuals are not forgotten and figure prominently in the goals of the declaration. please find below four fact sheets in a series on the ministerial declaration created by siecus for the pan american health organization ( paho ). afrontando la homofobia en las escuelas : como partes interesadas clave pueden garantizar escuelas seguras e inclusivas ( pdf ) unesco \u2019 s international technical guidance on sexuality education released the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) recently released the international technical guidance on sexuality education : an evidence - informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators. we wanted to bring your attention to this two - part document which provides a framework to develop and implement comprehensive sexuality education to ensure that young people have access to evidence - based, medically - accurate, and age - appropriate information to make safe and healthy decisions. read more... safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of hiv / sti, violence and mental health problems siecus staff participated in an experts consultation convened by the pan american health organization ( paho ) safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of hiv / sti, violence and mental health problems in mexico city, september 3 - 4, 2009. it was attended by experts in the promotion of sexual health and comprehensive sexuality education ; educators, researchers, and policy makers with experience in addressing bullying, harassment, violence, and abuse in schools. read more...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4594287531466653, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.729260"} {"text": "march is national women \u2019 s history month by smw staff march is national women \u2019 s history month, a time to recognize the important contributions made by women. one region in the u. s. is highlighting women \u2019 s history month by encouraging people to visit specific sites to learn more. the journey through hallowed ground national heritage area is a 180 - mile long, 75 - mile wide swath of land that stretches from gettysburg, pennsylvania, to thomas jefferson \u2019 s monticello in charlottesville, virginia, and contains a rich collection of sites that chronicle important contributions women have made throughout history. here are a few suggestions that will help you decide to take the journey\u2122. while most envision men and boys marching the battlefield in gettysburg, pa, many of the town \u2019 s heroes are actually women. after the epic battle in 1863, women were often the only ones to tend to the wounded and take charge in cleaning up the town. one such woman is elizabeth thorn. elizabeth who was six months pregnant and the mother of three children, dug over one hundred graves in the rocky soil in the extreme july heat. today, a statue of elizabeth thorn stands outside the cemetery gatehouse as part of the gettysburg civil war women \u2019 s memorial. continuing down route 15, visitors should stop by the national shrine of saint elizabeth ann seton in emmitsburg, md. this site promotes the life and legacy of the elizabeth ann bayley seton, the first native - born saint from the united states. seton, who lived, worked, died, and is now buried here, founded the sisters of charity of st. joseph \u2019 s. her enduring legacy now includes hundreds of schools, social service centers, and hospitals throughout the world. she was canonized by pope paul vi in 1975 in st. peter \u2019 s square. near sharpsburg, maryland, a monument stands at antietam national battlefield to clara barton, one of the most honored women in american history. known as the \u201c angel of the battlefield, \u201d barton brought supplies and nursing aid to the wounded at several civil war battle sites. she later founded the american red cross in 1881 and led it for the next 23 years. first ladies also left their mark within the region. jackie kennedy \u2019 s style and grace epitomized loudoun county \u2019 s horse country and its capital, middleburg. in the early 1960s, the kennedy \u2019 s used middleburg as an escape from washington by leasing, and then building, their own country retreat. in the 1990s, jackie kennedy onassis often returned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4022140130139381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.734678"} {"text": "horse country and its capital, middleburg. in the early 1960s, the kennedy \u2019 s used middleburg as an escape from washington by leasing, and then building, their own country retreat. in the 1990s, jackie kennedy onassis often returned to spend foxhunting weekends in the middleburg countryside, which was filled with happy memories from her time as first lady. today, visitors can see memorabilia at the red fox inn and other establishments the first lady patronized, and the town \u2019 s public pavilion and garden are dedicated to jackie. in spotsylvania county, the spotsylvania museum has a special exhibit at the spotsylvania towne center about the battle of chancellorsville, which commemorates its sesquicentennial in may. the exhibit features the hawkins girls, who were at home at the time of general stonewall jackson \u2019 s flank attack across their property. the exhibit will be on display through may 2. edna lewis, born in freetown, virginia, inspired a generation of young african american chefs and ensured traditional southern foods and preparations would live forever. before her culinary journey began, lewis found work as a seamstress and copied christian dior dresses for dorcas avedon. she made a dress for marilyn monroe and became well known for her african - inspired dresses. eventually, lewis opened up cafe nicholson, a restaurant located in manhattan \u2019 s east side. she became a local legend and cooked for many celebrities such as marlon brando, marlene dietrich, tennessee williams, greta garbo, howard hughes, salvador dali, eleanor roosevelt, and truman capote. and finally, visitors should also make a point to stop at ash lawn - highland in charlottesville, virginia. this home of president james monroe, and his wife elizabeth kortright monroe, served as the official residence of the former first family from 1799 to 1823. here, they regularly welcomed friends, neighbors, dignitaries, and other visitors with warm hospitality. there are many other historic sites pertaining to notable women within the journey through hallowed ground national heritage area. maps, suggested itineraries, and other travel resources are available at www. hallowedground. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4351367243226114, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.735546"} {"text": "matter in the corona and solar wind is derived from the outer convective zone ( ocz ) of the sun. isotopic abundances of the less volatile elements in the solar atmosphere are probably very similar to terrestrial, lunar and meteoritic abundances. from such elements it is possible to infer the amount of isotopic fractionation under varying conditions in the solar wind source region. for many species, the solar wind provides the only source of information, which is important for many cosmochemical and astrophysical applications. knowledge of the isotopic composition of the ocz will yield information on the early solar nebula and the history of the solar system. the celias solar wind mass spectrometer ( mtof, mass time - of - flight sensor ) has unprecedented mass resolution for solar wind composition studies, and has already measured rare elements and isotopes that were previously not resolvable from more abundant neighboring species, or were not previously observable at all. the mtof sensor is routinely measuring isotopic abundance variations for several elements ( neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, argon, calcium, iron, and nickel ), some of which have never been previously observed in either the solar wind, solar energetic particles, or spectroscopically. among the new solar wind isotopes are those of silicon, sulfur, calcium, chromium, iron, and nickel. other isotopes are being measured with a much finer temporal resolution than previously available ( on the order of minutes / hours instead of months / years ). previously, neon and argon solar wind isotopic measurements were available only from foil measurements collected during the apollo lunar landings - clearly a limited data set! the first magnesium isotope measurements have been reported by mtof ' s sister sensor wind / sms / mass. this image shows isotopes of chromium, iron, and nickel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5246077745428075, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.741907"} {"text": "marine science students at tates creek high school are raising largemouth bass and growing vegetables without soil in a new three - level aquaponics station, which recycles water in a sustainable food - production model. in the simple setup, water from the fish barrel trickles into the grow beds, which routinely drain so the roots get some air and the plants aren \u2019 t overly saturated. the water then is pumped back into the barrel of bass. \u201c throughout generations, it \u2019 s been done. it \u2019 s the whole idea of being sustainable and increasing your output with low input, \u201d said teacher diana mullins. \u201c in this closed system, the plants are taking less time to grow, so you \u2019 ve got a faster turnaround. in six months, the fish will be about plate - size. \u201d the project is a collaboration with foodchain, a local nonprofit run by becca self. \u201c the great thing is the fish and the plants have a symbiotic relationship. the fish waste is used by the plants as food, and they filter the water so it \u2019 s clean to go back to the fish, \u201d self said. \u201c it uses less than 10 percent of the water that conventional agriculture uses, so it \u2019 s a really environmentally friendly way of producing food. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43974397811289334, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.744120"} {"text": "the origins of intel ' s new transistor, and its future a q & a with chenming hu, coinventor of both the finfet and its likely competitor photo : peg skorpinski 9 may 2011 \u2014 last wednesday, intel announced a big change to the electronic switches at the heart of its cpus. going forward, the firm will be using three - dimensional transistors to take the place of long - used planar devices. the new transistors \u2014 dubbed \" tri - gates \" \u2014 are a variation on the finfet, a transistor design that substitutes the flat channel through which electrons flow with a 3 - d ridge, or fin. popping the channel out of plane and draping the gate \u2014 which switches the transistor on and off \u2014 over it will allow intel to shrink the smallest features in its transistors from 32 nanometers to 22 nm while cutting power consumption in half. this feat would be impossible to do with the transistor design the company had been using. how did this 3 - d design win its way into production? we asked the coinventor of the finfet, ieee fellow chenming hu, a professor emeritus at the university of california, berkeley, how the new transistors got their start, why we need them now, and where they will go from here. ieee spectrum : we \u2019 ve been shrinking two - dimensional, or planar, transistors just fine for 50 years. why are we seeing a switch to three - dimensional finfets? chenming hu : i \u2019 ll distill the problem with planar transistors to a single point. it all stems from the fact that it is very difficult to turn off a transistor when it \u2019 s very small. in other words, you can \u2019 t stop the current flowing through the transistor when you don \u2019 t want the current to flow. i \u2019 ll use an analogy to explain this. there is a garden hose lying on a soggy lawn, and you want to stop the water from flowing into this lawn. if there \u2019 s a long hose, you can call your friends to come in and put 10 pairs of hands down, and you can stop the water. now imagine you shorten the hose so you cannot even put one palm on it to stop it. now you shorten it even more, so you can only put one finger on it. it \u2019 s impossible to stop. in the past 10 years, people have dealt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5642996474290054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.752735"} {"text": "ieee spectrum : the idea for finfets has been around for a while. how did it all get started? chenming hu : darpa [ the defense advanced research projects agency ] sent out a request for proposals in 1996 for ideas to develop electronic switches beyond 25 nm. at the time, the industry was using 250 - nm transistors, and the general view was that transistors could not be scaled below 100 nm. but my students and i had already been thinking about how to get transistors to scale to 25 nm and beyond. there was a quick meeting probably lasting only five minutes between myself and two colleagues \u2014 professor tsu - jae king liu and professor jeff bokor. the meeting was short because we already knew what to do. i was on a flight to a conference in japan, and i had about 10 hours, so i just wrote down the technical proposal in longhand. i proposed two structures that we \u2019 d been thinking about for a while. one was finfets, and the other is what we call an ultrathin - body silicon - on - insulator ( utb soi ). we got the contract in 1997, and that gave us the resources to demonstrate finfets experimentally. a young graduate student named xuejue \" cathy \" huang made the working device, and the team of three professors and 11 students and visiting researchers published it in 1999. ieee spectrum : how did the industry react to the finfet paper? chenming hu : it was an instant hit. i remember cathy and i were invited to intel santa clara just a couple of months after the publication, and in that same year, 2000, i was invited to intel oregon twice. at the time, people were asking me how long it would take for the idea to get into production. i said about 10 years, so i guess i was off by one. ieee spectrum : was the attention that you got unusual for a new transistor design? chenming hu : extremely unusual. we contributed two things : we figured out a way to make the transistor manufacturable, and we showed how this thing could bring us to 25 nm and to 10 nm. we even figured out how to use the finfet to solve the two top problems plaguing mosfets today \u2014 random variations of impurity atoms and variations in gate length ( roughly the distance from the source to the drain ). so we anticipated a lot of emerging problems and showed that finfets can solve them. that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5686215099890446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.756611"} {"text": "##i were listed in the international technology roadmap for semiconductors ( itrs ). that \u2019 s an industry consensus of what \u2019 s needed to keep the industry going. they are the only two that are listed as the likely successors of the planar mosfet. i think there \u2019 s room for both, at least in the short term. utbs need less manufacturing and design development work than finfets, because utbs rely on something that the semiconductor manufacturers do not have to make. but the utb wafers cost extra money \u2014 several hundred dollars more \u2014 so it \u2019 s going to add to the cost. there may be savings in device fabrication cost, which is difficult to estimate. i think some companies, clearly intel and some larger companies, will go with finfets, and some smaller companies will go with utbs. once both are in production, then people will be able to compare the benefits side by side very easily \u2014 the economics as well as the performance. ieee spectrum : does one offer a clear advantage over the other? chenming hu : staying with the hose analogy, when you have a big thick hose, you can carry more current, so it \u2019 s good for high speed. so that \u2019 s why i think the large companies that can make the investment in finfets will probably do it, because finfets are versatile. for the companies that need to have a quick way to get beyond 22 nm, i think utb is a viable technology, especially for those companies that already have experience with the soi. the shortcoming, of course, is the flat hose \u2014 with such thin silicon, less current goes through, which translates to lower speed. ieee spectrum : some industry leaders have been quoted as saying finfets won \u2019 t be as good for low - power applications as utbs. chenming hu : i think finfets are good for low power as well, but it does take more investment to bring them to production. i think a healthy competition will ensue. the fact is, the two technologies could coexist for a while, which is a good thing for the industry and certainly a very good thing for consumers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5042786657882375, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.758615"} {"text": "ten lessons from wal - mart going green - 2011 july - august the company once derided as the \u201c bully of bentonville \u201d is now serious about green, having concluded that the clean, green, and least wasteful way of doing business is also the most profitable way of doing business. and what works for the world \u2019 s biggest company can work for anyone. so here are 10 lessons from wal - mart \u2019 s journey to the green side \u2014 five that apply to anyone, five aimed specifically at businesses. - carbon = energy = money. carbon comes from using energy. energy costs money, which means cutting carbon saves the planet and saves you money. so do what wal - mart does : use energy - efficient lighting. plant shade trees near your house or business. insulate your attic and, if you have a flat roof, paint it white. clean the filters in your refrigerator, heater, and ac. small businesses that followed wal - mart \u2019 s advice have had their energy bills drop 20 to 60 percent by taking just those steps. - waste = money. if wal - mart stores in california can cut their waste by 81 percent, anything \u2019 s possible. so cut out the disposable water bottles, and use the tap and a glass. make your own coffee instead of using all those disposable latte cups. consider bulk foods ( they \u2019 re cheaper ) and products with a longer shelf life, such as organic milk, because a shocking third of our food ends up spoiled and in the trash. compost. recycle. donate. wal - mart does all of this \u2014 and makes a cool $ 100 million a year from stuff it used to pay to have hauled to the landfill. - make sustainability about health. let \u2019 s be honest : we all say we want to be greener, but when it comes to voting with our time and our wallets, not so much. so when wal - mart wants to sell green, it emphasizes how sustainable choices are often healthy choices : organic baby food and clothes, for instance, are pesticide - free and therefore healthier for babies. and that does influence consumer behavior. - start with quick wins. wal - mart caught sustainability fever by reducing the packaging on a single toy \u2014 and finding it simultaneously saved a forest and $ 2. 5 million. what can a smaller business or household do? switching out light bulbs will garner visible savings, as will washing in cold water. or plant a vegetable garden nurtured with your own compost \u2014 the single most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4699022893420946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.764340"} {"text": "forest and $ 2. 5 million. what can a smaller business or household do? switching out light bulbs will garner visible savings, as will washing in cold water. or plant a vegetable garden nurtured with your own compost \u2014 the single most sustainable thing anyone can do. - listen to the kids. wal - mart is adopting sustainable business practices for two reasons : the fi rst is because, right now, sustainability boosts profi ts. the second has to do with the customers of tomorrow \u2014 our kids. today \u2019 s wal - mart shoppers are not particularly motivated to buy green. but their kids are. - for businesses : sustainability starts at the top. no matter the size of the company, ceos have to make sustainability their priority \u2014 and make their direct reports do the same. no one else can. - everything is fair game. for a top - down sustainability mandate to succeed, it must \u201c infect \u201d thinking throughout a business. it can \u2019 t be the job of a separate sustainability team but rather the consideration of every department and line worker, from buyers to truck drivers to warehouse foremen. - race to the top, not the bottom : keeping the company at the point where emissions, waste, toxins, and sprawl are legal is a race to the bottom. new thinking about the environment perceives it as an opportunity to use sustainability for competitive advantage, a tool to make a business leaner, cleaner, and less wasteful, beyond anything that regulations require \u2014 a race to the top. - burst the bubble, embrace the critics : when secretive, insular wal - mart decided to throw open its doors to critics, inviting environmentalists and activists inside the infamous \u201c bentonville bubble, \u201d organizations like the environmental defense fund, conservation international, and the natural resources defense council were happy to lend their expertise for free. - don \u2019 t wait for the market, lead it : wal - mart decided to get out in front of consumer demand on sustainability and found that it served the bottom line anyway \u2014 it pays to be green. but today \u2019 s sustainability eff orts mean the company will be ready when consumer demand does catch up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45756873968042955, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.765172"} {"text": "after god dramatically delivered israel from slavery in egypt, he brought them to mount sinai. there, he joined them to himself in a sacred covenant. among all the varied instructions he gave them there, how was beauty included? exod. 25 : 1 \u2013 9. 1 the first half of the book of exodus details the miraculous deliverance of israel from egypt. the second half of the book deals with issues that include beauty. the divine instructions of exodus 25 : 1 \u2013 9 are followed by exodus 25 : 10 \u2013 31 : 11, with god \u2019 s \u201c blueprints \u201d for the portable tent sanctuary, its furnishings, and the priestly vestments. fromexodus 35 : 1 to the end of the book ( exod. 40 : 38 ) are found god \u2019 s detailed descriptions, along with the record of the precise accomplishment of them. this record includes extensive details of artistry. this collection of details is tedious reading to many modern christians. but it pleased god not only to present these many instructions to the newly - freed slaves but also to include them in scripture. there are almost fifty chapters in the first five books of the bible that record god \u2019 s precise directives regarding a beautiful sanctuary. he provides not only the architectural blueprints but also the exact directions for the furnishings. it is significant that on mount sinai god gave not only the decalogue, his instructions for obedience within the covenant, but also specific directions of how to fashion a lavish structure involving almost every type of artistic skill. god was architect of it all, even inspiring the artisans to craft the minute details of decoration. nothing was left to human devising. there are more chapters regarding the plans for, and consequent building of, this sanctuary and its furnishings than for any other subject in the first five books of moses. if the earthly sanctuary was only a \u201c shadow \u201d of the heavenly, we can hardly begin to imagine the kind of beauty that must exist in the real sanctuary, the one that god himself made. why do you think it was important for the sanctuary to be so beautiful? perhaps to give the people a sense of awe before the power and grandeur of god? maybe to help them sense their own need before such grandeur? how can understanding the glory of the sanctuary better help us grasp the character of god in contrast to our own earthliness and sinfulness?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44290950709933735, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.767933"} {"text": "in python, for a binary file, i can write this : buf _ size = 1024 * 64 # this is an important size... with open ( file, \" rb \" ) as f : while true : data = f. read ( buf _ size ) if not data : break # deal with the data.... with a text file that i want to read line - by - line, i can write this : with open ( file, \" r \" ) as file : for line in file : # deal with each line.... which is shorthand for : with open ( file, \" r \" ) as file : for line in iter ( file. readline, \" \" ) : # deal with each line.... this idiom is documented in pep 234 but i have failed to locate a similar idiom for binary files. i have tried this : > > > with open ( ' dups. txt ', ' rb ' ) as f :... for chunk in iter ( f. read, ' ' ) :... i + = 1 > > > i 1 # 30 mb file, i = = 1 means read in one go... i tried putting iter ( f. read ( buf _ size ), ' ' ) but that is a syntax error because of the parens after the callable in iter ( ). i know i could write a function, but is there way with the default idiom of for chunk in file : where i can use a buffer size versus a line oriented? thanks for putting up with the python newbie trying to write his first non - trivial and idiomatic python script.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501086607695005, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.769929"} {"text": "update : if you \u2019 re reading these words the peak of the quadrantid meteor shower has passed. but if you missed it, you can check out this slideshow or check out the video embedded below the jump. earlier : if you didn \u2019 t see any fireworks on new year \u2019 s eve, you might want to look to the skies tonight ( well, technically very early tomorrow ). that \u2019 s when the quadrantid meteor shower will reach its peek visibility for the year. between 3 a. m. and sunrise thursday morning, as many as 120 meteors an hour fall to earth in the shower. that could make for quite a show, but there \u2019 s a problem for people who want to watch in texas. actually, there are two of them. many parts of the state are expecting cloudy weather. that alone could be a quandrantid killer for a lot of stargazers, specifically those in central and east texas. and even if you \u2019 re under clear skies tonight, the moon could get between you and the shooting stars. it will be in a bright gibbous phase, and all that light could overpower the view of weaker meteors. for those who are not likely to catch the show outdoors there is one final option, and it doesn \u2019 t involve stepping into the cold winter air. nasa will be live streaming a video of the shower from a camera mounted at its marshall space flight center in huntsville, alabama. it \u2019 s set to begin streaming at approximately 5 p. m. central time. if you still want to check the showers the old fashioned way, nasa has a few simple tips. to view quadrantids, go outside and allow your eyes 30 - 45 minutes to adjust to the dark. look straight up, allowing your eyes to take in as much of the sky as possible. it couldn \u2019 t get much more simple than that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4246709502965844, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.773370"} {"text": "| evolution of plants ferns the oldest four very old plants parka myriapods crock hey ( seed ) ferns scorpion lepidodendron sigillaria calamites wood of calamites cordaites the leaf of neuropteris little animals graissessac psaronius permian of lodeve bayreuth yorkshire gymnosperm wood tree fern tempskya palm wood hardwood manosque links eight fossils a concise report of the development of the flora i. silurian and devonian carboniferous and early permian iii. permian - early cretaceous iv. cretaceous - present | the oldest fossils of land plants visible with the naked eye are about 425 million years old. they are miniscule plants from the mid - silurian of ireland en are called cooksonia. cooksonia plants had dichotomously divided little stems with small knobs at the end. these knobs were sporangia and they were filled with spores. during about 20 or 30 millions of years these were the most common plants. they became extinct at the end of the early devonian. in the photo on the left my finest specimen of cooksonia. it comes from south wales and measures 3. 5 cm. click on the photos for enlargement. click here for more information recently microscopic remains have been found in oman indicating that land plants existed already 475 million years ago. probably land plants have developed from green algae living in the sea. | during the early devonian, from about 410 million years ago, more variation came into the flora. new groups of plants came into existence, but still the plants were small ( up to 50 cm ). flowers developed only 250 millions of years later. leaves didn ' t exist either, except for the scalelike leaves, like those of the clubmosses ( click the photo on the right ). several plants had spines ( click photo on the left ). these were not for defending the plant, for animal life on the land was still minimal and the land animals were very small ( millipedes, collembolans, trigonotarbids ( ' spiders ' ), very small crustaceans, etc. ). probably the function of the spines was to enlarge the green surface and so to enhance the assimilation. furthermore the spines could have given more hold to the plants in forming small bushes of plants of the same species, hanging more or less on each other. all plants of that period were cryptogams ( plants with spores ), like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4627948093458044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.779100"} {"text": "enhance the assimilation. furthermore the spines could have given more hold to the plants in forming small bushes of plants of the same species, hanging more or less on each other. all plants of that period were cryptogams ( plants with spores ), like at present the mosses, the ferns, the clubmosses and the horsetails. but they are so different from the living plants, that in nearly all cases it is impossible to identify to which group of recent plants they belong. all those ancient plants have become extinct. relatively little is known about these primitive plants, because only a small number of complete and well preserved plants have been found. in most cases the plants have been transported by rivers before they ended up in the mud and could fossilize. therefore the plants were mostly cut to small pieces before getting fossil. there are only a limited number of places where plants from the silurian, the lower and middle devonian have been well preserved. | a huge source of information on the oldest land plants is the so called rhynie chert. about 400 million years ago there was a kind of yellowstone park near the place where rhynie is now situated ( click on the photo on the left ). there were erupting vulcanos and geysers belching boiling water, saturated with silicium. that is how a complete silicified marsh came into existence with exceptionally well preserved plants, even showing their cell structure. many animals have also been found in the chert. the photo on the right shows a stem of the plant rhynia ( 1. 3 mm in diameter ). click here for a more extensive description of the rhynie chert. | during the middle devonian the plants became taller and little trees arose, sized up to a couple of meters. recently a trunk with attached crown has been discovered in the state of new york. this tree is called eospermatopteris and it could be sized up to 8 m. it lived in the late middle devonian. read more about this subject. from the late devonian, archaeopteris ( don ' t confuse it with the ancient bird archaeopterix ) is the most well - known tree. it was possibly a predecessor of the conifers and this tree could reach a height of 18 m. the drawing on the left is a reconstruction from the fine website devonian times. especially in belgium quite a number of plants from the upper devonian are found. an example is rhacophyton, occurring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4649389614964447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.780163"} {"text": "new study details lethal impacts of a fungicide commonly used on golf courses around the world by summit voice summit county \u2014 despite the lessons learned from the effects of ddt, people continue to use chemicals in the same organochlorine family, to the detriment of natural ecosystems. now, university of south florida researchers have shown that one of the world \u2019 s most common fungicides is lethal to a wide variety of freshwater organisms and essentially crashes ecosystems from the bottom up. biologists taegan mcmahon and jason rohr tested the effects of chlorothalonil, a common fungicides used pervasively on food crops and golf courses. even at levels below those deemed safe by the epa, the chemical killed amphibians, snails, zooplankton, algae, and aquatic plants the loss of these herbivores and plants freed the algae from predation and competition, which eventually resulted in algal blooms that were similar to the effects of eutrophication. \u201c some species were able to recover from the chemical assault, but the ecosystem was fundamentally changed after its exposure to chlorothalonil, \u201d rohr said. the four - week study was conducted in a series of 300 - gallon tanks used to mimic pond conditions. it follows a 2011 laboratory study conducted by mcmahon and rohr that found that ecologically - relevant concentrations of chlorothalonil killed four species of amphibians. \u201c although our new study is the only reported community - and ecosystem - level experiment on chlorothalonil, our results are consistent with several direct toxicity studies conducted in the laboratory and with observations in the field, \u201d mcmahon said. chlorothalonil kills molds and fungus by disrupting cellular respiration, an essential process for most multicellular organisms on the planet. like the infamous ddt, chlorothalonil is a member of the organochlorine chemical family. \u201c in addition, to reducing biodiversity and altering ecosystem functions, chlorothalonil reduced the decomposition of waste, an important service that freshwater ecosystems provide to humans, \u201d mcmahon added. \u201c interest in the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions stems at least partly from the concern that anthropogenically - driven declines in biodiversity will reduce or alter the benefits offered by ecosystems, \u201d rohr said. \u201c surprisingly, however, this is one of the first studies to actually manipulate an anthropogenic factor and link it to changes in ecosystem functions mediated by declines in biodiversity. \u201d \u201c this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4469017497475194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.784545"} {"text": "the 1st octet already specify the network class ( 1 - 127 : a, 128 - 191 : b, 192 - 223 : c etc. ). a, b, or c implies the number of octets for network ( respectively, 255. 0. 0. 0, 255. 255. 0. 0, 255. 255. 255. 0 ), which automatically tells you how many hosts is allowed for each class of while this was historically true. this hasn ' t been true for years. years ago 188. 8. 131. 52 / 8 was given out in pieces to various isps. ( i believe this was mostly to cable providers. ) even when it was true for network assignments, netmasks were necessary for internal networks to simplify routing. efficient routing of a network like 10. 0. 0. 0 / 8 requires subdivision into smaller networks. this may be a simple scheme using / 16 and / 8 subdivisions, but is more likely to be classless subdivision. larger subnets make more efficient use of address space ( over 99 % of a / 24 is available for devices, while only 50 % of a / 30 is available. the local network is routed directly from the device, while other addresses are passed through a router. hosts with multiple interfaces may be connected to networks of different sizes. for sub - nets without multi - homed hosts a / 24 contains more addresses than is required. most routers i have worked with have 24, 48, or 96 ports and can be supported with / 27, / 26, or / 25 sub - nets. this allows some extra addresses for dchp and / or multi - homing. organizations may standardize on allocating sub - nets of / 24 or / 23 for routing. since a ipv4 address already gives the information of the network and and host, why do we > still need a subnet mask? many devices use a default netmask of / 24 which in many cases matches the size of the local subnet ( localnet ) assigned to the router. this is equally applicable to classes a, b, and c. unless the subnet size matches the default subnet a netmask is required. if addresses are specified using cidr format, the netmask and network can be calculated from the address. if not the network can be calculated from the address and netmask. it is not possible to reliably calculate the netmask from the address and network. providing a gateway ( router ) address for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.508958297075007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.786952"} {"text": "select the product you need help with - internet explorer - windows phone - more products detailed explanation of fat boot sector article id : 140418 - view products that this article applies to. this article was previously published under q140418 understanding the content and function of a file system \" boot sector \" can be helpful when troubleshooting boot failures or disk corruption. from time to time, usually due to hardware failure or virus infection, a boot sector may become corrupted. if the partition is the active primary partition, or a partition containing operating system files, this can prevent the system from starting. otherwise, it may simply prevent access to data on the drive. usually, if you suspect disk corruption, it is best to use commercial anti - virus or disk recovery software. in some cases, however, detailed knowledge of the boot sector can come in handy. this article explains the various fields of a fat boot sector. using the following information, it may be possible to manually repair a damaged fat boot sector. in order to attempt such a repair, disk editing tools capable of editing raw disk sectors are required. this article does not discuss specific tools which can be used to perform such a repair operations. while every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the following information, different operating systems, including future versions of microsoft operating systems, may use different data structures. therefore you should make use of the following information at your own risk. background and terminologyin this document, a \" file system boot sector \" is the first physical sector on a logical volume. a logical volume might be a primary partition, a logical drive in an extended partition, or a composite of two or more partitions, as is the case with mirrors, stripe sets, and volume sets. on floppy disks, the boot sector is the first sector on the disk. in the case of hard drives, the first sector is referred to as the \" master boot record \" or \" mbr. \" this mbr is different from a file system boot sector and contains a partition table, which describes the layout of logical partitions on that hard drive. the file system boot sector would be the first sector in one of those partitions. the boot processthe boot process of 80x86 - based personal computers ( as opposed to risc - based systems ) makes direct use of a file system boot sector for executing instructions. the initial boot process can be summarized as follows : in the case of fat volumes which have windows nt installed, the fat boot sector is responsible for identifying the location of the file", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5130979890361008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.799415"} {"text": "systems ) makes direct use of a file system boot sector for executing instructions. the initial boot process can be summarized as follows : in the case of fat volumes which have windows nt installed, the fat boot sector is responsible for identifying the location of the file \" ntldr \" on the volume, loading it into memory, and transferring control to it. inside the fat boot sectorbecause the mbr transfers cpu execution to the boot sector, the first few bytes of the fat boot sector must be valid executable instructions for an 80x86 cpu. in practice these first instructions constitute a \" jump \" instruction and occupy the first 3 bytes of the boot sector. this jump serves to skip over the next several bytes which are not \" executable. \" following the jump instruction is an 8 byte \" oem id \". this is typically a string of characters that identifies the operating system that formatted the volume. following the oem id is a structure known as the bios parameter block, or \" bpb. \" taken as a whole, the bpb provides enough information for the executable portion of the boot sector to be able to locate the ntldr file. because the bpb always starts at the same offset, standard parameters are always in a known location. because the first instruction in the boot sector is a jump, the bpb can be extended in the future, provided new information is appended to the end. in such a case, the jump instruction would only need a minor adjustment. also, the actual executable code can be fairly generic. all the variability associated with running on disks of different sizes and geometries is encapsulated in the bpb. the bpb is stored in a packed ( that is, unaligned ) format. the following table lists the byte offset of each field in the bpb. a description of each field follows the table. bytes per sector : this is the size of a hardware sector and for most disks in use in the united states, the value of this field will be 512. field offset length - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bytes per sector 11 2 sectors per cluster 13 1 reserved sectors 14 2 fats 16 1 root entries 17 2 small sectors 19 2 media descriptor 21 1 sectors per fat 22 2 sectors per track 24 2 heads 26 2 hidden sectors 28 4 large sectors 32 4 sectors per cluster : because fat is limited in the number of clusters ( or \" allocation units \" ) that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4869488713960085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.800326"} {"text": "19 2 media descriptor 21 1 sectors per fat 22 2 sectors per track 24 2 heads 26 2 hidden sectors 28 4 large sectors 32 4 sectors per cluster : because fat is limited in the number of clusters ( or \" allocation units \" ) that it can track, large volumes are supported by increasing the number of sectors per cluster. the cluster factor for a fat volume is entirely dependent on the size of the volume. valid values for this field are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. query in the microsoft knowledge base for the term \" default cluster size \" for more information on this subject. reserved sectors : this represents the number of sectors preceding the start of the first fat, including the boot sector itself. it should always have a value of at least 1. fats : this is the number of copies of the fat table stored on the disk. typically, the value of this field is 2. root entries : this is the total number of file name entries that can be stored in the root directory of the volume. on a typical hard drive, the value of this field is 512. note, however, that one entry is always used as a volume label, and that files with long file names will use up multiple entries per file. this means the largest number of files in the root directory is typically 511, but that you will run out of entries before that if long file names are used. small sectors : this field is used to store the number of sectors on the disk if the size of the volume is small enough. for larger volumes, this field has a value of 0, and we refer instead to the \" large sectors \" value which comes later. media descriptor : this byte provides information about the media being used. the following table lists some of the recognized media descriptor values and their associated media. note that the media descriptor byte may be associated with more than one disk capacity. sectors per fat : this is the number of sectors occupied by each of the fats on the volume. given this information, together with the number of fats and reserved sectors listed above, we can compute where the root directory begins. given the number of entries in the root directory, we can also compute where the user data area of the disk begins. byte capacity media size and type f0 2. 88 mb 3. 5 - inch, 2 - sided, 36 - sector f0 1. 44 mb 3. 5 - inch, 2 - sided, 18 - sector f9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4930381214022074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.801451"} {"text": "the disk begins. byte capacity media size and type f0 2. 88 mb 3. 5 - inch, 2 - sided, 36 - sector f0 1. 44 mb 3. 5 - inch, 2 - sided, 18 - sector f9 720 kb 3. 5 - inch, 2 - sided, 9 - sector f9 1. 2 mb 5. 25 - inch, 2 - sided, 15 - sector fd 360 kb 5. 25 - inch, 2 - sided, 9 - sector ff 320 kb 5. 25 - inch, 2 - sided, 8 - sector fc 180 kb 5. 25 - inch, 1 - sided, 9 - sector fe 160 kb 5. 25 - inch, 1 - sided, 8 - sector f8 - - - - - fixed disk sectors per track and heads : these values are a part of the apparent disk geometry in use when the disk was formatted. hidden sectors : this is the number of sectors on the physical disk preceding the start of the volume. ( that is, before the boot sector itself ) it is used during the boot sequence in order to calculate the absolute offset to the root directory and data areas. large sectors : if the small sectors field is zero, this field contains the total number of sectors used by the fat volume. some additional fields follow the standard bios parameter block and constitute an \" extended bios parameter block. \" the next fields are : physical drive number : this is related to the bios physical drive number. floppy drives are numbered starting with 0x00 for the a : drive, while physical hard disks are numbered starting with 0x80. typically, you would set this value prior to issuing an int 13 bios call in order to specify the device to access. the on - disk value stored in this field is typically 0x00 for floppies and 0x80 for hard disks, regardless of how many physical disk drives exist, because the value is only relevant if the device is a boot device. field offset length - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - physical drive number 36 1 current head 37 1 signature 38 1 id 39 4 volume label 43 11 system id 54 8 current head : this is another field typically used when doing int13 bios calls. the value would originally have been used to store the track on which the boot record was located, but the value stored on disk is not currently used as such. therefore, windows nt uses this field to store two flags : id : the id is a random", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.474666003577155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.803336"} {"text": "value would originally have been used to store the track on which the boot record was located, but the value stored on disk is not currently used as such. therefore, windows nt uses this field to store two flags : id : the id is a random serial number assigned at format time in order to aid in distinguishing one disk from another. volume label : this field was used to store the volume label, but the volume label is now stored as a special file in the root directory. system id : this field is either \" fat12 \" or \" fat16, \" depending on the format of the disk. on a bootable volume, the area following the extended bios parameter block is typically executable boot code. this code is responsible for performing whatever actions are necessary to continue the boot - strap process. on windows nt systems, this boot code will identify the location of the ntldr file, load it into memory, and transfer execution to that file. even on a non - bootable floppy disk, there is executable code in this area. the code necessary to print the familiar message, \" non - system disk or disk error \" is found on most standard, ms - dos formatted floppy disks that were not formatted with the \" system \" option. finally, the last two bytes in any boot sector always have the hexidecimal values : 0x55 0xaa. troubleshootingif you suspect that a fat boot sector is corrupt, you can check several of the fields listed above to see whether the values listed there make sense. for example, bytespersector will be 512 in the vast majority of cases. you would also expect to see text strings in the executable code section of the boot sector that are appropriate for the operating system that formatted the disk. typical text strings on fat volumes formatted by ms - dos include : \" invalid system disk. \" ; \" disk i / o error. \" ; \" replace the disk, and then press any key \" ; \" non - system disk or disk error \" ; \" replace and press any key when ready. \" ; and \" disk boot failure. \" text strings on fat volumes formatted by windows nt include : \" boot : couldn ' t find ntldr. \" ; \" i / o error reading disk. \" ; and \" please insert another disk. \" you should not regard this list as being all - inclusive. if you find other messages in the boot sector, this does not necessarily indicate that there is a problem with the boot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5073153385246669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.804356"} {"text": "o error reading disk. \" ; and \" please insert another disk. \" you should not regard this list as being all - inclusive. if you find other messages in the boot sector, this does not necessarily indicate that there is a problem with the boot sector. different versions of ms - dos and windows nt will sometimes have slightly different message strings in their boot sectors. on the other hand, if you find no text whatsoever, or if the text is clearly not related to ms - dos or windows nt, you should consider the possibility that your boot sector may have been infected by a virus or that some other form of data corruption may have taken place. to recover from a boot sector that has been infected by a virus, it is usually best to use a commercial anti - virus program. many viruses will do much more than just write data to the boot sector, so manual repair of the boot sector is not recommended, as it may not completely eliminate the virus and in some cases, may do more harm than good. if you suspect that the boot sector was damaged for some other reason, it is usually best to use commercial disk recovery tools. while it may be possible to recover from boot sector damage without resorting to reformatting the drive by manually modifying the fields described above, manual editing of boot sectors should only be attempted as a last resort and cannot be guaranteed to work in situations where other disk structures may also have been damaged. article id : 140418 - last review : december 6, 2003 - revision : 3. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45997463433520325, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.805014"} {"text": "' global warming is real ' declares new scientific work from an independent group of researchers called the berkeley earth surface temperature study. the research team is at least partially funded by the koch brothers who fund several climate denial groups. the team was setup to identify flaws in the climate science of global average temperature trends, but has confirmed the analysis undertaken by nasa, noaa and the hadley centre that about 1 degree celsius of global warming has occurred since 1950. the study confirmed that \" we are seeing substantial global warming \" and subtantially eliminated arguments that heat island effects, temperature station quality, and the risk of data selection bias had more than a very modest or marginal impact on the trend for increasing global average temperatures. related commentary : nature different method, same result : global warming is real | climate progress hot dog bites skeptical man : koch - funded berkeley temperature study does \u201c confirm the reality of global warming \u201d four research papers have been released for public discussion with a view for them all to be submitted for peer review and eventually published. the research team was lead by professor richard muller, a physicist at the university of california at berkeley and included saul perlmutter who was recently announced as a winner of the 2011 nobel prize in physics ( for his work in cosmology ). muller criticised the global temperature trend during 2004 in an article in technology review, alledging that the \" hockey stick \" of global temperatures was broken. \" our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously by other teams in the u. s. and the u. k., \u201d muller said. \u201c this confirms that these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change skeptics did not seriously affect their conclusions. \" the study ruled out of contention the urban heat island effect and poor station quality in terms of bias in the results by nasa, noaa and the hadley centre. robert rohde, lead scientist for berkeley earth, noted that \" the berkeley earth analysis is the first study to address the issue of data selection bias, by using nearly all of the available data, which includes about 5 times as many station locations as were reviewed by prior groups. \" in a related study published this week - effects of urban surfaces and white roofs on global and regional climate - stanford university researchers have quantified the contribution of the heat islands on a global basis for the first time, showing that the contribution to global warming from urban heat islands is very modest compared with what greenhouse gas emissions contribute. the study also ran a simulation for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5105099083282871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.814066"} {"text": "university researchers have quantified the contribution of the heat islands on a global basis for the first time, showing that the contribution to global warming from urban heat islands is very modest compared with what greenhouse gas emissions contribute. the study also ran a simulation for the geoengineering solution of painting roofs white in urban areas to enhance local cooling. the cooling effect does work, but it also marginally increases warming on a global scale. professor jacobson advised it was better to install solar panels to combat global warming rather than paint roofs white. on the urban heat island effect the best study reported \" the urban heat island effect is locally large and real, but does not contribute significantly to the average land temperature rise. that \u2019 s because the urban regions of the earth amount to less than 1 % of the land area \". on temperature sites the best study detailed \" about 1 / 3 of temperature sites around the world reported global cooling over the past 70 years ( including much of the united states and northern europe ). but 2 / 3 of the sites show warming. individual temperature histories reported from a single location are frequently noisy and / or unreliable, and it is always necessary to compare and combine many records to understand the true pattern of global warming. \" \" the large number of sites reporting cooling might help explain some of the skepticism of global warming, \u201d rohde commented. \u201c global warming is too slow for humans to feel directly, and if your local weather man tells you that temperatures are the same or cooler than they were a hundred years ago it is easy to believe him. \" the research looked in some depth into the allegations by anthony watts that temperature results were skewed in the us due to \" poor \" station data. the research identified that these stations showed the same pattern of global warming as stations ranked \u201c ok \u201d. \" absolute temperatures of poor stations may be higher and less accurate, but the overall global warming trend is the same, and the berkeley earth analysis concludes that there is not any undue bias from including poor stations in the survey. \" the website explains in depth the methodology of the research and also publishes full datasets which required combining data from different sites and formats and building from scratch a statistical analysis of the data. while the research identifies that the same degree of global warming is ocurring as other well known analyses, it hasn ' t made an independent assessment of how much of the observed warming is due to human actions according to richard muller. scientists from australian and the uk have commented on the release of these papers. several commented that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5104634828674295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.815089"} {"text": "to the conclusion that anthropogenic drivers are responsible for the late 20th century warming. the best study, assuming its results are similar after peer review, would not change that view. \" bob ward, policy and communications director, grantham institute for climate change and the environment at the london school of economics ( lse ), said : \" this new study confirms what we already knew. the warming of the land areas of the earth since the 19th century cannot be explained by the impact of cities growing to engulf rural weather stations. so - called ' sceptics ' should now drop their thoroughly discredited claims that the increase in global average temperature could be attributed to the impact of growing cities, which create an urban heat island effect. this claim was always dubious as oceans also show the same level of warming as land areas. \" \" the warming of the earth is unequivocal and, as every major scientific organisation in the world has pointed out, the overwhelming evidence indicates that this warming is being driven by the unarguable increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. \" \" more broadly this study also proves once again how false it was for ' sceptics ' to allege that the e - mails hacked from the university of east anglia proved that the climatic research unit ' s land temperature record had been doctored. several independent inquiries, and now this study, have shown that allegation to be entirely untrue. it is now time for an apology from all those, including us presidential hopeful rick perry, who have made false claims that the evidence for global warming has been faked by climate scientists. \" concluded bob ward. - berkeley earth summary of findings, 20 october, 2011 - cooling the warming debate - berkeley earth releases global land warming analysis ( pdf ) - australian science media centre, 21 october 2011 - rapid reaction : new data on climate change from the berkeley earth surface temperature ( best ) project \u2013 experts respond - image - decadal land - surface average temperature from berkeley earth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4801170488501356, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.817173"} {"text": "stem | news google gives 15, 000 raspberry pi computer boards to uk students the raspberry pi model b computer board the raspberry pi foundation has received a grant from google giving to provide students in the united kingdom with 15, 000 raspberry pi model b computer boards for learning to program. the raspberry pi foundation is a charitable organization in the uk that develops the credit - card sized arm processor - based computer boards. students can connect an sd memory card, keyboard, mouse, and display, and then install linux and learn to program the devices. the raspberry pi foundation, google, and six uk educational partners will work together to identify the students who will receive the raspberry pi devices. the educational partners are coderdojo, code club, computing at school, generating genius, teach first, and ocr. the raspberry pi foundation already offers a free raspberry pi education manual from computing at school, which guides students through the process of learning to program the devices using the scratch and python programming languages, as well as how to use the linux command line interface. as part of the google giving program, ocr will be creating 15, 000 free teaching and learning packs to accompany the devices. \" this is a brilliant way for us to find kids all over the country whose aptitude for computing can now be explored properly, \" wrote a raspberry pi foundation representative in a blog post. \" we believe that access to tools is a fundamental necessity in finding out who you are and what you ' re good at. we want those tools to be within everybody ' s grasp, right from the start. \" the raspberry pi devices are available in two models. the grant from google will provide students with the higher - end model b devices, which include 512 mb of ram, two usb ports, and an ethernet port. the model a devices include 256 mb of ram, one usb port, and no eithernet port. further information about the raspberry pi computer boards can be found on the raspberry pi foundation ' s site. leila meyer is a technology writer based in british columbia. she can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47705864370923184, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.819324"} {"text": "new feat for colombia \u2019 s urban innovator : slum escalators medellin, colombia \u2014 the upper reaches of a mountainside slum called comuna 13 are so steep that streets give way to staircases. to get home, many residents here used to climb the equivalent of a 28 - story building. but last year, medellin officials installed a $ 7 million outdoor escalator \u2014 the first ever designed for a slum. the ride to the top now takes five minutes. \u201c it \u2019 s a relief because we no longer have to climb all those steps on foot, \u201d said jose ivan taborda, 69, who has lived in comuna 13 all his life. \u201c the escalator is comfortable, especially for older people. \u201d rising above tin - roofed shanties with laundry hanging from clotheslines, the escalator, which has a bright orange roof, seems a little out of place. many slum residents had never before ridden an escalator so city officials organized field trips to shopping malls so they could practice. but rather than an extravagance, the electric staircase is part of a broader plan to reduce crime and improve living conditions in medellin, the hometown of the late drug kingpin pablo escobar and the former murder capital of the world. while police work is important, a major part of the strategy is to install public transportation and link these systems to newly built parks, libraries and community centers that encourage people to reclaim their neighborhoods from drug - dealing gangs. comuna 13 and other slums were founded by people displaced by colombia \u2019 s guerrilla war. many relocated to medellin, which sits in a river valley, and built illegal settlements high on the mountaintops overlooking the city center. isolated and ignored by politicians, many slum residents became gunmen for the medellin cartel or joined guerrilla or paramilitary units that later controlled the neighborhoods. \u201c this displaced population didn \u2019 t feel like they were part of the city, \u201d said laura isaza, a consultant for aci medellin, an organization focused on bringing foreign investment to the city. \u201c these people used to say : \u2018 i live in this neighborhood and i don \u2019 t live in medellin. \u2019 so, one of our first steps was to try to gain their confidence and to make them feel that they are part of our city. \u201d one of the main projects integrating medellin is a network of cable cars that opened in 2004. the aerial trams carry people from the mountaintop slums", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42506356154991903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.830966"} {"text": "try to gain their confidence and to make them feel that they are part of our city. \u201d one of the main projects integrating medellin is a network of cable cars that opened in 2004. the aerial trams carry people from the mountaintop slums to the subway system, giving them access to the rest of the city. unlike exhaust - spewing buses, the system is quiet \u2014 and efficient. reaching downtown via cable cars and the subway now takes 45 minutes rather than two - and - a - half hours. the gondolas move 20, 000 people a day. they \u2019 re so popular they \u2019 ve inspired similar cable car networks in the mountainside ghettos of rio de janeiro and caracas. while the view high above the slums is impressive, some cable car passengers opt to read during the ride. they can check out books from a handsome new library and community center, designed by bogota architect giancarlo mazzanti, that sits next to one of the cable car stations in the santo domingo slum. several subway stations house smaller libraries carrying everything from self - help manuals to james joyce \u2019 s \u201c ulysses. \u201d \u201c we are trying to promote reading among the commuters, \u201d said ana maria rosario, the librarian at one of the subway stations. \u201c like they say, if you can \u2019 t bring mohamed to the mountain, bring the mountain to mohamed. \u201d many of these experiments were cited last month when medellin was named \u2014 along with new york and tel aviv \u2014 as one of the world \u2019 s most innovative cities in a competition sponsored by the wall street journal, citi, and the washington - based urban land institute. the winner, which will be chosen by the public through an online poll will be announced in january. medellin was selected for its \u201c progress and potential \u201d and was also cited for cutting co2 emissions by 175, 000 tons annually and for reducing crime. although the annual murder rate remains high, it has been cut in half over the last decade and now stands at about 50 homicides per 100, 000 people. that \u2019 s well below new orleans \u2019 rate of more than 70, but still over three times that of miami. in lauding the innovation displayed by medellin and the other finalists, anita kramer of the urban land institute said the reforms \u201c reflect remarkable forward - thinking decisions on the part of municipal leadership. taken together, they provide models for the world. \u201d but not everyone is convinced. john hernandez, a holistic healer who lives in comuna 13,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44012476502197867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.832151"} {"text": "land institute said the reforms \u201c reflect remarkable forward - thinking decisions on the part of municipal leadership. taken together, they provide models for the world. \u201d but not everyone is convinced. john hernandez, a holistic healer who lives in comuna 13, says the flashy new projects have distracted people \u2019 s attention from lingering issues. he says gangs still control the city slums where they sell drugs and extort businesses. city officials, he said, \u201c are sweeping those problems under the rug. \u201d indeed, when a reporter showed up to visit the escalator, city officials at first hesitated at providing a tour of the area due to recent gang shootouts. but at the same time, there are clear signs of progress. tourists now come to slums to ride the escalator and cable cars. property values in comuna 13 and other barrios are on the rise. what \u2019 s more, colombian and foreign investors have shown new interest in medellin. over the past five years, hewlett - packard, kimberly clark and unisys have all opened production and research centers in medellin. though much work remains, isaza of aci medellin says she believes the city has turned a corner. \u201c we still have a pretty difficult city and we are still struggling against violence in our city. \u201d isaza said. \u201c but conflict in medellin has changed \u2026 we don \u2019 t have this huge war we had before. this is a conflict that could only be ended through real opportunities for the people. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.375745760637716, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.832736"} {"text": "project part i : definition this week \u2019 s scenario : you are an employee of cereals incorporated, a large manufacturer of breakfast food products. your supervisor, madison county, approaches you because she knows you recently took a course on gamification, which she has heard will revolutionize marketing. she tells you that cereals inc. is about to release a new line of ready - to - eat breakfast pastries, and she wants to know whether to use gamification as part of the marketing strategy. the breakfast pastries will be aimed at the 18 - 35 age bracket. surveys show members of this demographic often skip breakfast because they don \u2019 t want to eat the typical cereals of their youth, and they are too active to cook their own breakfasts. market research indicates that the pastries are likely to appeal more to women than men by a 65 % - 35 % ratio. cereals inc. has a 35 % share of the overall breakfast food market, but only a 10 % share of the fragmented ready - to - eat segment. provide as many reasons as you can why gamification could be a useful technique to apply to the situation your manager has presented to you. explain why these reasons address the specific scenario provided. at this stage, focus on the problem rather than the solution. in other words, describe the goals of the project, not the particular game elements or other techniques you plan to use. we strongly encourage you to watch this week \u2019 s lecture segments before attempting this assignment. in this paper i will show how cereals inc. can use gamification to : a ) increase the overall market and its market share in the ready - to - eat breakfast pastries segment. b ) identify customers \u2019 needs. the theoretical framework is based on nicole lazzaro \u2019 s altered states in why we play games : four keys to more emotion without story, hereafter mentioned as \u201c fourkeys \u201d and the \u201c dynamics \u201d aspect in the pyramid of gamification elements. hereafter mentioned as \u201c thepyramid \u201d. please note that i sometime use the word player as a synonym for customers. 1. how gamification can increase the market / market share by forming customers habit. in this case the demographic target group often skips breakfast. by associating eating breakfast pastries with the right emotion one might increase the number of times the player eats breakfast and thereby increases the overall market and cereals inc. market share. one aspect of fourkeys regarding emotions is that many \u201c players treasure the enjoyment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5573301143519014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.836316"} {"text": "probability and statistics : combinations word problems submit your word problem : many students learning probability and statistics find combinations difficult. they feel overwhelmed with combinations homework, tests and projects. and it is not always easy to find combinations tutor who is both good and affordable. now finding combinations help is easy. for your combinations homework, combinations tests, combinations projects, and combinations tutoring needs, tulyn is a one - stop solution. you can master hundreds of math topics by using tulyn. at tulyn, we have over 2000 math video tutorial clips including combinations videos, combinations practice word problems, combinations questions and answers, and combinations worksheets our combinations videos replace text - based tutorials and give you better step - by - step explanations of combinations. watch each video repeatedly until you understand how to approach combinations problems and how to solve them. - hundreds of video tutorials on combinations make it easy for you to better understand the concept. how to do better on combinations : tulyn makes combinations easy. probability and statistics : combinations wordproblems a mall has 12 clothing stores a mall has 12 clothing stores, 9 shoe stores and 5 electrical stores. in how many ways can a person shopping at this mall go to 5 clothing... a jar of marbles contains 6 yellow and 8 red marbles a jar of marbles contains 6 yellow and 8 red marbles. three marbles are selected at random. a ) how many different groups of three marbles are possible? b ) how many groups of three marbles will contain only red... john wants to paint four rooms john wants to paint four rooms in his house, each a different color and he may choose from seven different colors of... steve and joe were discussing steve and joe were discussing how many different five - card combinations of standard playing cards have exactly two...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260469634113569, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.838957"} {"text": "light glowing from a \" super - earth \" planet beyond our solar system has been detected by nasa \u2019 s spitzer telescope. until now, scientists have never been able to detect infrared light emanating from 55 cancri e, a super - hot extrasolar planet twice the size and eight times the mass of our own. 55 cancri e is one of five exoplanets orbiting a bright star named 55 cancri in a solar system lying in the constellation of cancer ( the crab ). previously, spitzer and other telescopes were able to study the planet by observing how the light from 55 cancri changed as the planet passed in front of the star. in the new study, spitzer instead measured how much infrared light came from the planet itself \u2013 revealing some of the planet \u2019 s major features. at 41 - light years from earth, the giant planet is considered uninhabitable. the giant planet is tidally locked, so one side always faces the star. the telescope found that the sun - facing side is extremely hot, indicating the planet probably does not have a substantial atmosphere to carry the sun ' s heat to the unlit side. [ related content : amazing nasa footage shows how the earth looks from space ] on its sun - facing side, the surface has a temperature of 1, 727 celsius \u2013 or 3, 140 degrees fahrenheit \u2013 that \u2019 s hot enough to melt silver or aluminium. the new findings are consistent with a previous theory that 55 cancri e is a water world : a rocky core surrounded by a layer of water in a \" supercritical \" state where it is both liquid and gas, and topped by a blanket of steam. bill danchi, spitzer programme scientist at nasa, said : \u201c spitzer has amazed us yet again. the spacecraft is pioneering the study of atmospheres of distant planets and paving the way for nasa ' s upcoming james webb space telescope to apply a similar technique on potentially habitable planets. \u201d michael werner, who also works on the spitzer project, added : \u201c when we conceived of spitzer more than 40 years ago, exoplanets hadn ' t even been discovered. because spitzer was built very well, it ' s been able to adapt to this new field and make historic advances such as this. \u201d the planet was first discovered in 2004 and the new findings are published in the current issue of astrophysical journal letters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5324281658295273, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.842624"} {"text": "places - franklin, \u201c canaday - i - o \u201d the major recurring theme in these folksongs from maine and maritime canada is the flow of cultural products and people within the area of new hampshire, maine, and eastern canada. but while this cultural and demographic exchange helped define the region, it did not mean there was no rivalry or animosity between states, provinces, or nations. within the woods song - making tradition was a subset of satirical songs that ranged from poking fun at individuals and places to utterly scandalizing them, and this was very much alive in the northeastern united states and eastern canada. in some labor traditions, this type of song served as a form of protest, but among lumbermen this was not usually the case. what purpose did they serve? some scholars suggest they served as a means of control over bosses, preventing them from being hard - driving skinflints. the argument suggests that as a boss, if someone \u201c songed \u201d you, then other men would know not to go to work for you and business would collapse. yet, so many satirical songs were written that if this were the case, then no one would have been able to find men willing to work in the woods. it was more likely that this was primarily a way of blowing off steam after a hard day, week, or winter in the woods. \u201c canaday - i - o \u201d is thus an interesting case in point, as it takes this latter point to its extreme. the song did not merely mock an individual or a single lumber outfit ; rather, it attacked the entire canadian lumbering industry. scholars generally attribute the song to ephraim braley, a maine woodsman, and point to 1854 as its probable date of origin. of course, canada was not yet an independent nation, and the song cites \u201c three rivers \u201d ( or, trois - rivieres, quebec ) as the launching point for the woods crew, thus the song may be more specifically criticizing quebec alone and not all of canada. \u201c canaday - i - o \u201d was based on an english sea song called \u201c canada - i - o, \u201d and ultimately an even older love song called \u201c caledonia. \u201d from maine, the song carried westward, morphing into complaints about woods work in pennsylvania and michigan, and eventually a gripe song about skinning buffalo called \u201c the buffalo skinners, \u201d which was found in texas. in this song, a \u201c preacher of the gospel \u201d convinces some mainers to travel to quebec for a winter. this was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43783839541625363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.847627"} {"text": ", and eventually a gripe song about skinning buffalo called \u201c the buffalo skinners, \u201d which was found in texas. in this song, a \u201c preacher of the gospel \u201d convinces some mainers to travel to quebec for a winter. this was not, however, a man of the cloth recruiting loggers. according to fannie hardy eckstorm, this was a slang term for an agent who hired men to work in the woods. the version of the song heard here is slightly shorter than versions collected elsewhere, such as the one printed in eckstorm and smyth \u2019 s minstrelsy of maine. these forgotten verses do not change the story, they just make the winter in canada seem slightly less disastrous. come all ye jolly lumbermen, and listen to my song, but do not get discouraged, the length it is not long, concerning of some lumbermen, who did agree to go and spend one pleasant winter up in canaday - i - o. it happened late one season in the fall of fifty - three, that a preacher of the gospel one morning came to me ; says he : \u201c my jolly fellow, how would you like to go and spend one pleasant winter up in canaday - i - o? \u201d to him i quickly made reply, and unto him did say : \u201c in going out to canaday depends upon the pay. if you will pay good wages, my passage to and fro, then i think i \u2019 ll go along with you to canaday - i - o. \u201d \u201c yes, we will pay good wages, and will pay your passage out, provided you sign papers that you will stay the route ; but if you do get homesick, and swear that home you \u2019 ll go, we never can your passage pay from canaday - i - o. \u201d it was by his gift of flattery he enlisted quite a train, some twenty - five or thirty, both well and able men ; we had a pleasant journey o \u2019 er the road we had to go \u2018 til we landed at three rivers, up in canaday - i - o. but there our joys were ended, and our sorrows did begin ; fields, phillips, and norcross they then came marching in ; they scattered us all directions, some where i do not know, among those jabbering frenchmen up in canaday - i - o. after we had suffered there some eight or ten long weeks we arrived at headquarters, up among the lakes ; we thought we \u2019 d find a paradise, at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41770515023532545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.848493"} {"text": "not know, among those jabbering frenchmen up in canaday - i - o. after we had suffered there some eight or ten long weeks we arrived at headquarters, up among the lakes ; we thought we \u2019 d find a paradise, at least they told us so, god grant there may is no worse a hell than canaday - i - o! to describe what we have suffered here is beyond the art of man, but to give a fair description i will do the best i can ; our food the dogs would snarl at, our beds were on the snow, we suffered worse than murderers up in canaday - i - o. but now our lumbering is over and we are returning home, to greet our wives and sweethearts and never more to roam, to greet our friends and neighbors ; we tell them not to go to that gosh darn forsaken place called canaday - i - o. sources : for \u201c canaday - i - o \u201d see eckstorm, fannie hardy and mary winslow smyth. minstrelsy of maine : folk - songs and ballads of the woods and the coast. boston and new york : houghton mifflin company, 1927, 21 - 25 ; gray, ronald palmer. songs and ballads of the maine lumberjacks with other songs from maine. cambridge : harvard university press, 1924, 37 - 40 ; linscott, eloise hubbard. folk songs of old new england. new york : macmillan co., 1939, 181 - 83 ; fowke, edith. lumbering songs from the northern woods. austin : university of texas press, 1970, 28 - 29 ; & fowke, edith fulton and richard johnston. folk songs of canada. waterloo, ontario : waterloo music company, 1954, 68 - 69. for \u201c canada - i - o \u201d see leach, macedward. folk ballads and songs of the lower labrador coast. ottawa : national museum of canada, 1965, 230 - 31 ; huntington, e. g. sam henry \u2019 s songs of the people. revised, with additions and indexes by lani herrmann. athens : university of georgia press, 1990, 333 - 34. also see laws. g. malcolm. native american balladry. philadelphia : the american folklore society, 1964, 155 ( c17 ) ; & discussion in ives, edward d. larry gorman : the man who made the songs. fredericton, nb : goose lane editions, 1993, 170, 181.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4304284515974669, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.849534"} {"text": "the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) has a well established role in the convention process in communicating scientific information to the convention through its regular assessment reports and its wide range of special reports and technical papers. although it does not carry out its own research, it plays a key role in assessing the information from worldwide climate research in peer - reviewed literature, journals, books and other sources. it also has an important function in identifying priority needs for further research activities. research on climate and issues connected with climate change is carried out nationally, regionally and internationally. internationally, climate - related research is coordinated by a variety of international programmes and organizations ; some of the major ones being the international council for science ( icsu ), the world climate research programme ( wcrp ), the international geosphere \u2013 biosphere programme ( igbp ), the international human dimensions programme on global environmental change ( ihdp ), diversitas. in addition, a number of regional networks promote and support climate - relevant research activities, including activities to enhance research capacity in the regions, such as the inter - american institute for global change research ( iai ) and the asia - pacific network for global change research ( apn ). the unfccc secretariat works in close collaboration with a variety of international and regional research programmes and organizations active in climate change - related research and facilitates dialogue and communication on the research needs and priorities expressed by parties of the convention to the scientific community. in addition, parties regularly report on their national and cooperative research activities and their contributions to climate science, as well as emerging research needs and priorities, in their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4532174220353874, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.851513"} {"text": "some say the custom of bobbing for apples dates all the way back to pre - christian ireland and the pagan festival of samhain, though there ' s little documentary evidence to support this. apple bobbing also been popularly associated with pomona, the ancient roman goddess of fruits, trees, and gardens in whose honor a festival was supposedly held each year on november first. but that, too, stands on shaky historical ground, apparently, as some question whether such a festival ever actually existed. we can say with more certainty that the game of apple bobbing goes back at least a few hundred years, that it originated in the british isles ( ireland and scotland in particular ), and that it originally had something to do with fortune telling. british author w. h. davenport adams, who attributed belief in the prognosticative power of apples to \" old celtic fairy lore, \" described the game as follows in his 1902 book, curiosities of superstition : [ the apples ] are thrown into a tub of water, and you endeavour to catch one in your mouth as they bob round and round in provoking fashion. when you have caught one, you peel it carefully, and pass the long strip of peel thrice, sunwise, round your head ; after which you throw it over your shoulder, and it falls to the ground in the shape of the initial letter of your true love ' s name. other halloween divination games traditionally played in various parts of great britain included \" snap apple \" similar to bobbing for apples except the fruit is hung from the ceiling on strings and naming nutshells after prospective love interests and placing them near a fire to see which would burn steadily indicating true love and which would crack or pop and fly off the hearth revealing a passing fancy. accordingly, halloween used to be known as \" snap - apple night \" or \" nutcrack night \" in places where these customs were observed. \u2022 traditional halloween divination games from ireland - startpage. ie \u2022 halloween : an american holiday, an american history - by lesley pratt bannatyne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4328453629503264, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.853585"} {"text": "geocaching isn \u2019 t just for science class or the serious geography geek! a cache is simply a hiding place, and caching is hiding something like a treasure. nature is full of treasures waiting to be explored. a popular movement called \u201c geocaching \u201d gets folks outside with their gps units to find treasures hidden by other geocachers. if you haven \u2019 t tried it yet, it \u2019 s great fun! ( www. geocaching. com ) folks are geocaching all over the world! many educators are taking that idea to the classroom to do campus investigations. now you might expect that it \u2019 s the science teacher out looking at nature, but surprise your students in english language arts class with an outdoors writing assignment! realizing that not all classrooms are created equally, here are some low - tech options as well as the spiffy high - tech ones. either have students locate specific cached items or let them explore the landscape for surprises. anyway you do it, get creative and allow the students to explore their creativity. 1. create a map of your site with destinations. use a hand - drawn map with destinations or use a tool like sketch - a - map ( http : / / edgis. org / sketch ) to create your map for students. 2. students can create a poem or story based on the destinations on the map. nature is an excellent way to pull more adjectives out of a student. i used a similar activity with my students in my book, reading, writing and thinking around the globe : geospatial technologies for english language arts classroom and beyond ( www. barbareeduke. com ) where students create topographic and geographic definitions for words. visualizing vocabulary can help cement those words into a student \u2019 s personal dictionary. 1. using your school \u2019 s or a set of loaner gps units ( www. gisetc. com ). set up waypoints with caches. perhaps the students find words, phrases or starters for writing assignments. they could take photos and return to the classroom with real experiences. don \u2019 t think that you have to have green spaces and trees to make this work. urban explorations could be quite powerful as well! perhaps tell the stories of graffiti or buildings changing over time. 2. perhaps you decide to pair the gps units with cameras ( a reason for kids to use those cell phones ) to create a photo essay. just ask national geographic if photos have a story to tell ( http : / / photography. nationalgeographic. com / photography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4968973462131353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.859194"} {"text": "decide to pair the gps units with cameras ( a reason for kids to use those cell phones ) to create a photo essay. just ask national geographic if photos have a story to tell ( http : / / photography. nationalgeographic. com / photography /? source = navphohome )! 3. another option is to use a smart phone application. i have a gps app on my iphone ( motionx gps ) that integrates a picture and text with my waypoint. i can email this waypoint with the photo and text attached, and then view it in a virtual globe application like arcgis explorer ( http : / / www. esri. com / arcgisexplorer ) or google earth ( http : / / earth. google. com ), another educational reason for kids to use that cell phone at school. because applications like arcgis explorer are equipped with a simple presentation creator, as a next step, you could combine all the stories and photos for a class - wide virtual tour. 4. for the more adventurous, you might like to check out a project called \u201c confluencing \u201d ( www. confluence. org ). this calls for a gps unit and some planning. check out some of my adventures with my friend, dr. joseph kerski. ( http : / / www. confluence. org / confluence. php? visitid = 14853 ). the post - adventure writing is the star here. you could take this same approach with your geocaching explorations as well, a detailed story of who, what, where, when, why and how is great practice for all those persuasive writing assignments! the moral of the story here is : expand the borders of your classroom. think beyond the text book and computer screen. engage students with outdoor spatial experiences and watch their writing transform!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45246166548949485, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.859834"} {"text": "the united states \u2019 national pow / mia recognition day is observed across the nation on the third friday of september each year. americans take this time to remember prisoners of war ( pow ) and recognize those who are still missing in action ( mia ). many veterans organizations commemorate this day by setting an extra space at an empty table and saying a few words of remembrance. known as the \u201c pow / mia table ceremony \u201d, it reminds us that we can \u201c never forget \u201d the soldiers of america who have not come home : - as you entered the dining area this evening, you may have noticed a small table in the place of honor near our head table. it is set for one. the military caste is filled with symbolism. this table is our way of symbolizing the fact that the members of our profession of arms are missing from our midst. they are commonly called, pow / mia. we call them brothers. they are unable to be with us this evening and so we remember them because of their incarceration. - this table set for one is small, symbolizing the frailty of one prisoner alone against his oppressors. remember! - the tablecloth is white, symbolizing the purity of their intentions to respond to their country \u2019 s call to arms. remember! - the single rose displayed in a vase reminds us of the families and loved ones of our comrades - in - arms who kept the faith awaiting their return. remember! - the red ribbon tied so prominently on the vase is reminiscent of the red ribbon worn upon the lapel and breasts of thousands who bear witness to their unyielding determination to demand a proper accounting of our missing. remember! - a slice of lemon is on the bread plate to remind us of their bitter fate. remember! - there is salt upon the bread plate symbolic of families \u2019 tears as they wait. remember! - the glass is inverted, they cannot toast with us this night. remember! - the chair, the chair is empty, they are not here. remember! \u201d the national league of families \u2019 pow / mia flag symbolizes the united states \u2019 resolve to never forget pows or those who served their country in conflicts and are still missing. newt heisley designed the flag. the flag \u2019 s design features a silhouette of a young man, which is based on mr heisley \u2019 s son, who was medically discharged from the military. as mr heisley looked at his returning son \u2019 s gaunt features, he imagined what life was for those behind barbed wire fences on foreign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4589164530724872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.863868"} {"text": "learn how to protect yourself, identify and manage sexually transmitted diseases that can managed yet not be cured. among this group are herpes, hpv and hiv. listen in to sex educator amy levine from cherry tv as she provides all you need to know to stay safe. hi! welcome to cherry tv ' s fresh advice. my name is amy levine. today, we ' re talking about viral sexually transmitted diseases, stds that can be treated but not cured. the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that one in four americans have an std. so it ' s important to be aware and understand that any new partner you hook up with, could potentially be infected. viral stds are caused by a virus, meaning there are treatments to make the disease manageable, but no cure. common viral infections include herpes, hpv and hiv, all of which i will talk about today. here are the basics. first is herpes. it ' s estimated that one in five people have genital herpes. this std is transmitted to direct skin to skin contact with an infected area, whether or not symptoms are present during sex. females and males are both at risk. if there are signs, they can look like a nick, cut, rash, blister, or sore, on or around the genital area or anus. there could be one or there could be more. these can be caused by the two types of herpes, 1 and 2. herpes 1 is often on the mouth and known as cold sores that can also be transmitted through kissing. a herpes infection can feel like the flu. when you ' re infected with the virus, it ' s possible to have no visible signs when it ' s latent in your body. however, once it becomes active, the outbreaks can occur more frequently with or without the symptoms. when someone has herpes they can take daily suppressive therapy, medication that can lower the chance of passing it on to sex partners, or when someone has an outbreak, they can take medicine to make the outbreak subside faster. a lot of people have herpes, so the stigma has lessened over the years. well, it can be a nuisance, it ' s doesn ' t lead to serious health problems. the next is hpv. this std is the most common. some estimate that 80 % of sexually active people will get hpv at some points in their lives. it ' s spread through vaginal and / or anal sex with an infected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4434569276935451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.868678"} {"text": ". the next is hpv. this std is the most common. some estimate that 80 % of sexually active people will get hpv at some points in their lives. it ' s spread through vaginal and / or anal sex with an infected partner. there are many types of hpv, but most people who have genital hpv, don ' t even know they have it, since there are often no symptoms, plus it often goes away by itself without causing any sort of detectable health problem. however, if you have it, you can transmit it. when symptoms occur, they are usually in the form of flat or raised warts on or around the female and male genitals, anus and the woman cervix. some warts can grow in size and need to removed by a health practitioner. some strains of hpv don ' t cause warts, because cell changes. the cervix is the most common area it affects. if undetected, in some cases, this type of hpv infection can lead to cervical cancer. gardasil is a vaccine that prevents some of the most common kinds of hpv infection. it can protect against the two types that cause cervical cancer and two types that cause genital warts. this vaccine is highly recommended for all females, 11 - 26 years old, and is most effective in those who have not been infected with these types of hpv. women can be tested by a healthcare provider for the presence of the hpv virus, but men can ' t. they often never know they have it yet pass it on to their partner. last, we have hiv and aids. hiv is sexually transmitted through blood, vaginal and seminal fluids during vaginal, anal and / or oral sex. the virus can be present in pre - ejaculate and menstrual fluid, but not saliva. many people have hiv, but experience no symptoms for years. so they don ' t even know they ' re infected. when symptoms do occur, they are often mistaken for the flu. hiv can lead to aids, which is usually fatal. aids damages the immune system making one susceptible to all kinds of infections. while many people have died of aids, some people live for decades with hiv. at this point, there is no vaccine. other viral stds include hepatitis b and molluscum contagiosum. you can find out more about them as well as testing and treatment options for all stds through the resources listed at the end.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4547104677174249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.869674"} {"text": "this point, there is no vaccine. other viral stds include hepatitis b and molluscum contagiosum. you can find out more about them as well as testing and treatment options for all stds through the resources listed at the end. to protect yourself and your partner from stds, there are three things to keep in mind. first, use condom from the start of sexual encounters involving vaginal, anal and / or oral sex, dental dams on a woman. it ' s the only sure - fire way to reduce your risk. second, if you or your partner have contracted a viral std, it ' s important that this information is disclosed before you become intimate. being honest isn ' t always easy, but it ' s the right thing to do. third, it ' s important that you and your partner, both know it ' s normal for each of you. so if symptoms are present you know and can get checked out by your doctor or by going to a clinic like planned parenthood, right away. for more information, visit the following websites. www. cdcnpin. org / stdawareness / www. ashastd. org thanks for watching. i am amy levine with cherry tv ' s fresh advice on cherrytv. com. check out our archives for more great sex information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43788876556853046, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.870184"} {"text": "laura formed as a slightly unusual sub - tropical storm in the northern mid - atlantic on september 29, 2008. subtropical storms are hybrids of tropical storm systems and extratropical storms, forming in cooler waters farther north ( or south ) of the usual hurricane formation regions. laura formed quite far north, well away from major land masses. as of september 30, the national hurricane center predicted that the storm could hit scotland by october 4. with peak sustained winds of around 95 kilometers per hour ( 55 miles per hour ), laura was a powerful storm, but not hurricane strength. it was unlikely that the storm would ever become a hurricane, but forecasters expected the storm to remain near its september 30 strength for several days. this data visualization was made with observations from the quikscat satellite taken on september 30, 2008, at 5 : 39 a. m. local time ( 7 : 39 utc ). it shows laura as a tight ball of circular winds around a calmer core. the image depicts wind speed in color and wind direction with small barbs. white barbs point to areas of heavy rain. quikscat measurements of the wind strength of laura and other cyclones ( the generic term for typhoons, hurricanes, and similar storms ) can be slower than actual wind speeds. quikscat \u2019 s scatterometer sends pulses of microwave energy through the atmosphere to the ocean surface and measures the energy that bounces back from the wind - roughened surface. the energy of the microwave pulses changes depending on wind speed and direction. to relate the radar signal to actual wind speed, scientists compare measurements taken from buoys and other ground stations to data the satellite acquired at the same time and place. because the high wind speeds generated by cyclones are rare, scientists do not have corresponding ground information to know how to translate data from the satellite for wind speeds above 50 knots ( about 93 km / hr or 58 mph ). peak winds in laura measured in other ways are near this extreme limit, so values from quikscat may not be reliable near the core of the storm system. also, the unusually heavy rain found in a cyclone distorts the microwave pulses in a number of ways, making a conversion to exact wind speed difficult. instead, the scatterometer provides a nice picture of the relative wind speeds within the storm and shows wind direction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.472321819112671, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.875363"} {"text": "the savage islands, or ilhas selvagens in portuguese, are a small archipelago in the eastern north atlantic ocean between the archipelago of madeira to the north and the canary islands to the south. like these other island groups, the savage islands are thought to have been produced by volcanism related to a mantle plume or \u201c hot spot. \u201d typically, volcanoes are fueled by magma being generated where tectonic plates are colliding or being pulled apart. the active volcanoes remain at the plate boundaries, even as the plates shift. mantle plumes, in contrast, are relatively fixed regions of upwelling magma that can feed volcanoes on an overlying tectonic plate. when a tectonic plate passes over the mantle plume, active volcanoes form, but they become dormant as they are carried away from the hot spot on the moving tectonic plate. over geologic time, this creates a line of older, extinct volcanoes, seamounts, and islands extending from the active volcanoes that are currently over the plume. these two astronaut photographs illustrate the northern ( top ) and southern ( bottom ) savage islands. the two views were taken 13 seconds apart from the international space station ; the geographic center points of the images are separated by about 15 kilometers. selvagem grande, with an approximate area of 4 square kilometers, is the largest of the islands. the smaller and more irregularly - shaped ilheus do norte, ilheu de fora, and selvagem pequena are visible at the center of the lower image. spain and portugal both claim sovereignty over the savage islands. all of the islands of the archipelago are ringed by bright white breaking waves along the fringing beaches. reefs that surround the savage islands make it very difficult to land boats there, and there is no permanent settlement on the islands. the islands serve as nesting sites for several species of seabird including petrels and shearwaters, and they are included on the tentative list of additional unesco world heritage sites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.432563732444199, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.877748"} {"text": "can you imagine living back in the day of fred flintstone? where cars were powered by feet instead of gasoline, and traveling by air consisted of climbing on top of the next available pterodactyl instead of sitting comfortably inside of an airplane. and instead of the ever present email we have today, the flintstones had to chisel out their notes in stone, which never took more than a few seconds, and then a bird that needed to make a living would grip the stone in its beak and fly it to the proper recipient. birds must have been smarter back then and their beaks stronger than they are today. thank goodness technology has evolved and we don ' t have to worry about chiseling out a business report or family newsletter anymore. today we just go to the nearest computer, open up the word processing software and type away. within a brief period of time we have a nice - looking, completely legible piece of information that we can print out or for faster service, we can email a document anywhere in the world and it shows up in minutes. we have definitely come a long way since the fred flintstone days. so how did word processors evolve? wikipedia states that ibm invented the term \" word processing \" in the 1960s. by 1971 it was officially recognized by the new york times as a \" buzz word. \" however, back then word processors were much different than they are in today ' s modern society. when the term was first used it referred to typing on semi - automatic typewriters and using dictating machines. information was typed and then stored on magnetic tape or cards that could later be used for corrections and additional copies. however, if you were typing a form letter each one still had to be inserted into the typewriter to change in the variable data such as names and dates. later a calculator and word processors were interfaced to come up with an even more modern word processing system. each time the enter key was pressed the typed data would be stored on a cassette tape. the information could later be viewed and edited. after realizing what a breakthrough this had become, innovations continued. the next idea was to add a screen. no more printing out page after page to review corrected information and text. this was definitely something that would help companies and individuals alike in their scribing needs. secretaries became worried that they would lose their jobs because they would have no place in the office workforce. however, just the opposite came true. faster and more efficient typing on word processors meant more could be done in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5217248316869822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.880721"} {"text": "faqs : japan nuclear concerns what is the current risk of radiation - related health problems in japan for those residing near the reactor in comparison to those in other parts of japan? - during the early phase of the nuclear emergency radiation - related health were dependant on exposure, which is turn were due to several things, including : the amount and type of radiation released from the reactor ; weather conditions, such as wind and rain ; a person \u2019 s proximity to the plant ; and the amount of time spent in irradiated areas. - the government of japan \u2019 s early actions in response to events at the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant were in line with the existing recommendations for radiation exposure. the government has evacuated individuals who were living within a 20 - kilometre radius around the fukushima daiichi plant. those living between 20 km and 30 km from the plant were asked to evacuate voluntarily. in general, people living farther away of the site of the event are at lower risk than those who live nearby. - in light of evolving new information on levels of environmental radioactivity in the 20 - 30 km zone and some surrounding areas beyond the 30km zone, the government of japan established new planned evacuation zones from which residents were relocated to temporary housing based on the estimated cumulative doses they may receive in the 1 year following the accident. - in addition, an emergency evacuation preparedness zone was also identified in which residents were asked to prepare their affairs in case they were asked to evacuate. these zones also follow administrative boundaries and extend beyond the 30 km radius. is there a risk of radioactive exposure from food contamination? - yes, there is a risk of exposure as a result of contamination in food. - however, contaminated food would have to be consumed over prolonged periods to represent a risk to human health. - the radioactive iodine and caesium in concentrations above the japanese regulatory limits have been detected in some food commodities as a result of food monitoring - japanese authorities have advised residents to avoid these food and have implemented measures to prevent their sale and distribution. are there health risks to people living outside of japan from radiation emitted into the atmosphere from damaged japanese nuclear power plants? thus far, there are no health risks to people living in other countries from radioactive material released into the atmosphere from the japanese nuclear power plants. radiation levels measured to date in other countries are far below the level of background radiation that most people are exposed to in every day circumstances. radiation levels have been monitored by the preparatory commission for the comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty organization ( ctbto )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4798643401778275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.884836"} {"text": "the maldives has set itself a tough target to be the world \u2019 s first unesco biosphere reserve nation and it aims to win the accolade by 2017. the indian ocean nation has put together an implementation plan to run between 2013 and 2017 that will see more than half of the nations island atolls implementing the \u2018 biosphere approach \u2019 management plan. once over half the islands come nder the new plan it will trigger the ability for the nation to apply to the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) to have the entire country and its exclusive economic zone classed as a biosphere reserve. the whole country of maldives will be a unesco biosphere reserve by 2017 \u2013 where public support for conservation of the country \u2019 s remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all maldivians. \u201c the whole country of maldives will be a unesco biosphere reserve by 2017 \u2013 where public support for conservation of the country \u2019 s remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all maldivians, \u201d said dr mariyam shakeela, minister of environment and energy, republic of maldives. the implementation plan, maldives as a biosphere reserve : an implementation plan 2013 - 2017, sets a road - map for 2013 to 2017, after which the plan will be updated based on progress and lessons learned. the plan will be implemented by and for different atolls in a stepwise fashion, based on their readiness to adopt the \u201c biosphere approach \u201d. the plan was endorsed by the cabinet of ministers in january 2013, showing the commitment from all stakeholders to this plan. the president of the maldives signalled intentions in june 2012, at the un conference on sustainable development, rio + 20 meeting in rio de janeiro, brazil, to significantly ramp up efforts to protect the marine environment. the president outlined plans to implement a de - centralised system for environmental management and sustainable development, and was inspired by the success achieved in designating baa atoll as the first unesco biosphere reserve in maldives. become a \u2018 nation biosphere reserve \u2019 will also lead to the maldives becoming a champion of the aichi targets. these targets form the basis of an internationally agreed strategy to address the loss of global biodiversity. there are 20 targets that signatory nations have agreed to meet by the year 2020, convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) executive secretary braulio ferreira de souza dias said : \u201c this pledge from the maldives is extraordinary in size and potential impact. we should expect that it will be an inspiration to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41710641463445336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.912027"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( v ) compel, oblige, obligate ( force somebody to do something ) \" we compel all students to fill out this form \" - direct troponym / full troponym - s : ( v ) force, thrust ( impose urgently, importunately, or inexorably ) \" she forced her diet fads on him \" - s : ( v ) stick, sting ( saddle with something disagreeable or disadvantageous ) \" they stuck me with the dinner bill \" ; \" i was stung with a huge tax bill \" - s : ( v ) walk ( make walk ) \" he walks the horse up the mountain \" ; \" walk the dog twice a day \" - s : ( v ) parade, exhibit, march ( walk ostentatiously ) \" she parades her new husband around town \" - s : ( v ) march ( cause to march or go at a marching pace ) \" they marched the mules into the desert \" - s : ( v ) coerce, hale, squeeze, pressure, force ( to cause to do through pressure or necessity, by physical, moral or intellectual means ) \" she forced him to take a job in the city \" ; \" he squeezed her for information \" - s : ( v ) turn up the heat, turn up the pressure ( apply great or increased pressure ) \" the democrats turned up the heat on their candidate to concede the election \" - s : ( v ) drive ( to compel or force or urge relentlessly or exert coercive pressure on, or motivate strongly ) \" she is driven by her passion \" - s : ( v ) bludgeon ( overcome or coerce as if by using a heavy club ) \" the teacher bludgeoned the students into learning the math formulas \" - s : ( v ) steamroller, steamroll ( bring to a specified state by overwhelming force or pressure ) \" the senator steamrollered the bill to defeat \" - s : ( v ) squeeze for ( squeeze someone for money, information, etc. ) - s : ( v ) dragoon, sandbag, railroad ( compel by coercion, threats, or crude means ) \" they sandbagged him to make dinner for everyone \" - s : ( v ) terrorize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6190695670710074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.929528"} {"text": "etc. ) - s : ( v ) dragoon, sandbag, railroad ( compel by coercion, threats, or crude means ) \" they sandbagged him to make dinner for everyone \" - s : ( v ) terrorize, terrorise ( coerce by violence or with threats ) - s : ( v ) bring oneself ( cause to undertake a certain action, usually used in the negative ) \" he could not bring himself to call his parents \" - s : ( v ) clamor ( compel someone to do something by insistent clamoring ) \" they clamored the mayor into building a new park \" - s : ( v ) condemn ( compel or force into a particular state or activity ) \" his devotion to his sick wife condemned him to a lonely existence \" - s : ( v ) shame ( compel through a sense of shame ) \" she shamed him into making amends \" - s : ( v ) enforce, implement, apply ( ensure observance of laws and rules ) \" apply the rules to everyone \" - s : ( v ) run, execute ( carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine ) \" run the dishwasher \" ; \" run a new program on the mac \" ; \" the computer executed the instruction \" - s : ( v ) execute ( carry out the legalities of ) \" execute a will or a deed \" - s : ( v ) give ( execute and deliver ) \" give bond \" - s : ( v ) enforce, impose, constrain ( compel to behave in a certain way ) \" social relations impose courtesy \" ; \" duty constrains one to act often contrary to one ' s desires or inclinations \" - direct hypernym / inherited hypernym / sister term - s : ( v ) induce, stimulate, cause, have, get, make ( cause to do ; cause to act in a specified manner ) \" the ads induced me to buy a vcr \" ; \" my children finally got me to buy a computer \" ; \" my wife made me buy a new sofa \" - derivationally related form - w : ( n ) compulsion [ related to : compel ] ( using force to cause something to occur ) \" though pressed into rugby under compulsion i began to enjoy the game \" ; \" they didn ' t have to use coercion \" - w : ( n ) obligation [ related to : oblige, obligate ] ( the social force that binds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5669796643432572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.932874"} {"text": "| direct imaging of asymmetric magnetization reversal | the phenomenon of exchange bias has transformed how data is read on magnetic hard disks and created an explosion in their information storage density. however, it remains poorly understood, and even the fundamental mechanism of magnetic reversal for exchange - biased systems in changing magnetic fields is unclear. by using x - ray photoemission electron microscopy at the als to directly image the magnetic structure of an exchange - biased film, a team from the university of washington and the stanford synchrotron radiation laboratory has identified separate magnetic - reversal mechanisms in the two branches of a hysteresis loop. this advance in fundamental understanding will provide new insights for developing the next generation of information storage and sensing devices where exchange bias is expected to play a critical role. there are two basic energies involved in the manipulation and control of the magnetic properties of materials. exchange controls magnetic order, and anisotropy controls magnetic orientation. a soft ferromagnet such as iron has a large exchange parameter but a small anisotropy, making ferromagnetic order stable at higher temperatures but with an unpredictable orientation of the magnetization, especially in structures of nanoscale dimensions. on the other hand, many antiferromagnets have weak exchange interactions ( low ordering or neel temperatures ) but large anisotropies that result in very stable orientations. exchange bias arises when a thin ferromagnetic film is grown on an antiferromagnet and the resulting heterostructure is cooled in a magnetic field through the neel temperature of the antiferromagnet. as a result of exchange coupling between the layers, the ferromagnet both retains a stable order and gains a higher anisotropy at room temperature. moreover, the unidirectional character of the anisotropy results in a shifted hysteresis loop that is now centered on a non - zero magnetic field. this exchange bias makes the ferromagnet an excellent magnetic reference layer in modern nanolayer magnetic devices because it is very difficult to demagnetize it. more than fifty years of research has provided varying insight into the exchange - bias phenomenon but not yet a comprehensive description of all its salient features. to gain more insight, the washington \u2013 stanford team resorted to x - ray photoemission electron microscopy ( peem ) imaging of high - quality single - crystal ferromagnetic iron epitaxially grown on antiferromagnetic mnpd ( all on an mg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5616136295065314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.985120"} {"text": "\u2013 stanford team resorted to x - ray photoemission electron microscopy ( peem ) imaging of high - quality single - crystal ferromagnetic iron epitaxially grown on antiferromagnetic mnpd ( all on an mgo substrate ), samples that had been previously well - characterized magnetically and structurally. at an iron absorption resonance, absorption of circularly polarized x rays at als beamline 184. 108. 40. 206 is sensitive to the angle between the magnetization within a ferromagnetic domain and the polarization vector. with the peem - 2 microscope, this x - ray magnetic circular dichroism ( xmcd ) effect allows an exact determination of the direction of the local domain magnetization at the surface of ferromagnets with a spatial resolution of 50 nm or less. by means of xmcd measurements taken at points in hysteresis loops with the applied field in different crystallographic directions of the iron ferromagnet, the team has accumulated the first direct imaging evidence for an asymmetry in the magnetic - reversal mechanism in exchange - biased systems, evidence that until now has only been inferred indirectly by measurements such as neutron scattering. normally, magnetic reversal in ferromagnets occurs either by coherent rotation of magnetic moments in the domain or by nucleation and growth of reverse domains. generally, the mechanism is determined by the material microstructure and is symmetric with respect to the applied field, i. e., it is the same in both branches of the hysteresis loop. however, the team found that in exchanged - biased ferromagnetic iron, the magnetization reversal occurs by moment rotation for decreasing fields, while it proceeds by domain nucleation and growth for increasing fields. the observed domains are also consistent with the crystallography of the bilayers and favor a configuration that minimizes the overall magnetostatic energy of the ferromagnetic layer. research conducted by p. blomqvist and k. m. krishnan ( university of washington ) and h. ohldag ( stanford synchrotron radiation laboratory ). research funding : u. s. department of energy, office of basic energy sciences ( bes ). operation of the als is supported by bes. publication about this research : p. blomqvist, k. m. krishnan, and h. ohldag, \" direct imaging of asymmetric magnetization reversal in exchange - biased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5811217916925899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:47.987023"} {"text": "app descriptiondownload this application and watch all episodes of ramanand sagar ' s mahabharata ( hindi ) with english subtitles. this is a series of tv shows that have left an incredible impression in hearts and minds of viewers world wide. the mahabharata is the longest sanskrit epic ever written, mahabharata has a collection of more than 74, 000 verses, divided into 18 books. the mahabharata story is much revered in india and basically among the hindus. the mahabharata contains the bhagawad gita, the famous gospel of duty that was taught to the great warrior, arjuna by lord krishna. the mahabharata dwells on the aspect of the important goals of a human being in his mortal life. the epic aims at making people realize the relation between the individual and the society and how they both are inter dependent on each other. read on further a summary of mahabharata, the greatest epic ever. the epic revolves around the struggle for the throne of the kingdom of hastinapura. the struggle is between two branches of the same family, the kauravas and pandavas. the kauravas were collectively the hundred sons of the blind king dhritarashtra and the pandavas were the five sons of pandu, who died of a curse. the five brothers named yudhisthira ( eldest son ), arjuna, bheema, nakula and sahdeva were always obedient and dutiful, which made them the most loved in the kingdom. each of the pandavas had a special virtue in them that made them stand apart from the rest of the world. this made the kauravas hate them and they planned many devious ways to get rid of them. as time went by, the pandavas got married and shared a common wife named draupadi. the kauravas got even more enraged and challenged the pandavas to a game of gamble. the pandavas lost and were banished from the kingdom for an exile of 12 years. there was a condition that if they were recognized by the end of 12 years, they would have to begin from scratch. one of the most important and dramatic character in this epic is lord krishna. he was the sole advisor, guide and true friend of the pandavas and helped them in each and every difficulty in their exile. he is said to be the incarnation of god, who came to earth in human form to relieve the world of evil people and restore faith in his devotees. during the great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4241111835274769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.016683"} {"text": "of the pandavas and helped them in each and every difficulty in their exile. he is said to be the incarnation of god, who came to earth in human form to relieve the world of evil people and restore faith in his devotees. during the great battle of kurukshetra fought between the kauravas and the pandavas, lord krishna took upon himself the duty of driving arjuna ' s chariot. he imparted the valuable and practical lessons of the bhagawad gita, a text of the conversation between lord krishna and arjuna, where lord krishna shows arjuna a glimpse of his majestic divine form. the pandavas won the battle and ruled over hastinapura for a number of years. it is said that dhritarashtra and his wife retired into the forest to lead a stress - free life of an ascetic and krishna left after around thirty six years after the battle took place. when the pandavas realized that it was time to leave this earth, they all set out on a journey towards the north on foot. it is said that the gates of heaven opened on the northern horizon. one by one they dropped dead, until yudhisthira finally reached the gates of heaven to be united once again with his brothers and wife. february 15, 2013 initial release", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4218734683770651, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.017450"} {"text": "alternate names : sexual abuse, sexual assault rape is the physical act of attacking another person and forcing that person to have sex. it is the illegal sexual penetration of any body opening. rape can happen to men, women, and children. it is often violent, although sometimes the threat is only implied. rape can also occur without the victim knowing about it. this can happen if the victim is unconscious, intoxicated, or high on drugs. male rapists usually have an extreme hatred for women. they may feel inadequate and have problems with sexual performance. at least half the time, the rapist knows the victim and works or lives near the victim. most rapes are planned ahead of time by the attacker. more than half of sexual assaults involve a weapon. what is the information for this topic? following are some safety measures to help prevent rape when you are at home or in your car : don ' t let a stranger into the house without proper identification. don ' t list a first name on a mailbox or in a phone book. have the key ready before reaching the door of a car or house. keep a light on at all entrances. keep doors and windows locked. look in the car before entering. make arrangements with a neighbor for assistance in emergency situations. set the house lights to go on and off with a timer. other safety measures you can take to help prevent rape are as follows : appear strong and confident. avoid isolated and secluded areas. don ' t walk or jog alone at night. look for unusual behavior in those around you. scream loudly if attacked. sit in lighted areas and near other people such as the driver when using public transportation. when someone has been raped, the rape should immediately be reported to the police. the victim should be taken to a medical facility and examined. the person should not bathe before this examination, as evidence might be destroyed. additionally, clothing or samples of clothing might be collected by the police as evidence. during this exam, a healthcare provider will take the following steps : check for bruises, bite marks, and other trauma remove pubic hair samples take swabs from the anus and mouth take swabs from the vaginal area if the victim is a female test for pregnancy if the victim is a female, and provide emergency contraception as needed test for sexually transmitted diseases and provide treatment as needed the provider will treat all cuts and wounds. but often the emotional wounds are more severe than the physical wounds. it is very important that the victim get counseling and therapy. a local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48256286303067375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.023712"} {"text": "news : news archives science translational medicine : high - speed test can diagnose genetic disorders in newborns new whole - genome sequencing technology can diagnose genetic disorders in newborn babies in intensive care units in just a few days, according a new study appearing in the 3 october issue of the journal science translational medicine. the technique \u2019 s main revolutionary feature is speed \u2014 a 50 - hour turnaround time for genetic results compared to the few weeks needed using current methods. the genetic test could potentially shorten the time it takes to get a diagnosis, jumpstart any available treatments, and lessen the time to genetic counseling for anxious parents. \u201c these programs help us answer the question of what genes we should be looking at, what parts of the genome are relevant to the symptoms that a patient has, and what should we look at in more detail, \u201d said neil miller, director of informatics at the center for pediatric genomic medicine at children \u2019 s mercy hospital, during a 2 october teleconference with reporters. in genetic diseases for which treatments exist, rapid diagnosis is critical for neonatal interventions. [ image \u00a9 2012 sarah maxey photography ] called ssaga, the technology allows any physician to order a complex genomic test with a few clicks. using dna extracted from a drop of the baby \u2019 s blood, computers analyze the child \u2019 s genome and map it to a set of nearly 7500 disease - related genes and genetic diseases, many of which may not familiar to the ordering physician. doctors then press buttons to enter data that represent the disease features they are seeing in a patient, and the system then looks for changes in the baby \u2019 s dna code that explain his or her illness. the whole process is performed in roughly two days and is ideal for use in neonatal intensive care units. the researchers were able to make a definitive diagnosis in three out of the four babies they tested with the new technique. such rapid diagnosis can make a dramatic difference to a baby \u2019 s health. there are about 500 genetic diseases for which treatments are available. for example, phenylketonuria, or pku, is a genetic disease that affects newborns and leads to intellectual disability and seizures. yet early diagnosis and subsequent treatment ( a diet lacking the amino acid phenylalanine ) allows children to have a normal mental development and lifespan. \u201c importantly, [ the technique ] also allows us to have accurate genetic counseling regarding the risk for parents to have another affected baby and make informative decisions about their reproductive future, \u201d said carol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5098162462532403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.026808"} {"text": "cowie, daniel b. the following data is extracted from a standard history of kansas and kansans. daniel b. cowie. in an article on other pages of this publication will be found some account of the salt industry in kansas and some mention of the more prominent mines and companies. one of the most striking figures in the development of the salt industry in kansas was the late james cowie, sr., and the above named is a son of that salt pioneer and is now general superintendent of the independent salt company at kanopolis. the cowie family are scotch people, and in scotland they were also identified with mining. the grandfather of daniel was george cowie, who spent his life in scotland and was a successful coal contractor. james cowie, sr., was born in stirlingshire, scotland, in 1839. he grew up and married there and from an early age was a coal miner. prior to his coming to america he was general manager for one of the largest coal companies in scotland, having supervision over ten diffierent coal properties. on coming to the united states in 1884 he entered the employ of the h. c. frick coal company at connellsville, pennsylvania. james cowie, sr., came to kanopolis, kansas, in 1889. the credit is given him for originating the salt mining industry of kansas and he was known in the press and to the general public as the \" salt king. \" as manager of the royal salt company he put in the first salt mine in kansas just east of the city limits of kanopolis. he managed that company until 1905 and then organized the crystal salt company, of which he was manager and part owner. he bought from the kanopolis townsite the salt rights underneath the town. the crystal mine is just outside the limits of kanopolis but its tunnels and underground work are partly beneath the town itself. at the time of his death james cowie, sr., was managing director of the crystal salt company and also owned between 5, 000 and 6, 000 town lots in kanopolis. previously he was owner of about forty buildings in the town but had sold this part of his real estate. as an american citizen james cowie, sr., was a republican, was an active presbyterian, and served a number of terms as mayor of kanopolis and well justified the honors bestowed upon him by efficient service in the administration of municipal affairs. james cowie, sr., married elizabeth barrowman. she was born in scotland in 1842", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3871987361106801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.036052"} {"text": ", and served a number of terms as mayor of kanopolis and well justified the honors bestowed upon him by efficient service in the administration of municipal affairs. james cowie, sr., married elizabeth barrowman. she was born in scotland in 1842 and died at kanopolis in 1915, while her husband passed away there in 1911. her father, george barrowman, was a prominent coal contractor in scotland, where he died. james cowie and wife had five children. george, the oldest, is manager of the standard salt company at little river, kansas. james cowie, jr., is president of the exchange state bank of kanopolis and is also mine foreman under his brother daniel. daniel is the third in the family. janette married samuel hogsett, a loan and real estate man at kansas city, missouri. elizabeth, the youngest child, is the wife of george p. kelly, of kansas city, missouri. mr. kelly is president of the american salt and coal company of lyons, kansas, and at this writing is installing one of the largest combination rock salt and evaporation salt plants in the united states. the evaporation works are already in operation and the rock salt mines will be completed and in a producing state within six months. daniel b. cowie, son of james cowie, sr., was born at kylswith, stirlingshire, scotland, march 20, 1869, and was fifteen years of age when the family came to the united states. he received his education in the public schools of stirlingshire and for two years taught school in scotland. at the age of eighteen he began working as a miner, and had an intimate experience with that industry in every capacity from tapper boy to general superintendent. under his father he became expert in all branches of salt mining and manufacture. he was general superintendent of the kingman salt company at kingman, kansas, until the plant was burned in 1903, after which he returned to kanopolis and was general superintendent of the crystal salt company and since 1913 had been superintendent of the independent salt company. for 3\u00bd years prior to 1915 mr. cowie was at detroit, michigan, his services being employed to straighten out the tangled affairs of the rock salt plant, wherein was involved an investment of over $ 1, 000, 000. the plant was in the hands of a receiver and the expert ability of mr. cowie was called into service, and he not only put the plant on its feet but developed it so that now it is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41873445043509305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.039744"} {"text": "over $ 1, 000, 000. the plant was in the hands of a receiver and the expert ability of mr. cowie was called into service, and he not only put the plant on its feet but developed it so that now it is one of the best salt mine propositions in the united states. mr. cowie lives close to the independent salt company ' s plant and in the superintendent ' s house furnished by the company. he owned six dwelling houses in kanopolis, a farm of eighty acres near the city, and is a stockholder and director in the exchange state bank. his fellow citizens have honored him with the office of mayor two terms and with that of city clerk two terms. for fifteen consecutive years he was a member of the school board and since 1913 had again been on the board and is now treasurer. he is a republican, an elder in the presbyterian church, is past master of kingman lodge, ancient free and accepted masons, a member of the royal arch chapter and the knights templar commandery at kingman, is past noble grand of kingman lodge, independent order of odd fellows, past master workman of kingman lodge, ancient order of united workmen, and charter member of kanopolis camp of the modern woodmen of america. mr. cowie enjoys an ideal home life and had a large and happy family. he first married at uniontown, pennsylvania, in 1891, miss allie matthews. she died in 1897, leaving two daughters : elizabeth, now the wife of william mcvittie, a member of the city fire department of detroit, michigan ; and janette, living at home. in 1900, at emporia, kansas, mr. cowie married miss ruth a. haley, daughter of mr. and mrs. samuel haley. her mother is deceased and her father still lives on a farm near emporia. mr. and mrs. cowie have seven children : anna, born in 1901 ; daniel, jr., born in 1903 ; margaret, born in 1905 ; jane, born in 1907 ; dorothy, born in 1909 ; evelyn, born in 1911 ; and james, born in 1914. source : a standard history of kansas and kansans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4430549186315253, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.041640"} {"text": "students who struggle with reading or school need caring adults to represent them. being an advocate for a student can mean learning new terms, knowing your rights, and insisting that your student gets the help he or she needs to have the best opportunity to succeed. see the articles below to get started and visit our sister website ld online. sort by : date title children who struggle with reading often need extra help. this help usually comes from the school, but some parents choose to look outside the school for professionals who can assess, diagnose, tutor, or provide other education services. the following article provides information on how to find the right person for your child. parents are often the best educational advocates for their children, especially children with a learning disability. the coordinated campaign for learning disabilities ( ccld ) has developed the following tips to help parents champion their child. literacy programs seem to have sprung up everywhere, but how can you tell the good ones from the bad ones? this guide identifies the key elements to consider in evaluating adolescent literacy programs. this is a cautionary tale, not just for people who have no real idea of what a learning disability is and probably suspect the whole thing is an overindulgent scam, but also for any parent of a child struggling mightily through school. this checklist prepared by the pacer center will help parents prepare for and get the most out of individualized education plan ( iep ) meetings with the school staff. \" solution shop \" is a counseling and study skills program designed to address the academic needs of struggling middle school students. in this program, the school counselor serves the critical role of developing and providing appropriate interventions, which range from individual and group counseling, study skills instruction, parent consultation, behavioral contracts, math and reading tutoring, and teacher meetings. learn to develop the evidence you need to support your belief that your child is not receiving the right help in school. peter and pamela wright, from wrightslaw, tell you how to interpret and chart your child ' s test scores, graph your child ' s progress, and successfully communicate with the educators who make decisions about your child.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44528635109891923, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.045891"} {"text": "atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain bacteria, including legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydophila pneumoniae. it is called \u201c atypical \u201d because the symptoms differ from those of pneumonia due to other common bacteria. mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of atypical pneumonia. it is caused by the bacteria m. pneumoniae. it typically affects people younger than age 40. for more information on this type of pneumonia, see : mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia due to chlamydia - related bacteria occurs year round and accounts for 5 - 15 % of all pneumonias. it is usually mild. pneumonia due to legionella is seen more often in middle - aged and older adults, smokers, and those with chronic illnesses or a weak immune system. it can be more severe. pneumonia due to mycoplasma and chlamydophila bacteria is usually mild. pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila gets worse during the first 4 - 6 days, and then improves over 4 - 5 days. even though symptoms will improve, it may take a while for them to go away completely. the most common symptoms of pneumonia are : cough ( with legionella pneumonia, you may cough up bloody mucus ) fever, which may be mild or high shortness of breath ( may only occur when you climb stairs ) other symptoms include : chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough confusion, especially in older people or those with legionella pneumonia loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue muscle aches and joint stiffness sweating and clammy skin less common symptoms include : diarrhea ( especially with legionella pneumonia ) ear pain ( with mycoplasma pneumonia ) eye pain or soreness ( with mycoplasma pneumonia ) neck lump ( with mycoplasma pneumonia ) rash ( with mycoplasma pneumonia ) sore throat ( with mycoplasma pneumonia ) signs and tests persons with suspected pneumonia should have a complete medical evaluation. it may be hard for your health care provider to tell whether you have pneumonia or bronchitis, so you may need a chest x - ray. depending on the severity of the illness, other tests may be done, including : control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids, such as ibuprofen or naproxen ), or acetaminophen. do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4756400196230943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.051599"} {"text": "other tests may be done, including : control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids, such as ibuprofen or naproxen ), or acetaminophen. do not give aspirin to children. do not take cough medicines without first talking to your doctor. cough medicines may make it harder for your body to cough up the extra sputum. drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm. get a lot of rest. have someone else do household chores. antibiotics are used to treat atypical pneumonia. you may be able to take antibiotics by mouth at home. if you have severe atypical pneumonia, you will likely be admitted to a hospital, where you will be given antibiotics through a vein ( intravenously ), as well as oxygen. antibiotics are used for 2 weeks or more antibiotics used to treat atypical pneumonia include : fluoroquinolones ( such as levofloxacin ) tetracyclines ( such as tetracycline or doxycycline ) most patients with pneumonia due to mycoplasma or chlamydophila do well with the right antibiotics. legionella pneumonia can be severe, leading to problems in patients with kidney failure, diabetes, copd, and a weak immune system. it can lead to death. mandell la, wunderink rg, anzueto a, et al. infectiousd iseases society of america / american thoracic society consensus guidelines on the management of community - acquired pneumonia in adults. clin infect dis. 2007 ; 44 : s27 - s72. torres a, menendez r, wunderink r. pyogenic bacterial pneumonia and lung abscess. in : mason rj, vc broaddus, martin tr, et al, eds. murray and nadel \u2019 s textbook of respiratory medicine. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2010 : chap 32. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. denis hadjiliadis, md, assistant professor of medicine, division of pulmonary, allergy and critical care, university of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37321339450445756, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.053562"} {"text": "tau researchers part of team of international scientists to uncover the \" god particle \" wednesday, july 25, 2012 higgs boson particle crucial for explaining how the universe was built tel aviv university ' s prof. yaron oz, dean of tau ' s faculty of exact sciences, and prof. aharon levy of tau ' s school of physics and astronomy were among the theoretical and experimental physicists who made the groundbreaking discovery of a particle known as the higgs boson or \" god particle, \" a key to understanding how the universe was built. the discovery was made at geneva ' s european laboratory for particle physics ( cern ) and announced in early july. first proposed in 1964 by a team of six physicists, including university of edinburgh professor peter higgs, the particle is said to explain the existence of mass. in particle physics, bosons are one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particles. the higgs boson is the final building block, missing until now from the \" standard model, \" which describes the structure of matter in the universe. the model is to physicists what the theory of evolution is to biologists. prof. yaron oz albert einstein would have been \" very happy \" at the discovery, prof. oz noted. the term \" god particle \" originated with prof. max lederman, an american experimental physicist who won the nobel prize in physics for his work with neutrinos. prof. lederman wrote a book using the term, \" by which he meant the mysterious particle that ' s part of everything, \" prof. levy says. \" particle physics aims at understanding what conditions created the big bang that created the universe, to look backwards as much as possible at that event. \" prof. oz congratulated the group of researchers not only on their scientific achievement but also on their ability to put political considerations aside and work together for the good of humanity. calling the huge cern facility \" what the un should be, \" he said that \" everybody is devoted to making the discovery as a team, without any politics or vested interests. i even worked with iranians there, and there was never a harsh word between us. we all just want to understand. it was has already been proven that the nationals of the world can function together harmoniously for joint targets. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6292784737878876, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.059088"} {"text": "using bone marrow to protect the brain tuesday, september 20, 2011 stem cell technology from tau research begins clinical trial for lou gehrig ' s disease the ability to produce neuroprotectors, proteins that protect the human brain against neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinson ' s and als, is the holy grail of brain research. a technology developed at tel aviv university does just that, and it ' s now out of the lab and in hospitals to begin clinical trials with patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ), also known as lou gehrig ' s disease. developed by prof. daniel offen and prof. eldad melamed of tau ' s sackler faculty of medicine and felsenstein medical research center, the technology is now a patent - pending process that takes stem cells from a patient ' s own bone marrow and causes them to differentiate into astrocyte - like cells, which are responsible for the well - being of the brain ' s neurons. the cells release neurotrophic factors, or neuroprotectants, which have been shown to play a key role in reducing the progress of als, a debilitating disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in paralysis of a patient ' s limbs and organ function. the research has appeared in the journal of stem cells reviews and reports and a number of other publications. trials in jerusalem and boston this stem cell technology, says prof. offen, represents 10 years of development. inspired by advances in embryonic stem cell research and its huge potential \u2014 but trying to bypass the ethical and safety issues \u2014 prof. offen and his fellow researchers turned to stem cells derived from a patient ' s own bone marrow. after coaxing the cells to differentiate into astrocyte - like cells, whose natural function is to guard the brain ' s neurons and prevent deterioration, the researchers began testing the concept in animal models. \" in the mouse model, \" prof. offen explains, \" we were able to show that the bone marrow derived stem cells prevent degeneration in the brain following injection of selective neurotoxins. \" researchers also demonstrated that transplantation of these cells increased the survival rate in the mouse model of als and significantly delayed the progress of motor dysfunction. according to prof. offen, this is a uniquely successful method for differentiating bone marrow stem cells into astrocyte - like cells without manipulating the genetic material of the cell itself. they are the first team of researchers to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49772455840875734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.066003"} {"text": "progress of motor dysfunction. according to prof. offen, this is a uniquely successful method for differentiating bone marrow stem cells into astrocyte - like cells without manipulating the genetic material of the cell itself. they are the first team of researchers to demonstrate the efficacy of this technology in vivo in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. the technology was licensed to brainstorm cell therapeutics that has developed it into a clinical grade product called nurown\u2122, which is now being used in a clinical trial at jerusalem ' s hadassah medical center. brainstorm cell therapeutics has recently struck an agreement to expand clinical trials to massachusetts general hospital in collaboration with the university of massachusetts medical school. home - grown therapy \u2014 and talent the ongoing clinical studies are aimed at evaluating the safety and the efficacy of this treatment, says prof. offen. because the original cells are drawn from the patients themselves, he adds, the body should have no adverse reactions. although the current study targets als, these cells have the potential to treat a broad range of neurodegenerative conditions, including parkinson ' s and huntington ' s diseases. for many conditions, explains prof. offen, the current available treatments only attempt to alleviate the symptoms of these diseases rather than repair existing damage. brainstorm cell therapeutics, the company that is developing the technology, is a spin - off of tau, prof. offen notes. the university has spearheaded the invention involved, and a number of the researchers working within the company graduated from tau. for more news about stem cell research from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5248203791986424, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.066825"} {"text": "courtesy of purdue extension before farmers go full throttle into the 2012 planting season, they would be wise to inspect what ' s left of their 2011 corn crop for signs of mold, says a purdue university agricultural engineer. richard stroshine said he has heard scattered reports of indiana farmers finding higher - than - normal percentages of moldy, discolored kernels when they ' ve removed corn from storage facilities. elevators and other buyers of corn pay less for mold - contaminated grain, if they buy it at all. corn stored in bins since the fall harvest could be at a heightened threat for mold, stroshine said. the reason? a winter that wasn ' t cold enough for long enough to protect the grain from fungal infection. moldy corn can contain toxins harmful - even fatal - to livestock. much of the corn grown in indiana is used as animal feed. \" farmers should constantly be checking their grain for mold growth, \" stroshine said. \" if they find mold, they ' ve got to get that corn out of the bin as soon as possible so that it doesn ' t spread to other grain in the bin. \" a typical winter with air temperatures regularly near or below freezing allows corn to be cooled to temperatures near freezing, inhibiting mold development. that is particularly important when corn is stored at or above 15 percent moisture. this past winter saw many days above 50 degrees fahrenheit, creating conditions more favorable for mold growth. when mold risks are high, farmers should take steps to evenly cool the grain in the bin. a common practice, known as coring, involves taking one or more truckloads of corn from the bin and leveling the crop that remains. the process removes fine material that often accumulates in the center - or core - of the bin, filling air pockets between kernels and restricting air circulation. to ensure even airflow distribution, farmers should maintain a level surface at the top of the bin. without sufficient and uniform air movement in the bin, heat can build up in some areas and promote mold growth. farmers who cored their bins reduced the likelihood of mold problems this spring but still should keep an eye on their leftover crop, stroshine said. those who didn ' t perform coring operations will need to be even more vigilant, he said. bins should be visually inspected and grain temperatures monitored weekly, stroshine said. he recommended running bin fans for 30 minutes before entering the storage facility to conduct an inspection. \" aeration will push musty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4144901396581818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.069589"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia institute of bankers the chartered institute of bankers ( cib ) was founded in 1879, as the professional body for members of the banking profession in the united kingdom. it was granted its royal charter in 1988. in 2000 it rebranded itself as the institute of financial services, reflecting the changing needs for professionalism across a wide range of financial services. the cib was, and continues to be, an important aid to the professionalism of bankers. after studying a series of banking related topics and passing exams, and after working for a minimum period within the banking industry, it is possible to be elected to an associate of the chartered institute of bankers. the letters acib continue to demonstrate to others the experience and academic standards of the designee. in the last two decades of the 20th century, the financial services industry underwent significant change. retail banks transformed themselves from transaction oriented deposit taking and lending institutions into deliverers of retail financial services. at the same time, additional complexity was introduced into the less retail forms of banking. new investment products developed. international finance became more complex. derivatives became available to hedge risk, or in some cases to amplify risk. the distinctions between retail banks, investment banks, building societies, insurance companies and other financial services institutions became blurred. institutions complimented their own services with additional ranges of services offered by other institutions. it became possible to satisfy all needs for financial services through one financial institution. the cib needed to respond to changes in the industry. in 1986, its professional exams were linked to and moderated by umist. any student passing the exams required to attain acib status is now awarded a bsc ( hons ) in financial services, underscoring the academic standards achieved by professional bankers. today the cib provides courses leading to qualifications in all areas of the financial services industry, and it has a vision to be a school of finance that is recognised for the excellence and relevance of its range of qualifications. in addition to providing education, the cib also organises regionally based events to enable members to both network and keep abreast of developments within their fields of interest. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4878542211256329, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.073224"} {"text": "printer friendly version lightweight true random number generators a step closer 17 september 2010 queen ' s university, belfast the widespread use of true random number generators ( trngs ) has taken a step closer following the creation of the most lightweight designs to date by researchers at queen \u2019 s university belfast \u2019 s institute of electronics, communications and information technology ( ecit ). members of the institute \u2019 s cryptography research team have produced a series of circuits that are up to 50 per cent smaller than anything else currently available. optimised for digital circuits, fpga and asic, they push efficiency to the limit by using just one logic gate, one look - up table and four transistors respectively. trngs are essential for it security because virtually any security application relies on unpredictable numbers such as cryptographic keys. current systems however are either too expensive or are not fast enough for many applications. that is why more nimble pseudo - random number generators are in widespread use even though the sequences they generate can be detected under certain types of attack, making them much less secure. the approach of ecit researchers jiang wu and dr maire o \u2019 neill has been to use the white noise inside the circuit to generate the randomness, effectively simulating the toss of a coin. to do this, they developed a new mechanism to measure the noise and generate the random output. \u201c the most challenging part of the work was to find the new mechanism that can effectively sample the noise, \u201d said wu. \u201c true random number generators have been extensively studied in recent years ; many very efficient designs based on different noise measurement mechanisms have been proposed. it was not clear if more efficient designs were even possible. after investigating several candidates, finally we found a successful one. \u201d the next step is to find ways of making the generators sufficiently robust to be embedded in devices such as mobile phones, smartcards and rfid tags, and \u2013 where they are used for security applications - to secure them from attack and develop appropriate countermeasures. other related work currently underway at ecit includes designs for highly efficient physical unclonable functions ( pufs ). these authenticate individual chips by extracting and identifying \u2013 but without revealing - their unique fingerprints which can then be used in a variety of security applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5919242274405376, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.076312"} {"text": "by jos van der poel down \u2019 s syndrome is a genetic disorder ( in stead of two these persons have three chromosomes 21 ) that besides a number of physical characteristics leads to intellectual impairment. it occurs in one out of every 1. 000 births. life expectancy of people with down \u2019 s syndrome has increased substantially over the last century : about 50 % of them will reach the age of 60. because of the trisomie 21 people with down \u2019 s syndrome have an overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein. amyloid is the main ingredient of the plaques, which are found in the brains of people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. symptoms and course not all persons with down \u2019 s syndrome show evidence of cognitive deterioration or other clinical evidence of dementia even after extended periods of observation. clinical symptoms at first are increasing depression, indifference and a decline in social communication. later symptoms are : seizures in previously unaffected persons, changes in personality, loss of memory and general functions, long periods of inactivity or apathy, hyperactive reflexes, loss of activity of daily skills, visual retention deficits, loss of speech, disorientation, increase in stereotyped behaviour and abnormal neurological signs. especially for brothers and sisters who are confronted with the responsibility for ( the care of ) their sibling with down \u2019 s syndrome when their parents have died. it is distressing when this person develops alzheimer \u2019 s disease at a relatively young age. not only are they loosing the person they ( often ) love very much, but the burden of care gets heavier. causes and risk factors in down \u2019 s syndrome the development of alzheimer \u2019 s disease seems to be linked directly to the overexposure to app. the apoe2 gene seems to have a protective effect in down \u2019 s syndrome too, but whether apoe4 increases the risk of alzheimer \u2019 s disease in down \u2019 s syndrome is not clear yet. men and women seem to be equally susceptible. down \u2019 s syndrome originates in an extra copy of chromosome 21. at least 36 % of the people with down \u2019 s syndrome aged 50 \u2013 59 years and 65 % aged 60 and older are affected by dementia. brain changes associated with alzheimer \u2019 s disease are found in 96 % of all adults with down \u2019 s syndrome. diagnosing dementia in people with down \u2019 s syndrome is very difficult, as the dementia symptoms are often masked by the existing intellectual impairment. several screening and evaluation procedures have been developed. these evaluations must be performed at select intervals, thus comparing with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5061888926425964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.080938"} {"text": "##gnosing dementia in people with down \u2019 s syndrome is very difficult, as the dementia symptoms are often masked by the existing intellectual impairment. several screening and evaluation procedures have been developed. these evaluations must be performed at select intervals, thus comparing with the person \u2019 s previous score. definitive diagnosis is only available after death. care and treatment because of limited personel in small scale living settings for people with an intellectual impairment, persons with dementia often have to move ( back ) to an institution for mentally retarded people. research has shown that donepezil ( aricept\u00ae ) has a positive though not significant effect. ongoing research / clinical trials erasmus university rotterdam ( evenhuis hm ) - beer efg de ; de effecten van donepezil bij downsyndroom ; down + up 2003 ; 62 - lott it, head e ; down syndrome and alzheimer \u2019 s disease : a link between development and aging ; ment ret dev dis 2001 ; 7 - visser fe ; down en alzheimer in perspectief ; dissertation 1996 - down \u2019 s syndrome and alzheimer \u2019 s disease ; briefing north west training & development team ( 1995 ) - dementia an intellectual disabilities ; fact sheet alzheimer \u2019 s disease international ( s. a. ) last updated : vendredi 09 octobre 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47452079240024586, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.081458"} {"text": "in 1621, the plymouth colonists and wampanoag indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies. for more than two centuries, days of thanksgiving were celebrated by individual colonies and states. it wasn ' t until october 1777 that all 13 colonies celebrated day of thanksgiving. the very first national day of thanksgiving was held in 1789, when president george washington proclaimed thursday, nov. 26, to be \" a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of almighty god especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness. \" though a national day of thanksgiving was declared in 1789, thanksgiving was not an annual celebration. we owe the modern concept of thanksgiving to poet and editor, sarah josepha hale. hale wrote the famous nursery rhyme, \" mary had a little lamb, \" and was editor of \" godey ' s lady ' s book. \" she spent 40 years advocating for a national, annual thanksgiving holiday. in the years leading up to the civil war, she saw the holiday as a way to infuse hope and belief in the nation and the constitution. so, when the united states was torn in half during the civil war and president abraham lincoln was searching for a way to bring the nation together, he discussed the matter with hale. on oct. 3, 1863, lincoln issued a thanksgiving proclamation that declared the last thursday in november ( based on washington ' s date ) to be a day of \" thanksgiving and praise. \" for the first time, thanksgiving became a national, annual holiday with a specific date. for 75 years after lincoln issued his thanksgiving proclamation, succeeding presidents honored the tradition and annually issued their own thanksgiving proclamation, declaring the last thursday in november as the day of thanksgiving. however, in 1939, during the great depression, the date of thanksgiving was scheduled to be nov. 30. retailers complained to president franklin d. roosevelt ( fdr ) that this only left 24 shopping days to christmas and begged him to push thanksgiving just one week earlier. it was determined that most people do their christmas shopping after thanksgiving and retailers hope that with an extra week of shopping, people would buy more. when fdr announced his thanksgiving proclamation in 1939, he declared the date of thanksgiving to be thursday, nov. 23, the second - to - last thursday of the month. the new date for thanksgiving caused a lot of confusion. calendars were now incorrect. schools who had planned vacations and tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4044097559376192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.084943"} {"text": "he declared the date of thanksgiving to be thursday, nov. 23, the second - to - last thursday of the month. the new date for thanksgiving caused a lot of confusion. calendars were now incorrect. schools who had planned vacations and tests now had to reschedule. thanksgiving had been a big day for football games, as it is today, so the game schedule had to be examined. before 1939, governors followed the president in officially proclaiming the same day as thanksgiving for their state. in 1939, many governors did not agree with fdr ' s decision to change the date and refused to follow him. the country became split on which thanksgiving they should observe. twenty - three states followed fdr ' s change. twenty - three other states disagreed with fdr and kept the traditional date for thanksgiving. two states, colorado and texas, decided to honor both dates. this idea of two thanksgiving days split some families because not everyone had the same day off work. did it work? the answer was no. businesses reported that the spending was approximately the same but the distribution of the shopping was changed. for those states who celebrated the earlier thanksgiving date, the shopping was evenly distributed throughout the season. for those states that kept the traditional date, businesses experienced a bulk of shopping in the last week before christmas. in 1940, fdr again announced thanksgiving to be the second - to - last thursday of the month. this time, 31 states followed him with the earlier date and 17 kept the traditional date. confusion over two thanksgivings continued. lincoln established the thanksgiving holiday to bring the country together, but the confusion over the date change was tearing it apart. on dec. 26, 1941, congress passed a law declaring that thanksgiving would occur every year on the fourth thursday of november.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42981954770202824, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.086695"} {"text": "identifying hurdles to renewable electricity transmission source : ap / thanassis stavrakis this article contains a correction. download this report ( pdf ) the next administration will face an extensive list of simultaneous policy challenges, not least of which include an international financial crisis, two wars abroad, and the growing climate crisis. while president barack obama navigates which issues and policies to prioritize, an essential element of our nation \u2019 s economic recovery must be investing in a clean energy economy in order to create jobs and spur economic growth and prosperity, while at the same time fighting global warming and addressing national security. this report seeks to highlight the multiple challenges and opportunities for action to vastly increase our nation \u2019 s renewable energy generation and connect this clean energy to the grid via advanced electrical transmission construction. identifying the significant, but by no means insurmountable, obstacles to implementing this vision is the first step toward designing policy solutions that enable investments to not only significantly reduce our nation \u2019 s global warming emissions but also to put us on a path to a clean energy future. our electricity grid is an integral but often overlooked element in the shift to a low - carbon economy. the current grid configuration cannot handle the growth in electricity demand expected over the next few decades unless we act quickly to modernize it. grid modernization must be compatible with scaling up renewable energy generation, including the ability to incorporate intermittent renewable electricity generation, and carrying renewable power to city centers, which in many cases will require long - distance transmission. additional important modernization efforts also include grid expansion, improved connectivity between different u. s. regions, increased efficiency of electricity transmission, improved security to ensure reliable supply of electricity, and adoption of smart grid technologies. the electricity grid in the united states is often heralded as one of the world \u2019 s first great technological achievements in modern history. the grid pioneered national access to electricity and spurred prosperity, and it now represents a central piece of economic and societal infrastructure. but nearly a century after grid construction began, no major updates have occurred. in a recent publication, the department of energy frames the issue well : if alexander bell were to see his original invention \u2014 the telephone \u2014 today, he would be blown away by the progress of telecommunications. in stark contrast, not much has changed for electricity distribution and technologies since thomas edison \u2019 s time. currently, the united states derives only 2 to 3 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, excluding hydropower. a national renewable portfolio standard, or rps \u2014 which sets a target percentage of renewable energy generation by a certain year \u2014 would dramatically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5216483875825735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.101335"} {"text": "time. currently, the united states derives only 2 to 3 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, excluding hydropower. a national renewable portfolio standard, or rps \u2014 which sets a target percentage of renewable energy generation by a certain year \u2014 would dramatically increase this percentage and can serve as an important step toward establishing a low - carbon economy and combating global warming. president - elect obama has endorsed a national rps of 10 percent by 2012 and 25 percent by 2025. in the absence of federal leadership, 27 states and the district of columbia have established state - level rps requirements, and six additional states have explicit renewable electricity goals. thus, about 70 percent of the u. s. population is currently under a renewable electricity mandate or goal. reaching the target set by any type of renewable portfolio standard requires grid modernization and new transmission, yet how to proceed is a contentious and difficult policy challenge. a timely example is unfolding in minnesota, where xcel energy and other regional utilities are working on a project called capx 2020 to add more than 700 miles of new transmission in order to help meet the state rps. the project is encountering a variety of obstacles, which reveal the difficulty that scaling up renewable electricity production is likely to face. implementation hurdles to capx 2020 and other projects include environmental, public, and political concerns, siting authority, permit approval procedures, and environmental impact assessments. we will explore these issues here and briefly discuss other challenges that must be addressed, such as a qualified workforce, grid access, and cost recovery for new construction. even though new construction of renewable energy facilities and transmission lines offers significant environmental benefits \u2014 including reducing greenhouse gas emissions \u2014 any new construction risks facing public opposition for aesthetic, economic, or environmental reasons. typical objections include charges that new construction obstructs views, reduces property values, and could harm endangered species and habitats. one project that faced widespread public opposition is the offshore wind farm called cape wind in cape cod, massachusetts, in the nantucket sound. the project was first proposed in 2001 and its developer spent years fighting public claims that the farm would be a visual sore, negatively affect tourism to the region, and threaten birds, bottom - dwelling fish species, and boat navigation. this type of opposition is frequently called the not - in - my - backyard syndrome, or nimby, which describes a common tendency for people to favor a project until it directly affects them. six years after cape wind was proposed, in january 2008, the u. s. minerals management service completed an environmental impact statement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514207792882651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.102356"} {"text": "backyard syndrome, or nimby, which describes a common tendency for people to favor a project until it directly affects them. six years after cape wind was proposed, in january 2008, the u. s. minerals management service completed an environmental impact statement and approved the wind farm, concluding it would not have a significant, lasting effect on wildlife, tourism, or navigation. efforts must be made to both integrate the public \u2019 s concern and expedite such decision - making processes. the opportunities to modernize the grid and the added urgency to combat global warming highlight the need to act quickly. involving constituents early in the decision - making process can help temper public opposition to renewable energy infrastructure. working with different constituencies so that they understand the energy and global warming challenge and the employment and economic growth opportunities associated with clean energy infrastructure can generate greater support for these projects, too. one successful case study is the western united states. both the western governors \u2019 association and individual states like colorado have aggressively pursued initiatives to expand renewable energy capacity on the grid. this year the wga launched the western renewable energy zones project to expedite the development and delivery of clean and renewable energy, and last year colorado passed legislation ( sb 100 ) requiring utilities to identify renewable energy resources and plan transmission lines to harness those resources. to accomplish these projects, wga and colorado have embarked on thorough stakeholder processes to ensure that invested voices have the opportunity to be heard. as a result, the west is making notable progress toward constructing the necessary renewable energy transmission infrastructure. in contrast, pennsylvania and surrounding mid - atlantic states have seen opposition erupt over a transmission corridor designation, mainly due to the lack of sufficient consultation with the public and with state and local authorities. the energy policy act of 2005 requires the secretary of energy to designate national interest electric transmission corridors, or nietcs, in areas experiencing electricity transmission constraints or congestion. the law also grants the federal energy regulatory commission backstop eminent domain authority to grant permits for interstate transmission lines if a transmission developer is not able to site a line at the state level after a year or under certain other conditions, and the line is in an nietc. eminent domain authority allows the federal government to bypass or override state or local decisions on electricity transmission siting in the name of national interest, even when facing objections from states, localities, or private property owners. with this authority, the federal government has identified two nietc corridors, one in the southwest consisting of parts of southern california and western arizona and the other in the mid - atlantic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5090801074600914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.103428"} {"text": "when facing objections from states, localities, or private property owners. with this authority, the federal government has identified two nietc corridors, one in the southwest consisting of parts of southern california and western arizona and the other in the mid - atlantic. the mid - atlantic nietc spans large parts of new york, pennsylvania, delaware, and maryland, and has also drawn significant opposition. in pennsylvania, the nietc encompasses 50 of the state \u2019 s 67 counties, and includes historic sites, agricultural land, protected habitats, and national parks. during the public comment period, over 2, 000 replies were submitted expressing concern over the corridor, and the extent of land incorporated caused governor ed rendell to describe the designation \u201c so broad as to be meaningless. \u201d at least 14 senators representing mid - atlantic states are also opposed to the corridor. no fewer than three bills have been introduced in congress to repeal or modify the federal government \u2019 s eminent domain authority in response to the mid - atlantic nietc \u2019 s designation. these examples shed light on a hurdle to new transmission and generation : the conflict over federal versus state jurisdiction over new transmission projects and authority over siting decisions. navigating this question is proving to be politically contentious and time - consuming. another pending conflict is in the southwest, where southern california edison has launched a pre - filing consultation process with ferc in an effort to build a new transmission line between arizona and southern california after failing to reach agreement about this new line with arizona. there is still much to be done to facilitate work between federal and state authorities to determine new transmission corridors. this is especially important in light of the increasing demand for new transmission to meet new electricity demand, stabilize the grid, and facilitate connecting renewable electricity to the grid. permit approval procedures another hurdle to siting renewable energy infrastructure is that permit criterion, application, and review processes are inconsistent across municipalities, counties, states, and the federal government. efforts must be ramped up to develop an integrated strategy for working across jurisdictions and federal agencies to ensure swift and comprehensive review and permitting. a wind farm proposal, for example, could fall to any one of eight federal agencies, but there is no streamlined process for coordinated action. developing greater coordination across agencies and between state and federal government will be critical in order to reach ambitious goals for renewable energy penetration in our electrical supply. in the three years since the energy policy act of 2005 encouraged renewable energy development on federal land, the bureau of land management has yet to approve a single concentrated solar or solar pv facility. additionally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4628269788673435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.104632"} {"text": "ambitious goals for renewable energy penetration in our electrical supply. in the three years since the energy policy act of 2005 encouraged renewable energy development on federal land, the bureau of land management has yet to approve a single concentrated solar or solar pv facility. additionally, during the summer of 2008, the blm attempted to entirely freeze solar applications on blm - managed land until it could sort out its environmental assessment. however, the agency \u2019 s attempted moratorium was met with fervent protest and the decision was reversed within months. another example occured in october 2008, when the department of interior announced it compiled a programmatic environmental impact statement for geothermal applications on federally owned or managed land ; however, the environmental protection agency has raised concerns about groundwater and air quality impacts regarding the peis. the energy policy act of 2005 requires coordinated effort by the secretaries of agriculture, commerce, defense, energy, and interior, in consultation with ferc, other governments, industries, and other interested parties to designate energy corridors for oil, gas, and hydrogen pipelines as well as electricity transmission and distribution facilities on federal lands, in part in an to attempt to reduce federal siting hurdles experienced by energy developers. recently, the federal government designated the west - wide energy corridor, which stretches across 11 states and covers nearly 3 million acres. western states that the corridor affects have made recent attempts to prioritize renewable energy generation and transmission, such as through the western renewable energy zones project. the west - wide designation has met with public opposition because of claims it should have given greater prioritization to renewable electricity, and that the involved federal agencies did not adequately consult regional or local entities before creating the energy corridors on protected federal lands, such as new mexico \u2019 s sevilleta national wildlife refuge, utah \u2019 s grand staircase - escalante national monument, and arches national park. this experience makes it clear that there are many priorities to consider as we develop our nation \u2019 s energy resources. while difficult choices between conflicting priorities will continue to arise, there will also be opportunities to address these challenges as efforts to scale up renewable energy proceed. one of the goals of new renewable energy infrastructure and supporting electrical grid investments to connect areas of high renewable energy potential to regions of the country with the greatest demand is to advance the environmental goal of reducing our nation \u2019 s greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a shift to a low - carbon economy. the center for american progress has argued that federal permitting of new projects that require environmental impact statements under the national environmental policy act should not only consider greenhouse gas emissions resulting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49171664952363026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.106770"} {"text": "nation \u2019 s greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a shift to a low - carbon economy. the center for american progress has argued that federal permitting of new projects that require environmental impact statements under the national environmental policy act should not only consider greenhouse gas emissions resulting from those projects, but also the projected impacts of global warming on these projects to ensure responsible spending of taxpayer dollars. thus, when weighed against high - carbon energy development projects, renewable projects should be accelerated given global warming considerations. yet new construction and development invariably have environmental impacts, and environmental review is indispensable to understand a project \u2019 s impact on natural habitats and wildlife, endangered species, water supply, water quality, and air quality. decisions must be considered given regulation set by the endangered species act and the clean water act, among others. recently the environmental protection agency warned that the evaluation drafted by the interior department \u2014 the peis mentioned above \u2014 does not adequately consider geothermal energy \u2019 s effect on water quality. in the millions of acres identified by the doi for geothermal development, there are 23 aquifers that people depend on for drinking water. before moving forward on a large scale, the epa argues we need a concrete understanding of if and how much water supply could be depleted ( particularly in the west ). still, the environmental impact of renewable energy is estimated to be far less than that of fossil fuels, particularly in terms of water withdrawal and land disturbance. renewable electricity - generating technologies are estimated to use tens of billions of gallons less water than thermoelectric power plants. coal mining is estimated to disrupt 400, 000 hectares of u. s. land each year. in contrast, a department of energy scenario that sketches how to acquire 20 percent of our nation \u2019 s electricity from wind power by 2030 suggests that wind farms would cause a one - time disruption of 100, 000 to 250, 000 hectares. that is, if they cannot be sited on previously disturbed lands, such as \u201c brownfield \u201d sites. california has expressed a preference for siting new renewable energy generation on brownfield sites because reusing the land reduces environmental degradation, and the california energy commission wishes to see environmental criterion that weighs this benefit. a qualified workforce, grid access, and the question of cost recovery are additional challenges to address. despite the political interest, enthusiasm, and necessity to revamp our energy and electricity infrastructure, we have not yet adequately invested in facilitating a ramped - up clean energy and transmission workforce, including engineers, manufacturers, and construction workers. a 2006 study by the national renewable energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5037948144399059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.107848"} {"text": ", enthusiasm, and necessity to revamp our energy and electricity infrastructure, we have not yet adequately invested in facilitating a ramped - up clean energy and transmission workforce, including engineers, manufacturers, and construction workers. a 2006 study by the national renewable energy lab identified the shortage of skills and training as a leading non - technical barrier causing a bottleneck in the future growth of the renewable energy and energy - efficiency industries. this growing skills shortage is occurring even as the american public power association reports that half of current utility workers will retire within the next decade. policymakers must work to remedy this shortfall through comprehensive low - carbon energy and workforce training programs. we have the opportunity to create a truly national electricity grid that facilitates renewable energy access. currently, we do not have one, large grid ; we have three, separate regional grids called interconnects \u2014 the western interconnect, the eastern interconnect, and the texas interconnect. the current capacity to transmit electricity across interconnects is very limited. therefore the grid \u2019 s current structure prohibits states with abundant solar or wind energy from transmitting large amounts of this power between interconnects, a technical barrier to transporting electricity to where it could be most needed. ensuring renewable energy access to transmission infrastructure \u2014 existing infrastructure as well as new transmission lines \u2014 is another imperative. part of this challenge requires load integration between renewable and traditional sources. because renewable electricity is an emerging market with fresh actors, certain energy providers have yet to prioritize renewable electricity and are in the process of learning the best techniques to integrate renewable energy, especially since it is often an intermittent source. yet transmission lines are in high demand, and new transmission networks also need to be built out. as the example of the west - wide corridor illustrates, renewable energy still needs to emerge as a priority in planning stages so that it is not disadvantaged in terms of accessing transmission capacity. finally, utilities, developers, and policymakers have to decide how to distribute costs and create a plan to pay for renewable energy transmission infrastructure. should electricity ratepayers who benefit see a slight increase in prices, or should a renewable energy - compatible overhaul be something that taxpayers help fund in the greater interest of their state, region, or nation? here, too, we may need innovation and a national approach to problem solving. traditional strategies for rate recovery allocate the costs of new projects to those rate payers who benefit, but this regional allocation of costs may not be sufficient when the benefits of improved reliability and greater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5156478140730894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.108923"} {"text": "may need innovation and a national approach to problem solving. traditional strategies for rate recovery allocate the costs of new projects to those rate payers who benefit, but this regional allocation of costs may not be sufficient when the benefits of improved reliability and greater use of clean energy are benefits that accrue to the nation at large, or the scope of the benefits is much larger than any single utility or service area. in these cases, there may be strong reasons for a federal commitment to take on the costs of upgrading our electrical infrastructure to provide a truly national clean energy network. regardless of the ultimate resolution of this question, it is a near certainty that innovative financing and policy tools will be important moving forward. our economy is in trouble, and a massive investment in clean energy must be part of the solution. we are in need of major investments to rejuvenate communities, create new markets and growing industries, and create jobs rebuilding our infrastructure. at the same time we also need to take significant steps to reduce our nation \u2019 s greenhouse gas emissions. america \u2019 s electricity grid is a vulnerable intersection of our national security interests and our energy and economic security as well, yet it can be a tremendous source of inspiration for america \u2019 s spirit of innovation, and a good way to invest in a more prosperous future. a clean energy economy is not only better for the environment, but it is also more modern, more efficient, safer, and enables tremendous cost savings for american workers and their employers. as the obama administration sets its priorities, it must take a close look at new renewable electricity generation and the advanced transmission that will be required to take wind, solar, and geothermal to a national scale. as the administration lays new plans for infrastructure, government at all stages must be engaged in finding new solutions and new opportunities for collaboration to meet our shared national interest in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low - carbon economy. special thanks to bracken hendricks and benjamin goldstein. download this report ( pdf ) read more about our energy policy on the energy and environment page. to speak with our experts on this topic, please contact : print : katie peters ( economy, education, health care, gun - violence prevention ) 202. 741. 6285 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : anne shoup ( foreign policy and national security, energy, lgbt issues ) 202. 481. 7146 or email @ example. com print : crystal patterson ( immigration ) 202. 478. 6350 or firstname. lastname @ example.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4852331115106603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.109901"} {"text": "every generation has to reinvent the practice of computer programming. in the 1950s the key innovations were programming languages such as fortran and lisp. the 1960s and ' 70s saw a crusade to root out \" spaghetti code \" and replace it with \" structured programming. \" since the 1980s software development has been dominated by a methodology known as object - oriented programming, or oop. now there are signs that oop may be running out of oomph, and discontented programmers are once again casting about for the next big idea. it ' s time to look at what might await us in the post - oop era ( apart from an unfortunate acronym ). the tar pit the architects of the earliest computer systems gave little thought to software. ( the very word was still a decade in the future. ) building the machine itself was the serious intellectual challenge ; converting mathematical formulas into program statements looked like a routine clerical task. the awful truth came out soon enough. maurice v. wilkes, who wrote what may have been the first working computer program, had his personal epiphany in 1949, when \" the realization came over me with full force that a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs. \" half a century later, we ' re still debugging. the very first programs were written in pure binary notation : both data and instructions had to be encoded in long, featureless strings of 1s and 0s. moreover, it was up to the programmer to keep track of where everything was stored in the machine ' s memory. before you could call a subroutine, you had to calculate its address. the technology that lifted these burdens from the programmer was assembly language, in which raw binary codes were replaced by symbols such as load, store, add, sub. the symbols were translated into binary by a program called an assembler, which also calculated addresses. this was the first of many instances in which the computer was recruited to help with its own programming. assembly language was a crucial early advance, but still the programmer had to keep in mind all the minutiae in the instruction set of a specific computer. evaluating a short mathematical expression such as x2 + y2 might require dozens of assembly - language instructions. higher - level languages freed the programmer to think in terms of variables and equations rather than registers and addresses. in fortran, for example, x2 + y2 would be written simply as x * * 2 + y * * 2. expressions of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5357013704620371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.124096"} {"text": "- level languages freed the programmer to think in terms of variables and equations rather than registers and addresses. in fortran, for example, x2 + y2 would be written simply as x * * 2 + y * * 2. expressions of this kind are translated into binary form by a program called a compiler. with fortran and the languages that followed, programmers finally had the tools they needed to get into really serious trouble. by the 1960s large software projects were notorious for being late, overbudget and buggy ; soon came the appalling news that the cost of software was overtaking that of hardware. frederick p. brooks, jr., who managed the os / 360 software program at ibm, called large - system programming a \" tar pit \" and remarked, \" everyone seems to have been surprised by the stickiness of the problem. \" one response to this crisis was structured programming, a reform movement whose manifesto was edsger w. dijkstra ' s brief letter to the editor titled \" go to statement considered harmful. \" structured programs were to be built out of subunits that have a single entrance point and a single exit ( eschewing the goto command, which allows jumps into or out of the middle of a routine ). three such constructs were recommended : sequencing ( do a, then b, then c ), alternation ( either do a or do b ) and iteration ( repeat a until some condition is satisfied ). corrado bohm and giuseppe jacopini proved that these three idioms are sufficient to express essentially all programs. structured programming came packaged with a number of related principles and imperatives. top - down design and stepwise refinement urged the programmer to set forth the broad outlines of a procedure first and only later fill in the details. modularity called for self - contained units with simple interfaces between them. encapsulation, or data hiding, required that the internal workings of a module be kept private, so that later changes to the module would not affect other areas of the program. all of these ideas have proved their worth and remain a part of software practice today. but they did not rescue programmers from the tar pit. nouns and verbs the true history of software development is not a straight line but a meandering river with dozens of branches. some of the tributaries \u2014 functional programming, declarative programming, methods based on formal proofs of correctness \u2014 are no less interesting than the mainstream, but here i have room to explore only one channel : object - consider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5824472438026091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.125192"} {"text": "with dozens of branches. some of the tributaries \u2014 functional programming, declarative programming, methods based on formal proofs of correctness \u2014 are no less interesting than the mainstream, but here i have room to explore only one channel : object - consider a program for manipulating simple geometric figures. in a non - oop environment, you might begin by writing a series of procedures with names such as rotate, scale, reflect, calculate - area, calculate - perimeter. each of these verblike procedures could be applied to triangles, squares, circles and many other shapes ; the figures themselves are nounlike entities embodied in data structures separate from the procedures. for example, a triangle might by represented by an array of three vertices, where each vertex is a pair of x and y coordinates. applying the rotate procedure to this data structure would alter the coordinates and thereby turn the triangle. what ' s the matter with this scheme? one likely source of trouble is that the procedures and the data structures are separate but interdependent. if you change your mind about the implementation of triangles \u2014 perhaps using a linked list of points instead of an array \u2014 you must remember to change all the procedures that might ever be applied to a triangle. also, choosing different representations for some of the figures becomes awkward. if you describe a circle in terms of a center and a radius rather than a set of vertices, all the procedures have to treat circles as a special case. yet another pitfall is that the data structures are public property, and the procedures that share them may not always play nicely together. a figure altered by one procedure might no longer be valid input for another. object - oriented programming addresses these issues by packing both data and procedures \u2014 both nouns and verbs \u2014 into a single object. an object named triangle would have inside it some data structure representing a three - sided shape, but it would also include the procedures ( called methods in this context ) for acting on the data. to rotate a triangle, you send a message to the triangle object, telling it to rotate itself. sending and receiving messages is the only way objects communicate with one another ; outsiders are not allowed direct access to the data. because only the object ' s own methods know about the internal data structures, it ' s easier to keep them in sync. this scheme would not have much appeal if every time you wanted to create a triangle, you had to write out all the necessary data structures and methods \u2014 but that ' s not how it works. you define the class triangle just once ; individual triangles are created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5658399578278234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.126169"} {"text": "scheme would not have much appeal if every time you wanted to create a triangle, you had to write out all the necessary data structures and methods \u2014 but that ' s not how it works. you define the class triangle just once ; individual triangles are created as instances of the class. a mechanism called inheritance takes this idea a step further. you might define a more - general class polygon, which would have triangle as a subclass, along with other subclasses such as quadrilateral, pentagon and hexagon. some methods would be common to all polygons ; one example is the calculation of perimeter, which can be done by adding the lengths of the sides, no matter how many sides there are. if you define the method calculate - perimeter in the class polygon, all the subclasses inherit this code. object - oriented programming traces its heritage back to simula, a programming language devised in the 1960s by ole - johan dahl and kristen nygaard. some object - oriented ideas were also anticipated by david l. parnas. and the sketchpad system of ivan sutherland was yet another source of inspiration. the various threads came together when alan kay and his colleagues created the smalltalk language at the xerox palo alto research center in the 1970s. within a decade several more object - oriented languages were in use, most notably bjarne stroustrup ' s c + +, and later java. object - oriented features have also been retrofitted onto older languages, such as lisp. as oop has transformed the way programs are written, there has also been a major shift in the nature of the programs themselves. in the software - engineering literature of the 1960s and ' 70s, example programs tend to have a sausage - grinder structure : inputs enter at one end, and outputs emerge at the other. an example is a compiler, which transforms source code into machine code. programs written in this style have not disappeared, but they are no longer the center of attention. the emphasis now is on interactive software with a graphical user interface. programming manuals for object - oriented languages are all about windows and menus and mouse clicks. in other words, oop is not just a different solution ; it also solves a different problem. aspects and objects most of the post - oop initiatives do not aim to supplant object - oriented programming ; they seek to refine or improve or reinvigorate it. a case in point is aspect - oriented programming, or aop. the classic challenge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5411950136555514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.127113"} {"text": "the post - oop initiatives do not aim to supplant object - oriented programming ; they seek to refine or improve or reinvigorate it. a case in point is aspect - oriented programming, or aop. the classic challenge in writing object - oriented programs is finding the right decomposition into classes and objects. returning to the example of a program for playing with geometric figures, a typical instance of the class pentagon might look like this :. but this object is also a pentagon :. and so is this :. to accommodate the differences between these figures, you could introduce subclasses of pentagon \u2014 perhaps named convex - pentagon, non - convex - pentagon and five - pointed - star. but then you would have to do the same thing for hexagons, heptagons and so forth, which soon becomes tedious. moreover, this classification would give you no way to write methods that apply, say, to all convex polygons but to no others. an alternative decomposition would divide the polygon class into convex - polygon and non - convex - polygon, then subdivide the latter class into simple - polygon and self - intersecting - polygon. with this choice, however, you lose the ability to address all five - sided figures as a group. one solution to this quandary is multiple inheritance \u2014 allowing a class to have more than one parent. thus a five - pointed star could be a subclass both of pentagon and of self - intersecting - polygon and could inherit methods from both. the wisdom of this arrangement is a matter of eternal controversy in the oop community. aspect - oriented programming takes another approach to dealing with \" crosscutting \" issues that cannot easily be arranged in a treelike hierarchy. an example in the geometry program might be the need to update a display window every time a figure is moved or modified. the straightforward oop solution is to have each method that changes the appearance of a figure ( such as rotate or scale ) send a message to a display - manager object, telling the display what needs to be redrawn. but hundreds of methods could send such messages. even apart from the boredom of writing the same code over and over, there is the worry that the interface to the display manager might change someday, requiring many methods to be revised. the aop answer is to isolate the display - update \" aspect \" of the program in a module of its own. the programmer writes one instance of the code that calls for a display update, along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.529204825223902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.128051"} {"text": "change someday, requiring many methods to be revised. the aop answer is to isolate the display - update \" aspect \" of the program in a module of its own. the programmer writes one instance of the code that calls for a display update, along with a specification of all the occasions on which that code is to be invoked \u2014 for example, whenever a rotate method is executed. then even though the text of the rotate method does not mention display updating, the appropriate message is sent at the appropriate time. an aop system called aspectj, developed by gregor kiczales and a group of colleagues at xerox parc, works as an extension of the java language. aop is particularly attractive for implementing ubiquitous tasks such as error - handling, the logging of events, and synchronizing multiple threads of execution, which might otherwise be scattered throughout a program. but there are dissenting views. jorg kienzle and rachid guerraoui report on an attempt to build a transaction - processing system with aspectj, where the key requirement is that transactions be executed completely or not at all ( so that the system cannot debit one account without crediting another ). they found it difficult to cleanly isolate this property as an aspect. surely the most obvious place to look for help with programming a computer is the computer itself. if fortran can be compiled into machine code, then why not transform some higher - level description or specification directly into a ready - to - run program? this is an old dream. it lives on under names such as generative programming, metaprogramming and intentional programming. in general, fully automatic programming remains beyond our reach, but there is one area where the idea has solid theoretical underpinnings as well as a record of practical success : in the building of compilers. instead of hand - crafting a compiler for a specific programming language, the common practice is to write a grammar for the language and then generate the compiler with a program called a compiler compiler. ( the best - known of these programs is yacc, which stands for \" yet another compiler compiler. \" ) generative programming would adapt this model to other domains. for example, a program generator for the kind of software that controls printers and other peripheral devices would accept a grammar - like description of the device and produce an appropriately specialized program. another kind of generator might assemble \" protocol stacks \" for computer networking. krzysztof czarnecki and ulrich w. eisenecker compare a generative -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49269402127832584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.129014"} {"text": "grammar - like description of the device and produce an appropriately specialized program. another kind of generator might assemble \" protocol stacks \" for computer networking. krzysztof czarnecki and ulrich w. eisenecker compare a generative - programming system to a factory for manufacturing automobiles. building the factory is more work than building a single car by hand, but the factory can produce thousands of cars. moreover, if the factory is designed well, it can turn out many different models just by changing the specifications. likewise generative programming would create families of programs tailored to diverse circumstances but all assembled from similar components. the quality without a name another new programming methodology draws its inspiration from an unexpected quarter. although the term \" computer architecture \" goes back to the dawn of the industry, it was nonetheless a surprise when a band of software designers became disciples of a bricks - and - steel architect, christopher alexander. even alexander was surprised. alexander is known for the enigmatic thesis that well - designed buildings and towns must have \" the quality without a name. \" he explains : \" the fact that this quality cannot be named does not mean that it is vague or imprecise. it is impossible to name because it is unerringly precise. \" does that answer your question? even if the quality had a name, it ' s not clear how one would turn it into a prescription for building good houses \u2014 or good software. fortunately, alexander is more explicit elsewhere in his writings. he urges architects to exploit recurrent patterns observed in both problems and solutions. for the pattern of events labeled \" watching the world go by, \" a good solution is probably going to look something like a front porch. taken over into the world of software, this approach leads to a catalogue of design patterns for solving specific, recurring problems in object - oriented programming. for example, a pattern named bridge deals with the problem of setting up communications between two objects that may not know of each other ' s existence at the time a program is written. a pattern named composite handles the situation where a single object and a collection of multiple objects have to be given the same status, as is often the case with files and directories of files. over the past 10 years a sizable community has grown up around the pattern idea. there are dozens of books, web sites and an annual conference called pattern languages of programming, or plop. compared with earlier reform movements in computing, the pattern community sounds a little unfocused and new age. whereas structured programming was founded on a proof that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5939935103474112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.130088"} {"text": "of books, web sites and an annual conference called pattern languages of programming, or plop. compared with earlier reform movements in computing, the pattern community sounds a little unfocused and new age. whereas structured programming was founded on a proof that three specific structures suffice to express all algorithms, there is nothing resembling such a proof to justify the selection of ideas included in catalogues of design patterns. as a matter of fact, the whole idea of proofs seems to be out of favor in the pattern community. software jeremiahs usually preach that programming should be an engineering profession, guided by standards analogous to building codes, or else it should be a branch of applied mathematics, with programs constructed like mathematical proofs. the pattern movement rejects both of these ideals and suggests instead that programmers are like carpenters or stonemasons \u2014 stewards of a body of knowledge gained by experience and passed along by tradition and apprenticeship. this is a movement of practitioners, not academics. pattern advocates express particular contempt for the notion that programming might someday be taken over entirely by the computer. automating a craft, they argue, is not only infeasible but also undesirable. the rhetoric of the pattern movement may sound like the ranting of a fringe group, but pattern methods have been adopted in several large organizations producing large \u2014 and successful \u2014 software systems. ( when you make a phone call, you may well be relying on the work of programmers seeking out the quality without a name. ) moreover, beyond the rhetoric, the writings of the software - patterns community can be quite down - to - earth and pragmatic. if the pattern community is on the radical fringe, how far out is extreme programming ( or, as it is sometimes spelled, extreme programming )? for the leaders of this movement, the issue is not so much the nature of the software itself but the way programming projects are organized and managed. they want to peel away layers of bureaucracy and jettison most of the stages of analysis, planning, testing, review and documentation that slow down software development. just let programmers program! the recommended protocol is to work in pairs, two programmers huddling over a single keyboard, checking their own work as they go along. is it a fad? a cult? although the name may evoke a culture of body piercing and bungee jumping, extreme programming seems to have gained a foothold among the pinstriped suits. the first major project completed under the method was a payroll system for a transnational automobile manufacturer. ask me about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5612716945710907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.131122"} {"text": "evoke a culture of body piercing and bungee jumping, extreme programming seems to have gained a foothold among the pinstriped suits. the first major project completed under the method was a payroll system for a transnational automobile manufacturer. ask me about my oop diet frederick brooks, who wrote of the tar pit in the 1960s, followed up in 1987 with an essay on the futility of seeking a \" silver bullet, \" a single magical remedy for all of software ' s ills. techniques such as object - oriented programming might alleviate \" accidental difficulties \" of software development, he said, but the essential complexity cannot be wished away. this pronouncement that the disease is incurable made everyone feel better. but it deterred no one from proposing remedies. after several weeks ' immersion in the how - to - program literature, i am reminded of the shelves upon shelves of diet books in the self - help department of my local bookstore. in saying this i mean no disrespect to either genre. most diet books, somewhere deep inside, offer sound advice : eat less, exercise more. most programming manuals also give wise counsel : modularize, encapsulate. but surveying the hundreds of titles in both categories leaves me with a nagging doubt : the very multiplicity of answers undermines them all. isn ' t it likely that we ' d all be thinner, and we ' d all have better software, if there were just one true diet, and one true programming methodology? maybe that day will come. in the meantime, i ' m going on a spaghetti - code diet. \u00a9 brian hayes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5487525134901934, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.131730"} {"text": "each month there is a special south carolina token or medal that is highlighted as the token or medal of the month. this month we will showcase an interesting early 20th century trade token from the city of charleston. the city of charleston has always played a significant role in the history of the state of south carolina. from its beginnings in 1670 as a small colonial settlement at the confluence of the ashley and cooper rivers, through its growing importance as a seaport for the fledgling nation, to its part as the incendiary flashpoint in the sectional conflict which became the civil war, the city has enjoyed a prominence that seemingly lifted it above similar communities in the state. it is no small wonder then, that some of its citizens thought the city to occupy a pedestal raised above its south carolina neighbors. it was this feeling of superiority that occasionally led some charlestonians to consider themselves immune from the laws and social mores governing the rest of the state. and this sentiment, in turn, gave rise to the issuance of this month ' s token, which so publicly flaunted charleston ' s opposition to the state dispensary law and the temperance movement behind it. on its surface, the 29mm aluminum token shown above does not appear to carry any hint of its true nature. the innocuous inscription on the obverse reads good for 5\u00a2 in trade at chicco ' s cafe. the pictorial of the blindfolded tiger on the reverse, however, is a blatant advertisement for the \" supposedly \" clandestine saloon which vincent chicco operated in conjunction with his cafe. and, as such, the token speaks volumes on charleston ' s open opposition to the state legislature ' s attempts to outlaw saloons and the sale of liquor by the drink in the late 1890s and early 1900s. during the aforementioned time period hundreds of \" blind tigers, \" as they were commonly called, sprung up in charleston and other cities in south carolina. the illegal drinking establishments were a logical response to governor ben tillman ' s attempt to legislate the drinking habits of a populace which liked its liquor. tillman had much difficulty in controlling the \" blind tigers \" across the state, but especially so in the city of charleston. several times during his tenure in office he had to send out state constables to arrest any proprietors they could catch selling alcohol illegally. vincent chicco was one of the first people arrested after the enactment of tillman ' s dispensary bill. a scant two weeks after the bill became law, chicco was arrested and brought before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4913594851394374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.136541"} {"text": "be traced back to the 1850s. a sister term \" blind pig \" dates from the 1870s. the terms derive from clandestine establishments that would advertise exotic animals on their window blinds, charging admission to see the said animals, which of course were not inside. once admitted, patrons were then served with the illegal refreshment of their choice. the following limerick summarizes the ruse : on the store, though behind it you ' d find neither bengal nor cat, just a liquor - filled vat and the patrons who paid didn ' t mind. copyright 2006 by tony chibbaro. the south carolina dispensary & embossed s. c. whiskey bottles & jugs, 1865 - 1915 by harvey s. teal and rita foster wallace, midlands printing company, camden, s. c., 2005. south carolina postcards, volume i, charleston, berkeley, and dorchester counties by howard woody and thomas l. johnson, arcadia publishing company, charleston, s. c., 1997. the red tape cocktail : charleston ' s reaction to the south carolina dispensary system by helen glenn smith, published in chrestomathy : annual review of undergraduate research, school of humanities and social sciences, college of charleston, volume 4, 2005 : pp 195 - 217, college of charleston, 2005. chicco funeral this afternoon in news & courier, october 26, 1928. oedilf : the omnificent english dictionary in limerick form online at http : / / www. oedilf. com. if you collect or have a casual interest in south carolina tokens or tokens issued by cotton mills, lumber companies, or other types of businesses, you may want to purchase my book, south carolina tokens and its three supplements. to read a description of these standard references, please click on this link : books. token or medal of the month main page a short history of token use in south carolina south carolina trade tokens for sale - page 1 south carolina trade tokens for sale - page 2 other south carolina exonumia for sale trade tokens from other states for sale ebay auction listings south carolina stereoviews the charleston exposition links to other sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.521800184638507, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.139095"} {"text": "march 2003 | monitor on psychology | vol. 34 no. 3 cover : cover topic : anger - when anger ' s a plus despite its mixed reputation, anger can play a constructive role at home, at work and in the national consciousness, psychologists are finding - angry thoughts, at - risk hearts researchers are exploring whether angry and hostile people ' s coping and social support affect their risk for poor cardiovascular health. - hostility associated with immune function aggression and hostility can affect tumor necrosis factor \u2014 a protein that is released by immune cells and other tissues. - ' goo, gaa, grr? ' researchers are still looking for consensus on how and when anger first appears in infants. - anger across the gender divide researchers strive to understand how men and women experience and express anger. - advances in anger management researchers and practitioners are examining what works best for managing problem anger. honeybees can use short - term memory to alternate between two food sources, a new study suggests. - study shows high rates of mental disorders among detained youth - new database will help dispatch psychologists to disasters - psychologist / engineer team builds robot that senses emotions - p. kennedy will receive award at state leadership conference - foundation accepting applications for seligman positive psychology award - study examines neural correlates of sympathy - even hands - free cell phones may impair driving - members expand mission statement, student representation, membership category - make plans for 2003 regional psychological association meetings allegations of politicization are threatening the credibility of the federal government ' s scientific advisory committees. hipaa ' s minimum necessary requirement was created to limit the amount of patient information that managed - care companies can request. a psychosocial treatment model at walter reed army medical center helps breast cancer patients and their partners find comfort and answers. as more children survive cancer, psychologists are helping them overcome the academic, social and cognitive obstacles that result from the disease and its treatments. a new apa interdivisional coalition aims to showcase psychology ' s research findings on education to the public and policy - makers. is the nation ' s rise in nontraditional faculty for better or worse? psychologists journey to antarctica to evaluate those stationed there during the severe winters. organizers hope that changes introduced at apa ' s 2002 annual convention will pave the way to increased attendance at future conventions. interdisciplinary psychology programs focused on the underserved have secured $ 2 million in federal funding. nominate your colleagues now for next year ' s annual convention. public policy update health and education programs facing termination could use psychologists ' advocacy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084919309029818, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.141757"} {"text": "thursday, july 19, 2012 come learn about a local endangered species. on august 8th my wife pam and i will be part of a panel discussion at the aquarium of the pacific on a population of an endangered species that has chosen an improbable environmental niche in which to survive, the green sea turtles of the san gabriel river. not much is known about the green sea turtles that take refuge in the warm water produced by power - plants on the river that provide electricity to parts of los angeles and orange county. these turtles are more normally associated with the warmer waters of mexico and hawaii. dan lawson of noaa, pam and the aquarium vet lance adams will talk about the recent research on these animals and the rehabilitation and tracking of stranded turtles. many of my sea turtle images will be used in the talks and i \u2019 ll also be part of the panel discussion. since 2008 my wife pam and i have been making regular treks to the san gabriel river to gather information on these urban sea turtles. pam taking notes on turtle sightings and incidental sightings of other wildlife while i photograph the brief instances that these sea turtles are at the surface. the aquarium shares the data that we gather with the noaa \u2019 s national marine fisheries service. how hard is it to photograph an urban sea turtle in the murky waters of the san gabriel river? unlike the sea lions and sea otters that i work with at the aquarium i can \u2019 t tell these wild sea turtles to come up exactly when and where i want them to. to give you an idea of the short window of opportunity i have while trying to photograph these turtles try this exercise. place your camera in your right hand and hold it at your waist. take a coin and place it on your left hand thumb in a flipping position. flip the coin in the air while at the same time bringing your camera up to your eyes. before the coin hits the ground you have to find it in your viewfinder, focus and shoot a picture of it. that \u2019 s about how much time you have to photograph a sea turtle when it surfaces, takes a breath and dives. fortunately i do have a way of increasing my chances of getting a good shot of a sea turtle. when photographing any animal it helps to know your subjects. when the aquarium of the pacific opened in 1998 one of my duties along with taking care of the pinniped was to help out in caring for the four green sea turtles then on exhibit. this experience helps me understand a little bit of turtle behavior and helps me predict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44083497916267594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.145618"} {"text": "the douglasfir is to the world of trees what a decathlon winner is to the olympics. this tree is an all - around champion. it is one of our most important lumber species, a magnificent ornamental tree, and one of the most popular christmas trees in america. additionally, a large number of bird and animal species find shelter and food in its majestic foliage. this magnificent evergreen has a dense, cone - shape when young becoming more open and pyramid - shaped with maturity. it has a straight trunk with thin, smooth bark with resin blisters when young becoming thicker and furrowed on older trees. it reaches 40 ' - 80 ', 12 ' - 20 ' spread in the home landscape to over 200 ' in natural conditions. coast douglasfir needles are a dark yellow green although on some trees bluish green. in rocky mountain douglasfir, the needles are blue green, but occasionally are yellowish green. the light brown, 3 \" - 4 \" cones grow downward on the branches with distinctive 3 - pointed bracts protruding from the between the scales. the coast douglasfir grows best in deep, moist, well drained, acid or neutral soil with atmospheric moisture, but the hardier rocky mountain variety is found in its native range on rocky mountain slopes. it does not tolerate dry, poor soils, and breakage is common on the side exposed to high winds. ( zones 4 - 6 ) douglasfir seeds are used by blue grouse, songbirds, squirrels, rabbits, and other rodents and small animals. antelope, deer, elk, mountain goats, and mountain sheep eat the twigs and foliage. it provides excellent cover for a wide range of animals. while the douglasfir may have first been introduced to cultivation by botanist - explorer david douglas in 1826, its importance to american history continues unabated. as well as being the country ' s top source of lumber today, the douglasfir also helped settle the west, providing railroad ties and telephone / telegraph poles. the douglasfir was crucial to american soldiers in world war ii as well, being used for everything from gis ' foot lockers to portable huts and even the rails of stretchers that carried many a soldier from battle. but perhaps one contribution of the douglasfir symbolizes its place in america ' s evolving history more than any other. when in 1925 the time came to restore the masts of \" old ironsides, \" the uss constitution, sufficiently grand white pine trees could no longer be found. today, old ironsides proudly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383448121421437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.149272"} {"text": "' s evolving history more than any other. when in 1925 the time came to restore the masts of \" old ironsides, \" the uss constitution, sufficiently grand white pine trees could no longer be found. today, old ironsides proudly sails in the boston navy yard under the power of three douglasfir masts. there are two geographical varieties of douglasfir : coast douglasfir, pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii native to british columbia along the pacific coast to central california and western nevada ; rocky mountain douglasfir native to the inland mountains of the pacific northwest and the rocky mountains from central british columbia south to northern and central mexico. the coastal variety is faster growing, long - lived, and can reach over 300 ' tall. the needles are usually a dark yellow - green although some trees they may be bluish green. rocky mountain douglasfir, pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca is hardier, slower growing, shorter lived and seldom grows over 130 ' tall. the needles are shorter and bluish green although in some trees may be yellowish green. the cones are barely 3 \" in length with bracts bent upwards. douglasfir is written as one word or hyphenated to show it is not a true fir. sensitive to drought conditions ; requires good drainage. the needles are spiral, simple, 1 - 1 / 2 inches long, shining, shade of green depends upon the variety, two bands of stomata beneath. coast douglasfir has dark yellow - green, occasionally bluish - green needles. rocky mountain douglasfir has shorter, bluish - green, occasionally yellowish green needles. male is red female is green with prominent bracts the light brown, oval, pendulous cones are 3 - 4 inches long with prominent 3 - pointed bracts that protrude between the scales.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469742156076475, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.150011"} {"text": "san marino, ca. - drawing on the unparalleled manuscripts collection on the topic held by the huntington library, art collections, and botanical gardens, a major exhibition illuminates the remarkable changes wrought in the united states by the planning, construction, and completion of the transcontinental railroad. visions of empire : the quest for a railroad across america, 18401880, on view april 21 through july 23 in the marylou and george boone gallery, coincides with the 150th anniversary of the 1862 pacific railroad act, which led to the rail connection between the missouri river and the pacific ocean. the exhibition features some 200 items, the vast majority from the huntingtonincluding maps, photographs, illustrations, newspapers, magazines, letters, and diaries, most of which have never before been on public display. visions of empire is our first large - scale effort to share with the public the huntingtons trove of materials relating to the history of the american railroad, said david zeidberg, avery director of the library. with his purchase of a few major collections early in the 20th century, henry huntington brought together hundreds upon hundreds of the most significant books and pamphlets on the trans - mississippi west. those materials, combined with the scores of invaluable manuscript, photographic, and ephemera collections on the west acquired over the succeeding decades, form a massive foundation for what we hope will be an extraordinary exhibition. peter blodgett, h. russell smith foundation curator of western historical manuscripts at the huntington and curator of the exhibition, has chosen to tell a couple of stories. as much as the exhibition will cover the technological marvels, engineering feats, and entrepreneurial audacity of the railroad age, it also tells the story of how the vision of american continental expansion evolved through a range of historical contextsfrom the age of andrew jackson through the gold rush, civil war, and gilded age of the late 19th century, says blodgett. beginning with the handful of passionate and obstinate dreamers before the civil war who first imagined a railroad stretching to the pacific ocean, visions of empire portrays the drive to move westward in the face of unrelenting geographic obstacles. published engravings and original drawings from the 1830s and 40s depict romanticized landscapes navigable only by foot or on horseback, by wagon or by boat. one such example is the exquisite hand - illustrated diary of british army officer william fairholme, which captures the landscape of the southern great plains in the 1840s ; others include several of the hundreds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46920168141032537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.160080"} {"text": "foot or on horseback, by wagon or by boat. one such example is the exquisite hand - illustrated diary of british army officer william fairholme, which captures the landscape of the southern great plains in the 1840s ; others include several of the hundreds of drawings by gold seeker j. goldsborough bruff as he takes part in the harrowing overland migration to gold rush california. karl bodmers hand - colored engravings of steamboats on western rivers from maximilian of wieds travels in the interior of north america ( ca. 1834 ) not only represent one of the first great visual epics of western american history, according to blodgett, but they portray the early appearance of the new technology of steam power beyond the mississippi, a generation before the arrival of the train. such images, reflecting the increasing movement of people and goods west in the 1840s, helped to fuel widespread popular debate about railroad expansion across western plains and mountains to the pacific coast. in 1845, new york merchant asa whitney submitted a petition to the u. s. congress proposing the construction of a railroad from lake michigan to the pacific ocean, igniting a debate that would unfold over the ensuing decades. the exhibition features letters, newspaper articles, railroad convention proceedings, and speeches in congress that depict the points of view in play. these many perspectives echo the multitude of hopes and dreams that different individuals held for their futures, from profit - hungry railroad entrepreneurs and financiers pursuing federal largesse to chinese and irish laborers attracted by the promise of work involved in laying nearly 1, 700 miles of track. throughout the exhibition, says blodgett, visitors will encounter the voices of many americans celebrating, critiquing, commending, and condemning the new world being stitched together in those decades with iron rails. structured chronologically, the exhibition consists of six sections, beginning with a prologue called early visions and visionaries. from there, visitors will follow the narrative through four major sections : charting the course, 184062 ; launching the enterprise, 186265 ; spanning the continent, 186569 ; and creating a new country, 186980. an epilogue will take visitors to the cusp of the 20th century : iron horse america. rare items from the huntingtons collections will be supplemented with several loans for the installation, including artifacts such as hands tools used by railroad laborers, a payroll sheet for chinese employees of the central pacific railroad, and advertising cards for clipper ships carrying goods and passengers to gold rush california. part of the exhibition takes a deeper look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4675817072645952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.161114"} {"text": "the installation, including artifacts such as hands tools used by railroad laborers, a payroll sheet for chinese employees of the central pacific railroad, and advertising cards for clipper ships carrying goods and passengers to gold rush california. part of the exhibition takes a deeper look at the pacific railroad and telegraph act. here visitors can engage in exploring physical evidence in a more immersive and interactive mode. hundreds of the huntington ' s alfred a. hart photographs will be on view for the first time in a striking wall - sized installation. some of these will also be able to be seen close - up through a stereographic viewer, a 19th - century apparatus that brings a dramatic three - dimensionality to images of landscapes, laborers, campsites, and supplies of the 19th - century west. other highlights of this area include a hands - on morse code station, where visitors can try their hand at the new communications system sweeping the country at the time, and a \" walkable \" map of the united states tracing the route of the transcontinental railroad. a widespread impact while the development of california and the west provided the allure for a transcontinental railroad, visions of empire tells an even broader, national storyone tied to the railroads place in american aspirations to dominate international trade and commerce with asia, in the evolving role of the federal government in the life of the nation, and in the efforts to preserve the union during the american civil war. a ballot from the presidential election of 1856, showing the last name of republican john c. fremont emblazoned across an image of a steaming locomotive, advertises the first national candidate to associate himself with the idea of a transcontinental railroad. abraham lincoln, the successful republican candidate in 1860, signed the pacific railroad act of 1862, mindful of the importance of the west to the preservation of the union. the launching of the first american transcontinental railroad during the 1860s represented a new and dynamic phase in the enduring struggle among americans over what role they imagined government should play in building a nation and shaping a social order. visions of empire depicts the monumental challenges faced by this great enterprise, as captured in survey reports, engineering sketches, treaties with indians, photographs and engravings of toiling construction crews, and correspondence highlighting the triumphs and travails of the so - called big fourmark hopkins, charles crocker, leland stanford, and collis p. huntington ( uncle to henry e. huntington, founder of the huntington ). elsewhere in the exhibition, maps, photographs, and political cartoons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4663557341705223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.162165"} {"text": "of the so - called big fourmark hopkins, charles crocker, leland stanford, and collis p. huntington ( uncle to henry e. huntington, founder of the huntington ). elsewhere in the exhibition, maps, photographs, and political cartoons trace the progress of this great endeavor and evolving popular attitudes toward it. early maps offer glimpses of the young american republic pushing its web of market places and depots westward, while later versions depict the routes and towns that proliferated from missouri to california in the wake of the meeting of the union pacific railroad and the central pacific in 1869. similarly, during the 1850s and early 60s, publications such as harpers weekly, leslies illustrated news, and the london illustrated news portrayed these events in human terms through detailed engravings based on the burgeoning practice of photography. by the late 1860s, as photographic technology advanced, book publishers began issuing volumes filled with massive plate photographs, such as andrew j. russells the great west illustrated ( 1869 ). while many of those photographs echoed images from the 1840s with their romanticized views of the open landscape, many also captured the human toll of the brutal labor required to span the continent. cartoonists, such as the celebrated thomas nast, added yet another layer of interpretation for readers as they mocked wealthy businessmen, lampooned corrupt politicians, or demonized chinese immigrants. the transformation of american society long before the last spike was hammered in place, when the east - and westbound tracks finally met at utahs promontory summit on may 10, 1869, the first locomotives traveling west unleashed irrevocable social, political, and economic changes. completion of this initial enterprise only accelerated the pace of such changes, including the inauguration of other transcontinental lines. to illuminate the decade following completion of the transcontinental railroad, visions of empire incorporates the letters and diaries of engineers, travelers, and investors who experienced first - hand the triumphs and the failures that characterized this massive undertaking. outlining the rise of new railroads, communities, and industries across the west, it emphasizes the rapid pace of change in the 1870s spurred by this crossing of the continent. the era of exploration and discovery had quickly given way to a new age of tourism, as travelers could now see captivating landscape from their railroad car windows rather than simply in books or newspapers. transportation became associated with luxury, as railroad lines used gloriously colorful lithographic posters to advertise the comforts of traveling east to westand west to eastin elegant compartments and dining cars.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4576061835346258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.163181"} {"text": "car windows rather than simply in books or newspapers. transportation became associated with luxury, as railroad lines used gloriously colorful lithographic posters to advertise the comforts of traveling east to westand west to eastin elegant compartments and dining cars. john gasts famous painting american progress ( 1872 ), as reproduced in the 1874 edition of crofutts trans - continental tourist, demonstrates that notions of empire had become as expansive as the views captured by photographers such as alfred a. hart and as wondrous as the poetry of walt whitman, whose poem a passage to india, in printed broadside form, is displayed. singing my days, wrote the beloved poet, singing the great achievements of the present, singing the strong, light works of engineers.... i see over my own continent the pacific railroad, surmounting every barrier ; i see continual trains of cars winding along the platte, carrying freight and passengers. contrasting with whitmans exuberant and celebratory prose, however, are other texts that remind the viewer of the inextricable link between the expansive march of railroads across the west and the conquest of native peoples such as the sioux and the cheyenne, the corruption of politicians and corporate officials, and the havoc wrought by the unceasing exploitation of the land and its resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.450987446410718, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.163714"} {"text": "types of arthritis there are over 100 types of arthritis, and these diseases affect more than 46 million individuals in the u. s. alone. this figure is expected to breach the 60 million mark before 2030. various types of arthritis are unique and distinct from each other and each type has its own treatment approach. this highlights the necessity and importance of accurate tests and diagnostic procedures in determining the specific type of arthritis that a person is suffering from. once you are able to isolate the triggers of the pain and inflammation associated with the disease, then you will be able to undertake the necessary steps in finding relief from the effects of the disease and maintain a relatively normal daily routine. diversity of the types of arthritis if you live long enough, there is a strong likelihood that you will experience a touch of at least one of the more than 100 types of arthritis. this chronic medical condition can take the form of a mild tendinitis and bursitis or a debilitating systemic disease like rheumatoid arthritis. there are also some forms of arthritis and arthritis - related conditions such as fibromyalgia and systemic lupus erythematosus that are widespread and affect different parts of the body. arthritis is not a medical condition of the old. there are certain types of the disease that specifically affect infants and children, and these include juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis. there are also a significant number of men and women who are suffering from this disease at the prime of their lives. a common denominator for these types of arthritis is the presence of musculoskeletal and joint pain, and this is the primary reason why these conditions are collectively referred to as arthritis. major types of arthritis include : this type of arthritis is a degenerative disease and is also referred to as arthrosis, degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis. osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. it is a medical condition that is characterized by low - grade inflammation which triggers persistent pain in the affected joints. this condition is the result of the progressive deterioration of the cartilage, and its deteriorated condition affects its capacity to protect and act as cushion of the joints. rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. it is a painful and debilitating inflammatory condition and can lead to substantial impairment of normal mobility as a result of the persistent pain and damage to the affected joint. rheumatoid is also a systemic condition and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43098522180718224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.167808"} {"text": "that primarily affects the joints. it is a painful and debilitating inflammatory condition and can lead to substantial impairment of normal mobility as a result of the persistent pain and damage to the affected joint. rheumatoid is also a systemic condition and can affect the extra - articular tissues in various parts of the body. these include the muscles, lungs, hearts, blood vessels and the skin. the highest incidence of the disease is observed in men and women within the 30 - 60 years age range. gout is characterized by the sudden and severe episodes which usually affect the big toe, although any joint is prone to these gout attacks. this type of arthritis is a metabolic problem brought about by the accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream. the precursor of the condition is the buildup of harmful crystals in the joints and other parts of the body. specific medications and proper diet are essential in the control and management of gout. ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the spine. in its advanced stage, the condition is characterized by the stiffness of the spine and fusion of the vertebrae. in most cases, it is more difficult to detect and diagnose the disease in women than in men. the persistent pain and discomfort are the results of the inflammation in the vertebrae or spinal joints. aside from the fusion of the vertebrae, the abnormal bone growth can lead to immobility and forward - stooped posture. ankylosing spondylitis can also lead to stiffness, pain and inflammation on the other parts of the body, including the joints of the hands and feet, heels, ribs, hips and shoulders. there are also some rare cases where the disease can affect the eyes, a condition known as uveitis or iritis, as well as the heart and lungs. juvenile arthritis, or simply ja, is a chronic disease that is associated with the inflammation of one or several joints. this disease affects individuals below the age of 16. the inflammation is the common denominator of the various forms of juvenile arthritis, although such forms of the disease have distinct nuances and require different treatment modes. psoriatic arthritis is the type of arthritis that is common in patients who are suffering from a chronic skin disorder known as psoriasis. it has some similarities with rheumatoid arthritis, although most patients who have psoriatic arthritis exhibit mild to moderate symptoms. this chronic disorder affects both men and women, and it can lead to further complications and serious health problems when left", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48779559086700297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.168729"} {"text": "dangerous cooking habits all men love barbecues but too much of them can be bad. mom was right ( sort of ) ; burnt food can cause cancer so do not eat open - flame grilled food too often. but don ' t panic just yet ; look at the details. studies on animals have shown that charred and burnt meats are carcinogenic, and so is the smoke generated by burnt fat that drips from meat. on a more reassuring note, alexis currie - williams, nutrition and physical activity manager for the american cancer society, states that, \" while grilling foods may increase the risk for cancer, it ' s not at the top the cancer - causing list. \" in other words, grilling is bad, but not very bad, especially if proper cooking measures are taken. when grilling food from now on, don ' t : avoid genetically modified foods for now. the gm food industry is still in its infancy, so we don ' t know how such foods can affect people. in rare cases, allergic reactions, nerve damage and poisoning have all been reported. food makers must inform people which products are genetically modified so people could at least know what \" can \" have dangerous effects. canola seeds, soya and maize are some of the most widely modified foods. cooking foods properly, keeping the kitchen area and utensils clean to avoid cross - contamination, drinking pasteurized milk, and washing food before eating are all practices that can prevent listeria. listeria is a pathogen that makes people ill and causes meningitis. vegetables, milk, cheese, meat, and seafood should all be handled carefully and properly. north americans normally tend to avoid picking mushrooms themselves, but eastern europeans and asians enjoy picking their own shrooms. this practice can be dangerous when the same wild species of mushrooms are consumed on different continents. some mushrooms are safe in one part of the world, but can be poisonous in another, even though they are the same species. possible microwave risks include increased ldl cholesterol levels ( the bad kind ). the study was conducted by the swiss federal institute of technology and the university institute of biochemistry. on the other hand, most national safety agencies maintain that microwaves are safe. my suggestion is to use microwave ovens as little as possible. i myself don ' t even own one, yet i still manage to survive. many of the aforementioned habits don ' t pose an immediate danger to your health, but long - term use and a combination of these might lead to problems later on in life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4193592846950126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.172485"} {"text": "researchers model fetal - to - adult hemoglobin switching : important step towards cure for blood diseases researchers have engineered mice that model the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin, an important step towards curing genetic blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia and beta - thalassemia. the research is published in the february 2011 issue of the journal molecular and cellular biology. they also produced for the first time a mouse that synthesizes a distinct fetal - stage hemoglobin, which was necessary for modeling human hemoglobin disorders. these diseases manifest as misshapen hemoglobin, causing anemia, which can be severe, as well as other symptoms, which can range from minor to life - threatening. the cure would lie in causing the body to revert to use of fetal hemoglobin. \u201c the motivation for our research is to understand the basic mechanisms of gene regulation in order to cure human disease, \u201d says thomas ryan of the university of alabama birmingham, who led the research. \u201c if we can figure out how to turn the fetal hemoglobin back on, or keep it from switching off, that would cure these diseases. \u201d the new model \u201c mimics precisely the timing in humans, completing the switch after birth, \u201d says ryan. \u201c the previous models didn \u2019 t do that. \u201d in earlier models, researchers inserted transgenes, large chunks of dna containing the relevant genes, randomly into the mouse chromosome. in the new model, the investigators removed the adult mouse globin genes, and inserted the human fetal and adult genes in their places. the successful engineering of a mouse with a fetal - stage hemoglobin means that humanized mouse models with mutant human genes will not die in utero. while the basic principals behind the research are simple, the details are complex. for example, ryan and sean c. mcconnell, a doctoral student who is the paper \u2019 s first author, had to deal with the fact that hemoglobin switching occurs twice in h. sapiens, from embryonic to fetal globin chains in early fetal life, and then to adult globin chains at birth, while wild type mice have a single switch from embryonic to adult chains early in fetal life. \u201c instead of the single hemoglobin switch that occurs in wild type mice, our humanized knock - in mice now have two hemoglobin switches, just like humans, from embryonic to fetal in early fetal life, and then fetal to adult at birth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5121124424133925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.175074"} {"text": "july rendezvous with vesta \" we often refer to vesta as the smallest terrestrial planet, \" said christopher t. russell, a ucla professor of geophysics and space physics and the mission ' s principal investigator. \" it has planetary features and basically the same structure as mercury, venus, earth and mars. but because it is so small, it does not have enough gravity to retain an atmosphere, or at least not to retain an atmosphere for very long. \" there are many mysteries about vesta, \" russell said. \" one of them is why vesta is so bright. the earth reflects a lot of sunlight \u2014 about 40 percent \u2014 because it has clouds and snow on the surface, while the moon reflects only about 10 percent of the light from the sun back. vesta is more like the earth. why? what on its surface is causing all that sunlight to be reflected? we ' ll find out. \" dawn will map vesta ' s surface, which russell says may be similar to the moon ' s. he says he expects that the body ' s interior is layered, with a crust, a mantle and an iron core. he is eager to learn about this interior and how large the iron core is. named for the ancient roman goddess of the hearth, vesta has been bombarded by meteorites for 4. 5 billion years. \" we expect to see a lot of craters, \" russell said. \" we know there is an enormous crater at the south pole that we can see with the hubble space telescope. that crater, some 280 miles across, has released material into the asteroid belt. small bits of vesta are floating around and make their way all the way to the orbit of the earth and fall in our atmosphere. about one in every 20 meteorites that falls on the surface of the earth comes from vesta. that has enabled us to learn a lot about vesta before we even get there. \" dawn will arrive at vesta in july. beginning in september, the spacecraft will orbit vesta some 400 miles from its surface. it will then move closer, to about 125 miles from the surface, starting in november. by january of 2012, russell expects high - resolution images and other data about surface composition. dawn is arriving ahead of schedule and is expected to orbit vesta for a year. vesta, which orbits the sun every 3. 6 terrestrial years, has an oval, pumpkin - like shape and an average diameter of approximately 330 miles. studies of meteorites found on earth that are believed to have come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43940796005708593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.179503"} {"text": "vesta for a year. vesta, which orbits the sun every 3. 6 terrestrial years, has an oval, pumpkin - like shape and an average diameter of approximately 330 miles. studies of meteorites found on earth that are believed to have come from vesta suggest that vesta formed from galactic dust during the solar system ' s first 3 million to 10 million years. dawn ' s cameras should be able to see individual lava flows and craters tens of feet across on vesta ' s surface. \" we will scurry around when the data come in, trying to make maps of the surface and learning its exact shape and size, \" russell said. dawn has a high - quality camera, along with a back - up ; a visible and near - infrared spectrometer that will identify minerals on the surface ; and a gamma ray and neutron spectrometer that will reveal the abundance of elements such as iron and hydrogen, possibly from water, in the soil. dawn will also probe vesta ' s gravity with radio signals. the study of vesta, however, is only half of dawn ' s mission. the spacecraft will also conduct a detailed study of the structure and composition of the \" dwarf planet \" ceres. vesta and ceres are the most massive objects in the main asteroid belt between mars and jupiter. dawn ' s goals include determining the shape, size, composition, internal structure, and the tectonic and thermal evolution of both objects, and the mission is expected to reveal the conditions under which each of them formed. dawn, only the second scientific mission to be powered by an advanced nasa technology known as ion propulsion, is also the first nasa mission to orbit two major objects. \" twice the bang for the buck on this mission, \" said russell, who added that without ion propulsion, dawn would have cost three times as much. ucla graduate and postdoctoral students work with russell on the mission. now is an excellent opportunity for graduate students to join the project and help analyze the data, said russell, who teaches planetary science to ucla undergraduates and solar and space physics to undergraduates and graduate students. after orbiting vesta, dawn will leave for its three - year journey to ceres, which could harbor substantial water or ice beneath its rock crust \u2014 and possibly life. on the way to ceres, dawn may visit another object. the spacecraft will rendezvous with ceres and begin orbiting in 2015, conducting studies and observations for at least five months. russell believes that ceres and vesta, formed almost 4. 6 billion years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4955157711998189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.180457"} {"text": "click image to enlarge thanks to a metal oxide cathode rather than one based on graphite, this lithium - ion battery offers 35 % greater range for electric vehicles. \u201c range anxiety, \u201d or concern that electric vehicles ( evs ) don \u2019 t pack enough power to get drivers everywhere they need to go in one charge, remains an issue. however, this could change thanks to the development of a new battery that offers 35 % more range than existing technologies. the battery achieves this by integrating lithium - ion ( li - ion ) cells with metal oxides to offer greater energy density, and thereby greater range. the battery is a result of work performed by battery supplier axeon, engineering services firm ricardo, and special - purpose vehicle builder allied vehicles. while most li - ion battery cells feature graphite cathodes, this battery uses cathodes composed of nickel, cobalt and manganese. the engineers packaged the cells into pouch - like modular blocks, a design that reduces cell - level volume by 50 % and mass by 30 % compared to conventional batteries. a driver - assistance module that integrates radar and vision sensing to provide active safety features such as forward collision warning, adaptive headlight control and autono - mous braking has been developed by delphi ( delphi. com ). this module, the racam, is a single - box system that is small enough ( 123 x 68 x 38 - mm ) to be installed on the forward - facing side of a vehicle \u2019 s rearview mirror. what \u2019 s more, delphi says it \u2019 s cheaper than conventional radar and vision systems, which are typically offered separately. the racam is expected to launch in 2014. although night - vision cameras are currently only offered on select premium vehicles, they \u2019 re expected to become more widespread as automakers look to enhance driver perception in dark and poor weather conditions. northwestern university \u2019 s center for quantum devices ( cqd. eecs. northwestern. edu ) may have a hand in this : its scientists have developed a next - generation camera that can be tuned to simultaneously absorb a range of infrared wavelengths and infrared bands. today, the two types of commonly used infrared cameras are passive systems, which capture thermal radiation emitted by objects, and active systems, which use an infrared light source to provide high - resolution images of objects. center for quantum devices director manijeh razeghi says that by absorbing infrared wavelengths and bands, their camera offers the benefits of both active and passive systems. additionally, he says the camera features longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.522935099331157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.184042"} {"text": "how are women faring in ukraine? on the eve of the january 17 presidential elections in ukraine, olena suslova, chair of the board at women \u2019 s information consultative center in kiev, offers a glimpse of the status of women and women \u2019 s rights there. by masum momaya awid : what is the status of women and women \u2019 s rights in ukraine generally? olena suslova ( o. s. ) : women in ukraine have equal constitutional rights as men in the economic, political, cultural and social fields, as well as in the family, but there is some difference between formal legal equality and reality. for example, women make up 48 % of ukraine \u2019 s labor force, and while our constitution guarantees equal pay for equal work \u2013 and this is mostly observed \u2013 industries dominated by female workers have the lowest relative wages and are the ones most likely to be affected by wage arrears. moreover, some employers refuse to hire younger women likely to become pregnant or women over 35. generally, women also have fewer opportunities for career advancement. awid : will the upcoming ( january 17 ) elections provide an opportunity to elect officials that might advance women \u2019 s rights or are the elections simply a formality? o. s. : the upcoming elections will elect the president but not officials, who will ultimately influence public policy. depending on who is elected, new officials may be appointed, including diplomats and the attorney general. however, under ukraine \u2019 s constitution, the president has limited powers. in general, i don \u2019 t think that the upcoming elections will radically change public policies related to gender equality. awid : are women \u2019 s groups mobilizing around the elections? o. s. : no. this time women \u2019 s groups are not active themselves, and political parties are not mobilizing women either. awid : is there much political participation generally by women in ukraine, as voters, candidates and officials? o. s. : female voters in ukraine are more engaged than male voters. as individuals, women more actively participate in campaigns and vote more often. in this upcoming election, 3 of the 18 candidates for parliament are women. and currently, 75. 5 % of government officials are women, but most are not in positions of power. awid : are corruption and bureaucracy major factors in how people experience and interact with the political system? o. s. : yes, corruption and bureaucracy influence how people interact with the political system ; however other factors are important, too, including people \u2019 s ignorance of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3684787506533378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.195730"} {"text": "corruption and bureaucracy major factors in how people experience and interact with the political system? o. s. : yes, corruption and bureaucracy influence how people interact with the political system ; however other factors are important, too, including people \u2019 s ignorance of the political system, mutual bias and stereotypes, lack of activism and some \u201c activist depression \u201d after the orange revolution. awid : has the presence of a prominent woman leader, yulia tymoshenko, made any difference in terms of women \u2019 s rights? o. s. : no and yes. yulia tymoshenko is not considered by most to be a leader with feminist thinking and declarations. usually she is gender neutral in her expressions and approaches, avoiding raising issues of women \u2019 s leadership and sometimes pointing out the masculinity of her own actions and those of \u201c real men \u201d. at the same time, by example, she has encouraged women to get more involved in politics and motivated women to be more insistent, confident and forthcoming in their career advancement. in my opinion, tymoshenko walks a feminist path but is not ready to declare it. in previous years, she did a lot to support \u201c big wise men \u201d even after many of them betrayed her, but lately, she has finally understood that she needs to leave behind the \u201c supportive \u201d gender role. now, she often talks about how badly men have managed our country and why we need to give women an opportunity. awid : ukraine has experienced much economic transition since the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991. what kinds of occupations do women work in? and what is the situation of women economically more recently amidst the global economic crisis? o. s. : women in ukraine have been economically active for many generations, and the dissolution of the soviet union has not decreased this. still, most women work in \u201c female \u201d fields like education, trade and the hospitality industry. now, though, more women work in \u201c male \u201d dominated fields like the military and information technology. there is not yet much research on the influence of the global economic crisis in ukraine from a gender perspective, but, in general, the crisis has not hit ukraine as hard as many other countries. we are not as integrated into the global economy as many other countries. also, we went through a very harsh \u201c vaccination \u201d period during the first years after the disintegration of the soviet union, when our economy experienced many shocks. inflation rates during those years reached 1000 %, and unemployment increased from practically zero to 5 \u2013 10 %. women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46636334818907477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.196895"} {"text": "\u201c vaccination \u201d period during the first years after the disintegration of the soviet union, when our economy experienced many shocks. inflation rates during those years reached 1000 %, and unemployment increased from practically zero to 5 \u2013 10 %. women did a lot of compensating during this time. these economic shocks were compounded by a cultural shock in which people had to reformulate their words, actions and lives. so the current economic crisis is not as difficult as what we went through nearly 20 years ago. awid : does the eastern orthodox church exert much influence on women \u2019 s rights today? o. s. : the influence of the eastern orthodox church on women \u2019 s rights is not substantive in general. traditional values such as the prohibition of abortion and the subordination of women are not visible in society as a whole and not aggressive. the church could have much influence within some families, but this is more exception than the rule. awid : what is the status of sexual and reproductive rights for women in ukraine? and are these rights complicated by ukraine \u2019 s low birth rates and natalist policies? o. s. : sexual and reproductive rights for women are not limited by law, and ukraine has one of the highest abortion rates in the world. the government has been trying to encourage women to have children through financial incentives, but this policy has not been very effective, because, even with the incentives, people cannot afford to have children. moreover, in rural areas, there is limited access to hospitals and health care. awid : how strong are civil society and the women \u2019 s movement in ukraine? are they adequately resourced? and is the spirit of the orange revolution still alive in these movements? o. s. : civil society in ukraine has had more and less favorable times during its 20 years in existence. the orange revolution could be considered as an opportune moment for civil society despite deep disappointment among population related to lost expectations. the number of active ngos including women \u2019 s ones is less than it was 10 years ago ; however the quality of ngo work has grown. because of the orange revolution, government bodies are more open and this has given civil society organizations more space to make change, including pushing for a more tolerant and human society. some women \u2019 s ngos became the first gender advisors of governors after the equal opportunity law entered into force after the orange revolution in 2005. awid : is the concept of \u201c rights \u201d well received in ukraine? o. s. : the perception of the concept of human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49262379884561075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.198009"} {"text": "serious head injuries are rare in the wilderness. but get hit square on the melon by a falling rock, and the resulting brain swelling can cause dangerous intracranial pressure. unlike skin gashes and broken bones, traumatic brain injuries don ' t always bleed or even cause pain, making early diagnosis tricky. since brain injuries can occur without exterior wounds, the best indicator of serious trauma is a person ' s level of consciousness, says jeffrey isaac, curriculum director at wilderness medical associates. use the avpu scale to establish a person ' s alertness and monitor any deterioration in brain function. the farther down the scale ( a is the best, u the worst ) the person registers, the more serious the brain injury. ( a ) victim is alert and oriented ; he knows who he is, where he is, and what happened. ( v ) you get a response to verbal stimuli, but victim is confused and disoriented. ( p ) victim responds only to painful stimuli, like pinching his arm or rubbing his breastbone. ( u ) victim is unresponsive to all of the above. record any periods of unconsciousness. blackouts lasting longer than two to three minutes indicate a serious head injury, especially if accompanied by persistent disorientation. because brain swelling can develop slowly, evaluate the victim ' s mental state for 24 hours after the injury. watch for behavioral indicators like combativeness, restlessness, or acting drunk, as well as severe headache, nausea, and persistent vomiting. move the victim to a safer location if necessary. don ' t leave a victim in a dangerous place or where you can ' t treat life - threatening injuries just because you are unable to stabilize the spine, says isaac. recent studies have shown that cervical spine damage occurs in a tiny percentange of victims with traumatic head injuries. as a result, new first aid protocols recommend spine \" protection \" over stabilization when hazardous conditions require moving the victim. monitor a victim ' s breathing and pulse rate, and keep him hydrated and warm. treat for shock by raising the legs while you gauge his level of consciousness. initial disorientation or confusion can improve in a short period. the duration a person remains unconscious isn ' t as important as how quickly he returns to normal brain functioning, says isaac. contrary to popular belief, the victim of a head injury can doze or sleep as long as he is monitored and woken up every few hours to check alertness. initiate immediate evacuation for victims whose alertness or memory remains severely altered, or worse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4605298767387226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.200636"} {"text": "is the evidence strong enough to support a medieval welsh settlement in north america? first recorded almost four hundred years after the lifetime of madoc ap owain gwynedd, there is little to indicate that the story was known before humphrey llwyd. while there certainly were medieval stories about a madoc, who seems to have been more well known in flanders than in wales, it is by no means certain that the madoc of the stories and poems was madoc ap owain. all that can be said of the medieval romances is that they concern a sea - farer of some renown. that is as far as the medieval sources go. where humphrey llwyd got the story is unknown. it is in none of the sources he translated into english and it is so far from the medieval versions that they cannot have been the sole inspiration. it is possible, perhaps even probable, that he simply made it up. as a proud welshman at a time when the english government was doing its best to anglicise the recently - created province ( following an acte for lawes & justice to be ministred in wales in like fourme as it is in this realme of 1536 ), making a claim that the welsh had discovered the new world long before the english ( and, indeed, the spanish ) had ever set foot there would have been a strike by llwyd in favour of national pride. the flawed evidence of the bat creek stone in 1991, archaeologists robert c mainfort jr. and mary l kwas, writing in the tennessee anthropologist 16 ( 1 ) identified the hoaxer of the bat creek stone as john emmert, the assistant who claimed to have found it. cyrus thomas had doubts about emmert \u2019 s abilities, believing his judgement to be impaired by the drink problem that eventually led to his sacking. following a series of begging letters to thomas, emmert was reinstated in 1888, promising to give him \u201c greater satisfaction than i ever did before \u201d and agreeing with thomas \u2019 s hypothesis that the cherokees were the moundbuilders. emmert certainly had the motive for producing a spectacular find and despite cyrus gordon \u2019 s identification of the script as hebrew, it is passable for the cherokee syllabary. alas, the cherokee syllabary was invented in 1819 by the native american silversmith sequoyah ( c 1767 - 1843, also known as george gist / guess / guest ) and a radiocarbon date on material from mound 3 of 1605 \u00b1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4008039325215153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.210615"} {"text": "the cherokee syllabary was invented in 1819 by the native american silversmith sequoyah ( c 1767 - 1843, also known as george gist / guess / guest ) and a radiocarbon date on material from mound 3 of 1605 \u00b1 170 bp ( 409 \u00b1 174 ce ) is much too early. so, could blackett and wilson be right in identifying the inscription as sixth - century welsh, in the coelbren script? once again, we find coelbren to be a modern invention, having been first published in 1791 by edward williams ( 1747 - 1826, better known as iolo morganwg ), a serial forger. although claims have been made for an earlier origin ( such as in the \u201c welsh runes \u201d attributed to the scholar nennius or nemnivus and said to have been invented because an englishman had taunted him that the welsh had no writing system ), nothing like coelbren is attested before the time of edward williams. it is also evident that if it incorporates symbols for mutated consonants and such mutations are not written before the period of middle welsh orthography ( twelfth to fourteenth centuries ce ), long after the date claimed for the bat creek inscription by wilson and blackett, then coelbren can be no earlier that the twelfth century ce. dismissing the recent claims wilson and blackett are keen promoters of an alternative arthurian archaeology that uses some very poor evidence that does not stand up to critical scrutiny. indeed, there is even a suggestion that some of the evidence they use is fraudulent. their frequent complaint that they are not taken seriously by academe is typical of bad archaeologists : they tell their readers that the reasons for being ignored are professional jealousies, an inability to see beyond accepted ideas and even darkly political conspiracies. like so many other bad archaeologists they seem incapable of recognising that the real reason the professional archaeologists do not give them the recognition they believe they deserve is that their ideas are poorly thought out, supported by inadmissable evidence and, ultimately, rubbish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4737414112380605, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.211653"} {"text": "household dust and allergies in children the use of mattress covers on children \u2019 s beds, along with intensive education and assistance in dust - reduction measures in the home, prevents the development of allergies in children at high risk, according to a recent article in archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine ( 2002 ; 156 : 1021 \u2013 7 ). childhood allergies are a common and growing problem, and children who suffer from allergies frequently develop chronic allergic conditions, including asthma. in the united states, asthma is the most commonly diagnosed chronic disease of childhood, affecting nearly nine million children. conventional medical management of childhood allergies and asthma includes the use of antihistamines, inhaled drugs that dilate the bronchial passages ( bronchodilators ), and inhaled and oral steroids. all of these medicines can have serious side effects, and a child \u2019 s likelihood of needing to continue treatment into adulthood is high. antihistamines can affect the central nervous system, causing either overstimulation or sedation ; bronchodilators can also stimulate the nervous system, causing anxiety and insomnia. over long periods of time, inhaled steroids can damage the immune defenses of the respiratory system, leading to increased rates of infections, and oral steroids have negative effects on adrenal function and the entire immune system. for these reasons, preventive approaches should be pursued whenever possible. according to some, but not all, studies, dust mite allergy is a predictor of asthma and other types of chronic allergies such as eczema. one previous study found that reducing the amount of dust in children \u2019 s home environments prevented the development of dust mite allergies. another study found that the use of mattress covers effectively reduced dust mite exposure in the home. in the current study, the combined effect of mattress covers and intensive dust reduction measures on the development of dust mite allergies was evaluated. the 566 european children who participated in this one - year study were between 18 months and five years of age. all had some allergy symptoms, such as asthma, hay fever, or eczema, but tests for dust mite allergy were negative. each had at least one parent with allergy symptoms and positive results on the dust mite allergy test, putting these children at high risk for becoming allergic to dust mites themselves. the children were randomly assigned to one of two groups. both groups \u2019 parents received standard information about environmental influences on children \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49575074143435544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.217042"} {"text": "results on the dust mite allergy test, putting these children at high risk for becoming allergic to dust mites themselves. the children were randomly assigned to one of two groups. both groups \u2019 parents received standard information about environmental influences on children \u2019 s health and recommendations for allergy prevention. recommendations for allergy prevention included avoiding exposure to pets in bedrooms, ventilating bedrooms well, avoiding cigarette smoke, and washing bedding and cleaning bedrooms regularly to minimize dust. in addition, parents of children in the intervention group were given more detailed dust - reduction instructions and assistance, and a mattress cover to prevent dust accumulation on children \u2019 s beds. the children were evaluated for allergy symptoms after six months, and tests for dust mite allergies were repeated after one year. the percentage of children who had developed allergies to dust mites by the end of the trial was 6. 5 % in the group that received standard instructions, compared with only 3 % in the intervention group. the results of this study add to a growing body of evidence that preventing exposure to house dust mites may significantly reduce the development of dust mite allergies, and therefore might decrease the incidence of childhood allergies and asthma. these measures should be recommended in conjunction with other allergy prevention approaches that have been shown to be effective. for example, observational studies have shown a 30 to 50 % reduction in childhood asthma in those who receive exclusive breastfeeding for three months. several studies have demonstrated a protective effect of dietary supplementation with omega - 3 fatty acids. restricting allergenic foods in the diets of nursing mothers and infants has been shown to prevent some types of allergies. controlled trials have shown that probiotic supplements ( which support the growth of healthy gut bacteria ) and hydrolyzed milk formulas ( in which potentially allergenic proteins are broken down to smaller, non - allergenic sizes ) reduce allergies and asthma in infants. the cumulative effect of these preventive measures remains to be evaluated. maureen williams, nd, received her bachelor \u2019 s degree from the university of pennsylvania and her doctorate of naturopathic medicine from bastyr university in seattle, wa. she has a private practice in quechee, vermont, and does extensive work with traditional herbal medicine in guatemala and honduras. dr. williams is a regular contributor to healthnotes newswire. copyright \u00a9 2003 healthnotes, inc. all rights reserved. republication or redistribution of the healthnotes\u00ae content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of healthnotes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4933403605784581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.218214"} {"text": "black - scholes : the maths formula linked to the financial crash it ' s not every day that someone writes down an equation that ends up changing the world. but it does happen sometimes, and the world doesn ' t always change for the better. it has been argued that one formula known as black - scholes, along with its descendants, helped to blow up the financial world. black - scholes was first written down in the early 1970s but its story starts earlier than that, in the dojima rice exchange in 17th century japan where futures contracts were written for rice traders. a simple futures contract says that i will agree to buy rice from you in one year ' s time, at a price that we agree right now. by the 20th century the chicago board of trade was providing a marketplace for traders to deal not only in futures but in options contracts. an example of an option is a contract where we agree that i can buy rice from you at any time over the next year, at a price that we agree right now - but i don ' t have to if i don ' t want to. you can imagine why this kind of contract might be useful. if i am running a big chain of hamburger restaurants, but i don ' t know how much beef i ' ll need to buy next year, and i am nervous that the price of beef might rise, well - all i need is to buy some options on beef. but then that leads to a very ticklish problem. how much should i be paying for those beef options? what are they worth? and that ' s where this world - changing equation, the black - scholes formula, can help. \" the problem it ' s trying to solve is to define the value of the right, but not the obligation, to buy a particular asset at a specified price, within or at the end of a specified time period, \" says professor myron scholes, professor of finance at the stanford university graduate school of business and - of course - co - inventor of the black - scholes formula. the young scholes was fascinated by finance. as a teenager, he persuaded his mother to set up an account so that he could trade on the stock market. one of the amazing things about scholes is that throughout his time as an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half - blind. and so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking. when he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. the next year, he became an assistant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5086805135875571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.229705"} {"text": "an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half - blind. and so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking. when he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. the next year, he became an assistant professor at mit, and it was there that he stumbled upon the option - pricing puzzle. one part of the puzzle was this question of risk : the value of an option to buy beef at a price of - say - $ 2 ( \u00a31. 23 ) a kilogram presumably depends on what the price of beef is, and how the price of beef is moving around. but the connection between the price of beef and the value of the beef option doesn ' t vary in a straightforward way - it depends how likely the option is to actually be used. that in turn depends on the option price and the beef price. all the variables seem to be tangled up in an impenetrable way. scholes worked on the problem with his colleague, fischer black, and figured out that if i own just the right portfolio of beef, plus options to buy and sell beef, i have a delicious and totally risk - free portfolio. since i already know the price of beef and the price of risk - free assets, by looking at the difference between them i can work out the price of these beef options. that ' s the basic idea. the details are hugely complicated. \" it might have taken us a year, a year and a half to be able to solve and get the simple black - scholes formula, \" says scholes. \" but we had the actual underlying dynamics way before. \" the black - scholes method turned out to be a way not only to calculate value of options but all kinds of other financial assets. \" we were like kids in a candy story in the sense that we described options everywhere, options were embedded in everything that we did in life, \" says scholes. end quote professor ian stewart warwick university by 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion ( thousand million million ) us dollars \u201d but black and scholes weren ' t the only kids in the candy store, says ian stewart, whose book argues that black - scholes was a dangerous invention. \" what the equation did was give everyone the confidence to trade options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives, \" he says. scholes thought his equation would be useful. he didn ' t expect it to transform the face of finance. but it quickly became obvious that it would. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5174545630096553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.230642"} {"text": "options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives, \" he says. scholes thought his equation would be useful. he didn ' t expect it to transform the face of finance. but it quickly became obvious that it would. \" about the time we had published this article, that ' s 1973, simultaneously or approximately a month thereafter, the chicago board options exchange started to trade call options on 16 stocks, \" he recalls. scholes had just moved to the university of chicago. he and his colleagues had already been teaching the black - scholes formula and methodology to students for several years. \" there were many young traders who either had taken courses at mit or chicago in using the option pricing technology. on the other hand, there was a group of traders who had only intuition and previous experience. and in a very short period of time, the intuitive players were essentially eliminated by the more systematic players who had this pricing technology. \" more or less : behind the stats listen to more or less on bbc radio 4 and the world service, or download the free podcast that was just the beginning. \" by 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion ( thousand million million ) us dollars - this is 10 times the total production of goods on the planet over its entire history, \" says stewart. \" ok, we ' re talking about the totals in a two - way trade, people are buying and people are selling and you ' re adding it all up as if it doesn ' t cancel out, but it was a huge trade. \" the black - scholes formula had passed the market test. but as banks and hedge funds relied more and more on their equations, they became more and more vulnerable to mistakes or over - simplifications in the mathematics. \" the equation is based on the idea that big movements are actually very, very rare. the problem is that real markets have these big changes much more often that this model predicts, \" says stewart. \" and the other problem is that everyone ' s following the same mathematical principles, so they ' re all going to get the same answer. \" now these were known problems. what was not clear was whether the problems were small enough to ignore, or well enough understood to fix. and then in the late 1990s, two remarkable things happened. \" the inventors got the nobel prize for economics, \" says stewart. \" i would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it. \" end quote ian stewart university of warwick long - term capital management showed the danger of this kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4956749215822787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.231654"} {"text": "two remarkable things happened. \" the inventors got the nobel prize for economics, \" says stewart. \" i would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it. \" end quote ian stewart university of warwick long - term capital management showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically - based trading \u201d fischer black died young, in 1995. when in 1997 scholes won the nobel memorial prize, he shared it not with black but with robert merton, another option - pricing expert. scholes ' work had inspired a generation of mathematical wizards on wall street, and by this stage both he and merton were players in the world of finance, as partners of a hedge fund called long - term capital management. \" the whole idea of this company was that it was going to base its trading on mathematical principles such as the black - scholes equation. and it actually was amazingly successful to begin with, \" says stewart. \" it was outperforming the traditional companies quite noticeably and everything looked great. \" but it didn ' t end well. long - term capital management ran into, among other things, the russian financial crisis. the firm lost $ 4bn ( \u00a32. 5bn ) in the course of six weeks. it was bailed out by a consortium of banks which had been assembled by the federal reserve. and - at the time - it was a very big story indeed. this was all happening in august and september of 1998, less than a year after scholes had been awarded his nobel prize. stewart says the lessons from long - term capital management were obvious. \" it showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically - based trading if you don ' t keep an eye on some of the indicators that the more conventional people would use, \" he says. \" they [ long - term capital management ] were committed, pretty much, to just ploughing ahead with the system they had. and it went wrong. \" scholes says that ' s not what happened at all. \" it had nothing to do with equations and nothing to do with models, \" he says. \" i was not running the firm, let me be very clear about that. there was not an ability to withstand the shock that occurred in the market in the summer and fall of late 1998. so it was just a matter of risk - taking. it wasn ' t a matter of modelling. \" this is something people were still arguing about a decade later. was the collapse of long - term capital management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as scholes says, was it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5082099374625992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.232717"} {"text": "- taking. it wasn ' t a matter of modelling. \" this is something people were still arguing about a decade later. was the collapse of long - term capital management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as scholes says, was it simply a case of traders taking too much risk against the better judgement of the mathematical experts? ten years after the long - term capital management bail - out, lehman brothers collapsed. and the debate over black - scholes and ltcm is now a broader debate over the role of mathematical equations in finance. ian stewart claims that the black - scholes equation changed the world. does he really believe that mathematics caused the financial crisis? \" it was abuse of their equation that caused trouble, and i don ' t think you can blame the inventors of an equation if somebody else comes along and uses it badly, \" he says. end quote myron scholes the fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow \u201d \" and it wasn ' t just that equation. it was a whole generation of other mathematical models and all sorts of other techniques that followed on its heels. but it was one of the major discoveries that opened the door to all this. \" black - scholes changed the culture of wall street, from a place where people traded based on common sense, experience and intuition, to a place where the computer said yes or no. but is it really fair to blame black - scholes for what followed it? \" the black - scholes technology has very specific rules and requirements, \" says scholes. \" that technology attracted or caused investment banks to hire people who had quantitative or mathematical skills. i accept that. they then developed products or technologies of their own. \" not all of those subsequent technologies, says scholes, were good enough. \" [ some ] had assumptions that were wrong, or they used data incorrectly to calibrate their models, or people who used [ the ] models didn ' t know how to use them. \" scholes argues there is no going back. \" the fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow, and will continue to evolve over time, \" he says. but for ian stewart, the story of black - scholes - and of long - term capital management - is a kind of morality tale. \" it ' s very tempting to see the financial crisis and various things which led up to it as sort of the classic greek tragedy of hubris begets nemesis, \" he says. \" you try to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5418249064162391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.233694"} {"text": "purim is a holiday celebration like no other surrounded by a natural arena of sunset - tinged and snow - capped peaks, it is impossible to imagine a more wild and spectacular location than lago pehoe in southern chile \u2019 s torres del paine national park. the jaw - dropping scenery is also filled with wildlife, so between bouts of trekking, river rafting and horse riding, ticking off the park \u2019 s most iconic fauna comes remarkably easily to the curious traveller. just a few decades ago the llama \u2019 s close cousin the guanaco was endangered, but now there are more than 3, 000 of the camelids ( also close relatives of the camel ) living in the torres del paine national park. they are a deceptively compact animal - just over 1m - high at the shoulder - but still easily spotted on the grassy tundra punctuating torres del paine \u2019 s dramatic combination of alpine lakes, soaring peaks and turquoise - tinged glaciers. count on being greeted with a look that is a quizzical cross between \u201c can i help you? \u201d and \u201c what are you staring at? \u201d more than 3, 000 guanacos are apparently more than enough to sustain a growing population of pumas. the patagonian puma is the southernmost of all mountain lions, and also one of the largest. like any cat they are solitary and independent creatures, so any sightings are likely to be restricted to bigger than expected paw prints in the snow. keep your eyes peeled for the more delicate prints of puma cubs, padding along beside their graceful, but powerful mothers. the andean grey fox in the brutally pragmatic patagonian eco - system, it is not just pumas targeting the guanacos. getting close to a sleek andean grey fox is surprisingly straight forward, especially if they are hungry and preoccupied with eating. they prefer target hares and rodents, but will happily chow down on any guanacos that have already been killed by pumas. the andean condor the surging and swirling thermals of patagonia \u2019 s cliffs, peaks and valleys are the perfect environment for the mighty andean condor. a wing - span of more than 3m \u2013 the largest of any land bird \u2013 enables these impressive scavengers to stay aloft with minimal effort. explorer and naturalist charles darwin actually noted watching one soar for half an hour without moving its wings. pack good binoculars for the best views of these magnificent birds. the south andean deer there are only around 2,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4109657445823206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.236271"} {"text": "question : can you suggest some resources that will help me understand more about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten - free diet? answer : may is celiac awareness month so it is a great time to highlight some resources, guides, information sheets and articles about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten - free diet. explore and enjoy these links. print them out. hang them on your refrigerator or bring them grocery shopping with you. use them as reference for yourself, and also share them with others in order to spread more awareness, visibility and knowledge about celiac disease. basics on celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten - free diet : if you are looking for a handout that explains the difference between celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, as well as an overview of the gluten - free diet, nutritional concerns, labeling, resources and helpful links \u2013 this guide is for you. a quick reference for allowed & non - allowed foods for the gluten - free diet : the only treatment for celiac disease and gluten sensitivity is a gluten - free diet. and it can get confusing when it comes to what grains are a \u201c go \u201d and what grains are a \u201c no \u201d! all forms of wheat, rye and barley must strictly be avoided, including spelt, kamut, einkorn, emmer, faro, durum, couscous, semolina, bulgur and triticale. barley malt, barley malt extract, barley malt flavor, brewer \u2019 s yeast, malt vinegar, as well as barley - based ale, beer and lager must also be avoided. here is a more detailed list of foods allowed, to avoid and to question. looking for some facts about celiac disease? this blog post addresses 10 facts about celiac disease that will help you understand the disease and better explain it to others. what is the difference between celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and a wheat allergy? this is one of the most common questions i receive. this blog post addresses facts and pointers regarding each of these conditions to help you understand the differences in these somewhat similar, yet very unique medical conditions. nutrition and the gluten - free diet? the gluten - free diet can create challenges when it comes to getting the proper nutrients. this chart provides a quick reference and ideas to improve the nutritional quality of your meals and snacks. is the gluten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4671568595531683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.239774"} {"text": "gluten - free diet? the gluten - free diet can create challenges when it comes to getting the proper nutrients. this chart provides a quick reference and ideas to improve the nutritional quality of your meals and snacks. is the gluten - free diet healthy for everyone? gluten - free foods are popping up everywhere and the gluten - free diet is being promoted for everything that ails you. to separate the \u201c wheat from the chaff \u201d you need to check out the facts in this article. what \u2019 s new in the gluten - free world? although there is still a lot we don \u2019 t know about celiac disease, there is a lot we do know, thanks to research efforts across the globe. this article recaps some of what we do know about the disease, as well as some important new developments in the gluten - free world. finally, as a dietitian specializing in celiac disease and the gluten - free, my mission has been to provide consumers, health professionals, the food industry, media and others with accurate and practical information. one way i \u2019 ve accomplished this is through my book, gluten - free diet : a comprehensive resource guide, now in its 4th edition, 9th printing. in addition, my website www. glutenfreediet. ca, newsletter, blog and q & a columns \u2013 like the ask shelley case column on befreeforme. com feature lots of free information. happy reading! ask shelley case is a feature of befreeforme. com. it is published the second tuesday of each month. shelley case, rd is a consulting dietitian, speaker and author of gluten - free diet : a comprehensive resource guide. visit shelley and get more gluten - free tips & info at : glutenfreediet. ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47689602675570125, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.241771"} {"text": "one of the world ' s most ancient societies has been given a legal buffer zone to guard it from the modern world. india ' s supreme court has banned all commercial and tourism activity near their habitat in the country ' s remote andaman and nicobar islands in the indian ocean. the ruling bars hotels and resorts from operating within a three - mile buffer zone around the jarawa reserve, which is home to the jarawa tribal people. the order means resorts that had opened nearby will have to close. the jarawas are among the world ' s most ancient people, with many still hunting with bows and arrows and rubbing stones together to make fire. scientists believe they were among the first people to migrate from africa to asia around 70, 000 years ago. jarawas did not have any contact with government authorities until 1996 and did not begin leaving their habitat until a few years ago, when they began moving out of the reserve in small groups for a brief while before returning. scientists say there are around 320 jarawa tribespeople living in the southern and middle andaman islands. the indian government has come under increasing criticism from rights activists for failing to protect the jarawas. critics say the local government has allowed unscrupulous tour operators to promote \" human safaris. \" in 2002, the supreme court ordered that a road passing through the reserve be closed, but the local government still has not barred the andaman trunk road, enabling tourist buses and vehicles to enter jarawa habitats deep in the jungle. india ' s cabinet recently authorised stiff penalties for those trying to organise tours to jarawa habitats or photographing the tribespeople. last year, activists were outraged when media reports and videos surfaced of local policemen forcing bare - chested jarawa women to dance for tourists in exchange for food. survival international, a london - based international rights group for indigenous people, welcomed the new order, but said the indian government has \" missed \" an opportunity by allowing the road to remain open to tourists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4103803759842022, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.244072"} {"text": "the importance of breakfast it often amazes me how people take better care of their cars than their bodies. i have yet to meet a person who said, \u201c god has a plan as to when my car should \u2018 die \u2019 and i do not need to worry about it. i don \u2019 t need to check or change the oil, or perform any routine maintenance. and i don \u2019 t need to worry about the type of gasoline i use. \u201d we recognize the necessity of proper care to get the longest life and best performance out of our automobiles. when will we realize that proper care also gives our bodies the longest life and today, a wealth of scientific research has confirmed that most of the leading causes of death and chronic diseases are preventable. we have been talking about the lifestyle factors that will help us improve our health. adding breakfast to your eating pattern is a major step to improving your lifestyle. well, why bother with breakfast? food is fuel. many studies have emphasized the importance of breakfast. if you want to make the most of your day, fuel your body early with the right stuff. at a time : what to do the importance of studies have even linked healthy breakfasts with less chronic disease, increased longevity and better health. starting your day with a good breakfast boosts your energy, increases your attention span, and heightens your sense of well - being. you \u2019 ll be in better control of your emotions. a good breakfast is one that provides at least one third of the day \u2019 s calories. most people give a variety of reasons for not eating breakfast. a common reason is that they are not hungry in the morning, which is a result of eating a full meal late in the evening or late snacking. when they go to bed, the body is still busy digesting all that food. digestion then goes into a slower gear during the hours of sleep and there is still food in the stomach in the morning. the stomach needs a rest too. a tired stomach does not feel like digesting a big breakfast. when you get up in the morning, your glucose or blood sugar level is at its lowest point in the day. glucose is the basic fuel for the brain and central nervous system. a good breakfast will keep you from being tired and irritable the effects of a skipped breakfast are short attention span, lack of alertness, longer reaction time, low blood sugar, decreased work productivity. surely, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. take time to eat a large, balanced breakfast. it \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44969044170911904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.249331"} {"text": "a skipped breakfast are short attention span, lack of alertness, longer reaction time, low blood sugar, decreased work productivity. surely, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. take time to eat a large, balanced breakfast. it \u2019 s a good investment of your time. once you get into the habit of eating breakfast, you may feel hungry in the application : how to do it breakfast is a great way to get more fiber into your diet. plan wisely for a healthy breakfast. many prepared cereals have added refined sugar, often hidden. read labels carefully to select cereals prepared without excessive sugar, salt, fat, and excuse for not eating breakfast? \u2022 \u201c no time? \u201d how much time does it take to eat a bowl of cereal? make toast and eat it on your way to work. make your breakfast the night before. making time for breakfast is making time to be healthy. \u2022 \u201c not hungry? \u201d to get started, don \u2019 t eat anything after an early supper. finish supper by 6 : 30 p. m. \u2022 \u201c might gain weight? \u201d eating breakfast will actually help you reach and maintain your healthy weight. your appetite will be satisfied longer. you \u2019 ll be eating food when you can best burn the calories. you \u2019 ll feel great. eat breakfast. \u2022 you \u201c don \u2019 t like breakfast foods? \u201d you don \u2019 t have to eat traditional breakfast foods. you can eat leftovers, or a sandwich. any healthy food is fine. caffeine may mask hunger. \u2022 you \u201c don \u2019 t like eating breakfast? \u201d it is in your best interest to eat breakfast. take the step. do the right thing. eat breakfast. simple, easy ways to add \u2022 start small. if your not a breakfast eater, begin with whole wheat toast and / or a piece of fruit. in a few days, add more food. \u2022 choose fruit for breakfast. fruit gives you fiber. fresh fruit is the best choice. there are many to choose from : oranges, grapefruits, apples, bananas, grapes, kiwis, mangos, melons, berries. eat two servings of fruit every morning. canned fruit packed in juice is also a good choice. add dried fruit to your cereal. \u2022 eat high fiber hot cereal. hot cereal is the best choice, but there are several brands of cold cereal on the market that are high in fiber and low in sugar. oatmeal is a favorite hot cereal. try a seven grain cereal and experiment with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4344975446222407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.250393"} {"text": "fiber hot cereal. hot cereal is the best choice, but there are several brands of cold cereal on the market that are high in fiber and low in sugar. oatmeal is a favorite hot cereal. try a seven grain cereal and experiment with different grains such as millet, brown rice, quinoa, corn grits for a variety. try cooking grains in a crock pot overnight and it \u2019 s already the next morning. or cook up a large batch and re - heat the next day. make your own granola. add a high fiber cereal to your favorite low fiber cereal. gradually increase the amount of the high fiber cereal and decrease the amount of the low fiber cereal. for example, if you like cornflakes, add wheat chex to the cornflakes. each morning add a little more wheat chex and a little less \u2022 choose whole grain bread. eat two slices of toast in the morning or a whole grain bagel. spread with fruit spread or applesauce or your favorite nut butter. \u2022 make healthy pancakes or waffles. have you ever considered topping your pancakes or waffles with fruit? \u2022 instead of scramble eggs try scrambled tofu. you \u2019 re in for a \u2022 the sky \u2019 s the limit. the only limitation is your imagination. make it a priority. eat breakfast. high fiber, ready to eat cereals and whole grain breads. - - choose a cereal with at least 3 - 5 grams of fiber per serving. - - choose cereal that have 5 grams or less of sugar per serving. remember 4 grams of - - choose bread with at least 2 grams of dietary fiber per challenge : you can do it!! try this simple experiment. eat one or two servings of fresh fruit every for the next three weeks. eat as many different kinds as you can find. and remember, health is by choice... not by chance! the choice is yours. you don \u2019 t have to be a statistic. by adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more and remember, health is by choice... not by chance! the choice is yours. you don ' t have to be a statistic. by adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more productive life. while it may be considered \" helpful \", individuals without a masters in health administration degree, nutrition & fitness degree, or even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45217831627460714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.251290"} {"text": "the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, nebraska, says drought has produced an above - normal wildfire potential this season along the leeward sides of all the hawaiian islands, including the western third of hawaii island. most of our state has received above - normal precipitation, but not parts of hawaii island. the result : the danger of out - of - control brush fires is significant. elsewhere on the united states mainland, the situation is similar. the ndmc says snowpack was disappointing in many states \u2013 in colorado and utah, they had only half the usual snowpack. colorado had its first wildfire of 2012 last month in a conflagration that took 700 firefighters more than a week to control the fire. january and february were the driest on record in california. hawaii county fire department warns residents to clear brush from near their houses, and to have an evacuation plan should there be a fire. they also warn that tossing lit cigarettes out of cars is not only illegal, but not trigger a fire. the national drought mitigation center says areas on hawaii island and elsewhere that have not had soakings of brush, grass, and trees, and the wildfire fuels don \u2019 t have water and cannot resist fire. hawaii island \u2019 s west side usually has a rainy summer season and there have been some mauka showers, with residents hoping for more. hilo has gotten lots of rain this winter, but other areas around the island vary in how much rain they \u2019 ve received. the ndmc, established in 1995, is based in the school of natural resources at the university of nebraska - lincoln. the organization helps people and institutions develop and implement measures to reduce societal vulnerability to drought, stressing preparedness and risk management rather than crisis management. it works with several different agencies to collaborate on drought issues \u2013 united states department of agriculture, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, united states geological survey, the national climate data center, and international organizations, among others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4088913117749918, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.253271"} {"text": "scientists identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered on a noaa - funded mission in the deep waters of the papahanaumokuakea marine national monument. six of these species may represent entirely new genera, a remarkable feat given the broad classification a genus represents. a genus is a major category in the classification of organisms, ranking above a species and below a family. scientists expect to identify more new species as analysis of samples continues. \" these discoveries are important, because deep - sea corals support diverse seafloor ecosystems and also because these corals may be among the first marine organisms to be affected by ocean acidification, \" said richard spinrad, ph. d., noaa ' s assistant administrator for oceanic and atmospheric research. ocean acidification is a change in ocean chemistry due to excess carbon dioxide. researchers have seen adverse changes in marine life with calcium - carbonate shells, such as corals, because of acidified ocean water. \" deep - sea bamboo corals also produce growth rings much as trees do, and can provide a much - needed view of how deep ocean conditions change through time, \" said spinrad. rob dunbar, a stanford university scientist, was studying long - term climate data by examining long - lived corals. \" we found live, 4, 000 - year - old corals in the monument meaning 4, 000 years worth of information about what has been going on in the deep ocean interior. \" \" studying these corals can help us understand how they survive for such long periods of time as well as how they may respond to climate change in the future, \" said dunbar. among the other findings were a five - foot tall yellow bamboo coral tree that had never been described before, new beds of living deepwater coral and sponges, and a giant sponge scientists dubbed the \" cauldron sponge, \" approximately three feet tall and three feet across. scientists collected two other sponges which have not yet been anal | contact : christine patrick |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504870278542178, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.256065"} {"text": "diamond says sleep with your kids, spare parents : books human beings and apes went their separate ways 6 million years ago, jared diamond notes near the beginning of \u201c the world until yesterday. \u201d yet agriculture has been around for just 11, 000 years, and the first state government arose only 5, 400 years ago. in other words, life as we know it accounts for a small fraction of human history. by looking closely at the world \u2019 s last few \u201c traditional \u201d ( i. e., tribal ) societies - - especially in new guinea, where he \u2019 s spent much of the past half - century - - diamond shows what it must have been like before that. he deftly explodes a few myths, beginning with jean - jacques rousseau \u2019 s \u201c speculative and ungrounded theory \u201d that \u201c humans were naturally compassionate in a state of nature, and that wars began only with the rise of states. \u201d the reality was the opposite - - maniacal xenophobia and perennial war. if you encountered a stranger on your path, you had essentially two options : run or fight. the percentage of people that tribal societies typically lost in conflicts dwarfs german and russian war losses during the 20th century ( even if the numbers seem less dramatic at first because they aren \u2019 t in the millions ). that \u2019 s why they \u2019 ve so often accepted state control with so little protest : since states, for their own reasons, suppress tribal warfare, life under their authority is less dangerous and a lot more pleasant. \u201c the world until yesterday \u201d is packed with fascinating information of this kind. but because diamond has constructed it as a series of lessons we can learn from what once were called primitive peoples, it \u2019 s also problematic. i don \u2019 t doubt his good faith when he declares, \u201c my own outlook on life has been transformed and enriched by my years among one set of traditional societies, that of new guinea. \u201d ( he previously wrote about these societies, among others, in his pulitzer prize - winning book, \u201c guns, germs and steel. \u201d ) but then what does he tell us we can learn from them? to value mediation as a method of settling legal disputes. to treat the elderly with greater dignity. to watch our salt and sugar intake. fifty years of study - - for that? diamond \u2019 s most intriguing discussion, in terms of novel and usable information, involves child rearing. i was happy to find him advocating, for example, that parents allow small children to share their beds ; i \u2019 m still mad about how strictly my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49914460729167864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.259620"} {"text": "diamond \u2019 s most intriguing discussion, in terms of novel and usable information, involves child rearing. i was happy to find him advocating, for example, that parents allow small children to share their beds ; i \u2019 m still mad about how strictly my own parents barred me from theirs. but even when diamond offers convincing arguments about \u201c the precocious development of social skills \u201d in the children of hunter - gatherers, he dulls them with an irritating habit of belaboring the hyper - obvious : \u201c naturally, i \u2019 m not saying that we should emulate all child - rearing practices of hunter - gatherers. i don \u2019 t recommend that we return to the hunter - gatherer practices of selective infanticide, high risk of death in childbirth and letting infants play with knives and get burned by fires. \u201d or, on the elderly : \u201c i don \u2019 t know any individual american whose devoted care of his aged parents goes as far as pre - chewing their food, nor any who has strangled his aged parents and been publicly commended as a good son for doing so. \u201d much like his friends in the new guinea jungle, for whom \u201c there is no time pressure, no schedule, \u201d diamond is in no hurry to get where he \u2019 s going. what disturbs me more than the leisurely blandness of his style, though, is his apparent conviction ( or maybe it came from his agent or his publisher ) that he had to make his book relevant by delivering news you can use. the idea that knowledge isn \u2019 t sufficient in itself is depressing if not insulting. i was absorbed as i read \u201c the world before yesterday. \u201d but faced with the embarrassing question its subtitle poses - - \u201c what can we learn from traditional societies? \u201d - - i would have to answer : not all that much. muse highlights include elin mccoy on wine. to contact the writer on the story : craig seligman at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47535931363977485, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.260379"} {"text": "march 22, 2000 upton, ny - painting a bridge can be a costly and time - consuming undertaking, especially if the paint job doesn ' t last. so scientists have been working on ways to test paint durability before the brushes even get wet. at a march 22 session at the american physical society meeting in minneapolis, scientists from the university of missouri at kansas city, who worked in collaboration with physicist bent nielsen of the u. s. department of energy ' s brookhaven national laboratory, will present findings that could lead to the development of an extremely sensitive and quick durability test. the technique is called positron annihilation. essentially, the scientists bombard small painted samples of metal with a beam of positrons, or positively charged electrons. when these \" antielectrons \" interact with the electrons in the molecules of the paint, they annihilate one another and send out gamma rays that give the scientists information about the molecules in the paint. the technique can detect nanometer - scale holes and defects in the paint molecules ; free radicals, which indicate the presence of broken chemical bonds ; and cross linking, which may make the paint brittle. \" these experiments show that this technique is extremely sensitive to detecting damage early, \" says brookhaven ' s nielsen - well before the formation of any visible cracks in the paint. \" so you can test the paint on a much shorter time scale - a day instead of half a year. that ' s a big advantage, \" nielsen says. the scientists typically test the paint samples before and after exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) light, one of the components of sunlight known to damage bridge coatings. the more sensitive the paint is to uv damage, the less durable the paint would be on a bridge exposed to sunlight day after day. they ' ve also exposed samples to uv light during the positron annihilation test to see if they could detect the damage as it occurred. in both cases, the damage increased with uv exposure time, and was most severe near the surface of the paint. in addition to laying the foundation for a quick paint durability test, the detailed observations made possible by positron annihilation may also help scientists learn more about the fundamental mechanisms of paint degradation. that knowledge, in turn, may eventually lead to the development of more durable paints. brookhaven was a pioneer in developing positron beams in the late 1970s and early 1980s. positron emission tomography ( pet ) scanning, a medical technique used to learn about the function", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5566873335330625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.263060"} {"text": "- slide 1 of 4 there are two ways of fighting fire on board a ship - by using portable marine fire fighting equipments or by using different types of fixed fire fighting installations. the type of system used for fighting fire depends on the intensity and type of fire. moreover, not all types of fixed fire installation systems can be used for any type of ship. a specific type of fixed fire fighting installation can be used only for a certain type of ship. in this article we will learn about a ship ' s fire main or the main fire fighting installation system. - slide 2 of 4 a ship ' s main emergency fire system consist of a specific number of fire hydrants located at strategic positions across the ship. a series of dedicated pumps are provided to supply to these fire hydrants. the number and capacity of pumps required for a particular type of ship is decided by an international governing authority. all these pumps are supplied power from the main power system. apart from that, an emergency fire pump is also provided, which is located remote from the machinery space. the emergency fire pump has its own independent means of power source, which can be used to take over in case of main power failure. moreover, all the hydrant outlets are provided with an isolating valve so as to isolate those valves which are not in use. the fire hydrants are also provided with standard size flanges in order to attach hoses which have nozzles attached to them. all the hoses are provided with snap in connectors for easy and quick engaging and disengaging operation. the nozzles attached to the hoses are generally of two types - jet and spray, depending on the type of discharge required for extinguishing the fire. both the nozzles can be adjusted according to the type of spray and flow required, which could be played over the fire to cool it without spreading. the pumps are connected with the main sea water connection, having appropriate head to prevent any type of suction problem. the valves supplying water to these pumps are always kept open to provide a constant supply of sea water to fight fire at any point of time. though sea water is the best mode of fighting fire, the main emergency fire fighting system can only be used on fires of type a. however, in case of class b fires, if all modes for extinguishing fire fails, sea water from main emergency system can be used. - slide 3 of 4 international shore coupling the standard sized flanges provided at every strategically positioned hydrant are known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43015690860102285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.268240"} {"text": "exponential growth refers to an amount of substance increasing exponentially. exponential growth is a type of exponential function where instead of having a variable in the base of the function, it is in the exponent. exponential decay and exponential growth are used in carbon dating and other real - life applications. i want to talk about exponential growth, i have an example here the population of mice in the duchy of grand fenwick grows at a rate of 6 % per year. how long will it take for the population to double or quadruple? i have a table of values here i wanted to show you why this is exponential growth. increasing at 6 % per year means very year we ' re multiplying by 1. 06 and so we get p sub 0 when t = 0, p sub 0 times 1. 06 when t = 1 and p sub 0 times 1. 06 squared when t = 2 and so on. this would suggest the formula p sub t equals p sub 0 times 1. 06 to the t and that ' s an exponential growth formula. now to find the doubling time i need to plug in twice the initial population here. i don ' t know what the initial population is but twice the initial population is 2 times p sub and after you plug in you can see that the actual initial population doesn ' t matter it ' s going to cancel out. so now i have the equation 2 = 1. 06 to the t, this is an exponential equation and the way we solve exponential equations is to take the log of both sides. i ' m going to take that natural log of both sides, it doesn ' t matter what log you use as long as it ' s on your calculator so you can use either the common log or the natural log. okay before i calculate i actually need to use the property of the logs, natural log of 1. 06 to the t this is the log of a power so the exponent can come out in front t times ln of 1. 06 and then we have a simple linear equation to solve this all we need to do is divide both sides b y natural log of 1. 06. so ln 2 over ln of 1. 06 now i ' d like a numerical answer so i ' m going to calculate this value ln2 divided by ln 1. 06 enter, i get t, t is approximately 11. 89566 and that would be in years. because the population growth rate was given as 6 % per year, i want to round this off let '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5241546576726034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.274241"} {"text": "##2 divided by ln 1. 06 enter, i get t, t is approximately 11. 89566 and that would be in years. because the population growth rate was given as 6 % per year, i want to round this off let ' s say your teacher likes you to round off to the nearest hundredth then when i calculate quadrupling time a reason like this in order for a population to quadruple, it ' s got to double and then double again. so we ' re going to have 2 doubling times in a row. so it stands to reason that the quadrupling time is twice the doubling time. twice this, but if i write 23. 80 years my answer is not quite right let me multiply in my calculator answer times 2. it ' s actually 23. 79 years. you have to be really careful when you ' re using rounded values to do calculations. these values rounded to the nearest hundredth and when i double it i double whatever round off error there was. so the best way to get my final answer for quadrupling time is to double this value which is still stored in the calculator so multiply this times 2 and you get the correct value to the nearest hundredth. this is my answer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4728731773287834, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.274725"} {"text": "simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. advocacy by jefferson... to receive foreign ministers in run - down slippers and frayed jackets. he shunned display, protocol, and pomp ; he gave no public balls or celebrations on his birthday. by completing the transition to republicanism, he humanized the presidency and made it a symbol not of the nation but of the people. he talked persuasively about the virtue of limiting government \u2014 his first inaugural address... series of 85 essays on the proposed new constitution of the united states and on the nature of republican government, published between 1787 and 1788 by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay in an effort to persuade new york state voters to support ratification. seventy - seven of the essays first appeared serially in new york newspapers, were reprinted in most other states, and were... history of portugal during the period from 1890 to 1910, the relatively stable politics of rotating governments under the constitutional monarchy disintegrated. feuding monarchist parties and politicians agreed that portugal faced severe economic, financial, and social problems, but they quarreled over solutions. the republicans increased their support in lisbon and the larger towns as well as in the rural south.... what made you want to look up \" republicanism \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4692218481733482, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.276173"} {"text": "died july 31, 1981, near penonome dictator - like leader of panama ( 196878 ), who negotiated the panama canal treaties with the united states, leading to panama ' s eventual assumption of control of the canal. educated at a military school in el salvador, torrijos also studied military - related subjects in the united states and venezuela. in 1952 he was commissioned second lieutenant in the national guard of panama ( guardia nacional ; the country ' s only military force ), becoming lieutenant colonel ( 1966 ), colonel ( 1968 ), and brigadier general ( 1969 ). in october 1968 he participated in a coup by the national guard that overthrew president arnulfo arias, and he gradually emerged as leader of the new military junta with the title chief of government and supreme leader of the panamanian revolution. he became one of the few latin american leaders who visited fidel castro in cuba, but he also suppressed leftist labour agitators and students in panama. under his rule, social services expanded, and panamanians of african descent had more prominent roles in government ; however, corruption and drug trafficking increased. transfer of the panama canal and canal zone to panamanian sovereignty became torrijos ' s main objective, and he pursued it to a successful conclusion when on september 7, 1977, he and president jimmy carter of the united states signed two treaties by which the transfer would take place gradually ; panama assumed full control of the canal on december 31, 1999. in the election of october 1978, torrijos declined to run for the presidency, though he retained command of the national guard. he died in an airplane crash in a jungle area while making a military inspection tour. in 2004 his son martin was elected president of panama.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37964770658311087, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.279854"} {"text": "lateral thinking, logical thinking, applied creativity certain processes enhance creative output and others enhance innovative output. defining creativity as problem identification and idea generation and innovation as idea selection, development and commercialisation, this article will tackle stages two and three using the three - stage process of lateral thinking, logical thinking and applied creativity. the start of the process involves building a sizeable idea pool of quality ideas. in this article, we can define quality as being a large number of ideas and a large number of diverse and novel ideas. simply creating the above three categories enhances the size of the idea pool. whereas we might initially have come up with 20 ideas, we are now consciously able to come up with 20 ideas and then 20 others that are purposefully diverse and yet still 20 more that are purposefully novel. this framework that we are beginning to construct begins to show the value of frameworks and models. they break up problems into smaller, more manageable parts and allow the mind to focus on each. we can also use lateral thinking techniques to enhance the size of our idea pool. this involves processes such as generating ideas without conscious direction, for the sake of generating ideas, purposefully ridiculous ideas, ideas generated from links to diverse and novel objects that have no relation to the apparent problem. next, we can use logical thinking to generate ideas and increase the quality of the idea pool still further. this involves using established models and associations that are recognised as being linked to the problem to generate ideas. for example, a million business models exist to address particular problems. swot, pest, five forces, competitive advantages etc can be used if the issue is indeed a business one. all of the above requires that creative thinking in general be used. that is daring, uninhibited, free - spirited, imaginative, unpredictable and revolutionary. with a sizeable and good quality idea pool, we now begin to use critical thinking to reduce the ideas to feasible ones? applied creativity. critical thinking involves being reductive, logical, focused, conservative, practical and feasible. once we have a list of feasible ideas, we then further reduce the selection further through risk - reward mechanisms such as the s - curve and idea source probabilities. that is because most organizations do not have the resources to innovate all their good ideas and so only the most likely are given the resources and opportunity to succeed. this topic is covered in depth in the mba dissertation on managing creativity & innovation, which can be purchased ( along with a creativity and innovation diy audit, good idea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5785117819425155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.291226"} {"text": "good ideas and so only the most likely are given the resources and opportunity to succeed. this topic is covered in depth in the mba dissertation on managing creativity & innovation, which can be purchased ( along with a creativity and innovation diy audit, good idea generator software and power point presentation ) from http : / / www. managing - creativity. com. you can also receive a regular, free newsletter by entering your email address at this site. kal bishop, mba you are free to reproduce this article as long as no changes are made and the author ' s name and site url are retained. kal bishop is a management consultant based in london, uk. he has consulted in the visual media and software industries and for clients such as toshiba and transport for london. he has led improv, creativity and innovation workshops, exhibited artwork in san francisco, los angeles and london and written a number of screenplays. he is a passionate traveller. he can be reached on http : / / www. managing - creativity. com. delegate tasks to the right person selecting the right person : to whom should tasks be delegated? selecting the right subordinate to do the work is an evaluative process, and managers must be able to identify individuals both capable and willing to handle responsibility. 5 surefire ways to bring your business objectives full circle with technology all small to mid - sized company owners want to know where their dollar is being spent when it comes to computer technology in their organization. the challenge is for them to get the information they need to make the right purchasing decisions. ' tell me in english why you think we need this technology in our company? ' that question goes through every company owner ' s mind and mouth. getting the answer that makes sense to them is another story. how can the people in charge of your company understand what the value is of specific technology if their computer support people cannot articulate why it is so important? delegate or die! you can ' t do it all - learning to delegate can what someone does off - hours affect your business? q : how much do i have to worry about what people who are part of my far - flung \" virtual \" corporation do when they ' re not working directly for me? i can ' t share too many details because the situation is touchy, as you might expect, but basically i have someone working for me as a writer, contributing material for my blog, and i have been hearing that he ' s writing some pretty far out, offensive material on other sites. do i need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4798500941438731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.292351"} {"text": "touchy, as you might expect, but basically i have someone working for me as a writer, contributing material for my blog, and i have been hearing that he ' s writing some pretty far out, offensive material on other sites. do i need to worry about it? rethinking workplace security : how the rules have changed the workplace has traditionally been a dangerous place. very early in mankind ' s history perils emanated from the place and type of work they performed. long before industrialization, men mined precious metals, gems and fuel in the form of peat and coal hidden beneath the earth ' s surface. extracting these materials brought with it the risk of cave - ins and being buried alive. moreover, the quest for the most basic of all life giving substances, water, could also end in sudden death or severe injury as well shafts were dug in the soft earth. sexual harassment policy guidelines part ii sexual harassment complaint investigation procedure three foundation stones for building organizational integrity when the stock market crashed in 1929, there were a lot of people who lost everything they had. you would think that the result of that event would be complete and utter despair. and, in fact, there were those who reacted that way. there were numerous cases of people who committed suicide because they lost their life savings on that fateful day. they simply went into a depression and just couldn ' t bring themselves to go on with life. focus on outcomes to keep your business on - course did you know that an airplane in flight is off course nearly 98 % of the time? no flight is completed in a straight line from point a to point b. gravity, side winds, updrafts, and downdrafts are continually moving the plane off course. and yet, the majority of flights arrive at their planned destinations safely and on time. how do airline pilots make this happen? they continually keep the outcome or result in mind, say departing from los angeles and arriving in honolulu. pilots constantly make corrections to compensate for outside forces affecting the plane and use a proven set of process steps to keep everything on course. the comfort zone the comfort zone i have a friend named gene, a serial entrepreneur who currently runs a software business. like many people, last year was a tough one for his company. they survived largely by providing add - on services to existing customers - a decent response to difficult circumstances. they even grew revenues a bit. but here ' s something else that happened : they got comfortable. they decided they could exist on their base of customers, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085560335594591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.293383"} {"text": "largely by providing add - on services to existing customers - a decent response to difficult circumstances. they even grew revenues a bit. but here ' s something else that happened : they got comfortable. they decided they could exist on their base of customers, and then they \" realized \" there would be no new ones. million dollar support system for you and for your business whether you are a consultant, coach, business owner, doctor, professional, corporate elite or student, whatever your profession is, moving towards your dream requires taking courageous steps. making long - lasting changes requires us to create a network of support. surrounding yourself with a community of nice - giving - good people, committed to their own growth, will give you tremendous emotional strength to move forward. the top 5 signals that your business is running you starting your own business is a great undertaking but running the day - to - day aspects of your business is the true challenge you will face as an entrepreneur. do you find that the business you started to suit your lifestyle somehow taken over your life and home? if this sounds familiar, then your business is running you. learn how to run your business again with these top five warning signs and helpful tips. 50 great ways to motivate and not break the bank quick, easy, and even fun! how to get your procedures project done wouldn ' t it be nice for business owners and executives to be finished with their policies and procedures project already? they know they need to get it done, but maybe it ' s taking too long. or perhaps their people are staring at a blank piece of paper, and they don ' t know where to begin. or maybe they ' re not sure what to write. or they ' re just too busy. involving people gave us the improvements we needed we had a problem with handling materials in a production department. our process required raw materials to enter the department, be processed, and leave the department. the raw material was placed on pods, delivered for production, removed from the pods, placed on a staging fixture, removed from the fixture and process materials were then placed on another pod and delivered to an internal customer. internal customer had to place on still another pod. creativity and innovation management : - thought leadership leadership is only sustainable when leaders consistently come up with good ideas? when they are dependable thought leaders. it follows then that leaders would be more effective if they knew how to manage creativity and innovation. outsourced learning : are you ready for learning bpo? as the business world enters a period of hyper - competitiveness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4511613698668316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.294394"} {"text": "are dependable thought leaders. it follows then that leaders would be more effective if they knew how to manage creativity and innovation. outsourced learning : are you ready for learning bpo? as the business world enters a period of hyper - competitiveness, every business process will be subjected to examination and possible restructuring. we have already seen outsourcing and offshoring used to an extent what nobody would have dreamed of a few years ago. mcdonald ' s is testing the offshoring of its drive - thru process to india. how about, \" do you want fries with that? \" with a new delhi accent? the top 10 requirements for your business to become and remain profitable we live in a relentlessly competitive world. the daily pressure to work \" better, cheaper and faster \" can make even talented business owners and entrepreneurs lose site of first principles. as you cope with the decisions and details of running your business, focus on the fundamentals! regardless of the type of business or the products or services you sell, here are my suggestions for the top 10 basics that will make your fortune : the seven cs : partnership danger signs - the 6th c : changing vision a series of articles exploring the seven critical areas that can indicate a partnership is in trouble. goodwill is an intangible asset ' goodwill ' is regarded as an intangible asset in a business. goodwill carries a value over and above the tangible assets of a business, and representing all benefits derived from the distinctive location, trade and brand names, credit rating, reputation, cusotmers and patronage of the business. when a business is sold, a charge is usually applied for the goodwill as one of the assets. are you ready to sell your business make sure you understand your motivation for selling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5218836679802114, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.295148"} {"text": "the law. the equal pay act ( epa ) of 1963 prohibits employers from dishing out different wages or bene - fits on the basis of gender for \" equal work on jobs ( requiring ) equal skill, effort and responsibility and which are performed under similar working conditions. \" the epa applies to all employees covered by the fair labor standards act, which means virtually all employees, and has no exclusion for small businesses. the law is administered by the equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ), which can conduct equal - pay audits even if it hasn ' t received a complaint and can initiate lawsuits on behalf of workers. what ' s new? there ' s evidence the wage gap is widening, and that could spark more complaints and more inspections. also, the eeoc is already seeing the fruits of an equal pay task force it set up two years ago. last year, employees filed 1, 251 equal - pay charges and the eeoc brought in a record amount of monetary awards for workers, more than $ 5 million, compared with less than $ 2 million just five years ago. how to comply. the law seems very straightforward : it requires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work. the jobs don ' t have to be identical, but they must be \" substantially equal. \" focus on the job content, not titles, to decide whether jobs are substantially equal. when doing a self - audit of your workplace ( or determining if a worker has a valid equal - pay case ), always look at the factors a court would examine : skill. look at the experience, ability, education and training required to perform a job, not what skills the individual employees have. example : two accounting jobs could be considered equal under the epa even if one of the employees has a master ' s degree in physics, since that degree isn ' t required for the job. effort. look at the physical or mental exertion needed to do the job. suppose men and women work on an assembly line, but the employee at the end must perform his task and also lift the product into a box. that job requires more effort than the other jobs if the extra lifting is a substantial and regular part of the job. net effect : you could pay that person more. responsibility. look at the level of accountability needed to do the work. if you ' re assigning a minor difference in responsibility, it wouldn ' t be a factor. working conditions. this encompasses two things : physical environment, like temperature or ventilation, and workplace hazards. a more dangerous or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43093199870985843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.298803"} {"text": "needed to do the work. if you ' re assigning a minor difference in responsibility, it wouldn ' t be a factor. working conditions. this encompasses two things : physical environment, like temperature or ventilation, and workplace hazards. a more dangerous or demanding environment allows for a higher pay grade. key point : you can also set \" pay differentials \" when they ' re based on seniority, merit, quantity or quality of work or another business reason other than gender. just be prepared to show a sound business reason why those differentials exist, and have good documentation of your reasons for employee pay levels. three other tips : - have accurate job descriptions to help justify pay - for - performance disputes. - offer equal amounts of overtime. it ' s illegal to favor a man because of a woman ' s \" family constraints \" or pregnancy. - if you discover equal - pay problems, it ' s illegal to lower the wages of either sex to equalize the pay. resources : equal pay act - the eeoc ' s equal pay and compensation discrimination web page, www. eeoc. gov / epa. - the equal pay act in full, www. eeoc. gov / laws / epa. html. - ten steps to performing an equal - pay self - audit at your company, www. dol. gov / wb / 10step71. htm. like what you ' ve read?... republish it and share great business tips! attention : readers, publishers, editors, bloggers, media, webmasters and more... we believe great content should be read and passed around. after all, knowledge is power. and good business can become great with the right information at their fingertips. if you ' d like to share any of the insightful articles on businessmanagementdaily. com, you may republish or syndicate it without charge. the only thing we ask is that you keep the article exactly as it was written and formatted. you also need to include an attribution statement and link to the article. \" this information is proudly provided by business management daily. com : http : / / www. businessmanagementdaily. com / 660 / equal - pay - act - erase - the - sex - from - your - pay - grades \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42240842792602035, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.299679"} {"text": "enumerators in c # in this article i will explain you about enumerators in c #. this article has been excerpted from book \" the complete visual c # programmer ' s guide \" from the authors of c # corner. as explained earlier, c # has a new iteration syntax called foreach. the foreach statement can only be applied to objects of classes that implement the ienumerable interface. the ienumerable interface exposes the enumerator, which supports a simple iteration over a collection. enumerators are intended to be used only to read data in the collection and cannot be used to modify the underlying collection. the enumerator does not have exclusive access to the collection. to understand what happens in the background, consider the code snippet in listing 5. 57. listing 5. 57 : enumerator example 1 foreach ( int i in a ) this code functions just like the while loop used in listing 5. 58. listing 5. 58 : enumerator example 2 a = x. getenumerator ( ) ; please refer to the c # language specification ( http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / en - us / library / aa645596 ( vs. 71 ). aspx ) for more details and recent updates to the c # language. before entering the statement block, the compiler generates the code to call the method getenumerator of the object passed as the second parameter in the foreach statement. the getenumerator method must return an object, having a property named current, of type similar to the first argument of the foreach statement. also this object must have a movenext method of return type bool. this method informs the runtime when to terminate the loop. when an enumerator is instantiated, it takes a snapshot of the current state of the collection. if changes are made to the collection, such as the addition, modification, or deletion of elements, the snapshot gets out of sync and the enumerator throws an invalidoperationexception. two enumerators instantiated from the same collection simultaneously can have different snapshots of the collection. if the enumerator is positioned before the first element in the collection or after the last element in the collection, the enumerator is in an invalid state. in that case, calling current throws an exception. the enumerator is positioned before the first element in the collection initially. the reset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4921934805285801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.302747"} {"text": "element in the collection or after the last element in the collection, the enumerator is in an invalid state. in that case, calling current throws an exception. the enumerator is positioned before the first element in the collection initially. the reset function brings the enumerator back to this position. the movenext method must be called to advance the enumerator to the first element of the collection before reading the value of current, after an enumerator is created or after a reset. the current property returns the same object until either movenext or reset is called. once the end of the collection is passed, the enumerator is in an invalid state and calling movenext returns false. calling current throws an exception if the last call to movenext returned false. with this information under your belt, you should insert your enumerating code inside a try - catchfinally block to prevent unexpected exits. hope this article would have helped you in understanding enumerators in c #. see other articles on the website on. net and c #. | | | the complete visual c # programmer ' s guide covers most of the major components that make up c # and the. net environment. the book is geared toward the intermediate programmer, but contains enough material to satisfy the advanced developer. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4875061893804252, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.303263"} {"text": "first of all, students in smaller classes generally perform better in academics than those in larger classes. project star was a project run in tennessee from 1985 to about 1999. it compared the academics of kindergarten through third grade children taught in smaller classes ( 13 - 17 kids ) to those in larger classes ( 22 - 26 kids ). the results were stunning. the small class children substantially outperformed the larger class children. the rates of second grade suspension went down. the district even went from low tier in math and reading to middle tier in the state. since smaller classes have been proven to outperform larger classes, then we should transition to smaller class sizes. secondly, being in smaller classes early on has lasting effects throughout the child ' s years in school. project star saw that fourth grade children who had been in smaller classes in k - 3 were better behaved, probably due to the less discipline needed to quiet a smaller class. students also had better grades than those in larger classes, even when taking into account demographics, resources, and cost of living, according to a study by harold weglinsky. the weglinsky study, which pretty much repeated the project star studies but in different cities, also showed that fourth graders in the inner city were three quarters of a grade level ahead of children enrolled in larger classes. there was also a stronger bond between students. i know the bond part is true because last year in band class we had a grand total of ten people. we all got to know each other better. the story doesn ' t end there. project star also noted that the small class kids found in high school, and were more likely to graduate on schedule and less likely to drop out. more smaller class kids were found in honors classes, and more took the sats and acts, indicating a higher rate of going to college. since studies prove again and again that smaller classes are better for your kids, isn ' t it the logical choice? the benefits of smaller class sizes keep going on. smaller class sizes can actually save money. in smaller classes, there ' s a smaller teacher to child ratio, so that means that there ' s more time for children to talk directly to the teacher for assistance. children receive a more personalized education that fits their needs. in smaller classes early on, during k - 3 years, teachers can give personalized education to those who may have learning problems, rather than referring his or her parents to costly special education programs. fewer children get left out since teachers don ' t have as many kids to teach.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4259062031686062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.308382"} {"text": "story last updated at 9 / 19 / 2012 - 12 : 46 pm near the mouth of the stikine river is a rounded point along the mainland shore. when navy officer jefferson moser investigated alaska ' s salmon resources in 1897 for the federal government, he named it gerard point, but fails to tell us for whom it was named. at that time, fort wrangel ( as wrangell was then known ) was about to experience the klondike gold rush when prospectors and miners thought the stikine river was a short way to the interior. it is at gerard point that a sawmill and salmon cannery were constructed soon after moser passed by in the \" albatross, \" a coal burner ship. the site has been described in early fishery reports as being on the mainland opposite point highfield ( today ' s airport site ), at the junction of eastern passage and the \" southeast stream of the stikine delta. \" more than hundred years ago, the stikine river delta had not extended itself as far south as point gerard, and a substantial deep - water wharf could accommodate steamers, that today, would run aground. with the gold rush men coming to fort wrangel, theo nicholai, an experienced mill man from portland, ore., saw his chance to make money that wasn ' t grubbing for gold. his company, stikeen lumber mills, constructed a saw mill in early 1898 at the head of the stikine ' s deep water navigation. as manager, he selected j. milner as the general superintendent. the mill had a capacity of 20, 000 board feet per day, cutting principally spruce and cedar, undoubtedly harvested from the mountainside behind the site. the wharf was constructed and other buildings erected. once started from 15 to 20 men worked supplying lumber for the wrangell and stikine river trades. apparently nicholai didn ' t make as much money as he thought he would, because he sold the sawmill to thlinket packing company, organized at portland, ore., by james t. barron. it was in portland that barron and nicholai closed the deal in spring 1899. barron used the mill to cut lumber for his new fish processing plant. the site chosen was not on level ground. consequently the cannery building was small and crowded with men and equipment. with the wharf and cannery over deep water, the current carried away the gurry ( heads and guts ). this made it one of the few canner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41464588741769093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.314041"} {"text": "on level ground. consequently the cannery building was small and crowded with men and equipment. with the wharf and cannery over deep water, the current carried away the gurry ( heads and guts ). this made it one of the few canneries of the times that did not have unpleasant odors, which so often were associated with canneries, where rotting fish parts accumulated on the beach. under the superintendency of barron, president of the company, the cannery processed mainly pinks or humpback salmon the first year. the fleet was made up of one steamboat, the \" perhaps, \" sixteen fishing skiffs for imported company fishermen, and the chartered \" baranof. \" local natives also sold fish to the cannery, and in 1900 it paid collectively $ 8, 000. the site was close the mouth of the stikine river because barron and his company surmised that any river of that size must support large runs of salmon. compared to many smaller streams in the same region, the river proved a great disappointment. fishermen were forced to fish at streams on nearby islands, cleveland peninsula and the east and north coasts of prince of wales island. the \" baranof \" packed the fish longer distances. before the runs began, a chinese crew imported from the pacific coast made cans by hand. once fish were delivered to the fish house, the chinese butchered the fish, and then hand - packed pieces into cans. eight hundred cases of 48 cans each could be canned each day using some machinery : two steam boxes for creating a vacuum, a crimper to put on can lids, two retorts for cooking the fish under pressure, and a can - washer to remove the oil from the exterior of the processed cans. in early 1902, barron decided to sell his two canneries : point gerard and santa anna, south of wrangell. a newly organized conglomerate, pacific packing and navigation company chose not to operate either cannery that year. the new company ' s grandiose plans did not work out. it went into receivership in 1903. the receiver inventoried the gerard plant during the summer and took steps to perfect title to the land. however, the land was never patented, and it remains part of the national forest today. the receiver wrote that, \" on account of nearness to santa anna... the gerard site is of considerable value as a fishing station if nothing more. the buildings are in good shape. \" the wharf was somewhat dilapidated, so the receiver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4435737978904741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.314936"} {"text": ". the receiver wrote that, \" on account of nearness to santa anna... the gerard site is of considerable value as a fishing station if nothing more. the buildings are in good shape. \" the wharf was somewhat dilapidated, so the receiver arranged to have it reinforced to stand the stress of water and ice until spring. crews removed the machinery and gear to other canneries the receiver operated in 1903. the remaining fishing gear, machinery, wharf and fish site were estimated to be worth $ 19, 789. the wharf and building probably cost, according to the appraiser, in the neighborhood of $ 12, 000 to $ 15, 000. the bankruptcy court sold the canneries, and barron successfully bid on the gerard site. he had no use for the small cannery so the site and buildings were abandoned. barron, using money from the sale of his two other canneries, had built a cannery in 1902 at funter bay. the point gerard cannery ran for only three years, packing a total of 63, 300 cases. today when boaters pass by, the former cannery site is impossible to distinguish in the brush and trees. the late dick stokes of wrangell thought the site was just south of the point near a waterfall that provided water for the processing. pat roppel is the author of numerous books about mining, fishing, and man ' s use of the land. she lives in wrangell. she may be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38948030055753247, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.315467"} {"text": "overspending can be very stressful when it comes time to pay your credit card bill. however, it ' s the added interest that makes overspending just that much more expensive. spending your future income one survey of 21 - to 35 - year - old college graduates found that this group owes an average of $ 30, 000 in student loans. the several hundred dollars these graduates pay each month to pay off the loan is money that can ' t be saved or invested for the future. it can ' t be spent on other necessities, such as emergency car repairs or household expenses either. it ' s money that ' s tied up until the debt is repaid. while debt for education is considered \" good \" debt because it ' s an investment in your future, all debt obligates your future income because of the payments that must be made. so make sure you use debt wisely - eliminate \" bad \" debt ( debt for depreciating assets, such as car loans and credit card debt ) and limit the \" good \" debt to reasonable amounts. paying the price of debt interest payments on debt work against you. new college graduates carry an average credit card balance of $ 3, 000. let ' s say you ' re lucky \u2014 or better yet, careful \u2014 and you accumulate only $ 2, 200 in credit card debt. your interest rate is 18 % and you pay the minimum amount each month on your card ( $ 40 ) without any further purchases on your card. how long will it take to pay off your balance? did you guess five years? try 10. it will take almost 10 years to pay off the debt. your total cost will be $ 4, 680 ( original balance of $ 2, 200 plus $ 2, 480 in interest ). getting into debt is easy it ' s easy to run up a credit card. how many times have you gone to dinner, put the whole bill on your credit card, collected money from friends for their portion of the bill, and then found that money gone by the time the bill arrives in the mail? how easy is it to buy another sweater on sale, not so much because you need it but because it was a good bargain? pretty soon you ' ve built up a large balance on your credit card. you could easily charge $ 2, 200 on your credit card in two months, but it will take 10 years to pay it off if you only pay the minimum balance each month. two months versus 10 years. now that ' s downright scary!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3741483185043665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.317948"} {"text": "when was the last time you farmed after a devastating drought, and tried to figure out how to balance all of the agronomic challenges it presented. lack of soil moisture? herbicide carryover? fertility needs? biomass? soil tilth? dad and granddad may or may not have worried about any of those, but today \u2019 s agriculture will put some or most of those on a high priority list. although it may take most of the winter to learn how to address most of those issues, it may soon be time to take action on some of those. and to kill multiple birds with one stone, a cover crop may be that stone you may be new to the concept of a cover crop, and some research may be necessary, but it could be just the answer for questions that you have not yet thought about. purdue agronomist eileen kladivko will tell you that a cover crop will be one way to keep your unused 2012 nitrogen on your farm and recycle it into the 2013 crop. her factsheet in a recent purdue crops bulletin says the residual nitrates that were not used by the crop this year will soon be leached out of the soil by fall precipitation. while she is most concerned about where the nitrates will go ( into waterways, streams, and the river ), kladivko says, \u201c for farmers who lose the residual n, they are also losing the opportunity to trap that n and keep it in their fields for subsequent crop use. cover crops are an excellent practice to scavenge residual n and recycle it through their plant biomass ( shoots and roots ). \u201d click image to zoom kladivko says when the cover crop decomposes next spring some of the nitrogen it has absorbed will be released for use by the next row crop planted in that field. and some will help build the organic matter in the soil. how much uptake of nitrogen there will be depends on how much residual nitrogen you have in the soil, the type of cover crop that is planted, how much it grows until it is terminated, and how it decomposes next spring. but kladivko says, \u201c this is precisely the type of year when a cover crop is needed, to trap the much larger amount of residual n that will be present after the poor ( corn ) crop. cover crops will help the farmer recoup part of the fertilizer n investment from this season, and will provide some benefits in improving soil organic matter and soil biological activity. \u201d her study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46263894538110484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.322957"} {"text": "will be present after the poor ( corn ) crop. cover crops will help the farmer recoup part of the fertilizer n investment from this season, and will provide some benefits in improving soil organic matter and soil biological activity. \u201d her study of cover crops points to many other benefits, including protecting against soil erosion, and providing food for soil organisms. if a cover crop is something that may be of interest, there are many decisions to make, particularly what you are going to plant, and how to manage it. kladivko suggests : - if the main focus of the cover crop is to scavenge n and build soil organic matter, then grasses such as oats, cereal rye, or annual ryegrass, perhaps mixed with oilseed radish, are good options. - if fall grazing is desired, then turnips or crimson clover could be mixed with the oats and cereal rye. - farmers need to consider their next cash crop and have a plan for cover crop termination in the spring, as an important step before seeding cover crops this fall. - careful spring management is essential if cover crops are to be beneficial to the farmer and not pose major difficulties in planting the next crop. - the amount of n scavenged by these cover crops is difficult to predict but may be in the 50 to 100 lb n / acre range in a year like this one. - although the amount of n released by the cover crop for next year \u2019 s crop is also difficult to predict, it may potentially be up to half of the n in the above - ground biomass, if the cover crops or cover crop mixture have a low c : n ratio and are terminated while in the vegetative state. - a pre - sidedress nitrate test ( psnt ) would be one way to help determine whether sidedress n applications could be reduced next year. - herbicides applied to row crops this year may have an impact on the cover crop to be planted, so read the label for the herbicide that was used. kladivko says a lot of advice is available from the midwest cover crops council. many farmers, who have explored the use of cover crops in the past and have been frustrated with the rules about insuring row crops following a cover crop, are advised that usda \u2019 s recent drought initiatives have addressed some of the issues. while the official authorization has not yet occurred, usda indicates it will allow insurable row crops to be grown after a cover crop has been cultivated over the winter. corn ground which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4561068248928346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.324120"} {"text": "nature science education seriesexplores science topics of adaptations, animal survival, climate change, extreme environments, and changes in plants and animals in our world. creative reading and writing with roald dahlwelcome to the mad and merrily macabre world of british author roald dahl, who continues to capture the imaginations of young readers. fundamental mathematicsgreat resources for helping students understand the fundamental aspects of mathematics cultural legacies of ancient civilizations seriesthis series explores the life and times of a diverse array of ancient civilizations, including the egyptians, minoan, greeks, romans, mayans, and incas. secrets of plant genomes : revealed! this program takes viewers on a lively and upbeat journey that explores how plants got to be the way they are and how we can make better use of them in the future. teachers have embraced media as an educational tool. students, too, view media in the classroom as an extension of the media - rich environment in which they live. new dimension media has taken educational media beyond simple video playback in the classroom by pioneering an interactive media - on - demand system, ccc! video on demand. ccc! is a rich content and multimedia resource for educators and students to find pathways to teaching and learning for the world of tomorrow. as schools and districts look to upgrade their curriculum to meet the new rigor of stem, many are finding that their resources are insufficient. this collection represents content from the most respected producers in today ' s educational media industry including disney educational productions, nature, britannica and the national science foundation. this stem program is a must if you want to help reduce the pressure your teachers feel today about insuring their students are ready for college and the world of work tomorrow! visit the stem home page to learn more! veteran educator credits ccc! with assisting in award win mike mcgowan - supervisor of technology at lincoln elementary school district 156 in calumet city, illinois - has been named the 2012 smart exemplary educator of the year by smart interactive solutions. mike credits his incorporation of ccc! streaming educational media from new dimension media ( ndm ) with helping him to achieve this national recognition. ccc! now serves over 200, 000 students in new york state over the past few months, a number of new school districts and boces ( board of cooperative educational services ) have signed on to bring their classroom into the 21st century by adding ccc! streaming media. this means that over 200, 000 students in new york state utilize ccc! ' s award", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5624453272822362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.327785"} {"text": "school districts and boces ( board of cooperative educational services ) have signed on to bring their classroom into the 21st century by adding ccc! streaming media. this means that over 200, 000 students in new york state utilize ccc! ' s award - winning content in their classrooms. ccc! content partner wins three emmys new dimension media is pleased to announce that atlantic productions - producers of several of the over 4, 500 programs on its ccc! streaming media service - has received three 2011 emmy awards from the national academy of television arts & sciences. atlantic productions won emmys for... ndm provides professional development for interactive classroom media new dimension media ( ndm ) is helping teachers create interactive lesson plans incorporating streaming media, interactive whiteboard technology, and web 2. 0 through a new professional development program. under this program, ndm representatives travel to ccc! - subscribing schools and school districts to train educators on these new technologies, provide model lesson plans, and share cutting - edge classroom technology practices. about ccc! vod founded in 1978, new dimension media, a division of questar, inc., is the premier producer and distributor of original core curriculum media content created for k - 12 classrooms. ndm programs have won over 100 of the industry ' s most prestigious honors, including the cine golden eagle and the golden apple. ndm content is used in over 100, 000 schools around the country. the 21st century classroom teachers have embraced media as an educational tool. students, too, view media in the classroom as an extension of the media - rich environment in which they live. new dimension media has taken educational media beyond simple video playback in the classroom by pioneering an interactive media - on - demand system, ccc! video on demand. ccc! is a rich content and multimedia resource for educators and students to find pathways to teaching and learning for the world of tomorrow. its powerful, multifaceted software empowers teachers to seamlessly integrate thousands of core curriculum programs into their lesson plans. the ccc! library is comprised of over 3, 500 titles, with hundreds of new programs added each year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45404998830816024, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.328656"} {"text": "the creation of three distinct and separate branches of government were meant to create the necessary checks and balances to ensure that no one branch would be able to oppress the people as had been the case in england. georgia ' s constitution follows that same concept with a separate article for each of the three branches of government that defines the offices of each branch and their responsibilities. it is no surprise that leaders want to amass powers, always promising to never abuse them. it is up to the members of each branch to defend the powers assigned to them by the constitution. we have certainly seen our share of those exercises during these first four days of our 2013 legislative session. we began our first day, as we begin each day, with the pledge to both the u. s flag and the georgia flag followed by our devotion and prayer. we then took our oath to support the georgia and u. s. constitutions. we also swore that we were not the holder of any unaccounted for money due to the state or any political subdivision or authority thereof. it was an honor to be sworn in by former state senator and now superior court judge bill hamrick. it all began on monday when we convened for the first day. as we began to take our seats, amendments to the rules by which the senate conducts its business we ' re introduced. we had the opportunity to see these proposed changes as we were convening in the senate chambers. as we began our day, newly proposed senate rules were distributed. these rules made some significant changes in how the senate would conduct itself. the most notable changes were a change in who controls every action in the senate and a cap on lobbyist gifts to senators, albeit with many exceptions. article v of the georgia constitution lists the members of the executive branch and their duties and powers. paragraph iii of this article addresses the office of the lieutenant governor. this paragraph states, \" the lieutenant governor shall be the president of the senate and shall have such executive duties as prescribed by the governor and as may be prescribed by law not inconsistent with the powers of the governor or other provisions of this constitution. \" the newly proposed amendments to the senate rules gave the lieutenant governor, clearly a member of the executive branch, the powers to decide which committees each member serves on and who chairs those committees. prior to this change those powers had resided in the senate itself, thereby preserving the separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. the lieutenant governor was also given the powers to assign each bill to the committee of his / her choice. while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45180076094300087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.332456"} {"text": "committees. prior to this change those powers had resided in the senate itself, thereby preserving the separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. the lieutenant governor was also given the powers to assign each bill to the committee of his / her choice. while these changes don ' t necessarily give the executive branch the power to pass legislation, it certainly gives it the power to stop any legislation. in an effort to be the first to claim the adoption of \" ethics reform, \" the rules included a prohibition of any \" gift \" with a value in excess of $ 100. of course there were exceptions. among them were \" actual and reasonable expenses for admission, registration, food, beverages, travel, and lodging attributed to participating in events, seminars, or educational programs sponsored by or in conjunction with a civic, charitable, governmental, educational, professional, community, or business organization or institution where attendance is related to the senator ' s official duties. \" of course these rules only apply to senators, not members of the house of representatives, executive or judicial branches. as i promised to do on day one, i introduced sb 36 that prohibits any gift to any public officer by a lobbyist. the law already includes the definition of a gift as something with a value in excess of $ 100. on thursday, the senate took up sb 24. the stated purpose of the bill is to allow the continued collection of what has been referred to as the hospital bed tax. in 2010, the hospital bed tax was coupled with a reduction in insurance premium taxes ( once the state ' s revenue shortfall fund reached $ 500 million ) as a temporary measure to mitigate a medicaid funding shortfall due to the declining revenues of the state. sb 24 grants the department of community health the ability to tax net hospital revenues at any rate up to the cap set by the federal government of 6 percent for up to four years. in an attitude of compromise, recognizing the difficulties facing the state, conservatives in the senate fought for amendments that would have limited the measure to only two years, cap the rate at the current 1. 45 percent and adopt reform measures that are predicted to save approximately $ 1 billion. those amendments failed and ultimately the measure passed on a vote of 46 to 9. it is an honor to represent you, the constituents of the 31st senate district at the state capitol. if you ever have any questions or concerns, please don ' t hesitate to call or email my office.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43301716843369226, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.333413"} {"text": "\u201c perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. \u201d \u2014 antoine de saint - exupery most designers will recognise the quote, but it \u2019 s a shame so many fail to follow its advice in their writing. good writing conveys information more clearly, of course, but the reader isn \u2019 t the only beneficiary. writing also makes us better thinkers. even a talented wordsmith must first clarify his thoughts and eliminate ambiguity to make a convincing argument. editing is integral to this thought process. yet we often overlook it as the unglamorous relation ; perhaps it doesn \u2019 t flatter our mental model of the creative scribe giving birth to a masterpiece. designers know well that we often miss problems until we review our intended solutions. similarly, we may think we have a clear argument until the blank page forces us to find the right language to describe it. therefore, just as we appreciate the power of iteration in design, we should embrace the power of editing. in essence, editing is critique for the written word : review, question, revise. like its design counterpart, it involves attention to detail, viewing the problem from many angles, and even the familiar outflanking death - spiral : \u201c why is this section even here? why am i even writing this piece? \u201d here are a few tips i \u2019 ve found useful when bringing the iterative mentality to the written word. the best writers are inquisitive readers, just as the best designers are attentive users. we need only look at our terminology to see the parallels : \u201c design vocabulary \u201d, \u201c design literacy \u201d. so a good writer reads incessantly. absorb different styles and approaches : quality, trash, everything. find writers whose style you admire, and consider what attracts you to their style. find writers whose style you loathe, and again consider why. deconstruct their language to understand better how to use it in useful ways. make every word matter every wasted word is an unnecessary design element. in fixed - length pieces, you lose space to tell your story, but even in open pieces an unnecessary word distracts the reader \u2019 s focus, diluting your message. the data - ink ratio isn \u2019 t just for graphics. this rule applies at many levels in parallel. - if a word doesn \u2019 t notably improve a sentence, remove it. - if a sentence doesn \u2019 t notably improve a paragraph, remove it. - if a paragraph doesn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4981445663505365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.341108"} {"text": "t just for graphics. this rule applies at many levels in parallel. - if a word doesn \u2019 t notably improve a sentence, remove it. - if a sentence doesn \u2019 t notably improve a paragraph, remove it. - if a paragraph doesn \u2019 t notably improve a text, remove it. screenwriters know that every line, page and scene should either - advance the storyline, or - provide depth to the characters and setting so that the storyline can advance later. adopt a similar mentality. cut adjectives and adverbs superfluous adjectives and adverbs are the staple of the pedestrian writer. it \u2019 s easy to see why : they appear to add spice to bland text. but adjectives and adverbs are often mere props, and editors i \u2019 ve worked with tend to slaughter them without mercy. this can be alarming : without this seasoning, where is my flavour going to come from? the answer? replace your adjective and adverbs with richer nouns and verbs. - \u201c apple \u2019 s auteur \u201d, not \u201c apple \u2019 s demanding ceo \u201d. - \u201c the barman snarled \u201d, not \u201c the barman replied gruffly \u201d. - \u201c an environmental obscenity \u201d, not \u201c a dreadful environmental accident \u201d. memorable nouns are the nodes in your story. the static components ; the space ; the architecture. nouns form mental models and associations : apple \u2019 s leader is talented, painstaking and difficult. lively verbs describe the interactions in your story. the dialog, the motion, the time. they drive the text, giving it momentum and feel. a broad vocabulary \u2013 a happy by - product of regular reading \u2013 will help you choose better nouns and verbs, but don \u2019 t be ashamed of a good thesaurus too. however, the most convincing language may not lie in synonyms but in creative parallels that help the reader to make unexpected associations. so use your inventive, lateral instincts to think of descriptive metaphorical words. a lothario might ooze across the dancefloor. a face might melt into tears. active, not passive active verbs encourage vigorous writing. it \u2019 s dogmatic to decree the passive a sin, but you should have a good reason in mind if you use it. scientific writing rewards use of the passive \u2013 presumably to discourage the appearance of individuality ( and hence subjectivity ) within the scientific process \u2013 but non - scientific writing needs individuality. so rephrase passive sentences by focusing on the subject of the sentence \u2013 the thing or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47438586984436654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.342053"} {"text": "of the passive \u2013 presumably to discourage the appearance of individuality ( and hence subjectivity ) within the scientific process \u2013 but non - scientific writing needs individuality. so rephrase passive sentences by focusing on the subject of the sentence \u2013 the thing or person that \u2019 s doing something. then rewrite the phrase, putting the subject first and choosing the verb that correctly follows. - \u201c designers overestimate the power of research \u201d, not \u201c the power of research is overestimated by the design community \u201d. kill these redundant phrases on sight : - \u201c blah blah blah is that \u201d \u2013 for example \u201c one such issue is that \u2026 \u201d - \u201c in my opinion \u201d \u2013 it \u2019 s obviously your opinion, you \u2019 re the writer. - cliches \u2013 the comic sans of writing. - \u201c as x, we y \u201d \u2013 \u201c as ux people, we must have empathy \u201d, and so on. a well - targeted piece doesn \u2019 t need to remind its readers who they are ; so know your audience and address it directly. from the longman guide to revising prose : \u201c one of the factors that limits and warps the development of a theory of composition and style by teachers of the subject is the tendency to start with failed or inadequate writing \u201d here, we have a string of prepositional phrases ( phrases beginning with \u201c in \u201d, \u201c of \u201d, \u201c by \u201d, \u201c with \u201d etc ) linked by a non - descriptive verb \u201c is \u201d. it \u2019 s easy to inadvertently chain together these monster sentences, but they \u2019 re a clear warning sign of overloading. to untangle the knot, follow the same principle as for passives : identify the subject first, then the natural verb. split into multiple sentences if you like. here \u2019 s one way to rewrite the sentence above : \u201c teachers tend to start with inadequate writing. this limits students \u2019 understanding of composition and style. \u201d singulars and plurals look at the subject of your sentence, and make sure that your verbs and pronouns match. - \u201c the user ( singular ) might not understand why she ( singular ) needs to enter her password \u201d, not - \u201c the user ( singular ) might not understand why they ( plural ) need to enter their password \u201d. english has no gender - neutral singular pronoun. cater for this by alternating gender where appropriate \u2013 just don \u2019 t change someone \u2019 s gender mid - paragraph. for added bonus points, remember that in british english, companies and teams are usually plural : \u201c microsoft have released an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5240380853232331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.343059"} {"text": "singular pronoun. cater for this by alternating gender where appropriate \u2013 just don \u2019 t change someone \u2019 s gender mid - paragraph. for added bonus points, remember that in british english, companies and teams are usually plural : \u201c microsoft have released an update \u201d. in american english, they \u2019 re singular : \u201c microsoft has released an update. \u201d in short, choose the simple explanation over the complex one. again, a sentiment we recognise in design, but it should also apply to language. simplify, simplify. this doesn \u2019 t spell the end of rich verbs and nouns \u2013 instead, use occam \u2019 s razor to eliminate redundancy and buzzwords : - \u201c use \u201d, not \u201c utilise \u201d - \u201c quickly \u201d, not \u201c in a timely manner \u201d. the design industry is, of course, as ridden with jargon and gobbledygook as any specialist group. - \u201c make the logo bigger \u201d, not \u201c increase the visual hierarchy of the masthead brandmark \u201d - \u201c make it obvious what to do \u201d, not \u201c expose the primary function of the interface \u201d. the plain english campaign offers a range of free guides that can help those with a jargon affliction. just like music, language has a tempo. an album of songs at the same speed quickly becomes boring, so use different sentence lengths to vary the pace of your writing. the paragraph on the right mixes long, detailed sentences and short, punchy ones. different sentence lengths give rhythm and variety to your writing. so mix it up. proofing your work some people say writing should be like speech. i don \u2019 t agree \u2013 i believe writing presents more scope for density and precision \u2013 but a writer must find her own voice. however, the common tip of reading your work aloud is definitely helpful. it will help you to draw out clumsy phrases, and show where you need to quicken the pace or elaborate on a point. some swear by reading their work backwards, from the last paragraph to the first. other suggestions include proofing on paper, or changing the typeface to force you to re - parse the text. what works for you? for further advice, i recommend austin govella \u2019 s ( more ) tips for writing well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4962392849973977, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.343871"} {"text": "want to ' win the future '? start by reimagining education the little red schoolhouse \u2014 full of bright - eyed pupils carrying satchels and an apple for teach \u2019 \u2014 doesn \u2019 t exist anymore. innovation, collaboration, and social entrepreneurship must be the lesson plans of tomorrow. new studies show that three - quarters of american college students would not be able to study without some form of technology \u2014 almost half said they can \u2019 t even go ten minutes without checking their laptop, smartphone, or ereader. notes are taken with keyboards instead of paper, presentations are carried by flash drives instead of poster board, and questions are asked in pixels. number 2 pencils? haven \u2019 t seen one in years. our current education system is failing our students in two areas : area of interest and delivery. our standardized approach to education is leaving all students behind. they see a world growing smaller each day, woven tighter by a web of digital and internet - based connections. unfortunately, we too often look at the flawed, underfunded education system with tired eyes as we dust off old \u2018 solutions \u2019 to persisting problems. the 21st century school bell is ringing with a different tone, commanding a novel approach to education. education must be deeper and richer. it must be faster and more complete. it must be inclusive and more accessible. and above all, it must speak to our children \u2019 s passion for technology, mathematics, engineering, and other science related fields ( stem ). tapping into that innate curiosity is paramount if we expect to see innovative ideas brought to life. we now find ourselves living in the imagination age, according to rita j. king, executive vp of business development at science house, a period between the dark and grimy industrial era and the embedded technological revolution. at its very core is \u201c collaboration, rapid prototyping, a deeper understanding of failure as part of the process and the ability to think in the long - term despite the accelerated pace of transformation \u201d \u2014 an approach that must be adopted in schools, from \u201c k to 12 \u201d and beyond. charles leadbeater, a researcher at the london think - tank demos and former advisor to tony blair, during his tedsalon talk in london last year called for a new, imaginative response to our global society \u2019 s educational needs. \u201c education is a global religion \u2014 and education, plus technology, is a great source of hope, \u201d said leadbeater. \u201c mass education started with social entrepreneurship in the 19th century, and that \u2019 s desperately what we need again on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4601119850817389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.348037"} {"text": ". \u201c education is a global religion \u2014 and education, plus technology, is a great source of hope, \u201d said leadbeater. \u201c mass education started with social entrepreneurship in the 19th century, and that \u2019 s desperately what we need again on a global scale. and what can we learn from all of that? well, we can learn a lot because our education systems are failing desperately in many ways. they fail to reach the people they most need to serve. they often hit the target but miss the point. improvement is increasingly difficult to organize. our faith in these systems, incredibly fraught. and this is just a very simple way of understanding what kind of innovation, what kind of design we need. \u201d according to leadbeater, sustaining and disruptive innovations are essentially kindling to fuel the fire behind an educational reinvention. what the world needs, and at scale, is threefold : - a radical inception of new ideas about what education could be \u2014 we mustn \u2019 t be afraid to dream a little bigger. - community efforts to supplement schools because just as much, if not more, learning takes place outside of the classroom walls. - and transformational innovation to empower all the world \u2019 s citizens with information and learning. when president obama delivered his state of the union this past january, he voiced an undeniable determination to win that future. they way forward is not to fold in the face of adversity, but to re - up with a new course of action. there must be a greater emphasis on math and science, on research and new technologies, on innovation and imagination. so while this nation is transforming the american dream, shouldn \u2019 t we give the latest dreamers a legitimate chance of making it a reality? it is a pass - or - fail examination and the big, fat clock on the wall is ticking. the choice is simple : we must evolve as educators to prepare our children, our students with stem education in order for them to succeed in the future. a curriculum built around cross - border, cross - cultural collaboration and tied together with rich stem learning is the only solution. why force our students to view their world through the bifocals of iron and steel, when they should be exploring an open sourced world of global connections in three dimensions? such a dedication to innovation and entrepreneurship, when adopted by faculty and peer - educators worldwide, will shift the worldviews of students. they \u2019 ll analyze problems with systems in mind and see unlimited potential for change in interdisciplinary solutions. that brand of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5176383636363906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.348980"} {"text": "\" heavy womenis chances higher. \" by lindsey tanner from the washington times. chicago o obesity during pregnancy may increase chances for having a child with autism, provocative new research suggests. itis among the first studies linking the two and, though it doesnit prove obesity causes autism, the authors say their results raise public health concerns because of the high level of obesity in this country. studied women who were obese during pregnancy were about 67 percent more likely than normal - weight women to have autistic children. they also faced double the risk of having children with other developmental delays. on average, women face a 1 - in - 88 chance of having a child with autism ; the results suggest that obesity during pregnancy would increase that to a 1 - in - 53 chance, the authors said. the study was released online monday in pediatrics. since more than one - third of u. s. women of child - bearing age are obese, the results are potentially worrisome and add yet another incentive for maintaining a prescribed normal weight, said researcher paula krakowiak, a study co - author and scientist at the university of california, davis. previous research has linked obesity during pregnancy with stillbirths, premature births and some birth defects. dr. daniel coury, chief of developmental and behavioral pediatrics at nationwide children ' s hospital in columbus, ohio, said the results draise quite a concern. e he noted that u. s. autism rates have increased along with obesity rates and said the research suggests that may be more than a coincidence. more research is needed to confirm the results. but if mothersi obesity is truly related to autism, it would be only one of many contributing factors, said dr. coury, who was not involved in the study. genetics has been linked to autism, and scientists are examining whether mothersi illnesses and use of certain medicines during pregnancy might also play a part. the study involved about 1, 000 california children, ages 2 to 5. nearly 700 had autism or other developmental delays, and 315 did not have those problems. mothers were asked about their health. medical records were available for more than half the women and confirmed their conditions. itis not clear how mothersi obesity might affect fetal development, but the authors offer some theories. obesity, generally about 35 pounds overweight, is linked with inflammation and sometimes elevated levels of blood sugar. excess blood sugar and inflammation - related substances in a motheris blood may reach the fetus and damage the developing brain, ms. krakowiak said. the study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45890427249253846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.351557"} {"text": "heart disease : first signs different, but threat similar for men and women ( bpt ) - while heart disease continues to receive a lot of attention, certain myths surrounding the disease persist. a couple of the most common myths are that heart disease is more common in men than women, and that the first signs of a heart attack are the same for both men and women, says dr. mary ann mclaughlin, medical director of the cardiac health program at the mount sinai medical center in new york. heart disease remains the leading cause of death in men and women in the united states, affecting both sexes relatively equally. \" women are more afraid of dying from cancer, \" says mclaughlin. \" but in fact, they are much more likely to die from heart disease. \" also, the first signs of a heart attack can manifest themselves in different ways between men and women. while both men and women can experience the more well - known symptoms like chest pain or tightness and a shooting pain in the left arm, here are the most common differences in symptoms by sex, according to mclaughlin. the more obvious symptoms are more prevalent in men, which might be why research shows that men go to the emergency room with symptoms much earlier in than women. more subtle symptoms are more likely in women. these include shortness of breath, sweating or dizziness, nausea, severe fatigue, sudden sleep disturbances, pain radiating through the jaw, small of the back or between the shoulder blades. \" women with diabetes are about twice as susceptible to heart attacks as men with the condition, \" says mclaughlin. \" increased risk factors for women also include having an autoimmune disorder and a history of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during pregnancies. \" knowing the first signs of a heart attack is important, but reducing your risks for heart disease is the best way to avoid experiencing one. mclaughlin offers the following tips for a healthy heart : * reduce salt intake. limiting your consumption of processed foods can help with this, as they are often high in salt. * choose your fats wisely. use olive oil instead of butter, snack on nuts instead of other sugary and high - fat snacks, and take supplements like flax seed oil that can boost your levels of omega - 3 fatty acids, which can reduce artery inflammation. consuming more omega - 3s can also help you reduce your ldl ( bad cholesterol ) levels. * get regular exercise. a good rule of thumb is when balanced with a proper diet, 30 minutes of exercise a day will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45502672068407224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.356043"} {"text": "artery inflammation. consuming more omega - 3s can also help you reduce your ldl ( bad cholesterol ) levels. * get regular exercise. a good rule of thumb is when balanced with a proper diet, 30 minutes of exercise a day will help you maintain your current weight, while 60 minutes will help you lose weight. if that seems like a lot, try to work exercises in to your daily tasks by taking the stairs instead of the elevator or walking or biking to work. maintaining a healthy weight lowers your risk for cardiovascular disease. * ask your doctor whether a daily regimen of low - dose aspirin would be appropriate for you, as it could lower your risk of a heart attack. * maintain a daily intake of 1, 000 mg of vitamin d, which can be found in some of the same fatty fish that contain high levels of omega - 3 fatty acids. vitamin d supplements can also help you achieve this, as low levels are associated with heart disease and high blood pressure. exposure to sunshine also helps your body produce vitamin d, but don ' t forget your sunscreen. * know your numbers. your doctor can help you get your readings and give you advice on how to meet the following goals for optimum heart health : total cholesterol : less than 200 ldl ( bad cholesterol ) : less than 100 hdl ( good cholesterol ) : greater than or equal to 40 total cholesterol to hdl ratio : less or equal to 4. 4 for women and less than or equal to 5 for men triglycerides : less than 150 blood pressure : less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic non - fasting glucose : less than 120 fasting glucose : less than 100 hemoglobin a1c : less than 7 to learn more about heart disease and care, and to hear stories from patients who have experienced heart disease, visit www. mountsinai. org / heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44445755227925476, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.356763"} {"text": "with the economic situation as bad as it is, can we really afford to support sustainable agriculture? it \u2019 s a question of priorities, says carlo petrini, founder of the international slow food movement, and a question of waste. if we as a society were more conscientious eaters, we could cut our waste and not have to spend as much on food. and the price of food must be fair \u2014 which does not, of course, necessarily mean cheap. over the last two decades, journalist and political activist carlo petrini has led the grassroots slow food movement - which began as a critique of fast food fast life - and watched it grow into a global phenomenon with nearly 100, 000 members in 150 countries around the world. this past weekend, mr. petrini was in toronto to receive an eco - hero award from the planet in focus international environmental film & video festival. he also met with slow food leaders from across canada who had gathered in toronto to incorporate slow food canada. the globe and mail spoke to him on his first visit to english - speaking canada. never before has food been such a popular topic in newspapers, magazines and on television. does this mean progress? we are in the presence of many paradoxes. we have never talked so much about food, and yet we have never had so much soil that is infertile, or a water table so polluted. we have never talked so much about food, and yet farmers are disappearing. we have never talked so much about food, and yet it has never been less tasty. everywhere, all over the world, at every hour of the day, there is always someone on television with a frying pan. you get the recipe, the aesthetic vision of food, but not the history or where it comes from. it risks becoming food pornography. we need instead a new gastronomy, a fuller vision of gastronomy. what kind of food should we be eating? food must be good to eat, because it must be pleasurable. it must be clean, because the production must respect the environment. it must be fair because it must respect those who work the land. if one of those things is not present, quality is not there. there must be a fair price for the people who produce our food, and a fair price for the co - producer. a fair price does not mean a low price. how can we afford to pay more for our food when our budgets are shrinking with the economic recession? why don \u2019 t we look at what we waste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4261148748538787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.359533"} {"text": "your child needs elective surgery and a date has been scheduled. unlike emergency surgery, an elective procedure isn ' t done as an immediate matter of life and death. having an elective procedure gives you the time to prepare your child psychologically for the hospital and the surgery. good preparation can help kids feel less anxious about the anesthesia and surgery and get through the recovery period faster. but, like parents everywhere, you ' re probably uncertain about the best way to prepare your child. the key is to provide information at your child ' s level of understanding, correct misunderstandings, and get rid of fears and feelings of guilt. help your child understand why the surgery is needed and become familiar with the hospital and some of the procedures he or she will undergo. kids of all ages cope much better if they have an idea of what ' s going to happen and why it ' s necessary. to do that, prepare yourself first and correct any misconceptions of your own. if a parent is anxious and nervous, a child will often reflect these feelings and behaviors as well. it ' s a good idea to educate yourself, feel comfortable with the process, and make sure all your questions are answered. the horror stories you heard from grandparents and parents about traumatic parent / child separations and very limited hospital visiting hours belong to days gone by. hospitals have changed enormously and have become more family - friendly and patient - centered. for example, many surgeries are now \" same - day \" procedures requiring no overnight or prolonged stays ; most kids are back home, in their own beds, the same night. furthermore, most u. s. hospitals permit at least one parent to stay with the child at all times except during the operation. after the surgery, you may return to your child in the recovery room. as your child awakens, he or she will not even realize you left. ask the doctors, nurses, or staff for the information you need about what will take place so that you can prepare your child and deal with your own fears or concerns. to parents, one of the most fearful aspects of surgery is anesthesia. anesthesia is much safer today than in the past, but still carries some risk. you should discuss any concerns you have in advance with the anesthesiologist. when hospitalization is required overnight or longer, most hospitals avoid separation anxiety by permitting at least one parent to stay with the child day and night. check with the hospital about its rules regarding parents staying over and when other close family members can visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41308280078248055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.366043"} {"text": ". when hospitalization is required overnight or longer, most hospitals avoid separation anxiety by permitting at least one parent to stay with the child day and night. check with the hospital about its rules regarding parents staying over and when other close family members can visit. as soon as your child is able, he or she may be playing with other children, toys, and games in a children ' s recreation room \u2014 even if that involves taking along an intravenous ( iv ) bag on a rolling support. explain the problem now that you ' re more at ease, start preparing your child. begin by explaining the reason for the surgery in simple, nonthreatening words. explain \u2014 at your child ' s level of understanding \u2014 about the medical problem and why surgery is necessary. don ' t use alarming language like \" the doctor will cut you, \" \" open you up, \" or \" sew you with a needle. \" say that the doctor will fix the problem, and explain that many kids have this problem and must get it fixed at the hospital. although they seldom express it, kids may fear that their parents aren ' t telling them everything \u2014 that their health problem is worse than they ' ve been led to believe. to build trust, don ' t mislead your child \u2014 tell as much of the truth as your child can understand. many kids fear that an operation will be painful. it can help to explain that a special doctor, called an anesthesiologist, gives medicine to make patients sleep very deeply so they won ' t feel anything during the operation and once it ' s finished, they ' ll wake up. ( older kids, in particular, need special assurances that they will wake up. ) again, avoid frightening language \u2014 don ' t say, \" you ' ll be given gas \" or \" you ' ll be put to sleep. \" young kids may confuse \" gas \" with the fuel that can poison or kill and \" put to sleep \" with what can happen to sick pets. explain that you ' ll be there when your child wakes up \u2014 and a favorite toy can come along, too. tell your child that if anything feels sore right after the operation, a doctor or nurse can give medication that will make it feel better. common surgery - related fears of young children are the possibility of separation from ( or abandonment by ) parents and the possibility of pain. school - age kids also fear needles, knives, and damage to their bodies. give a child this age clear, rational information as well as assurance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4431539685781726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.366989"} {"text": "of young children are the possibility of separation from ( or abandonment by ) parents and the possibility of pain. school - age kids also fear needles, knives, and damage to their bodies. give a child this age clear, rational information as well as assurances that the surgery is to fix an existing problem, not create a new one. the fears of teens go well beyond those of younger kids. besides pain, change of appearance, and disfigurement, a teen might be afraid of losing control, missing out on events, being embarrassed or humiliated in public, and sounding childish by expressing fear, anxiety, or pain. a teen may also be afraid of waking up during the operation \u2014 or not waking up afterward. anticipate these fears, then emphasize that expressing fear, anxiety, and response to pain is quite normal ( and ok ) at any age, even adulthood. correct any misconceptions about disfigurement or injury. and explain that anesthesia is very safe today and that patients do not wake up during operations but will certainly wake up afterward. encourage your teen to read up on the medical condition and share the information with the family. reading and sharing information is an excellent coping mechanism. one further fear that affects kids of all ages is being seen naked and having their \" private parts \" touched. if the operation involves the genital or anal area, your child will cope better if you explain in advance that although it might be embarrassing, doctors and nurses will need to examine these private areas, especially to check if they ' re healing after the operation. explain that doctors, nurses, and parents are the only exceptions to the rules about privacy. encourage your child ' s questions about the health problem and hospital experience, so that other fears and anxieties can be expressed. take all questions seriously and answer them to the best of your ability. if you don ' t know an answer, tell your child that you ' ll find it out, and explain that the doctors and nurses are happy to answer questions, too. children often believe that their medical problem and operation are really punishments for \" being bad. \" they may not say so, but they may feel guilty and believe that they ' ve brought events on themselves. explain that the medical problem is not the result of anything your child may have done or failed to do, and that the operation is not a punishment, but simply the way to \" fix \" the problem. on the other hand, if the medical problem was caused by an accident that could have been avoided by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4756476883706226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.367927"} {"text": "your child may have done or failed to do, and that the operation is not a punishment, but simply the way to \" fix \" the problem. on the other hand, if the medical problem was caused by an accident that could have been avoided by obeying safety rules, make sure your child understands the reason for the rules and will follow them in the future. explaining what will happen find books, appropriate to your child ' s level of understanding, about what to expect at the hospital. reading together and discussing the surgery will make the hospital seem less threatening. discuss each idea and encourage your child ' s questions. young kids also will benefit from practicing on a doll or stuffed teddy bear with toy doctor - kit \" instruments. \" your child can take the toy ' s \" temperature \" and \" pulse \" and listen to its \" heartbeat \" and \" breathing. \" ask your doctor for suggested videos or multimedia tools for parents or kids that can help explain the procedure. as you discuss the hospital and surgery, remember that in addition to your words, your nonverbal cues convey assurance : your tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures, and body language send powerful messages. if you appear fearful, your child is likely to feel fearful regardless of the words you use. pre - operative orientation and tour many hospitals offer special pre - operative children ' s programs, family orientations, and hospital tours, conducted by specially trained nurses or licensed child - life specialists. child - life specialists are a valuable resource for parents and children. they are professionals trained to talk to kids and teens about medical procedures, comfort them if they ' re upset or need extra support, and organize \" play time \" for hospitalized kids and teens to get together and hang out. call the hospital to schedule a pre - operative tour, program, or orientation as soon as possible, even from the doctor ' s office when the appointment for the surgery is made. it ' s best to schedule the appointment for a few days before the surgery. an orientation program can remove the mystery of the surgery for kids and their families by making the hospital familiar and friendly and the experience predictable. on the day of surgery when you arrive on the day of surgery, your young child can play with toys and books you bring from home or sit on your lap and be cuddled during the waiting time. you won ' t be allowed to stay in the operating room during the surgery, but afterward, you ' ll be escorted to the recovery room to be with your child as he or she awakens. upon discharge, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4994757082135097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.368862"} {"text": "what is skin testing for allergies? the most common way to test for allergies is on the skin, usually the forearm or the back. in a typical skin test, a doctor or nurse will place a tiny bit of an allergen ( such as pollen or food ) on the skin, then make a small scratch or prick on the skin. the allergist may repeat this, testing for several allergens in one visit. this can be a little uncomfortable, but not painful. if your child reacts to one of the allergens, the skin will swell a little in that area. the doctor will be able to see if a reaction occurs within about 15 minutes. the swelling usually goes down within about 30 minutes to a few hours. other types of skin testing include injecting allergens into the skin or taping allergens to the skin for 48 hours. with a skin test, an allergist can check for these kinds of allergies : - environmental, such as mold, pet dander, or tree pollen - food, such as peanuts or eggs - medications, such as penicillin some medications ( such as antihistamines ) can interfere with skin testing, so check with the doctor to see if your child ' s medications need to be stopped before the test is done. while skin testing is useful and helpful, sometimes additional tests ( like blood tests or food challenges ) also must be done to see if a child is truly allergic to something. while skin tests are usually well tolerated, in rare instances they can cause a more serious allergic reaction. this is why skin testing must always be done in an allergist ' s office, where the doctor is prepared to handle a reaction. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : may 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42566589572456454, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.370561"} {"text": "may 24, 2011 contact : rachel salis - silverman, department of public relations, 267 - 426 - 6063 using immunotherapy \u2014 biologic agents that stimulate the body \u2019 s immune system \u2014 pediatric oncologists have achieved the first substantial increase in over a decade in cure rates for the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. a newly released study shows that the new treatment improved two - year survival rates by 20 percentage points, compared to standard treatment for an aggressive form of neuroblastoma, a cancer of the nervous system. the study appears in the sept. 30 issue of the new england journal of medicine, along with a separate cog study on intermediate - risk neuroblastoma. the corresponding author of the immunotherapy study is alice l. yu, md, phd, of the university of california, san diego. \u201c we expect these findings will change clinical practice, setting a new gold standard of treatment for this often - deadly disease, \u201d said john m. maris, md, a co - author of the study and director of the center for childhood cancer research at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. maris is the chair of the neuroblastoma committee of the children \u2019 s oncology group ( cog ), the cooperative multicenter research organization that sponsored the study. neuroblastoma, a cancer of the peripheral nervous system, usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest or abdomen. it accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, but because it frequently occurs in an aggressive form, it causes 15 percent of all childhood cancer deaths. while low - risk forms of neuroblastoma may spontaneously disappear, in high - risk forms, the cancer tends to return after initial treatment, usually with lethal results. in the current study, researchers assigned 226 high - risk patients at multiple cancer centers to receive one of two treatments : immunotherapy consisted of : monoclonal antibodies are molecular \u201c guided missiles \u201d engineered to kill cancer cells by targeting a substance appearing on those cells. cytokines are naturally occurring signaling proteins that regulate immune responses. the cancer center at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia has been using this immunotherapy regimen as part of standard treatment for children with high - risk neuroblastoma for more than a year, since preliminary trial results were reported in june 2009. children have arrived from around the world to receive this treatment at children \u2019 s hospital, which has a long - established research and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5101877609629215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.375673"} {"text": "with high - risk neuroblastoma for more than a year, since preliminary trial results were reported in june 2009. children have arrived from around the world to receive this treatment at children \u2019 s hospital, which has a long - established research and clinical program in neuroblastoma. dr. maris is internationally prominent as a neuroblastoma expert. some highlights of his neuroblastoma research efforts include : \u201c together, these studies report important advances in care for children with this challenging cancer, \u201d said maris. \u201c we will continue to investigate treatments to further refine the standard of care. \u201d this study, outcome after reduced chemotherapy for intermediate risk neuroblastoma, found that physicians could substantially reduce the dose and duration of chemotherapy used for neuroblastoma and still achieve very high survival rates of 98 percent among children receiving the treatment. the benefits of lower doses include : the corresponding author of this study was katherine k. matthay, md, of the university of california, san francisco. grants from the national institutes of health and the food and drug administration supported the immunotherapy study. grants from the national cancer institute, part of the national institutes of health, supported the study of intermediate - risk neuroblastoma. both studies were conducted through the children \u2019 s oncology group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46644994607144447, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.376205"} {"text": "by katrina vogelgesang, contributing writer for april gottung, an active and healthy young girl, a heart issue shouldn ' t have been a worry. yet, april had spells of fainting for six years until her issues peaked with a seizure at the age of 14, when she was rushed to the hospital. diagnosed with a heart arrhythmia, april had to have a defibrillator put in her chest, restrain from all strenuous activity, and will be on medication for the rest of her life. an arrhythmia is an interruption in the electrical impulses that cause your heart to contract. with many different kinds of arrhythmias, and many different magnitudes as well, arrhythmias are more common than you think. according to webmd, an arrhythmia can sometimes be present without showing any symptoms. often times, though, an arrhythmia causes palpitations, shortness of breath, fainting, dizziness, discomfort in the chest and weakness, according to webmd. you should see a doctor if any of these symptoms occur frequently or suddenly, or at times when you would not expect, instructs the mayo clinic. if any fainting or collapsing occurs, 911 should be called immediately. there are two types of arrhythmias, according to the mayo clinic. a tachycardia is a sped up heart rate, and a bradycardia is a slowed heart rate. according to the mayo clinic, arrhythmias can be hereditary, but can also be caused by scarring on the heart, stress, smoking and other substance abuse, diabetes, or other health issues. blocked arteries or changes in the heart structure can also cause an arrhythmia. some of the most common types of arrhythmias include pvc ' s and atrial fibrillations. a pvc is a premature ventricular contraction. this is a common arrhythmia that we all experience from time to time. it can be due to many things, including stress or caffeine, according to webmd. if someone has an unusual amount of pvc ' s, they should have their heart examined by a doctor, says webmd. atrial fibrillations are when the upper chambers of the heart contract abnormally. to diagnose both the magnitude and type of arrhythmia, the mayo clinic states that the doctor will most likely perform an electrocardio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711786188725351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.380560"} {"text": ". atrial fibrillations are when the upper chambers of the heart contract abnormally. to diagnose both the magnitude and type of arrhythmia, the mayo clinic states that the doctor will most likely perform an electrocardiogram, or an ecg. this test attaches sensors to your chest to monitor your heart. other tests could include bringing a monitor home to wear over a period of time in hopes of recording an arrhythmia. this will allow your doctor to examine your heart ' s pattern. once diagnosed, there are several treatments that can help cure or harbor an arrhythmia. sometimes, it simply requires a lifestyle change, such as less caffeine or alcohol intake, stopping smoking, or restraining from certain activities. other times the condition is more serious, and requires drugs or surgery. according to webmd, the most common drugs used are drugs that control heart rate or reduce the risk of blood clots. if drugs are not suitable, a doctor may suggest some sort of surgical procedure, whether it be to insert a device or directly operate on the heart. a pacemaker is a device that helps the heart beat at a suitable rate. other devices that serve relatively the same purpose include electrical cardioversion and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( icd ), states webmd. webmd also says that heart surgery may be necessary to cure heart disease, which could be the cause of the arrhythmia. whichever treatment you receive depends on the severity and type of your arrhythmia. anyone at any time can have an arrhythmia. it ' s important to know what the symptoms of an arrhythmia are, and when it ' s time to go get checked out. it ' s also important to know what usually causes an arrhythmia, and what kind of tests will be run to figure out the state of your arrhythmia. it ' s important to be informed on something as common as arrhythmias so that you can stop them before they progress, or even prevent them all together.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46057142180522487, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.381330"} {"text": "by michael morris, parks canada june 5, 2002 en route to rogers pass, park warden tim laboucane braked in time to avoid a debris flow on the highway. as he parked well back from the mess of muck, rock, and timber, he felt the shock wave and the subsequent roar of another landslide as it hurdled down on to the trans - canada highway, just west of glacier national park. while new and unexpected debris flows have occurred along the highway in recent weeks, park staff expect this sort of trouble each spring at the heather mountain landslide near the eastern boundary of glacier national park. slumping on heather mountain was first noticed by helicopter pilot don mctighe in january 1997 when an unseasonably warm front including heavy rain caused water to percolate into the exposed fractures near the top of heather mountain. when the weather cooled quickly to minus 20 degrees celsius, the rock face froze and the pressure of trapped water in behind the face created the slope separation. flying for nearby heli - skiers, mctighe watched the cracks in the slope grow day by day. blocks failed and slid, and by spring grew into a massive debris flow that ended up as mud on the highway. here the failing rock is a talc - rich mica schist that is strong enough when dry but disintegrates easily when it comes in contact with water. talc is the same mineral as in talcum powder. over the next two springs, the exposed surface was eroded and lubricated by the combination of rain and melting snow, creating an mountainside gash about two kilometers long and half a kilometer wide. it \u2019 s a wound that continues to ooze each spring, some years more than others, depending on the rate of melt of the snowpack and concurrent rain events. while checking this place out i noticed that the freshly broken rocks on the landslide have an iridescent sheen and smell like rotting vegetation. the newly exposed surface is a mix of small and large boulders and mud as slick as soap. walking across it was a process of finding the least slippery spots. then there \u2019 s the clatter of the occasional tumbling rock departing the headwall. it \u2019 s not a place to visit. the bottom of the landslide is a jumble of shattered timber with several outlets of cafe - au - lait colored mud which flow through 500 meters of forest to a diversion berm. culverts under the highway to help the mud on its way into the beaver river.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4388280143883961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.386489"} {"text": "is a jumble of shattered timber with several outlets of cafe - au - lait colored mud which flow through 500 meters of forest to a diversion berm. culverts under the highway to help the mud on its way into the beaver river. sometimes the debris flow is more than the catchment basin and culverts can handle. the result is mud spread over the road and highway crews working around the clock, passing traffic whenever possible. with the advice of scientists from the geological survey of canada, parks canada established a monitoring program to keep an eye on this chronic safety concern. similar to the remote weather recording stations used in the prediction of avalanche activity or forest fires, a site on heather mountain transmits temperature and precipitation amounts to parks canada \u2019 s highway service section in rogers pass, alerting road crews that the debris flow may increase, though the situation remains far from predictable. recognized as a national historic site because of its role in national transportation history, the rogers pass story continues to unfold. landslides, avalanches, floods and other land - forming events occur all through the mountains but are only noticed when it interferes with our activities. the road crews, flag persons, and park wardens that work on the highway contribute to an essential service that sees ever - increasing expectations. on the highway we \u2019 ve come to expect to get from point a to point b in a certain amount of time and are put out if we are delayed. however, the mountains don \u2019 t care. occasionally the highway is closed for safety reasons as we respect that not everything in these rugged mountains can be controlled. columbia mountains institute of applied ecology box 2568 revelstoke, b. c. v0e 2s0 tel : 250 - 837 - 9311 fax : 250 - 837 - 9311", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45194477938056254, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.387202"} {"text": "london ( cnn ) - - bamboozled by eurozone debt crisis jargon? cnn is here to help you tell your bond yields from your banking interventions, your defaults from your haircuts. and if you need anything more explained, please submit your questions to soundoff at the bottom of the story. the euro is the common currency used by a bloc of nations within the european union. the 17 states that use the euro - - including germany, france, italy and spain - - form the eurozone. a further 10 eu nations - - including the uk, sweden and denmark - - continue to use their own currencies. a recession is technically defined as two consecutive quarters of shrinking output - - or a country going backwards financially. the eurozone is currently teetering on the edge of recession, triggered in part by the crisis which has rolled on since may 2010. a double dip recession is when a country which has been in recession enters a downturn again after a brief and weak recovery. the \" contagion effect \" referred to in the eurozone crisis is the fear that one country ' s financial problems will spill over to another country. this happens because the capital markets - - where sovereign bonds are bought and sold - - can be influenced by sentiment as well as the fundamentals of each country. contagion can also occur because the more countries within the bloc struggle, the higher the cost to others of giving aid. countries, or companies, default when they can no longer pay their bills on time. defaults can come in different forms : \" orderly \" - - when investors holding the bonds can agree to take haircuts ( see below ) - - or \" disorderly, \" where losses are unexpected and sudden. countries raise money by issuing sovereign bonds which are then purchased by investors. the ' \" yield \" of the bonds - which can be thought of as ious - - is how much the investor wants to be paid to hold that bond. so, a higher yield indicates a higher risk bond. for sovereign bonds a yield of more than 7 % is considered unsustainable for any extended period of time, because a country ' s earnings are unlikely to be able to cover repayments. liquidity is the oil which greases the world of finance. it refers to the ease at which funds - - cash, for example - - can flow through the system. a market with lots of buyers and sellers is liquid, while one without is illiquid. a haircut refers to a cut in the value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5538183585014829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.395126"} {"text": "refers to the ease at which funds - - cash, for example - - can flow through the system. a market with lots of buyers and sellers is liquid, while one without is illiquid. a haircut refers to a cut in the value of investments lenders are asked to take. for example, a 50 % haircut on an investment means you ' ll get back only half of what you paid. investors in greek bonds have been asked to take a haircut on their debt. it would be in their interest to do so if they thought the value of the debt could drop further in the future. investors can also be asked to swap bonds maturing soon for longer dated ones which would pay out at a much later date. the ratings agencies - - moody ' s investors service, standard & poor ' s and fitch ratings being the big three - - award scores based on a company or country ' s credit worthiness. \" junk \" refers to when that rating drops below investment grade. once a credit rating drops below the bbb level, it is \" sub - investment \" grade and is commonly referred to as junk. eurobonds are being suggested as a way to tie the finances of the eurozone ' s 17 countries more closely. a eurobond would be a bond - - or debt which investors buy in return for yield - - backed by all the countries of the bloc. the idea remains under discussion, although it has rejected by the eurozone ' s two most powerful leaders, german chancellor angela merkel and then - french president nicolas sarkozy earlier this year. francois hollande, sarkozy ' s successor, has been more favorable to the idea. fiscal unity is centered on integrated taxation and spending. the eurozone is a monetary but not fiscal union, meaning its 17 members maintain their own taxation policies and also raise money to fund themselves. however, the bloc does have a central bank - - the european central bank ( see below ) - - which maintains monetary policy. the bloc appears to be moving toward closer fiscal integration as it seeks to stem the crisis. european central bank the european central bank, based in frankfurt, germany, was set up in 1998 to maintain monetary policy for the eurozone under its common currency, the euro. the ecb ' s mandate is to keep inflation at around 2 % or below, and ensure some level of stability for the countries that use the euro. like other central banks, the ecb ' s main tool for keeping to these targets is by raising or lowering interest rates -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5473656394444946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.396164"} {"text": "is to keep inflation at around 2 % or below, and ensure some level of stability for the countries that use the euro. like other central banks, the ecb ' s main tool for keeping to these targets is by raising or lowering interest rates - - a key tool for influencing financial markets. the ecb has also been actively buying the sovereign bonds of troubled eurozone economies, in the hope that it will lower those countries ' funding costs. european financial stability facility the european financial stability facility ( efsf ) is europe ' s temporary bailout fund. it was hurriedly set up after greece needed its first bailout in may 2010, and has since become a key tool to combat the debt crisis. european leaders have increased its lending capacity from around \u20ac250 billion to \u20ac440 billion, and are investigating ways to boost its clout. a permanent bailout fund, the european stability mechanism, or esm, will be operational mid 2012. international monetary fund the international monetary fund, which is based in washington d. c., is an organization of 187 countries. it is designed to assist countries in financial trouble. member countries contribute to the fund, relative to their economies, when assistance is needed. it has been a key player in the european bailouts. a group of auditors from the international monetary fund, the european union and the european central bank tasked with monitoring the progress of nations that have requested sovereign bailouts such as greece, portugal and ireland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945243076190581, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.396881"} {"text": "editor ' s note : mainsail is cnn ' s monthly sailing show, exploring the sport of sailing, luxury travel and the latest in design and technology. ( cnn ) - - one of the world ' s largest private superyachts is the latest to set sail on an expedition to uncover the secrets of a british battle cruiser lost during world war ii. octopus - - a 414 foot megayacht - - was donated to the british navy by paul allen, co - founder of microsoft. allen will fund the recovery and research expedition, sparing the british government any cost. this week the recovery team will return to the wreck site with a two - fold mission : retrieve the ship ' s bell and document the remains of the battle cruiser in the hopes of later determining what happened in the hood ' s final moments. david mearns, director of blue water recoveries, said the ship ' s bell was \" lovingly looked after \" by the crew. its recovery is seen by those who lost loved ones as a way to commemorate those who died. the hms hood was sunk during a battle in the north atlantic with german battleship bismarck in 1941. the hood remains the largest royal navy vessel to have gone down, and resulted in the largest loss of life suffered by any single warship in british history. the wreck of hms hood is designated under the protection of the military remains act, meaning the recovery team had to seek permission from the british navy in order to retrieve the bell. the mission was agreed to by the british government, and the ministry of defence say the bell - - if recovered - - will form a tangible and fitting memorial to the ship and the 1, 415 men who died when she sunk in the north atlantic. mearns recalls the astonishment of the team when they located the ship ' s bell, on their first dive, in 2001. \" there was just a miscellaneous pile of twisted and torn metal... most of it was very angled steel but there was this curved shape, \" mearns remembers. \" we pushed in on the camera and, lo and behold, there was the bell sitting basically unattached, not connected to the ship [ and ] all by itself on its side. \" the team, mearns recalls, \" were just stunned by it. \" the 40, 000 ton wreck is strewn over two and half kilometers of seabed, and uncovering the bell was a stroke of luck for the recovery team. \" it ' s a really iconic item and personal symbol of the ship, but we were there conducting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39174628673396816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.401118"} {"text": ", 000 ton wreck is strewn over two and half kilometers of seabed, and uncovering the bell was a stroke of luck for the recovery team. \" it ' s a really iconic item and personal symbol of the ship, but we were there conducting this investigation on a ' don ' t touch ' basis. it never occurred to us, even for a second, ' what if we recovered the bell? should we attempt to? ' \" mearns tells cnn. by the time mearns and his team had returned to land, news of the bell ' s discovery had broken. a public debate had erupted over the ethics of disturbing a wreck where so many lives had been lost. mearns gained the support of the hms hood association - - whose members include veterans and relatives of those who died - - before seeking financial support to return and recover the bell. the association ' s president, rear admiral philip wilcocks, said in statement on the mission : \" there is no headstone among the flowers for those who perish at sea. \" wilcocks added, \" future generations will be able to gaze upon [ the hood ' s ] bell and remember with gratitude and thanks the heroism, courage and personal sacrifice of hood ' s ship ' s company who died in the service of their country. \" if recovered, the bell will go on display in 2014, at an exhibition at the royal navy museum in the southern english port of portsmouth - - where the hood was based. mearns says : \" it ' s been out there as a wish of the association to do this and i ' ve just been looking for the right sponsor to do it in the right way and to get the permission to do it. \" i ' d been working with vulcan, paul allen ' s company, and it just so happened we could combine the availability of octopus in the region at the right time, because you can only really work in this area two months of the year. \" the octopus, the world ' s 13th largest megayacht, is a \" fantastically capable vessel, \" mearns says. despite being classified as a yacht, the octopus carries equipment including a deepwater diving rov [ remotely operated vehicle ] and survey and navigation equipment. the octopus, says mearns, \" is very qualified \" for the job. the british royal navy has asked the team to place an ensign on the site of the wreck, mearns added. the mission also hopes to shed light on the final moments of the battle cruiser, which broke in two during the attack.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4499714120844633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.402203"} {"text": "in all modern languages like c # and java, we gain benefits of garbage collection. what about implementing our own. in this article, i will try to explain how to implement garbage collector for c language. what is garbage collection? in c language, dynamic memory management operations are done with free ( ) functions. when a piece of memory area is required, programmer calls the malloc ( ) function and receives a pointer of this area, and releases this area using free ( ) function when it is not used anymore. this is really a very easy task, you create memory area using malloc ( ) and release it using free ( ). what if the programmer forgets to call the free ( ) function or application breaks before the free ( ) function is executed? if free ( ) function is not called, operating system cannot use this area and still thinks that it is in use. large chunks of unreleased memory areas can affect system performance vitally. need for an automated garbage collection mechanism is born at this point. automated garbage collection mechanism guarantees that all allocated memory during program run are released at the end. there are a lot of garbage collection algorithms such as mark and sweep, copying, generational, reference counting, etc. in this article, i will try to explain mark and sweep algorithm. what about conservation? garbage collectors ( abbreviated gc from now on ) should not force developers to tag data or force to use special datatype as pointers. gc also should work on existing source code. working on existing code without compilation would be a more elegant solution. gc should not force to change on compilers. conservative garbage collection approach provides gc solution preserving the above mentioned tasks. in order to work properly, gc should have knowledge about the following tasks : - variables actively in use - which variable is a pointer and which is not - information of the allocated memory information about the allocated memory can be collected while gc allocates memory. in c language collection about variables in use can be done with a special scanning on heap, stack and static data of the application. this solution is highly hardware dependent. also in c language, we do not have knowledge of a type at runtime. this means, at runtime phase it is not an easy task to distinguish pointers from non - pointers. again we receive no assistance from the compiler. once we have information about variables actively in use, we can scan this list with a special pointer identification algorithm to distinguish pointers. this step has some shortcomings but efficiency can be provided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46934691853713034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.414376"} {"text": "pointers. again we receive no assistance from the compiler. once we have information about variables actively in use, we can scan this list with a special pointer identification algorithm to distinguish pointers. this step has some shortcomings but efficiency can be provided with elegant algorithms. conservative approach allows developers to use gc in their already written codes without any change on it. developers call malloc ( ) function and never call free ( ) again inside the code. the rest is handled by gc as a smart servant. stop the world approach i mentioned that we scan memory areas of the application. we also need to release unused memory areas. these operations take additional cpu cycles. so when garbage is being collected, we need to use cpu. at this point, there are two main approaches for use of the cpu. these are stop the world and concurrent approaches. concurrent approach handles gc cycles on different threads. for this approach, complex locking mechanisms are needed. as a result, it benefits high performance which is desirable by most of the modern architecture. for further information, you can search on tri - color marking algorithm. stop the world approach stops program execution, does garbage collection and resumes program execution. this has a completely big disadvantage, it does not allow the application to use cpu while garbage is collected. this can cause the application to pause while garbage is being collected. also we cannot use multi processor even if hardware has more than one cpu which can be a big performance gap. although it has a lot of disadvantages, it is really very easy to implement so in this article we will use this approach. mark and sweep algorithm mark and sweep algorithm is the first algorithm which handles cyclic references. this algorithm is one of the most commonly used garbage collectors with combination of some other techniques. mark and sweep algorithm is a tracing collector so it traces through all available pointers to distinguish used and unused memory areas. it consists of two phases. the first phase is the marking phase. in marking phase, gc traces through all available variables and finds pointers using pointer identification algorithm. once pointers are determined, marking phase finds the heap area of the pointers and marks them as used. in the second phase, gc traces through the heap and picks unmarked areas. unmarked areas are the memory areas which are not currently used. these areas are reclaimed. as mentioned, mark and sweep can handle cyclic references. moreover, it includes no overhead on variables. conservative gc faces two main difficulties, the first is for identifying where to find root set and the second is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5074260896003959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.415363"} {"text": "currently used. these areas are reclaimed. as mentioned, mark and sweep can handle cyclic references. moreover, it includes no overhead on variables. conservative gc faces two main difficulties, the first is for identifying where to find root set and the second is how to identify pointers. root set can be described as the variables which are in use at time ( t ). finding root sets without the assistance of the compiler is a highly system and hardware dependent issue. root sets can be found on stack, registers and static area of the application. in order to implement our gc, we should find base addresses of these memory areas. gc should discover the bottom and top of the stack. stack is the main stack of the application. if we take a closer look into the cpu architecture, we can see that there is a dedicated stack which holds addresses of execution points, passed parameters to functions and local variables. stack grow direction may change in each architecture. when a new item is pushed into the stack in some architectures, the stack grows downward and in some, it grows upward. gc should be aware of this. stack bottom and top addresses can be found by combination of ebp, esp and ds register values of 32bit architecture. also there are alternative ways. static areas are held in the data segment register in 32bit cpus and stored in the heap of the running application. static areas are the memory block where local static and global variables are held. in a realworld application, we can have some global and static local variables which hold pointers. gc should be aware of these variables. registers are cpu registers of the hardware. these memory areas are highly system dependent. gc should be aware of the root sets held in the registers before gc takes place. reclaiming of the memory areas which are in use could cause severe bugs. the second difficulty that conservative gc faces is identification of the pointers. in c and c + + languages, pointers can be held inside the integer variables. in some cases, it is not an easy task to distinguish a pointer with a 32 bit integer value. as gc has no assistance from the compiler, it has to handle identification of the pointers by itself. in general, the approach for conservative garbage collector is that \" gc must treat any word ( integer ) that it encounters as a potential pointer unless it can prove otherwise \" \u00b9. while in this step, gc should be aware of pointers to pointers. in this project, i implemented depth first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49281263311342094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.416307"} {"text": "\" gc must treat any word ( integer ) that it encounters as a potential pointer unless it can prove otherwise \" \u00b9. while in this step, gc should be aware of pointers to pointers. in this project, i implemented depth first search as pointer traversal algorithm. in order to identify pointers, gc should have some test steps to filter pointers with non - pointers. some of the tests are mentioned below : - does a potential pointer refer to the atom pointer. - does a potential pointer refer to application heap - does a potential pointer refer to root sets. if so, execute pointer traversal algorithm to find which portion of the heap it refers. - if potential pointer refers to heap, traces through allocated block to find exact block that it points. atom pointers are the pointers which are used by gc itself. gc should distinguish these pointers from actual application pointers. also gc should give the ability to the developer to identify custom atom pointers. atom pointers are being skipped at pointer identification phase and they are not recognized as pointers by gc. gc never touches the memory areas of these pointers. if a potential pointer passes these tests, it is treated as a pointer and marked as in use at mark phase. pointer identification has some deficiencies such as false pointers. false pointers are the integer values which hold heap addresses. assume that we have an integer i which holds random 32bit value, also assume that this value is 0x003932e8. when gc takes place, we have also a pointer p which points to 0x003932e8 heap address with size in mbs. p is set to nil and not used anymore. application requests new memory block but having less memory gc cannot allocate free space and steps into collection phase. in collection phase, p should be reclaimed so it is not used anymore but i can be recognized as a pointer actually which is not. this type of situations can be troublesome. boehm reports that certain classes of data, such as large compressed bitmaps, introduce false references with an excessively high probability [ boehm, 1993 ]. after a lot of theoretical information, let ' s take a look at how we can implement that type of automated memory manager. as mentioned, the gc we will design will be highly system and hardware dependent. we will use ia32 architecture and windows operating system. the first thing gc should do is to find root sets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5608283012859905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.417202"} {"text": "can implement that type of automated memory manager. as mentioned, the gc we will design will be highly system and hardware dependent. we will use ia32 architecture and windows operating system. the first thing gc should do is to find root sets. stack top can be found by retrieving address of the last created variable. in windows environment, the address of the last created variable can be used to query active memory block using virtualquery function. this function tells the base address and other properties of the related memory area\u00b2. after calling virtualquery function with top of the stack, we can retrieve full set of stack roots. this root set gives us the variables currently in use. defining static root sets requires another call to virtualquery function. this time we query memory area using a created static local variable. register roots can be retrieved using when developer calls malloc function of gc, our code should add additional header information to this memory block. this block is linked to doubly linked list. using this list, we can store and query which memory areas are allocated by gc. in my implementation, allocation does not invoke collection step which it should do when system gets low on memory, it does only create new memory area using low level malloc and returns address of this block. in future releases, my implementation of gc _ malloc should work in a smarter and elegant way. in our implementations, the developer should be able to call collect function of gc. calling this function is not recommended but for flexibility we can allow developers to call our collect function should invoke the following steps. first it should determine root sets, then it should invoke mark and sweep phases respectively. in mark phase, gc should trace through whole root sets. code should invoke pointer identification step for each possible pointer in the root set. once possible pointer is passed identification step code should mark it as in use ( in my current implementation, i have two lists. the first list holds used areas, and the second holds free areas. when i mark a pointer as used, i remove it from the used area and link it to a free area which decreases cpu use on sweep phase ). in sweep phase, gc should trace through the whole heap. in this step, only marked areas are not reclaimed and the rest is reclaimed. ( in my current implementation, i free the memory area when it is not used anymore. this can cause performance penalties. a more advanced approach can be used at this step. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4855091539690045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.418284"} {"text": "step, only marked areas are not reclaimed and the rest is reclaimed. ( in my current implementation, i free the memory area when it is not used anymore. this can cause performance penalties. a more advanced approach can be used at this step. ) the last thing gc should do is reclaiming the whole heap when the application quits. we can use atexit ( ) function of standard c. in this function, we will trace through the whole heap to reclaim all used memory. source code and last words this project is an open source project. please feel free to join this project. if you wish to work on this project, please let me know. source repository of this project can be found here. please note that this project is actively in development. also the current version supports a fully working gc mechanism and it has a lot of deficiencies on performance issues. - garbage collection - algorithms for automatic dynamic memory management 1996, richard jones, rafael lins - an introduction to garbage collection part ii, richard gillam - mark - and - sweep garbage collection - why conservative garbage collectors - automatic garbage collection - fast multiprocessor memory allocation and garbage collection, hans - j. boehm, hp laboratories - composing high - performance memory allocators, emery d. berger, benjamin g. zorn, kathryn s. mckinley - hoard : a scalable memory allocator for multithreaded applications, emery d. berger, kathryn mckinley, robert d. blumofe, paul r. wilson - managing heap memory in win32 - heap pleasures and pains - the measured cost of conservative garbage collection, bejamin zorn - conservative garbage collection for general memory allocators, gustavo rodriguez - rivera, charles fiterman - conservative garbage collection for c, christian hoglinger yasin has more than 10 years of professional experience. he has several published articles includes graphics programming, robotics and application development in academic resources and national press. he is now working as a software developer for semi - governmental organization in turkey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43490351265497595, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.419094"} {"text": "declaration on genuine democracy adopted on 24 january 2013 the conference of international non - governmental organisations ( ingos ) of the council of europe, 1. as an active player in promoting democracy and defending the principles of the universal declaration of human rights and the european convention on human rights ; 2. noting that \u201c genuine democracy \u201d, a term enshrined in the statute of the council of europe, goes hand in hand with \u201c the protection of human rights \u201d and \u201c the rule of law \u201d as a requirement for accession by states to membership of the council of europe ; 3. believing that there is a need for the fundamental elements of genuine democracy to be brought together in a reference text based on existing council of europe conventions and declarations, as well as the case - law of the european court of human rights ; 4. recalling the work of the council of europe on the principles of genuine democracy *, which served us as basis for the drafting of this declaration ; 5. underlining the need to determine and clarify more effectively the fundamental elements of the three complementary and inseparable principles that are the distinguishing features of the council of europe \u2019 s common heritage, namely respect for the universal and indivisible rights of the individual, the rule of law and the genuinely democratic nature of political systems ; 6. underlining the crucial part which civil society, in particular ngos, can play in building a genuine democracy ; 7. believing that a general declaration on the fundamental principles of pluralist democracy will help to expand and consolidate democracy in europe and throughout the world ; 8. recommending that this text be used to determine the conditions required for becoming or remaining a member state of the council of europe ; 9. bearing in mind the universal declaration of human rights and the european convention on human rights, as well as the statute of the council of europe and all the texts adopted by the organisation listed in the appendix ; 10. urging those states which have not yet ratified the conventions included in the list to do so as soon as possible ; 11. believing that genuine democracy is a political, legal and cultural system based on respect for human rights, the rule of law and the ability of all individuals to take part in public life ; 12. aware that democracy entails the active commitment of individuals and their governments to equality, tolerance, and respect for diversity, as well as to social integration ; 13. recognising that education is the key means of developing democratic values in the young, and wishing to encourage them to exercise fully the rights and assume the responsibilities of citizenship ; 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5091798048059816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.434326"} {"text": "and respect for diversity, as well as to social integration ; 13. recognising that education is the key means of developing democratic values in the young, and wishing to encourage them to exercise fully the rights and assume the responsibilities of citizenship ; 14. believing that effective democracy and good governance at all levels are essential for preventing conflicts, promoting stability, facilitating economic and social progress, and hence for creating sustainable communities where people want to live and work, now and in the future, and that this can only be achieved through the active involvement of citizens and civil society ; 15. wishing member states to maintain and develop effective, transparent and accountable democratic institutions, responsive to the needs and aspirations of all ; 16. adopts the present declaration : a. principles and values of genuine democracy i. human dignity a. genuine democracy must ensure respect for the dignity and the equal value of all persons and for their inalienable rights. ii. equality and non - discrimination a. all persons are equal under the law and shall be entitled to the equal protection of the law without any discrimination. b. gender equality is a fundamental criterion of democracy which must be ensured in all areas of public and private life. c. any discrimination based on sex, ethnic origin, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, association with a national minority, sexual orientation, property, birth or other status is prohibited. d. genuine democracy ensures that all individuals enjoy equal and effective protection against any form of discrimination and also affords them full equality of opportunity. e. no measure aimed at correcting existing imbalances or hastening the achievement of equality may be regarded as discriminatory. iii. respect for diversity and tolerance a. the principles of pluralism and tolerance require respect for the cultural and linguistic identity of all persons, as well as respect for their freedom to hold or not to hold religious or philosophical beliefs and to change them insofar as their manifestations remain compatible with human rights. b. genuine democracy must stand firm against all those who seek its destruction, in particular those advocating racial hatred, anti - semitism, xenophobia, persecution on religious or ideological grounds or violence and terrorism. c. the activities of any organisation which opposes the democratic order through violence or the encouragement of violence shall be punished by the law. iv. universality and indivisibility of human rights a. human rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent in the individual and are inalienable ; their protection is the primary responsibility of states. respect for, and full enjoyment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002772530569541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.435496"} {"text": "by the law. iv. universality and indivisibility of human rights a. human rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent in the individual and are inalienable ; their protection is the primary responsibility of states. respect for, and full enjoyment of, human rights and fundamental freedoms are the bases on which liberty, justice and peace are founded. b. civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent. c. any derogation from obligations to respect human rights shall remain within the limits provided for in international and european law. such derogations are by definition of an exceptional nature and shall be applied and interpreted restrictively. v. interdependence of human rights, democracy and human development a. genuine democracy and human rights are intrinsically related concepts which cannot exist without each other. political rights and freedoms form part of human rights, while respect for human rights is essential to the establishment and maintenance of a democratic system. the implementation of a democratic culture helps to develop a human rights culture and vice versa. b. genuine democracy must maintain a balance between the requirements of the general interests of the community and the need to safeguard the fundamental rights of all individuals. c. democracy, human development and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually enhancing. vi. the rule of law the principles of the rule of law include, in particular : a. respect for the principles relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms provided for in international law and, in particular, in the european convention on human rights ; b. respect for a constitutional order implementing fundamental rights and conformity of laws to this constitutional order ; c. the fact that the government and all other public authorities are subject to the law ; d. legal certainty, which includes the principle of accessibility to the law and the principles of predictability and proportionality in the application of laws ; e. refusal of impunity, which means that : - in the event of violation of the rule of law, it shall fall to states and the international community to make sure that such violation does not go unpunished ; - gross violations of human rights, in particular, torture, genocide, ethnocide, systematic rape and massacres should be condemned and their perpetrators punished. vii. government accountability a. in a genuine democracy, those in authority are accountable for their acts to all citizens on whose behalf they exercise power and to their representatives. b. political conditions for the achievement of genuine democracy i. citizen participation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49803602211723474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.436567"} {"text": "perpetrators punished. vii. government accountability a. in a genuine democracy, those in authority are accountable for their acts to all citizens on whose behalf they exercise power and to their representatives. b. political conditions for the achievement of genuine democracy i. citizen participation 1. participation in public and political life a. genuine democracy presupposes power sharing as well as freedom based on solidarity. b. genuine democracy shall permit and encourage full and equal participation by women and men in the democratic process, including balanced representation at all levels of decision - making in public and political life. c. every citizen has a right to participate in the conduct of public affairs, either directly or through freely chosen representatives, both at european and national level and at local and regional level, as well as to vote and be elected. d. every citizen has a right to participate in the voluntary sector. e. every citizen has a duty to take part in the promotion of and respect for human rights and democratic values. f. genuine democracy shall encourage and recognise work done by non - governmental organisations or any voluntary association, whether national or international, working to protect human rights and democratic institutions. g. every foreign national residing lawfully on the territory of a state has the right to participate in public life and the voluntary sector, at least at local level. 2. free and fair elections a. elections shall be free and fair, in accordance with international and european standards. b. periodic elections to political office are an essential means of enabling the will of the people to be expressed. c. such elections shall be based on universal and equal suffrage and held by secret ballot. they shall take place in circumstances guaranteeing the possibility of a genuine choice for the electorate and respect for its opinion, and ensuring the proper conduct and legality of procedures, as well as the legality of election results. d. the presence of international observers and of the international press shall not be regarded as interference in the internal affairs of the state. 3. political parties a. a genuinely democratic society requires the existence of a multi - party system. b. the right to freedom of association includes the right to establish political parties. the role of these parties is to engage and promote political debate. c. the setting up of political parties or other groupings shall be free in accordance with the law. the setting up of political parties may not be obstructed and political parties may only be banned in the cases mentioned under point a - iii - b of this declaration. in no circumstances may a political party seek the destruction of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5024257518760012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.437578"} {"text": "with the law. the setting up of political parties may not be obstructed and political parties may only be banned in the cases mentioned under point a - iii - b of this declaration. in no circumstances may a political party seek the destruction of democracy or fundamental rights. d. the funding of political parties shall be regulated by law. 4. associations, non - governmental organisations and trade union organisations a. associations, non - governmental organisations and trade union organisations are necessary for the proper functioning of democracy ; they provide citizens with a means of action and expression. b. they have a specific independent role to promote the values of democracy and human rights and contribute to their effective implementation. c. their activities shall not be limited or forbidden in so far as they are carried out in the framework of the law and the respect for human rights. 5. freedom of expression a. freedoms of thought, opinion, expression, information and communication are essential requirements for the functioning and progress of a democratic society and individual fulfilment. they shall not justify calls to violence, incitement to hatred or any form of discrimination. 6. the role of the media a. the freedom and independence as well as the pluralism and diversity of the media are essential for the functioning of a democratic society. b. the media \u2019 s responsibility for ensuring respect for all human rights is an essential counterpart of media freedom. the exercise of this freedom shall not be used to incite violence, hatred or any form of discrimination. c. free circulation of information and ideas across borders must be guaranteed as an important factor in promoting understanding between nations, close relations between peoples and the mutual enrichment of cultures. d. the possibilities offered by new information and communication technologies must be taken into consideration to develop a genuine democracy. 7. respect for persons belonging to minorities a. while based on the principle of majority rule, genuine democracy must at the same time secure the respect of all rights of persons belonging to minorities. ii. local and regional governance a. local and regional self - government is an important element of genuine democracy. it must have an institutional and legal basis. b. such a form of government contributes to the strengthening of a democratic europe based on the principle of subsidiarity and decentralisation on all levels at which power is exercised. c. this includes the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population. d. this right shall be exercised by bodies composed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4973747775752423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.438635"} {"text": "c. this includes the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population. d. this right shall be exercised by bodies composed of members elected by universal suffrage. this provision shall in no way affect recourse to assemblies of citizens, referendums or any other form of direct citizen participation where it is permitted by statute. e. the conditions of office of local elected representatives shall provide for free exercise of their functions. iii. exercise of power in a state governed by the rule of law 1. separation of powers a. democracy requires the separation and independence of the legislature, executive and judiciary. b. the role of the legislature, as the representative of the electorate, is to draw up and pass legislation, to vote taxes and to hold the executive to account. to this end, the legislature must have independent powers of investigation and scrutiny and its representatives must enjoy immunity from executive pressure or coercion in the exercise of their office. c. in implementing and upholding the law, the executive shall be answerable to the people and their representatives. in particular, it must ensure that the law is strictly applied by the agencies entrusted with law enforcement. d. judicial authority shall be exercised independently by the courts and their decisions shall be executed by the competent public authorities in each state. e. the independence of judges shall be safeguarded. they shall be impartial and give their rulings within a reasonable time. judges \u2019 decisions shall not be influenced by the interests of the executive, the legislature or any other public authority or private group. f. the independence of lawyers shall be recognised and protected, especially with regard to the conditions of their access to the profession and the performance of their duties. 2. impartiality of the state a. in keeping with the principle of non - discrimination, genuine democracy presupposes the impartiality of the state with respect to religions, beliefs and convictions. b. the state must never favour the interests or values of a specific group. 3. effective protection against violations of fundamental rights a. every person alleging a violation of his or her recognised rights and freedoms is entitled to an effective remedy before a competent national body, including when the alleged violation was committed by persons acting in the course of their official duties. b. every democratic state must offer any person within its jurisdiction the opportunity of submitting an individual complaint to an international body in the event of a violation of their fundamental rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4896454773400086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.441303"} {"text": "alleged violation was committed by persons acting in the course of their official duties. b. every democratic state must offer any person within its jurisdiction the opportunity of submitting an individual complaint to an international body in the event of a violation of their fundamental rights. c. every democratic state must provide for setting up the office of ombudspersons, commissioners or other national human rights institutions, with the power to take any measure to ensure effective respect for the rights of all persons living on the territory of the state. 4. derogations from obligations related to respect for rights a. where the life of the nation is threatened, any exceptional measures taken shall be aimed solely at preserving the democratic system, upholding the rule of law and ensuring respect for fundamental rights and freedoms. b. where the executive authorities are legally empowered to take a decision to impose a state of emergency, the decision shall be subject to approval and review by the legislature. the measures taken shall not be exempt from judicial review under ordinary law. c. economic, social and cultural conditions for the achievement of genuine democracy i. economic development a. genuine democracy shall develop economic systems aimed, amongst other things, at achieving social justice, sustainable economic development, well - being, the promotion of employment and the rational use of economic and environmental resources out of respect for future generations. b. genuine democracy must secure access to essential goods and services for all citizens. c. any economic system must promote the development and self - fulfilment of every individual and the social development of the community aimed at global sustainable development. ii. social development 1. a genuine democracy must be a social democracy a. democracy cannot be genuine unless it has a social dimension. lack of respect for fundamental social rights threatens legal and political equality, the foundation of any democracy. b. social debate and collective bargaining are elements of social development. trade unions and other social partners must be able fully to play their role here. 2. protection against marginalisation or exclusion a. democracy can be measured by the way in which it recognises and treats those who are excluded from society. b. any genuine democracy must take concrete measures to eliminate extreme poverty, economic, social and cultural deprivation and marginalisation, in particular : - by giving the means to persons suffering poverty and social exclusion to obtain information and make themselves heard and to take part in decision - making on public policy, in particular when it affects them ; - by facilitating access by such persons to comprehensive services, including appropriate training to enable them to develop their abilities. iii. cultural development 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5062923965387851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.442364"} {"text": "and make themselves heard and to take part in decision - making on public policy, in particular when it affects them ; - by facilitating access by such persons to comprehensive services, including appropriate training to enable them to develop their abilities. iii. cultural development 1. right to education a. genuine democracy involves giving effect to the right to education, as an integral part of human rights, with a view to lifelong learning. b. education in human rights, in the values and practice of democracy and in active and responsible citizenship is an essential part of the education system which must be provided not only as part of compulsory general education but also in other forms and at other levels of publicly funded education and lifelong learning. in particular, it concerns members of the judiciary, the police and the armed forces and, in general, those who are expected to ensure respect for the rights of individuals. c. the right of parents to ensure that their children receive an education in keeping with their religious and philosophical convictions must be guaranteed insofar as this is compatible with human rights and respects the right of children to their own development. 2. participation in cultural life a. genuine democracy requires everyone to have access to, and be able to participate actively in, cultural life, information and social communication without any discrimination. b. all cultural communities, including those disadvantaged on account of their size, their specific cultural or religious characteristics or their conditions of existence, shall be entitled to pursue their own cultural policy without prejudice to human rights and the rights of other communities. iv. international dimension of democratic principles a. democratic principles must play an ever - increasing role in the conduct of european and international affairs. every democracy has a duty to support states in the process of transition to democracy, as well as a duty of solidarity with persons who are oppressed or live in conditions harmful to their development. b. every genuine democracy must defend democratic principles. it should promote human rights protection and democratic principles in its international relations. c. the protection of universal human rights is an essential responsibility of the international community and of each of its members and no state may invoke the principle of non - interference in its internal affairs when instances of abuse of human rights are reported. d. preserving and accommodating, on an equal footing and in permanent structures, the democracies which will make europe a vast area of democratic security must remain one of the major objectives of the council of europe. democracies are therefore invited to commit themselves to the principles and values set out in this declaration. a p p e n d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49255014128119956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.443423"} {"text": "patent no. 1433. filing year 1872. \" improvements in sewing machines, \" c. raymond. for most of our history, the close relationship between canada and the united states has been conducive to the flow of people and ideas across the border. scottish immigrant alexander graham bell, for example, divided his working life between canada and the u. s., while inventors such as thomas leopold willson and john j. wright developed their ideas south of the border before applying them here. charles raymond of guelph, ontario, could be considered an example of what the canadian media has recently termed the \" reverse brain drain. \" born in ashburnham, massachusetts, raymond had already invented two types of sewing machines before legal patent disputes with the singer company inspired him to relocate in 1860 to montreal, the hub of canada ' s textile industry. he soon lost money on a sewing - machine business and, in 1862, he and 15 tradesmen relocated to guelph where he established the raymond sewing machine company. here he finally found success, making and selling sewing machines and accessories based on a string of patents, including the one above. patent no. 1433 is of particular interest because it was preceded by a caveat filed by raymond in 1869. a caveat, as it applies to patents, is a legal notification of the intention to file a patent for a concept still under development. raymond ' s caveat claimed the invention of \" the application of a check, lever, or spring to a single thread sewing machine, by which the thread is held up to or on the hook or looper, and thus prevented from dropping stitches. \" he just wasn ' t sure where to put the lever, but promised to perfect the design \" as speedily as possible. \" his 1872 patent, above, included the completed lever mechanism. caveats were typically used when the stakes were high. one famous example is american inventor elisha gray ' s caveat for a telephone, filed in the united states patent office just two hours after alexander graham bell filed his telephone patent. the sewing machine business in the 1800s was particularly competitive, and raymond ' s experience with singer in the u. s. may have prompted him to take extra precautions. over the years, raymond ' s business instincts served him well. his canadian base proved advantageous during the u. s. civil war, which hampered his american competitors. later, his emphasis on selling to european markets paid off, while many canadian competitors failed because of their concentration on the domestic market.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4951542900140675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.447776"} {"text": "him well. his canadian base proved advantageous during the u. s. civil war, which hampered his american competitors. later, his emphasis on selling to european markets paid off, while many canadian competitors failed because of their concentration on the domestic market. in 1870, he employed nearly 80 workers ; ten years later, he owned two factories with a workforce of 200. raymond ' s health problems prompted his semi - retirement in 1877, though he continued to invent. he filed a number of patents unrelated to sewing, including an improvement to skates ( no. 13026 ) and a cash register ( no. 43108 ), and was working on a gasoline engine before his death in 1904. a religious man, raymond was also involved in the local temperance movement, which doubtless would have put him at odds with fellow guelph innovator and industrialist george sleeman. grosvenor, edwin s., and morgan wesson. alexander graham bell : the life and times of the man who invented the telephone. new york : harry s. abrams, 1997. nash - chambers, debra l. \" raymond, charles. \" dictionary of canadian biography online. ( accessed november 7, 2005 ). van dulken, stephen. inventing the 19th century : 100 inventions that shaped the victorian age, from aspirin to the zeppelin. new york : new york university press, 2001.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4058823643573452, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.448308"} {"text": "this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. before 1980, most of the chinese who came to canada were from countries in the southeast of canton and so the chinese spoken was mainly cantonese. this is just one of the many dialects spoken in china. today, cantonese and mandarin are the two chinese dialects most spoken in canada. although the chinese brought their own religious beliefs with them, about ten percent of chinese immigrants had changed to christianity by 1923. by 1961, close to sixty percent of chinese canadians were christians. buddhism and islam were also important religions for chinese people in canada. the chinese hold many celebrations throughout the year. the most important one is the chinese new year. it usually is celebrated in february and is a time for settling debts and cleaning house. red packets containing small amounts of money are given away, especially to children, and firecrackers are set off. the lantern festival takes place on the 15th day of the new year. lanterns are hung in homes, along with symbols of good fortune, happiness and health. the ching ming festival falls in april and is also known as remembrance of ancestors day. chinese visit the graves of their loved ones and clear away the weeds. one of the best known festivals, the dragon boat festival, is usually celebrated in june. boats from 45 to 120 feet long, and decorated with dragon ' s heads and tails race each other in competition. paddlers keep in stroke to the beat of loud drums. the mid - autumn festival is a time for people to gather and watch the moon. as darkness falls, lanterns are lit and everyone enjoys moon cakes ( a mix of ground lotus, mashed beans, sesame seeds and dates ) while watching the rise of the large autumn moon. the winter soltice festival takes place on the longest night of the year ( december 22 or 23 ). as people look forward to longer days, they visit with family and enjoy a yummy banquet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4485505673102221, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.450497"} {"text": "some of our most interesting prints were once given away in a magazine. today they comprise an important social history resource for the nineteenth century, illustrating spectacles and other visual devices in use by some of the most significant people of the day. vanity fair was a victorian magazine, founded in 1868 and aimed at the middle and upper sections of society. from the very beginning its illustrations included a distinctive satirical portraiture of a type which was new to english journalism. these portraits were designed to be collectible and many households or clubs enjoyed gathering their own gallery of the most distinguished politicians, clergymen and lawyers of the day. the artists became well - known by their pseudonyms such as ' spy ' and indeed their works are often known by the shorthand label ' spy cartoons '. the caricatures were reproduced by the relatively new colour printing process of chromolithography. many of the vanity fair portraits include spectacles, monocles or pince - nez, often with a neck cord attached. in some cases the depiction is indistinct ; the artist, usually working in watercolour, was interested only in providing an impression of the device. in other portraits however, the optical device is very clearly shown or else exaggerated such that it becomes a defining motif for the person concerned. an example would be the huge monocle filling the socket of mr maguire, the campaigner for irish home rule. the portraits are a useful source for studying the spectacle fashions of the second half of the nineteenth century and the edwardian period. the manner in which a frame is worn, held or suspended is often clearly shown. this may be from a cord, or a coat button. the spectacles may be flourished in the hand or parked out of the way on the forehead. in one instance, the son of the novelist charles dickens is illustrated actually cleaning his spectacle lenses with a cloth. educated victorian readers held contemporary scientists in a level of esteem that would be unfamiliar today. in consequence, certain distinguished names in the fields of optics and ophthalmology are to be found amongst the vanity fair portraits. this includes mr frank crisp, the well - known collector of microscopes, sir george airy, reputedly the first to use a cylindrical lens for his own correction, sir william crookes the chemist ( a former superintendent of the radcliffe observatory ) and r brudenell carter who found fame through his operations on corneal staphyloma. there are so many relevant vanity fair portraits ( the boa museum has 68 for example ) that a comprehensive listing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800993538860724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.455890"} {"text": "a former superintendent of the radcliffe observatory ) and r brudenell carter who found fame through his operations on corneal staphyloma. there are so many relevant vanity fair portraits ( the boa museum has 68 for example ) that a comprehensive listing would seem superfluous. below is attached a list of some of the best that an enthusiast might consider including in his collection. it should be noted that many of these prints are available quite cheaply as modern reproductions. wearing pince - nez or nose spectacles wearing a monocle other optical devices the museyeum guide to the pseudonyms of vanity fair cartoonists : | ao | | = l \u2019 estrange. floruit 1903 - 7. | | ape | | = carlo pellegrini ( 1839 - 1889 ). born capua. came to england 1864. adopted name \u2018 ape \u2019 from 1869. | | f. c. g. | | = sir francis carruthers gould ( 1844 - 1925 ). | | f. t. d. | | = f. t. dalton. floruit 1890. | | guth | | = jean baptiste guth. floruit 1883 - 1921. | | hay | | = floruit 1888 - 1893. | | lib | | = liberio prosperi. floruit 1886 - 1903. | | pal | | = jean de paleogu. born 1855. | | spy | | = sir leslie ward ( 1851 - 1922 ). adopted name \u2018 spy \u2019 from 1873, working 36 years for vanity fair. knighted 1918. | | stuff | | = possibly h. c. sepping wright ( i. e. his name becomes the \u2018 wright stuff \u2019 ). floruit 1894 - 1900. | | t | | = theobald chartran ( 1849 - 1907 ). | | w. a. g. | | = a. g. witherby. floruit 1894 - 1901. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4386735495368414, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.456859"} {"text": "latino adolescents who share knowledge from the classroom, new media and information technology among immigrant families function as \" civic information leaders, \" a new study by the university of colorado boulder shows. their role helps family members assimilate to american culture and also represents a powerful channel through which to campaign to immigrant parents, according to journalism associate professor mike mcdevitt, lead author of the study. \" there is a reason for optimism, as opposed to despair, in thinking about the prospects for reaching a demographic typically portrayed in social science as chronically disengaged from civic and political life, \" said mcdevitt. \" schools, news media and campaign strategists should view adolescents as the most effective way to mobilize latino families for active citizenship, \" he said. \" they should not try to reach parents directly, but instead reach out to teens. this can trigger a trickle - up influence. \" the study was conducted primarily with latino participants from centaurus high school in lafayette, colo. surveys completed by 74 students served as the basis of four focus group discussions involving 53 students and parents. in addition, 12 students completed diaries tracking their media and information technology use over 48 hours. the student participants were surveyed on their use of media and information technology for schoolwork, entertainment and social interaction. their consumption of traditional resources - - radio, newspapers, magazines and television - - and newer tools - - the internet, mp3 players, cellular telephones and texting - - was measured. they also were surveyed on their political views, activities and willingness to discuss civic issues in school and in family settings. participants rated their willingness to listen to opponents, initiate discussion and to disagree, among other questions. \" latino adolescents ' use of traditional media and particularly new information technology is perhaps more frequent than many would expect, \" said mcdevitt. \" youth are tapped into general information and issue awareness, which builds confidence in the classroom and serves as a bridge to the home front, where parents are otherwise disconnected and distrusting of mainstream media. \" the focus group discussions revealed that latino youth and immigrant parents experience distinct sets of information sources that rarely overlap. school and media efforts aimed at increasing civic participation should strive to increase the overlap, said mcdevitt. immigrant parents commonly face language barriers and the undocumented status of many of them causes fear of societal rejection and marginalization, according to the study. many parents in the focus groups also reported shaky computer skills and a skepticism of english - language news media. however, mcdevitt said there is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4660610432657738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.461033"} {"text": "##ented status of many of them causes fear of societal rejection and marginalization, according to the study. many parents in the focus groups also reported shaky computer skills and a skepticism of english - language news media. however, mcdevitt said there is a downside to the dynamic of latino teens serving as information leaders when immigrant parents feel their authority is undermined. \" family communication can be thwarted when latino youth act as information leaders, changing the usual structure of authority, \" said mcdevitt. \" on the other hand, these provocations can promote reciprocal influence in the family because parents want to keep up with their kids and retain a leadership role, particularly about controversial political issues. \" the study recommends figuring out ways to preserve family cohesion, cultural identity and parental leadership while taking advantage of latino youth ' s propensity for leadership in accessing and using new media. \" for many decades, political scientists have often ignored the family in terms of strategy for promoting political participation, or have viewed the family as a barrier, as a private domain that must be overcome, \" said mcdevitt. \" the family is not something to overcome ; it ' s not a deficit ; it ' s a resource for political engagement. \" mary butler, a graduate of cu - boulder ' s communication department, co - authored the study, which is published in the current issue of interactions : ucla journal of education and information studies. student coaches from public achievement, a service - learning program of cu - boulder ' s institute for ethical and civic engagement, helped to recruit study participants and to facilitate focus groups. collaboration on the study also involved mentors from the i have a dream foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46701129137458913, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.461833"} {"text": "practical and common - sense breast cancer dietary tips 1. avoid trans - fats avoid consumption of processed foods, which is the main source of industrially produced trans - fatty acid. an increased intake of trans - fatty acids may raise the risk of breast cancer by 75 percent, suggest the results from the french part of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. women with breast cancer have higher levels of trans fats in their bodies than other women, suggesting \u2013 but not proving \u2013 that eating trans may raise the risk of the disease, says a new report from the european community multi - center study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction, and breast cancer. scientists at the national scientific research center at the university of paris in france, discovered the link between trans - fats and breast cancer after carrying out a study of women taking part in a large european cancer trial. the team found that women with the highest blood levels of trans - fats had about twice the risk of breast cancer compared to women with the lowest levels. trans - fats can be found in cooking fats, baked goods, snacks and a variety of other prepared foods. 2. avoid vegetable oils increased consumption of omega - 6 fatty acids, found in corn oil and most of the oils used in bakery products, could be a reason for the rise in incidence of breast cancer in recent years, say many health researchers. omega - 6 fats have been linked to the development of breast cancer, with a spanish team reporting in 2004 that the fats enhanced expression of certain genes that accelerate the disease. omega - 6 fats are found in refined supermarket cooking oils such as soy oil, corn oil, sunflower, safflower oil, in margarine, and in all processed foods that use these. 3. eat omega - 3 fatty acids epidemiological research has clearly identified a significant inverse correlation between a woman \u2019 s consumption of foods rich in omega - 3 fats and her risk for breast cancer. eat at least three servings a week of cold - water fish such as tuna, wild salmon, halibut, mackerel, haddock, cod, and sardines. if you don \u2019 t eat fish, you can also take fish oil capsules ( 2 to 10g a day ). 4. eat only organic free - range eggs avoid commercially produced eggs and eat only eggs that come from free - roaming hens fed on organic omega 3 enhanced feed. free - range, cage - free chickens have a greater variety of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.398828397804915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.467481"} {"text": "a day ). 4. eat only organic free - range eggs avoid commercially produced eggs and eat only eggs that come from free - roaming hens fed on organic omega 3 enhanced feed. free - range, cage - free chickens have a greater variety of diet, producing eggs that contain more omega - 3 fatty acids and vitamin e. omega 3 enhanced eggs are from hens fed a diet flax seed or fish oils. omega 3 enhanced eggs contain more omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin e than the regular eggs. an independent test conducted by the cbc \u2019 s tv show marketplace found that omega - 3 enhanced eggs contain approximately 7 times more omega 3 fatty acids than regular white eggs. free - range organic eggs have nearly twice the vitamin e, four times the beta carotene ( a precursor to vitamin a ), four times the omega - 3 fatty acids, and half the cholesterol. in addition, the free - range eggs have a significant amount of folic acid. several studies have shown similar results \u2014 one even showed free - range organic eggs to have thirteen times the omega - 3 fatty acids! research has confirmed that the essential nutrient choline, which is found in eggs, can significantly reduce the risk of getting breast cancer. in 2003, a harvard university study indicated that subjects who consumed more eggs and fiber than the average girl during adolescence had a smaller risk of developing breast cancer as adults. eating one egg per day was associated with an 18 percent reduction in risk. conclusion : eat only organic / hormone free egg products that are free of residue of estrogenic hormones that have been linked to promoting breast cancer. 5. avoid processed soy products researchers at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign recently announced results of research suggesting that the highly purified soy foods and soy supplements marketed in the united states may promote the growth of some pre - existing breast cancers. 6. eat whole soy products there have been many studies suggesting that eating whole soy products can help to lower the risk of breast cancer. it \u2019 s been shown for example that oriental women, who have a lower - than - normal incidence of breast cancer, consume much larger amounts of soy products than most american women. when asian women move to the united states, however, their intake of soy products goes down and their incidence of breast cancer goes up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44367426807410104, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.469581"} {"text": "a brochosopy is a procedure in which a long, lighted scope is inserted into the lungs in order to examine the airways of the lungs and to assess lung function. chest fluoroscopy may be performed when the motion of the lungs, diaphragm, or other structures in the chest need to be evaluated. chest ultrasound is a procedure in which sound wave technology is used alone, or along with other types of diagnostic methods, to examine the organs and structures of the chest. a chest x - ray is used to examine the chest and the lungs and other organs and structures located in the chest. ct / cat scans are more detailed than standard x - rays and are often used to assess the organs of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and esophagus, for injuries, abnormalities, or disease. a lobectomy is a surgical procedure that removes one of the lobes of the lungs. a lung biopsy is a procedure in which tissue samples are removed with a special needle to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present. a lung scan is a procedure that uses nuclear radiology to assess the function and structure of the lungs. it is most often performed when problems with the lungs and respiratory tract are suspected. in a lung transplant, one or both diseased lungs are removed and replaced with a healthy lung from another person. a mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure performed to examine the mediastinum - the space behind the sternum ( breastbone ) in the middle of the chest that separates the two lungs. oximetry is a procedure used to measure the oxygen level \u2014 or oxygen saturation \u2014 in the blood. peak flow measurement is a procedure that records the amount of air flowing out of your lungs. peak flow can be measured with either a spirometer or a peak flow meter. a pleural biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of the pleura ( the membrane that surrounds the lungs ) is removed with a special biopsy needle or during surgery to determine if disease, infection, or cancer is present. positron emission tomography ( pet ) is a specialized radiology procedure used to examine various body tissues to identify certain conditions. pet may also be used to follow the progress of the treatment of certain conditions. a pulmonary angiogram is aa procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and x - rays to examine the blood vessels in the lungs and evaluate blood flow to the lungs. pulmonary function tests measure how well your lungs are functioning and are used to help diagnose certain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5583048017479579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.474196"} {"text": "now that the x - 37b space plane is spotted, what is its mission? amateur astronomers say they have found the x - 37b in an orbit that takes it over afghanistan and iraq. a former air force missile officer offers up four possible uses for the space plane \u2013 and weapon is least likely. now we know where the x - 37b is. amateur sky - watchers have spotted the air force miniature space plane traveling in low - earth orbit at an inclination that takes it over iraq and afghanistan, among other nations. skip to next paragraph but this big question remains : what the heck is the x - 37b doing up there, anyway? the air force isn \u2019 t saying. it \u2019 s secret. \u201c the actual on - orbit activities we do classify, \u201d said gary payton, air force undersecretary for space programs, during a conference call with reporters in late april. on april 22 an atlas v rocket roared into the sky from cape canaveral, fla., carrying the x - 37b on its first orbital test flight. at that moment the reusable craft vanished, as far as the general public was concerned. the air force did not say where in space the x - 37b was going. but last week a team of sky - watchers with members who specialize in tracking orbiting objects announced that they \u2019 ve spotted what they are certain is the x - 37b in space, about 255 miles up, circling the earth every 90 minutes. the x - 37b is traveling in a an area bounded by 40 degrees north latitude ( the mid - atlantic of the us, spain, the middle east ) and 40 degrees south latitude ( argentina, south africa, australia ), according to greg roberts, a south african member of the spotting team. the air force says that the performance of the system itself is the biggest thing this launch is testing. they want to see how the x - 37b performs in orbit, how it flies itself back to the ground, and how quickly they can get it ready to re - launch. the goal is to be able to turn the x - 37b around as fast as the air force could turn around a high - performance spy plane such as the sr - 71 blackbird.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501105433993366, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.476878"} {"text": "phishing : the basics here ' s how to be on your guard against phishing attacks cso \u2014 phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e - mails and websites. pharming also aims to collect personal information from unsuspecting victims by essentially tinkering with the road maps that computers use to navigate the web. you don ' t want either one working its evil genius on you, your employees or your customers. here ' s how to be on your guard against both phishing and pharming. last updated : april 2009 - what is phishing? - can we prevent phishing attacks? - what can my company do to reduce our chances of being targeted? - what plans should my company have in place before a phishing incident occurs? - how can we quickly find out if a phishing attack has been launched using our company ' s name? - how can we help our customers avoid falling for phishing? - if an attack does happen, how should we respond? - any legal / regulatory requirements we should be aware of? - what action can we take against the phishers themselves? - how might phishing attacks evolve in the near future? ( e. g. \" spear - phishing ) - how can we guard against pharming attacks? q : what is phishing? a : phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e - mails and websites. typically, a phisher sends an e - mail disguised as a legitimate business request. for example, the phisher may pass himself off as a real bank asking its customers to verify financial data. ( so phishing is a form of \" social engineering \". ) the e - mail is often forged so that it appears to come from a real e - mail address used for legitimate company business, and it usually includes a link to a website that looks exactly like the bank ' s website. however, the site is bogus, and when the victim types in passwords or other sensitive information, that data is captured by the phisher. the information may be used to commit various forms of fraud and identity theft, ranging from compromising a single existing bank account to setting up multiple new ones. early phishing attempts were crude, with telltale misspellings and poor grammar. since then, however, phishing e - mails have become remarkably sophisticated. phishers may pull language straight from official company correspondence and take pains to avoid typos. the fake sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5699331248249455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.482746"} {"text": ", with telltale misspellings and poor grammar. since then, however, phishing e - mails have become remarkably sophisticated. phishers may pull language straight from official company correspondence and take pains to avoid typos. the fake sites may be near - replicas of the sites phishers are spoofing, containing the company ' s logo and other images and fake status bars that give the site the appearance of security. phishers may register plausible - looking domains like aolaccountupdate. com, mycitibank. net or paypa1. com ( using the number 1 instead of the letter l ). they may even direct their victims to a well - known company ' s actual website and then collect their personal data through a faux pop - up window. can we prevent phishing attacks? companies can reduce the odds of being targeted, and they can reduce the damage that phishers can do ( more details on how below ). but they can ' t really prevent it. one reason phishing e - mails are so convincing is that most of them have forged \" from \" lines, so that the message looks like it ' s from the spoofed company. there ' s no way for an organization to keep someone from spoofing a \" from \" line and making it seem as if an e - mail came from the organization. a technology known as sender authentication does hold some promise for limiting phishing attacks, though. the idea is that if e - mail gateways could verify that messages purporting to be from, say, citibank did in fact originate from a legitimate citibank server, messages from spoofed addresses could be automatically tagged as fraudulent and thus weeded out. ( before delivering a message, an isp would compare the ip address of the server sending the message to a list of valid addresses for the sending domain, much the same way an isp looks up the ip address of a domain to send a message. it would be sort of an internet version of caller id and call blocking. ) although the concept is straightforward, implementation has been slow because the major internet players have different ideas about how to tackle the problem. it may be years before different groups iron out the details and implement a standard. even then, there ' s no way of guaranteeing that phishers won ' t find ways around the system ( just as some fraudsters can fake the numbers that appear in caller ids ). that ' s why, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.494579829720045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.484050"} {"text": "a standard. even then, there ' s no way of guaranteeing that phishers won ' t find ways around the system ( just as some fraudsters can fake the numbers that appear in caller ids ). that ' s why, in the meantime, so many organizationsand a growing marketplace of service providershave taken matters into their own hands. what can my company do to reduce our chances of being targeted by phishing attacks? in part, the answer has to do with not doing silly or thoughtless things that can increase your vulnerability. now that phishing has become a fact of life, companies need to be careful about how they use e - mail to communicate with customers. for example, in may 2004, wachovia ' s phones started ringing off the hook after the bank sent customers an e - mail instructing them to update their online banking user names and passwords by clicking on a link. although the e - mail was legitimate ( the bank had to migrate customers to a new system following a merger ), a quarter of the recipients questioned it. as wachovia learned, companies need to clearly think through their customer communication protocols. best practices include giving all e - mails and webpages a consistent look and feel, greeting customers by first and last name in e - mails, and never asking for personal or account data through e - mail. if any time - sensitive personal information is sent through e - mail, it has to be encrypted. marketers may wring their hands at the prospect of not sending customers links that would take them directly to targeted offers, but instructing customers to bookmark key pages or linking to special offers from the homepage is a lot more secure. that way, companies are training their customers not to be duped. it also makes sense to revisit what customers are allowed to do on your website. they should not be able to open a new account, sign up for a credit card or change their address online with just a password. at a minimum, companies should acknowledge every online transaction through e - mail and one other method of the customer ' s choosing ( such as calling the phone number on record ) so that customers are aware of all online activity on their accounts. and to make it more difficult for phishers to copy online data - capture forms, organizations should avoid putting them on the website for all to see. instead, organizations should require secured log - in to access e - commerce forms. at the end of the day, though, better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5434824641930784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.485067"} {"text": "phishers to copy online data - capture forms, organizations should avoid putting them on the website for all to see. instead, organizations should require secured log - in to access e - commerce forms. at the end of the day, though, better authentication is the best way to decrease the likelihood that phishers will target your organization. banks are beginning to experiment with technologies like rsa tokens, biometrics, one - time - use passwords and smart cards, all of which make their customers ' personal information less valuable for phishers. one midsized bank was able to cut its phishing - related atm card losses by changing its authentication process. every atm card has data encoded on its magnetic strip that the customer can ' t see but that most atm machines can read. the bank worked with its network provider to use that hidden information to authenticate atm transactionsan important step that, according to gartner, only about half of u. s. banks had taken by mid - 2005. \" since the number isn ' t printed on the back of the card, customers can ' t accidentally disclose it, \" the bank ' s ciso explained. the information was already in the cards, so the bank didn ' t have to go through an expensive process of reissuing cards. \" it was a very economical solution, and it ' s been very effective, \" said the ciso.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5323491638374234, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.485643"} {"text": "little known episode in john bidwell \u2019 s history : thwarting the 1851 federal indian treaty by michele shover, professor emerita, political science in mid - august of that year, 200 members from mountain and foothill maidu tribelets as well as 100 or so valley maidus gathered on the ranch at bidwell \u2019 s request to consider a federal treaty. they moved back and forth from their tree - sheltered encampments, scattered to avoid old enemies but close enough to meet with friends. at large campfires, the mechoopda maidus roasted slabs of government beef, which rewarded each arriving group. the amount of beef would later become an issue. while some mountain maidus were reluctant to enter rival maidu turf without protection, their curiosity prevailed. they recalled many tribal \u201c big times \u201d there for trade with the mechoopdas. of course, when the best bow maker or other artisan was one of their own, they had held the get - togethers. but when a valley indian was the master builder, the advantage shifted and mountain indians became guests. according to bidwell, such trading events took place at intervals of years, and when they concluded, the mountain and valley tribelets parted as enemies. in bidwell \u2019 s time, the mountain maidus likely made surreptitious night visits to take a look at bidwell \u2019 s ranch or for secret meetings with willing mechoopdas. while bidwell understood the land as his property, the tribelets at large still considered it, rightfully at least, as the maidu territory of their mechoopda tribelet. the indians, many of whom had arrived at bidwell \u2019 s place about three weeks earlier than he expected them, set up camps in heavy groves across from his log house and the long shed, his stable and tack room. the visitors took a keen interest in the ranch \u2019 s new \u201c saltbox \u201d - style store with its \u201c hotel \u201d of several rooms above and the clapboard - sided bunkhouse where bidwell housed \u201c the indian boys \u201d who joined his vaqueros. their elders had worked for john potter, the area \u2019 s pioneer who had a substantial cattle operation which ran south from big chico creek along both sides of the oroville - shasta road. from bidwell the young men learned how to work on field and row crops, and they had put in the rancher \u2019 s first orchards and some grape vines during the previous spring. their elders were posted at the borders of grain fields with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4114586118919281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.491289"} {"text": "road. from bidwell the young men learned how to work on field and row crops, and they had put in the rancher \u2019 s first orchards and some grape vines during the previous spring. their elders were posted at the borders of grain fields with orders to keep out the cattle. the young men \u2019 s bunkhouse not only presented a considerable contrast to the older families \u2019 bark huts, but it pointed to bidwell \u2019 s separation of the male laborers from their families. in other respects, he respected their culture. from their tree - shaded campsites, the mountain maidus could also assess the mechoopdas \u2019 situation. the valley tribelet had agreed to work on bidwell \u2019 s terms. they had nowhere they could go and they gained access to his resources, including added protection from their mountain rivals. this situation intrigued the more warlike mountain tribe. how could they drive off this rancher or tap his resources or find a way to restore their access to the valley? now that they were at bidwell \u2019 s headquarters, they also could communicate with the mechoopdas to compare ideas. while the indians \u2019 activities intrigued onlookers, the drama of treaty commissioner oliver wozencraft \u2019 s arrival conveyed command. accompanying him were \u201c gentlemanly and efficient \u201d army officers and 50 mounted infantry with a train of heavily laden packhorses enveloped in a rolling wall of dust. while wozencraft \u2019 s mission was difficult, he had reason for confidence because he had negotiated signed treaties with other tribes. while he was at bidwell \u2019 s rancho, the san francisco alta declared \u201c the reservations must be made where the indians at present reside \u2026 and that has been the course of the commissioners. \u201d as he slowed to dismount, wozencraft noted the hundreds of indians who took his measure in turn. by contrast to treaty meetings where a few tribesmen had shown up, bidwell had organized an impressive turnout. as wozencraft moved through the crowd with bidwell \u201c doing the honors, \u201d he was impressed by the mix of valley headmen or \u201c captains \u201d and those of the mountain tribelets. the latter were difficult to assemble, most at risk and most dangerous to settlers. he explained later the mountain and foothill maidus lived in small groups and were \u201c generally at war with one another. \u201d hence, \u201c they were very distrustful when it is attempted to bring them together. \u201d the treaty commissioner found bidwell had anticipated his needs. because the native people would find it hard to understand the terms of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44630828566493996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.492248"} {"text": "generally at war with one another. \u201d hence, \u201c they were very distrustful when it is attempted to bring them together. \u201d the treaty commissioner found bidwell had anticipated his needs. because the native people would find it hard to understand the terms of a legal document, he had his carpenter build a lectern to draw a common focus. this podium \u2019 s image entered into the mechoopdas \u2019 oral history. in addition, bidwell provided interpreters. one, rafael, about 12, was the young boy he had \u201c adopted \u201d from a tribelet and trained as his personal assistant. the second interpreter, napani, was about 9. she was a daughter of mechoopda headman luc - a - yan, whom a settler woman described as \u201c a man of superior ability, dignity and fine disposition. \u201d she thought he resembled \u201c a bronze statue. \u201d the ranch was organized for the meeting, the indians were in place, and wozencraft was ready to lay out the treaty terms. deliberations would follow a rocky course \u2014 as would the relationship between wozencraft and bidwell. in 1858 bidwell would testify that commissioner wozencraft had instructed him to offer the indians all the beef they wanted regardless of cost. his statement contradicted wozencraft \u2019 s explicit instructions, however. in an 1851 letter to bidwell, wozencraft referred to their common understanding that bidwell should distribute beef to \u201c keep the indians pacified at the least cost to the government \u201d and that his beef allocations \u201c should be governed by necessity. \u201d bidwell also wanted wozencraft to award him the lucrative contract to supply the beef, even though wozencraft had already awarded it to someone else and wouldn \u2019 t go back on his word. needless to say, bidwell was not happy. there is much more to the treaty story, but the end result was that bidwell worked against the ratification of the treaty, and it failed to pass the california legislature. california is one of the few states that did not establish a treaty with indians. the consequences of this for the california indians, especially the mechoopda maidu, is that many of them are still fighting to be recognized as a tribe, with the incumbent rights and privileges that accompany that recognition. in butte county, the mechoopda maidu are in court to challenge butte county \u2019 s effort to stop them from building a casino southeast of chico. note : this is an excerpt from a chapter from a manuscript by michele shover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48401021563823954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.493180"} {"text": "in early october, the military government of guatemala \u2019 s president otto perez molina massacred a peaceful protest held by indigenous k \u2019 iche protestors from totonicapan, resulting in the death of seven men and leaving thirty - four others injured. totonicapan, a department in the western highlands of guatemala, holds an indigenous k \u2019 iche majority population. despite being one of the poorest and most malnourished of the departments in guatemala, it also has been ranked as one of the most peaceful, ranking third to last for rates of violent crime. military and national police arrived to the cumbre de alaska, a stretch of the inter - american highway in the guatemalan highlands, at 9 : 30 the morning of october 4th. there, hundreds of k \u2019 iches from the department of totonicapan had gathered to protest three issues : elevations in the costs of electricity, changes to the education system, and constitutional reforms that would eliminate government recognition of indigenous ancestral authorities. recounts of what happened that morning vary, but what is confirmed is that three vehicles of military and police personnel approached the scene and eventually fired at least 108 bullets into the crowd of protesters and launched 89 canisters of teargas. initial reactions from the government claimed the police were unarmed. \u201c i want to be emphatic, \u201d began interior minister mauricio lopez bonillo. \u201c the army and police forces that were present were not carrying firearms. they were carrying non - lethal weapons, tear gas and pepper spray. they follow protocol. \u201d he concluded : \u201c the community members attacked each other. \u201d soldier manuel lima vasquez, carrying assault rifle at the cumbre de alaska, october 4th. a very short time later, after photos emerged of military forces carrying assault rifles, they changed the story. this time, the military were carrying weapons, but only shot them in the air to scare protestors who were throwing rocks and sticks. finally, a full investigation of the incident was carried out, concluding that eight soldiers fired weapons directly at protestors, which they did in violation of superior orders. the attorney general of guatemala has charged colonel juan chiroy sal, the commander of the detachment sent to the cumbre de alaska that morning, with extrajudicial murder, along with the eight soldiers who fired their weapons. commissioner dinah shelton, of the inter - american commission on human rights responded : \u201c the iachr values the actions taken by the office of the attorney general. it is now essential that the judicial inquiry continues until all facts are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3926850617631673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.499825"} {"text": "who fired their weapons. commissioner dinah shelton, of the inter - american commission on human rights responded : \u201c the iachr values the actions taken by the office of the attorney general. it is now essential that the judicial inquiry continues until all facts are cleared up, and criminal responsibilities are established. it is also of fundamental importance that the authorities of guatemala adopt mechanisms to avoid excessive use of force by state agents in protests and demonstrations, \u201d according to their press release. the use of violence and repression by the military has come to a peak in otto perez molina \u2019 s administration. perez molina, an ex - military general during guatemala \u2019 s violent armed conflict, campaigned on the promise that he would use a militarized state to combat drug trafficking and violent crime that plagues urban areas. instead, during his first year in office, the country has seen increasing use of military repression against indigenous activists, as was seen in the state of siege imposed in may in the town of barillas, huehuetenango after protests arose over a controversial hydroelectric dam. \u201c we believe there has been a real return to the use of violence as a response to social demands, \u201d explained domingo hernandez, part of the board of directors for the mayan grassroots group waqib \u2019 kej. he continued, \u201c in guatemala we urgently need to start a process of democratization. in this government it hasn \u2019 t been possible. a militarized system is vertical, authoritarian, patriarchal, and doesn \u2019 t allow for citizens \u2013 indigenous peoples, women, and youth \u2013 to express their opinions. this state, led by ex - military officials, is treating our country as if it were their headquarters. \u201d the protest was convened by the group 48 cantones, ( 48 villages ) one of the longest standing, and well - respected system of traditional indigenous governance existing in guatemala. the group is an amalgamation of 48 villages around the department of totonicapan, and is organized to defend the cultural and territorial heritage of their ancestors. anthropologists have tied the group to mayan resistance dating back to the arrival of the spanish colonizers in the region. their system of sustainable forest and water management has been an example for communities all over guatemala. in 2010, cultural survival ' s community radio project worked with 48 cantones to produce a radio - novella series on these sustainable practices for broadcast across community radio stations of guatemala. leaders of the movement have called for a deep and transparent investigation of the massacre, questioning the resolution of the government that the soldiers and the colonoal acted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41177913618105244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.500805"} {"text": "produce a radio - novella series on these sustainable practices for broadcast across community radio stations of guatemala. leaders of the movement have called for a deep and transparent investigation of the massacre, questioning the resolution of the government that the soldiers and the colonoal acted alone, against orders. \" hopefully this will lead to trials of those that acted to shoot but also start a process of investigation into the intellectual leaders, \u201d said juana del carmen tacan, president of the 48 cantones. \" someone must have given the order to shoot them ; we want to know who they were. you have to get to the top. \" cultural survival deplores this act of violence against the members of 48 cantones and extends our condolences to the community of totonicapan. leaders in guatemala have called the international community to action : \u201c we ask the international community to be attentive to what is happening in guatemala. we can \u2019 t permit a return to the past, to new massacres. the people of guatemala want to live in peace and take back our country from the hands of the oligarchy and the military ; to recuperate a democracy that has been taken from us over hundreds of years, \u201d said domingo hernandez. take action : visit the guatemalan human rights commission to urge the governmentt of guatemala to respect the demands of 48 cantones. the massacre at totonicapan became the forefront issue at the october 12th march of resistance in guatemala city, a national call to action for indigenous people ' s to express their most pressing concerns on the anniversary of columbus ' arrival to the americas. \" now a massacre in toto... tomorrow it could be you. join the fight. \" wreaths for each of 7 victims shot and killed by guatemalan military on october 4th. \" he who shot and killed is as guilty as he who ordered : punishment for the minds behind the massacre. \" \" no more massacres \" cultural survival helps indigenous peoples around the world defend their lands, languages, and cultures as they deal with issues like the one you \u2019 ve just read about. to read about cultural survival \u2019 s work around the world, click here. to read more articles on the subject use our search function and explore 40 years of information on indigenous issues. for ways to take action to help indigenous communities, click here. we take on governments and multinational corporations \u2014 and they always have more resources than we do \u2014 but with the help of people like you, we do win. your contribution is crucial to that effort. click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38896183707273363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.502837"} {"text": "teaching materials social studies kits a social history of women [ kit ] by shiela c. robertson and kathleen o \u2019 brien. ( 1986 ). tkss 700 unit of study on the social history of women, concentrating on women from minnesota. includes general lessons on women \u2019 s history, and lessons on six \" non - famous \" historic women : mathilda tolksdorf shillock, linda james benitt, theresa ericksen, mary longley riggs, caroline seabury, and ethel ray nance. for elementary grades. 7 booklets, 6 posters : b & w and col. ; in portfolio, 26 x 39 x 3 cm. my cup runneth over : value game [ kit ]. ( 1973 ). tkss 701 assists players in communicating personal values and interpreting the values of others. black studies [ kit ]. ( 1973 ). tkss 702 examines some of the significant aspects of black american culture. 1. african heritage. 9 cards. - - 2. slavery & civil war. 16 cards. - - 3. reconstruction & jim crowism. 13 cards. - - 4. twentieth century. 32 cards. - - 5. literature & dramatic arts. 14 cards. - - 6. music. 12 cards. - - 7. sports. 6 cards. - - 8. famous black americans. 33 cards. - - 9. bibliography. 7 cards. 142 activity cards, 1 foreword card, 1 table of contents card, 1 title card, and 9 divider cards in container. social studies strategies. [ flash card ] by annette sue hart. ( 1972 ). tkss 703 social studies activities emphasizing student involvement and including dramatic play, role playing, simulation games, map experiences, documents and ancient writing, and making filmstrip. for elementary education. developing understanding of self and others. [ kit ] by don dinkmeyer. ( 1970 ). tkss 704 designed to help children better understand social emotional behavior and may be used by teachers, elementary school counselors, and others as a developmental guidance program. developing understanding of self and others : duso d - 2. [ kit ] ( 1973 ). tkss 705 a program of activities designed for upper primary and grade 4 levels, ages 7 - 10, to help teach concepts of social and emotional behavior. world map in equal area presentation : peters projection. ( 1983 ). tkss 707 \" one square inch on the map = 158, 000 square miles. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4813856124235738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.512781"} {"text": ", ages 7 - 10, to help teach concepts of social and emotional behavior. world map in equal area presentation : peters projection. ( 1983 ). tkss 707 \" one square inch on the map = 158, 000 square miles. \" escapades! [ flash card ]. ( 1996 ). tkss 709 box of 300 different games, challenges, energizers, mind stumpers, tongue twisters, alternate versions to traditional sports and games. for all ages ; 2 or more players. 350 activity cards : b & w ; in box 18 x 10 x 12 cm. + 11 dividers. skillstreaming the elementary school child [ activity card ] : skill cards. ( 1997 ). tkss 710 skill cards list the steps needed to successfully perform each of the 60 prosocial skills outlined in \" skillstreaming the elementary school child. 480 cards : col. ; 8 x 13 cm. a visit to colonial williamsburg [ slide ]. ( 1978 ). tkss 713 follows the tourist route through colonial williamsburg in virginia. shows various buildings and gardens in order as they appear along the way. shows the interiors and exteriors of major exhibition buildings. \" with lecture notes. revised 3 / 21 / 78. \" here \u2019 s looking at you, demo kit. grades 7 - 9 [ kit ]. ( 2001 ). tks 714 demonstration kit for preview purposes with a sampling of the materials contained in the complete \" here \u2019 s looking at you \". a research - based, mixed - media prevention program focused on the gateway drugs of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana. designed to promote healthy norms, increase protective factors, and reduce risk factors that have been correlated with drug use. developed around three components : giving students current and accurate information, teaching them social skills, and providing opportunities for them to bond with their school, their families, and their community. 3 posters, 1 audiocassette, 3 videocassettes, 1 book, 1 magazine, 1 teacher \u2019 s guide with cd - rom, 2 inventory / ordering pages ; in container, 31 x 35 x 12 cm. project alert [ videorecording ] : a drug prevention program for middle grades. ( 2003 ). tkss 715 a two year, fourteen lesson plan program for middle school students, which focuses on drugs that adolescents are most likely to use : alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. parent involved homework assignments extend the learning process. project alert - - a guided tour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5112376674827994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.513872"} {"text": "year, fourteen lesson plan program for middle school students, which focuses on drugs that adolescents are most likely to use : alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. parent involved homework assignments extend the learning process. project alert - - a guided tour - - let \u2019 s talk about marijuana - - pot : the party crasher - - lindsey \u2019 s choice - - pot or not? - - clearing the air - - saying no to drugs - - paul \u2019 s fix - - resisting peer pressure. videotape dates run from 1996 - 2002 ; teacher \u2019 s guidebook is copyrighted for 2003. grades 6 - 8. 9 videocassettes : sd., col. ; 1 / 2 in. + 1 loose - leaf teacher \u2019 s guidebook + 12 posters. multimedia vc 4713 pts. 1 - 9 & suppl. & tkss 715 my friends and me. [ kit ] by duane e. davis. ( 1977 ). tkss 716 a carefully balanced program of group activities and materials designed to help teachers and parents assist the healthy personal and social development of young children. for preschool education. mix - n - match cards [ game ]. ( 1995 ). tkss 717 geography term - n - definition - - historical character - n - achievement - - historical event - n - date - - state - n - abbreviation - - state - n - capital - - sports. v. of cards : ill. ; 28 cm. raccoon circles [ kit ] : a handbook for facilitators. ( 2001 ). tkss 718 intended to teach coworkers to work as a team while performing various games. 1 piece of nylon webbing ; 2 books. relocation of japanese americans [ picture ]. ( 197? ). tkss 719 photographs of japanese americans who had to leave their homes and businesses during world war ii. 15 study prints : b & w. ; 28 x 36 cm. + 1 explanatory sheet. just choices [ videorecording ] : exploring social justice today. ( 19?? ). tkss 721 this video complements the just choices program as it teaches students about a modern - day social justice movement. the video documents the journeys of four high school students as they investigate the roles and treatment of animals in society for a class project on social justice. as the students learn about the movement, its victories and struggles, and the role of animals in society, they realize that they can make a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503941850619267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.514771"} {"text": "high school students as they investigate the roles and treatment of animals in society for a class project on social justice. as the students learn about the movement, its victories and struggles, and the role of animals in society, they realize that they can make a difference through the choices that they make. 1 videocassette ( 21 min. ) : col. ; 1 / 2 in. + teacher \u2019 s guide ( 6 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. ) + 1 poster + 5 activity sheets. dr. playwell \u2019 s don \u2019 t pick on me game [ game ]. ( 2005 ). tkss 722 designed to help children learn to deal with bullying and teasing in a non - threatening atmosphere. for 2 - 4 players, ages 6 - 12. 1 game ( 1 board, 16 figures, 1 spinner, 72 game cards, 16 stands, 100 chips, 1 assessment card, 1 answer sheet ( two - sided ), 1 booklet of instructions ) ; in box 6. 5 x 29 x 24 cm. dr. playwell \u2019 s game of social success [ game ]. ( 2004 ). tkss 723 designed to help children get to know one another while playing games and learn social skills that can be used immediately with other players. for 2 - 4 players, ages 6 - 12. 1 game ( 1 board, 4 playing pawns, 1 egg timer, 1 spinner, 48 social success cards, 1 skills assessment card, 1 pad of questionnaires, 1 pad of success certificates, 1 booklet of instructions ) ; in box 6. 5 x 29 x 24 cm. [ positive behavior poster collection ] [ picture ]. ( 2003 ). tkss 724 posters designed to help encourage good behavior in children through positive reinforcement. say it with signs - - caught you being good - - rules & consequences chart. 3 posters : col. ; 60 x 46 cm. + 3 directions sheets, 2 felt markers. coat of arms. by catherine daly - weir ; illustrated by jeff crosby. ( 2000 ). tkss 725 traces the origins of coat of arms and the rules that govern their use and design. includes a stencil to help the reader design their own coat of arms. 31 p. : col. ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 plastic stencil. timetoenrich : grades 7 - 12 activity kit : instruction manual. ( 2002 ). tkss 726 presents activities that educate as well as entertain in the areas of social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4842315626074264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.515618"} {"text": "ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 plastic stencil. timetoenrich : grades 7 - 12 activity kit : instruction manual. ( 2002 ). tkss 726 presents activities that educate as well as entertain in the areas of social development, healthy living, citizenship, and career awareness. cards present 180 activities and the leader \u2019 s guide contains a cd - rom with reproducible worksheets, sample letters to parents, praise certificates, and a list of resources. grades 7 - 12. 187 p. ; ill. : 28 cm. + 1 cd - rom ( 4 3 / 4 in. ) + 180 activity cards ( in box 20 x 16 x 9 cm. ) the story grammar marker [ kit ]. ( 2002 ). tkss 727 kit provides methods for organizing the integration of thinking, speaking and writing skills in the classroom. grades k - 5. 1 teacher \u2019 s marker ( 27 in. ) ; 1 guide ( 195 p. ). harcourt horizons. ( 2003 ). tkss 728 about my community ( grade 2 ) - - people and communities ( grade 3 ) - - states and regions ( grade 4 ) - - united states history ( grade 5 ) - - world regions ( grade 6 ). grades k - 6 / 7. harcourt horizons. ( 2005 ). tkss 729 about my community ( grade 2 ) - - people and communities ( grade 3 ) - - states and regions ( grade 4 ) - - united states history : beginnings ( grade 5 ) - - world history ( grade 6 ). fetal alcohol spectrum disorders [ kit ] : education & prevention curriculum. ( 2006 ). tkss 730 a school - based curriculum for grades k - 12 that provides age - appropriate information about the consequences that alcohol can have on human development. the curriculum also teaches youth to be tolerant and accepting of all individuals regardless of their individual capabilities or disabilities. 5 books, 5 computer optical discs, 1 model of brain with stand and guide card. this is my home [ kit ] : a minnesota human rights education experience. ( 2005 ). tkss 731 the goal of the kit is to integrate and simplify human rights education in k - 12 schools statewide. the objectives are to engage all members of the school community in creating a learning environment in which everyone can grow to their full potential with their human rights and human dignity upheld ; to motivate all members of the school community to take responsibility in promoting and protecting human rights, so that student achievement, development,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4809662486135482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.516506"} {"text": "in creating a learning environment in which everyone can grow to their full potential with their human rights and human dignity upheld ; to motivate all members of the school community to take responsibility in promoting and protecting human rights, so that student achievement, development, and performance can thrive ; to develop new tools for sharing and monitoring emerging human rights education practices. 2 booklets, 1 computer optical disc, 1 dvd, 1 pamphlet, 5 guide cards. the land of tutankhamen [ chart ] produced by sunday times special projects unit. ( 1972 ). tkss 732 presents egyptian civilization at the time of tutankhamen, 1361 - 1352 b. c. includes descriptions of tutankhamen, egyptian kingship, pyramid construction, hieroglyphics. 1 wall chart : col. ; 98 x 74 cm., folded to 25 x 19 cm. skillstreaming the adolescent [ kit ] by arnold p. goldstein ; ellen mcginnis. tkss 733 program for teaching prosocial skills. skill cards list the steps needed to successfully perform each of the 50 prosocial skills outlined in skillstreaming the adolescent. 337 p. : 23 cm. + 400 skillcards : ( col. ; 8 x 13 cm. ) + 1 program form ( 43 p. ; 28 cm. ) + 1 student manual. ( 60 p. ; 28 cm. ) dr. playwell \u2019 s game of self - control [ game ]. ( 2005 ). tkss 734 designed to help children learn the importance of self - control at school, in their homes and communities, and in personal habits. for 2 - 4 players, ages 6 - 12. 1 game ( 1 board, 2 dice, 4 pawns, 48 game cards, 100 chips, 1 assessment card, 4 colored circles, 1 booklet of instructions ) ; in box 6. 5 x 29 x 24 cm. turtle puppet [ toy ]. ( 2008 ). tkss 735 turtle plush puppet with western hemisphere on shell, green head, green feet with yellow soles, yellow underbelly and edge of shell, purple mouth, and embroidered eyes. for more information, contact : martha eberhart, reference librarian 416 library drive duluth, mn 55812 revised and updated 11 / 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49340524436191396, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.517341"} {"text": "go out and have unprotected sex, you ' ll be happier! say what?! that ' s what researchers from suny albany are saying in a new study. they claim that certain chemicals found in semen can have a positive effect on the physical and mental health of women who frequently engage in unprotected sex. according to the study, \" semen is known to contain such \" mood - altering chemicals \" as estrone and oxytocin, which elevate mood ; cortisol, which promotes affection ; serotonin, which acts as an antidepressant ; and melatonin, which induces sleep. \" they determined through an anonymous survey of 293 women on campus, that women who have oral sex or unprotected sex on a regular basis were \" happier than those who practiced safe sex. \" to measure the mood of survey participants, researchers had the women complete the beck depression inventory, which is a standard clinical test used to assess depressive symptoms. of all their findings, perhaps the most interesting was the discovery that sexually active women who usually or always used condoms were on par in their unhappiness with women who abstained from sex altogether. we ' ll see how \" happy \" they are after they get an std. according to statistics an estimated 65 million americans are living with an std. there are 19 million new cases of stds every year. and women are even more at risk for some stds. for instance 75 % of women have chlamydia and don ' t even know it. 1 in 4 women have hpv. not to mention women account for one in four new hiv diagnoses and deaths caused by aids. why don ' t they just start selling medicinal sperm at sperm banks, it ' d be safer. what do you think about this study? get in on the dish. send me your tweets : twitter. com / maggiesworld or emails : firstname. lastname @ example. org or comment on the online dish facebook fan page. and that ' s today ' s helping of online dish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4552543465352289, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.519375"} {"text": "prairie dogs enjoy a snack in their habitat at the detroit zoo. ( joe ballor / daily tribune ) species : prairie dogs ( cynomus lodovicianus ) home : north america \u2019 s prairies and open grassland. the detroit zoo is home to over 70 black - tailed prairie dogs. the zoo \u2019 s prairie dog habitat features three clear observation areas where children under 4 - feet tall can observe the animals from inside the habitat. \u201c the kids love it, \u201d said betsie meister, assistant curator of mammals at the detroit zoo. \u201c they can \u2019 t believe they can get right up close and look eye - to - eye with the prairie dog. it \u2019 s really unique. \u201d average life span : 3 - 4 years in the wild ; up to 8 years in captivity height : head and body, 12 - 15 inches ; tail, 3 - 4 inches weight : 2 - 4 pounds going to town : prairie dogs live in towns that typically cover less than a half - square mile. some prairie dog towns are enormous, with one in texas reportedly covering 25, 000 square miles with an estimated 400 million individuals. birth : reproduce once per year, with 3 - 4 pups now you know : there are five species of prairie dogs, rodents that are considered ground squirrels. they live in underground burrows, an extensive tunnel system with front and back doors and separate rooms for sleeping, defecating, nurseries, etc. there are also listening rooms near the surface, so they can detect predators. a prairie dog family consists of a male, several females and the youngsters. they are highly sociable and grooming is a regular pastime. they even \u201c kiss \u201d and hug each other. family members share food and work together to chase off other prairie dogs. they have a complex communication system that helps warn of predators. protection status : because they eat crops and their burrows are a tripping danger to horses, prairie dogs have been targeted by extermination campaigns. several species dependent on the prairie dog, such as the black - footed ferret, are endangered or threatened. detroit zoo information : ( 248 ) 541 - 5717, www. detroitzoo. org. \u2014 joe ballor, daily tribune note : animals of the zoo is a weekly series. next : tigers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3866335902513217, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.522810"} {"text": "calendar reform and eclipses : the place of edzna high noon among the maya although both the 260 - day sacred almanac and the 365 - day secular calendar predated the maya by well over a millennium, and the \" principle \" of using key calendar dates to define urban locations and the long count itself had likewise been developed by the olmecs several centuries before the maya emerged as a civilized society, it was the latter who seized upon these intellectual tools and honed them to the highest level of sophistication of any of the native peoples of mesoamerica. ironically, they did so in one of the most difficult environments in the entire region ; yet, this same environment may ultimately have been responsible for their failure to survive as an advanced and vigorous culture until the arrival of the europeans. having largely been displaced from their initial homeland in the gulf coastal plain of mexico by the migration of the zoques in the thirteenth century b. c., most of the mayan - speaking peoples ended up moving toward the east. ( it will be remembered that only one group of maya moved northward as a result of the zoque advance, becoming in the process the huastecs. ) the area into which the maya moved can be subdivided into three rather distinct geographic regions. the first of these was the peten region of northern guatemala and southern yucatan : an area of relatively heavy precipitation mantled in dense tropical rain forest, developed on a deeply weathered base of flat - lying limestone, pocked with solution valleys - - many of which contain lakes of some size - - and laced by numerous rivers. the second region was the yucatan peninsula itself : an area of drier climate developed on a low and almost featureless limestone plateau with no surface drainage and supporting a vegetation cover of short, deciduous, tropical scrub forest. and the third region comprised the highlands of guatemala : an area of subtropical to temperate mixed forest developed on a base of folded limestone ridges in the north that give way to lofty volcanic peaks in the south. the climatic station of flores is located in the heart of the region of peten, now a part of northern guatemala. it is representative of tikal and the core area of the so - called \" old empire \" of the maya. although its water need ( i. e., temperature ) curve is somewhat more variable than those of soconusco or the olmec region, its precipitation curve demonstrates both a monsoonal peak during the warmest months of the year and a very marked hurricane peak in early autumn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45084800785691076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.551681"} {"text": ". e., temperature ) curve is somewhat more variable than those of soconusco or the olmec region, its precipitation curve demonstrates both a monsoonal peak during the warmest months of the year and a very marked hurricane peak in early autumn. its warmth and moisture indices insure its classification as a tropical humid climate, which supports a native vegetation of heavy rain forest. merida, the capital and largest city of yucatan, is located in the northwestern quadrant of the peninsula, away from the trade winds which blow in constantly from the caribbean sea. its water budget diagram is typical of the region which constituted the so - called \" new empire \" of the maya, represented by such sites as uxmal, mayapan, and chichen itza. its relatively uniform water need ( i. e., temperature ) curve is unfortunately not matched by its precipitation curve, so much of the year the area experiences a moisture deficit. monsoonal rains in the high - sun period seasonally provide enough moisture for a corn harvest, and a small surplus is usually recorded with the passage of an autumn hurricane. while the station ' s warmth index indicates that it is clearly tropical, the fact that merida only receives about 60 percent of the moisture it actually needs means that the native vegetation of the northern yucatan is scrub forest. ( data from secretaria de recursos hidraulicos. ) as was pointed out earlier, the maya seem to have founded their earliest major ceremonial center in what has to have been the most favored geographic setting in all of the yucatan - - on the edge on the largest aguada or alluvial depression, in the entire peninsula. located in what today is the interior of campeche state, this vast soil - filled depression provided the agricultural support system for the incipient \" city \" we now know as edzna. dating to about 150 b. c., edzna was a bustling urban node for more than 20, 000 persons at the peak of its existence in the early centuries of the christian era. figure 34. the climatic station of quezaltenango is located in the western highlands of guatemala, just over the sierra madre from soconusco. its low latitude and high elevation combine to produce a very even water need curve which in no month exceeds 75 mm ( 3 in. ). although the station enjoys a 12 - month growing season ( delimited by the straight line near the bottom of the graph ),, an occasional frost can pose a risk to crops. its extreme precipitation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47849522329284755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.552715"} {"text": "month exceeds 75 mm ( 3 in. ). although the station enjoys a 12 - month growing season ( delimited by the straight line near the bottom of the graph ),, an occasional frost can pose a risk to crops. its extreme precipitation curve, with a low - sun deficit and a high - sun surplus, exemplifies a typical monsoonal climate. however, with a warmth index of less than 4. 0, it qualifies as a warm - temperate humid climate which supports a native vegetation of mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest. although the layout of edzna mimicked that of teotihuacan, its contemporary on the mexican plateau, by being oriented to the setting sun on the \" day the world began, \" the maya priests were no doubt quick to realize that august 13 was a date that had no real meaning to the peasant farmers of the yucatan. the priests were certainly aware of the practice of using the zenithal passage of the sun to herald the beginning of a new year, but at edzna the sun passed overhead at noon no less than 18 days earlier than the date that the olmecs had established as \" the beginning of time. \" obviously, while the maya couldn ' t change the facts of history, they could amend the calendar to accord more closely with the realities of their own physical setting. not only did the priests of edzna appreciate the need for such a calendar reform, but their reckoning also told them that an auspicious time for such a change was drawing nigh. the long count was nearing the completion of baktun 7, and baktun 8 was soon about to begin. what more appropriate a time could they have contemplated for \" turning over a new leaf \"? yet, as baktun 8 neared and the zenithal sun passed overhead, it was as if the maya ' s own auguries obliged them to postpone the calendar reform. forty - five days before the dawn of baktun 8, they recorded the passage of the zenithal sun, which fell in that year ( a. d. 41 ) on the maya date 3 men 3 uayeb. it was the latter aspect of this date which must have given them pause, because the \" month \" of uayeb was the five - day unlucky period at the end of the maya year. during these five inauspicious days, the people were wont to keep as low a profile as possible, engaging in only a minimum of activities, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5114111360598385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.553703"} {"text": "unaware earlier. they were well aware, of course, that every time one of their \" vague years \" of 365 days was completed, the date in the 260 - day sacred almanac had advanced by another 105 days. but, because the least common divisor between the two counts was 5 and there were 20 day - names in the sacred almanac, there would only be 4 day - names that would repeatedly coincide with the beginning of the 365 - day year. thus, because their calendar reform was initiated on a day called 12 eb in the sacred almanac, in the following year the maya new year fell on 13 caban ( 105 days later in the sacred almanac ). however, in the year after that - - because the sacred almanac used only 13 numerals - - the new year fell on 1 ik ( another advance of 105 days ). and in the fourth year, the maya new year ' s day was celebrated on 2 manik ( 105 days farther along in the almanac ). by the beginning of the fifth year, the cycle of 20 day - names started over, so that the following four years began on 3 eb, 4 caban, 5 ik, and 6 manik, respectively - - each year being identified with the next higher numeral but always with one of the same 4 day - names. from this realization, the maya developed the notion that these four days of the sacred almanac - - eb, caban, ik, and manik - - were \" the bearers of the years \" ; that is, they \" carried \" the year along until it was passed on to the next \" bearer, \" much as athletes run a relay race. this idea of \" year bearers \" gives us an insight into how the maya envisioned time ; each day was a \" burden \" to be carried by the deity who presided over it until his leg of the relay was complete, at which time he transferred it to the next deity, and so it went. reassuring as the notion of regular \" year bearers \" must have been to the maya, they were still troubled by the fact that the beginning of their new year soon failed to coincide with the zenithal passage of the vertical sun. naturally, this was because their \" vague year \" was 365 days long, rather than 365 days plus a fraction, so that in four years their secular calendar slipped a full day. thus, when the zenithal sun passed over edzna for the fifth time, it did so on 1 pop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4960277315491618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.556679"} {"text": "\" was 365 days long, rather than 365 days plus a fraction, so that in four years their secular calendar slipped a full day. thus, when the zenithal sun passed over edzna for the fifth time, it did so on 1 pop rather than 0 pop ; by the ninth time, new year ' s day fell on 2 pop ; by the thirteenth time, its passage took place on 3 pop, and so forth. ironically, by measuring the passage of the zenithal sun over edzna so precisely, the maya priests came to realize as never before how imprecise their time - count really was. ( in this same connection, it is interesting to note that bishop landa records that the maya had, by the sixteenth century, shifted over to using the days kan, muluc, ix, and cauac as their year bearers. ) on the other hand, the decision by the priests of edzna to make the beginning of their year accord with the zenithal passage of the sun over their city - - an event which occurs on july 26 in our own calendar - - left a lasting mark on maya timekeeping. as it turned out, the parallel of 19\u00ba. 5 n latitude on which edzna is located neatly bisects the yucatan peninsula, which means that throughout the maya heartland the zenithal passage of the sun was an event that had meaning and relevance to everyone. it appears, therefore, that edzna, through the combined \" accidents \" of geography and history came to serve as the \" greenwich of the maya, \" for nowhere else within the region they occupied could the july 26 zenithal passage be calibrated except there. in other words, no other ceremonial center within the maya area is situated at precisely this latitude, so only at edzna could the new year ' s date be pinpointed. in fact, writing about edzna, thompson observes that its priests seem to have exercised something akin to a \" veto power \" in calendrical matters, for he mentions a possible one - day correction to the calendar having been made there in the year 671, after which all the other maya ceremonial centers appear to have fallen into line ( thompson, 1950 ). one of the early spanish prelates of the yucatan, bishop landa, reported that the maya marked the beginning of their new year with the zenithal passage of the sun on the equivalent of july 26 in our calendar. such an event takes place along the parallel of 19\u00ba. 5 n,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5203642761176064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.557597"} {"text": "yucatan, bishop landa, reported that the maya marked the beginning of their new year with the zenithal passage of the sun on the equivalent of july 26 in our calendar. such an event takes place along the parallel of 19\u00ba. 5 n, a line which neatly bisects the peninsula but intersects only one major site in doing so - - edzna. because the first day of the maya new year, 0 pop, initially coincided with july 26 around the year a. d. 48, this would appear to mark the beginning of their \" reformed \" calendar. some researchers have assumed that each maya ceremonial center had its own calendar, but the observation by thompson cited above suggests otherwise. so, too, does the historical record, because bishop diego de landa, the third spanish prelate of the yucatan, specifically records that the maya began their new year with the passage of the zenithal sun, and that the day this occurred was the equivalent of july 26 in the gregorian calendar. it is of further interest to note that in the interval between the time the maya priests undertook the calendar reform in the year a. d. 48 and the time that landa wrote, one entire sothic cycle of 1460 years had passed, and astronomical events which were in phase in the year 48 were again in phase in the year 1508. ( the word sothic comes from the egyptian name for the star sirius. because the ancient egyptian calendar also had 365 days, rather than 365. 25 days, the rising of sirius, which marked the egyptian new year, was likewise found to get out of phase with the movements of the sun. however, by careful measurement the egyptians found that after 1460 full solar years had passed - - the equivalent of 1461 of their \" imperfect \" years - - the sun and the stars would once more be back in harmony with each other. ) thus, the zenithal sun passage once again coincided with the day 0 pop in the maya secular calendar in that year and during the three following years. all attempts to understand maya civilization have been made immensely more difficult because bishop landa, in his religious zeal, managed to consign all but a handful of the maya ' s books and records to his bonfires. the rather straightforward description of the astronomical importance of edzna which i have sketched out above was by no means as direct and uncomplicated as it might sound. but it did begin with the two clues which landa bequeathed to us - - namely, that the maya new year coincided with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5125244321400727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.558535"} {"text": "were back in the period a. d. 48 - 51. in view of the antiquity of this date as opposed to the relative \" lateness \" of edzna ' s supposed founding, in my 1978 article reporting the findings of my computer study i decided to make no mention of the \" maya calendar reform \" which i had hypothesized had taken place there. ( the deductions which had led me to izapa had embroiled me in enough conflict with the archaeologists, i felt. ) ironically, as my article was going to press in the winter of 1978, 1 chanced to meet prof. matheny, who had recently excavated edzna, in the field. when i cautiously mentioned to him how my deductions had suggested a calendar reform having taken place there \" about 600 years before the place was founded, \" he laughed and replied, \" well, cinco pisos may have been a late classic construction but our radiocarbon data show us that edzna itself was a thriving concern already about 150 b. c. \" encouraged by both my computer findings and prof matheny, i then went on to edzna to make the further discoveries reported in these pages. making sense of the moon pinning down the movement of the sun, irregular as it was with respect to the long count, was like child ' s play for the maya compared to their struggle to understand the movements of the moon. once again their failure to recognize the concept of fractions obliged them to undertake lengthy counts of cycles in the hope of eventually finding two periods which coincided in nice, whole integers. a case in point is the length of a lunation, the period of time between two successive new moons. the maya obviously realized that it was not 29 days, but it also was not 30 days. attempting to describe a time period which was actually 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 2. 8 seconds in length was for them a philosophical impossibility. yet, after they had counted 149 \" moons \" in a row they realized that exactly 12 tuns and 4 uinals had elapsed, or a total of 4400 days ; they were then confident that the cycle would begin over again, with the moon occupying the same position it had had relative to the sun when the cycle began. that they could do so with reasonable assurance is demonstrated by the fact that 4400 days divided by 149 lunations yields an average of 29. 5302 days per lunation - - a value less than 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5250217523370295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.560617"} {"text": "relative to the sun when the cycle began. that they could do so with reasonable assurance is demonstrated by the fact that 4400 days divided by 149 lunations yields an average of 29. 5302 days per lunation - - a value less than 0. 0004 at variance with that used by modern astronomers! more difficult yet, however, was trying to find some regular pattern in the moon ' s seemingly erratic bouncing around the sky. unlike the sun, which moves progressively farther north or south each day until it finally reaches its \" stopping place \" and then turns around, the moon rises and sets at such different times of the day or night in such widely differing places along the horizon that it might seem \" illogical, \" \" crazy, \" or \" drunken \" in its behavior. indeed, if it were not for the fact that on occasion the moon suddenly became dark, or, even worse, that the sun itself was sometimes \" devoured \" by darkness without warning, perhaps there would have been no real reason to try to make sense out of the moon ' s motions. initially, the priests may have shared the layman ' s terror of the disappearing sun or moon, but not too many eclipses would have occurred before they may have suspected some functional relationship between the orderly path of the sun and the seemingly disorderly path of the moon. yet, not until the \" crazy \" ricocheting of the latter could be understood would they be able to predict the occurrence of eclipses, and only after they had mastered that skill would they be in a position to exercise the full power of that knowledge over their untutored subjects. stela c from tres zapotes now reposes in the national museum of anthropology and history in mexico city. the missing baktun value of its long count inscription was found in 1969, confirming the carving ' s 32 b. c. date. the lower edge of the stela is ruptured through the middle of the glyphs that give the number and name of the day in the sacred calendar. the preoccupation of the early mesoamericans with this matter of eclipses can probably be detected in one of the oldest long count inscriptions yet discovered, namely, stela c from tres zapotes found by matthew stirling in 1939. although the controversy over whether its missing baktun value was a \" 7 \" or an \" 8 \" was conclusively settled with the discovery of the detached fragment in 1969, no real attempt has been made to ascertain what its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5008494223319766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.562661"} {"text": "1939. although the controversy over whether its missing baktun value was a \" 7 \" or an \" 8 \" was conclusively settled with the discovery of the detached fragment in 1969, no real attempt has been made to ascertain what its date actually recorded. its inscription reads \" 220. 127. 116. 11. 18 \" in the long count, which may be transcribed into the julian date of september 5, - 31, or 32 b. c., if we use the goodman - martinez - thompson correlation value of 584, 285. ( of course, if we were to employ thompson ' s \" revised \" value of 584, 283 from 1935, the date would equate to september 3 instead. ) in an earlier paper ( malmstrom, 1992a ), i advanced the notion that, although stela c was only discovered in 1939, the meaning of its inscription may well be found in a monumental work of european science first published in 1877. known as canon der finsternisse, or \" table of eclipses, \" the volume is the work of theodor von oppolzer, an austrian count, and a team of his assistants, and constitutes a catalog of over 8000 solar and 5200 lunar eclipses ranging in date from 1208 b. c. to a. d. 2161. although his 376 pages of calculations and 160 maps charting the central paths of the solar eclipses were all carried out by hand, their accuracy has only recently been reconfirmed by modern researchers using computers ( meeus and mucke, 1979 ). listed as event no. 2803 in oppolzer ' s list of solar eclipses is one whose path of centrality passed right over the olmec ceremonial center of tres zapotes at dawn on the morning of august 31, 32 b. c. a more frightening celestial event can scarcely be imagined, for the sun rose out of the gulf of mexico totally black except for a ring of light around its outer edges. oppolzer described it as an annular, or ringlike, eclipse, and subsequent calculations at the u. s. naval observatory have revealed that the disk of the sun was 93 percent obscured ( personal communication ). surely, a \" day without a sunrise \" is not likely to have gone unrecorded by the olmecs! but, if this eclipse really is the same event as that described by oppolzer, why does its date not coincide with that which he records? a number of possible explanations suggest themselves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5065857993027365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.563657"} {"text": "to have gone unrecorded by the olmecs! but, if this eclipse really is the same event as that described by oppolzer, why does its date not coincide with that which he records? a number of possible explanations suggest themselves : ( 1 ) perhaps the olmecs waited either three or five days to record it, depending on which correlation value of thompson ' s one uses ; ( 2 ) perhaps the stone carver who engraved the stela made an error of either three or five days in inscribing the date ; or ( 3 ) perhaps the goodman - martinez - thompson correlation value is incorrect by three to five days. of course, there is also a fourth possibility - - namely, that it had nothing whatsoever to do with the eclipse recorded by oppolzer, and that it was merely a strikingly close coincidence of both geography and history. the first hypothesis has no merit whatsoever, for if the olmecs consciously chose to put off recording the date, they would certainly have no means for measuring eclipse cycles with any precision. any basis they might have had for maintaining accurate records would thus largely have been vitiated. the second hypothesis is credible ; after all, \" to err is human. \" if this is the case, the inscription on stela c is more likely the result of an illiterate stone carver ' s mistake, however, than of a priest ' s miscalculation. but, if so, which is the \" easier \" mistake to make : to carve an extra three dots in the final, or kin, position - - equivalent to a three - day error - - or to carve an extra bar in the kin position - - equivalent to a five - day error? clearly, the mistaken addition of one symbol - - the bar - - would have been more likely than the mistaken addition of three symbols, so the discrepancy between oppolzer and the olmecs would appear to have been a matter of five days rather than three. the third hypothesis - - that the gmt itself may be off by three to five days - - is hardly likely, but the merits of the second hypothesis are now reflected in the accuracy of the original thompson correlation value of 584, 285. if that value is used, then the five - day discrepancy between oppolzer and the olmecs is substantiated ; if, on the other hand, we use thompson ' s \" revised \" value of 584, 283, then the lack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017642207356686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.564775"} {"text": ", then the five - day discrepancy between oppolzer and the olmecs is substantiated ; if, on the other hand, we use thompson ' s \" revised \" value of 584, 283, then the lack of a correspondence between the two dates can no longer be explained as an error, and we would probably have to abandon any thought that the olmecs were recording the eclipse after all. that, in turn, would mean discarding both the close historical \" coincidence \" between the two dates and the geographic \" coincidence \" of the passing of the eclipse ' s central path directly over tres zapotes. in effect, therefore, the inscription of stela c, erroneous though it seems to be, appears to confirm the accuracy of the original thompson correlation value between the olmec calendar and our own. in all fairness, however, it should be noted that there is one further complication in this interpretation of stela c ' s date. the bottom edge of the inscription is broken just at the point where the number and name of the day in the sacred almanac is recorded. if the long count inscription itself is accurate, the day - number and - name should be 6 eznab, and this is the way the fragmentary glyph at the bottom of the inscription is translated by most scholars. if the numeral is indeed rendered by a dot and a bar, then there is no question of its being a \" 6, \" but in keeping with my hypothesis that a second bar had been mistakenly added to the inscription. obviously, my argument is not destroyed by such a reading but it is substantially weakened, for to be consistent with my hypothesis, the day - number should have been a \" 1 \" instead. of course, if the inscription is accurate as it stands, it would then reopen the whole issue of what it was that the olmecs were actually recording on that intriguing occasion. if the blackened sun at dawn was not noteworthy enough to take cognizance of, what other event could have been so much more spectacular or important to them that they took notice of it instead? was it the occultation of mars by the sun that coincided very closely with the eclipse? or might it have been the occultation of the bright star regulus ( magnitude 1. 35 ) by the planet venus that occurred during the following couple of nights? neither of these seem very likely, for surely both of these astronomical events literally pale into insignificance when compared to a total", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5108919129767701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.565703"} {"text": "the bright star regulus ( magnitude 1. 35 ) by the planet venus that occurred during the following couple of nights? neither of these seem very likely, for surely both of these astronomical events literally pale into insignificance when compared to a total solar eclipse. thus, we are left with the very real possibility that nothing of note astronomically had prompted the carving of the inscription of stela c but that something even more earthshaking had taken place in and around tres zapotes shortly after the ominous eclipse had occurred. thanks to its location in the foothills of a volcanic region like the tuxtlas, the most obvious possibilities become either a monstrous earthquake or a devastating eruption. the point of this digression has been simply to illustrate that, about the time that edzna was coming into being, the mesoamericans appear to have begun recording eclipse data on their stelae, possibly in the hope that through accurate timekeeping they would eventually solve the puzzle of when these fearsome events would recur. in the intellectual community of the maya, therefore, this problem must have been near the top of the agenda as edzna was being founded. in the flat and featureless landscape of yucatan, it had been a rather simple matter to lay out a new city oriented to the sunset on \" the day the world began \" because the \" summer solstice + 52 days \" formula had already been developed. nonetheless, in a region where the local topography presented no opportunities for calibration against a natural landmark, the \" gun - sight \" alignment from the courtyard of cinco pisos through the notch in the artificial horizon to the top of the small pyramid constituted an ingenious solution to the problem of the city ' s orientation. in the same way, the erection of the tapered shaft surmounted by the stone disk had been an ingenious solution to calibrating the passage of the zenithal sun. the problem now at hand required some means of marking the moon ' s rising and setting position along the circumference of the monotonously uniform horizon that stretched out from edzna in all directions. view of the western horizon as seen from the top of cinco pisos at edzna. the elongated mound across the plaza served as an artificial horizon for a priest standing in the doorway of the courtyard, allowing him to sight through the notch in the middle of the mound to the summit of the pyramid immediately behind it to calibrate the sunset on august 13 - - an azimuth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4978108198914948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.566621"} {"text": "artificial horizon for a priest standing in the doorway of the courtyard, allowing him to sight through the notch in the middle of the mound to the summit of the pyramid immediately behind it to calibrate the sunset on august 13 - - an azimuth of 285\u00ba. 5. the pyramid which intersects the true horizon farther to the right, or northwest, is \" la vieja, \" whose azimuth marks the northernmost stillstand of the moon ( i. e., 300\u00ba ). no doubt the first task was to provide the priests with a vantage point which allowed them a complete and unencumbered view of the entire 360\u00ba circuit of the horizon - - hence the need to erect what was perhaps the highest pyramid yet constructed in mesoamerica. when completed, the aptly named cinco pisos ( \" five stories \" ) towered more than 40 m ( 130 ft ) above the rocky platform on which it was sited, becoming in the process a true landmark visible from 40 - 50 km ( 20 - 30 mi ) away. although cinco pisos is a late classic structure ( i. e., built between a. d. 600 and 900 ), its situation at a focal point for the ceremonial center ' s canal system ( which dates to the late preclassic period - - 300 b. c. to a. d. 300 ) makes it seem likely that an earlier structure previously occupied this critical position. in fact, matheny suggests that \" perhaps the remains of the late preclassic structure still exist within cinco pisos \" ( 1983, 81 ). in any case, from the top of this key structure one could look out in any direction in a clear sight - line to the far horizon. the real problem was to keep track of the places along the horizon where the moon either rose or set. that cinco pisos faced slightly to the northwest to begin with - - having been oriented along with the rest of edzna to an azimuth of 285\u00ba. 5 - - meant that the moon ' s setting position was the one the priests chose to calibrate. but with a horizon so distant and so featureless, one is tempted to conclude that most of the initial record keeping may have been done by marking lines in the appropriate directions on the top platform of cinco pisos itself. only after the observations had narrowed in on a distinct enough point to erect some structure against the horizon at the required azimuth would that have been done. conceptually,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839115317576705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.567500"} {"text": "lines in the appropriate directions on the top platform of cinco pisos itself. only after the observations had narrowed in on a distinct enough point to erect some structure against the horizon at the required azimuth would that have been done. conceptually, the maya already had the model of the sun ' s behavior on which to predicate their observations. its northernmost stopping point marked the summer solstice, which in turn established the beginning date for the 52 - day count which fixed \" the day the world began \" - - i. e., august 13. if they could locate a similar position for the moon - - its northernmost setting point - - perhaps that would allow them to begin the count which would eventually reveal the secrets of the eclipse cycle. deciding what the northernmost setting point of the moon really was must have been a tedious and frequently altered judgment in itself. each time the moon reached what appeared to be an even more extreme setting position, the count for the eclipse cycle would have to be started again. one can well imagine that sometimes years of patient counting and record keeping might have gone on before the moon unexpectedly pushed its setting position even farther north along the horizon and literally wiped out the whole exhaustive tally in one fell swoop. when this process actually began and how long it took to yield any kind of meaningful results has to be pure conjecture. it is probably safe to say that the idea for launching the count may already have been formulated shortly after edzna was founded, and may well have been under way when the calendar reform fixing the new new year ' s day was adopted. what we do know for certain is that the first time that mention is made of the phase of the moon corresponding to a given long count date is in an inscription dating from a. d. 357 ( coe, 1980, 159 ). this does not mean, of course, that the problem had been solved by then, but only that from that time forward this seemingly important fact was now to be regularly recorded along with the date itself. indeed, this may be evidence that the lunar cycle had not yet been worked out, and that the priests felt the additional bit of information regarding the phase of the moon might actually be useful in finally establishing the cycle - - once they could examine the records in retrospect. this is not to say that the eclipse cycle could not have been worked out within the first half century that the quest was initiated. what the maya were ultimately to learn was that the cycle required a full 6797 days, or 18. 61", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5203752946041071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.568541"} {"text": ". this is not to say that the eclipse cycle could not have been worked out within the first half century that the quest was initiated. what the maya were ultimately to learn was that the cycle required a full 6797 days, or 18. 61 years, to complete, so if they had actually recognized the moon ' s northernmost stillstand on one occasion, they would have had to count that long to find the moon once more back at the same setting position. of course, to confirm the accuracy of their count would require the completion of at least one more full cycle, so by this time more than 37 years would have elapsed. thus, to postulate even the minimum time span necessary for such an achievement makes one appreciate the care and continuity which the maya priests exercised in keeping a constant, running tally over the equivalent of more than an entire generation. although less than a half dozen of the original maya manuscripts appear to have escaped the flames of the fanatic spaniards, one of those that did survive is the so - called dresden codex, which has subsequently been recognized as an elaborate eclipse warning table. thompson, among other scholars, assigns a twelfth - century origin to it, but concedes that its three base dates go back to the middle of the eighth century. ( my suggestion that the stela c inscription may have involved a five - day error owing to a stone carver ' s failure to understand the date he was carving finds an ironic parallel in the dresden codex. thompson ' s study of the manuscript revealed that no fewer than 92 errors of transcription have been made in recording its dates [ 1972, 115 - 116 ], but no one, least of all thompson, has ever suggested discounting the validity of the tables on that account. ) the three base dates of the dresden codex occur in the latter part of the year 755 and define two 15 - day intervals. for this reason, maud makemson suggested, in 1943, that they most likely represent two solar eclipses bracketing a lunar eclipse ( makemson, 1943 ). while not disputing such an interpretation, floyd lounsbury, writing in 1978, argues that if this is correct, then these dates must have been arrived at by calculation rather than through observation, because no such celestial events took place in yucatan in that year ( lounsbury, 1978, 816 ). the three dates in question would equate to november 8, november 23, and december 8, 755, if the original correlation value of thompson ( namely, 584", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5153051555932213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.569480"} {"text": "yucatan in that year ( lounsbury, 1978, 816 ). the three dates in question would equate to november 8, november 23, and december 8, 755, if the original correlation value of thompson ( namely, 584, 285 ) is employed. ( naturally, if his \" revised \" version is used, it would put each of these dates two days earlier. ) when the first of these dates was checked against a planetarium programmed to duplicate celestial events as seen from edzna on that day, it was found that the sun and moon did in fact rise just eight minutes apart on that morning over the yucatan, with an angular separation of less than 2\u00ba. 5. in other words, there had been a \" near miss \" to a solar eclipse visible in the maya area on that date. for the second date, we once again employ the calculations of oppolzer ( 1887 ). fifteen days after the near solar eclipse over the yucatan - - i. e., on november 23 - - he records a total lunar eclipse as having taken place, but ironically, his data demonstrate that it was visible only in the half of the world centered on the indian subcontinent. on the third date, again using oppolzer as our source, we find that a partial solar eclipse did indeed take place on december 8, 755, but its central path lay over the ocean between south africa and antarctica, where probably not a single human being witnessed it. from this data we can draw two very important conclusions. first, by the year 755 the maya had apparently worked out the motions of the moon with such precision that they knew when an eclipse should occur, but they still could not be sure if it actually would occur, in the sense of being visible to them. second, the original thompson correlation value of 584, 285 is clearly the correct one, for an acknowledged eclipse warning table such as the dresden codex could certainly not have been based upon a foundation two days out of phase with the realities of the celestial sphere. in this map view of edzna, we see the features shown photographically in figure 37. the astronomical importance of edzna may be gauged from these facts : ( 1 ) only at its specific latitude could the beginning of the maya new year be calibrated, here with the assistance of a remarkable gnomon ; ( 2 ) the \" day the world began \" was commemorated in the \" gun - sight \" orientation between the doorway of cinco pisos and the small pyramid across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.535989706405926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.570395"} {"text": "year be calibrated, here with the assistance of a remarkable gnomon ; ( 2 ) the \" day the world began \" was commemorated in the \" gun - sight \" orientation between the doorway of cinco pisos and the small pyramid across the plaza ; and ( 3 ) lunar cycles were measured by using the line of sight between cinco pisos and \" la vieja \" on the northwestern horizon. although we cannot be certain when the maya finally succeeded in working out the lunar eclipse cycle, it would seem that most of the basic \" research \" on the problem was carried out at edzna. located some 300 m ( 1000 ft ) to the northwest of cinco pisos is the ruin of a lofty pyramid which matheny has termed \" la vieja, \" or the \" old one. \" the \" la vieja \" complex appears to date to the late classic period as well, but has not experienced the \" urban renewal \" from which cinco pisos subsequently benefited ( matheny, 1983, 109 ). even in its dilapidated condition it is still high enough to intersect the horizon as seen from the top of cinco pisos ; indeed, it is the only manmade construction which does so. this fact immediately prompted me to measure its azimuth as seen from edzna ' s commanding edifice, and the value i obtained was 300\u00ba. this means that the summit of the pyramid lies exactly 5\u00ba beyond the sun ' s northernmost setting position at the summer solstice. because the moon ' s orbit is just a hair over 5\u00ba off that of the sun, it seems very likely that the northwest pyramid, or \" la vieja, \" had been erected as a horizon marker to commemorate the moon ' s northernmost stillstand. not only is \" la vieja \" an eloquent testimonial to the patience and accuracy of maya \" science, \" but because of its specialized function, it is also probably worthy of being designated as the oldest lunar observatory in the new world. ( indeed, if matheny ' s dating of \" la vieja \" is accurate, then it is apparent that the maya had succeeded in measuring the interval between lunar stillstand maxima at least by a. d. 300. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5006307713082601, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.571265"} {"text": "translated by w. d. ross. we have treated of that which is primarily and to which all the other categories of being are referred \u2014 i. e. of substance. for it is in virtue of the concept of substance that the others also are said to be \u2014 quantity and quality and the like ; for all will be found to involve the concept of substance, as we said in the first part of our work. and since \u2018 being \u2019 is in one way divided into individual thing, quality, and quantity, and is in another way distinguished in respect of potency and complete reality, and of function, let us now add a discussion of potency and complete reality. and first let us explain potency in the strictest sense, which is, however, not the most useful for our present purpose. for potency and actuality extend beyond the cases that involve a reference to motion. but when we have spoken of this first kind, we shall in our discussions of actuality \u2019 explain the other kinds of potency as well. we have pointed out elsewhere that \u2018 potency \u2019 and the word \u2018 can \u2019 have several senses. of these we may neglect all the potencies that are so called by an equivocation. for some are called so by analogy, as in geometry we say one thing is or is not a \u2018 power \u2019 of another by virtue of the presence or absence of some relation between them. but all potencies that conform to the same type are originative sources of some kind, and are called potencies in reference to one primary kind of potency, which is an originative source of change in another thing or in the thing itself qua other. for one kind is a potency of being acted on, i. e. the originative source, in the very thing acted on, of its being passively changed by another thing or by itself qua other ; and another kind is a state of insusceptibility to change for the worse and to destruction by another thing or by the thing itself qua other by virtue of an originative source of change. in all these definitions is implied the formula if potency in the primary sense. \u2014 and again these so - called potencies are potencies either of merely acting or being acted on, or of acting or being acted on well, so that even in the formulae of the latter the formulae of the prior kinds of potency are somehow implied. obviously, then, in a sense the potency of acting and of being acted on is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6711121161338116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.602824"} {"text": "acting or being acted on well, so that even in the formulae of the latter the formulae of the prior kinds of potency are somehow implied. obviously, then, in a sense the potency of acting and of being acted on is one ( for a thing may be \u2018 capable \u2019 either because it can itself be acted on or because something else can be acted on by it ), but in a sense the potencies are different. for the one is in the thing acted on ; it is because it contains a certain originative source, and because even the matter is an originative source, that the thing acted on is acted on, and one thing by one, another by another ; for that which is oily can be burnt, and that which yields in a particular way can be crushed ; and similarly in all other cases. but the other potency is in the agent, e. g. heat and the art of building are present, one in that which can produce heat and the other in the man who can build. and so, in so far as a thing is an organic unity, it cannot be acted on by itself ; for it is one and not two different things. and \u2018 impotence ' and \u2018 impotent \u2019 stand for the privation which is contrary to potency of this sort, so that every potency belongs to the same subject and refers to the same process as a corresponding impotence. privation has several senses ; for it means ( 1 ) that which has not a certain quality and ( 2 ) that which might naturally have it but has not it, either ( a ) in general or ( b ) when it might naturally have it, and either ( a ) in some particular way, e. g. when it has not it completely, or ( b ) when it has not it at all. and in certain cases if things which naturally have a quality lose it by violence, we say they have suffered privation. since some such originative sources are present in soulless things, and others in things possessed of soul, and in soul, and in the rational part of the soul, clearly some potencies will, be non - rational and some will be non - rational and some will be accompanied by a rational formula. this is why all arts, i. e. all productive forms of knowledge, are potencies ; they are originative sources of change in another thing or in the artist himself considered as other. and each of those which are accompanied by a rational formula is alike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5521724903778162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.604734"} {"text": "why all arts, i. e. all productive forms of knowledge, are potencies ; they are originative sources of change in another thing or in the artist himself considered as other. and each of those which are accompanied by a rational formula is alike capable of contrary effects, but one non - rational power produces one effect ; e. g. the hot is capable only of heating, but the medical art can produce both disease and health. the reason is that science is a rational formula, and the same rational formula explains a thing and its privation, only not in the same way ; and in a sense it applies to both, but in a sense it applies rather to the positive fact. therefore such sciences must deal with contraries, but with one in virtue of their own nature and with the other not in virtue of their nature ; for the rational formula applies to one object in virtue of that object \u2019 s nature, and to the other, in a sense, accidentally. for it is by denial and removal that it exhibits the contrary ; for the contrary is the primary privation, and this is the removal of the positive term. now since contraries do not occur in the same thing, but science is a potency which depends on the possession of a rational formula, and the soul possesses an originative source of movement ; therefore, while the wholesome produces only health and the calorific only heat and the frigorific only cold, the scientific man produces both the contrary effects. for the rational formula is one which applies to both, though not in the same way, and it is in a soul which possesses an originative source of movement ; so that the soul will start both processes from the same originative source, having linked them up with the same thing. and so the things whose potency is according to a rational formula act contrariwise to the things whose potency is non - rational ; for the products of the former are included under one originative source, the rational formula. it is obvious also that the potency of merely doing a thing or having it done to one is implied in that of doing it or having it done well, but the latter is not always implied in the former : for he who does a thing well must also do it, but he who does it merely need not also do it well. there are some who say, as the megaric school does, that a thing \u2018 can \u2019 act only when it is acting, and when it is not acting it \u2018 cannot \u2019 act,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5472884356997932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.607045"} {"text": "he who does it merely need not also do it well. there are some who say, as the megaric school does, that a thing \u2018 can \u2019 act only when it is acting, and when it is not acting it \u2018 cannot \u2019 act, e. g. that he who is not building cannot build, but only he who is building, when he is building ; and so in all other cases. it is not hard to see the absurdities that attend this view. for it is clear that on this view a man will not be a builder unless he is building ( for to be a builder is to be able to build ), and so with the other arts. if, then, it is impossible to have such arts if one has not at some time learnt and acquired them, and it is then impossible not to have them if one has not sometime lost them ( either by forgetfulness or by some accident or by time ; for it cannot be by the destruction of the object, for that lasts for ever ), a man will not have the art when he has ceased to use it, and yet he may immediately build again ; how then will he have got the art? and similarly with regard to lifeless things ; nothing will be either cold or hot or sweet or perceptible at all if people are not perceiving it ; so that the upholders of this view will have to maintain the doctrine of protagoras. but, indeed, nothing will even have perception if it is not perceiving, i. e. exercising its perception. if, then, that is blind which has not sight though it would naturally have it, when it would naturally have it and when it still exists, the same people will be blind many times in the day \u2014 and deaf too. again, if that which is deprived of potency is incapable, that which is not happening will be incapable of happening ; but he who says of that which is incapable of happening either that it is or that it will be will say what is untrue ; for this is what incapacity meant. therefore these views do away with both movement and becoming. for that which stands will always stand, and that which sits will always sit, since if it is sitting it will not get up ; for that which, as we are told, cannot get up will be incapable of getting up. but we cannot say this, so that evidently potency and actuality are different ( but these views make potency and actuality the same, and so it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5068274827547231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.608024"} {"text": "that which, as we are told, cannot get up will be incapable of getting up. but we cannot say this, so that evidently potency and actuality are different ( but these views make potency and actuality the same, and so it is no small thing they are seeking to annihilate ), so that it is possible that a thing may be capable of being and not he, and capable of not being and yet he, and similarly with the other kinds of predicate ; it may be capable of walking and yet not walk, or capable of not walking and yet walk. and a thing is capable of doing something if there will be nothing impossible in its having the actuality of that of which it is said to have the capacity. i mean, for instance, if a thing is capable of sitting and it is open to it to sit, there will be nothing impossible in its actually sitting ; and similarly if it is capable of being moved or moving, or of standing or making to stand, or of being or coming to be, or of not being or not coming to be. the word \u2018 actuality \u2019, which we connect with \u2018 complete reality \u2019, has, in the main, been extended from movements to other things ; for actuality in the strict sense is thought to be identical with movement. and so people do not assign movement to non - existent things, though they do assign some other predicates. e. g. they say that non - existent things are objects of thought and desire, but not that they are moved ; and this because, while ex hypothesi they do not actually exist, they would have to exist actually if they were moved. for of non - existent things some exist potentially ; but they do not exist, because they do not exist in complete reality. if what we have described is identical with the capable or convertible with it, evidently it cannot be true to say \u2018 this is capable of being but will not be \u2019, which would imply that the things incapable of being would on this showing vanish. suppose, for instance, that a man \u2014 one who did not take account of that which is incapable of being \u2014 were to say that the diagonal of the square is capable of being measured but will not be measured, because a thing may well be capable of being or coming to be, and yet not be or be about to be. but from the premisses this necessarily follows, that if we actually supposed that which is not, but is capable of being, to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5935452854612633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.608918"} {"text": "thing may well be capable of being or coming to be, and yet not be or be about to be. but from the premisses this necessarily follows, that if we actually supposed that which is not, but is capable of being, to be or to have come to be, there will be nothing impossible in this ; but the result will be impossible, for the measuring of the diagonal is impossible. for the false and the impossible are not the same ; that you are standing now is false, but that you should be standing is not impossible. at the same time it is clear that if, when a is real, b must be real, then, when a is possible, b also must be possible. for if b need not be possible, there is nothing to prevent its not being possible. now let a be supposed possible. then, when a was possible, we agreed that nothing impossible followed if a were supposed to be real ; and then b must of course be real. but we supposed b to be impossible. let it be impossible then. if, then, b is impossible, a also must be so. but the first was supposed impossible ; therefore the second also is impossible. if, then, a is possible, b also will be possible, if they were so related that if a, is real, b must be real. if, then, a and b being thus related, b is not possible on this condition, and b will not be related as was supposed. and if when a is possible, b must be possible, then if a is real, b also must be real. for to say that b must be possible, if a is possible, means this, that if a is real both at the time when and in the way in which it was supposed capable of being real, b also must then and in that way be real. as all potencies are either innate, like the senses, or come by practice, like the power of playing the flute, or by learning, like artistic power, those which come by practice or by rational formula we must acquire by previous exercise but this is not necessary with those which are not of this nature and which imply passivity. since that which is \u2018 capable \u2019 is capable of something and at some time in some way ( with all the other qualifications which must be present in the definition ), and since some things can produce change according to a rational formula and their potencies involve such a formula, while other things are nonrational and their potencies are non - rational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6265805133009692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.609892"} {"text": "with all the other qualifications which must be present in the definition ), and since some things can produce change according to a rational formula and their potencies involve such a formula, while other things are nonrational and their potencies are non - rational, and the former potencies must be in a living thing, while the latter can be both in the living and in the lifeless ; as regards potencies of the latter kind, when the agent and the patient meet in the way appropriate to the potency in question, the one must act and the other be acted on, but with the former kind of potency this is not necessary. for the nonrational potencies are all productive of one effect each, but the rational produce contrary effects, so that if they produced their effects necessarily they would produce contrary effects at the same time ; but this is impossible. there must, then, be something else that decides ; i mean by this, desire or will. for whichever of two things the animal desires decisively, it will do, when it is present, and meets the passive object, in the way appropriate to the potency in question. therefore everything which has a rational potency, when it desires that for which it has a potency and in the circumstances in which it has the potency, must do this. and it has the potency in question when the passive object is present and is in a certain state ; if not it will not be able to act. ( to add the qualification \u2018 if nothing external prevents it \u2019 is not further necessary ; for it has the potency on the terms on which this is a potency of acting, and it is this not in all circumstances but on certain conditions, among which will be the exclusion of external hindrances ; for these are barred by some of the positive qualifications. ) and so even if one has a rational wish, or an appetite, to do two things or contrary things at the same time, one will not do them ; for it is not on these terms that one has the potency for them, nor is it a potency of doing both at the same time, since one will do the things which it is a potency of doing, on the terms on which one has the potency. since we have treated of the kind of potency which is related to movement, let us discuss actuality \u2014 what, and what kind of thing, actuality is. for in the course of our analysis it will also become clear, with regard to the potential, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5968395716729313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.610950"} {"text": "of the kind of potency which is related to movement, let us discuss actuality \u2014 what, and what kind of thing, actuality is. for in the course of our analysis it will also become clear, with regard to the potential, that we not only ascribe potency to that whose nature it is to move something else, or to be moved by something else, either without qualification or in some particular way, but also use the word in another sense, which is the reason of the inquiry in the course of which we have discussed these previous senses also. actuality, then, is the existence of a thing not in the way which we express by \u2018 potentially \u2019 ; we say that potentially, for instance, a statue of hermes is in the block of wood and the half - line is in the whole, because it might be separated out, and we call even the man who is not studying a man of science, if he is capable of studying ; the thing that stands in contrast to each of these exists actually. our meaning can be seen in the particular cases by induction, and we must not seek a definition of everything but be content to grasp the analogy, that it is as that which is building is to that which is capable of building, and the waking to the sleeping, and that which is seeing to that which has its eyes shut but has sight, and that which has been shaped out of the matter to the matter, and that which has been wrought up to the unwrought. let actuality be defined by one member of this antithesis, and the potential by the other. but all things are not said in the same sense to exist actually, but only by analogy \u2014 as a is in b or to b, c is in d or to d ; for some are as movement to potency, and the others as substance to some sort of matter. but also the infinite and the void and all similar things are said to exist potentially and actually in a different sense from that which applies to many other things, e. g. to that which sees or walks or is seen. for of the latter class these predicates can at some time be also truly asserted without qualification ; for the seen is so called sometimes because it is being seen, sometimes because it is capable of being seen. but the infinite does not exist potentially in the sense that it will ever actually have separate existence ; it exists potentially only for knowledge. for the fact that the process of dividing never comes to an end ensures that this activity exists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6549863118761466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.612038"} {"text": "is capable of being seen. but the infinite does not exist potentially in the sense that it will ever actually have separate existence ; it exists potentially only for knowledge. for the fact that the process of dividing never comes to an end ensures that this activity exists potentially, but not that the infinite exists separately. since of the actions which have a limit none is an end but all are relative to the end, e. g. the removing of fat, or fat - removal, and the bodily parts themselves when one is making them thin are in movement in this way ( i. e. without being already that at which the movement aims ), this is not an action or at least not a complete one ( for it is not an end ) ; but that movement in which the end is present is an action. e. g. at the same time we are seeing and have seen, are understanding and have understood, are thinking and have thought ( while it is not true that at the same time we are learning and have learnt, or are being cured and have been cured ). at the same time we are living well and have lived well, and are happy and have been happy. if not, the process would have had sometime to cease, as the process of making thin ceases : but, as things are, it does not cease ; we are living and have lived. of these processes, then, we must call the one set movements, and the other actualities. for every movement is incomplete \u2014 making thin, learning, walking, building ; these are movements, and incomplete at that. for it is not true that at the same time a thing is walking and has walked, or is building and has built, or is coming to be and has come to be, or is being moved and has been moved, but what is being moved is different from what has been moved, and what is moving from what has moved. but it is the same thing that at the same time has seen and is seeing, seeing, or is thinking and has thought. the latter sort of process, then, i call an actuality, and the former a movement. what, and what kind of thing, the actual is, may be taken as explained by these and similar considerations. but we must distinguish when a thing exists potentially and when it does not ; for it is not at any and every time. e. g. is earth potentially a man? no \u2014 but rather when it has already become seed, and perhaps not even then. it is just as it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6013227992702566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.613035"} {"text": "exists potentially and when it does not ; for it is not at any and every time. e. g. is earth potentially a man? no \u2014 but rather when it has already become seed, and perhaps not even then. it is just as it is with being healed ; not everything can be healed by the medical art or by luck, but there is a certain kind of thing which is capable of it, and only this is potentially healthy. and ( 1 ) the delimiting mark of that which as a result of thought comes to exist in complete reality from having existed potentially is that if the agent has willed it it comes to pass if nothing external hinders, while the condition on the other side \u2014 viz. in that which is healed \u2014 is that nothing in it hinders the result. it is on similar terms that we have what is potentially a house ; if nothing in the thing acted on \u2014 i. e. in the matter \u2014 prevents it from becoming a house, and if there is nothing which must be added or taken away or changed, this is potentially a house ; and the same is true of all other things the source of whose becoming is external. and ( 2 ) in the cases in which the source of the becoming is in the very thing which comes to be, a thing is potentially all those things which it will be of itself if nothing external hinders it. e. g. the seed is not yet potentially a man ; for it must be deposited in something other than itself and undergo a change. but when through its own motive principle it has already got such and such attributes, in this state it is already potentially a man ; while in the former state it needs another motive principle, just as earth is not yet potentially a statue ( for it must first change in order to become brass. ) it seems that when we call a thing not something else but \u2018 thaten ' \u2014 e. g. a casket is not \u2018 wood \u2019 but \u2018 wooden \u2019, and wood is not \u2018 earth \u2019 but \u2018 earthen \u2019, and again earth will illustrate our point if it is similarly not something else but \u2018 thaten ' \u2014 that other thing is always potentially ( in the full sense of that word ) the thing which comes after it in this series. e. g. a casket is not \u2018 earthen \u2019 nor \u2018 earth \u2019, but \u2018 wooden \u2019 ; for this is potentially a casket and this is the matter of a casket, wood in general of a casket in general, and this particular wood of this particular casket.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5811992045950324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.614045"} {"text": "casket is not \u2018 earthen \u2019 nor \u2018 earth \u2019, but \u2018 wooden \u2019 ; for this is potentially a casket and this is the matter of a casket, wood in general of a casket in general, and this particular wood of this particular casket. and if there is a first thing, which is no longer, in reference to something else, called \u2018 thaten \u2019, this is prime matter ; e. g. if earth is \u2018 airy \u2019 and air is not \u2018 fire \u2019 but \u2018 fiery \u2019, fire is prime matter, which is not a \u2018 this \u2019. for the subject or substratum is differentiated by being a \u2018 this \u2019 or not being one ; i. e. the substratum of modifications is, e. g. a man, i. e. a body and a soul, while the modification is \u2018 musical \u2019 or \u2018 pale \u2019. ( the subject is called, when music comes to be present in it, not \u2018 music \u2019 but \u2018 musical \u2019, and the man is not \u2018 paleness \u2019 but \u2018 pale \u2019, and not \u2018 ambulation \u2019 or \u2018 movement \u2019 but \u2018 walking \u2019 or \u2018 moving \u2019, \u2014 which is akin to the \u2018 thaten \u2019. ) wherever this is so, then, the ultimate subject is a substance ; but when this is not so but the predicate is a form and a \u2018 this \u2019, the ultimate subject is matter and material substance. and it is only right that \u2018 thaten \u2019 should be used with reference both to the matter and to the accidents ; for both are indeterminates. we have stated, then, when a thing is to be said to exist potentially and when it is not. from our discussion of the various senses of \u2018 prior \u2019, it is clear that actuality is prior to potency. and i mean by potency not only that definite kind which is said to be a principle of change in another thing or in the thing itself regarded as other, but in general every principle of movement or of rest. for nature also is in the same genus as potency ; for it is a principle of movement \u2014 not, however, in something else but in the thing itself qua itself. to all such potency, then, actuality is prior both in formula and in substantiality ; and in time it is prior in one sense, and in another not. ( 1 ) clearly it is prior in formula ; for that which is in the primary sense potential is potential because it is possible for it to become active ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6154056275699451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.615067"} {"text": "in substantiality ; and in time it is prior in one sense, and in another not. ( 1 ) clearly it is prior in formula ; for that which is in the primary sense potential is potential because it is possible for it to become active ; e. g. i mean by \u2018 capable of building \u2019 that which can build, and by \u2018 capable of seeing \u2019 that which can see, and by \u2018 visible \u2019 that which can be seen. and the same account applies to all other cases, so that the formula and the knowledge of the one must precede the knowledge of the other. ( 2 ) in time it is prior in this sense : the actual which is identical in species though not in number with a potentially existing thing is to it. i mean that to this particular man who now exists actually and to the corn and to the seeing subject the matter and the seed and that which is capable of seeing, which are potentially a man and corn and seeing, but not yet actually so, are prior in time ; but prior in time to these are other actually existing things, from which they were produced. for from the potentially existing the actually existing is always produced by an actually existing thing, e. g. man from man, musician by musician ; there is always a first mover, and the mover already exists actually. we have said in our account of substance that everything that is produced is something produced from something and by something, and that the same in species as it. this is why it is thought impossible to be a builder if one has built nothing or a harper if one has never played the harp ; for he who learns to play the harp learns to play it by playing it, and all other learners do similarly. and thence arose the sophistical quibble, that one who does not possess a science will be doing that which is the object of the science ; for he who is learning it does not possess it. but since, of that which is coming to be, some part must have come to be, and, of that which, in general, is changing, some part must have changed ( this is shown in the treatise on movement ), he who is learning must, it would seem, possess some part of the science. but here too, then, it is clear that actuality is in this sense also, viz. in order of generation and of time, prior to potency. but ( 3 ) it is also prior in substantiality ; firstly, ( a ) because the things that are posterior in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5938825032377439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.616038"} {"text": "is clear that actuality is in this sense also, viz. in order of generation and of time, prior to potency. but ( 3 ) it is also prior in substantiality ; firstly, ( a ) because the things that are posterior in becoming are prior in form and in substantiality ( e. g. man is prior to boy and human being to seed ; for the one already has its form, and the other has not ), and because everything that comes to be moves towards a principle, i. e. an end ( for that for the sake of which a thing is, is its principle, and the becoming is for the sake of the end ), and the actuality is the end, and it is for the sake of this that the potency is acquired. for animals do not see in order that they may have sight, but they have sight that they may see. and similarly men have the art of building that they may build, and theoretical science that they may theorize ; but they do not theorize that they may have theoretical science, except those who are learning by practice ; and these do not theorize except in a limited sense, or because they have no need to theorize. further, matter exists in a potential state, just because it may come to its form ; and when it exists actually, then it is in its form. and the same holds good in all cases, even those in which the end is a movement. and so, as teachers think they have achieved their end when they have exhibited the pupil at work, nature does likewise. for if this is not the case, we shall have pauson \u2019 s hermes over again, since it will be hard to say about the knowledge, as about the figure in the picture, whether it is within or without. for the action is the end, and the actuality is the action. and so even the word \u2018 actuality \u2019 is derived from \u2018 action \u2019, and points to the complete reality. and while in some cases the exercise is the ultimate thing ( e. g. in sight the ultimate thing is seeing, and no other product besides this results from sight ), but from some things a product follows ( e. g. from the art of building there results a house as well as the act of building ), yet none the less the act is in the former case the end and in the latter more of an end than the potency is. for the act of building is realized in the thing that is being built, and comes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5748195262702321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.617091"} {"text": "the act of building ), yet none the less the act is in the former case the end and in the latter more of an end than the potency is. for the act of building is realized in the thing that is being built, and comes to be, and is, at the same time as the house. where, then, the result is something apart from the exercise, the actuality is in the thing that is being made, e. g. the act of building is in the thing that is being built and that of weaving in the thing that is being woven, and similarly in all other cases, and in general the movement is in the thing that is being moved ; but where there is no product apart from the actuality, the actuality is present in the agents, e. g. the act of seeing is in the seeing subject and that of theorizing in the theorizing subject and the life is in the soul ( and therefore well - being also ; for it is a certain kind of life ). obviously, therefore, the substance or form is actuality. according to this argument, then, it is obvious that actuality is prior in substantial being to potency ; and as we have said, one actuality always precedes another in time right back to the actuality of the eternal prime mover. but ( b ) actuality is prior in a stricter sense also ; for eternal things are prior in substance to perishable things, and no eternal thing exists potentially. the reason is this. every potency is at one and the same time a potency of the opposite ; for, while that which is not capable of being present in a subject cannot be present, everything that is capable of being may possibly not be actual. that, then, which is capable of being may either be or not be ; the same thing, then, is capable both of being and of not being. and that which is capable of not being may possibly not be ; and that which may possibly not be is perishable, either in the full sense, or in the precise sense in which it is said that it possibly may not be, i. e. in respect either of place or of quantity or quality ; \u2018 in the full sense \u2019 means \u2018 in respect of substance \u2019. nothing, then, which is in the full sense imperishable is in the full sense potentially existent ( though there is nothing to prevent its being so in some respect, e. g. potentially of a certain quality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5845833882683928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.618047"} {"text": "in respect of substance \u2019. nothing, then, which is in the full sense imperishable is in the full sense potentially existent ( though there is nothing to prevent its being so in some respect, e. g. potentially of a certain quality or in a certain place ) ; all imperishable things, then, exist actually. nor can anything which is of necessity exist potentially ; yet these things are primary ; for if these did not exist, nothing would exist. nor does eternal movement, if there be such, exist potentially ; and, if there is an eternal mobile, it is not in motion in virtue of a potentiality, except in respect of \u2018 whence \u2019 and \u2018 whither \u2019 ( there is nothing to prevent its having matter which makes it capable of movement in various directions ). and so the sun and the stars and the whole heaven are ever active, and there is no fear that they may sometime stand still, as the natural philosophers fear they may. nor do they tire in this activity ; for movement is not for them, as it is for perishable things, connected with the potentiality for opposites, so that the continuity of the movement should be laborious ; for it is that kind of substance which is matter and potency, not actuality, that causes this. imperishable things are imitated by those that are involved in change, e. g. earth and fire. for these also are ever active ; for they have their movement of themselves and in themselves. but the other potencies, according to our previous discussion, are all potencies for opposites ; for that which can move another in this way can also move it not in this way, i. e. if it acts according to a rational formula ; and the same non - rational potencies will produce opposite results by their presence or absence. if, then, there are any entities or substances such as the dialecticians say the ideas are, there must be something much more scientific than science - itself and something more mobile than movement - itself ; for these will be more of the nature of actualities, while science - itself and movement - itself are potencies for these. obviously, then, actuality is prior both to potency and to every principle of change. that the actuality is also better and more valuable than the good potency is evident from the following argument. everything of which we say that it can do something, is alike capable of contraries, e. g. that of which we say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6080643414179135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.619001"} {"text": ". that the actuality is also better and more valuable than the good potency is evident from the following argument. everything of which we say that it can do something, is alike capable of contraries, e. g. that of which we say that it can be well is the same as that which can be ill, and has both potencies at once ; for the same potency is a potency of health and illness, of rest and motion, of building and throwing down, of being built and being thrown down. the capacity for contraries, then, is present at the same time ; but contraries cannot be present at the same time, and the actualities also cannot be present at the same time, e. g. health and illness. therefore, while the good must be one of them, the capacity is both alike, or neither ; the actuality, then, is better. also in the case of bad things the end or actuality must be worse than the potency ; for that which \u2018 can \u2019 is both contraries alike. clearly, then, the bad does not exist apart from bad things ; for the bad is in its nature posterior to the potency. and therefore we may also say that in the things which are from the beginning, i. e. in eternal things, there is nothing bad, nothing defective, nothing perverted ( for perversion is something bad ). it is an activity also that geometrical constructions are discovered ; for we find them by dividing. if the figures had been already divided, the constructions would have been obvious ; but as it is they are present only potentially. why are the angles of the triangle equal to two right angles? because the angles about one point are equal to two right angles. if, then, the line parallel to the side had been already drawn upwards, the reason would have been evident to any one as soon as he saw the figure. why is the angle in a semicircle in all cases a right angle? if three lines are equal the two which form the base, and the perpendicular from the centre \u2014 the conclusion is evident at a glance to one who knows the former proposition. obviously, therefore, the potentially existing constructions are discovered by being brought to actuality ; the reason is that the geometer \u2019 s thinking is an actuality ; so that the potency proceeds from an actuality ; and therefore it is by making constructions that people come to know them ( though the single actuality is later in generation than the corresponding potency ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5719822159160405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.620034"} {"text": "\u2019 s thinking is an actuality ; so that the potency proceeds from an actuality ; and therefore it is by making constructions that people come to know them ( though the single actuality is later in generation than the corresponding potency ). the terms \u2018 being \u2019 and \u2018 non - being \u2019 are employed firstly with reference to the categories, and secondly with reference to the potency or actuality of these or their non - potency or nonactuality, and thirdly in the sense of true and false. this depends, on the side of the objects, on their being combined or separated, so that he who thinks the separated to be separated and the combined to be combined has the truth, while he whose thought is in a state contrary to that of the objects is in error. this being so, when is what is called truth or falsity present, and when is it not? we must consider what we mean by these terms. it is not because we think truly that you are pale, that you are pale, but because you are pale we who say this have the truth. if, then, some things are always combined and cannot be separated, and others are always separated and cannot be combined, while others are capable either of combination or of separation, \u2018 being \u2019 is being combined and one, and \u2018 not being \u2019 is being not combined but more than one. regarding contingent facts, then, the same opinion or the same statement comes to be false and true, and it is possible for it to be at one time correct and at another erroneous ; but regarding things that cannot be otherwise opinions are not at one time true and at another false, but the same opinions are always true or always false. but with regard to incomposites, what is being or not being, and truth or falsity? a thing of this sort is not composite, so as to \u2018 be \u2019 when it is compounded, and not to \u2018 be \u2019 if it is separated, like \u2018 that the wood is white \u2019 or \u2018 that the diagonal is incommensurable \u2019 ; nor will truth and falsity be still present in the same way as in the previous cases. in fact, as truth is not the same in these cases, so also being is not the same ; but ( a ) truth or falsity is as follows \u2014 contact and assertion are truth ( assertion not being the same as affirmation ), and ignorance is non - contact. for it is not possible to be in error", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6237234675378278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.621070"} {"text": "not the same ; but ( a ) truth or falsity is as follows \u2014 contact and assertion are truth ( assertion not being the same as affirmation ), and ignorance is non - contact. for it is not possible to be in error regarding the question what a thing is, save in an accidental sense ; and the same holds good regarding non - composite substances ( for it is not possible to be in error about them ). and they all exist actually, not potentially ; for otherwise they would have come to be and ceased to be ; but, as it is, being itself does not come to be ( nor cease to be ) ; for if it had done so it would have had to come out of something. about the things, then, which are essences and actualities, it is not possible to be in error, but only to know them or not to know them. but we do inquire what they are, viz. whether they are of such and such a nature or not. ( b ) as regards the \u2018 being \u2019 that answers to truth and the \u2018 non - being \u2019 that answers to falsity, in one case there is truth if the subject and the attribute are really combined, and falsity if they are not combined ; in the other case, if the object is existent it exists in a particular way, and if it does not exist in this way does not exist at all. and truth means knowing these objects, and falsity does not exist, nor error, but only ignorance \u2014 and not an ignorance which is like blindness ; for blindness is akin to a total absence of the faculty of thinking. it is evident also that about unchangeable things there can be no error in respect of time, if we assume them to be unchangeable. e. g. if we suppose that the triangle does not change, we shall not suppose that at one time its angles are equal to two right angles while at another time they are not ( for that would imply change ). it is possible, however, to suppose that one member of such a class has a certain attribute and another has not ; e. g. while we may suppose that no even number is prime, we may suppose that some are and some are not. but regarding a numerically single number not even this form of error is possible ; for we cannot in this case suppose that one instance has an attribute and another has not, but whether our judgement be true or false, it is implied that the fact is eternal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6084106838429396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.622857"} {"text": "in recent years there has also been a slight drop in the fraction of daily calories that american adults get from fast food. but among some groups - - young black adults, people in low - income families - - fast - food consumption remains high and unchanged. those are among the findings of the federal government ' s periodic look at americans ' health, the national health and nutrition examination survey ( nhanes ). \" i think there ' s some potential good news here, \" said cynthia ogden, who oversaw two studies released thursday by the national center for health statistics. from 1999 through 2010, the average intake for boys age 2 to 19 declined to 2, 100 from 2, 260 calories per day. for girls, the decline was to 1, 760 calories from 1, 830 calories. previously, daily caloric intake had been rising since the 1960s. the percentage of calories from protein increased over the past 12 years, and the percentage of calories from fat did not change. what did change was the consumption of carbohydrates. it fell by 1 percent in boys and girls. \" the survey didn ' t look at sugar specifically. but other studies suggest that a decrease in carbohydrates is due to a decrease in added sugar, \" ogden said. from 2007 to 2010, adult americans ( defined as those age 20 and older ) got 11 percent of their calories from fast food. that was down from 13 percent found in the previous nhanes survey, conducted from 2003 to 2006. blacks obtained 15 percent of their calories from fast food ; for whites and hispanics, the figure was 11 percent. the percentage declined slightly for whites over the two survey periods but didn ' t change for blacks or hispanics. among people in their 20s and 30s, 15 percent of whites ' and hispanics ' calories came from fast food. blacks of that age group got 21 percent - - roughly one - fifth - - of their total calories from fast food. people age 60 or older got a much smaller portion of their calories - - 6 or 7 percent - - from that source. income level had little relation to fast - food consumption, except in the young adult ( 20 - 39 ) age group. within that group, people in low - income households got slightly more of their calories from fast food than did people in middle - income families - - 17 percent vs. 14 percent. obese adults also got more of their calories from fast food ( 13 percent ) than adults of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40188030466790986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.627039"} {"text": "recent event highlights : last american troops leave vietnam, operation linebacker 2, operation linebacker 1, and 18 more... created by 13rodriguezh on dec 20, 2010 last updated : 01 / 02 / 11 at 07 : 47 pm vietnam war menu has no followers yet. be the first one to follow. on march 29, 1973, two months after signing the vietnam peace agreement, the last u. s. troops leave south vietnam when hanoi freed the remaining american prisoners of war. these talks included secret preparatory talks, formal meetings, walkouts from negotiations, and return to the table after military force, resulted in a formal document signing on january 28, 1973. on january 15, 1973, president richard nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in north vietnam. the decision came after dr henry kissinger returned to washington from paris france with a draft peace proposal. combat missions continued in south vietnam. by january 27, 1973, all warring parties in the vietnam war signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the paris peace accord. it was a u. s military bombing campaign over north vietnam, that started when the paris negotiations broke down in december of 1972. linebacker was a great improvement over rolling thunder. during linebacker, american aircraft attacked targets like airfields, power plants, and radio stations which disrupted the flow of supplies and reinforcements to the units fighting in the south. president richard nixon introduced his policy of \" vietnamization \". the plan was to encourage the south vietnamese to take more responsibility for fighting the war. in march 1969, president richard nixon authorized secret bombing raids in cambodia, nixon believed north vietnam was transporting troops and supplies through neighboring cambodia into south vietnam. he hoped that bombing supply routes in cambodia would weaken the united states ' enemies. the media really changed the view of the public ' s opinion on the vietnam war because not only was the media showing some good things such as secret bombings that were being planned, but was also making lyndon b. johnson as well as his military look very bad and badly represented the military due to war efforts. which made the people of the united states angry at lyndon b. johnson ' s administration and the soldiers of the military was also very angry on how the media was representing them. money spent in vietnam war. lyndon b johnson ' s general westmoreland said that his next step was to capture hue. he explaining the city was the symbol of a unified vietnam, and capturing it would have profound psychological impact on the vietnamese in both the north and the south. richard nixon, a republican won the election. he campaigned against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4035304983421969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.635080"} {"text": "next step was to capture hue. he explaining the city was the symbol of a unified vietnam, and capturing it would have profound psychological impact on the vietnamese in both the north and the south. richard nixon, a republican won the election. he campaigned against rising crime and claimed he would restore \" law and order \". nixon also instituted the southern policy, taking advantage of southern voters. a supply convoy was ambushed by pavn forces on route 9. this was the last overland attempt to resupply khe sanh until the following april. through december, pavn troops were spotted in the area, but there was little fighting. with the increase in enemy activity a decision was needed regarding whether to further reinforce khe sanh or abandon the position. the tet offensive was a series of surprise attacks by the vietcong and north vietnamese forces, on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets throughout south vietnam. it was considered to be a turning point in the vietnam war. the most notorious u. s. military event of the vietnam war. my lai was one of a cluster of south vietnamese hamlets making up son my village, nicknamed \" pinkville \" by u. s. soldiers because of its concentration of communist sympathizers and viet cong activity. it was a military operation of the vietnam war conducted primarily by us forces. the aim of this massive search and destroy operation was to corrupt the so - called \" iron triangle. \" this was the first major battle between the united states army and the people ' s army of vietnam ( referred to by us fighting units as the north vietnamese army during the vietnam war. ) u. s. cia agents had been tracking the nva ' s movements since the early fall, and by november 13 u. s. forces had been moved in to attack. operation rolling thunder was a prolonged u. s. bombing campaign during the vietnam war that failed to achieve its major political and military objectives. this was a major carpet - bombing of north vietnamese targets. 3, 500 marines were deployed to secure the u. s. airbase, freeing south vietnamese troops up for combat. on march 1, ambassador maxwell taylor had informed south vietnamese premier phan huy quat that the united states was preparing to send the marines to vietnam. three days later, a formal request was submitted by the u. s. embassy, asking the south vietnamese government to \" invite \" the united states to send the marines. was a congressional resolution passed in 1964 that authorized military action in southeast asia. on aug. 4, 1964,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42748757195056997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.636820"} {"text": "request was submitted by the u. s. embassy, asking the south vietnamese government to \" invite \" the united states to send the marines. was a congressional resolution passed in 1964 that authorized military action in southeast asia. on aug. 4, 1964, north vietnamese torpedo boats in the gulf of tonkin attacked u. s. destroyers that were reporting intelligence information to south vietnam. on july 31, 1964, the destroyer uss maddox started a desoto patrol off north vietnam. it steamed through the gulf of tonkin getting used to the area until it was attacked by three soviet - built p - 4 motor torpedo boats were dispatched to attack the destroyer. the ho chi minh trail was a series of roads built from north vietnam to south vietnam through the friendly countries of laos and cambodia, to provide logistical support to the vietcong and the north vietnamese army during the vietnam war. the eisenhower doctrine defined itself as a defensive move to contain soviet expansionism, but response from the governments of the middle east was mixed. jordan and lebanon liked the declaration. egypt and syria said it as a threat to their security. and, israel was unsure of their response and iraq and saudi arabia opposed a u. s. military role in the region. the domino theory was the view held by u. s. policy makers during the cold war that if one country went to communism, its neighbors were threatened with a chain reaction of communist takeovers. president harry truman addresses congress in march 1947, introducing the new policy ( truman doctrine ) of providing economic and military aid to turkey and greece, the policy encompassed support for anticommunist efforts around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49641250952520577, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.639315"} {"text": "one of the more surprising aspects of the early missions of the nx class enterprise during the 2150s was the number of hostile alien species which the ship encountered. one of the more mysterious of these incidents came in 2151, during the ship ' s first year of exploration. enterprise was deploying subspace amplifiers to expand earth ' s communications network when an alien vessel approached. the ship refused all attempts at communication, simply observing enterprise for a short time before departing. over the next few days the vessel returned several times, but on subsequent visits it scanned enterprise and then launched a series of unprovoked attacks on the ship. the alien vessel was fitted with a defensive energy screen which enterprise ' s torpedoes had little impact upon. the initial haste to get enterprise out of dock in time to return the klingon courier klaang to his home world had meant that there was no time to install the ship ' s most powerful weapons - three five hundred gigajoule phase cannon. the engineering and weapon crews managed to install the single cannon which the ship carried in storage, and to construct and install a second cannon. this remarkable feat, which would be expected to take up to a week in dock, was completed in 48 hours whilst the ship was still underway and engaged in periodic combat. on one of the attacks the alien craft dispatched a shuttlecraft which landed a two person boarding party aboard enterprise in what seemed to be some form of reconnaissance mission. the aliens were humanoid, but of a species completely unknown to the crew. they were equipped with personal force fields which proved invulnerable to the fire of the phase pistols enterprise carried, and after conducting scans of some crewmen and planting a surveillance device the aliens withdrew. once enterprise had its phase cannon installed, they were tested against a small mountain on an uninhabited moon. the effects were unexpected ; an overload caused the cannon to fire with ten times the expected yield, completely destroying the mountain and inflicting significant damage on the ship. some modification allowed the cannon to perform more normally, but when used against the alien craft they proved as ineffective as the torpedoes had. the chief engineering officer formulated a method of protecting the ship from the overload damage experienced earlier, and captain archer ordered that the conditions of the first firing be deliberately re - created. the overload allowed the phase cannon to puncture the shields of the enemy ship, inflicting considerable damage on it. a volley of torpedoes convinced the aliens to withdraw. 1 there has been no further encounter with this species since 2151,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5241133468788869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.662052"} {"text": "when i was a kid, my favorite crayon was the one called \" burnt sienna. \" it produced a warm orange - brown color that reminded me of georgia red clay. i wasn ' t far off the mark. the rich pigments of the color sienna are derived from a form of limonite clay used in the production of oil - based paints. ferric oxides found in certain soils produce the complex color. natural soil pigments, such as siena, ochre and umbra are found in many cave paintings and are believed to be the first pigments used by humans. burnt sienna is a warm reddish - brown hue, created by heating raw sienna to remove excess water from the clay. \" sienna \" is short for terra di siena, or \" earth of siena. \" the color is named for the town of siena, italy, where it occurs in abundance. the southwest entrance to siena through medieval city wall. palazzo pubblico ( town hall ) piazza del campo a beautiful medieval door in siena, italy, the cathedrale di santa maria, known as the duomo, is a treasure trove of sacred art from the 13th and 14th centuries. this marble mosaic by an unknown artist depicts the \" she - wolf, \" symbol of siena our guide explained that the relief on this bronze door to the duomo ( siena, italy ) depicts the \" glorification of the virgin. \" cathedral de santa maria assunta ( holy mary of the assumption ) these colorful frescoes on the library ceiling were painted by umbrian artist bernardino di betto, better known as \" pinturicchio. \" the sequential panels depict the life story of siena cardinal enea silvio piccolomini, who eventually became pope pius ii. fresco painted archway bernardino di betto ( pinturicchio ) painted several frescoes in the cathedral. this one, in the nave above the door to the piccolomini library, substitutes portraits of pinturicchio ' s patrons for the faces of the saints.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515519029919277, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.666249"} {"text": "comparing an integer with a floating - point number, part 1 : strategy last week, i started discussing the problem of comparing two numbers, each of which might be integer or floating - point. i pointed out that integers are easy to compare with each other, but a program that compares two floating - point numbers must take nan ( not a number ) into account. - a how - to guide on using cloud services for security - rich data backup - how to test and launch a world - class application - best practices : using apple ' s global proxy to boost mobile security - informationweek 2013 it spending priorities survey - the untapped potential of mobile apps for commercial customers - secure cloud : taking advantage of the intelligent wan that discussion omitted the case in which one number is an integer and the other is floating - point. as before, we must decide how to handle nan ; presumably, we shall make this decision in a way that is consistent with what we did for pure floating - point values. aside from dealing with nan, the basic problem is easy to state : we have two numbers, one integer and one floating - point, and we want to compare them. for convenience, we ' ll refer to the integer as n and the floating - point number as x. then there are three possibilities : - neither of the above. it ' s easy to write the comparisons n < x and x < n directly as c + + expressions. however, the definition of these comparisons is that n gets converted to floating - point and the comparison is done in floating - point. this language - defined comparison works only when converting n to floating - point yields an accurate result. on every computer i have ever encountered, such conversions fail whenever the \" fraction \" part of the floating - point number \u2014 that is, the part that is neither the sign nor the exponent \u2014 does not have enough capacity to contain the integer. in that case, one or more of the integer ' s low - order bits will be rounded or discarded in order to make it fit. to make this discussion concrete, consider the floating - point format usually used for the float type these days. the fraction in this format has 24 significant bits, which means that n can be converted to floating - point only when | n | < 224. for larger integers, the conversion will lose one or more bits. so, for example, 224 and 224 + 1 might convert to the same floating - point number, or perhaps 224 + 1 and 224 + 2 might do so, depending on how the machine handles rounding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029136080728001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.670475"} {"text": ", the conversion will lose one or more bits. so, for example, 224 and 224 + 1 might convert to the same floating - point number, or perhaps 224 + 1 and 224 + 2 might do so, depending on how the machine handles rounding. either of these possibilities implies that there are values of x such that n = = x, n + 1 = = x, and ( of course ) n < n + 1. such behavior clearly violates the conditions for c + + comparison operators. in general, there will be a number \u2014 let ' s call it b for big \u2014 such that integers with absolute value greater than b cannot always be represented exactly as floating - point numbers. this number will usually be 2k, where k is the number of bits in a floating - point fraction. i claim that \" greater \" is correct rather than \" greater than or equal \" because even though the actual value 2k doesn ' t quite fit in k bits, it can still be accurately represented by setting the exponent so that the low - order bit of the fraction represents 2 rather than 1. so, for example, a 24 - bit fraction can represent 224 exactly but cannot represent 224 + 1, and therefore we will say that b is 224 on such an implementation. with this observation, we can say that we are safe in converting a positive integer n to floating - point unless n > b. moreover, on implementations in which floating - point numbers have more bits in their fraction than integers have ( excluding the sign bit ), n > b will always be false, because there is no way to generate an integer larger than b on such an implementation. returning to our original problem of comparing n, we see that the problems arise only when n > b. in that case we cannot convert n to floating - point successfully. what can we do? the key observation is that if x is large enough that it might possibly be larger than n, the low - order bit of x must represent a power of two greater than 1. in other words, if x > b, then x must be an integer. of course, it might be such a large integer that it is not possible to represent it in integer format ; but nevertheless, the mathematical value of x is an integer. this final observation leads us to a strategy : n < b, then we can safely convert nto floating - point for comparison with x ; this conversion will be exact. - otherwise, if xis larger than the largest possible integer ( of the type of xmust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5226577248887518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.673132"} {"text": "atenolol pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings atenolol is also known as : tenormin atenolol pregnancy warnings atenolol crosses the placental barrier and appears in cord blood. administration of atenolol in the second trimester of pregnancy has been associated with the birth of infants that are small for their gestational age. in addition, some data have shown a significantly decreased fetal heart rate and significantly decreased mean birth weight of infants whose mothers were taking atenolol relative to those taking acebutolol or pindolol. case reports of profound beta - blockade in neonates of mothers who were taking atenolol are reported. because of this, observation of affected neonates for bradycardia and hypotension is recommended for 48 hours postpartum. the results of one study indicate that maternal renal function, mean cardiac output, and heart rate are significantly increased, while mean total peripheral resistance is significantly decreased during the second and third trimesters as compared to 3 months postpartum. atenolol has been assigned to pregnancy category d by the fda. animal studies have revealed evidence of dose - related embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity. atenolol has been used during human pregnancy ( starting in the second trimester ) with evidence of lower birth weight and preterm ( less than 37 weeks ) delivery. neonates born to mothers who are receiving atenolol at parturition may be at risk for hypoglycemia and bradycardia. atenolol should only be given during pregnancy when there are no alternatives and benefit outweighs risk. atenolol breastfeeding warnings atenolol is excreted into human breast milk at a ratio of 1. 5 to 6. 8 when compared to the concentration in plasma. neonates born to mothers who are receiving atenolol and are breast - feeding may be at risk for hypoglycemia and bradycardia. the manufacturer recommends that caution be used when administering atenolol to nursing women. milk atenolol levels may be four times higher than maternal serum levels. one case of bradycardia, peripheral cyanosis, and hypothermia is reported in a nursing infant whose mother was taking atenolol 50 mg orally every 12 hours. the authors calculated that the atenolol exposure to the nursing infant was 9 % of the mother ' s daily dose. because of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4577201567832013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.680697"} {"text": "is reported in a nursing infant whose mother was taking atenolol 50 mg orally every 12 hours. the authors calculated that the atenolol exposure to the nursing infant was 9 % of the mother ' s daily dose. because of this, observation of nursing infants for bradycardia and hypotension is recommended during breast - feeding. in addition, neonates born to mothers who are breast - feeding may be at an increase risk for hypoglycemia. premature infants or infants with impaired renal function may be more at risk to develop side effects. - atenolol use while breastfeeding ( in more detail ) - atenolol consumer information - pregnancy support group - fda pregnancy categories - medicine use during pregnancy - medicine use while breastfeeding - safe medications during breastfeeding disclaimer : every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by cerner multum, wolters kluwer health and drugs. com is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. in addition, the drug information contained herein may be time sensitive and should not be utilized as a reference resource beyond the date hereof. this drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients, or recommend therapy. this drug information is a reference resource designed as supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge, and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. the absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug of drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for any given patient. multum information services, inc. does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information multum provides. copyright 2000 - 2008 multum information services, inc. the information in contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. if you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4771456720521621, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.682421"} {"text": "violin for dummies with all of its different parts and its beautiful, delicate - looking body, the violin can feel a bit intimidating at first. this cheat sheet helps you get to know your instrument by introducing the most important parts of your violin, provides some easy steps to keep it in tip - top condition, and takes you through the process of taking the violin out of its case for the very first time. examining the parts of your violin more than 70 parts go into making a complete violin. this hourglass - shaped string instrument consists of several basic parts, including the 21 important elements explained here. back : one of the most important parts of the violin, for both aesthetic and acoustic properties. the back of the violin can be made of one or two pieces, and it \u2019 s arched for strength and tone power. bass bar : a slim strip of wood glued under the table of the violin on the side of, and running more or less parallel to, the lower strings. the bass bar reinforces the strength of the violin \u2019 s top and enriches the tone of the lower notes. body : the sounding box of the violin has evolved to produce the best sound and use the most convenient playing shape. the waist of the violin is actually a necessary indentation, so that the bow can move freely across the strings without bumping into the body. bridge : the only piece of unvarnished wood on the violin, it sits on top, about halfway down the body, placed exactly between the little crossbars of the violin \u2019 s f - holes. the strings run over the top of the bridge, which transfers their vibrations to the main body of the violin for amplification. the bridge is slightly rounded to match the shape of the fingerboard and to enable the player to bow on one string at a time. chinrest : the spot on which your jaw rests when you \u2019 re playing ( come to think of it, it should be called a jaw rest ). chinrests are usually made of ebony that has been carved into a cupped shape to fit the left side of your jaw. your chinrest is attached just to the left of the tailpiece by a special metal bracket. you can choose from a variety of models to fit your chin shape and neck length most comfortably. end button : a small circular knob made of ebony, to which the tailpiece is attached by a loop. f - holes : the openings on either side of the bridge. they \u2019 re called f - holes because they \u2019 re shaped like the it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4735693925318859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.703593"} {"text": "end button : a small circular knob made of ebony, to which the tailpiece is attached by a loop. f - holes : the openings on either side of the bridge. they \u2019 re called f - holes because they \u2019 re shaped like the italic letter f. fine tuners : small metal screws fitted into the tailpiece and used for minor tuning adjustments. fingerboard : a slightly curved, smooth piece of ebony that \u2019 s glued on top of the neck of the violin, under most of the length of the strings. neck : the long piece of wood to which the fingerboard is glued. the neck connects the body of the violin to the pegbox and scroll. nut : a raised ridge at the pegbox end of the fingerboard that stops the strings from vibrating beyond that point. pegbox : the rectangular part of the scroll immediately adjoining the nut end of the fingerboard, before all the fancy carving begins, where each of the four pegs fits snugly sideways into its individual hole. pegs : four pieces of wood, usually ebony, shaped for ease of turning and fitted into round holes in the pegbox. the player turns the peg to tighten or loosen each string when tuning the violin. purfling : an inlay running around the edge of the top and back of the violin \u2019 s body. the purfling is both decorative and functional because it protects the main body of the violin from cracks that can occur through accidental bumps. of all the parts of the violin, purfling is the most fun to say. ribs : the sides of the violin. the luthier ( a fancy word for violin maker ) bends the wood, curving it to fit the outline of the top and back of each instrument. saddle : an ebony ridge over which the tailpiece loop passes. the saddle protects the body of the violin from becoming damaged and prevents rattling sounds, which would occur if the tailpiece was to contact the top of the violin when it \u2019 s vibrating with sound. scroll : named after the rolled - up paper scrolls that were sent instead of envelopes in the old days, the scroll forms the very end of the pegbox. carving a scroll requires artistic vision and great expertise, so creative violin makers see the scroll as an opportunity to display their best work. occasionally, you meet a violin with a lion \u2019 s head scroll, or some other fanciful shape, the result of a maker \u2019 s whimsy. sound post : enhances the volume and tone of the violin by transferring the sound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5573030981600984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.710452"} {"text": "work. occasionally, you meet a violin with a lion \u2019 s head scroll, or some other fanciful shape, the result of a maker \u2019 s whimsy. sound post : enhances the volume and tone of the violin by transferring the sound vibrations to the back of the instrument after the bow makes a string sound near the bridge. if you peek into the f - hole near the e string ( your thinnest string ), you see a small round column of unvarnished wood, about the circumference of a pencil, which fits vertically from the top to the back of the violin. strings : the four metal - wrapped wires ( often made with silver or aluminum ribbon spiraling smoothly around a gut or synthetic core material ) that you bow on ( or pluck ) to produce the notes of the violin. tailpiece : a flared - shaped piece of wood into which the top end of each string is attached. the tailpiece itself is attached to the end button by a gut or synthetic loop. top ( or table ) : the face of the violin. the top is very important to the character and quality of the violin \u2019 s sound as well as to its general appearance. protecting your violin from damage violins are made of natural materials that are sensitive to temperature and humidity changes. follow these tips to help your violin have a long and happy life : keep your violin at about room temperature. store the case away from high - traffic areas so that it doesn \u2019 t get knocked around. always close and latch the case when you finish playing, to protect your violin from falls. keep your violin away from radiators, air ducts, and direct sunlight, and avoid leaving it for long stays ( or almost any stays! ) in car trunks, especially in very hot or very cold weather. most important of all, keep your violin in a humidity of 40 to 60 percent whenever possible, and if you \u2019 re traveling to a different climate, take care to preserve the humidity in the violin \u2019 s case at a similar level. how to take your violin out of its case taking the violin out of its case ( and putting it away again safely ) is a skill ; mastering the art ensures that your instrument will have a long and happy life. to open the case, follow these steps : place the violin case on a stable, flat surface, such as a table or a sofa, with the lid facing the ceiling, and then turn the latch - and - handle side to face you. you may have to unzip the case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4797022518660503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.711649"} {"text": ": place the violin case on a stable, flat surface, such as a table or a sofa, with the lid facing the ceiling, and then turn the latch - and - handle side to face you. you may have to unzip the case \u2019 s cover first, which usually has two zips that pull away to either side of the case \u2019 s handle. pull the zippers all the way around to the back of the case so that the lid is able to open fully. open the latches first, then release the lock and lift the lid. because the cases are very snugly built, the top can be a bit sticky to lift, in which case ( no pun intended! ), you hold firmly on the handle while you lift the lid. after you open the case, lift off the covering blanket ( if you have one ) and undo the strap or the ribbon that safely holds your violin around its neck in the case, before you lift out the violin. hold the violin around its neck to lift it from the case \u2014 don \u2019 t grab the body, because that \u2019 s not good for the varnish. it \u2019 s a good idea to place the velvet cloth that covers the violin onto the table and next to the case ; this way, you can place the instrument on the cloth. release the bow from the case by turning the toggle from a vertical to a horizontal position, taking the bow by the frog end ( the name for the piece of ebony wood below the stick at the right end of the bow ) with your right hand, and then sliding it gently to the right until the tip ( the pointy end ) of the bow is out of its loophole. never twist the stick while doing this \u2014 bows are strong, but they can \u2019 t always resist sideways twists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4063920686076556, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.712835"} {"text": "bing online dictionary defines \u201c symptom \u201d as : \u201c indication of illness felt by patient : an indication of a disease or other disorder, especially one experienced by the patient, e. g. pain, dizziness or itching, as opposed to one observed by the doctor. \u201d so, how long does it take from the time symptoms start to get help? with symptoms of a common cold, relief can be found at the nearest supermarket or pharmacy ; over - the - counter remedies are as abundant as they are accessible. so on average, i would guess from the time of the first sneeze or cough until the first swig of medicine, we \u2019 re looking at about an hour. with symptoms of cardiac or other emergency distress, 911 is typically called, and help arrives quickly. perhaps an average 10 to 20 minutes or so from the onset of symptoms until help arrives, depending on the location of the patient. shooting pain from a tooth? most of us will deal with this symptom for only as long as it takes for the dentist can get us in. how about a torn knee ligament on the ski hill? most likely, we will get that treated as soon as possible. what about symptoms of depression, anxiety, substance abuse and other behavioral - health conditions? interestingly, we wait 10 years on average from the onset of symptoms until we get treatment. why do we wait? one answer is stigma, as defined by the online dictionary as, \u201c sign of social unacceptability : the shame or disgrace attached to something regarded as socially unacceptable. \u201d it \u2019 s true that our culture has not been ( historically ) accepting of behavioral - health conditions. that being said, i wonder how we can still consider these conditions to be socially unacceptable \u2013 especially when they are so prevalent nowadays. as evidence of the widespread nature of behavioral health conditions, the national alliance on mental illness reports an estimated 26. 2 percent of adults, or about 1 in 4, experience a diagnosable mental disorder every year. what are the consequences of waiting 10 years? unfortunately, as with any issue, the longer we wait to get treatment, the greater likelihood we have of developing advanced symptoms. however, as with other illnesses, the good news is that early intervention and treatment has proved effective in treating behavioral - health conditions. as i often write in this column, mental health first aid is an evidence - based set of skills that have proved to be effective in lessening the time between the start of symptoms and getting help. for more information about m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790445616170381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.715903"} {"text": "durham cathedral library descends from the library of the monastery founded on lindisfarne by st aidan in 635. when the community left lindisfarne in 875, the monks took with them relics of st cuthbert, and a number of books. these probably included the famous manuscript now known as the lindisfarne gospels. the community settled at chester - le - street in 883, where it continued to acquire books. in 995 it moved to durham, where it built the ' white church ' completed in 1017. the medieval priory library in 1083 the bishop of durham, william of st calais, founded a benedictine priory to replace the community of secular clerks which had served the white church and shrine of st cuthbert, and in 1093 the foundation stone of the present cathedral was laid. william drew his first monks from the recently re - founded abbeys of wearmouth and jarrow. the new priory inherited books from all these predecessors, including 7th and 8th century manuscripts of northumbrian origin, some of which are still in the cathedral library today. the priory gradually amassed a substantial library, including books written in its own scriptorium. most books were housed in the spendement off the west cloister, cupboards in the north cloister, and ( from the early 15th century ) a new library room above the east cloister. the cathedral library after the dissolution of the monastery after the dissolution of the monastery in 1539, the cathedral was re - founded under a dean and chapter who inherited what survived of the priory ' s collection of manuscripts and printed books. further severe losses occurred in the later 16th century, including the lindisfarne gospels ( now in the british library ; a facsimile is on display in the cathedral treasury ). nonetheless, over 300 manuscripts and some 60 printed books from the monastic collection still remain in the cathedral library today. after almost a century of neglect, the library was reformed in the 1620 ' s through the initiative of john cosin and other canons. during the civil war and interregnum it suffered less depredation and dispersal than many other cathedral libraries. after the restoration, the former monastic refectory was restored and fitted out as a library by dean sudbury, and the old library room above the east cloister ceased to be used for library purposes. the book collection grew rapidly, both by purchase and gift, and by 1676 the stock had increased to almost 1000 volumes. the 18th century brought further substantial expansion, with less emphasis on theology and more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37501254093325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.733398"} {"text": "grades3 - 5, 6 - 8, 9 - 12 brief descriptionstudents determine revenue generated by sample pages from the yellow pages and discuss the value of advertising a business in this venue. keywordstelephone, phone, yellow, directory, advertise, business, revenue, calculate, chart, table, research, data, decision note : this math activity is designed to be done by hand, but you might integrate technology by having students use a computer spreadsheet program to organize and calculate data. open this activity with a brief discussion about the yellow pages section of the local telephone directory. how do the yellow pages differ from other parts of the book? what kinds of people publish phone numbers in the yellow pages? what might be the benefits of publishing phone numbers in the yellow pages? lead the discussion to how businesses use the yellow pages to advertise their products or services with other businesses offering similar services. share with students that yellow pages ads can be very expensive but that many business owners pay the rates because it ' s profitable for them to be listed among businesses that offer competitive products. a small yellow pages ad can cost hundreds, or even thousands, of dollars a year! in large urban areas, the costs of advertising in the yellow pages are likely to be greater than they are in a small, rural area. costs vary by geographic location and by the size of the ad. other variations might include whether the ad includes art or colored inks. in this activity, students will use the local telephone directory and some fictitious ad rates to calculate the amount of revenue that a page in the yellow pages generates. the fictitious ad rates might or might not be close to rates actually paid in your area. you are welcome to substitute true rates for your local area if you can get that information from your yellow pages publisher. ( publishers might not be willing to provide that information ; ad rates are frequently unpublished and often negotiable. ) for this activity, assign each student three pages in the yellow pages section of your local directory, or you might copy a number of pages and give three to each student. have each student create a chart ( or use a teacher - created chart ) and do the math for the three pages he or she is assigned. if you have time, it ' s a good idea to provide students with pages that include ads in a variety of sizes. you might even plan to give more complex pages ( with ads of a wide variety of sizes plus a fair number of individual listings ) to students with strong math abilities ; for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49139491459505225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.767881"} {"text": "good idea to provide students with pages that include ads in a variety of sizes. you might even plan to give more complex pages ( with ads of a wide variety of sizes plus a fair number of individual listings ) to students with strong math abilities ; for students who are not as strong in math, you might provide simpler pages that will require less calculation. when students have their phone book pages, share with them that the rates advertisers pay for yellow pages ads depend on the size of the ad. ask : what different sizes of ads do you find on the pages you have in front of you? ( students will share that they see full - page ads, ads that take up a half of the page, or ads that take up a quarter, an eighth, or a sixteenth of the page. ) to accommodate students who are visual learners, you might cut 16 squares from a page of the yellow pages ; each square should be the size of an ad that takes up 1 / 16th of a page in the phone directory. have students assist as you paste those squares over a sample page ; students will see clearly that a page can be made up of 16 ads that are 1 / 16 of a page in size. you might also cut squares to show students that a page could include eight 1 / 8th - page ads, four 1 / 4th - page ads, or two 1 / 2 - page ads. at this time, provide a couple of sample pages from the yellow pages section of the phone directory. ( photocopying those pages onto overhead transparencies would be best. ) as a class, count and record the number of ads of different sizes and the number of individual ( 1 - or 2 - line ) ads that appear on each page. record the results in a format similar to the one below : | page no. | | 2 - line | | 1 / 16th page | | 1 / 16th page with art | | 1 / 8th page | | 1 / 8th page with art | | 1 / 4th page | | 1 / 4th page with art | | 1 / 2 page | | 1 / 2 page with art | | full page | | full page with art | hand out to students three pages from the yellow pages. have students create a chart similar to the one above ( or provide the chart for students to fill in ). have students use the chart to record the number of ads of different sizes and the number of individual listings on each page. introduce the ad rate sheet. provide the sheet for students in one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45537649122165275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.768990"} {"text": "( or provide the chart for students to fill in ). have students use the chart to record the number of ads of different sizes and the number of individual listings on each page. introduce the ad rate sheet. provide the sheet for students in one of the following formats : the simple ad rate sheet below can be used if you do not have access to an actual ad rate sheet from the publisher of your phone directory. ( notes : for younger students, you might simplify the activity by leaving off the \" extra charge for art \" column. all rates on this chart are on the low side for most locales. ) next, have students create a chart ( or use a teacher - created chart ) to figure how much revenue the yellow pages publisher took in for three pages of the phone directory. the chart below is a sample of the chart older students might use for each page. ( younger students might have fewer types of ads listed. ) size of ad cost per year extra charge for art 1 or 2 lines $ 120 no art allowed 1 / 16th page $ 390 $ 50 1 / 8th page $ 760 $ 75 1 / 4th page $ 900 $ 100 1 / 2 page $ 1, 420 $ 125 full page $ 2, 170 $ 175 | number of ads | | type and cost of ad | | total cost of ads | | 2 - line ad @ $ 120 | | $ | | 1 / 16th - page ad @ $ 390 | | $ | | 1 / 16th - page ad with art @ $ 440 | | $ | | 18th - page ad @ $ 760 | | $ | | 1 / 8th - page ad with art @ $ 835 | | $ | | 1 / 4th - page ad @ $ 990 | | $ | | 1 / 4th - page ad with art @ $ 1, 090 | | $ | | 1 / 2 - page ad @ $ 1, 420 | | $ | | 1 / 2 - page ad with art @ $ 1, 545 | | $ | | full - page ad @ $ 2, 170 | | $ | | full - page ad with art @ $ 2, 345 | | $ | | total ad dollars | | $ | ask students to record on the chart the number of each type of ad that appears. then they should figure out the total ad dollars generated by each type of ad. finally, they should total the figures for each type of ad to find the amount generated by each page of the yellow pages. have students repeat those steps for all three pages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4336693475789305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.770742"} {"text": "then they should figure out the total ad dollars generated by each type of ad. finally, they should total the figures for each type of ad to find the amount generated by each page of the yellow pages. have students repeat those steps for all three pages. students answer the following question : if you owned a restaurant, would you publish a business ad in the yellow pages of your phone book? why or why not? lesson plan source language arts : english mathematics : number and operations nl - eng. k - 12. 4 communication skills nl - eng. k - 12. 7 evaluating data nl - eng. k - 12. 12 applying language skills nm - num. 3 - 5. 1 understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems nm - num. 3 - 5. 3 compute fluently and make reasonable estimates nm - num. 6 - 8. 1 understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems nm - num. 6 - 8. 3 compute fluently and make reasonable estimates nm - num. 9 - 12. 1 understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems nm - num. 9 - 12. 3 compute fluently and make reasonable estimates nm - conn. pk - 12. 3 recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics nm - rep. pk - 12. 1 create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas nss - ec. k - 4. 2 effective decision making nss - ec. k - 4. 9 competition in the marketplace nss - ec. 5 - 8. 2 effective decision making nss - ec. 5 - 8. 9 competition in the marketplace nss - ec. 9 - 12. 2 effective decision making nss - ec. 9 - 12. 9 competition in the marketplace see more fun math lessons in these education world articles :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4608369479585269, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.773204"} {"text": "torque is an important factor in much of the equipment on a factory floor. measuring torque is often something that ' s misunderstood, which can lead to over - under - designing of measurement systems. this article addresses the many techniques and tradeoff of torque measurement techniques. torque can be divided into two major categories, either static or dynamic. the methods used to measure torque can be further divided into two more categories, either reaction or in - line. understanding the type of torque to be measured, as well as the different types of torque sensors that are available, will have a profound impact on the accuracy of the resulting data, as well as the cost of the measurement. in a discussion of static vs. dynamic torque, it is often easiest start with an understanding of the difference between a static and dynamic force. to put it simply, a dynamic force involves acceleration, were a static force does not. the relationship between dynamic force and acceleration is described by newton \u2019 s second law ; f = ma ( force equals mass times acceleration ). the force required to stop your car with its substantial mass would a dynamic force, as the car must be decelerated. the force exerted by the brake caliper in order to stop that car would be a static force because there is no acceleration of the brake pads involved. torque is just a rotational force, or a force through a distance. from the previous discussion, it is considered static if it has no angular acceleration. the torque exerted by a clock spring would be a static torque, since there is no rotation and hence no angular acceleration. the torque transmitted through a cars drive axle as it cruises down the highway ( at a constant speed ) would be an example of a rotating static torque, because even though there is rotation, at a constant speed there is no acceleration. the torque produced by the cars engine will be both static and dynamic, depending on where it is measured. if the torque is measured in the crankshaft, there will be large dynamic torque fluctuations as each cylinder fires and its piston rotates the crankshaft. if the torque is measured in the drive shaft it will be nearly static because the rotational inertia of the flywheel and transmission will dampen the dynamic torque produced by the engine. the torque required to crank up the windows in a car ( remember those? ) would be an example of a static torque, even though there is a rotational acceleration involved, because both the acceleration and rotational inertia of the crank are very small and the resulting dynamic torque ( torque = rotational inertia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5165625444614285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.777722"} {"text": "printed wiring board ( pwb ) interconnect inductance can make or break the performance of a power supply. a large interconnect inductance can raise the high - frequency impedance of a gate drive circuit, impacting efficiency, or it can degrade the effectiveness of filter capacitors. in this power tip, we examine some simple formulas for interconnect inductance in free space and over a ground plane. we will find that the ground plane significantly reduces trace inductance and is critical for optimal performance in power supplies. the simplest trace to consider is a rectangular conductor in free space. a formula for its inductance is shown in figure 1. note that the inductance is a strong function of length but has a logarithmic relationship to the width of the conductor. while the recommendation of making a conductor as wide as possible to reduce its inductance is substantiated by the expression, the benefit of wide conductors is diminished by the logarithm. this is clearly shown in the table, which contains some sample conductor widths and calculates the resulting inductance of a one - inch - long conductor. for instance, a 10 mil ( 0. 25 mm ), 2 oz ( 1. 8 mil or 0. 07 mm ) conductor has an inductance of about 24 nh, if it is one - inch ( 25 mm ) long. if its width is increased by 50 times, the inductance only drops by a factor of four due to the logarithm in the expression. click on image to enlarge. figure 1 : inductance of a free space conductor has a logarithmic relationship to width. ground planes in circuit boards are used to ease routing, minimize the ground voltage variation, provide electrical and magnetic shielding, control impedances, and to help cool the components. additionally, they provide the opportunity to reduce the inductance of circuit conductors in the pwb. figure 2 presents a simple formula for the calculation of a conductor over a ground plane. the expression shows linear relationships between inductance, conductor height over the plane and its length. so to a first order, minimizing the separation of the conductor and ground or increasing the conductor width lets you drive the inductance toward zero. the table presents some sample calculations that can be compared with figure 1. for instance, we found that a 0. 10 - inch - wide conductor in free space had an inductance of 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5364618210671177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.795249"} {"text": "width lets you drive the inductance toward zero. the table presents some sample calculations that can be compared with figure 1. for instance, we found that a 0. 10 - inch - wide conductor in free space had an inductance of 14 nh per inch. that same conductor placed over a ground plane of a two - sided board ( 0. 06 inches thick ) would have 3 nh per inch. that is a 5 : 1 reduction in interconnect inductance, which translates into faster gate drives, more effective filtering capacitors and reduced circuit losses from proximity effects. the table also shows that with a six - layer board where the dielectric thickness is reduced to 0. 01 inch, the inductance is reduced by another factor of six. clearly, when routing boards, you will want to put your ground layers as close to the board surface as possible to minimize inductance connecting the components on the surface. click on image to enlarge. figure 2 : inductance of conductor over plane can be driven arbitrarily small. to summarize, inductances of conductors on single - layer boards are high due to the lack of a ground - plane layer. this can be mitigated somewhat by routing conductor pairs together. however, ground planes offer the ability to make order of magnitude reductions in this stray inductance, which will result in lower impedance signal paths. this can provide improved efficiency with improved gate drives, better electromagnetic interference ( emi ) performance due to improved filter performance, and lower crosstalk due to lower impedance nodes. please join us next month when we discuss a second look at snubbing the flyback converter. for more information about this and other power solutions, visit : www. ti. com / power - ca about the author is a senior applications manager and distinguished member of technical staff at texas instruments. he has more than 30 years of experience in the power electronics business and has designed magnetics for power electronics ranging from sub - watt to sub - megawatt with operating frequencies into the megahertz range. robert earned a bsee from texas a & m university and an msee from southern methodist university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49770934989751536, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.796353"} {"text": "dsp tricks : interpolating a bandpass signalthere are many digital communications applications where a real signal is centered at one fourth the sample rate, or fs / 4. this condition makes quadrature downconversion particularly simple. in the event that you ' d like to generate an interpolated ( increased sample rate ) version of the bandpass signal but maintain its fs / 4 center frequency, there ' s an efficient way to do so. suppose we want to interpolate by a factor of two. so the output sample rate is twice the input sample rate, fs - out = 2fs - in. in this case the process is : quadrature downconversion by fs - in / 4, interpolation factor of two, quadrature upconversion by fs - out / 4, and then take only the real part of the complex upconverted sequence. the implementation of this scheme is shown at the top of figure 13 - 36 below. | figure 13 - 36. bandpass signal interpolation scheme, and spectra. | the sequences applied to the first multiplier in the top signal path are the real x ( n ) input and the repeating mixing sequence 1, 0, - 1, 0. that mixing sequence is the real ( or in - phase ) part of the complex exponential needed for quadrature downconversion by fs / 4. likewise, the repeating mixing sequence 0, - 1, 0, 1 applied to the first multiplier in the bottom path is the imaginary ( or quadrature phase ) part of the complex downconversion exponential the 2 symbol means insert one zero - valued sample between each signal at the a nodes. the final subtraction to obtain y ( n ) is how we extract the real part of the complex sequence at node d. that is, we ' re extracting the real part of the product of the complex signal at node c multiplied by the shaded spectra indicate true spectral components, while the white spectra represent spectral replications. of course, the same lowpass filter must be used in both processing paths to maintain the proper time delay and orthogonal phase relationships. there are several additional issues worth considering regarding this interpolation process. if the amplitude loss, inherent in interpolation, of a factor of two is bothersome, we can make the final mixing sequences 2, 0, - 2, 0, and 0, 2, 0, - 2 to compensate for that loss. because there are so many zero", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5731757901470995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.799877"} {"text": "interpolation, of a factor of two is bothersome, we can make the final mixing sequences 2, 0, - 2, 0, and 0, 2, 0, - 2 to compensate for that loss. because there are so many zeros in the sequences at node b ( three - fourths of the samples ), we should consider those efficient polyphase filters for the lowpass filtering. finally, if it ' s sensible in your implementation, consider replacing the final adder with a multiplexer ( because alternate samples of the sequences at node d are zeros ). in this case, the mixing sequence in the bottom path would be changed to 0, - 1, 0, 1. used with the permission of the publisher, prentice hall, this on - going series of articles on embedded. com is based on copyrighted material from \" understanding digital signal processing, second edition \" by richard g. lyons. the book can be purchased on line. richard lyons is a consulting systems engineer and lecturer with besser associates. as a lecturer with besser and an instructor for the university of california santa cruz extension, lyons has delivered digitasl signal processing seminars and training course at technical conferences as well at companies such as motorola, freescale, lockheed martin, texas instruments, conexant, northrop grumman, lucent, nokia, qualcomm, honeywell, national semiconductor, general dynamics and infinion. currently no items", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244516926430745, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.800434"} {"text": "swollen lymph nodes what are lymph nodes? lymph nodes are small, bean - shaped glands throughout the body. they are part of the lymphatic system, which carries fluid ( lymph fluid ), nutrients, and waste material between the body tissues and the bloodstream. the lymphatic system is an important part of the immune system, the body ' s defense system against disease. the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid as it flows through them, trapping bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, which are then destroyed by special white blood cells called lymphocytes. lymph nodes may be found singly or in groups. and they may be as small as the head of a pin or as large as an olive. groups of lymph nodes can be felt in the neck, groin, and underarms. lymph nodes generally are not tender or painful. most lymph nodes in the body cannot be felt. what causes swollen lymph nodes? lymph nodes often swell in one location when a problem such as an injury, infection, or tumor develops in or near the lymph node. which lymph nodes are swollen can help identify the problem. common sites for swollen lymph nodes include the neck, groin, and underarms. what does it mean when lymph nodes swell in two or more areas of the body? when lymph nodes swell in two or more areas of the body, it is called generalized lymphadenopathy. this may be caused by : how are swollen lymph nodes treated? treatment for swollen glands focuses on treating the cause. for example, a bacterial infection may be treated with antibiotics, while a viral infection often goes away on its own. if cancer is suspected, a biopsy may be done to confirm the diagnosis. any swollen lymph nodes that don ' t go away or return to normal size over about a month should be checked by your doctor. how long will lymph nodes remain swollen? lymph nodes may remain swollen or firm long after an initial infection is gone. this is especially true in children, whose glands may decrease in size while remaining firm and visible for many weeks. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4938607945676343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.806347"} {"text": "biography all music guide all music guide : one of a handful of musicians who can be said to have permanently changed jazz, charlie parker was arguably the greatest saxophonist of all time. he could play remarkably fast lines that, if slowed down to half speed, would reveal that every note made sense. \" bird, \" along with his contemporaries dizzy gillespie and bud powell, is considered a founder of bebop ; in reality he was an intuitive player who simply was expressing himself. rather than basing his improvisations closely on the melody as was done in swing, he was a master of chordal improvising, creating new melodies that were based on the structure of a song. in fact, bird wrote several future standards ( such as \" anthropology, \" \" ornithology, \" \" scrapple from the apple, \" and \" ko ko, \" along with such blues numbers as \" now ' s the time \" and \" parker ' s mood \" ) that \" borrowed \" and modernized the chord structures of older tunes. parker ' s remarkable technique, fairly original sound, and ability to come up with harmonically advanced phrases that could be both logical and whimsical were highly influential. by 1950, it was impossible to play \" modern jazz \" with credibility without closely studying charlie parker. born in kansas city, ks, charlie parker grew up in kansas city, mo. he first played baritone horn before switching to alto. parker was so enamored of the rich kansas city music scene that he dropped out of school when he was 14, even though his musicianship at that point was questionable ( with his ideas coming out faster than his fingers could play them ). after a few humiliations at jam sessions, bird worked hard woodshedding over one summer, building up his technique and mastery of the fundamentals. by 1937, when he first joined jay mcshann ' s orchestra, he was already a long way toward becoming a major player. charlie parker, who was early on influenced by lester young and the sound of buster smith, visited new york for the first time in 1939, working as a dishwasher at one point so he could hear art tatum play on a nightly basis. he made his recording debut with jay mcshann in 1940, creating remarkable solos with a small group from mcshann ' s orchestra on \" oh, lady be good \" and \" honeysuckle rose. \" when the mcshann big band arrived in new york in 1941, parker had short solos on a few of their studio blues records, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4381123584888021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.858420"} {"text": "mcshann ' s orchestra on \" oh, lady be good \" and \" honeysuckle rose. \" when the mcshann big band arrived in new york in 1941, parker had short solos on a few of their studio blues records, and his broadcasts with the orchestra greatly impressed ( and sometimes scared ) other musicians who had never heard his ideas before. parker, who had met and jammed with dizzy gillespie for the first time in 1940, had a short stint with noble sissle ' s band in 1942, played tenor with earl hines ' sadly unrecorded bop band of 1943, and spent a few months in 1944 with billy eckstine ' s orchestra, leaving before that group made their first records. gillespie was also in the hines and eckstine big bands, and the duo became a team starting in late 1944. although charlie parker recorded with tiny grimes ' combo in 1944, it was his collaborations with dizzy gillespie in 1945 that startled the jazz world. to hear the two virtuosos play rapid unisons on such new songs as \" groovin ' high, \" \" dizzy atmosphere, \" \" shaw ' nuff, \" \" salt peanuts, \" and \" hot house, \" and then launch into fiery and unpredictable solos could be an upsetting experience for listeners much more familiar with glenn miller and benny goodman. although the new music was evolutionary rather than revolutionary, the recording strike of 1943 - 1944 resulted in bebop arriving fully formed on records, seemingly out of nowhere. unfortunately, charlie parker was a heroin addict ever since he was a teenager, and some other musicians who idolized bird foolishly took up drugs in the hope that it would elevate their playing to his level. when gillespie and parker ( known as \" diz and bird \" ) traveled to los angeles and were met with a mixture of hostility and indifference ( except by younger musicians who listened closely ), they decided to return to new york. impulsively, parker cashed in his ticket, ended up staying in l. a., and, after some recordings and performances ( including a classic version of \" oh, lady be good \" with jazz at the philharmonic ), the lack of drugs ( which he combated by drinking an excess of liquor ) resulted in a mental breakdown and six months of confinement at the camarillo state hospital. released in january 1947, parker soon headed back to new york and engaged in some of the most rewarding playing of his career, leading a quintet that included miles davis, duke jordan, tommy potter,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41139930085584886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.860932"} {"text": "of confinement at the camarillo state hospital. released in january 1947, parker soon headed back to new york and engaged in some of the most rewarding playing of his career, leading a quintet that included miles davis, duke jordan, tommy potter, and max roach. parker, who recorded simultaneously for the savoy and dial labels, was in peak form during the 1947 - 1951 period, visiting europe in 1949 and 1950, and realizing a lifelong dream to record with strings starting in 1949 when he switched to norman granz ' s verve label. but charlie parker, due to his drug addiction and chance - taking personality, enjoyed playing with fire too much. in 1951, his cabaret license was revoked in new york ( making it difficult for him to play in clubs ) and he became increasingly unreliable. although he could still play at his best when he was inspired ( such as at the 1953 massey hall concert with gillespie ), bird was heading downhill. in 1954, he twice attempted suicide before spending time in bellevue. his health, shaken by a very full if brief life of excesses, gradually declined, and when he died in march 1955 at the age of 34, he could have passed for 64. charlie parker, who was a legendary figure during his lifetime, has if anything grown in stature since his death. virtually all of his studio recordings are available on cd along with a countless number of radio broadcasts and club appearances. clint eastwood put together a well - intentioned if simplified movie about aspects of his life ( bird ). parker ' s influence, after the rise of john coltrane, has become more indirect than direct, but jazz would sound a great deal different if charlie parker had not existed. the phrase \" bird lives \" ( which was scrawled as graffiti after his death ) is still very true.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472690187595352, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.862980"} {"text": "diamonds are a scientist ' s best friend : research into building better small machines do diamonds really last forever? that ' s the hope of university of wisconsin - madison researchers who are trying to solve the problems associated with building extremely small machines and having them withstand the test of time, wear and tear. the problem is that these machines are so small \u2014 microscopic or smaller \u2014 that their moving parts cannot be assisted by lubricants ; instead, they have to function in a dry state, like a car with no oil. a really, really small car with no oil. \" they no longer behave in the same way as they do at the macro - scale, where materials may be far stronger, have more power to catalyze chemical reactions, be more optically responsive, and more, \" says rob carpick, associate professor of engineering physics. \" that is why it is very interesting to study the fundamental physics of nanoscale materials and also to try to utilize these unique properties for real applications. \" an example of a real application includes the tiny sensors in cars that sense rapid deceleration and deploy airbags. carpick and his colleagues \u2014 including collaborators from argonne national laboratories \u2014 recently published research that is integral to better understanding the issues facing the engineering of both micro - and nanoelectromechanical systems, called mems and nems. the paper, published in the journal advanced materials, explored a material made by their argonne collaborators, ultrananocrystalline diamond ( uncd ) and, in particular, its structure and surface chemistry. \" when you consider fabricating devices with sliding and rotational motion, you need to consider the structure and surface chemistry of the materials at the location of contact, called a tribological interface, \" carpick explains. it ' s this issue of tribology \u2014 the study of friction, lubrication and wear of moving parts \u2014 that ' s particularly interesting when considering mems and nems. just because small machines can be made doesn ' t mean that they can be made to work well and not wear down the researchers say. due to the vast knowledge of its use in microscale fabrication, the material of choice has traditionally been silicon. but because silicon does not respond well to uses that require repetitive sliding or rolling, the machines made from it fail. two solutions to the problem include improving silicon ' s wearability or finding a new material. carpick is putting his money a new material : diamond. the published study reported on data taken exclusively at the sync", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5414458913252309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.870249"} {"text": "rolling, the machines made from it fail. two solutions to the problem include improving silicon ' s wearability or finding a new material. carpick is putting his money a new material : diamond. the published study reported on data taken exclusively at the synchrotron radiation center, an electron storage ring located at uw - madison that uses the light produced by electrons whizzing around a basketball court - sized ring to conduct spectroscopy \u2014 a method that uses electrons kicked out of the sample by this light like knocking bricks out of a wall \u2014 to analyze the bonding configuration of materials like diamond in detail. \" to our surprise, we found that the structure and surface chemistry of the diamond at the tribological interface is worse than the original diamond. we found that at the tribological interface, the surface is more graphitic in nature, \" explains carpick. \" this would be bad news for a mems device. \" the solution offered by carpick and his colleagues is to coat the surface of the diamond by removing the graphite and attaching hydrogen to the remaining pure diamond. this forms a strongly bonded \" atomic cap \" to the surface. like putting varnish on a wooden table, the diamond surface becomes sealed and the diamond becomes water repellent, a critical feature for a machine that runs without lubrication. \" this means, if one wishes to build mems or nems devices from uncd, then we have shown a way to minimize friction and adhesion, and this will help us to develop more reliable, robust ( and ) long lasting mems devices, \" carpick notes. the next step for carpick includes a collaborative effort with uw - madison physics professor gelsomina \" pupa \" de stasio, who has developed world - renowned spectroscopy methods at the synchrotron radiation center. the team has been awarded a $ 480, 000 grant from the united states air force office of scientific research to tackle the issue of wear and tear on these thin diamond films and to answer the question of whether diamonds can truly last forever \u2014 or at least a really long time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5731449423798265, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.871861"} {"text": "mary stuart ( maria stuarda ) synopsis music by gaetano donizetti libretto by giuseppe bardari after schiller first performed : 1835 ( n / a ) scene 1 the palace of westminster it is a day of revelry at the court of the young elizabeth. the courtiers are celebrating in anticipation of the queen \u2019 s decision to accept the marriage proposal of the king of france. elizabeth arrives and announces her inclination to accept the proposal ; however, she loves leicester, and in private confesses that her freedom to love as an individual conflicts with her public duty as a sovereign. talbot and the courtiers plead for mercy for the imprisoned mary stuart, but elizabeth angrily cuts them short. cecil, who wants mary executed, urges elizabeth to come to a decision about her. the queen declares that should mary pose a threat to her then she would not hesitate to act. when he arrives at court, leicester is ordered by elizabeth to take a ring to the king of france as a token of her provisional acceptance of the marriage proposal. annoyed by his indifference to this news, the queen departs. talbot hands leicester a portrait and a letter from mary in which she asks for his help. leicester \u2019 s love and sympathy for mary are reawakened. he vows to champion her cause, despite talbot \u2019 s warnings of the dangers involved. elizabeth returns and confronts leicester, suspecting that he has had a message from mary. he persuades her to meet mary face to face. scene 2 the grounds of fotheringhay castle leicester has contrived that mary be temporarily released from her confinement so that she may \u2018 inadvertently \u2019 meet elizabeth. mary is innocently walking with her companion hannah kennedy in the grounds of the castle, where the beauties of the natural world remind her of her early life in france. the sounds of the royal hunt are heard and mary realizes that elizabeth is close by. leicester arrives to prepare her for her meeting with elizabeth ; he asks her to be submissive before the english queen, but mary is both resentful and afraid. mary rushes off before elizabeth, cecil and the hunting party approach, but is later brought back into elizabeth \u2019 s presence by talbot. the two queens meet for the first time. elizabeth is infuriated by mary \u2019 s demeanour and, although mary is humble and pleads for mercy, elizabeth is scornful and haughty, accusing mary of treachery and murder. mary can take no more of these insults and turns on elizabeth, denouncing her as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3831356722183783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.878784"} {"text": "and, although mary is humble and pleads for mercy, elizabeth is scornful and haughty, accusing mary of treachery and murder. mary can take no more of these insults and turns on elizabeth, denouncing her as the bastard daughter of anne boleyn. furious, elizabeth summons the guards to return mary to custody and swears to be avenged. ( n / a ) sixteen years have passed scene 1 elizabeth \u2019 s private chamber cecil tries to persuade elizabeth to sign mary \u2019 s death warrant. she eventually does so, ignoring leicester \u2019 s final pleas for mary to be spared. he upbraids elizabeth for her cruelty and jealousy when she refuses to reconsider. elizabeth orders leicester to witness the execution. scene 2 fotheringhay castle cecil delivers the death warrant to mary. left alone with talbot, she becomes distraught, imagining ghosts from her past. talbot, however, urges her to place her trust in god, confess her sins, and prepare to face the inevitable. scene 3 the courtyard of fotheringhay castle a crowd has gathered to witness mary \u2019 s execution. she enters and asks her faithful companions to join her in praying for forgiveness. a cannon shot is heard and cecil announces that the moment of execution draws near. mary forgives elizabeth. leicester enters in a state of agitation, but is unable to help mary. as a second cannon shot is heard, mary takes her final farewells and prays for the welfare of england. she is led towards her executioner. back to full list already a member? sign in now to access the members only area not a member? join now to receive priority booking, invitations to dress rehearsals and members - only events and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36682345081201073, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.880275"} {"text": "the test of phonological awareness ( topa ) was developed to help identify children who are delayed in their development of phonological awareness. research supports the theory that children with poor phonological awareness are at risk of later reading difficulties. children who score in the bottom quartile of the topa are considered to be at risk for reading difficulties. there are two versions of the topa, one for kindergarten and one for early elementary school. both are made up of two 10 - question subtests with pictures used to represent words. the quality of the items appears to be adequate for screening for awareness of phonemes, and the test appears easy to administer. the topa yields raw scores, percentiles, and standard scores. scores are sensitive to the time of the school year the test is administered for the kindergarten version. the normative sample was carefully selected. norms for the kindergarten topa were made up from responses of 875 children from 10 states, while those for the early elementary version are from 3, 654 children from 38 states. coefficient alpha, based on 100 children at each age level, was 0. 90 for kindergarten and 0. 88 for early elementary, results that support the internal consistency of the topa. overall, the topa has many strengths, including a large and representative normative sample. this does not mean that all school districts will relate to the instrument ' s norms. one suggestion for improvement would be to prepare local norms. another issue of concern is the clarity of pronunciation and dialect of the administrator. the topa - early elementary correlated well with subtests from the woodcock reading mastery test. correlations with other measures designed to measure phonological awareness were moderate for the kindergarten version and moderate to high for the early elementary version. it is concluded that the topa has potential for identifying children at risk for reading difficulties, and due to the ease of administration and the short time required, it can be used as a screening device. ( contains three references. ) ( sld ) paper presented at the education research exchange ( college station, tx, february 7, 1998 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246967519178547, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.896089"} {"text": "lava flows in daedalia planum mars express imaged daedalia planum, a sparsely cratered, untextured plain on the red planet featuring solidified lava flows of varying ages. daedalia planum lies to the south - east of arsia mons, one of the largest volcanoes on mars. it is 350 km in diameter and rises 14 km. the plain is dominated by numerous lava flows of varying ages. it lies at about 21\u00b0s / 243\u00b0e. the images have a ground resolution of about 17 m / pixel and cover about 150 x 75 km or 11 250 sq km, an area roughly the size of jamaica. the region features numerous solidified lava flows of different ages. these flows originate at the southern flank of arsia mons. the map shows two lava flows : the younger flow ( upper portion visible in nadir images ) exhibits flow structures, pressure ridges as well as the central lava channel ( upper right corner ). an older flow visible in the lower portion has a smoother surface owing to gradual accumulation of sediments. two striking depressions lying almost at right angles to the lava flow are also visible in the upper portion of the imaged region. these structures are related to grabens that existed earlier ( grabens are depressional features formed by faults in the crust ). it is likely that the lava flows invaded the grabens partially or filled them up completely. where a graben was only partially filled, the original dimensions are still recognisable. in the upper left of the nadir image is a portion of this feature that remains unmodified by the younger lava flows. existing impact craters have also been transformed by the lava flows. the two larger craters show different stages of modification ( visible in the 3d image ). the largest crater ( bottom ) was not affected by the lava flow but the ejecta blanket formed during the impact is partially covered in lava. the second largest crater has been flooded almost entirely, although minor portions of the rim are still preserved. it is likely that the lava entered through a breach in the rim, filling it up. fully covered impact craters, whose outlines are still visible, are also known as ghost craters. one such ghost crater is located in the immediate vicinity of the second largest impact crater. the colour scenes have been derived from the three hrsc - colour channels and the nadir channel. the perspective views have been calculated from the digital terrain model derived from the stereo channels. the anaglyph image was calculated from both stereo channels. the black and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.438530153246095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.900295"} {"text": "the gummy bear romp \" the gummy bear romp \" levels : low to intermediate applications : review or introduce 1. colours. 2. animals and / or objects vocabulary 3. interrogatives : \" do you want...? \" \" do you have...? \" 4. responses : \" yes, i do \" \" no, i don ' t \" \" i don ' t have... \" etc. supplies needed : 1. a bag of gummy bears or two. 2. a good picture dictionary or pictures of animals or other objects. optimum group size : 1 - 30 variations : limited only by your imagination. this particular activity can be adapted to almost any environment. start the activity with a bag of gummy bears. you ' ll probably find that each bag of candy has maybe 4 or 5 different colours. depending on class size, you might want to form several groups. 1. start off by making sure that everyone knows what a bear is and by showing the various colours of candy bears that you have ; ( usually red, yellow, green, white and orange ). begin by asking a student if he / she would like a particular colour of candy bear which you have. ie \" do you want a red candy bear? \" response will be either, \" yes i do \" or \" no, i want a ( different colour ) candy bear please \". of course, give them what they asked for. continue this process until each student has a candy bear. 2. next, redo the questioning but this time, introduce colours which you don ' t actually have ie \" do you want a purple candy bear? \" possible responses : \" no, i want a red candy bear \" or \" yes i do \" to which you respond \" i don ' t have a purple candy bear. what do 3. continue with the questioning and alter as many variables as you wish which will stimulate an ongoing give and take dialogue. possible scenario : teacher : do you want a green elephant candy? student : no, i don ' t. i want a blue octopus candy. teacher : i ' m sorry, i don ' t have a blue octopus candy. what do you want? student : you don ' t have a blue octopus candy? teacher : no, i ' m sorry i don ' t. what do you want? student : i want a pink worm candy. teacher : i ' m sorry, i don ' t have a pink worm candy. what do you want? 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002165594829822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.903381"} {"text": "bethesda, md \u2014 as you decide what to get dad for father ' s day, you might want to consider what he gave you when you were conceived. if he smoked, your genes are likely damaged, and your odds for cancers and other diseases throughout your life could be increased. a new research report appearing online in the faseb journal, scientists show for the first time in humans that men who smoke before conception can damage the genetic information of their offspring. these inherited changes in dna could possibly render an offspring in the womb susceptible to later disease such as cancer. this provides evidence showing why men should be urged to stop smoking before trying to conceive in the same way women have been urged to quit. interestingly, a fertile sperm cell takes about three months to fully develop ; therefore men would ultimately need to quit smoking long before conception to avoid causing genetic problems. \" that smoking of fathers at the time around conception can lead to genetic changes in their children indicates that the deleterious effects of smoking can be transmitted through the father to the offspring, \" said diana anderson, ph. d., a researcher involved in the work from the school of life sciences at the university of bradford, in the united kingdom. \" these transmitted genetic changes may raise the risk of developing cancer in childhood, particularly leukemia and other genetic diseases. we hope that this knowledge will urge men to cease smoking before trying to conceive. \" to make this discovery, anderson and colleagues used dna biomarkers to measure genetic changes in the paternal blood and semen around conception, as well as maternal and umbilical cord blood at delivery in families from two different european regions in central england and a greek island. information regarding the lifestyle, environmental and occupational exposures of these families was taken from validated questionnaires. the combined analysis of exposures and dna biomarkers was used to evaluate the role of exposures before conception and during pregnancy in the causation of genetic changes in the offspring. these results have strong implications for the prevention of disease. \" this report shows that smoking is a germ cell mutagen. if dad uses cigarettes, his kids will be affected even before they are born, \" said gerald weissmann, m. d., editor - in - chief of the faseb journal. \" as father ' s day approaches, family members may want to give dads and prospective dads the help they need to quit smoking for good. \" receive monthly highlights from the faseb journal by e - mail. sign up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43567474897404823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.910181"} {"text": "##b journal. \" as father ' s day approaches, family members may want to give dads and prospective dads the help they need to quit smoking for good. \" receive monthly highlights from the faseb journal by e - mail. sign up at http : / / www. faseb. org / fjupdate. aspx. the faseb journal is published by the federation of the american societies for experimental biology ( faseb ) and is the most cited biology journal worldwide according to the institute for scientific information. in 2010, the journal was recognized by the special libraries association as one of the top 100 most influential biomedical journals of the past century. faseb is composed of 26 societies with more than 100, 000 members, making it the largest coalition of biomedical research associations in the united states. celebrating 100 years of advancing the life sciences in 2012, faseb is rededicating its efforts to advance health and well - being by promoting progress and education in biological and biomedical sciences through service to our member societies and collaborative advocacy. details : julian laubenthal, olga zlobinskaya, krzysztof poterlowicz, adolf baumgartner, michal r. gdula, eleni fthenou, maria keramarou, sarah j. hepworth, jos c. s. kleinjans, frederik - jan van schooten, gunnar brunborg, roger w. godschalk, thomas e. schmid, and diana anderson. cigarette smoke - induced transgenerational alterations in genome stability in cord blood of human f1 offspring. faseb j. doi : 10. 1096 / fj. 11 - 201194 ; http : / / www. fasebj. org / content / early / 2012 / 06 / 21 / fj. 11 - 201194. abstract aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001293953841879, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.911267"} {"text": "san diego, ca ( october 17, 2012 ) \u2013 a sweeping study on the issue of antibiotic - resistant bacteria in hospitals shows that using antimicrobial soap and ointment on all intensive - care patients significantly decreases bloodstream infection. the results, which are being presented for the first time at idweek 2012tm, may suggest a major change in health care practice that could help save lives. the study involved nearly 75, 000 patients in 43 mostly community hospitals in 16 states and involved each hospital ' s own quality improvement team. working with these teams enabled important questions to be answered during routine medical care. as such, the study ' s findings about \" universal decolonization \" for methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( mrsa ) may have widespread applicability to hospitals across the country. of the strategies tested, the one that proved to be most effective, was arguably the simplest and most straightforward : rather than screening intensive care unit ( icu ) patients for the bacteria and then focusing on those identified as carriers, all patients were bathed daily with chlorhexidine antiseptic soap for the duration of their icu stay, and all received mupirocin antibiotic ointment applied in the nose for five days. investigators found that the number of patients harboring mrsa \u2014 not sick because of it, but at risk for later illness and for spreading it to others \u2014 dropped by more than a third. bloodstream infections caused by mrsa and other pathogens decreased by nearly half. \" this trial provides strong evidence that removing bacteria from the skin and nose is highly effective at preventing serious infection in high - risk icu patients, \" said lead researcher susan huang, md, mph, an associate professor at the university of california, irvine school of medicine and medical director of epidemiology and infection prevention at university of california, irvine healthcare. \" a 44 percent reduction in infection is very promising for improving medical care and protecting highly vulnerable patients, \" huang said. \" it suggests that treating all icu patients with this strategy is beneficial. this approach may make screening for drug - resistant organisms unnecessary. \" the study is among the significant work being discussed at the inaugural idweek meeting, taking place through sunday in san diego. with the theme advancing science, improving care, idweek features the latest science and bench - to - bedside approaches in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology of infectious diseases, including hiv, across the lifespan. more than 1, 500 abstracts from scientists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4798033436507446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.920589"} {"text": "advancing science, improving care, idweek features the latest science and bench - to - bedside approaches in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology of infectious diseases, including hiv, across the lifespan. more than 1, 500 abstracts from scientists in this country and internationally will be highlighted over the conference ' s five days. the trial, which was conducted in 2010 - 2011, was a collaborative effort involving several academic institutions, the hospital corporation of america ( hca ), and research programs at two u. s. department of health and human services ' agencies, the agency for healthcare research and quality ( ahrq ) and the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). the study concept and design was created by investigators in the cdc ' s prevention epicenter program at the university of california, irvine, harvard pilgrim health care institute and harvard medical school, rush university and washington university in st. louis. a total of 74 adult icus in the 43 hca - affiliated hospitals took part. ahrq ' s healthcare associated infections program provided funding to conduct the research as part of the agency ' s developing evidence to inform decisions about effectiveness program. scott fridkin, md, vice - chair of idweek and a cdc senior medical epidemiologist, said the partners planned the study to impact clinical practice at the bedside. \" we know that easy - to - use solutions help clinicians protect patients from mrsa and other drug - resistant infections that are known to be deadly for patients in healthcare settings, \" he said. \" the ultimate goal of this effort is to prevent infections and save patients ' lives. \" in icus, many infections are caused by increasingly antibiotic - resistant bacteria that for most people live harmlessly on the skin or, particularly in the case of mrsa, in the nose. these often preventable infections can cause serious complications for patients, prolonging hospital stays, driving up costs and increasing the risk of death. more and more states have mandated mrsa screening by hospitals, but some experts question whether other measures, either targeted or universal, would have greater impact. huang and her colleagues looked at the potential benefit in covering all icu patients. the 43 participating hospitals were randomized and assigned one of three approaches. one group was to continue routine care, screen icu patients for mrsa and isolate those found to be carrying the bacteria. the second group similarly screened and isolated carriers but also provided bathing with chlorhexidine soap and then nasal mupirocin ointment to help remove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5023644609089796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.924485"} {"text": ", screen icu patients for mrsa and isolate those found to be carrying the bacteria. the second group similarly screened and isolated carriers but also provided bathing with chlorhexidine soap and then nasal mupirocin ointment to help remove ( decolonize ) mrsa from the body. the third group of hospital icus eliminated all screening and instead treated every patient who was admitted with the daily chlorhexidine bath and five days of mupirocin ointment in the nose. the number of icu patients carrying mrsa fell by approximately 35 percent in the universal decolonization group, compared to no change among patients who were screened and isolated. bloodstream infection due to all causes in the universal decolonization intervention group decreased to 3. 6 cases per 1, 000 patient days in the hospital, down from the previous rate of 6. 1. huang cautioned that the results apply only to icus and that widespread use of antimicrobial soap and ointment in patient populations at low risk for infection might increase resistance to these products without providing benefit. in addition, there is concern whether broad adoption within critical - care settings could speed emerging antibiotic resistance. these issues will require further research, huang said. formal cost analyses also will be needed. cdc is in the process of evaluating how the findings should inform its infection prevention guidelines. idweek 2012tm is the first joint annual meeting of idsa, shea, hivma, and pids. the meeting convenes leading researchers and practitioners from around the world to showcase the latest developments in the field. sessions present advances in basic, translational, and clinical research in infectious diseases, including hiv infection, and healthcare epidemiology, and provide state - of - the - art updates on key topics and issues. for more information, visit www. idweek. org, follow us on twitter @ idweek2012 and like us on facebook at idweek. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46306675486218074, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.926012"} {"text": "history of the baptist churches in holland a group of english separatists, led by john smyth, came under mennonite influence and formed c. 1608 in amsterdam the first english baptist congregation. smyth baptized first himself, then the others. in 1611 certain members of this congregation returned to london and established a church there. this was the first of the churches afterward known as general baptists, since they held the arminian belief that the atonement of jesus is not limited to the elect only but is general. in 1633 the particular baptists were founded. they were a group whose calvinistic doctrine taught that atonement is particular or individual. immersion was not yet insisted upon in these churches, but in 1644 seven particular baptist churches issued a confession of faith requiring that form of baptism, and baptist was thenceforth the name given to those who practiced it. in 1891, general and particular baptists united into a single body called the baptist union of great britain and ireland. in america it was baptists of the particular type that first gained influence among the puritans and calvinists, when roger williams and his companions in rhode island rejected infant baptism and established a church in 1639 based on the individual profession of faith. baptists were later persecuted in new england for opposing infant baptism, and one group emigrated c. 1684 from maine to charleston, s. c. a group of separate congregationalists from new england under shubael stearns and daniel marshall established ( 1755 ) the separate baptists in sandy creek, n. c. in the southeast the general baptist views found acceptance, but the stricter calvinistic ideas suited the pioneers who settled the southern mountains after the revolution. their opposition to mission work gave them the name anti - mission. they were also called hard shell or primitive baptists. early missionary activity extended the baptist movement to the continent and elsewhere. in the united states the american baptist missionary union ( under a longer title ) was formed in 1814 to support workers in foreign lands. in 1832 the american baptist home mission society was organized. when the question of slavery became a dividing wall, the southern baptist convention was established ( 1845 ). sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4039618508054043, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.928658"} {"text": "good news for sky watchers, bad news for sky travelers : the eruption of a volcano in iceland means that all flights to and from ireland and the u. k. are grounded until 6 a. m. gmt tomorrow morning, and airports have closed in sweden, france, denmark, finland, belgium, and the netherlands. that means a lot of very unhappy people at airports throughout europe. and this is when the classic understatement of the brits comes into its own : \" i ' m meant to be going to lanzarote, \" said one passenger interviewed at glasgow airport. \" we ' ve traveled from oban, leaving at 3 a. m. now we ' ve decided we might as well just go home and do a bit of gardening. \" excellent choice, sir, if i might say so. according to robin scagell of the u. k. ' s society for popular astronomy, the cloud of ash drifting over the u. k. is going to make for some stunning sunsets. \" be ready to enjoy some dazzling arrays of colors, especially purples and reds looking much stronger than usual. \" the effects will not be confined to the skies above europe. when a volcano erupts, the mixture of ash and sulphur compounds create a volcanic aerosol in the stratosphere. the ensuing blue glow, invisible to the eye, reacts with the sun ' s red light when it sets and turns skies violet, crimson and purple. you may even see a blue moon. however, anyone thinking that beautiful sunsets = bikini weather might want to consider having a michael phelps - esque lzr racer tailored for them - - in wolfskin. all that ash in the atmosphere means less sunlight will get through to the earth ' s surface, which will mean a colder summer. when mount tambora erupted in 1815, the resulting changes to the weather the following year included snow in june, and rivers as far south as pennsylvania froze. a professor of geophysics at the university of iceland has, however, warned that eyjafjallajokull could continue belching lava and ash for a couple more months, which doesn ' t bode well for europeans hoping to fly somewhere sunny for their summer holidays. the last time it erupted was in 1821, and the volcanic activity continued, on and off, for a year. \" if there is any rule about volcanos, it is : there is no rule, \" professor pall einarsson said. the airline bosses will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40113309646816436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.931684"} {"text": "under the texas family code ( tex. fam. code ) a \u201c parent \u201d is defined as the mother, a man presumed to be the father, a man legally determined to be the father, a man who has been adjudicated to be the father by a court of competent jurisdiction, a man who acknowledged his paternity under applicable law, or an adoptive mother or father. the father - child relationship is established between a man and a child by : - an unrebutted presumption of the man \u2019 s paternity of the child under section 160. 204 ; - an effective acknowledgment of paternity by the man under subchapter d, unless the acknowledgment has been rescinded or successfully challenged ; - an adjudication of the man \u2019 s paternity ; - the adoption of the child by the man ; or - the man \u2019 s consenting to assisted reproduction by his wife under subchapter h, which resulted in the birth of a child. tex. fam. code sec. 160, otherwise known as the uniform parentage act, states that a man is presumed to be the father of a child if : - he is married to the mother of the child and the child is born during the marriage ; - he is married to the mother of the child and the child is born before the 301st day after the date the marriage is terminated by death, annulment, declaration of invalidity, or divorce ; - he married the mother of the child before the birth of the child in apparent compliance with law, even if the attempted marriage is or could be declared invalid, and the child is born during the invalid marriage or before the 301st day after the date the marriage is terminated by death, annulment, declaration of invalidity, or divorce ; - he married the mother of the child after the birth of the child in apparent compliance with law, regardless of whether the marriage is or could be declared invalid, he voluntarily asserted his paternity of the child, and : a ) the assertion is in a record filed with the bureau of vital statistics ; b ) he is voluntarily named as the child \u2019 s father ; or c ) he promised in a record to support the child as his own ; or - during the first two years of the child \u2019 s life, he continuously resided in the household in which the child resided and he represented to others that the child was his own. a presumption of paternity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5011169662370457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.935904"} {"text": "child as his own ; or - during the first two years of the child \u2019 s life, he continuously resided in the household in which the child resided and he represented to others that the child was his own. a presumption of paternity established under this section may be rebutted only by : - an adjudication under subchapter g ; or - the filing of a valid denial of paternity by a presumed father in conjunction with the filing by another person of a valid acknowledgment of paternity. a presumed father of a child may sign a denial of paternity. however, the denial is valid only if : - an acknowledgment of paternity signed or otherwise authenticated by another man is filed under section 160. 305 of the texas family code ; - the denial is in a record and is signed or otherwise authenticated under penalty of perjury ; and - the presumed father has not previously : a ) acknowledged paternity of the child, unless the previous acknowledgment has been rescinded under section 160. 307 of the texas family code or successfully challenged under section 160. 308 of the texas family code ; or b ) been adjudicated to be the father of the child. the rules for adjudication of paternity are as follows : - the paternity of a child having a presumed, acknowledged, or adjudicated father may be disproved only by admissible results of genetic testing excluding that man as the father of the child or identifying another man as the father of the child. - unless the results of genetic testing are admitted to rebut other results of genetic testing, the man identified as the father of a child under section 160. 505 shall be adjudicated as being the father of the child. - unless the results of genetic testing are admitted to rebut other results of genetic testing, the a man excluded as the father of a child by genetic testing shall be adjudicated as not being the father of the child. - if the court finds that genetic testing under section 160. 505 does not identify or exclude a man as the father of a child, the court may not dismiss the proceeding. in that event, the results of genetic testing and other evidence are admissible to adjudicate the issue of paternity. under tex. fam. code sec. 160. 608, if there is an established relationship between the presumed father and the child, the court may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4882884583206619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.936853"} {"text": "| | | | by dave dewitt i am constantly asked to explain the exponential growth of interest in chile peppers and the boom in fiery foods products in the u. s. over the past two decades. how did a meat and potatoes america become enamored of hot sauces, salsas, spicy snack food, chili con carne, and hundreds and hundreds of other fiery foods? first, we must look at the historical trends for why cooks add spices to their foods in the first place. there are a number of explanations for why we have added spices such as chile peppers to our foods over the tens or hundreds of thousands of years that we have been cooking. they are : spices make foods taste better. the \" eat - to - sweat hypothesis \" \u2013 eating spicy foods makes us cool down during hot weather. to disguise the taste of spoiled food. spices add nutritional value to food. the antimicrobial hypothesis : spices kill harmful bacteria in food and aid in food preservation. which of these explanations are correct? the first cornell university study in 1998, jennifer billing and paul w. sherman published a study in the quarterly review of biology that examined the reasons why humans might use spices. they studied 4, 578 recipes from 93 cookbooks on traditional, meat - based cuisines of 36 countries ; the temperature and precipitation levels of each country ; the horticultural ranges of 43 spice plants ; and the antibacterial properties of each spice. the first thing they discovered was that many spices were incredibly antibacterial. for example, garlic, onion, allspice, and oregano were the best all - around microbe killers, killing almost everything. next were thyme, cinnamon, tarragon, and cumin, which kill about 80 percent of all bacteria. chile peppers were in the next group, with about a 75 percent kill rate. in the lower ranges of 25 percent were black pepper, ginger, and lime juice. next, they learned that \" countries with hotter climates used spices more frequently than countries with cooler climates. indeed, in hot countries nearly every meat - based recipe calls for at least one spice, and most include many spices, especially the potent spices, whereas in cooler counties substantial fractions of dishes are prepared without spices, or with just a few. \" thus the estimated fraction of food - spoilage bacteria inhibited by the spices in each recipe is greater in hot than in cold climates, which makes sense since bacteria grow faster and better in warmer areas. the researchers addressed the various theories. first, obviously spices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4593911419903108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.948506"} {"text": "the estimated fraction of food - spoilage bacteria inhibited by the spices in each recipe is greater in hot than in cold climates, which makes sense since bacteria grow faster and better in warmer areas. the researchers addressed the various theories. first, obviously spices make food taste better, \" but why do spices taste good? traits that are beneficial are transmitted both culturally and genetically, and that includes taste receptors in our mouths and our taste for certain flavors. people who enjoyed food with antibacterial spices probably were healthier, especially in hot climates. they lived longer and left more offspring. \" billing and sherman discounted the \" eat - to - sweat \" theory, noting that not all spices make people sweat and that there are easier ways to cool down, like moving into the shade. regarding the theory that spices mask the odor of spoiled food, they noted that it \" ignores the health dangers of ingesting spoiled food. \" and since spices, except for chiles and citrus, add minimal nutritional value to food, that theory goes nowhere. that leaves just two theories : that spices make foods taste good, and that they kill harmful bacteria \u2013 and those two theories are inseparable. \" i believe that recipes are a record of the history of the co - evolutionary race between us and our parasites. the microbes are competing with us for the same food, \" sherman says. \" everything we do with food - - drying, cooking, smoking, salting or adding spices - - is an attempt to keep from being poisoned by our microscopic competitors. they ' re constantly mutating and evolving to stay ahead of us. one way we reduce food - borne illnesses is to add another spice to the recipe. of course that makes the food taste different, and the people who learn to like the new taste are healthier for it. we believe the ultimate reason for using spices is to kill food - borne bacteria and fungi. \" the second cornell university study in 2001, paul w. sherman and geoffrey a. hash continued the examination of spices in human diet with a study entitled \" why vegetable recipes are not very spicy, \" published in evolution and human behavior. they compiled information from 2, 129 vegetable - only recipes from 107 traditional cookbooks of 36 countries. then they examined the history of the spice trade and discovered that for thousands of years spices have been traded all over the world, resulting in their availability in most world cuisines. the most traded spices are black pepper and chile pepper, in that order. many studies have proven the antibacterial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47662658064289787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.950069"} {"text": "and discovered that for thousands of years spices have been traded all over the world, resulting in their availability in most world cuisines. the most traded spices are black pepper and chile pepper, in that order. many studies have proven the antibacterial properties of spices, the fact that spices are more prevalent in warm climates than cool climates, and that the concentrations of spices in recipes are sufficient to kill bacteria. it is true that cooking eliminates the antimicrobial properties of some spices, such as cumin, but has no effect on others, such as chiles. the researchers compared the vegetable - only recipes to the previous study of meat recipes according to the spices found in the recipes and discovered that vegetable recipes used far fewer spices than meat recipes. they attributed this to the fact that bacteria \" do not survive or proliferate as well in vegetables, so adding spices is not as necessary. \" interestingly, the four most common spices in both the meat and vegetable recipes were onion, black pepper, garlic, and chile peppers. onion appeared in more than 60 percent of both types of recipes ; black pepper in about 60 percent of the meat recipes and 48 percent of the vegetable recipes ; garlic in 35 percent of the meat recipes and 20 percent of the vegetable recipes ; and chile peppers in 22 percent of the meat recipes and 18 percent of the vegetable recipes. within countries, vegetable - based recipes called for fewer spices than meat recipes in all 36 countries. the countries using the most spices in both vegetable and meat recipes were, in order from the most used : india, vietnam, kenya, morocco, mexico, korea, and the philippines. following were france, israel, and south africa. in their second study, the researchers concluded : \" by every measure, vegetable - based recipes were significant less spicy than meat - based recipes. results thus strongly support the antimicrobial hypothesis. \" chile peppers take over but in the united states, with refrigerators and freezers almost every home, the antimicrobial hypothesis simply does not explain the rush to embrace chiles and spicy foods over the past two decades. after answering questions verbally for literally dozens of media interviews, i finally decided to keep track of my reasons for why chile peppers have conquered the united states. ethnic diversity. immigration patterns have changed and now feature new citizens with hot and spicy ingredients and cuisines imported from asia, latin america, and the caribbean. the immigrate and open restaurants and markets, making ethnic chiles and spicy foods commonplace. americans are more knowledgeable now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.462819296118324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.951516"} {"text": "changed and now feature new citizens with hot and spicy ingredients and cuisines imported from asia, latin america, and the caribbean. the immigrate and open restaurants and markets, making ethnic chiles and spicy foods commonplace. americans are more knowledgeable now and realize that most chiles and spicy foods won ' t hurt them. increasing interest in the hobbies of cooking, gardening, and traveling. the large number of ethnic and hot and spicy cookbooks published since 1978 - - literally hundreds of them. the increasing availability of chiles and fiery foods products in mainstream locations such as supermarkets and fast - food outlets. the publicity generated by the constant media attention. the recent national fiery foods show in albuquerque generated more than 5, 000 column inches of coverage in u. s. newspapers. do a web search for terms like \" chile peppers, \" \" spicy, \" \" hot sauce, \" or \" habanero \" and stand back \u2013 you will get thousands and thousands of solid citations. trade and consumer shows and festivals featuring chiles and fiery foods. the enormous increase in manufacturing, with thousands of fiery foods products now on the market. the \" addiction syndrome. \" chiles are not physically addicting \u2013 you don \u2019 t have withdrawal symptoms when you stop eating them. but they are psychologically addicting because chileheads miss the burn if they don \u2019 t have any spicy food for a while. i never hear anyone say, \" oh, i used to eat spicy food, but now i \u2019 m back to bland. \" once someone starts liking hot and spicy foods, he or she is likely to be a chilehead for life. the rozin theory but perhaps the most fundamental reason for the boom in fiery foods is a major shift in the way many americans are eating. my revelation began in philadelphia while dining with liz rozin, who hosted an incredibly diverse dinner at serrano restaurant during the book and the cook festival. she is a food historian with fascinating insights into the origins of spicy cuisines. \" when we look at the broad spectrum of human flavoring practices, we see one curious correlation, \" she writes in the primal cheeseburger. \" the heavier the dependence on plant or vegetable foods, the more pronounced the seasonings ; the heavier the consumption of animal foods, the less pronounced the seasonings. those cuisines that clearly demonstrate a highly spiced or complex seasoning profile - - southeast asia, india, africa, mexico - - all have long relied on high - plant, low meat diets. \" her theory, interestingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45436669607507457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.952647"} {"text": "seasonings. those cuisines that clearly demonstrate a highly spiced or complex seasoning profile - - southeast asia, india, africa, mexico - - all have long relied on high - plant, low meat diets. \" her theory, interestingly enough, directly contradicts the cornell university studies above! of course, the u. s. was just the opposite : a culture that in its early days relied on beef, pork, and chicken as well as dairy foods. vegetable foods in the u. s. were eaten primarily in the same regions where the cuisine was also the spiciest : the south and the southwest. when rozin turns her attention to chile peppers in high - vegetable, low - meat cultures, she notes : \" the pattern of acceptance, the level of enthusiasm with which the pungent chiles were enfolded into certain existing traditions, seems to indicate that the unique stimulation they provide is an important compensation for foods that are somehow less satisfying, less perfect when eaten unseasoned. and on the other hand, the chiles were largely ignored or rejected by cuisines and areas of the world where meat and other animal foods were a significant focus of the diet. \" at least three other major food trends have paralleled the move to spicy foods over the past two decades : natural foods, vegetarian foods, and low - fat foods. meat consumption has declined as well, setting the scene for the modern return of liz rozin ' s theory of why ancient, \" less satisfying \" foods were highly spiced : we need the heat and flavor of chiles and other spices to make up for the lack of the flavors of meat and fat in more spartan cuisines. the new corollary of eating in the 21st century might be : \" the healthier you eat, the more you need to spice it up with chile - laden condiments. \" to sum up, paul sherman thinks that we added chiles to meat - based recipes to prevent the growth of bacteria, while liz rozin believes we used to chiles to spice - up bland food. perhaps they are both correct. but we do know one thing : chile peppers have conquered america, and they are not going away. top 30 spices with antimicrobial properties 10. lemon grass 11. bay leaf 12. chile peppers 26. pepper ( white / black ) 28. anise seed 29. celery seed ( listed from greatest to least inhibition of food - spoilage bacteria ) source : \" antimicrobial functions of spices : why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4641104719338191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.953958"} {"text": "a meteor streaks through the sky over joshua tree national park in southern california ' s mojave desert. the leonid meteor storm was captured in this 30 - minute time exposure from nov. 17, 1998. / reed saxon, ap will this year ' s leonid meteor shower roar like the lion constellation it ' s named for or meow like a kitty cat as it sometimes does? stargazers who stay up late saturday night or get up early sunday morning can judge for themselves. the annual meteor storm is known for sometimes producing as many as a thousand fireballs per minute, as it did in 1966, but astronomers say this year sky - watchers are likely to see maybe 20 per hour. the peak will begin building late friday night into saturday morning and continue through early sunday morning, says ben burress, an astronomer at chabot space and science center in oakland. the leonid meteors aren ' t really associated with the constellation leo, they just appear to come from the same place in the sky. the leonids are actually tiny pieces of the comet tempel - tuttle, which orbits the sun in a large ellipse. \" a comet is a often called a ' dirty snowball, ' as it ' s made up of pieces of rock held together by ice. as a comet orbits the sun, it heats up and some of the ice is vaporized, releasing bits of rock along the orbit, \" says rebecca johnson of stardate magazine. tempel - tuttle orbits the sun in an ellipse. each year as the earth moves around the sun, it encounters the trailing tail of debris the comet leaves in its wake. once every 33 years, tempel - tuttle comes close to the earth as it whizzes by in its orbit. in those years, the debris trail earth travels through is especially thick, and the resulting meteor showers can be spectacular. burress says his grandfather saw the 1933 shower. \" there were thousands of meteors per hour, \" he says. this year ' s leonids aren ' t expected to be that spectacular because the comet last passed close to us in 1999. the expected 10 to 20 meteors per hour isn ' t bad, burress says : \" that gives you a good chance of seeing one every five or so minutes. \" by comparison, the big perseid meteor shower in august typically rains about 50 meteors an hour down on the earth. this year should be good viewing, because the moon will set around 10 : 30 p. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4107184772787733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.959200"} {"text": "or so minutes. \" by comparison, the big perseid meteor shower in august typically rains about 50 meteors an hour down on the earth. this year should be good viewing, because the moon will set around 10 : 30 p. m. saturday in each u. s. time zone. \" so sunday morning anywhere from midnight to 3 or 4 a. m. is the prime window, \" burress says. with the exception of the southeast coast, most of the usa east of the rockies should have ideal weather for watching the meteor shower friday night and saturday morning, according to accuweather meteorologist kristina pydynowski. however, she says, clouds could prevent anyone from florida to the eastern carolinas from seeing it. for saturday night ' s viewing, though, the clouds will clear for most of the southeast. much of the far west will be poor for leonid - viewing through the weekend, pydynowski says, because of a pair of pacific storm systems that will bring clouds streaming across the west coast and toward the rockies friday and saturday nights. clear skies should make for great viewing in the northeast, midwest, lower mississippi valley and most of the plains states. contributing : doyle rice copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : leonid meteor will put on a show this weekend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39365515122188155, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.959778"} {"text": "published april 26, 2012 anyone who \u2019 s driven on a busy highway can attest that vehicles moving erratically and braking needlessly breaks up the smooth flow of traffic and leads to congestion. honda has also observed this phenomenon and claims to have pioneered a technology based on this principle that, rather than just helping to avoid traffic jams, aims to prevent them from occurring entirely. the japanese automaker claims that its new technology can detect the potential for a traffic jam and determine whether the driving pattern of a vehicle is likely to create one. working with researchers from the university of tokyo, honda conducted experimental testing of a system utilizing the technology on a primary vehicle and with several secondary vehicles trailing behind it. the test results demonstrated that the system helped increase the average speed of the primary vehicle by approximately 23 percent and improved fuel efficiency of the secondary trailing vehicles by approximately 8 percent. rather than providing information to help the driver avoid existing congestion based on current traffic information, the system monitors the acceleration and deceleration patterns of the vehicle to determine whether the driver ' s driving pattern is likely to create traffic congestion. based on this determination, the system provides the driver with appropriate information, including a color - coded display through the on - board terminal, to encourage smooth driving which will help alleviate the intensity of acceleration and deceleration by trailing vehicles, thereby helping to prevent or minimize the occurrence of vehicle congestion. moreover, the system is said to be even more affective when all the vehicles communicate with each other, which is similar to the sartre \u2018 road train \u2019 initiative being tested in europe though honda \u2019 s system still requires the driver to make adjustments to their driving pattern rather than rely on an autonomous system like with sartre. with the goal to bring this technology to market, honda will begin the first public - road testing of the technology in italy and indonesia in may and july of this year, respectively, to verify the effectiveness of the technology in minimizing vehicle congestion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5093548859036379, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.961873"} {"text": "foodborne illness : what consumers need to know what is foodborne illness? foodborne illness is a preventable public health challenge that causes an estimated 48 million illnesses and 3, 000 deaths each year in the united states. it is an illness that comes from eating contaminated food. the onset of symptoms may occur within minutes to weeks and often presents itself as flu - like symptoms, as the ill person may experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. because the symptoms are often flu - like, many people may not recognize that the illness is caused by harmful bacteria or other pathogens in food. everyone is at risk for getting a foodborne illness. however, some people are at greater risk for experiencing a more serious illness or even death should they get a foodborne illness. those at greater risk are infants, young children, pregnant women and their unborn babies, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems ( such as those with hiv / aids, cancer, diabetes, kidney disease, and transplant patients. ) some people may become ill after ingesting only a few harmful bacteria ; others may remain symptom free after ingesting thousands. [ top of page ] how do bacteria get in food? microorganisms may be present on food products when you purchase them. for example, plastic - wrapped boneless chicken breasts and ground meat were once part of live chickens or cattle. raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs are not sterile. neither is fresh produce such as lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts, and melons. thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment. microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens. when certain pathogens enter the food supply, they can cause foodborne illness. not all bacteria cause disease in humans. for example, some bacteria are used beneficially in making cheese and yogurt. foods, including safely cooked and ready - to - eat foods, can become cross - contaminated with pathogens transferred from raw egg products and raw meat, poultry, and seafood products and their juices, other contaminated products, or from food handlers with poor personal hygiene. most cases of foodborne illness can be prevented with proper cooking or processing of food to destroy pathogens. [ top of page ] the \" danger zone \" bacteria multiply rapidly between 40 \u00b0f and 140 \u00b0f. to keep food out of this \" danger zone, \" keep cold food cold and hot food hot. - store food in the refrigerator ( 40 \u00b0f or below ) or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680199597664164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.977340"} {"text": "] the \" danger zone \" bacteria multiply rapidly between 40 \u00b0f and 140 \u00b0f. to keep food out of this \" danger zone, \" keep cold food cold and hot food hot. - store food in the refrigerator ( 40 \u00b0f or below ) or freezer ( 0 \u00b0f or below ). - cook food to a safe minimum internal temperature. - cook all raw beef, pork, lamb and veal steaks, chops, and roasts to a minimum internal temperature of 145 \u00b0f as measured with a food thermometer before removing meat from the heat source. for safety and quality, allow meat to rest for at least three minutes before carving or consuming. for reasons of personal preference, consumers may choose to cook meat to higher temperatures. - cook all raw ground beef, pork, lamb, and veal to an internal temperature of 160 \u00b0f as measured with a food thermometer. - cook all poultry to a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 \u00b0f as measured with a food thermometer. - maintain hot cooked food at 140 \u00b0f or above. - when reheating cooked food, reheat to 165 \u00b0f. [ top of page ] in case of suspected foodborne illness follow these general guidelines : - preserve the evidence. if a portion of the suspect food is available, wrap it securely, mark \" danger \" and freeze it. save all the packaging materials, such as cans or cartons. write down the food type, the date, other identifying marks on the package, the time consumed, and when the onset of symptoms occurred. save any identical - seek treatment as necessary. if the victim is in an \" at risk \" group, seek medical care immediately. likewise, if symptoms persist or are severe ( such as bloody diarrhea, excessive nausea and vomiting, or high temperature ), call your doctor. - call the local health department if the suspect food was served at a large gathering, from a restaurant or other food service facility, or if it is a commercial - call the usda meat and poultry hotline at 1 - 888 - mphotline ( 1 - 888 - 674 - 6854 ) if the suspect food is a usda - inspected product and you have all the packaging. [ top of page ] | | symptoms and potential impact | | contaminated water, raw or unpasteurized milk, and raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or shellfish. | | diarrhea ( sometimes bloody ), cramping, abdominal pain, and fever that appear 2 to 5 days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4649065368001518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.978318"} {"text": "contaminated water, raw or unpasteurized milk, and raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or shellfish. | | diarrhea ( sometimes bloody ), cramping, abdominal pain, and fever that appear 2 to 5 days after eating ; may last 7 days. may spread to bloodstream and cause a life - threatening infection. | | cook meat and poultry to a safe minimum internal temperature ; do not drink or consume unpasteurized milk or milk products ; wash your hands after coming in contact with feces. | | improperly canned foods, garlic in oil, vacuum - packed and tightly wrapped food. | | bacteria produce a nerve toxin that causes illness, affecting the nervous system. toxin affects the nervous system. symptoms usually appear 18 to 36 hours, but can sometimes appear as few as 6 hours or as many as 10 days after eating ; double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. if untreated, these symptoms may progress causing muscle paralysis and even death. | | do not use damaged canned foods or canned foods showing signs of swelling, leakage, punctures, holes, fractures, extensive deep rusting, or crushing / denting severe enough to prevent normal stacking. follow safety guidelines when home canning food. boil home canned foods for 10 minutes before eating to ensure safety. ( note : safe home canning guidelines may be obtained from state university or county extension office ). | | meats, meat products and gravy called \" the cafeteria germ \" because many outbreaks result from food left for long periods in steam tables or at room temperature. | | intense abdominal cramps nausea, and diarrhea may appear 6 to 24 hours after eating ; usually last about 1 day, but for immune comprised individuals, symptoms may last 1 to 2 weeks. complications and / or death can occur only very rarely. | | keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold! once food is cooked, it should be held hot, at an internal temperature of 140 \u00b0f or above. use a food thermometer to make sure. discard all perishable foods left at room temperature longer than 2 hours ; 1 hour in temperatures above 90 \u00b0f. | | soil, food, water, contaminated surfaces. swallowing contaminated water, including that from recreational sources, ( e. g., a swimming pool or lake ) ; eating uncooked or contaminated food ; placing a contaminated object in the mouth. | | dehydra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.474706548533646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.979341"} {"text": ", water, contaminated surfaces. swallowing contaminated water, including that from recreational sources, ( e. g., a swimming pool or lake ) ; eating uncooked or contaminated food ; placing a contaminated object in the mouth. | | dehydration, weight loss, stomach cramps or pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting ; respiratory symptoms may also be present. symptoms begin 2 to 10 days after becoming infected, and may last 1 to 2 weeks. immune - comprised individuals may experience a more serious illness. | | wash your hands before and after handling raw meat products, and after changing diapers, going to the bathroom, or touching animals. avoid water that might be contaminated. ( do not drink untreated water from shallow wells, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams. ) | escherichia coli o157 : h7 | | uncooked beef ( especially ground beef ), unpasteurized milk and juices ( e. g., \u201c fresh \u201d apple cider ) ; contaminated raw fruits and vegetables, or water. person to person contamination can also occur. | | severe diarrhea ( often bloody diarrhea ), abdominal cramps, and vomiting. usually little or no fever. can begin 2 to 8 days, but usually 3 - 4 days after consumption of contaminated food or water and last about 5 to 7 days depending on severity. children under 5 are at greater risk of developing hemolytic uremic syndrome ( hus ), which causes acute kidney failure. | | cook hamburgers and ground beef to a safe minimum internal temperature of 160\u00b0f. drink only pasteurized milk, juice, or cider. rinse fruits and vegetables under running tap water, especially those that will not be cooked. wash your hands with warm water and soap after changing diapers, using the bathroom, handling pets or having any contact with feces. | | ready - to - eat foods such as hot dogs, luncheon meats, cold cuts, fermented or dry sausage, and other deli - style meat and poultry. also, soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk. smoked seafood and salads made in the store such as ham salad, chicken salad, or seafood salad. | | fever, muscle aches, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea or diarrhea. if infection spreads to the nervous system, symptoms such as headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, or convulsions can occur.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47791297953739575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.980432"} {"text": ", muscle aches, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea or diarrhea. if infection spreads to the nervous system, symptoms such as headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, or convulsions can occur. those at risk ( including pregnant women and newborns, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems ) may later develop more serious illness ; death can result from listeria. can cause severe problems with pregnancy, including miscarriage or death in newborns. | | cook raw meat, poultry and seafood to a safe minimum internal temperature ; prevent cross contamination, separating ready to eat foods from raw eggs, and raw meat, poultry, seafood, and their juices ; wash your hands before and after handling raw meat, poultry, seafood and egg products. those with a weakened immune system should avoid eating hot dogs, and deli meats, unless they are reheated to 165 \u00baf or steaming hot. do not drink raw ( unpasteurized ) milk or foods that have unpasteurized milk in them, ( e. g. soft cheeses ). do not eat deli salads made in store, such as ham, egg, tuna or seafood salad. | salmonella ( over 2300 types ) | | raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, and meat ; unpasteurized milk and juice ; cheese and seafood ; and contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables. | | diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps usually appear 12 to 72 hours after eating ; may last 4 to 7 days. in people with weakened immune system, the infection may be more severe and lead to serious complications, including death. | | cook raw meat, poultry, and egg products to a safe temperature. do not eat raw or undercooked eggs. avoid consuming raw or unpasteurized milk or other dairy products. produce should be thoroughly washed before consuming. | shigella ( over 30 types ) | | person - to - person by fecal - oral route ; fecal contamination of food and water. most outbreaks result from food, especially salads, prepared and handled by workers using poor personal hygiene. | | disease referred to as \" shigellosis \" or bacillary dysentery. diarrhea ( watery or bloody ), fever, abdominal cramps ; 1 to 2 days from ingestion of bacteria and usually resolves in 5 to 7 days | | hand washing is a very important step to prevent shigellosis. always wash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46868335497890146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.981617"} {"text": "##hea ( watery or bloody ), fever, abdominal cramps ; 1 to 2 days from ingestion of bacteria and usually resolves in 5 to 7 days | | hand washing is a very important step to prevent shigellosis. always wash your hands with warm water and soap before handling food and after using the bathroom, changing diapers or having contact with an infected person. | | commonly found on the skin and in the noses of up to 25 % of healthy people and animals. person - to - person through food from improper food handling. multiply rapidly at room temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness. contaminated milk and cheeses. | | severe nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea occur 30 minutes to 6 hours after eating ; recovery from 1 to 3 days \u2014 longer if severe dehydration occurs. | | because the toxins produced by this bacterium are resistant to heat and cannot be destroyed by cooking, preventing the contamination of food before the toxin can be produced is important. keep hot foods hot ( over 140\u00b0f ) and cold foods cold ( 40\u00b0f or under ) ; wash your hands with warm water and soap and wash kitchen counters with hot water and soap before and after preparing food. | | uncooked or raw seafood ( fish or shellfish ) ; oysters | | in healthy persons symptom include diarrhea, stomach pain, and vomiting may result in a blood infection and death for those with a weakened immune systems particularly with underlying liver disease. | | do not eat raw oysters or other raw shellfish ; cook shellfish ( oysters, clams, mussels ) thoroughly. prevent cross - contamination by separating cooked seafood and other foods from raw seafood and its juices. refrigerate cooked shellfish within two hours after cooking. may 24, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45598871405702024, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.983519"} {"text": "play safely and responsibly 1. health and safety guide warning : read before playing photosensitive seizure warning a very small proportion of people can experience epileptic seizures when exposed to certain light patterns or flashing lights. exposure to these patterns or backgrounds on a computer screen, and often while playing video games, may induce an epileptic seizure in these people. certain conditions can induce previously undetected epileptic symptoms even in people who have no prior history of prior seizures or epilepsy. if you, or anyone in your family, have an epileptic condition, consult your physician prior to playing any funorb games. if you experience any of the following symptoms while playing a video or computer game - dizziness, eye or muscle twitches, altered vision, loss of awareness, disorientation, involuntary movement, or convulsions - stop playing immediately and consult your physician. only when they have given you the all clear should you resume play. repetitive strain injury warning prolonged use of a computer, bad posture and low levels of fitness can all contribute to a condition referred to as repetitive strain injury ( rsi ). to help avoid rsi, please follow these simple steps : when playing funorb games, take a 10 minute break from your computer every hour. get up and walk around, do some stretches. exercise regularly. when using the computer, only maintain a loose grip on the mouse. never rest your wrists on a support whilst typing or using the mouse. for extended periods of mouse - only use, place the mouse directly in front of you, between you and the monitor. make sure the top of the monitor is at eye level and directly in front of you and that your seat is at the right height so that your forearms are at right angles to your upper arms. the picture below illustrates a correct sitting position : if you have any serious pain or discomfort in your arms, neck, shoulders or back while playing funorb games stop playing immediately and consult your physician. only when they have given you the all clear should you resume play. 2. play safely funorb has several multiplayer games, so you are going to meet a lot of new people when playing. please remember, however, that you do not know any of these people in real - life. this is not to say that they are not as nice in real - life as they act in - game - they most likely are - but it ' s important and sensible to keep a safe distance from your fellow funorb players in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4896864809546893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:48.999128"} {"text": "- life. this is not to say that they are not as nice in real - life as they act in - game - they most likely are - but it ' s important and sensible to keep a safe distance from your fellow funorb players in real life. for this reason, we have put together some helpful hints, so you can be safe and have fun while playing funorb games. 1. do not tell other players personal information. not even if they claim to be jagex staff! don ' t tell anyone your real name, email address, home address, messenger handle or phone number. use your in - game friends list to chat and interact with the other players safely in multiplayer games. 2. if someone is making you feel uncomfortable then you should not attempt to carry on a conversation with this person. please see our reporting abuse guide for details on both how to ignore these players and reporting them, should they insult you directly. 3. chatting of a sexual nature ( aka cybering ) is strictly forbidden in all funorb games and should someone approach you in - game with this type of chat, please follow the instructions in our reporting abuse guide and report the player to us. 4. funorb games are online games. there is no need to meet anyone from funorb games in real life. remember, you only have the other player ' s word that they are who they say they are. in addition, for our players ' safety, it is against the rules to ask for or give out personal information, so please do not do so. for further information about this policy, please read play safe : asking for or giving out personal details. if you decide against this and plan to meet a funorb player in real life, please inform someone that you trust about what you are doing and have them accompany you to the meeting. do not go alone. 5. we advise our younger players to keep your parents or guardians informed of how your playing is going. it would be a good idea to introduce them to the games and encourage them to check on you regularly to ensure that your game remains problem - free. 6. for serious cases related to child protection, please report the incident to the following authorities : | usa | | the cyber tipline | | europe | | child exploitation and online protection centre | | australia | | virtual global taskforce | or, if you are outside the united kingdom or the united states, we suggest you contact your local law enforcement agency. for further information and advice on how to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46093221750812696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.001355"} {"text": "| | child exploitation and online protection centre | | australia | | virtual global taskforce | or, if you are outside the united kingdom or the united states, we suggest you contact your local law enforcement agency. for further information and advice on how to chat safely online, please see the following sites : | jugendschutz im internet ( german ) | | http : / / www. jugendschutz. net / | | virtual global taskforce | | http : / / www. virtualglobaltaskforce. com | | get net wise | | http : / / www. getnetwise. org | | think you know | | http : / / www. thinkyouknow. co. uk | 9. if you are a parent seeking more information about funorb, you can view our parents ' guide by clicking here. 3. responsible gaming policy jagex intends everyone to use and enjoy funorb in a responsible way. funorb games are computer entertainment products and are operated with the intention of providing our users with an engaging, challenging and entertaining experience which they can enjoy from home, work or college via an online device. while we do not block people from being logged in to funorb over a certain number of hours, we do not encourage people to play for more hours than is reasonable. please follow these simple guidelines to maintain a balanced life and get the most out of playing our games. - take a break from the computer : read a book, go for a walk. - exercise at least once a week. - remember, it is just a game. - when eating, take a break from the computer - it ' ll still be there when you come back. - don ' t ignore your real - life friends, meet up with them on a regular basis. - work and study matters : don ' t let playing a game stop you doing well in your studies or at work. if you feel that your use of funorb is out of control and you are finding it difficult following some, or all, of the steps mentioned above, then please seek advice and help from someone that you trust or a medical professional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4531077185325084, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.002418"} {"text": "how beans grow by national gardening association editors if you ' ve ever walked by containers of bulk seed in a garden store, you may have been surprised by the many different colors, sizes and shapes of the beans - - even by the variety of designs on the seed coats and their descriptive names : ' soldier ', ' wren ' s egg ', ' yellow eye ', ' black eye ', and others. maybe you were impressed, too, with how big some of these seeds are. underneath the large, hard seed coat is an embryo, a tiny plant ready to spring to life. when you plant a bean seed, the right amount of water, oxygen and a warm temperature ( 65\u00b0f to 75\u00b0f ) will help it break through its seed coat and push its way up through the soil. the seed of life most of the energy the young plant needs is stored within the seed. in fact, there ' s enough food to nourish bean plants until the first true leaves appear without using any fertilizer at all. as the tender, young beans come up, they must push pairs of folded seed leaves ( or cotyledons ) through the soil and spread them above the ground. beans also quickly send down a tap root, the first of a network of roots that will anchor the plants as they grow. most of the roots are in the top eight inches of soil, and many are quite close to the surface. what beans need beans need plenty of sunlight to develop properly. if the plants are shaded for an extended part of the day, they ' ll be tall and weak. they ' ll be forced to stretch upward for more light, and they won ' t have the energy to produce as many beans. the bean plant produces nice, showy flowers, and within each one is everything that ' s necessary for pollination, fertilization and beans. pollination of bean flowers doesn ' t require much outside assistance - - a bit of wind, the occasional visit from a bee, and the job is done. after fertilization occurs, the slender bean pods emerge and quickly expand. once this happens, the harvest isn ' t far off. although beans love sun, too much heat reduces production. bean plants, like all other vegetables, have a temperature range that suits them best : they prefer 70\u00b0f to 80\u00b0f after germinating. when the daytime temperature is consistently over 85\u00b0f, most beans tend to lose their blossoms. that ' s why many types of beans don ' t thrive in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43467542743643134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.008392"} {"text": "transplanting cole crops by national gardening association editors at last! you ' re ready to transplant your broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage seedlings. if you have a choice, pick a day that ' s overcast and moderately cool ; too much hot sunshine or cold wind will be hard on the plants. planting late in the afternoon also helps protect them. readying for transplanting have everything ready before you lift a single transplant : well - worked soil ; your rows marked off ; water ; fertilizer ; two - inch - wide newspaper strips to use as cutworm collars ; trowel or spade for making holes ; seedlings. water the seedlings thoroughly while they ' re still in the tub, pots or flats. this causes the soil around their roots to adhere to the roots, protecting them from exposure to air and light. prepare each row step by step, rather than starting and finishing one transplant at a time. this way the plants get uniform amounts of fertilizer, even spacing and water, and the rows are generally neater. first, make all the holes for the seedlings. cole crop roots need large enough planting holes and loosened soil around them to take hold quickly. use a trowel to dig 4 - to 8 - inch - deep holes. space the holes 10 - to 18 - inches apart, depending on the crop. - broccoli - - 5 - to 18 - inches apart for transplants ; 4 - to 8 - inches apart for seeds. - brussels sprouts - - 8 - to 24 - inches apart for transplants ; 4 - to 8 - inches apart for seeds - cabbage - - 10 - to 12 - inches apart for transplants ; 4 - to 8 - inches apart for seeds - cauliflower - - 10 - to 12 - inches apart for transplants ; 4 - to 8 - inches apart for seeds - chinese cabbage - - 4 - to 5 - inches apart for seeds - kohlrabi - - 3 - to 4 - inches apart for seeds next, drop a small handful of compost or fertilizer in each hole and cover it with one to two inches of soil. this prevents the nitrogen in the fertilizer from burning any roots that touch it. do use the hole with water. by making it muddy and soupy, you create a complete moisture seal around the roots that helps each plant take hold. carefully lift a seedling from the flat, cupping the roots in your hand to protect them. the ideal transplant has more roots than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3965560383429561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.027169"} {"text": "by making it muddy and soupy, you create a complete moisture seal around the roots that helps each plant take hold. carefully lift a seedling from the flat, cupping the roots in your hand to protect them. the ideal transplant has more roots than leaves. you can create this situation by pinching off some of the big outer leaves on each transplant, making certain to leave the center \" mouse ear \" leaves. place a cutworm collar around the stem of each seedling, then place the seedling in the planting hole. remember to put it at the same depth as it was in its original container. scoop soil into the hole to fill it back to level ground. firm the soil around the plant and water it well before moving on to the next one. transplant insurance - - cutworm collars unless you protect your seedlings, cutworms can wipe out whole rows of newly planted transplants overnight. these smooth, black or grayish 2 - inch worms chew through tender, young stems at ground level. luckily, it ' s easy to prevent cutworm damage when you ' re setting out your plants. the simplest way is to wrap the seedling stem with 2 - to 3 - inch strips of newspaper. you can also make a collar from a paper cup with the bottom cut out, a strip of cardboard or a tuna can with both ends removed. cutworms chew stems right at ground level, just above it or just below. in order to make your collar an effective barrier, place it so it extends 1 - to 2 - inches below and 1 - to 2 - inches above the soil surface. a strip of newspaper will last long enough to keep the damaging cutworms away from your younger plants without interfering with their growth. paper cups, cardboard or tin can collars can be left around the plants all season. some gardeners place a pencil - thick stick or nail next to the stem of the transplant. cutworms need to encircle the transplant to cut it off and this simple trick prevents them from getting around the stem. | feeding cole crops | | table of contents |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4393751717110645, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.029090"} {"text": "banjul, the gambia, 19 august 2009 - minister of health dr. mariatou jallow administered the first dose of the pneumococcal vaccine to gambian children at a rural clinic outside banjul today. joined by the gambia vice president mrs. isatou njie - saidy, dr. jallow and hundreds of gambian citizens celebrated this historic event, which marks the first step in the rollout of the gambia ' s national pneumococcal immunisation programme. \" this is a proud day for the gambia and a seminal moment for west africa and all low - income countries around the world, \" said dr. jallow. \" we are committed to saving the lives and improving the health of our children and families, and we are proud to set an example for our west african neighbours to follow. with the introduction of this vaccine, the goal of significantly reducing childhood death in our country will now be within reach. \" if all gavi countries act to introduce pneumococcal vaccine, we could save seven million children by 2030. dr. julian lob - levyt, gavi ceo pneumococcal disease is the leading vaccine - preventable killer of children younger than five worldwide and can cause potentially life - threatening illnesses such as pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. pneumonia, the most common form of severe pneumococcal disease, is responsible for 1 in 6 deaths in gambian children less than five years of age, according to the world health organization. safe and effective vaccines exist to combat the pneumococcal disease but until recently have not been broadly available to low income countries, despite the fact that more than 95 % of pneumococcal cases occur in those nations. gambia ' s introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine follows an earlier introduction of the same vaccine in rwanda four months ago. to help make both introductions possible, wyeth contributed more than three million doses of prevenar *, the company ' s seven - valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, through the gavi alliance. thanks to the partnership between developing countries, donor governments, the world health organization, unicef, the world bank and industry, the gavi alliance provides financial support to accelerate the introduction of basic and new vaccines and strengthen health systems in developing countries, including the gambia. an important next milestone will be the availability of newer generation vaccines to the rest of the world ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44274064085248016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.053926"} {"text": "industry, the gavi alliance provides financial support to accelerate the introduction of basic and new vaccines and strengthen health systems in developing countries, including the gambia. an important next milestone will be the availability of newer generation vaccines to the rest of the world ' s low income countries, which is expected to begin as early as 2010. \" the gambia represents one of the 60 countries in which we hope to rollout the pneumococcal vaccine by 2015. if all gavi countries act to introduce pneumococcal vaccine, we could save seven million children by 2030, \" said dr. julian lob - levyt, ceo of the gavi alliance. \" donor support will be critical to achieving this goal and to continuing progress toward the millennium development goal 4 - a two - thirds reduction in child mortality by 2015. \" \" wyeth is committed to protecting current and future generations from pneumococcal disease around the world, \" said jim connolly, executive vice president and general manager, wyeth vaccines. \" wyeth takes great pride in providing the gavi alliance with more than three million doses of prevenar to help the gambia and rwanda protect its children against this serious health threat. \" to accelerate the introduction of next generation pneumococcal vaccine in poor countries, in june 2009, the governments of italy, the united kingdom, canada, the russian federation, norway and the bill & melinda gates foundation, together with the gavi alliance, launched the pilot pneumococcal advance market commitment ( amc ). donors pledged us $ 1. 5 billion to fund the pilot amc for pneumococcal vaccine, and the gavi alliance committed to raising $ 1. 3 billion for the period 2010 - 2015 to help fund the vaccine ' s long - term price. the amc is expected to help expand access to pneumococcal vaccines to all gavi - eligible countries and potentially save millions of lives. \" wyeth welcomes the amc concept as an innovative financing mechanism to help accelerate the introduction of needed vaccines in the least developed countries. we look forward to working together with gavi and the international community on the next steps of the amc process, \" said mr. connolly. the nationwide rollout of pneumococcal vaccine in the gambia follows a large - scale pneumococcal vaccine efficacy trial in the country using a different formulation. the four - year study followed more than 17, 000 young gambian children to see whether a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43125066418069896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.093768"} {"text": "contract and survive pneumococcal meningitis, one in four are left with serious disabilities, including neurological damage, kidney disease, deafness, limb amputations, and developmental delays. about the gavi alliance : the gavi alliance ( formerly the global alliance for vaccines and immunisation ) is a public - private partnership of major stakeholders in immunisation and health system support. it includes developing country and donor governments, the world health organization, unicef, the world bank, the vaccine industry in both industrialised and developing countries, research and technical agencies, civil society, the bill & melinda gates foundation and individuals. who projections show that gavi support has prevented more than 3. 4 million future deaths by the end of 2008. about pneumoadip : pneumoadip is a small, dedicated team based at johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health - the world ' s largest school of public health - and is supported by a grant from the gavi alliance. pneumoadip ' s mission is to improve child survival and health by accelerating the evaluation of and access to new, lifesaving pneumococcal vaccines for the world ' s children. pneumoadip coordinates its activities through a strategic alliance with the world health organisation and aims to achieve its goals through partnerships with countries, donors, academia, international organisations, and industry. visit http : / / www. preventpneumo. org or http : / / www. jhsph. edu about wyeth : wyeth is one of the world ' s largest research - driven pharmaceutical and health care products companies. it is a leader in the discovery, development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, biotechnology products, nutritionals and non - prescription medicines that improve the quality of life for people worldwide. the company ' s major divisions include wyeth pharmaceuticals, wyeth consumer healthcare and fort dodge animal health. visit http : / / www. wyeth. com prevenar * : prevenar\u2122 ( pneumococcal 7 - valent conjugate vaccine ) is approved by the world health organization for active immunisation of infants and children from 6 weeks through 9 years of age against invasive disease, pneumonia, and otitis media caused by streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6b, 9v, 14, 18c, 19f and 23f. prevenar may be given at the same time as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44398221324520293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.167288"} {"text": "| http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / a service of the u. s. national library of medicine\u00ae | hystrix - like ichthyosis with deafness ( hid ) is a disorder characterized by dry, scaly skin ( ichthyosis ) and hearing loss that is usually profound. hystrix - like means resembling a porcupine ; in this type of ichthyosis, the scales may be thick and spiky, giving the appearance of porcupine quills. newborns with hid typically develop reddened skin. the skin abnormalities worsen over time, and the ichthyosis eventually covers most of the body, although the palms of the hands and soles of the feet are usually only mildly affected. breaks in the skin may occur and in severe cases can lead to life - threatening infections. affected individuals have an increased risk of developing a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma, which can also affect mucous membranes such as the inner lining of the mouth. people with hid may also have patchy hair loss caused by scarring on particular areas of skin. hid is a rare disorder. its prevalence is unknown. hid is caused by mutations in the gjb2 gene. this gene provides instructions for making a protein called gap junction beta 2, more commonly known as connexin 26. connexin 26 is a member of the connexin protein family. connexin proteins form channels called gap junctions that permit the transport of nutrients, charged atoms ( ions ), and signaling molecules between neighboring cells that are in contact with each other. gap junctions made with connexin 26 transport potassium ions and certain small molecules. connexin 26 is found in cells throughout the body, including the inner ear and the skin. in the inner ear, channels made from connexin 26 are found in a snail - shaped structure called the cochlea. these channels may help to maintain the proper level of potassium ions required for the conversion of sound waves to electrical nerve impulses. this conversion is essential for normal hearing. in addition, connexin 26 may be involved in the maturation of certain cells in the cochlea. connexin 26 also plays a role in the growth and maturation of the outermost layer of skin ( the epidermis ). at least one gjb2 gene mutation has been identified in people with hid. this mutation changes a single protein building block ( amino acid ) in connexin 26. the mutation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5396235804353294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.212668"} {"text": "the outermost layer of skin ( the epidermis ). at least one gjb2 gene mutation has been identified in people with hid. this mutation changes a single protein building block ( amino acid ) in connexin 26. the mutation is thought to result in channels that constantly leak ions, which impairs the health of the cells and increases cell death. death of cells in the skin and the inner ear may underlie the signs and symptoms of hid. because the gjb2 gene mutation identified in people with hid also occurs in keratitis - ichthyosis - deafness syndrome ( kid syndrome ), a disorder with similar features and the addition of eye abnormalities, many researchers categorize kid syndrome and hid as a single disorder, which they call kid / hid. it is not known why some people with this mutation have eye problems while others do not. changes in this gene are associated with hystrix - like ichthyosis with deafness. this condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. in some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. these resources address the diagnosis or management of hystrix - like ichthyosis with deafness and may include treatment providers. you might also find information on the diagnosis or management of hystrix - like ichthyosis with deafness in educational resources ( http : / / www. ghr. nlm. nih. gov / condition / hystrix - like - ichthyosis - with - deafness / show / educational + resources ) and patient support ( http : / / www. ghr. nlm. nih. gov / condition / hystrix - like - ichthyosis - with - deafness / show / patient + support ). general information about the diagnosis ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / consult / diagnosis ) and management ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / consult / treatment ) of genetic conditions is available in the handbook. read more about genetic testing ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / testing ), particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5347548509302263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.260680"} {"text": "read more about genetic testing ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / testing ), particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / testing / researchtesting ). to locate a healthcare provider, see how can i find a genetics professional in my area? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / consult / findingprofessional ) in the handbook. you may find the following resources about hystrix - like ichthyosis with deafness helpful. these materials are written for the general public. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers. for more information about naming genetic conditions, see the genetics home reference condition naming guidelines ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / conditionnameguide ) and how are genetic conditions and genes named? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / mutationsanddisorders / naming ) in the handbook. ask the genetic and rare diseases information center ( http : / / rarediseases. info. nih. gov / gard / ). amino acid ; autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; cancer ; carcinoma ; cell ; cochlea ; connexin ; epidermis ; gap junctions ; gene ; ichthyosis ; ions ; keratitis ; mucous ; mutation ; potassium ; prevalence ; protein ; syndrome you may find definitions for these and many other terms in the genetics home reference glossary ( http : / / www. ghr. nlm. nih. gov / glossary ). the resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. see how can i find a genetics professional in my area? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / consult / findingprofessional ) in the handbook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.529046266414804, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.262172"} {"text": "types of explosions any explosion that is the direct result of using a weapon ; such as a sword laden with explosive magics, or a gun that ' s been given explosive bullets. the most obvious example is a grenade or a block of tnt. most guns can be put into this category, given the common firearm mechanism of propelling a bullet out of the gun ' s barrel through an explosion in the chamber. a larger scale example would be the atomic bomb that a player can detonate on the town of megaton in fallout 3. think final fantasy or dragon warrior for magic - based explosions in games. spells such as \" flare \" in final fantasy and \" explodet \" in dragon warrior are good examples. in other games, a character may motion with their hand to create a fireball or a beam of powerful light, which will explode upon impact. in oblivion, the magic - wielding player motions forward with his / her arm and points to create a fireball, which then hurdles through the air, exploding upon any solid surface. magical \" summonings \" also create magical explosions, such as bahamut ' s attack in most final fantasy games. these explosions emanate from the world around the player. they can activate on their own, or be triggered by the player ' s actions. classics, such as the exploding barrel and fuel tank are often large and loud explosions - and in some environments, they can connect with other exploding objects to create a chain - reaction. this also contains objects such as vehicles, booby traps, and mines. this type of explosion can be very important to some games, as explosive environmental objects are often part of objectives or checkpoints in a game. these explosions are the result of any living thing that is able to explode. a simple example of this would be any kamikaze enemy in a game that ' s willing to run up to a player and detonate themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5384378370016235, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.270323"} {"text": "chicago ' s willis tower, formerly known as sears tower, was the world ' s tallest building from 1974 to 1998 and remains the tallest building in the u. s. to this day. its 1451 - foot ( 442 m ) height adds up to enough window area to keep a window washer busy for life, or space for enough solar panels to be comparable to a 10 acre solar power plant. as part of a pilot project, the south facing windows of the 56th floor of the willis tower will be replaced with pythagoras solar ' s transparent solar windows which cut down on heat gain \u2013 and therefore cooling costs \u2013 as well as harnessing energy from the sun. while the image that comes to mind when one thinks of solar power plants is probably one of rows upon rows of panels covering large areas of desert, replacing the windows of skyscrapers with solar windows gives cities with limited free space the opportunity to create vertical solar power plants. pythagorus solar ' s solar windows, which the company calls photovoltaic glass units ( pgus ), are rectangular box - shaped units that allow diffused light to pass through, but use a prism to reflect sunlight down onto a horizontal pv cell along the bottom of the unit to generate the same amount of energy as standard rooftop - mounted solar cells. \" we are excited to launch this pilot with pythagoras solar ' s leading - edge solar window solutions as a test for not only the energy savings that can be achieved, but the potential they represent to actually generate power through the sun, \" said john huston, executive vice president of american landmark properties, one of the ownership partners of willis tower. if the pilot project proves successful, pythagoras solar ' s pgu ' s could be expanded beyond the 56th floor to cover enough surface area to provide over two megawatts of solar power. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.520224512929284, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.276969"} {"text": "for immediate release march 11, 2011 office of college communications wenham, ma \u2013 since the 18th - century enlightenment, americans have maintained much friendlier ties with religion than western europeans. in fact, the united states and western europe \u2019 s paths to modernity have differed exponentially. thomas a. ( \u201c tal \u201d ) howard, associate professor of history, will be presenting a lecture entitled \u201c america, europe, and the religious divide \u201d as part of the old town hall lecture series sponsored by the gordon college institute for public history. he will be discussing some of the main themes he addresses in his most recent book, god and the atlantic : america, europe, and the religious divide. the event will take place thursday, march 17, at 7 : 30 p. m. at the salem old town hall. \u201c the book seeks to explain some of the religious differences between europe and america, \u201d says howard. \u201c i am especially keen to show how europeans have interpreted america \u2019 s early experiment in religious liberty and its long - term effects. \u201d howard is also the founding director of the college \u2019 s great books honors program, the jerusalem and athens forum. he was the winner of the lilly fellows program annual book award in 2007. howard is also the author of religion and the rise of historicism ( 2000 ) and protestant theology and the making of the modern german university ( 2006 ). \u201c the causes of the religious divide between europe and america are hotly disputed among social scientists and contemporary historians, \u201d says hartmut lehmann, former director, max planck institute for history and the german historical institute, of howard \u2019 s book. \u201c by carefully examining european views of america since the late 18th century, thomas albert howard is the first scholar to give historical depth to this debate. everyone interested to find a way through the labyrinth of transatlantic comparisons and prejudice is well - advised to read this book. \u201d for more information visit http : / / oldtownhalllectures. com / gordon college is a multidenominational christian college of the liberal arts and sciences on boston \u2019 s north shore, offering majors in 38 fields with graduate programs in education and music education. gordon is nationally recognized for excellence in academics and in character building, and ranks as one of the nation \u2019 s top christian colleges. www. gordon. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506410251733351, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.281292"} {"text": "april 16, 2002 by bill mcgarigle texas was among the first to adapt geospatial technologies to the monitoring, decision - making and treatment processes involved in cotton production. the need was clear : cotton is the state ' s number one cash crop, contributing over $ 1. 3 billion annually to the texas economy, even after losing 10 percent of crops to weevils each year. losses would be upward of 20 percent had texas, the federal government and cotton growers not taken action, according to carl anderson, agricultural economist and cotton marketing specialist at the texas a & m cooperative extension program. in an effort to banish the weevil once and for all, the state legislature in 1996 established the texas boll weevil eradication foundation ( tbwef ), a quasi - government entity funded by cotton growers, the state and the u. s. department of agriculture. since 1999, the legislature has appropriated $ 125 million in support of the foundation ' s eradication program. \" based on gis analysis of predefined biological, meteorological and operational parameters, such a system could indicate which fields to treat and when, \" el - lissy said. \" if the system is user friendly and practical to integrate into the boll weevil eradication program, fewer, less - experienced workers will be able to produce the same results as those achieved by many experienced personnel, but faster and more efficiently. \" role of spatial technology in 1996, the tbwef introduced the boll weevil eradication expert system ( bwees ) to facilitate the eradication program. a gis - based application developed by el - lissy and the foundation ' s it group, the bwees incorporates data from a wide range of sources. differential gps point files of field coordinates, field shapes, acreage and weevil trap locations are downloaded to mapinfo pro gis and integrated into the base map of a cotton field and its surrounding environment. grower data, planting dates, cotton variety, numbers of weevils found in the traps and related agricultural information are all stored in an oracle database - management system and integrated into thematic maps of the respective cotton fields. trap data are collected with bar code scanners during weekly field inspections. the scanner automatically records date, time and trap number, and prompts the user for the number of weevils in the trap, the growth stage of the crop and related information. data from the scanners is downloaded to the gis and linked to the map location of each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4797322711659295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.284898"} {"text": "time and trap number, and prompts the user for the number of weevils in the trap, the growth stage of the crop and related information. data from the scanners is downloaded to the gis and linked to the map location of each trap, enabling supervisors and producers to precisely locate weevil infestations in the field. mapinfo mapx compares this data against parameters established for cotton fields at various stages of crop growth and infestation. based on the number of weevils caught in traps over time, mapx color - codes fields meeting various growth and treatment criteria. data on fields marked for treatment are entered into a contractor ' s dgps - based flight - tracking system, which is designed to trigger spray only on the infested areas of the field. after treatment, the swath tracks and related data from the aerial applications are incorporated into the bwees and used to assess the progress of eradication and monitor the health of the field. the foundation has also web - enabled the bwees. cotton producers can now query a tbwef site to find out if weevils are present in their fields, where they were trapped, the degree of infestation and progress toward you may use or reference this story with attribution and a link to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4610640334409567, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.286343"} {"text": "the green marine environmental program is an action plan that addresses nine major environmental issues identified by the marine industry : the program is made up of 4 basic steps : 1 - evaluation process green marine requires participants to adopt practices and technologies that will have a direct impact on the ground. the green marine environmental program encourages participants to go beyond regulatory compliance and implement a process of continuous environmental improvement that will lead to excellence and leadership. download the 2013 summary of the program ' s performance indicators ( the complete self - evaluation guide will be available in the fall 2013 ) 2 - external verification participants ' results are subject to an external audit every two years, during which an independent third party will visit their premises to check their facilities and procedures, and verify the accuracy of the data used to compile their results. 3 - publication of results participants \u2019 individual results - as well as the global results attained by the industry as a whole - are published on a yearly basis in green marine ' s annual report. individual results are also available via an interactive map on green marine \u2019 s website. 4 - certification during their first year in the program, participants receive a logo indicating that their green marine certification is \u201c in progress, \u201d which they can use to publicize their commitment to the green marine initiative. participants who have been in the program for more than a year receive a \u00ab certified \u00ab logo, which is awarded during a certification ceremony held during green marine ' s annual conference. consult the full version of the environmental program of the st. lawrence and great lakes maritime industry. note that the program is currently under revision. for an updated version of the program, please check out the self - evaluation guides.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44409352026029303, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.290457"} {"text": "do what you can to ease side effects of treatment for stomach cancer it ' s likely that you will have physical concerns because your cancer may cause symptoms and your treatment may cause side effects. the side effects depend on your treatment and that depends largely on how much the cancer has spread outside your stomach or to other organs. we ' ve listed some common side effects from stomach cancer treatments and how to ease them. they are listed in alphabetical order, so you can find help when you need it. see \" dumping syndrome \" and \" heartburn. \" anemia ( low red blood cell levels ) throughout your treatment your doctor will take small samples of your blood. one thing he or she is checking is your level of red blood cells. red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. surgery may decrease your level of red blood cells. you may feel tired. this condition is called anemia. the main reason for anemia with stomach cancer is that iron, a mineral that helps the red blood cells pick up and carry oxygen, is not well absorbed from your stomach. removing your stomach makes it harder for your body to digest, absorb, and use iron. your body also may not be able to absorb folate and vitamin b12, vitamins that help with the iron - absorption process. anemia can also be caused by small amounts of blood loss, chemotherapy or radiation, or the cancer itself. if your doctor tells you that you have anemia, take these actions to feel better. anxiety and depression many people may feel blue, anxious, or distressed after being told they have cancer. these feelings may continue or come back during treatment. taking these actions may ease your mental stress. constipation, which includes difficult or infrequent bowel movements, can range from mildly uncomfortable to painful. this may be a side effect of chemotherapy or some pain medicines. taking narcotic pain medications can lead to constipation, so it ' s wise to take these preventive actions. these same steps will give you relief if you are already constipated. eat foods high in fiber, such as cereals, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. diarrhea includes loose or frequent bowel movements, or both. it may be a side effect of external beam radiation therapy. many chemotherapy drugs may cause bowel changes, too. diarrhea may lead to dehydration if you don ' t take these precautions. avoid gas - producing vegetables, dried fruit, fiber cereals, seeds, popcorn, nuts, corn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511522418618741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.298965"} {"text": "many chemotherapy drugs may cause bowel changes, too. diarrhea may lead to dehydration if you don ' t take these precautions. avoid gas - producing vegetables, dried fruit, fiber cereals, seeds, popcorn, nuts, corn and dried beans. eat low - residue, low - fiber foods such as those included in the brat diet ( bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast ). the most common long - term problem after stomach cancer surgery is called dumping syndrome. the food you eat travels quickly into your small intestine, within about 10 to 20 minutes after eating. your stomach and duodenum may no longer be able to aid digestion and remove excess fluid. so the rest of your digestive system has to do that work. as a result, you may notice a feeling of fullness and pain in the stomach area. you may also have cramping, flushing, diarrhea, and dizziness, and feel your heart racing. these symptoms usually all go away once you have emptied your bowels. these are steps you can take to prevent or lessen these problems. hair loss ( also called alopecia ) losing your hair can be upsetting because thinning or baldness is a visible reminder that you are being treated for cancer. keep in mind that your hair will grow back after chemotherapy. try these coping tips. think about getting a wig, hat, or scarf before your hair loss starts. that way, you can get a wig that matches your hair, and you ' ll be ready with head coverings, if you choose to use them. surgery for stomach cancer may cause bloating, abdominal pain, and heartburn. you may feel full after eating small meals. these side effects can be relieved with changes in diet. try these tips. increase your fiber intake, including fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. some types of fiber add bulk to your food and help it to move more quickly through the digestive tract. good sources of fiber include apples, pears, figs, strawberries, raisins, carrots, whole grain breads and cereals, corn, peas, and peanuts, to name a few. talk with your doctor before taking over - the - counter antacids. this is important because antacids can interact with many different prescription drugs. furthermore, some antacids can cause constipation or diarrhea, which may further complicate other side effects you may be experiencing. throughout your treatment you doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41545365683029895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.299998"} {"text": "is important because antacids can interact with many different prescription drugs. furthermore, some antacids can cause constipation or diarrhea, which may further complicate other side effects you may be experiencing. throughout your treatment you doctor will take small samples of your blood. one thing he or she is checking is your level of white blood cells. many types of chemotherapy can cause low white blood cell counts, called neutropenia. without enough white blood cells, your body may not be able to fight infection. if your doctor tells you that your white blood cell count is low, take these actions to stay healthy. call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs of infection : a temperature of 100. 5 degrees or higher, severe chills, a cough, pain, a burning sensation during urination, or any sores or redness. mouth sores ( also called mucositis ) some types of chemotherapy may cause these. mouth sores may hurt and make eating an unpleasant experience. to prevent sores in your mouth, take these actions. brush your teeth after meals and before bedtime. floss every day. keep your mouth and lips clean and moist. use sugar - free candies or gums to increase moisture in your mouth. if you get sores in your mouth, taking these actions can ease the pain. nausea or vomiting nausea or vomiting as a result of chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer may range from barely noticeable to severe. you may also notice nausea and vomiting after eating. it may help you to understand the different types of nausea. after surgery, you may have a smaller stomach or even no stomach left to contain the food you eat. digestion - related nausea and vomiting can result from too much food inside a smaller stomach. anticipatory nausea and vomiting are learned from previous experiences with vomiting. as you prepare for the next dose of chemotherapy, you may anticipate that nausea and vomiting will occur as it did previously, which triggers the actual reflex. to prevent nausea, take these actions. most nausea can be prevented. to help ease nausea or vomiting if you have it, try these tips. try eating foods and drinking beverages that were easy to take or made you feel better when you had the flu or were nauseated from stress. these might be bland foods, sour candy, pickles, dry crackers, ginger ale, flat soda or others. numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in your hands or feet ( peripheral neuropathy ) if you have numb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42880575639683377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.301211"} {"text": "from stress. these might be bland foods, sour candy, pickles, dry crackers, ginger ale, flat soda or others. numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in your hands or feet ( peripheral neuropathy ) if you have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your hands and feet, you may have nerve damage called peripheral neuropathy. some types of chemotherapy are known to cause this. other signs of this problem are ringing in your ears or trouble feeling hot or cold. if you have symptoms such as these, take these precautions to protect yourself. you may have pain or tenderness from the cancer itself or from surgical incisions. try these tips to ease the pain. feelings of depression from having cancer or fatigue from other treatments can also have a negative impact on your sexual desires. here are some ways you may cope. skin irritation or dryness this may be a side effect of some chemotherapy or external beam radiation treatment. ask your doctor or nurse what kind of lotion you can use to moisturize and soothe your skin. don ' t use any lotion, soap, deodorant, sunblock, cologne, cosmetics, or powder on your skin within two hours after treatment because they may cause irritation. thinking and memory problems you may have mild problems with concentration and memory during and after chemotherapy. being tired can make this worse. taking these actions may help. tiredness is a very common symptom and side effect from surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments. you may feel only slightly tired or you may suffer from extreme fatigue. fatigue can last four to six weeks after treatment ends. taking these actions may help increase your energy level. vitamin and mineral deficiencies the stomach and duodenum normally help digest and absorb vitamins and minerals from the food you eat. when these organs are partially or totally removed, they aren ' t able to do this. so if you have part or all of your stomach removed, you may experience nutritional deficiencies. most often, this includes iron, vitamin b12, and folate. here are some steps you can take to be sure you ' re getting enough of these vitamins and minerals. this can result from chemotherapy. to help lose weight, take these actions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.488507143792293, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.302526"} {"text": "as mexico celebrates the day of the dead ( dia de los muertos ), i ' m reminded of a visit i once made with a swedish friend to the museum of mummies in the picturesque colonial mexican city of guanajuato. the perfectly preserved corpses of babies and adults were brashly displayed amid neon lights, fake cobwebs, and other cheap halloween - esque adornments. confronted with this seeming lack of respect for the dead and vulgarity of the displays, i explained to my shocked companion that mexicans have a peculiarly different relationship with death to other cultures. as the nobel prize - winning mexican writer octavio paz explained in his seminal work labyrinth of solitude : \" the mexican... is familiar with death, jokes about it, caresses it, sleeps with it, celebrates it. true, there is as much fear in his attitude as in that of others, but at least death is not hidden away : he looks at it face to face, with impatience, disdain or irony. \" the celebration of the day of the dead \u2013 which is actually a week of festivities which begin on 28 october and end with a national holiday on 2 november \u2013 is an integral part of this embracement of death that is particular to mexican national identity. during this period, the popular belief is that the deceased have divine permission to visit friends and relatives on earth and enjoy once again the pleasures of life. to facilitate this, mexicans visit the graves of families and friends and adorn them with brilliantly colourful flowers and offerings of food \u2013 in particular the sugary \" bread of the dead \" \u2013 spices, toys, candles, and drinks amongst other things. the period is specifically a joyous, ritualistically elaborate celebration of life, rather than a sober mourning of its passing. the origins of the day of the dead rest in the 16th - century fusion of the aztecs ' belief in death as merely one part in the wider cycle of existence, their ritual venerations and offerings to the goddess mictecacihuatl ( \" lady of the dead \" ) for deceased children and adults, and the conquering spaniards ' desire to accommodate these festivities within the catholic celebrations of all saints ' day and all souls ' day. while contemporary observance of the day of the dead does include masses and prayers to saints and the dead, it is dominated by carnivalesque rituals to a far greater extent that the orthodox catholic celebrations found in western europe. nevertheless, in a country as socially and geographically diverse as mexico, there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4335766583517081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.307786"} {"text": "the dead does include masses and prayers to saints and the dead, it is dominated by carnivalesque rituals to a far greater extent that the orthodox catholic celebrations found in western europe. nevertheless, in a country as socially and geographically diverse as mexico, there is significant regional variation in the nature of festivities : the southern state of chiapas is far more likely to focus its efforts on processions and public commemorations of death than the valley of mexico, where the decoration of altars in homes and tombs of the deceased is more popular. urbanisation, too, plays a large role in regional variations. for the south and rural areas the period holds far greater social and cultural significance than in the north and large cities ; families and communities in rural areas will often spend large parts of the year preparing for the occasion. as the anthropologist claudio lomnitz correctly points out, in many respects this \" playful familiarity and proximity to death \", is all the more unusual in contemporary mexican culture because so much of euro - american 20th century thought has been about denying death \u2013 preserving the life of the citizen at all costs. the existence of this peculiarly mexican attitude is born of three major themes in mexican history. first is the aztec heritage of the pre - columbian concept of life and death as part of a broader cycle of existence, which fused with the christian veneration of the deceased on all souls ' day into a wholly unique concept of death. second, is the violent and tumultuous nature of mexico ' s past ; the brutality of the spanish conquest where the indigenous population of central mexico was decimated over the course of the 16th century ; the humiliating subjugation at the hands of its north american neighbour ; and the bloodbath of the mexican revolution. these upheavals made it impossible to ignore the commonplace reality of unnatural death in mexico. and thirdly, the appropriation ( or reappropriation from their mesoamerican heritage, as many saw it ) of \" death \" by mexican intellectuals post - revolution in the early 20th century meant direct confrontation with the mortality of life became ingrained in the national psyche. as the artist diego rivera said in 1920 : \" if you look around my studio, you will see deaths everywhere, deaths of every size and colour. \" learning how to cope with mortality has always been a central preoccupation of human existence. the celebrations of the day of the dead provide an insight into how the mexicans do it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3957685203274588, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.309003"} {"text": "view all by save 25 % on selected publications. preview the upcoming exhibition schedule. browse the collection for our most recent acquisitions. van gogh and expressionism published in 1964 44 pages, fully illustrated following the same structure as the previous year \u2019 s exhibition, cezanne and structure in modern painting, the 1964 exhibition van gogh and expressionism was an attempt to illustrate vincent van gogh \u2019 s influence on subsequent art movements, such as abstract expressionism. in lieu of discussing which artists exerted an influence on van gogh, curator maurice tuchman discusses how van gogh was a model for the modern expressionists of the 21st century. in separate essays, tuchman describes each artist \u2019 s form of expressionism, how they have learned from van gogh, and developed their own unique expressionist style. in addition to van gogh, the following artists are discussed : edvard munch, georges rouault, vasily kandinsky, oskar kokoschka, emil nolde, chaim soutine, and willem de kooning. selected works representing each artist are also included in the catalogue, all of which are illustrated in color. \" my great longing is to learn to make incorrectness... more true than the original truth, \" wrote vincent van gogh. in his first masterpiece, the potato eaters, van gogh strove to convey the clumsy honesty and naive strength of peasantry by rude and frankly unsophisticated means. figures were awkwardly placed or obscured, their anatomies deformed, their gestures exaggerated. not unexpectedly, he was denounced for these distortions of natural form. \" dare you, \" exclaimed his friend, the painter van rappard, \" working in such a manner, invoke the names of [ the peasant painters ] millet and breton? come! art stands in my opinion too high to be treated so carelessly. \" van gogh responded, \" i want to paint what i feel and feel what i paint \" \u2014 without regard, he added, to what \" civilized \" people might think or say.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4573212804345701, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.311224"} {"text": "| pertussis, also known as \u201c whooping cough \u201d for the trademark sound made by those suffering from the illness, is making a comeback. this highly contagious disease is caused by an infection of the respiratory system that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. the coughing spells can make it hard to breathe, and may cause vomiting. vaccines have made this disease less prevalent in recent years, but the number of cases is on the rise again. while adults usually experience mild discomfort from the coughing spells, pertussis can be deadly for infants, especially those under 6 months that have not been vaccinated. the pertussis infection can last about 6 weeks and is highly contagious. the first symptoms resemble a common cold, including runny nose, sneezing, mild cough and low - grade fever. infected people are most contagious during the earliest stages of the illness for up to about 2 weeks after the cough begins. someone infected can spread the disease simply by sneezing, coughing, or laughing. if you have an infant or care for one, take the time to get vaccinated. it could save a life \u2026 most new moms are given a tdap injection in the hospital after delivery, protecting them from tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. but dads, older siblings, and caregivers need to get vaccinated too. many elderly people may never have been vaccinated. urge anyone that comes in regular contact with your newborn to speak to their physician about the vaccination as soon as possible. share your thoughts with other moms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39525758904359576, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.312954"} {"text": "see wikipedia article on chaitin ' s construction, referring to e. g. - computing a glimpse of randomness ( written by cristian s. calude, michael j. dinneen, and chi - kou shu ) - omega and why math has no toes ( gregory chaitin ). 2 basing it on combinatory logic see the prefix coding system described in binary lambda calculus and combinatory logic ( page 20 ) written by john tromp : of course, c, d are meta - variables, and also some other notations are changed slightly. having seen this, decoding is rather straightforward. let us represent it e. g with the following ll1 parser. of course, we can build it on top of more sophisticated parser libraries ( parsec, arrow parsers ) 2. 2. 1 decoding module module decode ( clp ) where import parser ( parser, item ) import cl ( cl, k, s, apply ) import clext ( ( > > ^ ) ) clp : : parser bool cl clp = item ( bool applicationp basep ) applicationp : : parser bool cl applicationp = clp > > ^ clp basep : : parser bool cl basep = item ( bool k s ) kp, sp : : parser bool cl kp = return k sp = return s 2. 2. 2 combinatory logic term modules module cl ( cl, k, s, apply ) where import tree ( tree ( leaf, branch ) ) import basesymbol ( basesymbol, kay, ess ) type cl = tree basesymbol k, s : : cl k = leaf kay s = leaf ess apply : : cl - > cl - > cl apply = branch 22. 214. 171. 124 cl extension module clext ( ( > > ^ ) ) where import cl ( cl, apply ) import control. monad ( monad, liftm2 ) ( > > ^ ) : : monad m = > m cl - > m cl - > m cl ( > > ^ ) = liftm2 apply 126. 96. 36. 199 base symbol module basesymbol ( basesymbol, kay, ess ) where data basesymbol = k | s kay, ess : : basesymbol kay = k ess = s 2. 2. 3 utility modules 188. 8. 131. 52 binary tree module", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6150606124762241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.316494"} {"text": "##ymbol, kay, ess ) where data basesymbol = k | s kay, ess : : basesymbol kay = k ess = s 2. 2. 3 utility modules 188. 8. 131. 52 binary tree module tree ( tree ( leaf, branch ) ) where data tree a = leaf a | branch ( tree a ) ( tree a ) module parser ( parser, item ) where import control. monad. state ( statet, get, put ) type parser token a = statet [ token ] a item : : parser a item = do token : tokens < - get put tokens return token 184. 108. 40. 206 prelude extension module preludeext ( bool ) where bool : : a - > a - > bool - > a bool thenc elsec t = if t then thenc else elsec 2. 3 partial function approach now, chaitin ' s construction will be here - should denote an unary predicate \u201c has normal form \u201d ( \u201c terminates \u201d ) - should mean an operator \u201c decode \u201d ( a function from finite bit sequences to combinatory logic terms ) - should denote the set of all finite bit sequences - should denote the set of syntactically correct bit sequences ( semantically, they may either terminate or diverge ), i. e. the domain of the decoding function, i. e. the range of the coding function. thus, - \u201c absolute value \u201d - should mean the length of a bit sequence ( not combinatory logic term evaluation! ) 2. 4 total function approach here, dc is a partial function ( from finite bit sequences ). if this is confusing or annoying, then we can choose a more haskell - like approach, making dc a total function : dc : : [ bit ] - > maybe cl then, chaitin ' s construction will be where should denote false truth value. 3 related concepts 4 to do writing a program in haskell - - or in combinatory logic : - ) - - which could help in making conjectures on combinatory logic - based chaitin ' s constructions. it would make only approximations, in a similar way that most mandelbrot plotting softwares work : it would ask for a maximum limit of iterations. chaitin - - computation = cl - - coding = tromp - - limit - of - iterations = 5000 - - digits = 10 - - decimal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6177770935821749, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.317333"} {"text": "information on moles and voles can also be seen on the healthy canadians website. the adult mole measures from 12 to 20 cm in length and has dark grey or brown velvety fur. its eyes are small and its broad front feet have strong claws for digging in soil. moles are insectivores. most do not eat plants, but feed mainly on earthworms, insects and grubs. some moles may damage tubers and the roots of garden plants but any plant damage is most likely incidental, or may be blamed on other small herbivorous animals using the tunnel. moles do not hibernate but remain active day or night all year long. during the winter, the mole looks for food deep below the frost line. most surface activity happens in the spring and fall. moles are solitary animals, and it is likely that only one or two moles are responsible for the damage to your lawn or garden. moles have only one litter of 3 to 4 young in the spring. these young will stay with the female in her tunnels for about one month, and then will start creating their own tunnels, reaching adult size in four to eight weeks. voles resemble house mice, but have a shorter tail, a rounded muzzle and head, and small ears. like all rodents, voles have a single pair of large chisel - like incisors in the upper jaw that continue to grow from the roots as the tips wear away. the vole has a dark brown coat with a greyish belly that turns white in the winter. in contrast, the house mouse is uniformly grey. voles search for green plants and seeds during the day or night, and in winter, they travel in tunnels beneath the insulating snow, making round holes in the snow when coming up to the surface. the mole can be considered beneficial in some ways since it consumes insects, including grubs and other insect larvae, and slugs. moles also feed on earthworms and some will even eat small snakes and mice. however, the mole and its tunnels can destroy lawns, gardens, parks, golf courses and cemeteries. they can kill plants when tunnelling by removing soil around roots. the unprotected roots dry out and die. plant diseases may also be spread by the mole ' s movements. pests like voles, field mice and other rodents use these tunnels as well to feed on exposed roots. in search for food, moles create an extensive network of tunnels, many of which are used only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44580074414778503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.326162"} {"text": "spread by the mole ' s movements. pests like voles, field mice and other rodents use these tunnels as well to feed on exposed roots. in search for food, moles create an extensive network of tunnels, many of which are used only once. temporary surface tunnels are where the sod is raised and appears as ridges. these feeding tunnels are used a few times, then are abandoned. deeper tunnels from which the mole must excavate dirt, forming molehills, are used mainly as the living quarters. signs of vole infestation are when the bark has been removed completely around the base of a tree ( girdling ), or the sight of 1 to 2 inch wide dead strips ( surface runways ) through matted grass leading to shallow underground burrows. small piles of brownish feces and short pieces of grass along the runways are another sign of vole activity. female voles can start producing litters from the age of three weeks and can produce a large number of litters in one year since their gestation period lasts only 21 days and they can breed all year round. local populations can vary from one animal to thousands per hectare on a three to four - year cycle. when the vole population peaks, predators such as foxes, wolves or hawks feed on nothing else. licensed pest control operators may offer a trapping service or traps can be rented from them or a farming co - op. be sure to ask for instructions on the proper use of the mole traps if you decide to set one. to ensure success, trapping efforts should be concentrated on the main runways in the spring and fall. look for tunnels that appear to directly connect two or more mounds that run parallel to permanent structures such as fences or concrete paths, or that follow a tree line bordering a grassy area. another method of identifying an actively used run would be to lightly step on a small section of several tunnels so that they are disturbed, but not completely collapsed. make sure that these disturbed sections are clearly marked. after a few days, the raised sections can be identified as active runs, and therefore good locations for traps. to a certain extent, a healthy lawn where the risk of grub infestations is minimized will be less attractive to moles. cats or dogs can also discourage a mole from entering a yard. baits are rarely taken by moles because they prefer to feed on soil insects. some baits containing zinc phosphide are available only to licensed pest control operators. no registered baits are available to the general public. cleaning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4658475519151645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.327268"} {"text": "a yard. baits are rarely taken by moles because they prefer to feed on soil insects. some baits containing zinc phosphide are available only to licensed pest control operators. no registered baits are available to the general public. cleaning up all possible food sources like vegetables left in the garden at season ' s end will help keep voles and other rodents away from your yard. proper vegetation management like removing mulch from the base of fruit trees in winter will help avoid an increase in vole numbers. if you intend to put mulch down on strawberries or other perennials, do so only after the soil freezes. if you do so before the soil freezes, you will be providing an ideal location for rodents to gain access to roots in unfrozen soil. use metal or glass rodent - proof containers to store seeds and bird feed. composters should also be inaccessible to rodents. gravel or cinder barriers around garden plots are an effective and easy means of protection. the barrier should be 20 cm ( 6 to 8 inches ) deep and a foot or more wide. the sharpness of cinder particles deters voles from pushing their noses into the soil. commercial plastic tree guards, a piece of chicken wire or small mesh wrapped around the base of trees and extending below the soil will help prevent treegirdling. consult with your local tree specialist for the proper use of these materials. traditional snap mouse traps can be used. place them in areas where voles are known to be. barricades may be used that allow only voles to enter a trap. buy a large number of snap - traps and set them all out at once for a one or two night period. a good technique is to bait the traps with a tiny dab of peanut butter or bacon for two or three nights without setting the traps. when the traps are finally set, voles are less likely to shy away from them. always exercise extreme caution when handling a trap and keep them out of the reach of children and pets. natural predators including cats, owls and snakes can help keep the vole population down. if populations have built up, the use of treated baits may be necessary. baits containing the active ingredient chlorophacinone are available in home garden centres and are registered for the control of voles. licensed pest control operators can use commercial baits containing chlorophacinone or zinc phosphide. denatonium benzoate, sprayed on plant surfaces to be protected, deters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44701241359245236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.328306"} {"text": "- hypothermia occurs when the body ' s core temperature drops below 37\u00b0c. - this typically results from prolonged exposure to cold conditions, especially in damp, wet or snowy weather. - early signs : shivering ; listlessness ; cold, pale, puffy face ; impaired speech and impaired judgment. - later signs : drowsiness, weakness, slow pulse, shallow breathing, confusion, altered behaviour, stumbling, unsteadiness. - move person to warmer area, shield from cold, passive rewarming with space blanket etc., give warm fluids and high energy foods if possible. what is hypothermia and what causes it? hypothermia occurs when the body ' s core temperature drops below 37\u00b0c. this happens when more heat is lost than the body can produce through shivering and muscle contractions. hypothermia is the result of prolonged exposure to cold conditions, especially in damp, wet or snowy weather. inadequate clothing during winter or at night in the wilderness, or falling into cold water, are examples of situations which commonly cause hypothermia. inactivity rapidly leads to heat loss and this is worse if the person is injured. symptoms and signs of hypothermia hypothermia has a gradual onset and the affected person might lose heat to a critical level before becoming aware of the problem. early signs include shivering ( shivering stops once body temperature falls to below 32\u00b0c ) ; listlessness ; a cold, pale, puffy face ; slurred or incoherent speech and impaired judgment. this decrease in mental sharpness typically results in someone becoming unaware of the gravity of the situation. later signs, indicating severe hypothermia, include an overwhelming drowsiness and weakness, slow pulse and shallow breathing, confusion, altered behaviour such as aggressiveness, stumbling when walking and unsteadiness when standing. infants, the very lean and the elderly are at particular risk. elderly people may become hypothermic at temperatures as mild as 10 to 15\u00b0c, particularly if they are malnourished, have heart disease or an underactive thyroid, or if they take certain medications or abuse alcohol. hypothermia can be fatal and therefore needs prompt treatment. severe hypothermia may be difficult to distinguish from death because pulses become very difficult or impossible to feel and breathing may be too shallow to notice. first aid for hypothermia - call for an ambulance if the person ' s level of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5456350304939713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.332519"} {"text": "hypothermia may be difficult to distinguish from death because pulses become very difficult or impossible to feel and breathing may be too shallow to notice. first aid for hypothermia - call for an ambulance if the person ' s level of consciousness is dropping, or you have any doubt about the severity of the condition. - if possible, move the person to a warmer area, shielded from the cold and wind. remove wet clothing. - passively re - warm the person by wrapping him in a space blanket, blankets, clothing or newspapers, and cover the head. if outdoors, insulate the person from the ground and lie next to him. - if the person is conscious, give warm fluids and high - energy foods, unless he is vomiting. don ' t give any alcohol or caffeinated drinks. - keep the person still as movement draws blood away from the vital organs. don ' t massage or rub someone with severe hypothermia, or jostle them during transport. ( cold can interfere with the electric conduction system of the heart, making it prone to irregular rhythms which may lead to cardiac arrest. ) - do not apply direct heat, such as a hot bath, heating pad or electric blanket. ( this is called active re - warming and should not be done unless the person is very far from definitive care, as it carries a risk of burns. ) prevention of hypothermia - if you ' re going to be doing outdoor sports like hiking, research the conditions first and speak to experienced people who know the area. ask them what they would recommend in terms of gear and available shelter. as a general rule : take along several layers of warm clothing ( layers help trap warmed air ) and keep the head, hands and feet covered. - change out of wet clothes as soon as you can. being wet and in the wind rapidly speeds up heat loss from the body. - take along sufficient food, especially carbohydrates, and snack regularly. it ' s also important to stay hydrated, even in cold weather. - carry a space blanket ; these are available at outdoor and camping shops. reviewed by barry milner, instructor, blue star academy of first aid, bls national faculty and first aid representative ( resuscitation council of southern africa )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47483286804092306, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.333528"} {"text": "intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. the goal of intelligence tests is to obtain an idea of the person ' s intellectual potential. the tests center around a set of stimuli designed to yield a score based on the test maker ' s model of what makes up intelligence. intelligence tests are often given as a part of a battery of tests. there are many different types of intelligence tests and they all do not measure the same abilities. although the tests often have aspects that are related with each other, one should not expect that scores from one intelligence test, that measures a single factor, will be similar to scores on another intelligence test, that measures a variety of factors. also, when determining whether or not to use an intelligence test, a person should make sure that the test has been adequately developed and has solid research to show its reliability and validity. additionally, psychometric testing requires a clinically trained examiner. therefore, the test should only be administered and interpreted by a trained professional. a central criticism of intelligence tests is that psychologists and educators use these tests to distribute the limited resources of our society. these test results are used to provide rewards such as special classes for gifted students, admission to college, and employment. those who do not qualify for these resources based on intelligence test scores may feel angry and as if the tests are denying them opportunities for success. unfortunately, intelligence test scores have not only become associated with a person ' s ability to perform certain tasks, but with self - worth. many people are under the false assumption that intelligence tests measure a person ' s inborn or biological intelligence. intelligence tests are based on an individual ' s interaction with the environment and never exclusively measure inborn intelligence. intelligence tests have been associated with categorizing and stereotyping people. additionally, knowledge of one ' s performance on an intelligence test may affect a person ' s aspirations and motivation to obtain goals. intelligence tests can be culturally biased against certain groups. when taking an intelligence test, a person can expect to do a variety of tasks. these tasks may include having to answer questions that are asked verbally, doing mathematical problems, and doing a variety of tasks that require eye - hand coordination. some tasks may be timed and require the person to work as quickly as possible. typically, most questions and tasks start out easy and progressively get more difficult. it is unusual for anyone to know the answer to all of the questions or be able to complete all of the tasks. if a person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5462627750372336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.340013"} {"text": "person to work as quickly as possible. typically, most questions and tasks start out easy and progressively get more difficult. it is unusual for anyone to know the answer to all of the questions or be able to complete all of the tasks. if a person is unsure of an answer, guessing is usually allowed. the four most commonly used intelligence tests are : - stanford - binet intelligence scales - wechsler - adult intelligence scale - wechsler intelligence scale for children - wechsler primary & preschool scale of intelligence in general, intelligence tests measure a wide variety of human behaviors better than any other measure that has been developed. they allow professionals to have a uniform way of comparing a person ' s performance with that of other people who are similar in age. these tests also provide information on cultural and biological differences among people. intelligence tests are excellent predictors of academic achievement and provide an outline of a person ' s mental strengths and weaknesses. many times the scores have revealed talents in many people, which have led to an improvement in their educational opportunities. teachers, parents, and psychologists are able to devise individual curricula that matches a person ' s level of development and expectations. some researchers argue that intelligence tests have serious shortcomings. for example, many intelligence tests produce a single intelligence score. this single score is often inadequate in explaining the multidimensional aspects of intelligence. another problem with a single score is the fact that individuals with similar intelligence test scores can vary greatly in their expression of these talents. it is important to know the person ' s performance on the various subtests that make up the overall intelligence test score. knowing the performance on these various scales can influence the understanding of a person ' s abilities and how these abilities are expressed. for example, two people have identical scores on intelligence tests. although both people have the same test score, one person may have obtained the score because of strong verbal skills while the other may have obtained the score because of strong skills in perceiving and organizing various tasks. furthermore, intelligence tests only measure a sample of behaviors or situations in which intelligent behavior is revealed. for instance, some intelligence tests do not measure a person ' s everyday functioning, social knowledge, mechanical skills, and / or creativity. along with this, the formats of many intelligence tests do not capture the complexity and immediacy of real - life situations. therefore, intelligence tests have been criticized for their limited ability to predict non - test or nonacademic intellectual abilities. since intelligence test scores can be influenced by a variety of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5091156713789144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.341327"} {"text": "do not capture the complexity and immediacy of real - life situations. therefore, intelligence tests have been criticized for their limited ability to predict non - test or nonacademic intellectual abilities. since intelligence test scores can be influenced by a variety of different experiences and behaviors, they should not be considered a perfect indicator of a person ' s intellectual potential. the person ' s raw scores on an intelligence test are typically converted to standard scores. the standard kaufman, alan, s., and elizabeth o. lichtenberger. assessing adolescent and adult intelligence. boston : allyn and bacon, 2001. matarazzo, j. d. wechsler ' s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. 5th ed. new york : oxford university press, 1972. sattler, jerome m. \" issues related to the measurement and change of intelligence. \" in assessment of children : cognitive applications. 4th ed. san diego : jerome m. sattler, publisher, inc., 2001. sattler, jerome m. and lisa weyandt. \" specific learning disabilities. \" in assessment of children : behavioral and clinical applications. 4th ed. written by jerome m. sattler. san diego : jerome m. sattler, publisher, inc., 2002. keith beard, psy. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5292102588464975, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.341854"} {"text": "the loss of hair comes naturally with age and many people suffer from this. natural hair loss can be attributed to genes ; in other words it can be hereditary. however, recently people are noticing rapid hair loss in patches and it looks ugly in the mirror. this ailment which is known as alopecia ; affects both genders without disdain, children and teenagers are no exception to it. this disease is a major cause of depression and anxiety and takes its toll emotionally ; especially amongst teenagers. this ailment is such that it can transpire on any part of the human body where there is hair, even the pubic region ; though it is a temporary condition in many cases. nonetheless, if left untreated the malady can become permanent. - in men this ailment is known as androgenetic alopecia and teenager are very vulnerable to it. - the female form of this ailment also goes by the same name and if it transpires then it looks very repulsive ; however it is a rarity. - the permanent hairloss in this ailment is known as cicatricial alopecia or scarring alopecia. the loss of hair in any particular region is permanent as the follicles are destroyed and a patch takes it place. short lived hair loss - - this type of hair loss or alopecia is known as areata monolocularis and can transpire in any hairy part of the body. however, if hair loss is experienced in the whole the condition is called alopecia universals. - if there is a hindrance in the normal growth cycle of the hair the hairloss condition is known as telogen effluvium and this sort of a condition comes suddenly. - women who indulge in various hair styles suffer from a condition called traction alopecia ; so it advised not to tie tight ponytails and other such hair styles where the hair is stretched or pulled. there are other reasons which give impetus to hairloss and they are prolonged medication, improper nutrition, chemotherapy and ringworms. the symptoms of this ailment are quite conspicuous and genetic history also contributes towards it. however, a doctor can determine this only after checking your fallen hair. the tests which can confirm your ailment are as given below - - you need to pull your hair and see how many have been pulled out from the roots and them get checked in a laboratory. - a sample of the skin tissue needs to be checked. - if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4728932686262542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.345690"} {"text": "confirm your ailment are as given below - - you need to pull your hair and see how many have been pulled out from the roots and them get checked in a laboratory. - a sample of the skin tissue needs to be checked. - if skin tissue test shows a negative result, then the only option is a punch biopsy ; this involves the testing of the deeper part of your skin. - a screening test helps in removing all doubts. though, there is no known alopecia treatment and about half of the patients tend to grow back their hair in a year \u2019 s time without treatment and the remaining 10 % need medical supervision. certain natural and at times holistic alopecia treatments have shown good results ; to know more about them read on. henna paste promotes hair growth, so it is advised to use henna paste for alopecia treatment. the usage of chemical products may have an adverse affect, so avoid them. the other herbs which have shown their efficacy in treating this ailment are xanthoxylum clavaheculis, ginko biloba and romarinus offinale as they help in increasing the circulation of the blood of the scalp, thus giving impetus to hair growth. the herbs which stimulate the hair follicles and encourage hair growth include avena sativa and a herb called echinacea. - unique post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433353694790831, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.346280"} {"text": "anise ( pimpinella anisum, linn. ), an annual herb of the natural order umbellifer\u00e6. it is a native of southwestern asia, northern africa and south - eastern europe, whence it has been introduced by man throughout the mediterranean region, into germany, and to some extent into other temperate regions of both hemispheres, but seems not to be known anywhere in the wild state or as an escape from gardens. to judge from its mention in the scriptures ( matthew xxiii, 23 ), it was highly valued as a cultivated crop prior to our era, not only in palestine, but elsewhere in the east. many greek and roman authors, especially dioscorides, theophrastus, pliny and paladius, wrote more or less fully of its cultivation and uses. anise in flower and in fruit from their days to the present it seems to have enjoyed general popularity. in the ninth century, charlemagne commanded that it be grown upon the imperial farms ; in the thirteenth, albertus magnus speaks highly of it ; and since then many agricultural writers have devoted attention to it. but though it has been cultivated for at least two thousand years and is now extensively grown in malta, spain, southern france, russia, germany and india, which mainly supply the market, it seems not to have developed any improved varieties. description. \u2014 its roots are white, spindle - shaped and rather fibrous ; its stems about 18 inches tall, branchy, erect, slender, cylindrical ; its root leaves lobed somewhat like those of celery ; its stem leaves more and more finely cut toward the upper part of the stem, near the top of which they resemble fennel leaves in their finely divided segments ; its flowers yellowish white, small, rather large, in loose umbels consisting of many umbellets ; its fruits ( \" seeds \" ) greenish - gray, small, ovoid or oblong in outline, longitudinally furrowed and ridged on the convex side, very aromatic, sweetish and pleasantly piquant. cultivation. \u2014 the seeds, which should be as fresh as possible, never more than two years old, should be sown in permanent quarters as soon as the weather becomes settled in early spring. they should be \u00bd inch deep, about \u00bd inch asunder, in drills 15 or 18 inches apart, and the plants thinned when about 2 inches tall to stand 6 inches asunder. an ounce of seed should plant about 150 feet of drill. the plants, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5160039796740962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.351242"} {"text": "inch deep, about \u00bd inch asunder, in drills 15 or 18 inches apart, and the plants thinned when about 2 inches tall to stand 6 inches asunder. an ounce of seed should plant about 150 feet of drill. the plants, which do not transplant readily, thrive best in well - drained, light, rich, rather dry, loamy soils well exposed to the sun. a light application of well - rotted manure, careful preparation of the ground, clean and frequent cultivation, are the only requisites in the management of this crop. in about four months from the sowing of the seed, and in about one month from the appearance of the flowers, the plants may be pulled, or preferably cut, for drying. the climate and the soils in the warmer parts of the northern states appear to be favorable to the commercial cultivation of anise, which it seems should prove a profitable crop under proper management. uses. \u2014 the leaves are frequently employed as a garnish, for flavoring salads, and to a small extent as potherbs. far more general, however, is the use of the seeds, which enter as a flavoring into various condiments, especially curry powders, many kinds of cake, pastry, and confectionery and into some kinds of cheese and bread. anise oil is extensively employed for flavoring many beverages both alcoholic and non - spirituous and for disguising the unpleasant flavors of various drugs. the seeds are also ground and compounded with other fragrant materials for making sachet powders, and the oil mixed with other fluids for liquid perfumes. various similar anise combinations are largely used inperfuming soaps, pomatums and other toilet articles. the very volatile, nearly colorless oil is usually obtained by distillation with water, about 50 pounds of seed being required to produce one pound of oil. at erfurt, germany, where much of the commercial oil is made, the \" hay \" and the seeds are both used for distilling. from the heritage herbs collection by m. g. kains, american agriculturist, 1912. | < prev | | next > | free herb tips & stories a simple and quick way to get... certifed family herbalist, ca... we videotaped brian kramer,... composting is pretty simple,... the advantages of no - till gar... thank you for your interest in herbfest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4125971295944017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.352346"} {"text": "before you turn up the thermostat to ward off the winter chill that \u2019 s creeping into your house, take these simple, inexpensive steps to make your home more comfortable and energy efficient. if you \u2019 re like most folks, the majority of your energy dollars go toward heating and cooling your home. according to the u. s. department of energy ( doe ), the average u. s. family spends about us $ 1, 500 per year on home energy, a figure that will probably rise beyond us $ 2, 000 this year due to increasing natural gas and electricity prices. the good news is that because heating and cooling is the biggest chunk of energy usage, is it also the place where you can make the biggest impact. think of it as an insurance policy against continually rising fuel prices. as prices continue to escalate, your savings become more and more significant. when addressing home energy use, most people go for the most visible and dramatic improvements, like replacing old furnaces and windows. but investments such as these are often not the most cost - effective places to start. in many cases, the less obvious ( and less expensive ) fixes like weatherstripping and insulating offer considerable upfront savings \u2014 in money and energy. heating and cooling costs are largely influenced by two factors \u2014 infiltration ( air movement into and out of the house ) and insulation. controlling infiltration is really the first step to improve the energy efficiency of your home. according to the rocky mountain institute, the average u. s. home has enough holes, cracks, and crevices in it to make up the equivalent of a 16 - square - foot hole in the wall. air leakage accounts for 25 to 40 percent ( or more ) of heating and cooling bills, so you can save big by doing a thorough job of buttoning up your home. once air leakage is controlled, insulation can help to further reduce your bills. air sealing priorities. people are often quick to notice minor air leaks in their home, such as those around doors and windows, or through fireplaces and chimneys. but these easy - to - spot leaks are not always the worst offenders in terms of energy efficiency or indoor air quality issues. air also can enter your home from other, often unheated, parts of the house, such as attics, basements, or crawl spaces. besides allowing outside air in, these areas can foster moisture development in wall cavities as air travels from cooler to warmer areas. these less - obvious leaks are driven by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5130121374003149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.355417"} {"text": "of the house, such as attics, basements, or crawl spaces. besides allowing outside air in, these areas can foster moisture development in wall cavities as air travels from cooler to warmer areas. these less - obvious leaks are driven by the \u201c stack effect \u201d \u2014 the tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to fall. since you only need to stop an air leak at one end, the attic is often the best place to start with your air - sealing activities. before you add insulation, seal openings around : \u2022 plumbing vent stacks and pipes \u2022 electrical, plumbing, and chimney chases \u2022 open tops of interior wall partitions \u2022 attic hatches \u2022 gaps around penetrations for any mechanical equipment ( ductwork, air handlers, etc. ) \u2022 recessed lighting. most recessed lights are designed to be cooled by air movement, so they cannot be sealed or come into contact with insulation without potentially overheating. replace them with ic - rated ( insulation - contact ) fixtures. if that is not possible, seal the lights between the fixtures and the ceiling openings. \u2022 bath fans. these often pump more warm air into the attic than to the outdoors. this can lead to major moisture problems in the attic or ice damming along the eaves, which can force moisture up under the shingles, causing water leaks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511679743595832, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.358157"} {"text": "introduction and installation of php what is php? php is an acronym for hypertext preprocessor. it is a dynamic server side scripting language that allows an application developer to create very simple to very complex mechanisms for the web. think of php as the brain and central nervous system behind your applications. php code can be directly mingled in with your html page content as long as the page has a. php extension ( mypage. php ). or it can be scripts and class files placed on server and connected to your front - end files. any html file you have can be turned into a php file and php script will run inside it. why learn php? - relatively easy to learn and understand - processes data fast and dynamically - most dynamic web applications being made today have a php core ( brain ) - free open source technology - sports over 700 built - in functions that are ready to automate your programming tasks - works very well with mysql databases ( php + mysql are married ) - create and populate xml files using php - communicates with flash ( back and forth ) - time and date functions - mathematics to cover any need - can be used to create complete social networks, and online forums - parse file uploads - processes online forms and sends emails - imaging libraries - resize images on the fly, create shapes and colors on the fly out of nowhere - create files and directory folders out of thin air - create multidimensional data arrays, data looping, and deep data parsing - huge free online resource databases for classes and functions - the list goes on and on and on \u2026 \u2026. who is using php in the programming of their website or applications? \u2022 develop php \u2022 zen cart \u2022 web intersect and hundreds of thousands more usually any time you can interact with a website in any way, php is doing its thing behind the scenes there. php blends well into other useful programming languages you have two options to enable yourself to work with php. 1. build and test on your web server ( easy ) most people starting in php development already have a web server online. simply create your. php files, ftp them into your web directory and the server will parse them for you automatically. most web hosts offer php support, and if your host does not, consider switching to a better one. if you do not have a web server online yet, buy a domain name for about $ 10 and set up a free or paid hosting account for that domain name. be sure to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040435208509145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.361824"} {"text": "catacombs are believed to have been used as burial chambers, worship area and refuge by persecuted christians / jews starting from the second century a. d. jewish catacombs, discovered in 1918, make part of the belowground graves enriched by frescoes. the catacombs in rome cover many kilometers and some are four storeys below ground zero. they contain slots carved into walls, carvings, passageways, worship halls and / or frescoes. paintings found in this below ground complex narrate biblical stories of both old and new testaments or simply religious symbols. catacombs of domitilla, for example, spread over 15 kilometers of underground caves and are rome \u2019 s oldest underground burial complex still containing bones. some of the catacombs in rome are : marcellinus and peter, commodilla, generosa, praetextatus, priscilla, san callisto, san lorenzo, san pancrazio, san sebastiano, san valentino, sant \u2019 agnese, jewish and so on. to visit the san callisto, the most famous of all catacombs, take bus 218 from san giovanni metro a. for the jewish catacomb, get off at metro b policlinico and walk to villa torlonia. for more detailed info about catacombs or elsewhere in rome please stay in hotel des artistes and you will enjoy complete instructions at reception.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40686438961816357, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.363618"} {"text": "a thermostat is a device that regulates the temperature of a home at a desired setpoint. an added feature is a programmable thermostat which can be programmed for different temperatures throughout the day. an example would be programming the thermostat to reduce heat from 8 : 00 to 4 : 00 when the home owner is at work. this can help save in gas or electricity. 2 ) air conditioning unit an air conditioner is an appliance used to extract heat from an area using a refrigerant. with the high efficiency ruud air conditioning unit a home owner can save money on cooling. a heat pump is a reversible outdoor system that allows the home owner to heat their house in the winter and cool their house in the summer. heat pumps are equipped with a reversing valve and optimized heat exchanger to allow the machine to draw heat out of the air for heating a home. a furnace is a device used to heat your home. the ruud high efficiency line of furnaces can save homeowners money on their heating bill. the case coil allows for the air conditioning unit or the heat pump unit to transfer its heating and cooling options into the house. the furnace blows air through the coils on the case coil which are filled with freon allowing for heating or cooling to take place depending on the unit used. a plenum heater used in conjunction with a heat pump unit can heat the whole house in a very efficient and compatible system. the plenum heater is a heating system that uses electrical currents to heat coils which in turn heat your home. a humidifier increases the humidity ( moisture ) levels in the house in the winter causing the air to seem warmer, thus saving the home owner money on heating bills. the furnace filter purifies the air flowing through the system of the household. this allows the home owner to have cleaner air to breathe. 9 ) supply air duct / return air duct the supply air duct and the return air duct supply and return the air flowing through the system. 10 ) heat recovery ventilator ( hrv ) hrv ' s are fresh air exchange appliances. they take fresh air from the outside and supply it to the house. it in turn takes the stale air out of the house and controls the humidity levels to minimize heat loss. the boiler system allows home owners the ability to heat water for radiant in - floor heating systems. the comicor water heater can be used to heat the radiant in - floor and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6077267080249806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.367185"} {"text": "of the house and controls the humidity levels to minimize heat loss. the boiler system allows home owners the ability to heat water for radiant in - floor heating systems. the comicor water heater can be used to heat the radiant in - floor and the domestic water for the house. floor joists support the secondary floor from collapsing in and provide a great backer for the subflooring. subflooring is a floor that goes over the floor joist. this subfloor is an excellent source to staple the tubing to. hepex tubing is the tubing used to run the radiant in - floor heating system. the water mixture runs through these tubes to heat the floor and the house. foam allows for the radiant in - floor heat to be transferred to the surface instead of being lost into the ground. the sealant seals the wood to help the heat radiate up to the surface to keep your feet warm. 6 ) concrete / light weight gypsumcrete this substance covers the tubing and provides a solid base on the main level and the secondary levels. adhesives are used to glue the flooring to the concrete or light weight gypsumcrete. this is the finished product after everything is done with the in - floor heat. rebar is an excellent source to tie the hepex tubing down so it does not float up through the concrete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4995252809702084, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.367790"} {"text": "home | laws | organizations | cases | legislation | headlines renovations in the new cumberland, pennsylvania, public library caused a stir in the local home school community because of a new mural that some home schoolers found offensive. according to whtm news, dawn gribb, the artist who painted the mural, was trying to \" do something to get the kids to go down to the children ' s room. \" she painted children running around in a park, each child having the name of a local school on his or her t - shirt. the one student in the painting, who had \" home schooled \" on his shirt, was a young boy sitting on a bench with a \" wet paint \" sign on it. gribb says that she was trying to portray a young toddler who couldn ' t yet read. local home schoolers, however, were offended, believing that the mural implied that home schooled children cannot read well. many called the library or local media to complain. after the controversy erupted, the new cumberland public library asked gribb to paint over the offending shirt. the library board president, elizabeth stone, told whtm that home schoolers are a big part of the library, and that new cumberland library actually arranges special programs just for them. home schoolers working together with state organizations and home school legal defense association have fought legal and cultural discrimination for years. if your family experiences legal difficulties because of your home schooling, please feel free to contact us for assistance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4436947499088958, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.369825"} {"text": "by gary bogue thursday, april 29th, 2010 at 7 : 08 am in wolves. the latest issue of the journal of wildlife management has a very interesting article on \u201c survival of colonizing wolves in the northern rocky mountains of the united states, 1982 - 2004. \u201d you care about wolves? check it out. / gary humans \u2014 both predators and protectors \u2014 will decide survival of gray wolves the journal of wildlife management \u2013 survival of the gray wolf in the northern rocky mountains of the united states depends not as much on the wolves as on people. humans are both predators and protectors of this species, which has been reintroduced into parts of wyoming, idaho, and montana. humans were responsible for eradicating gray wolves from this area by the 1930s. annual survival was considered adequate to sustain the present population, but killing, both legal and illegal, continues and should be monitored to ensure their survival. the current issue of the journal of wildlife management reports on mortality rates among these wolves since their reintroduction. the authors stress the role of continued wildlife management to ensure survival of the gray wolf, which was removed from the endangered species list in idaho and montana in 2009. the reestablishment of wolves began in 1979, when wolves began to enter northwest montana from canada ; reproduction was first documented in 1986. in 1995 and 1996, wolves were introduced into central idaho and the greater yellowstone area in wyoming. the wolf recovery goal calls for metapopulations in these three states of at least 30 breeding pairs and 300 wolves. the plan also includes establishing state - managed conservation programs and taking steps to minimize damage to livestock. it is legal for ranchers to shoot wolves that threaten their livestock. the current study sought to assess biological, habitat, and anthropogenic factors contributing to wolf mortality and to indicate whether federal protection could ensure survival. radio collars were placed on 711 wolves from 1982 to 2004. of these wolves, 363 died, most from human causes. montana, where less public land is available for wolf habitat, saw the highest level of mortality. however, the overall annual survival rate was found to be adequate to sustain the wolf population. the authors offer three recommendations for management of the gray wolf population : * * * increase survival of wolves in surrounding areas to increase survival in montana. emigration and retention of wolves in this area could increase with a denser surrounding wolf population. conflict resolution and illegal mortality should also be addressed. * * * continue to monitor survival rates. the study found a higher rate of mortality among wolves that were collared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4561186973482773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.375291"} {"text": "electronic keyboard instruments and cutting - edge studio mixing and editing, kraftwerk and bands like it built their music around the technology in many ways. in fact, they mentioned as one of their influences the philosophy of the german bauhaus movement, which taught that technology and art should be joined together. even the band \u2019 s name, which means \u201c power station \u201d in german, suggests this devotion to technology and electronic music. the band \u2019 s best - known album in the early 1970s was autobahn, which featured a 20 - minute long \u201c drive \u201d in a car down the freeway, created in the studio with electronic instruments and recording tricks. the group \u2019 s members were photographed in costumes that made them look like engineers or scientists, or later, robots. many of their album titles featured technological themes, such as 1975 \u2019 s radio - activity, 1977 \u2019 s trans - europe express, and 1978 \u2019 s man - machine. the melding of technology and music was carried forward in the 1981 album computer world, which featured the song \u201c pocket calculator. \u201d by the late 1980s, however, many other groups had adopted the use of electronic instruments, and a whole category of music called synth had become popular. kraftwerk faded away, releasing only a few more recordings before the end of the 20th century. today, they are still together but not very active.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5247047691507962, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.376909"} {"text": "click images to enlarge the john muir trail pond california native flowers along the john muir trail conelo - sacred tree of the mapuche people of chile peruvian lily - chile francoa sonchifolia - chile the king protea is native of south africa strawflower - australia mediterranean climate gardens there are five mediterranean climate specific gardens at strybing arboretum & botanical gardens in golden gate park, although plants from the world ' s mediterranean regions are also included in the entry garden, succulent garden, garden of fragrance, and biblical garden. john muir is supposed to have commented to fellow scotsman john mclaren that he didn ' t have much use for manmade parks, preferring to visit natural places like the sierras instead. while john muir ' s efforts helped save yosemite valley and many other natural wilderness areas, john mclaren was able to make nature accessible to millions of people by converting some wind swept sand dunes into golden gate park. the john muir nature trail strybing arboretums second director, percy haddon brydon ( known as jock brydon ) had suggested using the westernmost triangular area of the arboretum as a nature trail for displaying central costal california plant communities. the john muir nature trail, begun in june of 1970, provides an opportunity to learn about california coastal habitats and includes an interpretive deck with several informative plaques as well as a tree shaded wooden bridge over a small pond. redwood nature trail john mclaren loved to grow trees from seeds. strybing arboretum ' s redwood nature trail winds through 100 year old redwoods, providing a cool, quiet and almost magical place to visit on a warm summer day. the redwood trail was completed in 1962. the panorama in the upper left column was taken at my favorite spot in strybing arboretum. the aurthur l. menzies garden of california native plants the california native section of strybing arboretum was expanded and named the aurthur l. menzies garden of california native plants after the arboretums assistant director from 1972 until the time of his death in early 1973. chile and california have many similarities including fertile central valleys with low costal mountain ranges to the west and high snow - covered mountains to the east. both chile and california are on the western edge of continents and although chilean tree species are all different from those of california, other species, such as the beach strawberry are found in both places and one third of chilean shrubs are also found in california. drimys winteri ( canelo ) a sacred tree of the mapuche people (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4287266279839249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.380914"} {"text": "question & answers government is taking advantage of new developments to enhance our country ' s comprehensive response to hiv and aids. it will, as matter of urgency, start implementing a programme to provide anti - retroviral treatment ( art ) in the public health sector. let us build on the foundations laid in the past three years through implementation of the five - year strategic plan. is government ' s approach to hiv and aids? a comprehensive strategy based on a partnership of all sectors of society, because hiv and aids represent a challenge to all of us. success depends on close collaboration and continuing strengthening of partnership. the partnership was formalised in october 1998 in a national launch by then deputy president thabo mbeki, and is now represented by the south african national aids are the elements of the comprehensive approach? comprehensive programme includes prevention, treatment and care, research and human rights : of hiv infection is the bedrock of government ' s approach to halt the spread of hiv and the impact of aids, since there is no cure for aids. we must ensure as a nation that the 40 million south africans who are not infected stay that way. that those who are currently infected with hiv but have not developed aids progress as slowly as possible to this stage, through enhanced efforts in dealing with opportunistic infections, prophylaxis, improved nutrition and lifestyle management of those hiv - infected individuals, currently estimated at 400, 000 to 500, 000, who have moved on to develop aids, through appropriate treatment of aids - related conditions ( including using antiretroviral therapy in patients presenting with low cd4 counts, and suitable care where treatment has run in supporting these efforts are : programmes that aim to reduce poverty, improve education and bring about moral renewal. - strengthening the immune system, of critical importance for the health of those infected by hiv. a climate of acceptance of all people infected and affected by hiv and aids ; intensifying implementation of a policy and legislative framework and community awareness to promote the rights of all. are the main elements of the treatment plan? treatment plan has two goals - to provide comprehensive care and treatment for people living with hiv and aids, and to help strengthen the country ' s national health system. programme responds to the holistic needs of people at all stages of hiv infection and attempts to slow progression and maintain the person at the highest functional level. voluntary counselling and testing ( vct ) is a crucial entry point. once identified as hiv - positive, patients will be assessed for the stage of their illness and referred into appropriate medical care. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4946943386114639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.395265"} {"text": "and maintain the person at the highest functional level. voluntary counselling and testing ( vct ) is a crucial entry point. once identified as hiv - positive, patients will be assessed for the stage of their illness and referred into appropriate medical care. the assessment will involve a cd4 count test and the patient ' s medical history and status. hiv - positive patients will enter into a system of care that monitors progress of infection. care will focus on slowing progression to full - blown aids and maximising health through prompt diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, periodic medical examinations and cd4 and viral load tests. they will be closely monitored for tb, a common opportunistic infection associated with hiv. what stage, for patients, will art be considered? patients who are symptomatic and / or with a cd4 count less than 200 will be counselled and offered the option of antiretroviral therapy. they will be fully informed about the benefits of restoring immune function and improving the quality of life and about serious side effects that may result from treatment with these drugs. for those choosing antiretroviral therapy, cd4 and viral load tests will be done as treatment begins. patients will be treated at service points that have been accredited to provide antiretroviral treatment and will be treated by health professionals who have been trained and certified. they will receive psychosocial and nutritional support, as needed. community care and support services such as transportation, home - based care, hospice services, etc., often provided by ngos and cbos, will help keep people in care and encourage their adherence to treatment. nutritional support will be provided as part of this comprehensive care and treatment programme. is it to be introduced ; where ; how it will be scaled up? goal of the programme is to establish at least one accredited service point in every health district ( in each district or metropolitan municipality ) by the end of the first year of implementation and within a period of five years to provide all south africans who requires comprehensive care and treatment for hiv and aids equitable access to the programme within their local municipal area. areas will be able to start sooner than others. we should all be aware that this is a complex programme with many elements requiring cooperation of various role - players, inside and outside government - the actual pace of change will depend on how well we all cooperate in implementing the plan. is it being introduced in stages? plan calls for significant additional capacity in the national health system, in particular strengthening human resource capacity and providing incentives to recruit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4511948439878167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.396358"} {"text": "government - the actual pace of change will depend on how well we all cooperate in implementing the plan. is it being introduced in stages? plan calls for significant additional capacity in the national health system, in particular strengthening human resource capacity and providing incentives to recruit and retain thousands of health professionals in historically under - serviced areas. over the next four and a half years, over r750 million is proposed for upgrading systems in the healthcare infrastructure in areas such as drug distribution, patient information systems and monitoring of reaction to the drugs. ensure the safe and effective use of antiretrovirals and other medicines ; the care we provide must be of the highest quality ; and it must be accessible to all south africans on an equitable need a system for procuring the necessary drugs at the best need to establish facilities - service points - of a standard that can provide the whole range of required interventions : diagnosis, counselling, treatment of opportunistic infections, other preventive and supportive strategies such as nutrition and nutritional supplements and traditional and complementary medicines with immune - boosting properties as well as antiretroviral drugs for the management of aids. a service point will be a group or network of linked health facilities operating through a hospital or clinic in a defined catchment area. there a role for traditional medicine? people including those living with hiv and aids consult traditional health practitioners and use traditional medicine to meet some of their health needs. we will work together with these health practitioners to share experiences in the care of people with aids and they will also serve as a critical resource in providing support and assisting patients to adhere to government is also committed to upscale research into traditional medicines that may in future render further is required for a health facility to be accredited? plan establishes standards for accreditation of service points. this will ensure that comprehensive hiv and aids care and treatment of high quality can be delivered. there will be technical assistance and financial resources to help service points meet the accreditation requirements, with special attention paid to underserved areas of the country to promote criteria defining the conditions at a service point for high quality care and treatment include : - a service point project manager - a trained care team on site including clinicians, nurses, and counsellors, access to trained laboratory, pharmacy and nutritional staff, and links to ngos and other service providers of care according to the national treatment policy guidelines - 24 - hours a day access to care at the service point, or in the vicinity - a staff recruitment, training and skills development plan for health care workers responsible for hiv and aids care and treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4824468283302644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.397454"} {"text": "providers of care according to the national treatment policy guidelines - 24 - hours a day access to care at the service point, or in the vicinity - a staff recruitment, training and skills development plan for health care workers responsible for hiv and aids care and treatment ( including volunteers and lay counsellors ) based on initial needs and projected long - term patient numbers - consultation, treatment and counselling rooms to assure patient - access to appropriate laboratory services, overseen by the national health specimen preparation protocols to drug dispensing standard operating procedures for opportunistic infection prophylaxis and treatment, and arvs - access to patient nutritional status assessment and nutritional support - links with vct centres, antenatal clinics, family planning clinics, tb clinics, sti clinics, tb / hiv demonstration districts, and any other patient referral facilities, to ensure that hiv - positive patients are formally referred to the accredited service point - a pmtct programme for service points providing antenatal care and a referral system for sites without antenatal care facilities with community resources and other support organisations that complete the continuum of medical care and support services, - a system to track patients / treatments - a system to maintain medical records and transmit core data to a central data collection point post - exposure prophylaxis ( pep ) access, according to the latest - links with the provincial hiv and aids unit - participation in information, education and communication will be needed to ensure that all areas are serviced? human resource capacity by recruiting and retaining thousands of additional health professionals ; and implement a training programme for heath professionals, including traditional health practitioners, as part of the accreditation process our drug distribution system including secure facilities and training of personnel who handle and dispense drugs the national health laboratory service, including better coverage and expansion in specific capabilities to perform the cd4 and viral load tests essential for high quality hiv and aids care and treatment patient information systems the system which monitors the efficacy of drugs being used as well as any adverse reaction to the drugs ( pharmacovigilance ) a research programme that will focus on practical questions and help us better understand and improve the provision of comprehensive care and treatment programme will need an integrated national structure to manage and coordinate implementation, incorporated within the existing national health system, and in particular integrated within the prevention and education programmes. long will it take before people can access antiretrovirals? a year there will be at least one service point in every health district and within five years access to all who need it in their own municipal area. areas will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4525934455810603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.398563"} {"text": "and education programmes. long will it take before people can access antiretrovirals? a year there will be at least one service point in every health district and within five years access to all who need it in their own municipal area. areas will be able to start sooner than others, and each service point per district may begin to operate as soon as it is accredited, and as soon as the drugs are available. government made a u - turn? april 2002 after reviewing its approach to hiv and aids, cabinet reaffirmed its commitment to the strategic plan. noting progress in the implementation of the strategic plan, cabinet decided on a number of measures to strengthen and reinforce these efforts, - intensifying efforts to remove systemic constraints on access to arv drugs such as cost and infrastructure - strengthening partnerships, especially via strengthening of sanac use of nevirapine in preventing mother - to - child transmission, and development of a universal roll - out plan a protocol for a comprehensive package of care for survivors of sexual assault, including post - exposure prophylaxis with that no - one is turned away without appropriate treatment and management of any infection or illness, irrespective of hiv poverty alleviation and nutritional interventions, to encourage investigation into alternative treatments, particularly supplements and medication for boosting the immune system 2002, government established a joint health / treasury task team to investigate issues relating to the financing of an enhanced response to hiv and aids, including anti - retroviral treatment. august 2003 cabinet received the team ' s report, which provided options for introducing antiretroviral therapy. the minister of health was requested to present a detailed operational plan in implementation task team was set up, made up of south african experts and advisors working with the clinton aids foundation. is this step being taken now - in particular why is art being introduced now into the public sector? possibility of considering sustainable and effective antiretroviral therapy in the public sector is a natural progression of the implementation of the comprehensive 5 - year strategic plan. a number of positive developments with regard to the constraints on such treatment made this possible : fall in prices because of new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in south africa ; and successful negotiations with drug international and local experience in combating hiv and aids appreciation of the role of nutrition in enhancing health and improving the efficacy of medical treatment, so that people do not rely only on drugs. building of a critical mass in our country of scientists and health workers with skills and understanding of the fight against hiv and aids, as a result of the implementation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46018096332520264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.399794"} {"text": "and improving the efficacy of medical treatment, so that people do not rely only on drugs. building of a critical mass in our country of scientists and health workers with skills and understanding of the fight against hiv and aids, as a result of the implementation of our comprehensive strategy over the past few years ; steps towards strengthening our health system in relevant areas, though much remains to be done in this regard ; resources in the budget to strengthen the national health system and to pay for the drugs and testing needed and to improve training and health infrastructure. - a better appreciation of the social dimensions of the pandemic, which allows policies on health care interventions to be located within a broader social and health context will it cost to implement the plan? is it sustainable? cost of implementing the plan is r296 million for the rest of fiscal year 2003 / 4, growing to nearly r4. 5 billion in 2007 / 8. budget is based on international tendering as the means of programme budget estimate ( millions of rands ) new healthcare staff other health system upgrades programme management ( national & provincial ) includes r20 million advance payment to nhls through march ' 04. enhancement of our response to hiv and aids has been designed to be cost - effective and efficient without compromising quality. to ensure sustainability most of the budget will come from government. this has been made possible by the sound economic policies government has pursued, releasing resources for social spending. but where appropriate, financing of the programme may be supplemented using donor sources. won ' t it take resources from other health care and social decision of cabinet comes with new resources that have been allocated to fund it. it will not detract from other programmes, whether in the fight against hiv an aids or in the reconstruction and development of our society. in fact the strengthening of the health system which is required for sustainable art will bring benefits to health care more than half the proposed total expenditure will go toward : strengthening the national health system ; emphasizing prevention ; and promoting healthy lifestyles. these funds will not only allow for delivery of comprehensive care and treatment for those infected with hiv - they will improve the overall capabilities of the public health system and benefit all. is the price of drugs important? years ago this programme for comprehensive care and treatment would have been impossible, amongst other things due to the cost of the medicines and laboratory tests required. falling prices internationally and new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in south africa ; as well as successful negotiations with drug companies made it feasible to consider such a programme. plan provides for a system of drug procurement that will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4551263920869324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.400996"} {"text": "cost of the medicines and laboratory tests required. falling prices internationally and new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in south africa ; as well as successful negotiations with drug companies made it feasible to consider such a programme. plan provides for a system of drug procurement that will secure drugs at prices well below today ' s best international prices. in time south africa will have its own production facilities for can art do, and what are its limitations? uncertainties remain and our knowledge of hiv and aids continues to evolve rapidly. but we are better equipped now to ensure that the benefits of art outweigh the risks, for patients already in a desperate state of illness that has progressed beyond what can be managed by other means alone. are important facts we should be aware of : - the new elements of the treatment programme will help extend the lives of those who have reached the stage of aids - but antiretrovirals are not a cure everyone who is infected with hiv needs antiretroviral treatment - the majority with hiv can still live a healthy life, with proper nutrition, treatment of any diseases and a health workers and patients should adhere to the strict guidelines - antiretrovirals can have serious bad side effects and can be dangerous if not properly used, and the treatment involves a life - long daily regimen. patients should be able to make an informed choice. information will be provided to patients, to explain the benefits, limitations and possible negative effects. also brings great responsibility on health practitioners with regard to ethical conduct in line with the requirements of the profession, concerning such matters as the rigour of hiv tests, counselling, management of arv prescriptions and so on. will the art impact on the comprehensive strategy? not relax our prevention efforts, but rather sustain and intensify them so that we reduce the level of new infections. the operational plan emphasises that prevention of hiv infection is the bedrock of government ' s comprehensive approach and makes provision for integrating treatment and care with intensified people infected with hiv have not reached the stage at which they require antiretroviral medicines. but they do need access to treatment for opportunistic infections, so provision for that treatment will be stepped up. no one should be refused treatment simply because of their hiv status. hiv thrives on a weak immune system, and in turn also weakens this defence system of the body, proper nutrition for all south africans and dealing with poverty remain critical in the fight against hiv and aids. these social programmes of government will continue with even greater intensity. continue and intensify support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470237943224622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.402122"} {"text": "in turn also weakens this defence system of the body, proper nutrition for all south africans and dealing with poverty remain critical in the fight against hiv and aids. these social programmes of government will continue with even greater intensity. continue and intensify support to families and individuals affected by hiv and aids. together we must continue to fight discrimination and stigma. the role of partnership change? in the implementation of art, as with every other aspect of our comprehensive strategy will rely on partnership across society. includes communication of objective facts about the new elements of treatment and about the spread of hiv infection and the impact of aids and its management. creating false expectations or an atmosphere in which society lowers its guard on matters of awareness or change in lifestyle, or engaging in mutually debilitating contestation about what can be achieved by when, could undermine not only the treatment programme but set back the hard - won advances made curbing the spread of hiv and reducing the impact of aids. intensify every aspect of our comprehensive national programme. to do so we must strengthen the partnership by joining hands in the war against aids this enhanced care and treatment programme, government is adding to the nation ' s armoury in the fight against aids. cooperative relationship among all sectors, particularly in the implementation of this element of the comprehensive strategy, the spirit of letsema and vuk ' uzenzele, a message of hope and responsibility as well as constructive engagement in the realm of practical work would ensure that south africa advances even more decisively in this endeavour, which is literally a matter of life and death. issued by : government communications ( gcis ) 19 november 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5098876141673229, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.402827"} {"text": "konstantin petrovich pobyedonostzev pobyedonostzev, konstantin petrovich ( k\u0259nst\u0259ntyen\u02c8 petro\u02c8vich p\u0259byed\u0259nos\u02c8tsyif ) [ key ], 1827 \u2013 1907, russian public official and jurist. he was professor of civil law at moscow when he attracted the attention of czar alexander ii and was appointed ( 1865 ) tutor to the future alexander iii. as procurator of the holy synod ( 1880 \u2013 1905 ), he became the champion of autocracy, orthodoxy, and russian nationalism. he had great power and under his influence alexander iii opposed any limitation of autocratic powers, tightened censorship, attempted to suppress opposition opinion, persecuted religious nonconformists, and adopted a policy of russification of all national minorities. pobyedonostzev also supported pan - slavism and in his writings strongly attacked western rationalism and liberalism. he tutored nicholas ii and was one of his most influential advisers until the revolution of 1905. he wrote a three - volume work on russian civil law. see his reflections of a russian statesman ( tr. 1898 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : russian, soviet, and cis history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3997976427071751, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.404183"} {"text": "environmental stresses ( such as those caused by human practices, such as monoculture ) may cause explosions of some ant populations, an effect that is particularly evident within ants \u2019 native ranges. for example, in its native range in south america, the little fire ant wasmannia auropunctata is a pest in disturbed forests and agricultural areas where it can reach high densities. high densities of w. auropunctata have been linked with sugar cane monocultures and cocoa farms in colombia and brazil, respectively. in colombia, a high abundance of the little fire ant in forest fragments has been linked with low ant diversity. the little fire ant efficiently exploits resources including nectar, refuges within vegetation and honeydew residues ( of homopteran insects ), and it may out - compete and displace native myrmecofauna ( armbrecht and ulloa - chacon 2003 ). improved land management and a reduction of primary production will alleviate the problems associated with invasive ants and the environmental stresses that cause ant population explosions. in agricultural areas, due to the close association of the land and workers, the little fire ant may be a great nuisance to humans. this is because it is more likely to reach high densities and sting people working in the field. the increased numbers of homoptera insects, which sap plant nutrients and make plants susceptible to disease, may cause substantial yield losses. in cameroon, on the other hand, the spread of the little fire ant is encouraged, due to the fact that it preys on, and thereby has a role in the control of, certain herbivorous cocoa pests ( bruneau de mire 1969, in brooks and nickerson 2000 ). w. auropunctata may have negative impacts on invertebrates and vertebrates. they may prey on native insects and cause declines in the numbers of small vertebrates. in human habitations it may sting, and even blind, domestic pets ( cats and dogs ) ( romanski 2001 ). it is believed to have caused a decrease in reptile populations in new caledonia and in the galapagos archipelago, where it eats tortoise hatchlings and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises ( holway et al. 2002 ; j. k. wetterer pers. comm., 2003 ). the little fire ant is probably the most aggressive species that has been introduced into the galapagos archipelago, where a marked reduction of scorpions, spiders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44582050348131796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.419729"} {"text": ". 2002 ; j. k. wetterer pers. comm., 2003 ). the little fire ant is probably the most aggressive species that has been introduced into the galapagos archipelago, where a marked reduction of scorpions, spiders and native ant species in infested areas has been observed ( lubin 1984, clark et al. 1982, in roque - albelo and causton 1999 ). similarly it has been noted to decrease local arthropod biodiversity in the solomon islands ( romanski 2001 ). w. auropunctata rarely buries myrmecochorous seeds and sometimes ingests elaisomes without dispersing seed. in its native range, the little fire ant decreases herbivorous arthropod biodiversity, increasing the fruit and seed production and growth of the plant and decreasing pathogen attacks. w. auropunctata may also, however, exclude arthropod plant mutualists, such as plant tenders or seed dispersers ( ness and bronstein 2004 ). please read invasive ants impacts for a summary of the general impacts of invasive ants, such as their affect on mutualistic relations, the competitive pressure they impose on native ants and the effect they may have on vulnerable ecosystems. location specific impacts : human nuisance : several residents in the infested area were stung by ants whilst swimming in their swimming pools. dogs and cats have been stung by the ants. people working in their gardens have also been stung by the ants. competition : high populations of w. auropunctata have been related to marked reductions of other ant species in agricultural lands such as cocoa farms in brazil ( delabie 1988, majer et al 1994, in armbrecht and ulloa - chacon 2003 ). cauca river valley ( colombia ) competition : w. auropunctata is widely distributed throughout south america and is able to displace the local myrmecofauna. the positive relation between w. auropunctata abundance and ant - plant associations in understory vegetation reinforces the belief that w. auropunctata is highly able to exploit and monopolise resources such as extrafloral nectar, refuges within vegetation, and honeydew residues from homopteran insects, and prevent other ant species from utilising these resources successfully ( armbrecht and ulloa - chacon 2003 ). economic / livelihoods : colonises disturbed and agricultural areas, sometimes becoming an economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42793598552475004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.420737"} {"text": "ants. apart from this predisposing factor, the scientists did not find any other characteristic facilitating this outbreak ( age, sex, viral status regarding feline leukosis ). the study highlights the symptoms of acute attack such as blepharospasm and whimpering ; and the topography of injuries shows that the median area of the eye is the most affected. though the pathopysiologic model is not already understood, the authors of the study, believe as many authors previously cited that the most probable etiologic agent of this pathology is the littel fire ant wasmannia auropunctata ( dr. leonard theron assistant - faculty of veterinary medicine of liege - production animals clinical department pers. comm., september 2009 ). other : \" wetterer et al. ( 1999 ) found anecdotal evidence of an impact onvertebrates in gabon. house cats ( felis catus ) at lope often have w. auropunctata in their fur, and several cats developed corneal cloudingand blindness. william karesh, field veterinarian for wildlife conserva - tion society, found the cats ' symptoms consistent with trauma, not communicable disease. more disturbingly, elephants ( loxodonta africana ) with cloudy corneas arecommon in lope and petit loango, as well as wonga wongue reserveon the central coast of gabon ( 100 km south of libreville ). the possibleconnection between w. auropunctata and eye maladies deserves furtherstudy. \" reduction in native biodiversity : w. auropunctata has a negative impact on the native ant community in gabon. nine sites in lope national park were surveyed. a highly significant correlation between ant diversity and length of infestation by w. auropunctata was found. many more native ant species were present in areas not infested with w. auropunctata ( 39. 0 \u00b1 4. 6 ) compared with areas infested by w. auropunctata for approximately 5 \u2013 10 yr ( 7. 0 \u00b1 6. 2 and 1. 7 \u00b1 1. 2, respectively ). in infested areas, w. auropunctata made up the bulk of specimens collected in every plot ( walker, 2006 ). new caledonia ( nouvelle caledonie ) human nuisance : causes painful stings. reduction in native biodiversity : w. au", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4548910857094133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.424148"} {"text": "areas, w. auropunctata made up the bulk of specimens collected in every plot ( walker, 2006 ). new caledonia ( nouvelle caledonie ) human nuisance : causes painful stings. reduction in native biodiversity : w. auropunctata have a negative impact on endemic ants, native arachnids, beetles, and reptiles ( wetterer & porter, 2003 and references therein ). wewak ( papua new guinea ) human nuisance : the ants over - run gardens and homes in residents ' houses and sting people, especially children. control of insect pests within houses is expensive and many families may be forced to live with the ant. guadalcanal ( solomon islands ) human nuisance : causes painful stings. other : locals on guadalcanal have reported that their dogs ( canis domesticus ) were all gradually blinded by the ants ' venom andrarely lived more than five years ( wetterer 1997 in wetterer & porter, 2003 ). hawaii ( united states ( usa ) ) economic / livelihoods : many important economic crops in hawaii are harvested by hand. w. auropunctata is small, cryptic, and has a painful sting. in some cases, agricultural workers refuse to harvest from infested trees or orchards, which is a critical issue for farms that rely on hand harvesting. w. auropunctata is also of quarantine concern, because the presence of ants on exported fruits and vegetables from hawaii can cause rejection and return shipment to hawaii ( costa et al., 2005 ; follett & taniguchi 2007 in souza et al., 2006 ) human nuisance : cause painful stings. economic / livelihoods : it deters people from tending their crops, reducing productivity and imposing economic hardship on them. human nuisance : it stings people and animals including chickens and can cause allergic reactions in people vanua lava is. ( vanuatu ) reduction in native biodiversity : a striking lack of butterflies has been noted on the island of vanua lava. this is compared to mota lava, which is free of w. auropunctata and has abundant butterflies ( j. tennant, pers. comm. in wetterer & porter, 2003 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39122863685001463, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.424965"} {"text": "the next day we learned that frogs come from eggs. frog eggs look a little different from the eggs of other animals and it took a little convincing to persuade them that they were actually eggs. we talked about the life cycle of frogs. after that we made frogs, complete with long, curly tongues and wrote about them. here is how they turned out... | i just love these little guys! | after frogs & turtles, we talked about snakes! i am not a fan of snakes, but my students always love to learn about them! this year my class is heavy on boys ( 12 out of 17 ) and this unit keeps them so engaged! i love teaching through themes. i know that the theme keeps them so engaged that i can slip in writing, reading & math skills without them even realizing it! : ) i do not have pictures of our snakes because i couldn ' t get them to turn out. we colored 2 sides of a paper plate and then cut them in a swirl so that they looked like curly snakes. then, i hung them from the ceiling. they would twirl when the air kicked in and the kids loved it! all in all, this was a great unit. my kids stayed engaged and excited the entire week. i was able to teach them valuable math, reading, writing, & science skills... what more could i have asked for? : )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5111179213735151, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.426412"} {"text": "a cycle of three years, in the course of which the whole law is read on sabbaths and festivals. this was the practise in palestine, whereas in babylonia the entire pentateuch was read in the synagogue in the course of a single year ( meg. 29b ). the modern practise follows the babylonian ; but as late as 1170 benjamin of tudela mentioned egyptian congregations that took three years to read the torah ( \" itinerary, \" ed. asher, p. 98 ). the reading of the law in the synagogue can be traced to at least about the second century the masoretic divisions known as \" sedarim \" and variously indicated in the text, number 154 in the pentateuch, and probably correspond, therefore, to the sabbath lessons of the triennial system, as was first surmised by rapoport ( \" halikot kedem, \" p. 11 ). the number varies, however, so that menahem me ' iri reckoned 161 divisions, corresponding to the greatest number of sabbaths possible in three years ; the yemen grammars and scrolls of the pentateuch enumerate 167 ( see sidra ) ; and the tractate soferim ( xvi. 10 ) gives the number as 175 ( comp. yer. shab. i. 1 ). it is possible that this last division corresponds to a further development by which the whole of the pentateuch was read twice in seven years, or once in three and a half years. the minimum seder for a sabbath portion when seven persons are called up to the law ( see ' aliyah ) should consist of twenty - one verses, since no one should read less than three verses ( meg. iv. 4 ). some sedarim have less than twenty - one verses, however, as, for example, ex. xxx. 1 - 8. divisions and beginning of the cycle. if the 154 sedarim are divided into three portions corresponding to the three years, the second would commence at ex. xii. and the third at num. vi. 22, a passage treating of the priestly blessing and the gifts of the twelve tribal chiefs after the erection of the tabernacle. tradition assumes that the events described in num. vi. took place on the 1st of nisan, and it would follow that gen. i. and ex. xi. would also be read on the first sabbath of that month, while deut. xxxiv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804246125111329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.441943"} {"text": "events described in num. vi. took place on the 1st of nisan, and it would follow that gen. i. and ex. xi. would also be read on the first sabbath of that month, while deut. xxxiv., the last portion of the pentateuch, would be read in adar. accordingly, it is found that the death of moses is traditionally assigned to the 7th of adar, about which date deut. xxxiv. would be read. a. buchler has restored the order of the sedarim on the assumption that the reading of the law was commenced on the 1st of nisan and continued for three years, and he has found that genesis would be begun on the 1st of nisan, deuteronomy on the 1st of elul, leviticus on the 1st of tishri, and exodus and numbers on the 15th of shebat, the four newyears given in the mishnah ( r. h. i. 1 ). nisan has always been regarded as the ecclesiastical newyear. this arrangement would account for many traditions giving definite dates to pentateuchal occurrences, the dates being, strictly speaking, those of the sabbaths on which the lessons recording the occurrences are read. thus, it is declared that the exodus from egypt took place on thursday, the 15th of nisan ( \" seder ' olam, \" x. ), and the passage relating to the exodus was read on that day. the slaying of the passover lamb is said to have occurred on the 10th of nisan, and is described in ex. xii. 21, the passage read in the triennial cycle on the second sabbath of nisan, which would be the 10th where the 15th fell on thursday. this likewise explains the tradition that the israelites encamped at rameses on a sabbath, the 17th of nisan, on which ex. xii. 37 would be read in the triennial cycle. the tradition that rachel was remembered on new - year ' s day ( r. h. 10b ) is due to the fact that in the first year of the cycle the sidra gen. xxx. 22, beginning, \" and god remembered rachel, \" would be read on rosh ha - shanah. as the reading of deut. xxxiv. would occur on the 7th of adar, there would be four remaining sabbaths to be filled in before the new triennial cycle, which began with nisan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46258349579603275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.442869"} {"text": "the successive sedarim, the three concentric rings showing the three cycles, and the twelve radii separating the months of the jewish year indicated in the inner circle. the triennial cycle of the psalms. in addition to this division of the pentateuch into a triennial reading, e. g. king has proposed an arrangement of the psalms on the same system, thus accounting for their lection in a triennial cycle which varied between 147 and 150 sabbaths ; and he also shows the agreement of the five divisions or books of the psalms, now fixed by the doxologies, with the five divisions of the pentateuch, the first and third books of both the psalter and the pentateuch ending in the month shebat. ps. lxxii. 19 would be read on the same day as ex. xl. 34, the two passages throwing light on each other. the asaph psalms ( lxxiii. - lxxxiii. ) would begin, on this principle, on the feast of \" asif \" in the seventh month, just when, in the first year of the pentateuchal cycle, gen. xxx. et seq. would be read, dealing with the birth of joseph, whose name is there derived from the root \" asaf. \" a still more remarkable coincidence is the fact that ps. c. would come just at the time in adar when, according to tradition, the death of moses occurred, and when deut. xxxiii. would be read ; hence, it is suggested, originated the heading of ps. xc., \" a prayer of moses, the man of god. \" the pilgrim psalms ( cxx. - cxxxiv. ) would be read, in this system, during the fifteen sabbaths from the 1st of elul to hanukkah, the very time when a constant procession of pilgrims was bringing the first - fruits to the temple. many other associations of appropriate psalms with the festivals which they illustrate have been pointed out. besides these examples buchler gives the following sections of the pentateuch read on various sabbaths in the different years of the cycle, basing his identification on certain haggadic associations of the sabbaths with the events to which they refer. in the first year the four sedarim of nisan appear to be gen. i. 1 - ii. 3, ii. 4 - iii. 21, iii. 22 - iv. 26, and v. 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47643557937705816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.444753"} {"text": "to which they refer. in the first year the four sedarim of nisan appear to be gen. i. 1 - ii. 3, ii. 4 - iii. 21, iii. 22 - iv. 26, and v. 1 - vi. 8. the second sabbath of iyyar was probably devoted to gen. vi. 9 - vii. 24 ( comp. vii. 1 ). in thesecond year the readings on the sabbaths of nisan deal with ex. xii., xiii., xiv., and xv., ch. xiv. concurring with the passover ; and it is for this reason that the haggadah states that adam taught his sons to bring a passover offering, since the passage gen. iii. was read during the passover week in the cycle of the first year. in iyyar of the second year the readings included ex. xvi. 1, xxviii., xvii. 1, xviii. 1, and xix. 6, there being usually five sabbaths in that month. two of the portions for siwan are also identified as ex. xx. 1, xxii. 4 ; at the end of elul lev. i. was read ; while on the first days of tishri ib. iv. 1, v. 1, and vi. 12 were the readings, and on the 10th ( yom kippur ) ib. viii. 1 and x. 7. in the third cycle, besides the account of the death of moses already referred to as being read on the 7th of adar, or the 7th of shebat, in nisan the four pericopes were num. vi. 22, vi. 48, viii. 1, and ix. 1, while the third sabbath of iyyar was devoted to the reading of num. xv. 1, and the 3d of ab to that of ib. xxxvi. some of these passages were retained for the festival readings, even after the annual cycle had been introduced. haftarot. besides the readings from the law the readings from the prophets were also arranged in a triennial cycle. these appear to have been originally a few selected verses intended to strengthen the passage from the law read previously, and so connect it with the following discourse of the preacher, which took for its text the last verse of the haftarah. thus there is evidence that isa. lii. 3 - 5 was at one time regarded as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42390770109415155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.445655"} {"text": "law read previously, and so connect it with the following discourse of the preacher, which took for its text the last verse of the haftarah. thus there is evidence that isa. lii. 3 - 5 was at one time regarded as a complete haftarah to gen. xxxix. 1. even one - verse haftarot are known, as ezek. xlv. 17 and isa. lxvi. 23, read on new moons. a list of the earlier haftarot suitable for the festivals is given in meg. 31a. evidence of two haftarot for one festival is shown in the case of passover, for which josh. v. 10 and josh. iii. are mentioned. this can easily be explained by the existence of a triennial cycle, especially as num. ix. 2 - 3 was the reading for the first day of passover, and corresponds exactly to josh. v. 20. in the case of the newyear it has been possible to determine the haftarot for the three cycles : i sam. ii. 21, jer. xxxi. 19, and, for the third year, joel ii. 1, corresponding to the reading deut. v., which formed the pentateuchal lesson. for hanukkah, the torah seder of which treats of lamps ( num. viii. 1 - 2 ), the haftarot zech. iv. 2 and i kings vii. 49 were selected as being suitable passages. a third haftarah is also found ( i kings xviii. 31 ), completing the triennial arrangement. the karaites adopted some of the triennial haftarot in their reading of the law. the haftarot of the first year of the cycle can often be identified by this fact. of the twenty - nine sedarim of the book of exodus eighteen were taken from isaiah, three from jeremiah, four from the minor prophets, three from the historical works, and one from ezekiel, whose words, for some reason, seem on the whole to have been eschewed by those who selected the prophetic readings. a certain confusion seems to have arisen among the haftarot, owing to the fact that among some congregations the reading of the pentateuchal portions was begun on the 1st of elul ( also regarded as a new - year ). in the masoretic text of the prophets occur a number of divisions marked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44701115529735413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.446594"} {"text": "owing to the fact that among some congregations the reading of the pentateuchal portions was begun on the 1st of elul ( also regarded as a new - year ). in the masoretic text of the prophets occur a number of divisions marked as sedarim which correspond to smaller divisions in the torah. among these may be mentioned : | i kings vi. 11 - 13 | | corresponding | | to | | ex. xxv. | | ezek. xii. 20 | | \" | | \" | | lev. xxvi. 3 or 4? | | i sam. vi. 14 | | \" | | \" | | num. iv. 17 | | josh. xvii. 4 | | \" | | \" | | num. xxvi. 52 | | jer. ix. 22 - 24 | | \" | | \" | | deut. viii. | | ii kings xiii. 23 | | \" | | \" | | deut. x. | | judges ii. 7 | | \" | | \" | | deut. xxxi. 14 | the present arrangement of haftarot seems to have been introduced into babylonia by rab, especially those for the three sabbaths of repentance preceding the ninth of ab, and the three consolatory ones succeeding it. buchler has traced the prophetic portions of these three latter sabbaths for each of the three years of the cycle as follows : - i. isa. xl. 1, li. 12, liv. 11. - ii. isa. xlix. 14, lx. 1, lxi. 10. - iii. isa. liv. 1, zech. ii. 14, ix. 9. he finds traces of the triennial cycle also in the prophetic portions for the four supplementary sabbaths, shekalim, zakor, parah, and hodesh. for shekalim haftarot are found from ( a ) ii kings xii., ( b ) ezek. xlv. onward ( among the karaites ), and ( c ) i kings iv. 20 onward. it is tolerably clear that these were the haftarot of the three different years of the cycle when that particular sabbath came round. it is possible that when the arrangement of the calendar and of the reading of the law was first made these four supplementary sabbaths were intended to fill out the time between the 7th of adar, when the account of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45235608188168847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.447479"} {"text": "that particular sabbath came round. it is possible that when the arrangement of the calendar and of the reading of the law was first made these four supplementary sabbaths were intended to fill out the time between the 7th of adar, when the account of the death of moses in deut. xxxiv. was read, and the first sabbath in nisan, when the cycle began. traces of the cycle are also found in the haftarot for the festivals. thus, on the first day of passover, ex. xii. 29 was read, approximately in its due place in the cycle in the second year ; and corresponding to this josh. v. 10 was read in the prophets, whereas there are also traces of num. ix. 22 being read on that day, as would occur in the third year of the cycle, when josh. iii. was read as the haftarah. the passage for the second day of passover, num. ix. 1 et seq., which was introduced by the babylonians, has attached to it ii kings xxiii. 21 as the haftarah, and would correspond to the section in the first year ' s cycle. on pentecost, ex. xix. was read in the second year, while gen. xi. 15 was read for the first year of the cycle. so, too, on new - year, gen. xxx. 22 was read in the first year, lev. iv. in the second, and deut. v. in the third, the corresponding haftarot being jer. xxxi. 19, i sam. ii., and joel ii. for the sukkot of the first year for the sidra of gen. xxxii., the haftarah was zech. xiv. 16 - 19 ; for that of the second year, lev. ix. 10, the haftarah was i kings viii. 8 ; and for that of the third year, deut. viii. 9, the haftarah was isa. iv. 6 ( among the karaites ). in the accompanying diagram the sidrot of the law for the sabbaths of the three years of the cycle are indicated, as well as the haftarot which accompany them. sometimes these have alternatives, and in several cases, as for gen. xl. 23, xliii. 14, ex. i. 1, xxvii. 20, and lev. xix.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4402491975002067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.448285"} {"text": "the haftarot which accompany them. sometimes these have alternatives, and in several cases, as for gen. xl. 23, xliii. 14, ex. i. 1, xxvii. 20, and lev. xix. 1, three haftarot are given for the sidra, pointing in all probability to the haftarot reading during the triennial cycle. in this enlarged form the connection of the beginning of the reading of the books with the various sacred new - years, those of nisan, of elul ( for tithes ), and of shebat ( for trees ), comes out most clearly and convincingly. the manner in which the present - day reading of the law and the prophets has been derived from the triennial cycle is shown clearly by the diagram. it would appear that at the beginning of the cycle all the sidrot of the month were read together ; but this was soon given up, as obviously it would result in the whole of the law being read in three - quarters of a year or less. there are indications of the application of the triennial cycle to the psalms also. the aggadat bereshit treats twenty - eight sedarim of genesis uniformly in three sections, one devoted to a passage in genesis, the next to a corresponding prophetic passage ( haftarah ), and the third to a passage from the psalms, generally cognate with either the law or the prophets. it may be added that in luke xxiv. 44 a threefold division is made of \" the law of moses and the prophets and the psalms. \" the transition from the triennial to the annual reading of the law and the transference of the beginning of the cycle to the month of tishri are attributed by buchler to the influence of rab, and may have been due to the smallness of the sedarim under the old system, and to the fact that people were thus reminded of the chief festivals only once in three years. it was then arranged that deut. xxviii. should fall before the new - year, and that the beginning of the cycle should come immediately after the feast of tabernacles. this arrangement has been retained by the karaites and by modern congregations, leaving only slight traces of the triennial cycle in the four special sabbaths and in some of the passages read upon the festivals, which are frequently sections of the triennial cycle, and not of the annual one. it would further be of interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44487910466288655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.450254"} {"text": "may 25, 2012 | 3 : 03 pm posted by rabbi ilana grinblat who goes first? this question is central in my household nowadays, as my eight year old son and five year old daughter frequently argue over who gets the first turn at everything. they debate who gets to tell me first at dinnertime how their day was at school. to resolve this issue, i made a chart listing the days of the week with their names alternating as to who gets to recount their day first. then they argue over a flaw in the chart. they noticed that since there are seven days of the week and two children, one child invariably gets the first turn two days in a row. the kids also debate who gets snuggles first at bedtime. this time, thinking i was smarter, i made a chart of two weeks ( since fourteen days is equally divisible by two ), but then they objected that this system too was unfair, because the bedtime chart didn \u2019 t correspond to the dinner chart. the same child could end up talking first at dinner and receiving the first snuggles in the same day! as a solution, i suggested moving my daughter \u2019 s bedtime fifteen minutes earlier than my son \u2019 s so that each of them could have my snuggles \u201c first \u201d at their respective times. both agreed to the plan, and familial harmony has been temporarily restored. at bedtime, i tried to explain to my daughter that she doesn \u2019 t have to compete with her brother because i love both of them the same amount \u2013 infinity, which is bigger than any number. \u201c no, mom, \u201d she corrected me, \u201c the biggest number is a hundred finity hundred finity. \u201d i now appreciate anew god \u2019 s genius in this week \u2019 s torah portion. this week \u2019 s parasha begins the book of bamidbar which recounts the israelite \u2019 s trek through the wilderness. like children, the israelites were a quarrelsome bunch, and one of the questions which would have arisen was : who goes first to the promised land? but god had a better plan. in this opening portion, god charts how the people should march through the desert. god arranged the people by family and tribe. but rather than any tribe walking in front of the other, god arranged them in a configuration around the ark which was placed in the center. in this way, no tribe was ahead or behind, each was equidistant from the ark and the tabernacle. this plan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4950287980768818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.454287"} {"text": "front of the other, god arranged them in a configuration around the ark which was placed in the center. in this way, no tribe was ahead or behind, each was equidistant from the ark and the tabernacle. this plan was not merely a wise way to avoid arguments. the arrangement offered an orientation on life. it reminded the people not to measure themselves against one another, relative to their destination. rather, they should see themselves as dots on a circle in which god is the center \u2013 all equally essential, connected to each other by sharing the same focal point. how fitting then that this portion called \u201c in the desert \u201d is read on the week of the holiday of shavuot, which celebrates the giving of the torah. in the mekhilta ( a third century collection of interpretations on exodus ), the question is asked : why did god give the torah in the desert? one answer is so that there would be no disputes between the tribes, since none of them would be able to say that the torah was received in their territory. \u201c therefore, the torah was given in the desert, in a public place that belonged to no one. \u201d the passage further explains that the torah was given in the desert because just as it is free to all who come into the world, so too the words of torah are free to all who come into the world. \u201d the mekhilta underscores the torah portion \u2019 s message that god acts with care to make sure all god \u2019 s children feel treasured. as i try to make my children feel equally cherished, i hope that i can convey to them the wisdom of this week \u2019 s portion \u2013 that god loves all of us equally \u201c a hundred finity hundred finity. \u201d 5. 20. 13 at 10 : 22 am | this week ' s column is in honor of this year ' s... 1. 10. 13 at 2 : 26 pm | in this week ' s column, rabbi grinblat talks about... 12. 20. 12 at 5 : 52 pm | in this week ' s column, rabbi grinblat responds to... 11. 26. 12 at 2 : 39 pm | rabbi grinblat discusses how she responds to her... 5. 25. 12 at 3 : 03 pm | in this week ' s column, rabbi grinblat shares a... 5. 13. 12 at 6 : 45 pm | in this week ' s blog, rabbi grinblat offers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4820070997864558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.456942"} {"text": "jurbarkas ( ger. jurburg ), town in s. w. lithuania ; until the incorporation of lithuania within russia in 1795, the town belonged to the principality of zamut ( zhmud ; samogitia ) ; subsequently, until the 1917 revolution, it was in the province of kovno. jews who visited jurbarkas at the end of the 16th century are mentioned in the responsa of meir b. gedaliah of lublin ( metz, 1769, 4a no. 7 ). within the framework of the lithuanian council ( see * councils of the lands ) the community of jurbarkas belonged to the province ( galil ) of kaidany ( kedainiai ). in 1766, 2, 333 jews were registered with the community. a wooden synagogue built in jurbarkas during the second half of the 17th century was preserved until the holocaust. there were 2, 527 jews registered with the community in 1847. the jews numbered 2, 350 ( 31 % of the total population ) in 1897, and 1, 887 in 1923. in june \u2013 september 1941, after the occupation of the town by the germans, some 1, 000 jews were murdered at the cemetery and outside the town. lite ( 1951 ), 1595 \u2013 97, 1849 \u2013 54, index 2 ; m. and k. piechotka, wooden synagogues ( 1959 ), 200 ; yahadut lita, 1 ( 1960 ), index. source : encyclopaedia judaica. \u00a9 2008 the gale group. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3623365129865401, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.458640"} {"text": "march 30, 2012 cdc releases new report on autism prevalence in u. s. researchers at the johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health contributed to a new centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) report that estimates the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders ( asd ) as affecting 1 in 88 u. s. children overall, and 1 in 54 boys. this is the third such report by the cdc \u2019 s autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network ( addm ), which has used the same surveillance methods for more than a decade. previous addm reports estimated the rate of asds at 1 in 110 children in the 2009 report that looked at data from 2006, and 1 in 150 children in the 2007 report, which covered data from 2002. the current prevalence estimate, which analyzed data from 2008, represents a 78 percent increase since 2002, and a 23 percent increase since 2006. asds include diagnoses of autistic disorder, asperger disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified ( pdd - nos ). asds encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, all of which affect communication, social and behavioral skills. the causes of these developmental disorders are not completely understood, although studies show that both environment and genetics play an important and complex role. there is no known cure for asds, but studies have shown that behavioral interventions, particularly those begun early in a child \u2019 s life, can greatly improve learning and skills. the latest cdc report, \u201c prevalence of autism spectrum disorders \u2013 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, united states, 2008, \u201d provides autism prevalence estimates from different areas of the united states, including maryland. the purpose of the report is to provide high - quality data on the extent and distribution of asds in the u. s. population, to promote better planning for health and educational services, and to inform the further development of research on the causes, progression, and treatments. \u201c we continue observing increases in prevalence since the inception of the project in 2000, \u201d said li - ching lee, phd, a psychiatric epidemiologist with the bloomberg school \" s departments of epidemiology and mental health and the principal investigator for the prevalence project \u2019 s maryland site. \u201c in maryland, we found 27 percent of children with asds were never diagnosed by professionals. so, we know there are more children out there and we may see the increase continue in coming years. \u201d the new report, which focuses on 8 - year - olds because that is an age where most children with asd have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4470791494317159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.462996"} {"text": "by professionals. so, we know there are more children out there and we may see the increase continue in coming years. \u201d the new report, which focuses on 8 - year - olds because that is an age where most children with asd have been identified, shows that the number of those affected varies widely among the 14 participating states, with utah having the the highest overall rate ( 1 in 47 ) and alabama the lowest ( 1 in 210 ). across all sites, nearly five times as many boys as girls are affected. additionally, growing numbers of minority children are being diagnosed, with a 91 percent increase among black non - hispanic children and a 110 percent increase for hispanic children. researchers say better screening and diagnosis may contribute to those increases among minority children. the overall rate in maryland is 1 in 80 children ; 1 in 49 boys and 1 in 256 girls. in maryland, the prevalence has increased 85 percent from 2002 to 2008. the increase was 41 percent between 2004 and 2008, and 35 percent between 2006 and 2008. the data were gathered through collaboration with the maryland state department of education and participating schools in anne arundel, baltimore, carroll, cecil, harford and howard counties, as well as clinical sources such as kennedy krieger institute, mt. washington pediatric hospital, and university of maryland medical system. while the report focuses on the numbers, its authors acknowledge that the reasons for the increase are not completely understood and that more research is needed. they note that the increase is likely due in part to a broadened definition of asds, greater awareness among the public and professionals, and the way children receive services in their local communities. \u201c it \u2019 s very difficult, if not impossible, to tease these factors apart to quantify how much each of these factors contributed to the increase, \u201d dr. lee said. but whatever the cause, \u201c this report paints a picture of the magnitude of the condition across our country and helps us understand how communities identify children with autism. one thing the data tell us with certainty \u2013 there are more children and families that need help, \u201d said cdc director thomas frieden, md, mph. researchers also identified the median age of asd diagnosis, documented in records. in maryland, that age was 5 years and 6 months, compared with 4 years, 6 months nationally. across all sites, children who have autistic disorder tend to be identified earlier, while those with asperger disorder tend to be diagnosed later. given the importance of early intervention, addm researchers carefully track at what age children receive an as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4048253280317422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.464078"} {"text": "if the emf of a battery is 23 v and a current of 66 a is measured when the battery is shorted, what is the internal resistance of the battery? answer in units of \u03c9 how would you set up the equation to solve? an investor purchases 75 shares at 37. 90 a share, holds the stock for 150 days, and then sells the stock for 41. 20 a share. find the annual interest rate earned. principal under 3000 3000 - 10, 000 over 10, 000 commission 32 + 1. 8 % of principal 56 + 1 % of principal 106 + 0. 5 % of principal george finds a company that charges 59 cnets per day for each 1000 borrowed. if he borrows 3000 for 60 days, what amount will he repay, and what annual interest rate will he pay the company? if you paid $ 120 to a loan company for the use of $ 2000 for 90 days, what annual rate of interest did they charge? a woman 5ft 6in tall stands so that the tip of her shadow coincides with the tip of the shadow of a tall tree. the woman stands 18 ft from the tip of her shadow and 100 ft from the base of the tree. how tall is the tree? what is 0. 0446 rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent how did you get that? factor the polynomials using whatever strategy seems appropriate. 12m ^ 2n ^ 2 - 8mn + 1 help math calc find the future value of $ 700 deposited at 3 % for 9 years if the account pays simple interest and the account pays compounded annually? the future value of an account that pays simple interest is what? find the future value of $ 700 deposited at 3 % for 7 years if the account pays simple interest and the account pays interest compounded annually for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.510253940262009, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.465850"} {"text": "spike in bird flu deaths worries health officials 8 people die in last 2 months in cambodia in the last two months, eight people in cambodia have died from bird flu, a rare but deadly disease causing concern among health authorities. six of the victims have been children. the h5n1 virus, known to be highly contagious to poultry, typically resembles the flu when contracted by humans. but it kills more than half the people it infects, according to centers for disease control and prevention. of the nine confirmed h5n1 cases in cambodia this year, only an 8 - month old infant has survived. the infant had received medical attention early, said dr. ly sovann, the ministry of health ' s deputy director for communicable diseases control in cambodia. the eight bird flu deaths in the last six weeks - - considering that cambodia has had 19 reported deaths from the disease in the last 10 years - - has sparked increased surveillance efforts. health officials are warning people to wash their hands often, to keep children away from poultry and to avoid eating sick poultry. so far, the nine cases are not believed to be related, although most of them came from the southern region. the eight h5n1 deaths in cambodia occurred with a 15 - year - old girl and a 35 - year - old man on january 21, and a 2 - year - old girl and a 9 - year - old girl on january 28. in the next month, a 5 - year - old died on feburary 7, a 3 - year - old girl died on february 13, a 2 - year - old boy died on february 19, followed by a death of a 35 - year - old man on monday. he came from the kampong cham province in central cambodia and died after developing fever, coughing and difficulty breathing earlier this month. the patients experienced symptoms such as coughing, fever, difficulty breathing, sleepiness and vomiting. bird flu does not usually pass from person - to - person, but the disease is closely monitored because of concerns that the h5n1 virus could mutate allowing to spread more easily among people. \" we conducted investigations and found that all the cases were transmission from the poultry, \" said sovann. \" there is no evidence of transmission from human to human at this stage. \" all nine patients are believed to have been exposed to sick or dead poultry, according to health authroties. h5n1 typically spreads between birds, but can jump to humans, especially if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39399449998762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.469532"} {"text": "transmission from human to human at this stage. \" all nine patients are believed to have been exposed to sick or dead poultry, according to health authroties. h5n1 typically spreads between birds, but can jump to humans, especially if they ' re living in close proximity. the greatest risk of exposure to the virus is through the handling and slaughter of infected poultry. \" home slaughtering and preparation of sick or dead poultry for food is hazardous : this practice must stop, \" said dr. h. e. mam bunheng, the cambodian minister of health, in a statement. \" children also seem to be most vulnerable and are at high risk because they like to play where poultry are found. i urge parents and guardians to keep children away from sick or dead poultry and prevent them from playing with chickens and ducks. \" health teams are carrying out \" enhanced surveillance \" in the villages and communities where bird flu cases have been reported, according to the world health organization. officials are also telling people with flu - like symptoms who have difficulty breathing to seek medical attention immediately. the disease is transmitted through the infected bird ' s saliva, nasal secretions or feces. it can spread in markets or places where eggs and birds are sold in crowded conditions. the recent cases prompted china to announce temperature checks on people traveling back from cambodia, according to the country ' s general administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine. china had two deaths from bird flu this year. the patients, a 31 - year - old man and 21 - year - old woman died in mid - february in the southwestern area of the country. both had close contact with birds, according to xinhua, the chinese news agency. the only other country with a confirmed h5n1 case this year was egypt, where a 36 - year - old woman died in late january. copyright 2013 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4519991332866977, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.470294"} {"text": "physical exercise is a great way to tone your body and lose weight. there are two basic types of exercise : aerobic and anaerobic. aerobic exercise promotes cardiovascular fitness by raising your pulse to a targeted level. it ' s recommended that you exercise at your target heart rate for thirty minutes, three times a week. these exercises strengthen your heart, and allow the heart to pump more blood. aerobic exercise improves the capacity of the lungs, helps control weight, and increases muscle and joint flexibility, making you less susceptible to injury. some examples of aerobic exercise are walking, jogging, bicycling, swimming, racquetball, and aerobic dance. aerobic exercise also helps to reduce risks associated with developing heart disease. anaerobic exercise focuses on specific muscles, with a goal of increasing their strength, mass, and / or endurance. weight lifting is an example of anaerobic exercise. this form of exercise won ' t provide as many benefits as aerobic exercise, but it ' s a good supplement to your aerobic workout, and can also help increase bone density. remember, there are many advantages to regular exercise. it can help you sleep better, handle stress better, and even improve the way you look and feel. an ideal exercise program will include both aerobic and anaerobic activity. however, the program should be tailored to your individual needs. if you ' re over thirty - five or have had medical problems, talk to a doctor before beginning your exercise routine. for more information on aerobic and anaerobic exercise, speak to a health care specialist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084107325281124, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.474454"} {"text": "local suicide serves as reminder of a deadly danger facing teens why it ' s so important to break the silence of suicide stigma has helped suicide quietly rise to be the third leading cause of death among teens. video by kgun9. comvideo reporter : valerie cavazos tucson ( kgun9 - tv ) - a problem few people ever talk about claims a life in tucson. that problem is teen suicide. today the self - inflicted death of a freshman at palo verde high left family and friends devastated. it happened off campus, but because so many parents and kids contacted 9 on your side asking us to check out rumors that were flying around about the incident... we called school officials. the school assures us this incident was * not * connected with bullying. and we ' re told grief counselors were on hand to help classmates cope. because of privacy concerns you rarely hear about teen suicides. but that silence has helped this problem quietly rise to be the third leading cause of death among teens. it ' s important for you to know - - right off the bat - - there is no one cause to teen suicide. but many of them do have one thing in common : silence. no one wants to talk about the issue, but it ' s critical the silence is broken. search youtube and you ' ll find many stories and psa ' s about suicide and prevention, but getting people to actually talk about it is another matter. mainly because of the stigma associated with suicide. it ' s connection with mental illness is the main hurdle to overcome. studies show over 90 % of people who commit suicide have one or more psychiatric disorders - - ranging from depression to schizophrenia. \" there typically is an untreated or undertreated mental health illness. \" another factor in silencing discussions about suicide : much of our society believes taking your own life is morally wrong. \" that ( christian ) belief has been shared from generation to generation and there are other religions that believe in that also so part of looking at the stigma is associated with that and coupling it with religion, people are less likely to talk about it, \" said pate. suicide is also harrowing for family and friends who often carry the burden of guilt. \" they don ' t want that stigma associated with them saying why didn ' t you do something about it - how come you didn ' t see it? so people are managing these things frequently alone. \" the adage time heals all wounds is not necessarily true for those left behind, who may then take their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42091183832671897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.478752"} {"text": "didn ' t you do something about it - how come you didn ' t see it? so people are managing these things frequently alone. \" the adage time heals all wounds is not necessarily true for those left behind, who may then take their own lives because of the loss. \" that ' s a sense of loss - - a sense of grief.. these are things that can cause suicide. \" it ' s certainly clear that breaking the silence of suicide is a critical first step. preventing suicide among our youth can start with more conversations about understanding the world around them. experts say the stress and trauma children experience and witness can increase the chances of suicide. those dramatic and tragic events and images from 9 - 11, wars in the middle east, the january 8th shooting and hurricane katrina as well as events happening closer to home - - ranging from divorce to bullying. \" these are events that children are taking in and we know that they not necessarily have the mechanism to manage and process all of those things, \" said pate. experts say children internalize those images. unlike adults, many children are less likely to talk about what disturbs them. \" they are less like to do that or may not have people they feel comfortable going to and talking about how do i manage this and how do i cope with this bad stuff happening in our world, \" she said. so helping children cope with the ups and downs of life is critical when trying to stem the rising tide of suicides. \" how do we then help our children recognize that this is normal. disappointment is going to happen if you ' re a part of this world - - live and breathing. disappointment is going to happen so how do we manage it - - how do we get over it - - and how do we teach them that this is okay. \" these discussons with children often open floodgates in their minds and emotions - - rather than closing them down. experts say parents should keep in mind that they don ' t have to have all the answers - - they just need to know where to go for help when it ' s needed. there are training sessions for families available through the community partnership of southern arizona. another agency to call is the southern arizona mental health corporation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41458587439208683, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.479678"} {"text": "dyer ' s woad was discovered in 1986 in washington state, growing along railroad tracks in kittitas county. in 1992, dyer ' s woad was eradicated from this site. the site is monitored continually, with no new plants found. removing this plant from the state is a true success story in the fight against invasive species ; this is one of the very few noxious weeds that have been eradicated from the state. dyer ' s woad is native to russia, and was introduced as a crop in 18th - century england for the extraction of a blue dye from its leaves. dyers woad was introduced to utah from ireland in 1910, as a contaminant in alfalfa seed. the state of utah has lost millions of dollars in crop damage and loss of wildlife habitat. tens of thousands of acres in utah, idaho and wyoming are infested with this perennial mustard. legal status in king county, washington dyer ' s woad is listed as a class a noxious weed because of its impacts and widespread distribution in many western states, including utah, idaho, wyoming, montana, california and oregon. it is sometimes found in gardens, and as a class a noxious weed in washington state, eradication is required. dyer ' s woad is on the washington state quarantine list ( 144 kb acrobat file ), and it is illegal to buy, sell, transport or offer this plant for sale in the state. additional information on annual bugloss what to do if you find this plant in king county, washington please notify us if you see dyer ' s woad growing in king county. our program staff can provide the property owner or appropriate public agency with site - specific advice on how best to remove it. we map all known locations of regulated noxious weeds such as dyer ' s woad in order to help us and others locate new infestations in time to control them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4460374203230566, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.481891"} {"text": "another collaborative effort by the team that created the poet king of tezcoco : a great leader of ancient mexico ( 2007 ) chronicles the life of a controversial figure in pre - colonial mesoamerica. the indigenous woman who would serve as hernan cortes \u2019 interpreter and companion was born in the early 1500s as malinali and later christened marina. she is now called la malinche. besides serving as translator to the spaniard, she also gave him advice on native customs, religious beliefs and the ways of the aztec. while marina \u2019 s decision to help the spanish in their often brutal quest for supremacy has led to many negative associations, others see her as the mother of all mexicans, as she and cortes had the first recorded mestizo. although many of the details surrounding the specifics of marina \u2019 s life were unrecorded, serrano strengthens the narrative with quotations by her contemporaries and provides a balanced look at the life of a complicated, oft - maligned woman. headers provide structure as events sometimes shift from the specific to the very broad, and some important facts are glossed over or relegated to the timeline. reminiscent of pre - colonial documents, the illustrations convey both marina \u2019 s adulation of cortes and the violence of the spanish conquest, complete with severed limbs, decapitations and more. an inventive introduction to a fascinating historical figure. ( map, chronology, glossary, sources and further reading ) ( nonfiction. 10 - 12 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4422170743658616, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.484027"} {"text": "disruptive behavior is an ongoing pattern of conduct that bothers and upsets the worker ' s day - to - day interpersonal workplace surroundings. although disruptive behaviors have long been a concern, these behaviors have gone unchecked and sometimes are accepted as part of the workplace environment. disruptive behavior is inappropriate behavior that interferes with the functioning and flow of the workplace. it hinders or prevents employees from carrying out their workplace responsibilities. it is important that managers and front line staff address disruptive behavior promptly. if no one tackles disruptive behavior it typically continues to escalate, resulting in negative consequences for the perpetrator as well as others. individuals who engage in disruptive behavior in a work setting can almost always find ways to justify their bad behavior. although there may be legitimate concerns about questionable workplace tactics and approaches there is a gross logical error rooted in the assumption that angry potentially dangerous and devaluing behavior can positively improve the company or organization ' s objectives. people who display disruptive behavior generally lack the ability to be self - reflective and are often clueless to the way in which their manner impact others. disruptive employees can be understood as having particular shortcomings related to self - regulation. self - regulation includes one ' s capacity to manage and contain anxiety and process emotional states, maintain balance in self - esteem, respect other peoples ' points of view, while remaining engaged in productive goal - oriented work - related efforts with others. examples of disruptive behavior : part of the responsibilities for organizations and companies that want to plainly demonstrate zero tolerance for inappropriate and disruptive behaviors also must provide necessary resources and mechanisms to safe guard against such behaviors. this includes opportunities to improve teamwork, foster a sense of mutual respect, and improve communication. these efforts also enhance the workplace environment reduce the risk for legal action loss of productivity, absenteeism, turnover, low morale, and lack of trust. eliminating the disruptions : - code of conduct - training and education - standards for behavior - procedures for investigation lastly, all of us are responsible and need to be sanctioned to address and understand the necessary changes in the workplace culture in order to eliminate disruptive behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4807523932008158, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.486364"} {"text": "posted : mar 19, 2013 7 : 00 am by by serena gordon tuesday, march 19 ( healthday news ) - - black children are less likely than other children to be given antibiotics and less likely to be given the most powerful antibiotics to treat acute respiratory tract infections, new research suggests. does this represent a previously unrecognized bias against black children? probably not, said the researchers and other experts. instead, it ' s more likely that non - black children are getting more antibiotics than they should be. \" we hypothesize that this discrepancy reflects over - prescribing, both for all antibiotics and for the relative proportion of broad - spectrum antibiotics, to non - black patients, rather than under - prescribing to black patients, \" wrote the researchers led by dr. jeffrey gerber, of the children ' s hospital of philadelphia, who added that more study of this pattern should be conducted. dr. allison bartlett, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at larabida children ' s hospital in chicago, agreed. \" the fact that black kids are given fewer antibiotics and fewer broad - spectrum antibiotics may come across as a bad thing to the casual reader, but perhaps it ' s not an issue of under - treating black kids, but over - treating non - black kids, \" she said. another expert who was not involved with the study, dr. roya samuels, a pediatrician at cohen children ' s medical center in new hyde park, n. y., said that, at first glance, \" this comes across as quite a controversial topic. but, i don ' t think we ' re dealing with a predilection to not prescribing to black children. rather, there is still non - judicious use of antibiotics in the pediatric population as a whole, and non - judicious use tends to occur more in the non - black population. \" results of the current study were released online march 18 and will appear in the april print issue of pediatrics. gerber and colleagues undertook the study because racial disparities have been found in other areas of health care, but the issue hadn ' t been thoroughly studied in a pediatric primary care setting, according to background information in the report. the study included data from 25 primary care pediatric practices in pennsylvania and new jersey. the practices had a total of 222 doctors. from a total of more than 600, 000 office visits, the investigators found that there were more than 100, 000 visits that included a prescription", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4261262894240408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.492417"} {"text": "data from 25 primary care pediatric practices in pennsylvania and new jersey. the practices had a total of 222 doctors. from a total of more than 600, 000 office visits, the investigators found that there were more than 100, 000 visits that included a prescription for an antibiotic. to help account for factors that might influence the way a physician chose to treat a particular patient, the researchers excluded visits for people with antibiotic allergies and those who ' d had a recent history of antibiotic use from their data. that left just over 81, 000 visits that ended with an antibiotic prescription. almost 30, 000 of those visits ended with a prescription for a broad - spectrum antibiotic, which means a powerful antibiotic that kills a variety of bacteria. in general, antibiotic use recommendations suggest using the most narrow - spectrum antibiotic possible to help prevent antibiotic resistance. when the researchers broke the data down by race, they found that 29 percent of visits by non - black children ended with an antibiotic prescription compared to 23. 5 percent for black children. when an antibiotic was prescribed, black children were about 12 percent less likely to receive broad - spectrum antibiotics. black children were also less likely to receive a diagnosis that might justify an antibiotic prescription, such as strep throat, a sinus infection or an ear infection. both bartlett and samuels said that they were a bit confused by the strep throat findings, as an objective test is available to diagnose strep. the study authors said they were not aware of any biological reasons that could account for these findings. all of the experts suggested this was an area that needed further research. the authors said that the doctor - patient relationship may play a role in some of these findings. parents of non - black children may state that they expect antibiotics more often, or doctors may expect that these parents will want antibiotics for their child, which may influence their prescribing decisions, they suggested. both samuels and bartlett said that black parents probably don ' t need to be concerned by these findings. but, bartlett added that all parents should \" be strong advocates for their children. we ' re very fortunate that we have antibiotics to help when we need them, but there are a lot of times we don ' t need them, and we need to give a child ' s body time to heal on its own. \" it ' s ok to ask your child ' s doctor why he or she is prescribing an antibiotic, or why not, according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47347512786238743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.493359"} {"text": "when you need a portable, convenient power source, you can rely on batteries. batteries of all shapes and sizes supply power to everyday electronics like toys and power tools, but batteries also work where we don ' t see them too. during a power outage, phone lines still operate because they are equipped with lead - acid batteries. batteries help control power fluctuations, run commuter trains, and provide back - up power for critical needs like hospitals and military operations. the versatility of batteries is reflected in the different sizes and shapes, but all batteries have two common elements that combine to make power : an electrolyte and a heavy metal. just the facts batteries contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, which can contaminate the environment when batteries are improperly disposed of. when incinerated, certain metals might be released into the air or can concentrate in the ash produced by the combustion process. one way to reduce the number of batteries in the waste stream is to purchase rechargeable batteries. nearly one in five dry - cell batteries purchased in the united states is rechargeable. over its useful life, each rechargeable battery may substitute for hundreds of single - use batteries. lead - acid automobile batteries nearly 90 percent of all lead - acid batteries are recycled. almost any retailer that sells lead - acid batteries collects used batteries for recycling, as required by most state laws. reclaimers crush batteries into nickel - sized pieces and separate the plastic components. they send the plastic to a reprocessor for manufacture into new plastic products and deliver purified lead to battery manufacturers and other industries. a typical lead - acid battery contains 60 to 80 percent recycled lead and plastic. non - automotive lead - based batteries gel cells and sealed lead - acid batteries are commonly used to power industrial equipment, emergency lighting, and alarm systems. the same recycling process applies as with automotive batteries. an automotive store or a local waste agency may accept the batteries for recycling. dry - cell batteries include alkaline and carbon zinc ( 9 - volt, d, c, aa, aaa ), mercuric - oxide ( button, some cylindrical and rectangular ), silver - oxide and zinc - air ( button ), and lithium ( 9 - volt, c, aa, coin, button, rechargeable ). on average, each person in the united states discards eight dry - cell batteries per year. alkaline and zinc - carbon batteries alkaline batteries, the everyday household batteries used in flashlight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.501945726254989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.497928"} {"text": "exploring nonlinear mechanical behaviour of rocks at lance smarts - spectrometer for materials research at temperature and stress atomic - scale stress - strain information obtained from the neutron rietveld data indicate that the strain experienced by the crystalline quartz is ~ 1 / 5 of the macroscopic strain ( the rest taken up by the grain contacts and bonds in the rock ). no hints of nonlinearity whatsoever are evident in the neutron data. conclusion? the grain bond system ( a small fraction of the total rock ) is responsible for all the peculiar quasi - static nonlinearity we see. beamlines at the lansce ( los alamos neutron science center ) / lujan center - lansce produces intense sources of pulsed protons and spallation neutrons from a tungsten target. proton beam currents during all the experiments varied from 100 to 110 \u00b5a. the neutron powder diffractometer has the unique capability of simultaneous high - q rietveld and pair - density function analyses, enabling determination of the average and local structures of complex materials with high accuracy. the questions these experiments are designed to answer are ( 1 ) can neutrons \" see \" the grain bond system and if so, ( 2 ) can neutrons help to ascertain the role ( s ) of intergranular bonds vs. the bulk crystalline volume in the nonlinear behaviour of rocks? results below show evidence of non - crystalline silica in a pure quartz sandstone. above - rietveld analysis shows an excellent match with crystalline quartz ; there are no other crystal phases in fontainebleau sandstone. above - a revised model adding ~ 7 % amorphous silica to the crystal model makes a greatly improved fit. above - when the pdf data ( red crosses ) is compared to a perfect quartz model, there is a large discrepancy in the nearest neighbor peaks. above - pdf data ( red ) of amorphous silica shows that only the nearest neighbor peaks are sharp and correspond with those of the crystal ( blue ). hippo ' s proximity to the neutron spallation source and its numerous detectors mean it can watch atomic plane structures change in real time. counting for 1 minute or less is sufficient for a rietveld analysis of the scattering data. scattering experiments were performed to observe the crystalline structure of sandstone samples undergoing periodic temperature changes. modulus ( resonance frequency ) and temperature was tracked as a function of time. neutron results - unit cell volume - show none of the peculiar macroscopic nonlinear behavior. history - modulus drop observed after a temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5957218596735335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.500714"} {"text": "| other egyptian gods | anubis, whose hieroglyphic name more closely translates as anpu or inepu, is the ancient egyptian god of death and dying, and sometimes god of the underworld. his mother is hesat or bastet with an unknown father, or nephthys, and his father is variously said to be set, ra or osiris. his daughter is qeb - hwt, also known as kebechet. in later times, anubis was combined with the greek god hermes to form hermanubis. the center of his cult was in cynopolis. he has the head of a jackal or some other kind of dog, and the jackal is his symbol. the jackal imagery is related to anubis ' role among the deities of egypt, as the jackal is a scavenger and is strongly associated with death and dying. he was also know as the guardian of the dead. in art, he is depicted as a man with a canine head and alert ears, often wearing a ribbon and wielding a whip. roles in mythology anubis was originally the lord of the underworld, however following the rise of the cult of osiris he becomes the gatekeeper. in the horus story he stands down his position out of respect for osiris in order to allow him to take over. anubis ' role as gate keeper was primarily that of either holding or watching the scales with which the souls of the dead were weighted against the feather of ma ' at. if the soul was as light as the feather, anubis led the soul to osiris ; otherwise, it was fed to ammit. in this role, he is sometimes identified with a god known as wep - wawet ( \" opener of the ways \" ). in his embalming role, anubis is referred to by the epithet imy - ut ( \" he who is in the place where embalming occurs \" ). he guards the physical remains of bodies, as well as the tombs and necropoli. worship of anubis is likely older even than that of osiris. the unas text ( line 70 ) associates him with the eye of horus. in the book of the dead, he embalms the body of osiris, wraps it in linens made by isis and nepthys, and protects the body by laying his bare hands on it. the wife of anubis is the goddess an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4221192756567004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.503297"} {"text": "wish you could dazzle your colleagues at meetings, wow your friends when telling them about a recent event or captivate a group of energetic children? storytelling maybe the answer! learning to be a good storyteller will equip you with the knowledge, skills and ability to bring a bland chart to life, help your friends feel what you felt during an ordeal, engage children and more. fortunately, i had the opportunity to sit through a fabulous workshop on storytelling facilitated by debra harris - branham and zelda foxall at the 2012 iyouth conference. it was a terrific interactive session on how to be an effective teller of stories. below are insights extracted from the energetic speakers and a handout they distributed. - find a story that you love to tell although you may have a story in mind, finding one is harder than it sounds. if you don \u2019 t know where to begin, visit your local library and head to the 398 section. there, you will find a wide variety of folktales, fairy tales and fables. can \u2019 t get to a library? not a problem. check out the sites listed below to help you find, learn and tell stories : - learn it once you have found a story that you really like, read the story a few times. but, don \u2019 t try to memorize it. instead, make yourself familiar with the sequence ( beginning, middle and end ) of the story. learn it the way that makes the best sense for you. this might mean writing it out, listening to an audio recording or watching the movie version. which ever method you choose it should be fun! - what to memorize as stated above, don \u2019 t worry about memorizing the whole story. instead, learn the first and last lines of the story, as well as any repetitive phrases or chants. - practice, practice, practice practice telling the story! this is a crucial step. practicing will ensure that you do a fabulous job when you stand before an audience. if you can find an audience to practice in front of great! if you can \u2019 t no problem. find a wall, mirror, doll, toy, pet or any other object and tell your story! make sure you do it with plenty of enthusiasm and energy. embody your character ( s ). make your movements big and your expressions majestic. it will be these elements that will make your story unforgettable. are you in seattle and want to attend local storytelling events and / or classes? start with the seattle storyteller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4332565090731282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.507070"} {"text": "is it true that ' preterism ' and ' futurism ' were jesuit interpretations of prophecy that were contrived during the counter - reformation? i ' ve read that in a couple of places and wondered what your study has led you to about that. thank you. preterism is the view that the prophecies concerning destruction, especially those found in revelation were fulfilled in the destruction of jerusalem. there are variations of the belief, as you would expect when men are involved. some take the extreme position that all prophesy has been fulfilled. the majority see the prophesies concerning the judgment and heaven are still in the future, but rest have been fulfilled. a few are only interested in revelation itself and see it as mostly a discussion concerning the destruction of jerusalem. futurism is the view that none of the prophecies concerning destruction have been fulfilled yet. everything is seen as pointing to some distant future time just before jesus returns. thus revelation is seen a warning whose time will come, but hasn ' t been reached yet. futurism ' s adherents also display wide variations in their beliefs. premillennialism is actually a form of futurism. continuous historicism is the view that revelation foretells the history of the church from the time of john to the second coming of jesus. various events through history are argued to match certain prophecies in revelation. thus the claim is that john spoke of the rise of the roman catholic church and the papacy, the rise of the muslim religion, the reformation and even major wars. philosophical doesn ' t see specific events being foretold in revelation, but a general story of the war between good and evil. historical sees revelation speaking of specific events in history, though not necessarily the fall of jerusalem, relevant to the people to whom the book was written. in other words it takes place in a specific timeframe that is within the lives of the audience revelation was intended. they find that we who come later can learn the lessons from what happened to apply to our own lives since history tends to repeat itself, just as we can turn to the pages of the old testament and learn lessons from what happened then. advocates of each position claim that their view has been always held by christians. they will pull quotes from early christian writings because the beliefs are general enough that you can find in almost anyone ' s writings something to support your view. what you won ' t find is a detailed advocation of one particular view. it is true that advocacy of preterism and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5582345862465753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.510996"} {"text": "christian writings because the beliefs are general enough that you can find in almost anyone ' s writings something to support your view. what you won ' t find is a detailed advocation of one particular view. it is true that advocacy of preterism and futurism was championed by jesuits in their early days. during the reformation it was popular to pin the roman catholic church with the label of the great harlot. whether the jesuits actually developed these ideas or found a solution by advocating the ideas, i can ' t say for certain. what we do know is that several jesuit books are the first detailed arguments for both futurism and preterism. futurism arose first. francisco ribera, a jesuit theologian, published a book on revelation in 1590 called in sacrum beati ioannis apostoli, & evangelistiae apocalypsin commentarij. by putting everything in the distant future, then obviously the roman catholic church can ' t be the bad guy. robert bellarmine, a jesuit apologist, also took the futurist view in his work, polemic lectures concerning the disputed points of the christian belief against the heretics of this time. it was published somewhere between 1581 and 1593. futurism \u201c argues that revelation looks beyond the first century to the period immediately before the end times. thus the book was not written for those who received it, but for those living much later. jesuit scholars after the reformation refined this approach to prove that current attempts to identify the pope as the antichrist could not possibly be true since the antichrist will not be revealed until far into the future, just before the parousia [ the second coming ]. \" [ jerry l. walls, the oxford handbook of eschatology, 2007 ]. but the catholic church is a large organization and other jesuits advocated the preterits view. if everything happened before the catholic church developed, then it can ' t be the bad guy. luis de alcazar wrote a commentary, published in 1614, called investigation of the hidden sense of the apocalypse where he claimed that every prophecy was fulfilled in the early years after christ. preterism \" is said to have been first promulgated in anything like completeness by the jesuit alcasar, in his vestigatio arcani sensus in apocalypsi ( 1614 ). very nearly, the same plan was adopted by grotius. the next great name among this school of interpreters is that of bossuet the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47100311047887816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.512028"} {"text": "science museum unwraps a \" sweet \" exhibition a \" tasty \" exhibition to reveal the biology, chemistry, physiology and psychology of the world of candy was unwrapped at the hong kong science museum today ( june 26 ) and will run until october 28. \" candy unwrapped \", featuring 17 groups of interactive exhibits, will satisfy the mind of visitors even as it tickles their taste buds through looking at, smelling and tasting the exhibits. speaking at the opening ceremony of the exhibition today, the assistant director ( heritage and museums ) of leisure and cultural services, dr louis ng, said the hong kong science museum organised this exhibition to give children an educational and entertaining experience for the summer holidays. \" candy is not only for kids. chocolate is also a favourite of ladies. with stories about romantic memories and magical powers of chocolate, visitors will learn about the rich history and culture of candy and other yummy treats from around the world. we believe the exhibition will enable all family members, young and old, to discover the fun and the science and psychology behind the candy, \" dr ng said. produced by the ontario science centre in collaboration with ybrick design 3d inc, \" candy unwrapped \" invites visitors to bring their taste buds for some sensational sugary science. visitors can examine the structure and many uses of sugar, which is more than just a sweet treat and has qualities that are useful in many things. they can see how sugar has been used to preserve food, bind concrete and even heal wounds. they are also invited to walk across the face of an enlarged sugar crystal to learn about the various phases of crystallisation, the beauty of nature \u2019 s final design, and what sugar crystals have in common with stacks of oranges in a supermarket. visitors can explore how taste and other senses, such as sight and smell, are used by the human body to determine what tastes good. using their taste buds, they can learn the biological point of puckering by experiencing the super sour challenge, and discover the difference between taste and flavour through participating in a jelly bean test. the rich history and cultural diversity of candy and other treats from around the world are featured in the exhibition. visitors can discover the fascinating stories behind treats from a dozen countries, from chinese ginger candies to nigerian puff - puffs. some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times. the exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.479823476118461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.517586"} {"text": "to nigerian puff - puffs. some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times. the exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. visitors can also experience how candies bring back romantic memories, and find out whether chocolate is always associated with romance, or is it simply a psychological effect? visitors can discover more by entering into a boudoir to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate. visitors can jump on the energy burn bike and pedal for one minute to find out the calories of a sugar cube and how many calories they can burn off in 60 seconds. they will learn about the way their body creates and uses energy and which types of food energy work best for them. kids can design and draw their own candy wrapper or jump on the cushy giant tongue and learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. admission to \" candy unwrapped \" is $ 35 with half - price concession for full - time students, people with disabilities and senior citizens aged 60 or above. \" free admission on wednesdays \" and the museum weekly pass will not apply to this exhibition. the science museum is located at 2 science museum road, tsim sha tsui east, kowloon. it is open from 1pm to 9pm from monday to friday, and from 10am to 9pm on saturdays, sundays and public holidays. it is closed on thursdays ( except public holidays ). for details of the exhibition and related programmes, visit the science museum ' s website ( hk. science. museum ). for enquiries, please call 2732 3232. ends / friday, june 26, 2009 climbing up an enlarged sugar crystal, the \" crystal mountain \", visitors can learn about the various phases of crystallisation and the beauty of nature ' s final design. the exhibit, \" delectable delights \", allows visitors to learn about treats from around the world and how some of these treats taste surprisingly like some of our familiar foods. jumping on the \" taste bud tango \", a cushy giant tongue, visitors can learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. \" a bar is born \" details the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. chocolate has long been considered an aphrodisiac. is this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48445889984282475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.518639"} {"text": "cosmogenic nuclide group humans live on the earth \u2019 s surface and earth surface processes ( esp ) are cornerstones defining fundamental boundaries for civilization. many of these processes occur so rapidly and unexpectedly that they have daunting consequences. we are poorly equipped to predict their nature and possible impacts due to the lack of scientific understanding. in particular, the impact of current environmental change on the nature of earth surface processes is hardly predictable. it is a high priority challenge for modern earth sciences to better understand such processes. one of the most promising approaches to this task is the quantitative investigation of esp from the past to the present, and to apply the insight to current and future environmental challenges. the leading technique to realize this is the application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide. the ldeo cosmogenic nuclide group develops terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques and applies those as chronometers and tracers in the earth sciences. terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are produced by interactions between secondary cosmic rays and near surface rocks. our research interests cover a wide spectrum of earth scientific disciplines and include timing of ice ages, subglacial erosion rates, uplift rates of pleistocene terraces, and a better understanding of the production systematics of cosmogenic nuclides. we apply the full spectrum of cosmogenic nuclides, including the routine extraction of 10be, 26al, and 36cl. in cooperation with the ldeo noble gas group ( gisela winckler, link ), we also routinely measure cosmogenic 3he. recently, we have pioneered the terrestrial 53mn technique as new monitor of earth surface processes, and we also have established an extraction line for in situ 14c from quartz ( link to 14c line ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5506502074885786, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.520473"} {"text": "lesson plans and worksheets browse by subject blood teacher resources find teacher approved blood educational resource ideas and activities a series of diagrams and photographs is a vivid tool for delivering a lesson about blood vessels. each slide has notes for the lecturer to use to explain each slide. your young biologists will increase their understanding of the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. the final slide provides a comparison chart for them to copy and complete as a review of the information absorbed. a thorough commentary on blood type is presented in this handout. antigens and antibodies are defined. punnett squares and a pedigree chart help to clarify. human biology or genetics learners then apply their knowledge to two situations : two newborn baby girls being possibly switched in the hospital and a crime scene investigation. this is an engaging activity that ends with a lab activity simulating the blood typing and identification of the perpetrator. although there are vocabulary terms in this powerpoint that use british spelling, the presentation is attractive and educational. the content flows from the general composition of blood, into the different types of blood cells and their functions. the concluding slide has review questions that you can use to assess student retention. in this blood type worksheet, students create a wheel showing blood type, antigens and the genes involved in coding for each blood type. students use the wheel to answer 16 questions about blood type and they complete a chart with the genes, antigens and blood types using what they learned from the wheel. in this simulation activity, young biologists examine blood types to determine whether the death rate in a hospital was caused because of incorrect identification of patient blood types. you will need obtain and follow the procedures of a blood typing kit in order carry out this lab activity in your classroom. using this scenario makes a blood typing or scientific method lesson more interesting, and the provided lab sheet makes it easier for you to implement. there are factors that can be controlled and factors that can ' t be controlled regarding blood pressure. read through these handouts and learn about the different factors. then answer some questions about the information just learned. there is even an activity to determine resting heart rate, and then to make calculations regarding one ' s target heart rate range. discover why all of this information is important. in this blood worksheet, students watch a video called \" the epic story of blood \" and answer 24 questions about the creation of blood, how it is produced, blood donation, blood banks and transfusions. students take an short quiz about the blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5368383962695403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.528018"} {"text": "libralato engine overview the libralato engine - invented by dr. ruggero libralato ; a teacher of electrical engineering by trade, dr. libralato \u2019 s keen interest in combustion engines from a young age led him to design a new combustion engine at the age of 27. over 25 years, through various design iterations, the profound study of thermodynamics and theory of machines, ruggero libralato has invented a completely new design and a new thermodynamic cycle which deserves to rank alongside the names of otto, diesel and wankel. a proof of concept first prototype was built in 2005. the libralato rotary engine is a potential breakthrough technology \u2013 an eco - engine for the 21st century, with an asymmetrical geometry of expansion and compression volumes, which does not need to convert the linear motion of pistons into the rotary motion of the output shaft. the libralato engine is predicted to demonstrate : a power phase in every revolution ( giving it twice the power density of a reciprocating engine ), exceptionally high mechanical and thermal efficiency, beyond euro 6 standards of emissions, high and constant levels of torque, very low vibration, low exhaust gas noise and temperature with no need for valves, pistons, con - rods, crankshafts, cam shafts etc. comparison of libralato engine with piston engine and wankel engine the proof of concept engine mechanism has been rotated at 3, 000 rpm, demonstrating the dynamic balance of the engine and the integrity of its aspiration / expiration mechanism. it has not run as a hot engine yet since without the proper lubrication and cooling systems it would seize very quickly. the engine design is exceptionally compact and robust, approximately half the size and weight of a conventional reciprocating engine. it is ideally suited to a wide range of applications 1kw - 200kw, particularly where space, weight, emissions, noise and vibration restrictions apply ; constant speeds are required and the engine is able to operate in its peak efficiency zone. libralato engine schematic exploded view of libralato engine principal parts the libralato engine design is very different from the wankel engine and avoids the problems of the wankel engine by : large sealing surface areas of the rotors ( equivalent in size to pistons ), short flame paths acting against an acute angle working surface area, good thermal dispersion via fresh air scavenge phase and low bearing wear due to dynamic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5568519614703722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.534561"} {"text": "engine by : large sealing surface areas of the rotors ( equivalent in size to pistons ), short flame paths acting against an acute angle working surface area, good thermal dispersion via fresh air scavenge phase and low bearing wear due to dynamic balance. the libralato engine has only four principal moving parts : two rotors fixed by their own bearings, connected by a sliding rod and a rotating exhaust. the rotors have different ( overlapping ) diameters of circumference and their motion forms and reforms three separate chambers within the engine each revolution. the engine comprises a unique combination of two rotors, with different rotational diameters and separate centres, fixed by their own bearings and joined by a connecting piece that has a quasi - circular orbit. the motion of the rotors forms and reforms three distinct chambers within the engine each rotation, with asymmetrical expansion and compression volumes, two stage compression and low pressure scavenge. induction air enters at the centre of the engine and compression / expansion occurs at the periphery producing uniform heat flow characteristics as air circulates around the two sides of the engine. new thermodynamic cycle - the engine does not have a traditional otto or diesel cycle. there are two compression phases. the inlet phase is compressed at a low ratio and then controls the later scavenge of the residual exhaust gases. in the second compression phase, the air is compressed at a higher compression ratio where the fuel is added. it is this fuel / air mixture that ignites to form the expansion phase. this all provides for an extremely efficient handling of the gases, with a significant reduction of exhaust emissions and excellent fuel economy. the main advantages of the engine can be summarized as : - mechanically simple design leading to 30 % lower production and maintenance costs - 100 % better power to weight ratio than a reciprocating engine ; due to compact shape - 30 % greater efficiency ( relative ) than conventional 4 - stroke engine - 5 % greater mechanical efficiency ( absolute ) / low vibration due to rotary design - 4 % greater thermal efficiency ( absolute ) due to asymmetrical expansion and compression - exceeding euro 6 emissions standards due to highly turbulent fuel - air mixing and complete scavenge of residual exhaust gases. - very quiet and lower temperature exhaust gases, due to low exhaust pressure - good sealing and thermal dispersion characteristics, avoids problems of wankel engines - geometry easily adaptable for biofuels ( ethanol and biodiesel ) - ideally suited for hevs and phevs - space and weight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5593494282697506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.535548"} {"text": "from irish druids and old irish religions, 1894 the mistletoe had an early reputation as a guide to the other world. armed with that golden branch, one could pass to pluto ' s realm : \u2014 \" charon opposed \u2014 they showed the branch. they show ' d the bough that lay beneath the vest ; at once his rising wrath was hush ' d to rest. \" its connection with health, as the all - heal, is noted by the poet callimachus, under the appellation of panakea, sacred to apollo : \u2014 \" where ' er the genial panakea falls, health crowns the state, and safety guards the walls. \" as the seat of the life of the oak, as then believed, it had special virtues as a healer. the coel - creni, or omen sticks, were made of it, and also divining - rods. it had the merit of revealing treasure, and repelling the unwelcome visits of evil spirits. when cut upon st. john ' s eve, its power for good was greatest. \" while the shamrock is emblematic of the equinox, the mistletoe is associated with the solstice, \" says st. clair. the ancient persians knew it as the healer. it told of the sun ' s return to earth. farmers in britain used to give a sprig of mistletoe to the first cow calving in the year. forlong points out the recovery of old heathen ideas ; saying, \" christian priests forbade the mistletoe to enter their churches ; but yet it not only got in, but found a place over the altars, and was held to betoken good - will to all mankind. \" it was mysteriously associated with the dove. the irish called it the uil - iceach : the welsh, uchelwydd. the county magazine for 1792 remarked \u2014 \" a custom of kissing the women under the mistletoe - bush still prevails in many places, and without doubt the surest way to prove prolific. \" pliny considered it good for sterility. it was the only thing that could slay the gentle baldur. in england there are some twenty trees on which the mistletoe may grow. certain plants have at different times been objects of special consideration, and worshipped as having divine qualities, or being possessed by a soul. some were thought to manifest sympathetic feeling with the nation by which they were cherished. the fetish tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43528942983745167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.544490"} {"text": "may grow. certain plants have at different times been objects of special consideration, and worshipped as having divine qualities, or being possessed by a soul. some were thought to manifest sympathetic feeling with the nation by which they were cherished. the fetish tree of coomassie fell when wolseley ' s ultimatum reached the king of ashantee. the ruthless cutting of trees was deemed cruel. even if they had no living spirit of their own, the souls of the dead might be there confined ; but perhaps mr. gladstone, the tree - feller, is no believer in that spiritual doctrine. in germany one may still witness the marrying of trees on christmas eve with straw - ropes, that they may yield well. their forefathers ' regard for the world - tree, the ash yggdrasill, may incline germans to spare trees, and raise them, as bismarck loves to do. women there, and elsewhere, found consolation from moving round a sacred tree on the approach of nature ' s trial. the oldest altars stood under trees, as by sacred fountains or wells. but some had to be shunned as demoniac trees. the irish respected the cairthaim, quicken - tree, quick - beam, rowan, or mountain ash, which had magical qualities. in the story of the fairy palace of the quicken - tree, we read of finn the finian leader being held in that tree by enchantment, as was merlin by the fairy lady. maccuill, son of the hazel, one of the last tuath kings, was so - called because he worshipped the hazel. fairies danced beneath the hawthorn. ogham tablets were of yew. lady wilde styled the elder a sacred tree ; and the blackthorn, to which the irishman is said to be still devoted, was a sacred tree. trees of knowledge have been recognized east and west that of india was the kalpa. the celtic tree of life was not unlike that of carthage. the persians, assyrians, and american indians had their trees of life. one egyptian holy tree had seven branches on each side. from the sycamore, the goddess nou provided the liquor of life ; from the persea, the goddess hathor gave fruits of immortality. the date - palm was sacred to osiris six thousand years ago. the tree of life was sometimes depicted on coffins with human arms. the lotus, essentially phallic, self - produced, was an emblem of self - created deity, being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4779901527679585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.545518"} {"text": "date - palm was sacred to osiris six thousand years ago. the tree of life was sometimes depicted on coffins with human arms. the lotus, essentially phallic, self - produced, was an emblem of self - created deity, being worshipped as such at least 3000 b. c. homa was the life - tree of zoroaster. the bean was thrown on tombs as a sign of immortality. the banyan and the onion denote a new incarnation. the indian and cingalese bo or asvattha, ficus religiosa, sheltered gautama when he gained what is known as entire sanctification, or perfection. the sacred peepul is the male fig, the female being ficus indica. the fig entwines itself round the palm. the toolsi, ocymum sanctum, and the amrita are also worshipped in india ; so are the lien - wha, or nelumbium, in china ; the cypress in mexico, and the aspen in kirghizland. trees and plants were devoted to gods : as the oak, palm, and ash to jupiter ; the rose, myrtle, and poppy to venus ; the pomegranate to proserpine ; the pine - apple to cybele ; the orange to diana ; the white violet to vesta ; the daisy to alcestis ; the wild thyme to the muses ; the laurel to apollo ; the poplar to hercules ; the alder to pan ; the olive to minerva ; the fig and vine to bacchus ; the lotus to hermes. the leek of wales, like the shamrock of ireland, was an object of worship in the east, and was associated with virgo. the hortus kewensis states that it first came to britain in 1562. the mandrake or love - apple was also sacred. brinton gives a list of seven such sacred plants among the creek indians. the vervain, sacred to druids, was gathered in egypt at the rise of sirius the dogstar. from a sad, comfortless childhood giles truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. for so long they were the only meaning to his existence. but when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had. a story for the genuine booklover, penned by an irish bookseller under the pseudonym of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4695140262872539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.546422"} {"text": "what is acupuncture? practitioners use acupuncture treatment \u2013 a traditional chinese medicine \u2013 by inserting thin, sterile needles at specific points on the body to treat pain, facilitate healing and promote physical and mental well - being. acupuncture stimulates energy channels on the body \u2013 called qi \u2013 that are considered pathways for vital energy. the points where the needles are inserted correspond to these energy channels, also called meridians. the number of meridians is not precisely known \u2013 some experts claim there are 14 main channels with 2, 000 acupuncture points, while others claim up to 20 meridians. according to the 2007 national health interview survey, an estimated 3. 1 million adults and 150, 000 children in the united states used acupuncture the previous year. what should i be aware of if i undergo acupuncture? tell your whole team of health care providers \u2013 including primary care physicians \u2013 if you plan to seek acupuncture treatment or are undergoing acupuncture. this helps achieve safer, coordinated health care. the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) regulates acupuncture needles, requiring they meet certain standards, including being non - toxic, sterile, labeled for single use and used only by qualified practitioners. acupuncturists are highly regulated in the united states by the national certification commission for acupuncture and oriental medicine ( nccaom ). most patients feel no or minimal amounts of pain when the acupuncture needles are inserted. the needles are solid yet hair - thin. some report feeling energized, or relaxed, during treatment sessions. movement or a defective needle can result in pain or soreness. acupuncture treatment sessions usually last between 45 and 90 minutes. a patient may go for acupuncture treatment over the span of several weeks or more. is acupuncture safe? in general it appears to be safe. however, there are reports to the fda of serious adverse events such as pneumothorax, hepatitis, and cardiac trauma, among others. how do i find a qualified acupuncturist? ask your health care provider for referrals to qualified acupuncture practitioners. your regular, conventional medical professional may even offer acupuncture. check credentials \u2013 acupuncturists in most states need licenses to practice ; however, standards and education requirements vary by state. a license is a good indicator the acupuncture practitioner meets the state \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5118752491509491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.549824"} {"text": "even offer acupuncture. check credentials \u2013 acupuncturists in most states need licenses to practice ; however, standards and education requirements vary by state. a license is a good indicator the acupuncture practitioner meets the state \u2019 s requirements, but it does not always ensure top - quality care. check with your primary care physician whether acupuncture may help your condition \u2013 do not rely on an acupuncturist without a conventional medical license to diagnose conditions. what symptoms and conditions are typically treated by an acupuncturist? according to the national center for complementary and alternative medicine, acupuncture is used to treat many types of pain. the most commonly reported use of acupuncture is for back pain, followed by joint pain, neck pain and headache pain. research also suggests it \u2019 s effective in treating osteoarthritis, particularly knee pain. acupuncture has been studied as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions and pains \u2013 including substance withdrawal, postoperative dental pain, menstrual cramps, fibromyalgia, severe migraine pain and more \u2013 but it \u2019 s difficult to draw conclusions as to its effectiveness. due to the many different acupuncture techniques, such as electrical versus manual, and variations in the controls used in studies and measuring outcomes, further research is needed to determine effectiveness. related articles : on pins and needles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.432122792225897, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.550351"} {"text": "what is family practice? a family practitioner is a primary care doctor who provides health services to adults, children and adolescents. family practitioners have a very broad scope of practice, but are usually the patient \u2019 s first consultation before being referred to other specialists, if necessary. the family practitioner performs annual physical examinations ; ensures up - to - date immunization status ; counsels patients on healthy lifestyles ; monitors patients \u2019 blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels ; and ensures other baseline tests are within normal levels for the patient \u2019 s age and gender. when do i see a family practitioner? in the united states, about one in four visits to a doctor are to a family practice doctor. family care physicians care for the poor, indigent and underserved in the community more than any other physician specialty. when a patient is an infant or child, he or she might see a family practitioner specializing in pediatric care. when the young patient transitions from childhood to adulthood during adolescence, he or she can see a family practice doctor specializing in adolescent medicine or a regular family practitioner, also known as adult - care physician. around the ages 18 - 21, patients typically transition to an adult - care physician who is better suited to their health - care needs. what should i expect when i visit a family practitioner? a family practitioner \u2019 s scope of practice varies, but these specialists typically provide basic diagnoses and non - surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. to arrive at a diagnosis, family doctors will interview and examine the patient. this requires discussing the history of the present illness, including a review of the patient \u2019 s body systems, medication history, allergies, family history, surgical history and social history. then the physician will perform a physical examination and possibly order basic medical tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms or x - rays. ultimately, all this information is combined to arrive at a diagnosis and possible treatment. tests of a more complex and lengthy nature may be referred to a specialist together with the patient, the family practitioner forms a plan of care that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education, or follow - up treatment. patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self - care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations. what are the most common conditions family practitioners treat? shopping for a new doc decoding your health test results patient types : which one are you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49479606000671694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.552953"} {"text": "new york ( reuters health ) - teenagers who have irregular periods are more likely to be overweight and obese and to have early warning signs of diabetes and heart disease than those with regular menstrual cycles, suggests a new study. while the link between irregular periods and heart disease and diabetes is well established in older women, the new finding suggests that doctors might be able to identify this risk much earlier - - and try to do something about it. \" there may be a misconception in adolescent medicine... that ' it takes a couple of years after menarche to get the engine running ' and hence one might not want to be concerned about irregular adolescent menstrual cycles until much later, \" said dr. charles glueck, one of the study ' s authors from the cholesterol and metabolism center at the jewish hospital of cincinnati. \" that ' s clearly wrong. \" even in young teenagers, very irregular menstrual cycles are not normal, glueck told reuters health, and shouldn ' t be ignored. he and his colleagues followed 370 girls starting at age 14 as part of a larger study initiated by the national heart, lung, and blood institute. once every year, girls were asked how long it had been since their last menstrual cycle. researchers also periodically measured their levels of different sex hormones, glucose and insulin ( markers of diabetes risk ) and blood pressure. they also collected information on girls ' height, weight, and waist circumference. the authors defined irregular menstrual cycles as lasting more than 42 days - - that is, the girl ' s period begins more than 42 days after the first day of the last one - - a criterion that ' s meant to catch the 2 percent of girls with the least regular periods, glueck explained. between age 14 and 19, 269 of the girls reported regular periods at every annual visit. another 74 of them had only one report of an irregular period, 19 girls had two reports, and eight said it had been at least 42 days since their last period at three or more visits. the results, published in fertility and sterility, show that girls with the most reports of irregular periods were already heavier than others at age 14, and gained more weight and inches on their waist during the study. also at age 14, girls with more irregular periods had higher levels of testosterone - - a sex hormone associated with male characteristics. by age 25, those who hadn ' t reported an irregular period had an average body mass index, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4168575798257451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.558597"} {"text": "during the study. also at age 14, girls with more irregular periods had higher levels of testosterone - - a sex hormone associated with male characteristics. by age 25, those who hadn ' t reported an irregular period had an average body mass index, or bmi, of 26. 8 - - considered slightly overweight. in comparison, participants who had reported irregular periods at three or more appointments had an average bmi of 37. 8, indicating severe obesity. girls who reported one or two irregular periods had bmis somewhere in the middle. reports of irregular periods were also linked to higher levels of blood sugar and insulin at age 25. the authors couldn ' t be sure what was happening with girls ' menstrual cycles during the rest of each year. also, the findings do not prove that irregular periods cause girls to gain weight or are responsible for the increases in glucose and insulin levels - rather, the irregularity could be a signal of some other problem. one possibility is that the ovaries might respond to changes in metabolism - - such as increased insulin levels, said dr. alice chang, an endocrinologist at ut southwestern medical center. that would suggest some of the diabetes - related risks came before problems with ovulation. what the study results do show is that irregular menstrual cycles might be a warning that the body ' s metabolism isn ' t working as well as it should. \" these relationships which we see so clearly in adolescence and see prospectively into young adulthood are the same relationships which two to three decades later spell out in the development of cardiovascular disease, ( heart attack ), and type ii diabetes, \" glueck said. irregular periods might be a sign of polycystic ovary syndrome, or pcos - - a hormonal disorder that ' s also linked to infertility and obesity - - glueck added. catching it in adolescence means the condition can be \" very successfully treated \" - - another reason for doctors to pay attention to irregular periods early. chang, who was not involved in the new research, agreed that the implications for pcos are an important message to take from the study. \" when i see women diagnosed with pcos, they often have symptoms all throughout adolescence, but it ' s not put together for them, \" she told reuters health. \" we need to be more aggressive in adolescents about treating pcos and treating obesity. \" glueck said that girls with irregular menstrual cycles should \" raise flags \" for doctors, who can also step in with early prevention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4123111603836142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.559550"} {"text": "kroto is now one of several prestigious individuals, including the groundbreaking chemist linus pauling, who have enriched the linfield community at an oregon nobel laureate symposium. \u201c the lecture - symposium was scheduled two years ago, \u201d director of communications mardi mileham. she mentioned that kroto was selected to participate in the symposium by dr. fred ross who retired from linfield last spring. kroto is well - known for the co - discovery of the form of carbon now known as buckminsterfullerene, or, \u201c buckyballs \u201d in 1985. this molecule is a spherical arrangement of 60 carbons in a pattern that resembles the stitching on soccer balls. up until its discovery, only two stable forms of carbon, graphite and diamond, were known to exist, professor of chemistry thomas reinert said. he said this third stable form of carbon changed the way chemists thought about carbon and the bonds between atoms. chemists learned that this form of carbon occurs in the universe, naturally. \u201c it \u2019 s not just made up in a lab, \u201d reinert said. kroto discussed the importance of science and scientific education in his lecture that was interspersed with humorous remarks. kroto based his lecture on a quote that says science is the only thing we have to determine the truth to any degree of reliability. \u201c science, for me, is a way of life, \u201d kroto said. he applied his scientific philosophy to several matters such as sustainability and indoctrination. kroto stressed the importance of questioning everything and seeking evidence to support claims. he considers the acceptance of facts without evidence dangerous. kroto explained his \u201c four out of five method. \u201d he stated if you make an observation, make a hypothesis ; if four out of five observations are in line with the hypothesis, you are \u201c almost certainly right. \u201d kroto \u2019 s current project is to try to teach science globally by using the internet to share educational videos. professor of english lit david sumner commented on kroto \u2019 s scientific emphasis saying that the sciences and humanities should work hand in hand. \u201c a combination of the two is essential, \u201d he said. senior craig geffre praised kroto for his call to the researchers of natural sciences to be mindful of ethics and the outcome of their research. kroto cited atomic bombs as examples of weapons that should not be further researched. \u201c anthropologists and sociologists are careful in deliberating what the outcome of our research will be. i thought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.551246181201766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.562091"} {"text": "tree - equal tree - 1 tree - 2 & key test test - not = > generalized - boolean arguments and values : test - - - a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. test - not - - - a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. generalized - boolean - - - a generalized boolean. tree - equal tests whether two trees are of the same shape and have the same leaves. tree - equal returns true if tree - 1 and tree - 2 are both atoms and satisfy the test, or if they are both conses and the car of tree - 1 is tree - equal to the car of tree - 2 and the cdr of tree - 1 is tree - equal to the cdr of tree - 2. otherwise, tree - equal returns false. tree - equal recursively compares conses but not any other objects that have components. the first argument to the : test or : test - not function is tree - 1 or a car or cdr of tree - 1 ; the second argument is tree - 2 or a car or cdr of tree - 2. ( setq tree1 ' ( 1 ( 1 2 ) ) tree2 ' ( 1 ( 1 2 ) ) ) = > ( 1 ( 1 2 ) ) ( tree - equal tree1 tree2 ) = > true ( eql tree1 tree2 ) = > false ( setq tree1 ' ( ' a ( ' b ' c ) ) tree2 ' ( ' a ( ' b ' c ) ) ) = > ( ' a ( ' b ' c ) ) = > ( ( quote a ) ( ( quote b ) ( quote c ) ) ) ( tree - equal tree1 tree2 : test ' eq ) = > true side effects : none. affected by : none. the consequences are undefined if both tree - 1 and tree - 2 are circular. equal, section 3. 6 ( traversal rules and side effects ) the : test - not parameter is deprecated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5201906102576976, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.564526"} {"text": "jelly mould pavilions 27 march - 6 june 2010 ' jelly mould pavilions ' is a quirky yet thought provoking exhibition by artist lubaina himid. the exhibition explores the challenges of commemorating the ongoing contribution of the people of the african diaspora to the history, culture and fabric of liverpool. ' jelly mould pavilions ' features 30 hand - painted victorian ceramic jelly moulds and 14 prints. the illustrations on the jelly moulds are inspired by influential black figures such as martin luther king, william still and dred scott, all strong and unique figures in the civil rights movement. lubaina ' s inspiration also comes from brightly coloured textile patterns from all over the african continent. although these jelly mould monuments may never be built, their purpose is to encourage visitors to ask questions about the city ' s history, how we can celebrate and commemorate the black community or whether we do this already. lubaina chose victorian jelly moulds as they symbolise the african diaspora ' s link to the sugar industry that used slaves. the jelly moulds are a device to encourage visitors to talk about enslavement, commerce and pleasure. jelly mould interventions! as well as the main exhibition at sudley house there will be jelly mould interventions in the following venues : you can see all the venues on the map below. select a blue pin to find out about each location. you can view a larger version of the map here. more about the artist for more information about lubaina ' s practice including forthcoming and major projects, recent exhibitions, works in collections and key note speeches, visit her website. ' making histories visible ' is an interdisciplinary visual art research project based led by lubaina himid with support from susan walsh. find out more on the making histories visible website. more in depth information about the themes surrounding jelly mould pavilions can be found on lubaina ' s jelly mould pavilions website. this exhibition is part of ' liverpool and the black atlantic ', a series of city - wide exhibitions and events that explore connections between cultures and continents.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45001453191872554, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.567049"} {"text": "did a comet really chill and kill clovis culture? a 130 - foot - meteor created the mile - wide meteor crater in arizona. the comet proposed to have impacted life in north america was significantly larger, but no crater indicating its collision has been found. credit : dan durda a comet crashing into the earth some 13, 000 years ago was thought to have spelled doom to a group of early north american people, and possibly the extinction of ice age beasts in the region. but the space rock was wrongly accused, according to a group of 16 scientists in fields ranging from archaeology to crystallography to physics, who have offered counterevidence to the existence of such a collision. \" despite more than four years of trying by many qualified researchers, no unambiguous evidence has been found [ of such an event ], \" mark boslough, a physicist at sandia national laboratories in new mexico, told livescience. \" that lack of evidence is therefore evidence of absence. \" almost 13, 000 years ago, a prehistoric paleo - indian group known as the clovis culture suffered its demise at the same time the region underwent significant climate cooling known as the younger dryas. animals such as ground sloths, camels and mammoths were wiped out in north america around the same period. [ wipe out : the 10 most mysterious extinctions ] in 2007, a team of scientists led by richard firestone of the lawrence berkeley national laboratory in california suggested these changes were the result of a collision or explosion of an enormous comet or asteroid, pointing to a carbon - rich black layer at a number of sites across north america. the theory has remained controversial, with no sign of a crater that would have resulted from such an impact. \" if a four - kilometer [ 2. 5 - mile ] comet had broken up over north america only 12. 9 thousand years ago, it is certain that it would have left an unambiguous impact crater or craters, as well as unambiguous shocked materials, \" boslough said. boslough, who has spent decades studying the effects of comet and asteroid collisions, was part of a team that predicted the visibility of plumes from the impact of the 1994 shoemaker - levy 9 comet with jupiter. \" comet impacts may be low enough in density not to leave craters, \" firestone told livescience by email. he also points to independent research by william napier at the university of cardiff in the united kingdom that indicates such explosions could have come from a debris trail created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41581077413862255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.574984"} {"text": "be low enough in density not to leave craters, \" firestone told livescience by email. he also points to independent research by william napier at the university of cardiff in the united kingdom that indicates such explosions could have come from a debris trail created by comet encke, which also would not have left a crater. a large rock plunging into the earth ' s atmosphere may detonate in the air without coming into contact with the ground. such an explosion occurred in siberia in the early 20th century ; the explosive energy of the so - called tunguska event was more than 1, 000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima. \" no crater was formed at tunguska, or the recent russian impact, \" firestone said. but boslough said this math doesn ' t add up. the object responsible for the tunguska event was very small, about 130 to 160 feet ( 40 to 50 meters ) wide, while the recent explosion over russia was smaller, about 56 feet ( 17 meters ). the proposed north american space rock linked with the clovis demise is estimated to have been closer to 2. 5 miles ( 4 kilometers ) across. \" the physics doesn ' t support the idea of something that big exploding in the air, \" he said, noting that the original research team doesn ' t provide any explanation or models for how such a breakup might occur. [ the 10 greatest explosions ever ] if such a large object crashed into the earth, the resulting crater would be too large to miss, particularly when it was only a few thousand years old, boslough said. he pointed to meteor crater in arizona, which is three times as old and formed by an object \" a million times smaller in terms of explosive energy. \" \" meteor crater is an unambiguous impact crater with unambiguous shocked minerals, \" boslough said. if a 2. 5 - mile comet had broken into pieces, it could have made a million meteor craters, he added. firestone argued that water or ice could have absorbed the impact, possibly leaving behind no crater. boslough disagreed. even if the comet had plunged into the ice sheet covering much of north america, the crater formed beneath it would still be sizable. \" we wouldn ' t be able to miss that right now \u2014 it would be obvious, \" boslough said. the arguments and evidence against the impact were published in the december 2012 american geophysical union monograph. \" extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence \" powerful impacts are boslough ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4791969985492012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.576098"} {"text": "miss that right now \u2014 it would be obvious, \" boslough said. the arguments and evidence against the impact were published in the december 2012 american geophysical union monograph. \" extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence \" powerful impacts are boslough ' s field, but the other 15 scientists working on the paper offered up other sources of counterevidence for the existence of a collision. \" we all independently came to the conclusion that the evidence doesn ' t support a younger dryas impact, \" boslough said. [ asteroid basics : a space rock quiz ] \" we all came to this based on our own very narrow piece of the puzzle. \" for instance, the initial team studying the event announced the discovery of a carbon - rich black layer, colloquially known as a \" black mat, \" at a number of sites in north america. containing charcoal, soot and nanodiamonds, such material could be formed by a violent collision. but this isn ' t the only possible source. \" the things they call impact markers are not necessarily indicators of high - pressure shocks, \" boslough said. \" there are other processes that potentially could have formed them. \" speaking of the black mat found in central mexico, firestone said, \" boslough is correct that there are other black mats, but these are dated to 12, 900 years ago at the time of impact. \" he points to independent research published this fall that located hundreds to thousands of samples. however, radiocarbon dating of one of the sites in gainey, mich., suggested its samples were contaminated. melted rock formations and microscopic diamonds found in a lake in central mexico last year were also suggested as evidence for the collision, but boslough ' s team disagrees with the age of the sediment layer in the region. boslough said the standard for indicating a strong shock occurred is pretty high in the impact community, and the findings by the original team don ' t meet them. nor do they offer up any physical models that propose how an impact or airburst would have occurred \u2014 and the ones boslough has run just don ' t pan out. \" it ' s really a stretch to claim that there was this large impact event with no crater and no unambiguous shock material, because large impacts are such rare events, \" boslough said. \" when somebody is making a claim that something extraordinary happened, something out of the ordinary and with a very low probability, and they have ambiguous evidence, then the default is that it didn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4490055155855862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.577063"} {"text": "livescribe for blind or visually impaired students02 / 22 / 12 limited access to graphical materials is a problem for many blind or visually impaired students. with the livescribe smartpen, creation of these resources is low - cost, portable, and easy to execute. students and teachers can create tactile diagrams, maps, or study guides in or outside of the classroom. the smartpen provides raised - line figures with audio information about the diagram elements by tracking the page position and sound recording. this type of technology allows students to have access to all types of materials. by adding braille characters to their livescribe notebook page, students can read along with their hands while having a full audio description when needed. the smartpen includes all the hardware and software necessary to allow audio playback and tactile graphics can be created by using a raised - line drawing kit or an aph \u201c tong \u201d tool. livescribe sound stickers can also add audio to existing materials. for blind or visually impaired students, understanding graphs or visuals can be difficult if not impossible. the livescribe smartpen aims to help make graphics more accessible for the blind and visually impaired. do you know a blind or visually impaired student using the livescribe smartpen? share your story with us below!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46379128428374206, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.578388"} {"text": "according to a research team at the city college of new york ( ccny ), tobacco dependence has a firmer grip on those who are poor or uneducated, making it harder for them to stay off cigarettes. smokers who had participated in a statewide smoking cessation program in arkansas were tracked following the program by researchers from ccny ' s sophie davis school of biomedical education. the participants came from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, and while both rich and poor groups were able to successfully quit at roughly the same rate, the poorer an individual was, the harder it was for that person to overcome cravings and ultimately remain tobacco free. within three months of completing treatment, the poorest participants were 55 percent more likely than the richest to begin smoking again ; at six months, that number jumped to 250 percent. nationwide, americans from households making less than $ 15, 000 a year smoke three times more often than those making $ 50, 000 a year or more. several hypotheses have been offered to explain the wide disparity. smoking provides stress relief in times of hardship, and those of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to experience hardship, facing discrimination, job insecurity, and financial troubles. in addition, lower - paying jobs are less likely to offer the protection of local, state, and federal smoke - free laws. this means that even if a person successfully quits, he will find himself surrounded by smokers at work every day. it is important to included these considerations when developing treatment programs, says the team from ccny. treatment focused on the needs of the middle class will necessarily require revision to fit lower economic status individuals. suggestions include custom programs, but the ccny team says that \" booster sessions \" after the main sessions are over may improve outcomes. it ' s hard to predict what stresses might drive someone back to cigarettes several months down the road, so it ' s important to continuing offering resources to those who will need them the most. source : city college of new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44288879169975415, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.580522"} {"text": "wisdom from the grammar goddess : rhetorical commentsby diane sandford, published on july 26, 2004 few people realize how badly they write. \u2014 william zinsser, on writing well, 5th ed. ( harper, 1994 ), pag people do not write well because they do not think well. they do not think well because they do not put in the effort. \u2014 e. kim nebeuts. faults of literary style are often faults of character. \u2014 anonymous. the final quotation above may seem curious. how can literary style be equated with morals or character? writers with little substance to place on paper will occasionally try to expand their thoughts with an abundance of flowery vocabulary. it \u2019 s easy to spot writers who dabble in puffery : they pepper their writing with adjectives like very, extremely, much, etc. ; and they embroider their ideas with jargon, unnecessary phrases, pretentious language, and cliches ( ugh! ). they focus their analysis on some small point, and write as if its significance has hitherto been unappreciated. we all do this to some extent. but when we find ourselves falling into these traps, we need to get out. so my first rule of rhetoric is to be honest in your writing : get to the point, don \u2019 t exaggerate, and be accurate. by the way, do you suppose some morally corrupt people may be honest writers, but that some saintly people may tend to puff up their writing? alas, human character is complicated. anyway, here are some of the rules of rhetoric that live in my brain. 1. write honestly. what goes around, comes around. most of our sins catch up with us before we die. 2. proofread, revise, and proofread once again. my father once told me that thinking was the most painful activity in the world. for some reason, most human brains prefer to do no more than superficial thinking unless survival is involved. proofreading and revision, the lowest forms of literary thinking, are chores we all want to avoid. nevertheless, proofreading and revision are keys to improving. here is a striking example of what revision can do : a. in the last sentence of the gettysburg address there is a rallying cry for the continuation of the struggle. b. in the last sentence of the gettysburg address, lincoln rallied his audience to continue the struggle against the south. \u2014 from style : toward clarity and grace, by joseph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44530000431005134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.586781"} {"text": "the gettysburg address there is a rallying cry for the continuation of the struggle. b. in the last sentence of the gettysburg address, lincoln rallied his audience to continue the struggle against the south. \u2014 from style : toward clarity and grace, by joseph m. williams ( the university of chicago press, 1990 ), page 28. what intellectual process took place that transformed sentence a into the more powerful sentence b? the answer is that the author examined each sentence in the essay and asked the hard questions : what am i trying to say? can i say this more explicitly? is this even true? a puffed - up writer will fall under the weight of his own bad habits and lack of experience in revising. it is sad but true : inflated writing is the result of laziness, deception, poor attitude, and stupidity. puff is not a magic dragon. 3. avoid affectations and fancy words. for example : the second statement follows mutatis mutandis from the first. the phrase mutatis mutandis ( = \" with corresponding changes \" ) is, indeed, an impressive phrase, but it is also baffling to most readers. avoid fanciful and pretentious vocabulary. the following extract from an autobiography of the french mathematician andre weil illustrates just how bad affective writing can be : my life, or at least what deserves this name \u2014 a singularly happy life, its diverse vicissitudes withal \u2014 is bounded by my birth on may 6, 1906, and the death on may 24, 1986, of my wife and companion. it may be argued that clever phrasing and curious words make reading more interesting, and to deny an author their use limits his tools and leads to mundane writing. this is the argument of a novice who confuses poetry and song lyrics with formal prose. both of the previous examples are demonstrations of bad communication, because the words distract from the ideas. writers who choose words and phrases like this are treating writing as an art form much like dancing \u2014 as an end unto itself \u2014 rather than as a tool to express ideas. samuel johnson once recalled the following remark from a college tutor : \u201c read over your compositions, and wherever you meet with a passage that you think is particularly fine, strike it out. \" this, i think, is one of the great pieces of advice for beginners. whenever a reader begins to notice the writing instead of the ideas carried by the writing, then the reader is being distracted. 4. stick with the action, not the abstraction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506657680317278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.587819"} {"text": "i think, is one of the great pieces of advice for beginners. whenever a reader begins to notice the writing instead of the ideas carried by the writing, then the reader is being distracted. 4. stick with the action, not the abstraction. maybe this will help : after writing each sentence, imagine your boss, red - faced and screaming : \u201c what are you talking about? i can \u2019 t understand you! get to the point! \u201d minimize, and be concise. your writing, like mine, is of interest only for the facts it brings the reader. even most of those who dedicate their lives to the craft of writing don \u2019 t write particularly well. bear in mind that your perspectives are rarely interesting to anyone else. ( a striking exception, of course, is this article. ) 5. use passive constructions consciously. here is the classic example of the passive voice : the ball was hit by the boy. this is fine if the ball is more important than the boy. if not, then change it : the boy hit the ball. the main objection to the passive is that it takes slightly more effort to parse. notice that ball comes before boy in the passive construction above. in a long sentence, such juxtaposition may force the passive voice. in technical and scholarly writing, the passive is often needed to place emphasis on a process, rather than on an observer or on the initiator of a process. occasionally, the passive construction does work better than the active \u2014 e. g., the book was suppressed by its own author. when you use the passive, be aware of it, and know why. a similar problem occurs with abstract verbs. the verbs lift, drop, smash, sever, destroy, for example, create mental images. the be verbs ( be, been, being, am, is, are, was, were ) are more abstract and require more effort to understand. consider these two sentences : original : a need exists for greater candidate selection efficiency. revised : we need to select candidates more efficiently. \u2014 from style : style : toward clarity and grace, by joseph m. williams, page 30. the second sentence is simple, concise, and easy to comprehend. this is generally not a problem with short sentences, but readers tire quickly when abstract verbs are used too often in complex sentences. 6. use coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet ) to join parallel structures. for example : success comes from suffering through depression and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47290332723446005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.589983"} {"text": "tire quickly when abstract verbs are used too often in complex sentences. 6. use coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet ) to join parallel structures. for example : success comes from suffering through depression and insecurity. this should be corrected to read : success comes from suffering through depression and through insecurity. lack of parallelism is a red flag that jars many readers. if only we had grammar police. keep in mind that an intelligent reader is usually an unforgiving reader. 7. state your strongest arguments first. do you think this is obvious? aristotle taught the opposite. he also has been proven wrong through scientific tests of reading retention, but perhaps aristotle was referring to oral debates or to the power of immediate persuasion. some readers tune out early, so it \u2019 s important to capture their attention quickly. 8. think. on occasion, an author is hard pressed to determine which interpretation of a sentence he or she originally intended. this occurs when writers splash words onto paper with little thought \u2014 i. e., they write before they think. writers must constantly ask : what am i trying to say? surprisingly, often they don \u2019 t know. \u2014 william zinsser, on writing well, 5th ed. ( harper, 1994 ), page 12. these rules are no more \u2014 and are often considerably less \u2014 than guideposts to non - distracting communication. when followed, they do not guarantee intelligibility ; when applied, they do not confer the attribute \" fine writing. \" even \u201c acceptable \u201d writing comes at the price of inordinate effort. nothing is simple. this month \u2019 s recommended resource is style : toward clarity and grace ( university of chicago press, 1990 ; reprinted in 1995 ), by joseph m. williams. the book is a bit dry, but its ultimate value repays the effort. gleaning insight is never easy. do you have a grammar question? comments? suggestions? please let me know.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5212510902032224, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.590815"} {"text": "- nietzsche on tragedy by m. s. silk and j. p. stern cambridge, 441 pp, \u00a327. 50, march 1981, isbn 0 521 23262 7 - nietzsche : a critical life by ronald hayman weidenfeld, 424 pp, \u00a318. 50, march 1980, isbn 0 297 77636 3 - nietzsche. vol. 1 : the will to power as art by martin heidegger, translated by david farrell krell routledge, 263 pp, \u00a311. 50, march 1981, isbn 0 7100 0744 2 nietzsche \u2019 s first book, the birth of tragedy, was published in 1872, when he was 27, and while he was a professor of classics at basel. it had the unusual effect, for him, of attracting some attention at the time of its appearance : after that, nietzsche \u2019 s writings virtually ceased to be noticed until the 1890s, by which time he was, for the last 11 years of his life, insane, virtually without speech, and out of touch with the world. nietzsche said to his sister that this book was a \u2018 centaur \u2019, a description which emphasises its oddness, underestimates its beauty, and misleads about the number of its components, since it is a blend not only of scholarship and literary prose, but of philosophy and assertive aesthetic judgment. it makes some historical claims in answer to an old question, the origin of tragedy among the greeks ; more importantly, it tries to characterise the nature of the greek view of the world, how that is expressed in greek tragedy, and what significance both that view and those plays can now have. according to nietzsche, two contrasting spirits stand over greek, and over all genuine, art \u2013 apollo and dionysus. apollo represents order, civilisation and the determinate image ; dionysus represents nature, fertility, rapture, and the dissolution of individuation into collective expression. greek tragedy was a highly stylised and formal art which arose nevertheless from the cult of dionysus, and at its highest, in nietzsche \u2019 s view, it represents a peculiar moment at which the forces of apollo and dionysus were balanced \u2013 a balance which expresses a heroic understanding and acceptance of the destructive horror of things, a \u2018 pessimism of strength \u2019. these elements, the dionysiac and the apollonian ( a term surely preferable to silk and stern \u2019 s \u2018 apolline \u2019 ), by no means merely represent, as they are often taken to do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4697219293578714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.594134"} {"text": "pessimism of strength \u2019. these elements, the dionysiac and the apollonian ( a term surely preferable to silk and stern \u2019 s \u2018 apolline \u2019 ), by no means merely represent, as they are often taken to do, a dichotomy of passion and reason, or of emotion and form. the basic element of the dionysiac is indeed rausch \u2013 \u2018 rapture \u2019 in krell \u2019 s translation of heidegger, \u2018 ecstasy \u2019 in silk and stern \u2013 but the corresponding idea of the apollonian is dream, and the order which classical art can set upon things itself has roots in a realm of illusion. the balance between these forces, and the consciousness which the tragic outlook involves, of the unity of destructive and creative forces, was embodied only in the earlier period of the greek classical age \u2013 above all, in the tragedians aeschylus and sophocles. of these, nietzsche tends to emphasise aeschylus, who was indeed the earlier, but ( as silk and stern point out ) it is certainly sophocles who most clearly and unpityingly embodies what nietzsche had in mind. the third great tragedian, euripides, destroyed tragedy, according to nietzsche, or rather helped it to destroy itself, in association with the spirit of socrates, that spirit of \u2018 alexandrian optimism \u2019 which trusted in reason to make the most basic questions of living into matters of discursive knowledge. that same rationalistic optimism led inevitably to a depreciation of art, including plato \u2019 s celebrated rejection of it. the platonic consciousness, and the later forms of moralism which in various ways nietzsche assimilated to it, could not stand the power of tragedy, nor the metaphysical conclusion which, in the birth of tragedy, nietzsche saw as implicit in tragedy : that \u2018 only as an aesthetic phenomenon can existence and the world be eternally justified. \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49947085866388663, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.594813"} {"text": "umesh deshmukh, phd university of virginia, charlottesville, va approximately one - third of people with lupus develop nephritis, a complication that can cause kidney failure and sometimes requires chronic dialysis or transplantation. most research suggests that antibodies in the kidney play a role in the development of kidney failure in lupus, but exactly how this occurs is unclear. \u201c it starts with antibodies, there ' s no doubt about it, \u201d dr. deshmukh says. \u201c but antibody alone is not sufficient, you have to have t cells going into the kidney, \u201d he says. t cells regulate immune responses in lupus. using carefully selected mouse models, deshmukh and colleagues investigated whether it is antibodies alone that form the basis for kidney disease in lupus as well as where, when, and how t cells come into play. through the course of their research, dr. deshmukh and colleagues not only gathered substantial evidence to support their original hypothesis, but went on to work on a new mouse model of lupus in which they can test new approaches to target drugs to the kidney ( immunoliposomes ). their findings \u201c change the perceived role of autoantibodies in the disease \u201d he says. \u201c if we find antibodies in the kidney, we jump to the conclusion that it ' s lupus nephritis, but our study will show that you can have antibodies in kidney and still be healthy because the damage starts with t cells. \u201d and while not included in the current grant, dr. deshmukh and colleagues have already started looking at drugs that can prevent t - cell mediated damage of the kidneys. with a co - investigator, dr. deshmukh now has funding to explore the development of targeted drug delivery system using immunoliposome nanoparticles. genetic complementation results in augmented autoantibody responses to lupus - associated antigens. sim dl, bagavant h, scindia ym, ge y, gaskin f, fu sm, deshmukh us. j immunol. 2009 sep 1 ; 183 ( 5 ) : 3505 - 11 smd peptide induces better antibody responses to other proteins within the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex than to smd protein via intermolecular epitope spreading. deshmukh us, bagavant h, sim d, pidiyar v, fu sm. j. immunol. 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49003955464385784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.598292"} {"text": "##ucleoprotein complex than to smd protein via intermolecular epitope spreading. deshmukh us, bagavant h, sim d, pidiyar v, fu sm. j. immunol. 2007 feb 15 ; 178 ( 4 ) : 2565 - 71 role for nephritogenic t cells in lupus glomerulonephritis : progression to renal failure is accompanied by t cell activation and expansion in regional lymph nodes. bagavant h, deshmukh us, wang h, ly t, fu sm. j. immunol. 2006 dec 1 ; 177 ( 11 ) : 8258 - 65. new insights from murine lupus : disassociation of autoimmunity and end organ damage and the role of t cells. bagavant, h. and fu, s. m. deshmukh, u. s, bagavant, h., lewis, j., gaskin, f., fu, s. m. curr. opin. rheumatol 2005 17 : 523 - 528. role of anti - dna antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. deshmukh us, bagavant h, fu sm. autoimmun rev. 2006 jul ; 5 ( 6 ) : 414 - 8. epub 2005 dec 7. in 2006, dr. deshmukh won a $ 1. 65 million nih grant continue this work, and in 2009 received a two - year alliance for lupus research ( alr ) award of $ 499, 780 to futher explore \u2018 modulating renal responses : a novel therapeutic approach to lupus nephritis \u201d ( as co - investigator ). rev. july 2010 on the go? text info to 50555 and opt - in to receive breaking news about lupus on your mobile phone. message and data rates may apply. text stop to 50555 to stop. text help to 50555 for help. full terms - b cells - cardiovascular system - cell signaling - central nervous system - dendritic cells - environmental triggers - gender matters - general immune system function - human lupus biology - lupus pregnancy - new to lupus - new treatments - t cells - target identification - why the lupus immune system reacts to its own dna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5308624719976579, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.599150"} {"text": "click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word a light meal will be served during the flight. all dishes are served with a salad. a complimentary afternoon tea is served to all guests. dinner is served between 7 and 10 pm. the waiter served them both with salmon poached in white wine. carolyn served them tea and cake in the garden. the cheese is best served at room temperature. he served more than 20 years in the army. frank has served this company his whole working life. mr russell served as president of the association for fifteen years. henry served on numerous committees and commissions. i met my wife, rachel, while serving in the royal navy. sylvie served her apprenticeship with a top paris designer. their spare room also serves as an office. the decision should serve as a warning to companies that pollute the environment. his death serves to remind us just how dangerous using drugs can be. that ' s a stupid rule. what purpose is it supposed to serve? they voted for a chairman who might better serve their interests. his ability to get on with people served him well in setting up his own business. this is the british english definition of serve. view american english definition of serve. mixed together in a way that is not planned, organized, or tidy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5808361924934056, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.600442"} {"text": "freebsd man pages : readlink ( 2 ) readlink ( 2 ) freebsd system calls manual readlink ( 2 ) readlink - read value of a symbolic link standard c library ( libc, - lc ) readlink ( const char * path, char * buf, int bufsiz ) ; readlink ( ) places the contents of the symbolic link path in the buffer buf, which has size bufsiz. the readlink ( ) function does not append a nul character to buf. the call returns the count of characters placed in the buffer if it suc - ceeds, or a - 1 if an error occurs, placing the error code in the global readlink ( ) will fail if : [ enotdir ] a component of the path prefix is not a directory. [ enametoolong ] a component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire path name exceeded 1023 characters. [ enoent ] the named file does not exist. [ eacces ] search permission is denied for a component of the [ eloop ] too many symbolic links were encountered in translat - ing the pathname. [ einval ] the named file is not a symbolic link. [ eio ] an i / o error occurred while reading from the file sys - [ efault ] buf extends outside the process ' s allocated address lstat ( 2 ), stat ( 2 ), symlink ( 2 ), symlink ( 7 ) the readlink ( ) function call appeared in 4. 2bsd. freebsd 4. 8 june 4, 1993 freebsd 4. 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49069172699158903, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.601891"} {"text": "carl friedrich gauss ( 1777 - 1855 ) is considered to be the greatest german mathematician of the nineteenth century. his discoveries and writings influenced and left a lasting mark in the areas of number theory, astronomy, geodesy, and physics, particularly the study of electromagnetism. gauss was born in brunswick, germany, on april 30, 1777, to poor, working - class parents. his father labored as a gardner and brick - layer and was regarded as an upright, honest man. however, he was a harsh parent who discouraged his young son from attending school, with expectations that he would follow one of the family trades. luckily, gauss ' mother and uncle, friedrich, recognized carl ' s genius early on and knew that he must develop this gifted intelligence with education. while in arithmetic class, at the age of ten, gauss exhibited his skills as a math prodigy when the stern schoolmaster gave the following assignment : \" write down all the whole numbers from 1 to 100 and add up their sum. \" when each student finished, he was to bring his slate forward and place it on the schoolmaster ' s desk, one on top of the other. the teacher expected the beginner ' s class to take a good while to finish this exercise. but in a few seconds, to his teacher ' s surprise, carl proceeded to the front of the room and placed his slate on the desk. much later the other students handed in their slates. at the end of the classtime, the results were examined, with most of them wrong. but when the schoolmaster looked at carl ' s slate, he was astounded to see only one number : 5, 050. carl then had to explain to his teacher that he found the result because he could see that, 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, so that he could find 50 pairs of numbers that each add up to 101. thus, 50 times 101 will equal 5, 050. at the age of fourteen, gauss was able to continue his education with the help of carl wilhelm ferdinand, duke of brunswick. after meeting gauss, the duke was so impressed by the gifted student with the photographic memory that he pledged his financial support to help him continue his studies at caroline college. at the end of his college years, gauss made a tremendous discovery that, up to this time, mathematicians had believed was impossible. he found that a regular polygon with 17 sides could be drawn using just a compass and straight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5249639801477779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.606259"} {"text": "at caroline college. at the end of his college years, gauss made a tremendous discovery that, up to this time, mathematicians had believed was impossible. he found that a regular polygon with 17 sides could be drawn using just a compass and straight edge. gauss was so happy about and proud of his discovery that he gave up his intention to study languages and turned to mathematics. duke ferdinand continued to financially support his young friend as gauss pursued his studies at the university of gottingen. while there he submitted a proof that every algebraic equation has at least one root or solution. this theorem had challenged mathematicians for centuries and is called \" the fundamental theorem of algebra \". gauss ' next discovery was in a totally different area of mathematics. in 1801, astronomers had discovered what they thought was a planet, which they named ceres. they eventually lost sight of ceres but their observations were communicated to gauss. he then calculated its exact position, so that it was easily rediscovered. he also worked on a new method for determining the orbits of new asteroids. eventually these discoveries led to gauss ' appointment as professor of mathematics and director of the observatory at gottingen, where he remained in his official position until his death on february 23, 1855. carl friedrich gauss, though he devoted his life to mathematics, kept his ideas, problems, and solutions in private diaries. he refused to publish theories that were not finished and perfect. still, he is considered, along with archimedes and newton, to be one of the three greatest mathematicians who ever lived. | contributed by karolee weller | | permission was requested by michael sirola in tampere, finland to translate this biography into finnish for his blog. to read the finnish translation goto http : / / www. designcontest. com / show / twsu - math - fi |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301137697182906, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.607058"} {"text": "in the medical realm and other areas ( e. g., automotive, networking ), architects often ask themselves at the time a new product has to be designed if they can afford application - specific integrated circuits ( asics ). in past years, a lot has been published about the pros and con of using asics. these reports always speak about power consumption, size, and capabilities, but in the end there is a prohibitive factor : the price. in the past year, the price of masks has increased considerably, and it is expected to increase even more. prices above $ 5 million for masks are not so uncommon anymore. who can actually afford such costs!? this problem can be more acute for some high - performance, demanding applications such as medical imaging. in such applications we need to have significant processing capabilities and good power consumption performances \u2026 sure, a well - designed asic would work wonders here. for an oem, a dream come true would be to convince a semiconductor company to take an asic, pack it with some arm and / or other cores and add some peripheries ( e. g., lvds, usb ) and produce a chip. that sounds good in theory, but in practice it is not so easy. semiconductor companies are reluctant to produce chips that can be sold only to one customer, except in cases where the money is right. in the consumer market the sales volume is significant, but in a medical environment the number of sold parts is small so there has to be a special deal between the oem and the semiconductor company. one can imagine that only a big enough oem can afford to consider such a direction. for example, if we would produce at this moment a vscan - ( ge ) or p10 - ( siemens ) like device ( small, handheld ultrasound scanners ) with a mask cost of $ 5 million, we would have to sell around 600 such devices for the amortization of only the mask cost. one has to sell 5000 \u2013 6000 such devices to obtain a decent margin. these cost problems will be reflected ultimately in the cost of care, in the amount of money each of us is contributing to the system. so, what is the solution to this cost problem? one solution would be to use off - the - shelf hardware that is widely used in other applications. sure, nothing can be more power efficient than a well - designed asic, but the price tag attached is a little prohibitive. since i am more or less active in the medical imaging area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4786357796843276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.610575"} {"text": "- shelf hardware that is widely used in other applications. sure, nothing can be more power efficient than a well - designed asic, but the price tag attached is a little prohibitive. since i am more or less active in the medical imaging area, let ' s see what off - the - shelf hardware we can use there. for the signal processing part : for the display and user interface part : gpus nowadays are very sophisticated and powerful, and it is definitely worth it to consider them for some bigger sized devices. fpgas and dsps are common solutions for signal processing applications, and the figure 1 summarizes the capabilities and costs of each ( in a medical ultrasound application ). figure 1. the capabilities and costs of fpgas and dsps. atom and arm cores are proven architectures in the consumer area, so it is only natural to be present in the selection of display and interface section. power architecture \u2013 based devices are used more in the networking domain, and as such, they might be a little off limits due to possible on - chip accelerators, lack of connectivity, etc. regarding the off - the - shelf asics, samplify systems, for instance, designs frontends for the medical ultrasound. the user has some degree of freedom to bring some of his ip inside, but not much. because the frontend characteristics are practically the parts that will determine in the end the image quality, this is a sensitive area. it is very difficult to sell such a product to many oems because there will be no real differentiation between products and because many of the oems already have patented and tested solutions of their own. in my next posts i will speak about some of the off the shelf hardware available nowadays, and we can debate the suitablily of these architecutres. robert krutsch is a dsp software engineer at freescale semiconductor. he received a bachelors degree specializing in automatics and computer science from the polytechnic university of timisoara, a bachelors degree from the automation institute at the university of bremen, and a doctorate degree in automatic control from polytechnic university of bucharest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5020069454245712, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.611386"} {"text": "the lacrimal or tear gland, located at the top outer edge of the eye, produces the watery portion of tears. the nasolacrimal duct system allows tears to drain from each eye into the nose. disorders of these structures can lead to either eyes that water excessively or dry eyes. they may be congenital ( present at birth ) or caused by infection, foreign objects in the eye, or trauma. disorders of the nasal cavity and tear ducts are not as common in cats as they are in dogs. however, a few disorders occasionally are seen in this species. blockage of the nasal duct ( epiphora ) occasionally cats will experience a chronic overflow of tears due to an obstruction of the nasal duct called epiphora. this is more common in persian and himalayan breeds. in most cases, there is no reason for concern when this occurs, as it does not lead to any medical problems. however, if appearance is an issue, the condition can be corrected surgically. inflammation of the tear sac ( dacryocystitis ) inflammation of the tear sac is rare in cats. it is usually caused by obstruction of the tear sac and the attached nasolacrimal tear duct by inflammatory debris, foreign objects, or masses pressing on the duct. it results in watering eyes, conjunctivitis that is resistant to treatment, and occasionally a draining opening in the middle of the lower eyelid. if your veterinarian suspects an obstruction of the duct, he or she may attempt to unblock it by flushing it with sterile water or a saline solution. x \u2011 rays of the skull after injection of a dye into the duct may be necessary to determine the site, cause, and outlook of longterm obstructions. the usual therapy consists of keeping the duct unblocked and using eyedrops containing antibiotics. when the tear duct has been irreversibly damaged, surgery may be necessary to create a new drainage pathway to empty tears into the nasal cavity, sinus, or mouth. dry eye ( keratoconjunctivitis sicca ) the condition known as dry eye results from inadequate tear production. it often causes persistent mucus and pus - filled conjunctivitis and slow - healing sores ( ulcers ) and scarring on the cornea. dry eye is not common in cats but has been associated with longterm feline herpesvirus - 1 infections. topical therapy consists of artificial tear solutions, ointments, and, if there are no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43565521705083676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.613842"} {"text": "adam health illustrated encyclopedia multimedia - testsearch health information creatine phosphokinase test creatine phosphokinase ( cpk ) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. this article discusses the test to measure the amount of cpk in the blood. cpk test ; creatine kinase ; ck test how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. this may be taken from a vein. the procedure is called a venipuncture. this test may be repeated over 2 or 3 days for if you are a patient in the hospital. how to prepare for the test usually, no special preparation is necessary. tell your doctor about any medications you are taking. drugs that can increase cpk measurements include amphotericin b, certain anesthetics, statins, fibrates, dexamethasone, alcohol, and cocaine. how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed when the total cpk level is very high, it usually means there has been injury or stress to muscle tissue, the heart, or the brain. muscle tissue injury is most likely. when a muscle is damaged, cpk leaks into the bloodstream. determining which specific form of cpk is high helps doctors determine which tissue has been damaged. this test may be used to : - diagnose heart attack - evaluate cause of chest pain - determine if or how badly a muscle is damaged - detect dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and other muscle diseases - tell the difference between malignant hyperthermia and postoperative infection the pattern and timing of a rise or fall in cpk levels can be diagnostically significant, particularly if a heart attack is suspected. except in unusual cases, other tests are used to diagnose a heart attack. total cpk normal values : - 10 - 120 micrograms per liter ( mcg / l ) normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. some labs use different measurements or test different samples. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. what abnormal results mean high cpk levels may be seen in patients who have : - brain injury or stroke - delirium tremens - dermatomyositis or polymyositis - electric shock - heart attack - inflammation of the heart muscle ( myocarditis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48572336311545744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.617223"} {"text": "##k levels may be seen in patients who have : - brain injury or stroke - delirium tremens - dermatomyositis or polymyositis - electric shock - heart attack - inflammation of the heart muscle ( myocarditis ) - lung tissue death ( pulmonary infarction ) - muscular dystrophies additional conditions may give positive test results : what the risks are there is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : - excessive bleeding - fainting or feeling light - headed - hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin ) - infection ( a slight risk any time the skin is broken ) other tests should be done to determine the exact location of muscle damage. factors that may affect test results include cardiac catheterization, intramuscular injections, trauma to muscles, recent surgery, and heavy exercise. anderson jl. st segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 73. chinnery pf. muscle diseases. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 429. reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4423410864163127, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.617917"} {"text": "watch a video to find out. stay logged in go to navigation go to content go to search back to browse highlights doorway from abbey of notre - dame at nevers seated virgin and child browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. this artwork is currently on display in gallery 001 according to tradition, the monastery of moutiers - saint - jean was founded by the first christian kings of france, clovis i and his son clothar i. they are almost certainly depicted in the standing figures presenting their charters, now installed in the embrasures on either side of the portal. the small seated figures in the flanking niches represent biblical personages believed to prefigure or foretell christ ' s crucifixion. the tympanum above the doorway depicts christ crowning the virgin as the queen of heaven. this portal, probably from the north aisle of the cloister, would have led from the monastic precinct into the abbey church. the portal suffered severe damage during the sixteenth - century wars of religion ; the heads of the two kings may have been repaired in the seventeenth century. from the abbey of moutiers - saint - jean, near dijon, francemlle. cambillarc, moutiers - st. - jean, france ; jean peslier, vezelay, france ; [ brummer gallery, paris and new york ( sold 1932 ) ] \u00a9 2000 \u2013 2013 the metropolitan museum of art. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4011939482860495, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.620613"} {"text": "benjamin franklin was born to a poor soap boiler on january 17, 1706 in boston, massachusetts. he was one of many children in his family, and he learned to appreciate the rewards of hard work at age twelve as an apprentice at his brother james ' printing shop. by the age of seventeen, franklin ' s skills as a printer had become so strong that at twenty - two he left boston to open his own printing shop in pennsylvania. this is where he developed his two most famous publications, the pennsylvania gazette, the most popular newspaper in the colonies, and the annual poor richard ' s almanac. franklin was one of the first printers to use cartoons in his publications in order to accommodate the people who had not learned to read. he believed that his publications were a way to get information to every person, not just those who could read. in pennsylvania, franklin founded organizations, became involved in the community, and assembled a vast collection of inventions that would allow people to live better lives. he started the first circulatory library known as the american philosophical society and founded an academy that would soon become the university of pennsylvania. as a journalist, franklin was constantly putting on and taking off his reading glasses. he became frustrated with the repetition of this task, so he cut the bottom half of his reading classes and put them in the frames of another pair of spectacles. he had given birth to the bifocals, which many of us still use today. his scientific mind was always looking for ways to make life easier. this led him to invent the lightning rod, the franklin stove, the odometer, and a variety of devices like the wooden \" long arm. \" he also created the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live safer lives. in 1748, franklin retired from printing in order to focus his attention on electricity. franklin developed many electrical theories and often found innovative, and sometimes quite dangerous, ways to test them. one of his most well known theories was that lightning is a form of electricity. discovering evidence to support this notion at first seemed to be a very difficult endeavor to achieve. how was he going to actually access lightning, a phenomenon that had mystified humans for thousands of years? franklinis letters indicate that he initially planned a scheme that would involve a spire that was being built on a church in philadelphia. he soon decided, however, that the spire would not be nearly tall enough to provide him adequate access to the clouds where lightning forms during a storm. a kite, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5041023815646696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.627365"} {"text": "scheme that would involve a spire that was being built on a church in philadelphia. he soon decided, however, that the spire would not be nearly tall enough to provide him adequate access to the clouds where lightning forms during a storm. a kite, he realized, could be flown to great heights, leading to the famous kite and key experiment. reportedly in june of 1752, franklin and his son ( who was twenty - one at the time, rather than a young boy as often appears in illustrations of the famous experiment ) ventured into an open field as a thunderstorm approached. there they sent up a kite franklin had constructed from silk. because he knew that metal was a conductor of electricity, franklin attached a metal rod to the top of the kite and a large metal key near the bottom of the string by which he held the kite. he thought that if lightning really were electricity, then it would charge the metal rod and would travel down the string to the key, electrifying it as well. the experiment worked exactly as he hoped. after flying the kite in the thunderclouds for some time, he noticed that the key gave off sparks when he touched it, a clear sign that it was electrified. an educated franklin brought his intellectual ideas and superior communication skills to the politics of a forming nation. in 1757, franklin was sent to england as a representative of the colonies in the quarrel between england and the colonies, and he returned as an advocate of independence. he served as a member of the continental congress where he helped thomas jefferson draft the declaration of independence in 1776. franklin then became the ambassador to france, where he persuaded the french to aid the americans in the revolutionary war. he continued to serve the young nation in assisting the creation of the compromises developed at the constitutional convention in philadelphia. as a journalist, scientist, inventor, statesmen, philosopher, musician, and economist, benjamin franklin can be thought of as a colonial renaissance man. through hard work and great ideas, franklin helped shaped a young nation with the aid of his many hard - earned skills. benjamin franklin was a pivotal player in the foundation of the united states of america. back to pioneers in optics questions or comments? send us an email. \u00a9 1995 - 2013 by michael w. davidson and the florida state university. all rights reserved. no images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. use of this website means you agree to all of the legal terms and conditions set forth by the owners. last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5432076379183027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.628701"} {"text": "term applied to the work of giorgio de chirico and carlo carra before and during world war i and thereafter to the works produced by the italian artists who grouped around them. pittura metafisica was characterized by a recognizable iconography : a fictive space was created in the painting, modelled on illusionistic one - point perspective but deliberately subverted. in de chirico \u2019 s paintings this established disturbingly deep city squares, bordered by receding arcades and distant brick walls ; or claustrophobic interiors, with steeply rising floors. within these spaces classical statues and, most typically, metaphysical mannequins ( derived from tailors \u2019 dummies ) provided a featureless and expressionless, surrogate human presence. balls, coloured toys and unidentifiable solids, plaster moulds, geometrical instruments, military regalia and small realistic paintings were juxtaposed on exterior platforms or in crowded interiors and, particularly in carra \u2019 s work, included alongside the mannequins. in the best paintings these elements were combined to give a disconcerting image of reality and to capture the disquieting nature of the everyday. the thinking behind this approach derived from the melancholic personalities of de chirico and his brother, the writer and composer alberto savinio. it was encouraged by their reading ( c. 1910 ) of the german philosophers friedrich nietzsche, arthur schopenhauer and otto weininger. they became interested in nietzche \u2019 s notion of the eternal return and the circularity of time, which supported their own views about the re - enactment of myth. their central concern was true reality ( where the past recurs ), which is hidden behind the reality of appearances and visible only to the \u2018 clearsighted \u2019 at enigmatic moments. in his paintings de chirico sought to unmask reality and reveal its mysterious truth. the modification of perspective and depiction of mundane objects provided the appropriate context. in paris ( 1911 \u2013 15 ), de chirico and savinio became close friends of guillaume apollinaire, finding parallels to their understanding of nietzsche in his conviction that the unifying element in contemporary painting was the idea of \u2018 surprise \u2019, suggesting the inevitability of fate. it was apollinaire who first called de chirico \u2019 s painting \u2018 metaphysical \u2019, referring to works produced in 1910 and 1911 ( l \u2019 intransigeant, 30 oct 1913 ). de chirico had been influenced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5235951779918064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.639110"} {"text": "fate. it was apollinaire who first called de chirico \u2019 s painting \u2018 metaphysical \u2019, referring to works produced in 1910 and 1911 ( l \u2019 intransigeant, 30 oct 1913 ). de chirico had been influenced by the work of the symbolists and by that of arnold bocklin. by 1917, in ferrara, he was painting in a simplified manner, in which crisp areas of colour outlined in black and a clear, dry modelling complement the disturbing subject - matter. carra met de chirico and savinio for the first time in ferrara in february 1917. a leading futurist, carra had begun to withdraw from the movement in 1915 as he became interested in the combination of simplicity and monumentality in the work of giotto and paolo uccello. paring away superfluous detail in his paintings, he applied the structural lessons of these masters to figures and ordinary objects, attempting to reconcile art and nature. his understanding of giotto \u2019 s use of a perspective subservient to the pictorial structure prepared him for the destabilizing space used by de chirico. carra \u2019 s style fluctuated during these investigations, but in the metaphysical style of de chirico he found a solution. the two painters worked closely for some months in 1917 ; while theoretical differences remained, their stylistic solution became known as pittura metafisica, a term that they were happy to apply to their work. the roman periodical valori plastici appeared for the first time in november 1918 and became the proponent of arte metafisica, which had widened its activities in the preceding year. savinio \u2019 s first book, hermaphrodito, was published in 1918 ; carra held a show in milan ( 1917 \u2013 18 ), which included his ferrarese works. de chirico exhibited in rome in 1918 ( with carra ) and 1919. during world war i the artists in ferrara had been in touch with the periodical la raccolta in nearby bologna. through this connection giorgio morandi absorbed the metaphysical style ; for a time c. 1918 / 19 his works came close to carra \u2019 s, in the crisp rendering of a limited group of objects. morandi \u2019 s work was illustrated in valori plastici, and he exhibited with de chirico and carra but soon passed on to other considerations. in 1919 carra published pittura metafisica ; the book understated de chirico \u2019 s importance in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342406207676094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.640796"} {"text": "in valori plastici, and he exhibited with de chirico and carra but soon passed on to other considerations. in 1919 carra published pittura metafisica ; the book understated de chirico \u2019 s importance in these developments and led to acrimony. a year later filippo de pisis, who had been part of the ferrara group, published his lyrical prose collection about ferrara, la citta dalle 100 meraviglie. although collages survive from 1916, de pisis began to paint seriously only in 1919, using a soft impressionistic style for his vaguely metaphysical still - lifes. at this time the sculptor arturo martini, although dispensing with the characteristic perspective and mannequins, went some way towards reconciling carra \u2019 s giottesque monumentality with the foreboding of de chirico \u2019 s paintings by means of his small, clay figures. martini \u2019 s use of the figure was symptomatic of valori plastici \u2019 s sympathy towards the so - called post - war \u2018 rappel a l \u2019 ordre \u2019. in its years of publication ( 1918 \u2013 21 ), when the theoretical background of arte metafisica was being clarified by savinio, de chirico and carra, the style of both painters shifted radically from the position of 1917 to concentrate on the figure. several major artists were attracted by this development : mario sironi \u2019 s totemic mannequins turned into brooding solitary figures ; and felice casorati used steep perspectives leading to dark interiors as the settings for his models. in germany the impact of the two valori plastici travelling exhibitions ( 1921 and 1924 ) was considerable. featureless mannequins began to appear in the work of george grosz, rudolf schlichter and oskar schlemmer. the effect was felt most profoundly, however, by max ernst. on his arrival in paris in 1922, ernst \u2019 s painting reflected the admiration of his poet friends for de chirico. at that time only one painter, pierre roy ( a pre - war friend of de chirico ), showed the influence of metaphysical art, but the painters who became surrealists after ernst almost all passed through a period of stylistic debt to de chirico, notably salvador dali and alberto giacometti ( the leading creators of the surrealist object ), rene magritte and paul delvaux. these groups \u2014 novecento italiano in italy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485993529912686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.641896"} {"text": "reasons to attend a presentation dates and times of presentations how to reserve / schedule a time : 90 minutes content : definitions of rape / sexual assault discussion of rape myths and effects of rape cultural contributors to rape - avoid committing sexual assault - help a friend who has been raped - speak out against rape audience : any men who want to learn more about how to prevent sexual assault. great for male residence halls, fraternities, athletic teams, and other male organizations. presenters : males who are trained in sexual assault prevention and who do not believe that \u201c every man is a potential rapist. \u201d requests : requests for presentations can be emailed to firstname. lastname @ example. org or by calling 994 - 5682. reduce the likelihood that the crimes of rape or sexual assault will occur within your organization. in addition to being criminal offenses, rape and sexual assault can bring sanctions from the university as well as national governing bodies, and can ruin the reputations of your members, the organization, the team, or the university. - good public relations when a rape or sexual assault occurs ( or is even rumored to have occurred ) within an organization, word quickly spreads to beware of that group. taking an active part in sexual assault prevention allows the rest of the msu community see your organization in a positive light. depending on your level of involvement, your group can be listed on the msr website as a supporter so that others can see that your organization is committed to preventing sexual violence. - protect and educate your members a large number of men who committed rape or sexual assault didn \u2019 t know they had committed a crime, even though their actions clearly met legal criteria for these offenses. an msr presentation will teach your members what the laws are and how to look out for yourself and your friends. - help protect females we all have females who are close to us : friends, girlfriends, sisters, and mothers. department of justice statistics show that 1 in 4 women will be a victim of rape. learning about sexual assault, rape, and what you can do to prevent it helps educate others and works towards keeping women safe. presentations for fall have not yet been scheduled. call us to arrange a special presentation for your group, or watch this space for a schedule or presentations. to reserve a spot at one of the presentations, please call 994 - 5682. spaces are limited to 15 - 20 people, so call soon to get the day and time you want! feel free to bring snacks or beverages, but please be prepared to stay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4661581128004123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.645732"} {"text": "ottawa \u2014 hop cultivation, which has been dormant in quebec for more than 60 years, could see a revival, thanks to a $ 400, 000 agriculture and agri - food canada and quebec ministry of agriculture research project in a rural part of the province. the study will help two farmers in pontiac country, near the ontario border, grow 10 varieties of hops to determine which ones grow best and are most disease - resistant. the research project is expected to last three to five years. jacques lance, who has a 364 - hectare farm on grand calumet island, said hop cultivation could help quebec cattle and cash crop farmers diversify their crops and increase their incomes. richard gravel, an agriculture canada spokesman, said scientists suggested the project in 2005 when the price of hops doubled. gravel said almost all quebec microbreweries are interested in the pontiac study because they want locally produced hops. lance said the price of hops \u2014 green cone - shaped flowers that give beer a bitter tang \u2014 recently increased by more than 400 per cent in one year. he said even though the price has since declined he hopes to receive at least $ 10 a pound for this year ' s crop from a small, experimental plot. an agriculture canada explanation of the project said it would transfer hop - growing techniques to other farms, improve regional economies and meet the needs of microbreweries. lawrence cannon, mp for pontiac and foreign affairs minister, and jean - pierre blackburn, the minister of state for agriculture, announced the government investment in hop production at lance ' s farm about 100 kilometres northwest of ottawa on thursday. lance said a shortage of hops has forced the price up and made it difficult for some microbreweries to find a reliable supply. \" the basic plan is to help farmers diversify their incomes and help microbreweries, \" lance said. \" the quebec microbreweries are looking for a made - in - quebec product because some growers told them they might not be able to supply them with hops any more. \" there had been a couple of bad years and that created a shortage. hops had been selling at $ 4 to $ 5 a pound and then they went up to $ 40 or $ 50. some big breweries tried to buy up almost all the hops and that left the microbreweries with a big problem. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3993428019139572, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.648848"} {"text": "el castillo / temple of kukulcan the most dramatic structure in chichen itza is el castillo ( the castle ), also known as the temple of kukulcan. at 24 meters ( 79 feet ) it \u2019 s the tallest structure on the site, and certainly the most recognizable. dating to around a. d. 850, the castillo was built according to strict astronomical guidelines. there are nine levels, which, divided by the central staircase, make for 18 platforms, the number of months in the maya calendar. each of the four sides has 91 steps ; together with the platform on top, there are 365 steps, or one for each day of the year. there are 52 inset panels on each face, equal to the number of years in each cycle of the calendar round. on the spring and autumn equinoxes ( march 21 and september 22 ), the afternoon sun lights up a bright zigzag strip on the outside wall of the north staircase and the giant serpent heads at the base, giving the appearance of a serpent slithering down the steps. chichen itza is mobbed during those periods, especially by spiritual - minded folks seeking communion with the ancient mayas. the effect also occurs in the days just before and after the equinox, and there are many fewer people blocking the view. climbing the castillo used to be a given for any visit to chichen itza, and the views from its top level are breathtaking. however, an elderly tourist died in 2005, after tumbling from near the top of the pyramid to the ground. the accident, combined with longtime warnings from archaeologists that the structure was being irreparably eroded by the hundreds of thousands of visitors who climbed it yearly, prompted officials to close it off. pyramids at other sites have been restricted as well, and it \u2019 s looking more and more like a permanent policy. deep inside the castillo, and accessed by way of a steep, narrow staircase are several chambers. inside one archaeologists discovered a red - painted, jade - studded figure of a jaguar. \u00a9 gary chandler & liza prado from moon yucatan peninsula, 9th edition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4348941721004292, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.651513"} {"text": "since the 1960s, washington has clamped a strict trade embargo on cuba in the expectation that economic distress would oust castro or at least moderate his behavior. since 1996 the u. s. embargo has been embodied in law ( heretofore it was an executive order ). here \u2019 s what uncle sam says the embargo, enacted on february 3, 1962, by president kennedy, is about : the fundamental goal of u. s. policy toward cuba is to promote a peaceful transition to a stable, democratic form of government and respect for human rights. our policy has two fundamental components : maintaining pressure on the cuban government for change through the embargo and the libertad act while providing humanitarian assistance to the cuban people, and working to aid the development of civil society in the country. critics call it a violation of international law that injures and threatens the welfare of cuban people. the united nations general assembly routinely votes to condemn it ( the 2009 vote was 187 - 3, with only palau and israel \u2014 which trades with cuba \u2014 joining the united states in voting against the resolution ). uncle sam even fines foreign companies doing business with cuba. talk about shooting oneself in the foot! for example, when hilton and sheraton hotels worldwide were banned from accepting cuban trade delegations, european unions and parliamentarians initiated a boycott of the hotel chains, while the mexican government even fined sheraton us $ 100, 000 for expelling cuban guests in violation of international law. meanwhile, the ultimate irony and hypocrisy is that although no cuban goods can be sold to the united states, the u. s. does permit sales of \u201c agricultural \u201d and certain other goods to cuba under a waiver that runs from daiquiri mix to rolls of newsprint ( even the communist rag, granma, is printed on paper from alabama ), to the tune of us $ 718 million in 2008! the effects of the embargo ( which castro calls el bloqueo, or blockade ) are much debated. in 1999, cuba filed a claim for us $ 181 billion in reparations. however, in 2000, the international trade commission ( itc ) determined that the embargo has had a minimal impact on the cuban economy, citing domestic policies as the main cause of cuba \u2019 s economic woes ( for three decades, the effects of the embargo were almost entirely offset by massive subsidies from the soviet union ). as president carter noted during his visit to havana in may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4318543770808423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.664375"} {"text": "citing domestic policies as the main cause of cuba \u2019 s economic woes ( for three decades, the effects of the embargo were almost entirely offset by massive subsidies from the soviet union ). as president carter noted during his visit to havana in may 2002 : \u201c these restraints are not the source of cuba \u2019 s economic problems. cuba can trade with more than 100 countries, and buy medicines, for example, more cheaply in mexico than in the united states. \u201d the paradox is that the policy achieves the opposite effect to its stated goals : it provides a wonderful excuse for the communist system \u2019 s economic failings, and a rationale to suppress dissidents and civil liberties under the aegis of national security for an island under siege. it also permits fidel castro to perform the role of cuba \u2019 s anti - imperialistic savior that he has cast for himself. although state department officials privately admit that the embargo is the fundamental source of fidel \u2019 s hold on power, u. s. presidents are wed to what ann louise bardach calls a \u201c transparently disastrous policy, trading off sensible and enduring solutions for short - term electoral gains [ in florida ] \u201d in response to fanatically anti - castroite cuban - american interests. u. s. citizens who oppose the embargo and restrictions on u. s. citizens \u2019 constitutional right to travel can make their views known to representatives in washington. contact your senator or representative in congress ( u. s. congress, washington, dc 20510, tel. 202 / 224 - 3121 or 800 / 839 - 5276, www. house. gov and www. senate. gov ). write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to your representative that makes the argument for ending the travel ban and embargo and requests he / she cosponsor a bill to that effect. write or call the president ( the president, the white house, washington, dc 20500, tel. 202 / 456 - 1414, president [ at ] whitehouse [ dot ] gov ). also call or fax the white house comment line ( 202 / 456 - 1111, fax 202 / 456 - 2461, www. whitehouse. gov ) and the secretary of state ( 202 / 647 - 4000, www. state. gov / secretary ). publicize your concern. write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to the editor of your local newspaper as well as any national newspapers or magazines and make the argument for ending the em", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49144274930445997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.667290"} {"text": "balancing foundational information with a real world approach to inclusion, inclusion : effective practices for all students, 2e equips teachers to create effective inclusive classrooms. the most applied text in the market, this second edition sharpens its focus and its organization to more clearly outline best practices for inclusive classrooms. the book \u2019 s three part structure opens with the foundational materials you \u2019 ll need to truly understand inclusive classrooms, followed by brief categorical chapters to give you the information you need to meet the needs of all students. finally, field tested and research based classroom strategies are laid out on perforated pages to make the transition from theory to practice seamless. table of contents inclusion : effective practices for all students, 2e part i : foundations of successful inclusion 1. what is inclusion and why is it important? 2. inclusion : historical trends, current practices, and tomorrow \u2019 s challenges part 2 : who are the students in an inclusive classroom? 3. students with learning disabilities 4. students with attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder 5. students with intellectual disabilities 6. students with emotional and behavioral disabilities 7. students with autism spectrum disorders 8. students with communication disorders and students with sensory impairments 9. students with physical disabilities, health impairments, and multiple disabilities part 3 : effective practices to meet all students \u2019 needs chapter 10 collaboration and teaming to support inclusion chapter 11 formal plans and planning for differentiated instruction chapter 12 teaching students from diverse backgrounds chapter 13 effective instruction in core academic areas : teaching reading, writing, and mathematics chapter 14 effective instructionin secondary content areas chapter 15 effective classroom management for all students chapter 16 using technology to support inclusion $ 152. 00 | free ground shipping. mylab and mastering products deliver customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real - time evaluation and diagnostics. mylab and mastering products help move students toward the moment that matters most \u2014 the moment of true understanding and learning. $ 88. 00 | isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 13 - 290203 - 8 with coursesmart etextbooks and eresources, you save up to 60 % off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. once you have purchased your etextbooks and added them to your coursesmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. $ 60. 99 | isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 13 - 288900 - 1 books a la carte are less - expensive, loose -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4990485693002989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.712461"} {"text": "a few days ago, i wrote a post about why the word barrel is abbreviated bbl. i thought i had done my homework. i had checked my sources and it seemed like my post was reliably sourced ( going back as early as 1904 ) when i had attributed the abbreviation bbl to the use of blue colored barrels in the pennsylvania oil industry in the 1860s. thankfully, an anonymous reader wrote in with a tip saying that bbl was in use long before the pennsylvania oil industry. sure enough, i did a little poking around on the internet and found some old cargo manifests from the early days of sail. i found one as early as 1764 that use the bbl abbreviation and it was certainly in use even before this. ( manifest of the brig sally, dated september 11, 1764 - note the bbl abbreviation ) so where did bbl come from? i contacted three reference librarians across the country, and after doing their research, all three came back with the \" blue barrel \" answer. when after i explained my earlier cargo manifest finds, one librarian from new york still put up a defense saying that \" blue barrel \" was well researched and had a long history of documented evidence. one site i found took a couple of good guesses stating that the \" b \" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural ( 1 bl, 2 bbl ), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. of course these are just guesses. i ' ll keep looking for a satisfactory answer and i ' ll let you know if i find anything. of course if there ' s someone else with more information, feel free to post in the comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043805070789538, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.737627"} {"text": "the military ban on women in combat is coming to an end. defense secretary leon panetta announced the overturning of a 1994 pentagon rule that restricts women from artillery, armor, and infantry jobs. this country has had a storied history of women fighting for the country, despite various forces dissuading them from doing so. as of last year, for example, more than 800 women have been wounded in iraq and afghanistan ( where about 20, 000 women have served ) despite the combat ban. but the story is older than that, as old as the country even. a woman by the name of margaret cochran fought in the revolutionary war, and hundreds of women disguised themselves as men just to take up arms in the civil war. according to the national archives, as many as 400 women fought during the civil war while concealing their gender. mary livermore of the u. s. sanitary commission wrote in 1888 : some one has stated the number of women soldiers known to the service as little less than four hundred. i cannot vouch for the correctness of this estimate, but i am convinced that a larger number of women disguised themselves and enlisted in the service, for one cause or other, than was dreamed of. entrenched in secrecy, and regarded as men, they were sometimes revealed as women, by accident or casualty. some startling histories of these military women were current in the gossip of army life. let \u2019 s meet some of these women who, in a sense, paved the way for today ' s ban reversal. here are four women who fought, compiled from larry g. eggleston ' s women in the civil war. - loretta janeta velazquez was a total badass. born to a rich cuban aristocrat, velazquez \u2019 s wealth played a key role in her fighting for the confederate army. when her husband, william, went off to war in 1861, velazquez wanted so badly to be with him that she offered to fight beside him incognito. william wouldn ' t hear it, and went off to war without her. not content with life alone, velazquez decided to use her wealth to finance and equip an infantry battalion, which she would bring to her husband to command. she cut her hair, tanned her skin, and went by the name lt. harry t. buford. she went on to fight in various battles, including bull run and shiloh, but her gender was twice discovered and she was discharged. so, naturally, she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39949509017006324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.745040"} {"text": ", tanned her skin, and went by the name lt. harry t. buford. she went on to fight in various battles, including bull run and shiloh, but her gender was twice discovered and she was discharged. so, naturally, she became a spy, with disguises in both the male and female variety. - it must have been hard to hide your gender while serving in the war. take it from lizzie compton, who enlisted at the age of 14. her gender was discovered seven different times. but each time, she packed up her things and moved on to another regimen. compton was wounded twice during her service, the first time by a piece of shrapnel as she charged up a hill at antietam. - louisa hoffman has the distinction of serving for both the union and confederate armies. when the war first started, she left her home in new york to enlist ( as a man, of course ) in the 1st virginia confederate cavalry. but, after fighting at both battles of bull run, she had a change of heart, and headed up north to ohio. - mary seaberry was said to wear a disguise and have a manner that \u201c never gave anyone in her regiment even the slightest hint that she was not a man. \u201d unfortunately for her, after being admitted into a hospital with a fever, there was no way she could hide her true identity. she was discharged \u201c on the basis of sexual incompatibility. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4499454991137277, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.745749"} {"text": "spider silk can be scary enough to insects to act as a pest repellant, researchers say. these findings could lead to a new way to naturally help protect crops, scientists added. spiders are among the most common predators on land. although not all spiders weave webs, they all spin silk that may serve other purposes. for instance, many tiny spiders use silk balloons to travel by air. science news from nbcnews. com researchers suspected that insects and other regular prey of spiders might associate silk with the risk of getting eaten. as such, they reasoned silk might scare insects off. the scientists experimented with japanese beetles ( popillia japonica ) and mexican bean beetles ( epilachna varivestis ). these plant - munching pests have spread across eastern north america within the past half - century. [ ewww! nature ' s biggest pests ] the beetles were analyzed near green bean plants ( phaseolus vulgaris ) in both the lab and a tilled field outdoors. the investigators applied two kinds of silk on the plants \u2014 one from silkworms ( bombyx mori ) and another from a long - jawed spider ( tetragnatha elongata ), a species common in riverbank forests but not in the region the researchers studied. both spider and silkworm silk reduced insect plant - chewing significantly. in the lab, both eliminated insect damage entirely, while in the field, spider silk had a greater effect \u2014 plants enclosed with beetles and spider silk experienced about 50 percent less damage than leaves without spider silk, while silkworm silk only led to about a 10 to 20 percent reduction. experiments with other fibers revealed that only silk had this protective effect. \" this work suggests that silk alone is a signal to potential prey that danger is near, \" researcher ann rypstra, an evolutionary ecologist at miami university in ohio, told livescience. rypstra was most surprised that the effect occurred even though the species involved do not share any evolutionary history together as predator and prey. this suggests \" herbivores are using the silk as some sort of general signal that a spider \u2014 any ol ' spider \u2014 is around and responding by reducing their activity or leaving the area, \" she said. while more work will need to be done before this research might find applied use, the fact that the presence of silk alone reduced damage caused by two economically important pest insects \" suggests that there could be applications in agricultural pest management and biological control, \" rypstra said. rypstra is also interested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4725204305896997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.754648"} {"text": "science friday is a national public radio program for kids interested in science. the program menu allows one to listen to the weekly program, read questions related to the program and get suggestions for further study. another good option in the program menu is the sounds like science mentor page. a topic of current interest is chosen each week and material concerning this topic is available. a scientist with expertise in this area is available to answer questions about the current topic. other program menu topics have general information about npr. newton ' s apple is a long - running pbs science show. the site is not very fancy, but surfing through the episodes will yield some excellent home science activities. bill nye the science guy bill nye the science guy is a disney science tv show. one can read today ' s episode and research previous episodes. a current news portion includes science news and science of sports sections. a daily demo safe for kids to do is related to the news or the current episode. film clips and sounds of science involve downloading files. many museum sites are included in top ten links. scientific american frontiers this site offers a forum where you can post your opinion about one of the shows. teachers can get teacher guides to each show and also access on - line activity based on each show. there is a \" related links \" section which offers hyper text links for each show of the season. students can post questions to the scientists involved in each show. this site includes lesson plans and activities for incorporating pbs programming into classroom curriculum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5412816668893146, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.760961"} {"text": "##r closener, he has himself been in many cases the authority for later historians. the last chapter of the \" chronik \" contains an alphabetical list of historical events with dates, forms thus a kind of compendium of history, and was often copied separately. the \" chronik \" was printed as early as 1474, and later at strasburg in 1698. the best edition is that of hegel in \" chroniken der deutschen stadte \", viii - ix ( leipzig, 1870 - 1 ). in addition we possess a latin - german glossary by konigshofen, which may, however, in its essential details be traced to closener. oberlin, de jacobo twingero regiovillano ( strasburg, 1789 ) ; schneegans, notice sur closener et konigshofen ( strasburg, 1842 ) ; potthast, bibliotheca, ii, 1076 - 88. concerning konigshofen as choralist see mathias, phototypische wiedergabe des konigshofenschen tonarius ( graz, 1903 ). apa citation. ( 1910 ). jacob konigshofen. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08689a. htm mla citation. \" jacob konigshofen. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 8. new york : robert appleton company, 1910. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08689a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by czegledi erzsebet. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1910. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45426250431469684, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.770135"} {"text": "sumatra, erected by a decree of 30 june, 1911, and entrusted to the dutch capuchins. previously it formed part of the vicariate apostolic of batavia, which is under the care of the jesuits of holland. the new prefecture comprises sumatra and the surrounding islands, including bangka ( area, 4888 sq. miles ; population, 78, 000 ) the island of sumatra, referred to as jabadin by ptolemy, and visited by marco polo in 1292, was discovered by the portuguese navigator siqueira in 1508, and occupied by the dutch in 1599. it extends from 95\u00ba 16 ' to 106\u00ba 3 ' e. long., and from 5\u00ba 40 ' n. to 5\u00ba 59 ' s. lat., and has an area of about 181, 000 square miles. the natives, of malayan race, number about 5, 500, 000, exclusive of the little known inland tribes. they are indolent and cruel ; their religion is a mixture of fetishism and mahommedanism. at the beginning of 1911 the jesuits had four chief mission centres in sumatra, \u2014 at medan, padang, koata radja, and tandjeong - sakti, \u2014 and sixteen minor stations. the sisters of charity of tilburg ( holland ) were established at padang. there were two mission schools, and 4600 catholics of whom 3200 were europeans. missiones catholic\u00e6 ( rome, 1907 ), 263 - 6 ; pius almanak ( amsterdam, 1912 ) ; zondervan, banka en zijne bewoners ( amsterdam, 1895 ) ; yzerman, dwars door sumatra ( haarlem, 1896 ). apa citation. ( 1912 ). prefecture apostolic of sumatra. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14333b. htm mla citation. \" prefecture apostolic of sumatra. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 14. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14333b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the immaculate heart of the blessed virgin mary. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. july 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40923557929679993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.776411"} {"text": "environmental history of georgia : overview native american influences humans arrived in the southeast roughly 12, 000 years ago. over the millennia, native americans interacted with the landscape in numerous ways. fire setting, first used to promote hunting, had perhaps the most significant impact. fire setting was probably common in the piedmont. varying fire - setting regimes would have created a patchy landscape, in which frequently burned, open oak forests adjoined less recently burned areas crowded with saplings, briars, and shrubs or unburned areas with more thin - barked trees. in the coastal plain, lightning perpetuated longleaf pine stands carpeted with diverse herbs or wiregrass and bounded by firebreaks like cypress swamps ; indian - set fires may have supplemented the natural regime. scholarly opinion differs as to the fire regime in the mountains. fires from lightning strikes are rare and low in intensity in most montane sites. native americans certainly supplemented the natural fire regime by burning in the river valleys to promote agriculture and probably burned many dry mountain ridges. moist coves would have burned less often. the settlement of thus, the landscape prior to european arrival was not entirely pristine. rather, in a complex mosaic, human riverine settlements punctuated landscapes of large, fire - fostered pines and oaks abutting unburned areas such as cypress swamps in the coastal plain and huge cove hardwoods in the mountains. european settlement and landscape transformation europeans transformed the forested mosaic promoted by the native americans to a land forged for the production of goods for foreign markets. huge harvests of forest resources in early colonial days were the first to demonstrate the size of the export market. ginseng was collected to scarcity, and animal pelts were taken from southeastern forests in huge quantities. from 1700 to 1715 more than 1 million fox, elk, otter, and other skins were shipped from charleston, south carolina ; from 1739 to 1761 more than 5 million pounds of deerskins alone were exported from the southeast. beavers were nearly extirpated from the state, and buffalo and elk were disappearing by 1760. of the commodities that followed, rice, cotton, and timber spurred perhaps the greatest changes in georgia ' s landscape. rice and cotton in 1750 the prohibition on owning slaves was lifted in georgia, catalyzing large - scale commercial agriculture. rice was the first commodity to transform a portion of georgia ' s landscape. landowners cleared large swaths of forest to construct plantations and rice fields. however, tidal rivers inundated and drained the impounded rice, limiting the most intense human agricultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43573207718072726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.782915"} {"text": ". rice was the first commodity to transform a portion of georgia ' s landscape. landowners cleared large swaths of forest to construct plantations and rice fields. however, tidal rivers inundated and drained the impounded rice, limiting the most intense human agricultural impact to the tidal deltas. upon eli whitney ' s invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton production spurred a landscape transformation across the piedmont and the western and upper coastal plain. following a cascade of land cessions from native americans, farmers rolled across the land, growing cotton for profit and corn for livestock and human consumption. they cleared and farmed a plot of land for a few years, then abandoned the depleted soil and moved on. staggering amounts of soil were eroded off the barren fields ; on average, 7. 5 inches of topsoil were lost. the eroded sediments washed into streams, burying milldams and depositing as much as eight to fifteen feet of silt on some streambeds. the higher streambeds and absence of plants to impede winter storm runoff caused widespread flooding. intense cotton farming and its deleterious effects continued until the 1920s, when the boll weevil, plummeting prices, and depleted soils contributed to a precipitous decline in production. hence, by the 1930s commercial agriculture, industrial logging, and nascent urbanization had created a landscape far different from that first encountered by europeans. the stumps and scraggly trees of cut - over land, silted streams and denuded hillsides of abandoned farms, and growing networks of towns and transportation corridors had replaced much of the forest mosaic. conservation and reforestation in the mid - 1900s two trends changed the tenor of human impact on the georgia landscape. first, soil and timber depletion spurred conservation efforts. second, much of the barren land reverted to trees. an impetus to preserve wild landscapes had gained national momentum in the early twentieth century. following that course, many state and national wildlife refuges, parks, and forests were established in georgia in the 1920s and 1930s, in a movement that continued throughout the century. while many farms adopted better farming practices, others were abandoned. in a trend that peaked in the 1960s, abandoned fields underwent secondary succession, a process in which grasses, shrubs, pines, and hardwoods succeed one another over time. in the 1930s charles herty, a chemist at the university of georgia, revolutionized land use in georgia when he stimulated the pulpwood industry by using young pines to make white paper. many old fields, particularly in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4829368274118857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.783969"} {"text": "succeed one another over time. in the 1930s charles herty, a chemist at the university of georgia, revolutionized land use in georgia when he stimulated the pulpwood industry by using young pines to make white paper. many old fields, particularly in the coastal plain, converted to pine plantations. urbanization and regulation in the second half of the twentieth century, human - environment interactions became increasingly complex. by the 1960s a dearth of regulation had permitted severe pollution problems. urbanization accelerated. the population of georgia doubled from roughly 4 million people in 1960 to more than 8 million in 2000, exacerbating pollution problems, straining water resources, and fragmenting the landscape through urban sprawl. at the same time, the science of ecology came of age and fostered an appreciation of biodiversity and an understanding of the links among species extinction, urban sprawl, and invasive exotic species. pollution and water supply regulations in 1960 very few air or water pollution controls existed. industries released more than 400 toxic chemicals into the air, drinking - water quality was not regulated, and 70 percent of the municipal sewage in georgia entered rivers untreated. fossil fuel use spawned high levels of ground - level ozone in large urban areas. construction sediment coated stream bottoms, and water supplies became problematic as demand from the growing population, industry, and agriculture increased. while ozone, water supply, and sediment proved more intractable, state and national regulations successfully addressed many egregious problems, markedly improving the environment. urban sprawl and species conservation several forces countered these trends. in 1973 the federal endangered species act was passed, spurring the protection of species in georgia. land conservation by many groups accelerated, and the georgia community greenspace program was created in 2000 through an act of the georgia legislature. the voluntary program provides funds to encourage counties to preserve 20 percent of their land and water permanently as greenspace for the protection of natural resources and informal recreation. r. harold brown, the greening of georgia : the improvement of the environment in the twentieth century ( macon, ga. : mercer university press, 2002 ). linda g. chafin, a field guide to the rare plants of georgia ( athens : university of georgia press, 2007 ). donald edward davis, where there are mountains : an environmental history of the southern appalachians ( athens : university of georgia press, 2000 ). timothy silver, a new face on the countryside : indians, colonists, and slaves in south atlantic forests, 1500 - 1800 ( cambridge, england ; new york : cambridge university press, 1990", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4772660904758892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.785105"} {"text": "did shrinking guts and high - energy food help us evolve enormous, powerful brains? the latest round in the row over what ' s known as the \" expensive tissue hypothesis \" says no. but don ' t expect that to settle the debate. the hypothesis has it that in order to grow large brains relative to body size, our ancestors had to free up energy from elsewhere - perhaps by switching to rich foods like nuts and meat, which provide more calories and require less energy to break down, or possibly by learning to cook : cooked food also requires less energy to digest. kari allen and richard kay of duke university in durham, north carolina, turned to new world monkeys to explore the hypothesis. previous studies offer a wealth of data on the monkeys ' diets and show that their brain size varies greatly from species to species. but when the pair controlled for similarities between related species, they found no correlation between large brains and small guts ( proceedings of the royal society b, doi : 10. 1098 / rspb. 2011. 1311 ). as robin dunbar at the university of oxford points out : \" it is one thing to say that the hypothesis doesn ' t apply to new world monkeys, and another to extrapolate that to humans. \" if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.490595744080099, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.790679"} {"text": "the aurora collection returns to the natural history museum a world - class collection of 296 naturally coloured diamonds has been loaned to the natural history museum by diamond collectors alan bronstein and harry rodman. the aurora collection comprises 267. 45 carats of exceptionally rare stones, from the 12 colour varieties, and reveals an enchanting spectrum from emerald green to blood red. ' gems like these were not meant to be imprisoned in a dark vault for the momentary pleasure of a few eyes, ' said alan bronstein, co - owner of the aurora collection. ' the true value of a collection is sharing it with as many people who are interested to experience nature ' s diversity of expression. it ' s thrilling to think that the collection will be seen by the 3. 6 million visitors that come to the natural history museum each year. ' coloured, so called ' fancy ', diamonds have become more desirable than ever. coloured stones were recently worn by actresses halle berry and scarlett johansson. fancy diamonds are very rare : only one in every 10, 000 gem - quality diamonds is coloured. the colour in diamonds results from tiny amounts of elements other than carbon, or from atomic scale defects, in the diamond structure. ' each coloured diamond tells its own story, giving us insight not only into its formation but also to the deep earth processes that took place when the gem was formed, ' said alan hart, curator of minerals at the natural history museum. ' for example, yellow diamonds are due to the presence of nitrogen in the structure and green diamonds owe their colour to natural radiation damage, it ' s an amazing opportunity to be able to display this unique collection of exceptionally rare gems at the museum. ' the aurora collection was displayed for the first time in europe in 2005 as part of the natural history museum ' s diamonds exhibition. this stunning collection of diamonds is now on display at the end of the museum ' s minerals and meteorites gallery. the display highlights a little - known property shared by coloured and white diamonds - some of them glow and change colour when exposed to ultra - violet light. the natural history museum has secured \u00a3150, 000 of funding, from the department for culture, media and sport ( dcms ) / wolfson museums and galleries improvement fund, to transform the space that contains the aurora collection into a dazzling gem gallery. redevelopment plans are currently being made and the gallery is set to be finished in december 2007. notes for editors winner of the 2006 independent award for the uk ' s favourite museum, gallery or heritage attraction at the museum and heritage awards for excellence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4216052244845545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.797352"} {"text": "thursday november 8 2012 there are more than half a million people with autism in the uk \u201c genetic mutation discovered in people with autism, \u201d the daily telegraph reports. the newspaper goes on to say that this mutation \u201c cuts communication between brain cells to about one - tenth of normal levels \u201d and offers \u201c a likely explanation \u201d for the cognitive and behavioural difficulties experienced by people with autism. this headline is loosely based on recent research into the impact of a previously discovered genetic mutation on the ability of brain cells to transmit signals. the telegraph speculated that misfiring signals could cause the symptoms of autism. the study was conducted using rat brain cells, and did not involve people with autism directly. the researchers described the detailed molecular processes that occur between brain cells when the level of a specific protein is changed. previous research had discovered that mutations to the gene that controls this protein occurred in people with some types of autism. the authors found that varying the level of this protein affected other proteins responsible for communication between the rats \u2019 brain cells. the research did not, however, examine the impact of this disrupted communication in people with autism, and should not be interpreted as offering \u201c a likely explanation for their cognitive and behavioural difficulties \u201d as reported by the telegraph. in addition, many experts think that autism may arise as the result of a combination of factors \u2013 not just genetics. viewing autism as a purely genetic disease may well be an over - simplification. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from stanford university, the university of auckland and ulm university in germany. the research was funded by the national institute of neurological disorders, the us national institutes of health and other organisations throughout the us, new zealand and germany. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal of neuroscience. while the telegraph appropriately pointed out that a treatment based on this research is years away, their coverage of the study is flawed. to start with, this research did not discover a genetic mutation in people with autism. that link had been previously established. the telegraph \u2019 s coverage also fails to mention that the study was conducted in rats, and further misguides readers by picturing a scan of a human brain. what kind of research was this? autism is often referred to by clinicians as autistic spectrum disorders ( asds ) as there is a spectrum of autistic - type symptoms that, while sharing common features, can also vary considerably between individual cases. this was a laboratory study that examined the impact of a genetic mutation on signalling ( neural pathways )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5695235335062556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.808826"} {"text": "( asds ) as there is a spectrum of autistic - type symptoms that, while sharing common features, can also vary considerably between individual cases. this was a laboratory study that examined the impact of a genetic mutation on signalling ( neural pathways ) between rats \u2019 brain cells. previous studies have linked several different genes to autism. this study looked specifically at one gene that contains the information used to make a protein called prosap2 / shank3. people who lack one copy of this gene have a syndrome called phelan mcdermid syndrome \u2013 a syndrome with autism - like features. other mutations in this gene have also been associated with autism. having three copies of the prosap2 / shank3 gene ( rather than the usual two copies ) has been associated with asperger syndrome. this is a form of asd that is usually associated with unaffected language development skills, but problems with social interaction and behaviour. while spoken language is unaffected in most people with asperger syndrome, they often have difficulty understanding figures of speech ( such as \u201c it \u2019 s raining cats and dogs \u201d ). the authors say that while the prosap2 / shank3 mutation has been linked to asds, scientists have not identified the specific functions of the protein that could account for this relationship. this study sought to characterise the protein \u2019 s function in sending signals between brain cells. what did the research involve? the researchers report that mutations in multiple genes have been linked to asds, and many of these affect proteins found in the part of nerve cells that make contact with other nerve cells and transmit signals. these connections within the nervous system are referred to as synapses. previous research on genetic mutations linked to asds suggests that these mutations may affect the synapses and how the nerve cells send signals and communicate with each other. this study looked at how the prosap2 / shank3 protein affects other proteins at the synapse and how the nerve cells signal to each other. the researchers used rat brain cells grown in the laboratory and used various different methods to study the protein. what were the basic results? the researchers found that the levels of the prosap2 / shank3 protein affect the levels of other proteins at the synapse that are important in nerve cell signalling, and influence how signals are transmitted between nerve cells. when the researchers looked at the mutated forms of prosap2 / shank3 that are associated with asds, they found that these abnormal forms of the protein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5193423331150766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.810935"} {"text": "important in nerve cell signalling, and influence how signals are transmitted between nerve cells. when the researchers looked at the mutated forms of prosap2 / shank3 that are associated with asds, they found that these abnormal forms of the protein disrupt nerve cell signalling. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that mutations to the prosap2 / shank3 gene affect a major brain cell signalling pathway. they say that : \u201c it will be of considerable interest to determine whether other asd - associated mutations also converge in this pathway \u201d. this study provides a target for future research into autistic spectrum disorders. the researchers have characterised the role that one protein plays in the signalling process of certain brain cells. but whether this research ultimately leads to the development of treatments for asds remains to be seen. even if further research reveals that the mutations to the prosap2 / shank3 protein play a causative role in autism, it is unlikely to account for or lead to a treatment for all asds. the various types of asd suggest a complex origin of the disorders and a mutation to a single gene is unlikely to account for all the different disorders on the spectrum. there may also be environmental factors involved. the authors say that as the number of genes found to be linked to asds continues to grow, the scientific community faces the challenge of explaining how mutations in so many genes could influence the development of asds. they suggest that multiple genetic mutations may affect the signalling pathway characterised in this study, and that further research that focuses on this pathway may be useful. this study explored the effect of a genetic mutation on a specific signalling pathway in the brain that may be involved in some forms of autism. contrary to the news headlines it did not discover a genetic mutation in people with autism and should not be interpreted to explain any cognitive or behavioural symptoms associated with autism or autistic spectrum disorders. a greater understanding of the genetics and biology of asd may eventually lead to new treatment options, but as the lead researcher is quoted as saying in the daily telegraph story, such treatments are likely to be years away. analysis by bazian. edited by nhs choices. follow behind the headlines on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5100848047742761, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.812160"} {"text": "hyperkalemia is higher - than - normal levels of potassium in the blood. the kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. high potassium levels are more likely to occur when the kidneys are not working properly and are less able to get rid of potassium. if your kidneys are not working well enough, taking extra potassium ( for example from using salt substitutes that contain potassium or taking potassium supplements prescribed by your health care provider ) could lead to problems. certain medicines may cause potassium levels to build up because of their effect on the kidneys, including water pills ( diuretics ) and blood pressure medicines. addison ' s disease is a disorder that causes an increase in total potassium. there are often no symptoms with high levels of potassium. symptoms that may occur include : an ecg may show dangerous and abnormal rhythms such as : you will need emergency treatment if your potassium level is very high, or if you have danger signs, such as changes in an ecg. emergency treatment may include : changes in your diet can help both prevent and treat high potassium levels. you may be asked to : your doctor may make the following changes to your medicines : it is important to follow your health care provider ' s directions when taking your medicines : hyperkalemia ; potassium - high seifter jl. potassium disorders. in : goldman l, schafer, ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 119. updated by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1997 - 2013, a. d. a. m., inc. duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by adam health solutions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48297154295920464, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.814920"} {"text": "invisible learning : : a collaborative book & an online repository invisible learning is a collaborative book & an online repository of ideas for sustainable innovation. invisible learning is a project that is open and distributed publically to share and disseminate innovative learning ideas. the project places special emphasis on learning practices that do not necessarily develop from traditional environments designed for education. these include informal and non - formal modes of education. experimental project oriented toward exploring, exploiting, and exporting innovative knowledge. 21st century skills are relevant, regardless of where or how acquired. explore, exploit and export innovative knowledge. participants will share great ideas about redesigning education to foster sustainable innovation and connect with the people making these changes happen. through the development of : 1 ) a collaborative, printed book ; 2 ) an e - book ; and 3 ) a repository of innovative ideas at www. invisiblelearning. com, we seek to : share experiences and innovative perspectives, focused on rethinking strategies and innovative approaches to learn and unlearn continuously. promote critical thinking of the role of formal, informal and non - formal education at all educational levels. contribute to the creation of a sustainable ( and continuous ) process of learning, innovating and designing new cultures for the global society. this project aims to facilitate the creation of a globally distributed community of thinkers interested on the creation of new futures for the education. sustainable innovation, invisible learning ( informal learning and non - formal learning ) and the development of 21st century skills are some of the core issues that will be analyzed and addressed in this project. the project focuses on many of the ideas related to lifelong learning : the development of skills for the 21st century ( digital and analog ). the importance of knowledge ( tacit and explicit ). new emphases on the creative, purposive applications of knowledge ( innovation ). and, the new means in which we learn, teach, and collaborate ( i. e., utilizing social media ). participation is therefore open to all people : educators, learners, innovators, researchers, the curious, people with interesting experiences, etc. how can you contribute? there are many ways, but the most direct are : \u2022 submitting an article \u2022 sharing multimedia material \u2022 upload a video to youtube ( and sharing by adding the label \u201c invisiblelearning \u201d ) \u2022 tagging related thoughts on twitter with the tag : invislearning \u2022 sharing and disseminating via facebook or other social networks \u2022 spreading the word by blogging on the project / topics, insert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5175046491023321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.818929"} {"text": "label \u201c invisiblelearning \u201d ) \u2022 tagging related thoughts on twitter with the tag : invislearning \u2022 sharing and disseminating via facebook or other social networks \u2022 spreading the word by blogging on the project / topics, inserting a banner on your website, etc. how do we disseminate knowledge and materials generated in the project? \u2022 we will select the best submitted articles / texts that are strong, creative, and clear to be published in a printed book ( in addition to a freely downloadable e - book ). \u2022 creation of a repository of good ideas and successful experiences at www. invisiblelearning. com.... \u2022 creation of a space for dialogue amongst global citizens. the official languages of the project are english and spanish. contributions in other languages, however, are always welcome. also, if you are willing and able to help promote the project on your website, you will find our banners at http : / / tiny. cc / nojig... about the book coordinators : john moravec, phd, is an educational futurist in the department of organizational leadership, policy and development and faculty member in the innovation studies and master of liberal studies graduate programs at the university of minnesota. cristobal cobo, phd, is a professor and researcher at latin american faculty of social sciences in mexico ( flacso - mexico ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4894874534562467, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.819497"} {"text": "pigments in sixteenth - century european painting marika spring, scientific department, national gallery, london making art in tudor britain abstracts from academic workshops ( 2007 - 8 ) funded by the arts and humanities research council over the last few years, as part of the programme for revision of the scholarly catalogues, full technical examinations have been carried out on many of the sixteenth - century german, netherlandish and italian school paintings in the national gallery. the results of analysis give a good overview of the pigments in sixteenth - century european paintings, which could provide a context in which to place the results from the tudor paintings project. many pigments were available all over europe. however, it is interesting to consider whether there are distinct geographical characteristics in the way in which they were used, or whether local materials not available everywhere can be identified. the pattern of use of blue pigments confirmed what had already been established ; for example the more frequent use of high quality ultramarine in italian paintings. it was also used extensively in netherlandish paintings, but only three occurrences were found among the paintings in the german school catalogue. this may be for reasons of cost or availability, but it might also be because german painters had access to extremely good quality azurite. that in saint peter ' s robe in saints peter and dorothy by the master of the saint bartholomew altarpiece ( ng 707, 1505 - 10 ) is of an intense colour that rivals ultramarine. john bourchier, 2nd baron berners attributed to the master of the brandon portrait another new discovery was the extensive use of colourless powdered glass. there are references to the addition of colourless powdered glass to paint in a number of documentary sources, including richard haydocke ' s 1593 translation of lomazzo, which expands on what lomazzo says by specifically mentioning that it was used as a drier. several seventeenth - century documentary sources, many of them english, also suggest it should be added as a drier ( see spring 2004 for references ). the presence of glass was first confirmed in paintings by raphael, mainly mixed with red lake. in every example that has been analysed the glass contains manganese, which is known to be capable of acting as a siccative for oil ; indeed it would be very suitable as a drier for the glazy transparent red paint. further evidence that its purpose was to act a drier is the context in which it was used. it was found in the mordant gilding on the throne in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4893880593145243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.826228"} {"text": "would be very suitable as a drier for the glazy transparent red paint. further evidence that its purpose was to act a drier is the context in which it was used. it was found in the mordant gilding on the throne in raphael ' s ansidei madonna ( ng1171 ), where it cannot have been included for aesthetic reasons as it is hidden beneath gold leaf. the composition of vessel glass has been extensively studied by archaeologists, and clear geographical distributions, related to the local materials that were used to make the glass, have been established. the composition of the glass in paintings follows the same geographical trends : the italian paintings have all, so far, been found to contain glass of the soda - lime type, while no soda - lime glass has been found in the northern european paintings. instead, high lime or mixed alkali glass was used. it is clear that this is a material which could help to establish the geographical location in which a work was produced, in the same way that a gypsum ground usually indicates a painting from southern europe while a chalk ground is usually found on northern european paintings. as it is widespread in european paintings of this period, it seems likely that it was also used by artists in england in the sixteenth century. l. campbell, s. foister and a. roy eds, compiled and written by r. billinge, l. campbell, j. dunkerton, s. foister, j. kirby, j. pilc, a. roy, m. spring and r. white, early northern european painting, national gallery technical bulletin, vol. 18, 1997. m. spring, ' occurrences of the purple pigment fluorite on paintings in the national gallery ', national gallery technical bulletin, vol. 21, 2000, pp. 2027. m. spring, ' pigments in sixteenth - century painting of the german school ', in the pictorial technique of grunewald and his peers, ed. p. beguerie - de paepe and m. menu, musee d ' unterlinden, colmar and c2rmf - cnrs, 2007, pp. 136144. m. spring, ' raphael ' s materials : some new discoveries and their context within early sixteenth - century painting ', in raphael ' s painting technique : working practices before rome, proceedings of the eu - artech workshop, london november 11th 2004, ed. a. roy and m. spring, quaderni di kermes, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5007899768451252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.827225"} {"text": "standing bear in his formal attire national anthropological archives, smithsonian institution on their journey westward in 1804, lewis and clark learned about the ponca, a small tribe living on the west bank of the missouri river and along what are now the lower niobrara river and ponca creek in northeast nebraska. the two did not meet as the tribe was on a hunting trip to the west. early life and movement to reservation standing bear was born around 1829 in the traditional ponca homeland near the confluence of the niobrara and missouri rivers. about thirty years later, the tribe sold its homeland to the united states, retaining a 58, 000 - acre reservation between ponca creek and the niobrara river. on this reservation the poncas lived a life of hardscrabble farming and fear - the united states did little to protect them from attacks from the brule sioux. when the federal government created the great sioux reservation in 1868, the ponca reservation was included within its boundaries, depriving them of title to their remaining lands. eviction and removal in 1877, the federal government decided to remove the poncas to indian territory. standing bear, a tribal leader, protested his tribe ' s eviction. federal troops enforced the removal orders, with the result that the poncas arrived in indian territory in the summer of 1878. discouraged, homesick and forlorn, the poncas found themselves on the lands of strangers, in the middle of a hot summer, with no crops or prospects for any as the time for planting was long past. since the tribe had left nebraska, one - third had died and nearly all of the survivors were sick or disabled. talk around the campfire revolved around the \" old home \" in the north. the death of chief standing bear ' s sixteen - year old son in late december 1878 set in motion the event which was to bring a measure of justice and worldwide fame to the chief and his small band of followers. honoring a son ' s wish wanting to honor his son ' s last wish to be buried in the land of his birth and not in a strange country where his spirit would wander forever, standing bear gathered a few members of his tribe - mostly women and children - and started for the ponca homeland in the north. they left in early january 1879 and trekked through the great plains winter, reaching the reservation of their relatives, the omahas, about two months later. standing bear carried with him the bones of his son to be buried in the familiar earth along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39841160898295525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.831676"} {"text": ". they left in early january 1879 and trekked through the great plains winter, reaching the reservation of their relatives, the omahas, about two months later. standing bear carried with him the bones of his son to be buried in the familiar earth along the niobrara river. the court case - standing bear v. crook because indians were not allowed to leave their reservation without permission, standing bear and his followers were labeled a renegade band. the army, on the order of the secretary of the interior, arrested them and took them to fort omaha, the intention being to return them to indian territory. general george crook, however, sympathized with standing bear and his followers and asked thomas henry tibbles, an omaha newspaperman, for help. tibbles took up the cause and secured two prominent omaha attorneys to represent standing bear. the lawyers filed a federal court application for a writ of habeas corpus to test the legality of the detention, basing their case on the 14th amendment to the constitution. the government disputed the right of standing bear to obtain a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that an indian was not a \" person \" under the meaning of the law. death and commemoration the case of standing bear v. crook began on may 1, 1879 before judge elmer s. dundy in u. s. district court in omaha and continued into the evening of the following day. on may 12, judge dundy ruled in favor of standing bear, reasoning that he and his band were indeed \" persons \" under the law, entitled to sever tribal connections and were free to enjoy the rights of any other person in the land. the government appealed dundy ' s decision, but the supreme court of the united states refused to hear the case, leaving standing bear and his followers free in the eyes of the law. standing bear died in 1908 and was buried alongside his ancestors in the ponca homeland. at the eastern end of the 39 - mile reach of the missouri national recreational river is a relatively new bridge. it links the communities of niobrara, nebraska, and running water, south dakota. the official name of the structure is the chief standing bear memorial bridge. click here for more details on standing bear and the ponca tribe, with a list of suggested additional reading. ( pdf file )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41340981045470415, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.832682"} {"text": "virginia tech ' s bill hopkins holds a female wood duck, as part of the studies he and his colleagues are conducting to determine how the physiology and behavior of female amphibians, turtles and birds affect their offspring, and the consequences these interactions may have for population health. see more images and read more about wood ducks. credit : photo by kate hasapes ; courtesy bill hopkins, virginia tech gail patricelli, an animal behaviorist at the university of california, davis studies animal communication and sexual selection, with a focus on understanding the amazing diversity and complexity in animal signals. check out the story in this science nation video. credit : science nation, nsf research conducted by biologists at the university of maryland, college park shows that when two neighboring termite families meet within the same log, one or both families ' kings and queens are killed and a new, merged, cooperative colony results. check out the story in this audio slideshow and news release. credit : zina deretsky, national science foundation according to a study by scientists at the university of arizona, female house finches are able to change their hormonal makeup to ensure male birds hatch later, grow faster and spend less time in the nest than their sisters. read more in this news release. credit : alex badyaev the integrative organismal systems division ( ios ) in nsf ' s directorate for biological sciences supports research aimed at an integrative understanding of organisms. the goal is to predict why organisms are structured the way they are and function as they do. the division particularly encourages research projects that innovatively apply systems biology approaches and that lead to new conceptual and theoretical insights and predictions about integrated organismal properties that may be experimentally verified. scientists studying the relationship between testosterone and natural selection in an american songbird, the dark - eyed junco, reported that extreme testosterone production puts male dark - eyed juncos at a disadvantage. a university of california, san diego study shows that increased environmental variation causes birds to lay more eggs at a time. in addition, increased predation pressure experienced by open - nesting birds causes them to lay smaller clutches than cavity - nesting birds, literally having fewer eggs in one basket to spread the risk. august 23, 2010 make way for ducklings what wood ducks are revealing about threats to our fine feathered friends parent birds know best when it comes to taking care of their babies. but, when food gets scarce and they are forced to fly longer distances to grab a bite, \" egg sitting \" time drops off. what impact does this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49690465879482515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.837587"} {"text": "our fine feathered friends parent birds know best when it comes to taking care of their babies. but, when food gets scarce and they are forced to fly longer distances to grab a bite, \" egg sitting \" time drops off. what impact does this have on their brood? \" i guess everybody, from a human health perspective, knows that what a mother does during pregnancy can have all sorts of effects on her babies, \" says bill hopkins, an associate professor in the department of fisheries and wildlife sciences at virginia tech. he is holding a duckling in his hand. it ' s one of many he and his team are studying. \" we study how these little guys can be affected by the things that mom does. \" a member of his research team, sarah durant, examines an egg. \" if you look really closely, \" she says, \" you can see the embryo moving. \" with the support of the national science foundation ( nsf ), ecologists hopkins and durant are studying wood ducks to better understand the impact of mom ' s nesting behavior on her ducklings and their ability to survive. \" how much time a female spends on her nest is going to influence the temperature that the nest is at, \" notes durant. the researchers incubate eggs at different temperatures to simulate warmer and cooler nesting conditions. \" what we ' re interested in are very, very subtle changes in temperature, maybe a degree celsius at most, \" adds hopkins. durant says they already see differences in the developing embryo. \" our embryos in the lowest temperature are going to develop a little bit slower than embryos in our higher temperatures, \" she says. and once the ducklings are hatched, researchers are finding that just a slightly cooler nest can dramatically alter the health and vitality of an individual. \" they may look healthy, but if you actually dig a little deeper, we see a number of physiological deficits. their immune systems aren ' t developing as rapidly. they appear to be almost developmentally stunted, \" explains hopkins. \" we see that they have changes in terms of endocrine function ; in terms of stress hormones. we see changes in thermoregulatory capacity and locomotor performance. they swim slower than the same individuals from the same clutch. swimming is a critical part of their early survival. they ' ve got to avoid predators. \" this research is not just about wood ducks. it has implications for many birds living in conditions where their nesting behaviors and habitats are disrupted. \" if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4670788444426134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.839545"} {"text": "| extracts from scn news ( unsscn, 1991, 8 p. ) | the photograph on our cover is horrifying. another baby girl dies unnecessarily. the department of child development, government of india, with assistance from unicef, has produced a compelling account of the plight of \" the lesser child \". \" in a culture that idolizes sons and dreads the birth of a daughter, to be born female comes perilously close of being born less than human. today the rejection of the unwanted girl can begin even before her birth : prenatal sex determination tests followed by quick abortions eliminate thousands of female foetuses before they can become daughters. those girls who manage to survive till birth and beyond find that the dice is heavily loaded against them in a world that denies them equal access to food, health, care, education, employment and simple human dignity. \" born into indifference and reared on neglect, the girl child is caught in a web of cultural practices and prejudices that divest her of her individuality and mould her into a submissive self - sacrificing daughter and wife. her labour ensures the survival and well - being of her family but robs her not only of her childhood but also of her right to be free of hunger, ignorance, disease and poverty. \" we expect tommorrow ' s woman to become the pivot of social change and development. yet today we deprive her of her rightful share of food, schooling, health care and employment, then marvel that she does not come running to get her children immunized, or when she refuses to send them to school or practice good nutrition, hygiene and birth control... unless the girl becomes a priority in health, nutrition and education policies, can there be health for all by 2000, or universal elementary education, or social justice and equality? it is already late. but perhaps not too late. \" a number of key statistics are used to illustrate the problem. the sex ratio ( females per thousand males ) is shown to have declined during this century, for example from 972 in 1901, 950 in 1931, and down to 933 in 1981 ; variation in the sex ratio between states is also illustrated, with a high value of 1032 in kerala, dropping to below 800 even in some states ( although migration may account for some of this, it clearly does not account for all ). anthropometric data also tell a sad tale : data quoted from one area show, for example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47389695805358534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.844925"} {"text": "kerala, dropping to below 800 even in some states ( although migration may account for some of this, it clearly does not account for all ). anthropometric data also tell a sad tale : data quoted from one area show, for example, these differentials for growth retardation ( adding mild, moderate, and severe ). in infants, the prevalence among females was estimated at 79 %, versus 43 % in males - almost double ; in one to two year olds, these figures became 86 % compared with 63 % ; and preschoolers 72 % against 65 %. this also illustrates that the effects are particularly severe in the first year of life, and suggests that girls become relatively better able to look after themselves as they grow older. the morbidity patterns quoted, from rural tamil nadu, show much higher incidence of diseases such as respiratory infections among young girls ; poignantly, the only condition in which boys are more affected than girls is dental caries, perhaps resulting from the observation made in \" the lesser child \" that \" although there are great variations in feeding practices across the country, it is generally true that boys eat better than girls even in privileged families. sons are more likely to be given milk, eggs, meat and fruit in their diet. as they grow older, boys spend part of their earnings on food and snacks while girls continue to eat the same unvaried diet at home. \" \" through a haze of heat and pain, sushma hears the dai mutter ' another daughter ' and bursts into uncontrollable sobs. throughout her third pregnancy she has fasted and prayed for a son. burdened by the guilt of having two daughters, she has supplicated every deity she knows, praying to shiva, to santoshi mata, even walking to the outskirts of the village to prostrate herself at the grave of the pir baba. now the sound of her mother - in - law ' s wailing fills the air... \" source : \" the lesser child \", p. 4. the book, though short, makes the compelling point very clearly and repeatedly. but it continues to suggest that not only long term changes must be brought about, particularly through education, but that there are also programmes that can be effective now. \" the glaring disparity between male and female infant mortality rates, if plotted on a map, shows a clear belt running across the north - western part of the country, with a few pockets elsewhere, and this is where immediate health and nutrition interventions must now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4755079390745621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.846018"} {"text": "glaring disparity between male and female infant mortality rates, if plotted on a map, shows a clear belt running across the north - western part of the country, with a few pockets elsewhere, and this is where immediate health and nutrition interventions must now focussed. \" \" the icds ( integrated child development services ) network is clearly one effective response to the problem of early neglect of young children. through its immunization, nutritional supplementation and pre - school education components ( which now reach ten million children ) it can offset the discrimination a girl faces at home and can lay the foundation for healthy physical and mental development. but an urgent answer has to be found for meeting the needs of girls in the 6 - 14 year age - group, for this is when they have either dropped out of school or are too old for icds and are nobody ' s concern. they have to wait until they are 15, which is when they become another target group that the health system recognizes - \" women in the reproductive age - group \". perhaps it is time to enlarge the scope of icds projects so that they can include girls between the ages of 6 and 14 years. this is an important period in a girl ' s life, when major biological, psychological and social changes take place.... repeated adolescent pregnancies, common in many parts of rural india, arrest this growth spurt and prevent full physical maturation of the girl, affecting not only her own health, but also the survival and development of her offspring. \" although the book is specific to india, the issue extends far wider. indeed, the same thoughts are exactly right for many other places, whatever the child ' s gender. the book finishes like this. \" an integrated and holistic approach to the girl - child ' s development is essential for the creation of a new environment in which she can be valued and nurtured. our search for brave new efforts to give the girl - child her due, to allow her to evolve to her full potential, involves a process of social mobilization that will make her everyone ' s concern : the media, the family and the community, as well as government and voluntary agencies. by supplementing formal schooling with non - formal education that conforms to local needs and constraints ; by enlarging the ambit of child development programmes with the creation of new channels to reach adolescent and pre - adolescent girls ; by reinforcing constitutional mandates through widespread awareness of the rights of girls : these are only some of the ways in which we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504598515799042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.847125"} {"text": "u. s. sees increase in shark attacks published : monday, february 11, 2013 at 9 : 37 p. m. last modified : monday, february 11, 2013 at 9 : 37 p. m. shark attacks in the u. s. increased last year, and florida led the way, claiming nearly half of those attacks. but don ' t panic \u2014 that could actually be a good sign, said scientists who released a report monday on worldwide shark attacks. according to the university of florida ' s international shark attack file, out of 80 shark attacks worldwide last year, 53 occurred in the u. s. \u2014 the most since 2000. florida had 26 of them, with most in volusia and brevard counties because of the high surfing activity there. george burgess, the director of the florida program for shark research at the florida museum of natural history, said these numbers follow a typical pattern. \" florida, with this extremely long coastline, warm to subtropical climate, large population, and of course a massive tourism base, means that we put lots of people into the water year - round, \" burgess said. \" the opportunities for a human and shark to get together have gotten greater. \" and so, the actual shark attack rate has not increased, but human activity has. shark preservation efforts \u2014 to stave off the overall decline in sharks ' populations since the 1970s \u2014 have also improved in the u. s., increasing both the shark population and sharks ' contact with humans, said christopher lowe, a professor of marine biology at california state university at long beach and director of the shark lab there. \" my personal feeling is that i wouldn ' t be surprised to see things creep up over time \u2026 overall we are getting more sharks back because of better fishing management, \" lowe said. \" but at the same time we are putting more people in the water \u2026 increasing the potential for an encounter. \" burgess said that sharks like to hang out close to points of entry for surfers, at water depths as shallow as 5 or 6 feet. they also like the same fishing - rich environments as humans. \" every time we go to the beach, we are invading a natural world that is already occupied by animals and plants in that area, \" burgess said. \" we need to remember that when we enter the sea it ' s not the equivalent of going to the ymca pools here in gainesville. it ' s a wild world out there. \" most shark attacks, however, are relatively benign \u2014 and not the kind of terror - inducing episodes inspired by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40036447089672333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.851343"} {"text": "the sea it ' s not the equivalent of going to the ymca pools here in gainesville. it ' s a wild world out there. \" most shark attacks, however, are relatively benign \u2014 and not the kind of terror - inducing episodes inspired by the movie jaws. there are more than 400 species of sharks, and most have teeth designed to hold and swallow fish whole \u2014 not sheer and bite things like humans, especially if the sharks are smaller than humans, which many are, lowe said. \" the amazing thing is surfers are bitten 200 yards offshore, and they manage to paddle to the beach. if sharks were intent on eating humans, ( surfers ) would not ever be able to make it back to the beach. for whatever reason, sharks give up. \" lowe added that the chances of a shark attack are also very low. \" your chances of dying driving to the beach are so much greater that it ' s just unbelievable, and we don ' t think twice about jumping in our car and going someplace, \" lowe said. \" i know a lot of surfers and their philosophy is, \u2018 i love surfing and i ' m going to keep doing it. ' \" one person in the u. s. died last year due to a white shark attack \u2014 in california. white sharks also killed three people in south africa and two in australia ; and bull sharks killed two people in the island of reunion. \" as a rich nation, we are blessed with the ability to take care of our victims on the beach very quickly, \" burgess said. the u. s. also leads in efforts to counter the decline of sharks because of overfishing them \u2014 mostly for their valuable fins, said sonja fordham, the president of shark advocates international, a project of the ocean foundation in d. c. and regulatory efforts aim to preserve the important role that sharks play in the sea. \" we think their disappearance would have negative cascading consequences for the ecosystem, \" fordham said, adding, \" there ' s also growing interest in a decent number of sharks for eco - tourism such as whale sharks and hammerheads \u2026 which brings significant revenue to coastal communities. \" contact kristine crane at 338 - 3119 or email @ example. com. reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. all rights reserved. this copyrighted material may not be re - published without permission. links are encouraged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38366454579912357, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.852411"} {"text": "the coastal cactus wren builds its nests in patches of old - growth prickly pear cactus, providing itself protection from predators. however, recent fires and past land uses have eliminated most of the mature cactus, which in turn threatens local cactus wren populations. irvine ranch conservancy docent lynda armbruster plants a cactus bulb during a restoration project. jeffrey antenore, for the orange county register organizations such as the non - profit nature reserve of orange county, the city of irvine and the irvine ranch conservancy are working together to expand the wren ' s habitat, by connecting isolated patches of prickly pear cactus with each other to over time create a larger, contiguous habitat for the coastal cactus wren. but why go to all this effort? it ' s just one bird, and one plant. \" if you think of a strong, bio - diverse ecosystem as a building and individual species as bricks, each brick you remove makes the building weaker, \" said michael o ' connell, executive director of irvine ranch conservancy. \" if enough bricks disappear, the building crumbles. this is what happens in ecosystems too. \" the conservancy works with landowners such as oc parks and the city of irvine and other partners to help them manage their lands and obligations under the natural community conservation plan. one such project underway in the shady canyon area of irvine is the mule deer restoration project, named for its proximity to the mule deer trail in the city of irvine ' s open space preserve. the conservancy is restoring more than two acres of habitat, including a number of cactus plantings. the area was grazed by cattle until the end of the last century, leaving non - native grasses and other weeds that inhibit re - growth of native plants. the coastal cactus wren is not a strong flier, so young birds looking for their own place to live don ' t really fly too far from the nest. patches of cactus have to be relatively close to each other for wrens to move among them. this restoration project is part of an overall plan for \" habitat linkages, \" which will eventually connect patches of existing coastal cactus wren habitat in the james dilley reserve off laguna canyon road to these in shady canyon. in addition to native grasses and shrubs, planting plans include 4, 500 prickly pear cactus \" pads \" ( oval flat segments of the cactus sometimes called \" nopales \" ), along with 20 large, mature cactus plants to anchor the cactus islands. by incorporating mature plants, the con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4017243940003675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.856281"} {"text": "trees are amazing organisms. they are tall, massive, mighty and upright. but trees can be really really unusual. from deadly trees that throw exploding fruits, to those with rainbow branches and trunks, here are some of the strangest trees which will change the way you looked at these beautiful creatures. animals have always accompanied men at war. they have carried our soldiers and pulled our cannons. if you think that ' s all, then check out these stories of some of the craziest uses of animals in war. this is one of the worst examples of war brutality. anti tank dogs were first developed by the soviet union to take down german tanks during world war ii. the idea was simple yet effective. dogs were trained to find food under tanks and then starved before a battle. the dogs were then released in battle, jumping under tanks hoping for food. each dog carried a 10 - 12 kg bomb which had a lever that detonated the bomb when the dog dived under the tank. anti tank dogs socotra is a collection of 4 islands cut away from the rest of the world about 6 million years ago. it is one of the most isolated places on earth. socotra ' s long isolation and fierce climate has given birth to a unique variety of endemic flora, giving socotra the distinction of being ' the most alien looking place on earth '.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45958367930112026, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.857822"} {"text": "quarrel with the king : the story of an english family on the high road to civil war : quarrel with the king tells the story of the first four earls of pembroke, their wives, children, estates, tenants, and allies, following their high and glamorous trajectory from the 1520s through 1650 - the most turbulent and dramatic years of english history - across three generations of change, ambition, resistance, and war. the pembrokes were at the heart of it all : the richest family in england, with old blood and new drive, led as much by a succession of extraordinary women as by their husbands and sons. it is also the story of a power struggle, over a long century, between the family and the growing strength of the english crown. for decades, questions of loyalty simmered : was government about agreement and respect, or authority and compulsion? what status did traditional rights have in a changing world? did a national emergency mean those rights could be ignored or overturned? these were the issues that in 1642 would lead to a brutal civil war, the bloodiest conflict england has ever experienced, in which the earl of pembroke - who had been loyal till then - had no choice but to rebel against a king who he felt had betrayed both him and his country. at other times, the pembrokes both threatened the crown and acted as its bruisingly efficient and violent agents. they were ambivalent figures : flag bearers for an ancient england and time servers in some of the most corrupt courts england has ever known ; fawning courtiers and indulgent landlords ; puritanical aristocrats and rebel grandees. nicolson ' s book amounts to a study in all the ambiguities involved in the exercise and maintenance of power and status. | history & geography | | modern |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44282082753388075, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.859871"} {"text": "avery coonley gardens the coonley estate was built by frank lloyd wright and originally included the house, the stable, the gardener \u2019 s cottage and extensive gardens. jens jensen designed and implemented a landscape plan in 1913 for the property which utilized wright \u2019 s hardscape plan. today the landscape contains a number of oak trees predating the house and hawthorns planted by jensen. the restored landscapes of the main part of the coonley house and the stable ( coach house ) include jensen \u2019 s landmark features : hawthorns, oaks, red bud, sumac, blackberries and mature shrubs, flowers, ferns and grasses. a grove of birch trees and ferns has been recreated on the front grounds of the house. the living room unit and its walled garden are the center of the house. the garden features a terrace with 10 planters, a pergola and a reflecting pool. nasturtiums grow in the planters and native water lilies bloom in the pool in summer. wright created a walled sunken garden to unify the coonley house and the stable. the walled garden was restored in 2007. wright \u2019 s original sidewalk garden plan and concrete hotbeds were recovered by removal of extensive invasive species trees and shrubs, construction debris, and incorrect patio tile and dirt. the entire original sidewalk system was restored or, in places, recreated. jensen \u2019 s design for a pool with eight surrounding iris beds was implemented. other beds in the sunken garden and the stable yard and front yard were planted with native plants. the prairie school represented here by both wright and jensen was an important part of the american arts and crafts movement of the early 20th century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38688518363228475, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.861696"} {"text": "the storyline of the operetta follows that of wilde ' s brilliant play. the plot hinges on two young men - john ( jack ) worthing and algernon moncrieff - who both use the name \" ernest \" to woo two young ladies - gwendolyn and cecily - who have made up their minds they can only marry men by the name \" ernest \". the hidden identity plot is the source of much comic confusion for the young couples and much laughter for audiences. to further complicate matters ( and add to the comedy ), the consent of the formidable lady bracknell ( algernon ' s aunt ) must be obtained before the young couples can marry. in the process jack discovers his parentage - that his true name is ernest, that algernon is his brother, and the lady bracknell is his aunt. naturally, she consents to the marriage of jack / ernest to gwendolyn and the two young couples will now live happily ever after. courtesy of mr. davies and mr. benson | character list ( major ) : lady bracknell ( low mz ) gwendolyn ( high mz ) cecily ( high s ) a chamber version of this opera for just these 5 characters is available under the title the importance of being earnest | character list ( minor ) : miss prism ( lyr s ) dr. chasuble ( high bar ) lane, man servant ( b - bar ) merryman, butler ( b - bar ) toronto star, john terauds, 02 - 21 - 2008 ; whole note magazine, 02 - 2008 ; greek press, james karas ; globe and mail, ken winters, 2 - 25 - 2008 ; classical963fm. com, paula citron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4716912186734372, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.863331"} {"text": "malaria is a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes and is estimated to kill one person every 30 seconds, according to the world health organization. the majority victimized by this disease are children under the age of five, living in impoverished conditions throughout africa. yet, as the epidemic continues to escalate, more than 1. 5 million people die from malaria disease each year, and more than 300 million cases are reported in over 90 countries worldwide. in spite of these staggering statistics, an ancient chinese herb known as artemisinin ( also called ginghaosu ) is proving to be a new weapon in the fight against this deadly disease. in recent test trials performed by the who, artemisinin - based drugs quickly reduced fevers and rapidly lowered blood - parasite levels, which can keep small outbreaks in mosquito - infested areas from becoming epidemics. additional research findings showed the use of artemisinin was a cure for malaria in more than 90 percent of cases in certain countries. it is estimated by the who that 40 percent of the world ' s population is at risk for malaria disease each year. while westernized countries eradicated malaria back in the 1940 ' s, third world countries constantly battle infections, primarily because they lack the medical resources to properly fight epidemic outbreaks. countries where malaria disease can be predominately found include parts of mexico, central and south america, dominican republic, haiti, middle east, africa, southeast asia, indian subcontinent, china, and oceana. in the indigent areas where the disease runs rampant, malaria is easily transmitted from person to person by a simple mosquito bite. once bitten by a mosquito carrying the malaria infection, the iron rich blood cells in the host are attacked by the parasite through the bloodstream. the parasite then multiplies and causes the red blood cells in the human host to rupture, thus instigating immediate malaria symptom such as extreme exhaustion, high fever, shaking, chills, and severe sweating. additional malaria symptom can include : fatigue, dizziness, headache, dry cough, nausea / vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and body aches. however, artemisinin is not only a treatment for the disease, but a viable solution to the epidemic, as each patient treated with artemisinin then contains a sterile form of malaria disease, reducing the diseases intensity. according to jack miller, licensed acupuncturist and president of pacific college of oriental medicine, \" this is another example of science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49042510959771357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.869148"} {"text": "as each patient treated with artemisinin then contains a sterile form of malaria disease, reducing the diseases intensity. according to jack miller, licensed acupuncturist and president of pacific college of oriental medicine, \" this is another example of science confirming the tremendous value of chinese herbal medicine. it is very important that we make other herbs a part of mainstream treatments, for example antibiotic herbs. as more bacterial strains become resistant to pharmaceutical antibiotics, some reliance on herbs will become very important. \" discovery of the healing chinese herb the chinese first extracted artemisinin from the sweet wormwood plant for medicinal use more than 2, 000 years ago. in 340 ad a taoist scribe finely grinded the wormwood plant, in order to extract the purifying agents to create an herb remedy for treating a high fever. over a thousand years later, a chinese sage known as li shizen discovered elements of the herb helped to ameliorate malaria symptom. since this time, artemisinin ' s beneficial agents have continually been used by those practicing traditional chinese medicine, applying the chinese herb remedy to a variety of ailments including hemorrhoids, coughs and fevers as well as malaria. however, western medicine did not discover the healing properties of the herb until the 1960 ' s. chinese scientists became interested in the plant ' s reputed qualities and started to look at ancient chinese herb remedies, only after testing traditional medicines had failed to produce an effective cure for malaria disease. once scientists discovered artemisinin was used as an herb remedy for fever, they set about distilling the herb into a tea, and then added chemicals trying to isolate the active compound in the plant. next, the herb was manufactured in drug form and used to conduct tests on malaria patients in the 1980 ' s. their water - soluble form of artemisinin, called artesunate, was found to clear malaria parasites from patient ' s bodies faster than any drug in history. before the chinese launched their massive antimalarial drive, several million chinese were infected with the disease each year. now fewer than 100, 000 fall victim to the disease. despite the success the chinese had with transforming the herb into drug form, their accomplishments were not published outside of the country for more than two decades. once the extraordinary powers of the herb become public information, researchers across the globe have become focused on how to manipulate artemisinin with modern synthetic drugs so they can inexpensively manufacture and mass - produce the remedy all across the world. providing a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43957819941090404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.870171"} {"text": "decades. once the extraordinary powers of the herb become public information, researchers across the globe have become focused on how to manipulate artemisinin with modern synthetic drugs so they can inexpensively manufacture and mass - produce the remedy all across the world. providing a crucial cure for malaria in rural africa, children suffer from as many as six bouts of malaria a year. in the past, this disease has been poorly treated, and the children affected by this disease die slowly of anemia. those who survive are affected both mentally and developmentally in their growth. the primary reason these children are continually affected is because the current drug treatment chloroquine, used since 1970, is practically useless as resistance is up to 90 percent in some areas and continuing to spread. artemisinin may prove to be the final solution to malaria disease as researchers are looking at the possibility that a patient may never develop resistance to the treatment. according to todd luger, l. ac., director of chinese herb academy, \" artemisinin shows promise in the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases as serious as cancer. it appears to affect the life cycle of the malaria parasite as well as the life cycle of cancer cells. \" what makes this herb different from past remedies such as the drug chloroquine, is that it kills the parasite before it has time to recognize the drug ' s structures. in order to prevent patients from becoming resistant to artemisinin, researchers are developing multi - drug cocktails. using two drugs in conjunction with one another ensures destruction of the malaria parasite ; therefore, if the virus was resistant to one drug, the other drug should prove to be effective. this has proven to be an effective method in treating other diseases that produce resistant strains such as aids and cancer. artemisinin is particularly effective because it acts like a bomb when introduced into the blood stream. the two main oxygen atoms that break apart in the presence of iron, filter into the red blood cells where the malaria parasite inhabits, and explodes, releasing lethal toxins that destroy the parasite. this process rapidly reduces the number of parasite in the blood to extremely small numbers. in fact, test trials have shown that artemisinin is an effective cure for malaria, killing 99 percent of malaria parasites within 48 hours, but to completely cure the infection the drug must be taken for week. in a large scaled assault on the malaria epidemic, the who has dedicated itself to cutting the number of deaths from malaria over the next decade in half. this campaign will push the who to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46597586607450414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.874007"} {"text": "the history of information ( iii ) get flash to fully experience pearltrees a waste book was one of the books traditionally used in bookkeeping. it comprised a daily diary of all transactions in chronological order. [ 1 ] it differs from a daybook in that only a single waste book is kept, rather than a separate daybook for each of several categories. the waste book was intended for temporary use only ; the information needed to be transcribed into a journal in order to begin to balance one ' s accounts. [ 2 ] the name of the book derives from the fact that, once its information was transferred to the journal, the waste book was unneeded. [ 3 ] the use of the waste book has declined with the advent of double - entry accounting. why study accounting history? the history of accounting is as old as civilization, key to important phases of history, among the most important professions in economics and business, and fascinating. accountants participated in the development of cities, trade, and the concepts of wealth and numbers. accountants invented writing, participated in the development of money and banking, invented double entry bookkeeping that fueled the italian renaissance, saved many industrial revolution inventors and entrepreneurs from bankruptcy, helped develop the confidence in capital markets necessary for western capitalism, and are central to the information revolution that is transforming the global economy. there are no household names among the accounting innovators ; in fact, virtually no names survive before the italian renaissance. john harrison ( 24 march 1693 \u2013 24 march 1776 ) was a self - educated english carpenter and later a clockmaker. he invented the marine chronometer, a long - sought device in solving the problem of establishing the east - west position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the age of sail. the problem was considered so intractable that the british parliament offered a prize of \u00a3 20, 000 ( comparable to \u00a32. 87 million in modern currency ) for the solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] the calendar ( new style ) act 1750 ( c. 23 ) ( also known as chesterfield ' s act after philip stanhope, 4th earl of chesterfield ) is an act of the parliament of great britain. it reformed the calendar of england and british dominions so that a new year began on 1 january rather than 25 march ( lady day ) and would run according to the gregorian calendar, as used in most of western europe. [ edit ] reasons for change a calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.468849689564242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.882742"} {"text": "year began on 1 january rather than 25 march ( lady day ) and would run according to the gregorian calendar, as used in most of western europe. [ edit ] reasons for change a calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. this is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. a date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. periods in a calendar ( such as years and months ) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs. a calendar is also a physical device ( often paper ). the gregorian calendar, also called the western calendar and the christian calendar, is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] it has been the unofficial global standard for decades, adopted for pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation, and commercial integration, and recognized by international institutions such as the united nations and the universal postal union. [ 4 ] the calendar was a reform in 1582 to the julian calendar. [ 5 ] the motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of easter to the time of the year in which the first council of nicaea had agreed upon in 325. because the spring equinox was tied to the celebration of easter, the roman catholic church considered this steady movement in the date of the equinox undesirable. the reform was adopted initially by the catholic countries of europe. manuel castells ( spanish : manuel castells olivan ; born 1942, hellin, albacete, spain ) is a spanish sociologist especially associated with research on the information society, communication and globalization. the 2000 \u2013 09 research survey of the social sciences citation index ranks him as the world \u2019 s fifth most - cited social science scholar, and the foremost - cited communication scholar. [ 1 ] he was awarded the 2012 holberg prize, [ 2 ] for having \" shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society. \" [ 3 ] [ edit ] life the term network society describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies. a number of academics ( see below ) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010164269981573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.883935"} {"text": "describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies. a number of academics ( see below ) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing definitions exist. the intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists such as georg simmel who analyzed the effect of modernization and industrial capitalism on complex patterns of affiliation, organization, production and experience. [ edit ] origins lady mary wortley montagu ( 15 may 1689 \u2013 21 august 1762 ) was an english aristocrat and writer. montagu is today chiefly remembered for her letters, particularly her letters from turkey, as wife to the british ambassador, which have been described by billie melman as \u201c the very first example of a secular work by a woman about the muslim orient \u201d. [ 1 ] [ edit ] early life lady mary pierrepont was born in london on may 15, 1689 ; her baptism took place on may 26 at st. the first issue of the journal des scavans ( title page ) the journal des scavans ( later renamed journal des savants ), established by denis de sallo, was the earliest academic journal published in europe. its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports. [ 1 ] the first issue appeared as a twelve page quarto pamphlet [ 2 ] on monday, 5 january 1665. [ 3 ] this was shortly before the first appearance of the philosophical transactions of the royal society, on 6 march 1665. [ 4 ] the journal ceased publication in 1792, during the french revolution, and, although it very briefly reappeared in 1797 under the updated title journal des savants, it did not re - commence regular publication until 1816. from then on, the journal des savants became more of a literary journal, and ceased to carry significant scientific material. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] joseph moxon ( 8 august 1627 - february 1691 [ 1 ] ), hydrographer to charles ii, was an english printer of mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments, and mathematical lexicographer. he produced the first english language dictionary devoted to mathematics. in november 1678, he became the first tradesman to be elected as a fellow of the royal society. [ edit ] life between the ages of around 9 and 11, moxon accompanied his father, james moxon, to delft and rotterdam where he was printing english bibles. cover of the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5507232016202966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.885018"} {"text": "be elected as a fellow of the royal society. [ edit ] life between the ages of around 9 and 11, moxon accompanied his father, james moxon, to delft and rotterdam where he was printing english bibles. cover of the first volume of phil. trans., covering the years 1665 and 1666 the philosophical transactions of the royal society ( phil. trans. ) is a scientific journal published by the royal society of london. it was established in 1665, [ 1 ] making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science, and it has remained in continuous publication ever since, making it the world ' s longest - running scientific journal. john graunt ( 24 april 1620 \u2013 18 april 1674 ) was one of the first demographers, though by profession he was a haberdasher. born in london, the eldest of seven or eight children of henry and mary graunt. his father was a draper who had moved to london from hampshire. in february 1641, graunt married mary scott, with whom he had one son ( henry ) and three daughters. graunt, along with william petty, developed early human statistical and census methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. he is credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age. in the philosophy of science, a protoscience is a new science trying to establish its legitimacy. [ 1 ] protoscience is distinguished from pseudoscience by its standard practices of good science, such as a willingness to be disproven by new evidence, or to be replaced by a more predictive theory. [ citation needed ] compare fringe science, which is considered highly speculative or even strongly refuted. [ 2 ] some protosciences go on to become an accepted part of mainstream science. [ 3 ] all sciences would have qualified as protosciences before the age of enlightenment, since the scientific method still hadn ' t been developed, and there was no structured way to prove legitimacy. a standard example is alchemy, which from the 18th century became chemistry, or pre - modern astrology which from the 17th century became astronomy. [ edit ] definitions robert boyle, frs, ( 25 january 1627 \u2013 31 december 1691 ) was a 17th - century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. he has been variously described as irish, english and anglo - irish, his father having come to ireland from england during the time of the plantations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5050533480652845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.886198"} {"text": "in 1900, the prohibition act, sometimes called the \" scott act \", and described as \" an act prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquor \", was passed by the provincial legislature. this act replaced all previous legislation dealing with liquor and totally prohibited the use or sale of any form of liquor for beverage purposes. it did provide however, for the sale at wholesale, by persons known as \" vendors \" to physicians, chemists, druggists, and persons engaged in art or trade in which alcohol was used. the physicians, chemists and druggists could in turn sell the liquor so purchased to any person presenting a physician prescription prescribing liquor for medicinal use. the enforcement of the act was in the hands of a chief inspector and such other inspectors as were required. it would appear that these inspectors had very broad powers to arrest, search and prosecute. it is noted in the minutes of the council that there was a fairly large turnover in inspectors. in a number of cases the dismissal would be based on a complaint from the temperance alliance or a petition from a community. during this period also, there were a number of disputes between the alliance and the government as to the advisability of granting vendors licenses to certain persons or in certain places. in 1901, a further source of supply was established by an amendment to the act permitting persons to establish themselves as dealers in liquor and to transact business both within and without the province. as a result of this amendment, several warehouses were established - to sell to the wholesale vendors and to export to other points. although a number of amendments were made to the act in ensuing years, it was not until 1918 that any major changes took place. in that year, the act was completely re - written. it provided for the establishments of a six - member board of commissioners to be appointed for a three year term by the lieutenant - governor - in - council to administer the act. the commission were given the power to license one wholesale vendor and as many retail vendors as were deemed necessary. these retail vendors were to replace the physicians and druggists who, up to this time had filled the role. the vendors were to be paid on a commission basis varying from 10 % to 50 % with the percentage increasing with the volume. the retail vendors could sell to any person presenting a prescription 24 oz of wine or spirits or 12 quarts of ale not oftener than once a day. however, this quantity could be doubled if the person lived more than ten miles from the vendor. in 1919, an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44026468610670855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.892645"} {"text": "sell to any person presenting a prescription 24 oz of wine or spirits or 12 quarts of ale not oftener than once a day. however, this quantity could be doubled if the person lived more than ten miles from the vendor. in 1919, an amendment to the act introduced what came to be known as \" scripts \". these were, in effect, pre - printed prescriptions, to be supplied to the physicians by the prohibited commission. they were serially numbered and it is believed that the number issued to each physician was controlled as previously there had been no limit to the number of prescriptions a physician could write and abuses were creeping in to the system. the 1919 amendment also provided for the holding, in 1920, of a referendum on the whole question of prohibition. however, the government changed before the end of the year, and as the incoming government had campaigned on a prohibition plank, the referendum was never held. in 1920, funds were made available to the commission to be used by the wholesale vendor for the purchase of liquor. salaried retail vendors were established at charlottetown, summerside, montague and alberton selling at prices set by the commission. a list of the six commissioners in 1920, shows them all to be clergymen. the act was again revised in 1928. the six member commission was abolished and in its place, a new commission consisting of a chairman and two members, all salaried, was established. this commission, like the previous one, was appointed by the lieutenant - governor - in - council. this continued until 1937, when in another revision, the entire operation was placed under the direct control of the attorney - general. it was in 1945 however, that an amendment was introduced that marked the beginning of the end of prohibition. this amendment stated that provided a physician felt that the use of liquor over an extended period would benefit the health of a patient, he could prescribe 26 oz of spirits, or 104 oz of wine, or nine full quarts of ale, to be delivered weekly over a six month period. upon receiving such a prescription, the patient could exchange it for a warrant which had coupons on it redeemable weekly for the quantity above. these were not accumulative and had to be redeemed on the due date. this particular amendment was refused royal assent at the conclusion of the session on may 5th, but with the appointment of a new lieutenant governor, received the necessary assent in october, and came into effect. this system prevailed, until a new act, known as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46927841731845826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.893634"} {"text": "particular amendment was refused royal assent at the conclusion of the session on may 5th, but with the appointment of a new lieutenant governor, received the necessary assent in october, and came into effect. this system prevailed, until a new act, known as the \" temperance act \" was introduced in the 1948 session. this act provided for the repeal of the prohibition act and the establishment of a government liquor control system similar to the other provinces, with the rather curious difference that the commission to be established to administer the act, would be known as the \" temperance commission \". under the act, residents would require a permit to purchase liquor and a special permit would be available to visitors. the quantity an individual could purchase at any one time remained unchanged. a number of the permits were introduced for other specific uses of liquor. among these was a permit permitting liquor in messes, canteens, legion branches and non - profit clubs. the quantity that could be purchased was specified on the permit as were the hours of consumption. this new act was subject to the approval of the electorate by means of a plebiscite, held on june 28th, 1948. the result was in favour of the new act, and the sale of liquor for beverage purposes became legal on july 6th, 1948. the temperance act received a number of amendments in the next thirteen years. two were of major significance to the public. in 1952, an amendment permitted four weekly rations to be purchased at any one time in the month ; and in 1960, all quantity restrictions were removed. the word \" temperance \" finally disappeared in 1961, when the act became \" the liquor control act \", and the commission, \" the liquor control commission \". as the result of a case in 1963, the courts found that the special permits issued to clubs and canteens permitted possession only by the organization and any such liquor could not be re - sold. however, action was withheld until an amendment to the act was passim in the 1964 session providing for the regular licensing of premises as practiced in other provinces. the outstanding special permits were then resigned and applications received and licenses issued to those qualified under the new legislation. the last major amendment was in 1967, when the individual and tourist permits were abolished.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595721039048001, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.894510"} {"text": "inflammation of the middle ear and external ear canal in dogs otitis externa and otitis media in dogs otitis externa is a chronic inflammation of a dog external ear canal. otitis media, meanwhile, is an inflammation of the dog ' s middle ear. both of these terms are used to describe clinical symptoms and are not diseases in themselves. otitis externa often results when a change in the normal environment of the ear canal causes the glands lining the canal to enlarge and produce excessive wax. gradually, the outer skin ( epidermis ) and the inner skin ( dermis ) produce excessive fibrous tissue ( fibrosis ) and the canal becomes narrowed. it is normally a secondary symptom of another underlying disease, such as an infection. otitis externa causes pain, itching, and redness, and when the condition is chronic, it often results in a ruptured ear drum ( tympanum ) and otitis media. otitis media typically occurs as an extension of otitis externa, causing a ruptured membrane ( tympanum ) that separates the external ear and the middle ear. otitis externa and otitis media affect dogs and cats of any age and breed, but long - eared dogs, such as spaniels and retrievers, and dogs with hairy external canals, such as terriers and poodles, are more susceptible. the two conditions described in this medical article affect both dogs and cats. if you would like to learn more about how they affect cats, please visit this page in the petmd health library. symptoms and types the most common symptoms of otitis externa and otitis media are pain, head shaking, scratching at the external ear flaps, and bad odor. in a physical examination by a veterinarian, a dog with the condition may exhibit redness and swelling of the external ear canal, scaling skin or obstruction of the ear canal. signs such as tilting the head, anorexia, uncoordination, and occasional vomiting may indicate the development of otitis media, or otitis interna, if the infection and inflammation spreads to the inner ear. otitis externa and otitis media can be caused by a variety of things. the primary causes are parasites, food allergies, drug reactions, foreign bodies ( e. g., plant awns ), accumulation of hair, dead skin buildup ( keratinization ), and autoimmune diseases. other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43002199843460104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.898405"} {"text": "the primary causes are parasites, food allergies, drug reactions, foreign bodies ( e. g., plant awns ), accumulation of hair, dead skin buildup ( keratinization ), and autoimmune diseases. other factors that may contribute to the onset of the inflammatory conditions include bacterial infections, mixed infections caused by bacteria and fungal species, and progressive changes in the environment of the outer ear canal. excessive moisture caused by swimming, or overzealous, abrasive, and improper ear cleaning may also lead to otitis externa and otitis media. these two conditions can be diagnosed in several ways. for instance, x - rays may be used to diagnose otitis media ; an magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) may also be used to identify an accumulation of fluid or soft tissue growth in the middle ear. other ways of diagnosing these conditions include skin scrapings from the dog ' s ear flaps to test for parasites, and skin biopsies to check for autoimmune diseases. however, the single most important tool for diagnosing otitis externa and otitis media is a microscopic examination of the ear discharge ( aural exudate ). inflammation of the external parts of the ear a medical condition in which the ear becomes inflamed inflammation of the inner part of the ear inflammation of the middle parts of the ear a type of fungus that produces buds a bundle of fibers that are used in the process of sending impulses through the body the outside layer of the skin any drug that kills organisms in an animal ' s tissue or prevents the growth of more. referring to the ear. loss of hearing in whole or in part. the skin ; also referred to as the corium used to refer to any drug or medical substance that has the ability to slow down or stop the growth of bacteria and other such organisms. latest in dog nutrition five life - lengthening health tips for your... anyone who has ever had a dog or cat wishes just one thing \u2014 that he or she has a... does my senior dog need special dog food? whether or not your senior dog needs special dog food depends, to a large extent,...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45182168119802235, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.899240"} {"text": "more slideshows from petmd image : ngo thye aun / via shutterstock image : annette shaff / via shutterstock image : elena stepanova / via shutterstock image : berna namoglu / via shutterstock what ' s new dog cat the cure for achy joints just because your pet has arthritis doesn ' t mean they are necessarily incapable of exercising. staying active actually helps many arthritic pets that suffer from achy bones and joints. it is, however, vital you follow these five exercise tips before you begin an exercise routine with your pet. 1. consult your veterinarian first a veterinarian will be better able to assist you in combining of exercise, diet, and medications or therapies which are targeted for your pet ' s individual needs. a veterinarian can also help monitor your pet ' s progress and identify any serious changes in health. 2. go low - impact light activities such as walking and swimming help strengthen muscles, keep ligaments and tendons flexible, prevent obesity and circulate blood to stiff joints. keep them short but regular \u2014 15 - 30 minutes of activities five days a week is a great start. swimming is especially great for dogs with arthritis because the water supports much of the bodyweight and inhibits sudden excessive movements. cats with arthritis, meanwhile, may not be as keen to get in the water but can participate in short sessions of gentle play. just remember to avoid activities in which your dog or cat has to leap, jump, turn quickly or run. they can cause damage to your pet ' s joints. 3. warm up a minute or two of walking or gentle playing before initiating low - impact exercise activities will help pets with arthritis move easier. it also helps reduce sprains, cramps, and muscle injuries as well as gradually increases their heart rate. if your pet is reluctant to start moving because of aching joints, try a little incentive like a small healthy treat or positive affection ( petting, hugging, etc. ). a positive exercise experience is a happy one. 4. cool down cool down periods are just as important as warming up for exercise. as your pet completes the exercise routine, they may be all wound up \u2014 jumping, running, or rough - housing. this is not good and can in fact be harmful. try to calm them down and gradually reduce their heart rate to an optimal resting place. cooling down also reduces stiffness and soreness by assisting the removal of lactic acids in the body. massaging during \" cool downs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.367635011915206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.901851"} {"text": "poisonous to : dogs level of toxicity : generally moderate to severe common signs to watch for : - abnormal drinking or urination grapes, raisins, and even currants ( some currants are actually small, black grapes ) are toxic to your dog! in fact, there have been anecdotal reports of cats and ferrets being affected by these also. ingestion of even a small amount of grapes, raisins, or currants can result in severe, acute kidney failure. all types of grape - or raisin - containing products ( including grape juice, trail mix, bagels, etc. ) can result in this. even organic, pesticide - free, grapes grown in home gardens can result in toxicity. although the mechanism of action is not clearly understood on how grapes, raisins and currants are poisonous at this time, this common fruit can result in anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and potentially severe acute renal failure ( which develops several days later ). the toxicity is not necessarily dose - dependent, and symptoms can occur with even small ingestions. decontamination ( e. g., inducing vomiting, decontaminating with activated charcoal, etc. ), aggressive supportive care, aggressive iv fluid therapy, and kidney function ( e. g., bun / creatinine ) monitoring is recommended. if you suspect your pet ingested grapes, raisins, or currants, call your veterinarian or pet poison helpline for treatment recommendations. poison type : foods alternate names : vitis, raisins, currants, sultanas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3773116986950434, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.903283"} {"text": "s - 1. sunlight & earth s - 1b. global climate s - 3. the magnetic sun s - 4. colors of sunlight optional : doppler effect s - 4a - 1 speed of light s - 4a - 2. frequency shift s - 4a - 3 rotating galaxies and dark matter s - 5. waves & photons optional : quantum physics q3. energy levels q4. radiation from one widely used property of waves is the shift in frequency when the source approaches or recedes. if the engine of a train blows its whistle as it passes by, a listener standing near the track cannot help but notice that the tone of the whistle drops as it passes. actually, the tone is already raised above its normal note as the engine approaches, and then drops below it as it recedes. this shift in frequency, also noted in electromagnetic waves such as light or radio, is named the doppler effect after its discoverer, the austrian christian doppler, born in 1803. earlier, a somewhat similar phenomenon was discovered by the dane ole roemer in 1676. the story deserves to be told because it also led to the first determination of the velocity of light. those were the times when the sailing ships of seafaring nations \u2013 especially, france, spain, britain and the netherlands ( holland ) \u2013 fought to dominate the oceans and to establish ( and protect ) trade routes and distant bases. in such a struggle, one technology was crucial : commanders of ships had to somehow know at all times their position in mid - ocean, that is, their latitude and longitude. latitude was relatively easy : the elevation of the celestial pole above the horizon ( deduced, for instance, from the position of the pole star ) gave that. or else, the elevation of the sun when it was most distant from the horizon ( \" solar noon \" ), i. e. made the greatest angle between it and the horizon, gave the latitude ( after being adjusted for the day of the year ). the cross staff, or a later more accurate instrument, the marine sextant ( or the octant ) allowed \" shooting the sun, \" i. e. finding its elevation above the horizon, and by combining several timed observations, its greatest elevation for that day could be derived. longitude was much harder. it required knowledge of the time at greenwhich ( longitude zero ) when a cross staff or sextant determined that the sun was passing local noon. for example, if the sun passed local noon when it was 1 p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5845690574708888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.910780"} {"text": "much harder. it required knowledge of the time at greenwhich ( longitude zero ) when a cross staff or sextant determined that the sun was passing local noon. for example, if the sun passed local noon when it was 1 p. m. at greenwich, the ship was 15\u00b0 west of greenwich, because to get this information, the captain needed a clock which kept accurate time for a many months : it could be set in greenwich ( or set to greenwich time at a location of known longitude ), and used later to give \" greenwich time \" of local noon. such clocks ( \" chronometers \" ) were in fact developed in the 1700s, but clocks of the 1600s were not accurate enough, especially on a ship that rolled and pitched, and their errors accumulated rapidly. a less precise clock may be used, if somehow it can be constantly corrected, reset to the correct \" greenwich time \" at frequent intervals. in a later era this was done using time signals obtained by radio, but in the 1600s accurately timed celestial phenomena held the greatest promise. one class of such phenomena were the eclipses of the four large moons of jupiter, discovered by galileo and easily seen through even a small telescope. in particular, io, the innermost moon of jupiter, seemed suitable : being closest to jupiter, kepler ' s 3rd law assured that it had the fastest motion, making its entry into eclipses and out of them particularly rapid. with an orbital period of 1. 77 days, io also offered the largest number of eclipses, and every one of its orbits crossed jupiter ' s shadow. ( in the satellite age io was found to have other unique features, such as sulfur volcanoes. ) giovanni domenico cassini, an italian astronomer who headed of the paris observatory, therefore assigned roemer to make a table of the predicted times of io eclipses, allowing sailors at sea to set their clocks ( within a minute or so, deemed accurate enough ). roemer did so, but soon discovered that the period was not constant. when earth ( which moves faster than jupiter ) was approaching jupiter, the observed period was shorter, and when it was receding, longer. he guessed the reason : light did not spread instantly, but ( like sound ) did so at a certain speed. if earth and jupiter maintained a constant distance, the eclipses would have been spaced at regular intervals, equal to the orbital period of io. when earth is approaching, however, the return trip is shortened, compared to the time it would have taken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121304791261119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.914362"} {"text": ". if earth and jupiter maintained a constant distance, the eclipses would have been spaced at regular intervals, equal to the orbital period of io. when earth is approaching, however, the return trip is shortened, compared to the time it would have taken if the distance stayed constant. when earth is receding, the return trip is longer, and the time between eclipses is longer too that gave roemer convincing evidence that light spread in space with a certain velocity - - later denoted by the letter c ( lower case, not capital ). however, he and his contemporaries had only a vague idea how big c was, because the dimensions of the solar system were uncertain. about that same time, the french astronomer jean richer used a telescope to estimate of the distance of mars, and gradually, the value of c was obtained with increasing accuracy. today it is known to an accuracy of 9 decimals, and has therefore been used to define the metre, the unit of length, replacing optical wavelengths or scratches on a metal bar kept in a vault ( supposedly derived from the size of our globe ). and the problem of longitude? it turned out that observing the eclipses of io from a constantly moving ship, even in a calm sea, was a difficult task. even a small telescope magnifies all motions tremendously, and early telescopes in particular showed only a small patch of the sky. also, the method required a sky free of clouds. on the other hand, the method proved very useful for determining the longitude of ports, capes, islands and other features on land. consistent determinations of longitude from a moving ship had to wait for sophisticated clocks, using a balance wheel compensated for changes due to variation of temperature. one early model of such a \" chronometer \" accompanied captain james cook on his journey around the world. ( s - 4a - 2 ) the frequency shift and the expanding universe ( s - 5 ) waves and photons timeline glossary back to the master list author and curator : dr. david p. stern mail to dr. stern : stargaze ( \" at \" symbol ) phy6. org. last updated : 9 december 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5339970174363808, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.915316"} {"text": "mechanics : circular motion and gravitation circular motion and gravitation : audio guided solution a loop de loop track is built for a 938 - kg car. it is a completely circular loop - 14. 2 m tall at its highest point. the driver successfully completes the loop with an entry speed ( at the bottom ) of 22. 1 m / s. a. using energy conservation, determine the speed of the car at the top of the loop. b. determine the acceleration of the car at the top of the loop. c. determine the normal force acting upon the car at the top of the loop. audio guided solution click to show or hide the answer! b. 30. m / s / s c. 1. 9 x 104 n habits of an effective problem solver - read the problem carefully and develop a mental picture of the physical situation. if necessary, sketch a simple diagram of the physical situation to help you visualize it. - identify the known and unknown quantities in an organized manner. equate given values to the symbols used to represent the corresponding quantity - e. g., m = 61. 7 kg, v = 18. 5 m / s, r = 30. 9 m, fnorm =???. - use physics formulas and conceptual reasoning to plot a strategy for solving for the unknown quantity. - identify the appropriate formula ( s ) to use. - perform substitutions and algebraic manipulations in order to solve for the unknown quantity. read about it! get more information on the topic of circular motion and gravitation at the physics classroom tutorial. - mathematics of circular motion - newton ' s second law - revisited - situations involving energy conservation return to problem set return to overview", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5769018474363481, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.917332"} {"text": "article archive > > community reflections : why was the hatter mad? why was the hatter mad? by william l. bulla what is a mad hatter? he is not something we experience in our every day life. however, he is something we read about, even as children, in the story of \" alice in wonderland \", and again, \" through the looking glass. \" over the years we have read about both the mad hatter and his partner the march hare. both of these characters have seemed a bit mad. recently my friend sean asked, \" why do they say ' mad as a hatter '? \" i said i thought it came from lewis carroll ' s \" alice in wonderland \". he told me i was wrong. he said it had to do with the mercury used in preserving the furs from which they made the hats. of course, i didn ' t believe him so i decided i should look into the issue. sean was right. it was the chemicals used in preserving the fur used in making hats that caused the hatter ' s to go \" mad \". the most famous mad hatter, of course, is the one from the mad tea party in alice in wonderland, the partner of the march hare. both mad, of course. but lewis carroll did not invent the phrase, although he did create the character. the phrases \" mad as a hatter \" and \" mad as a march hare \" were common at the time lewis carroll wrote the first publication of alice in wonderland in 1865. the phrase had been in common use in 1837, almost 30 years earlier. carroll frequently used common expressions, songs, nursery rhymes, etc., as the basis for characters in his stories. the origin of the phrase, it ' s believed, is that hatters really did go mad. the chemicals used in hat - making included mercury nitrate, used in curing felt. prolonged exposure to the mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. victims developed severe and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, which became known as \" hatter ' s shakes \" ; other symptoms included distorted vision and confused speech. advanced cases developed hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms. the victims were the hatters, not the wearers of hats. the hatters were exposed to the mercury fumes, which would have been long dissipated, or of insignificant strength, by the time the hat was worn. this use of mercury is now subject to severe legal restrictions ( if not banned ) in the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46483582751660535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.928377"} {"text": "were exposed to the mercury fumes, which would have been long dissipated, or of insignificant strength, by the time the hat was worn. this use of mercury is now subject to severe legal restrictions ( if not banned ) in the u. s. and europe. the march hare and the hatter make a brief reappearance in alice through the looking glass as the king ' s messengers, \" haigha \" and \" hatta. \" these names are the only hint as to their identities other than the illustrations from the book published in 1871. \" in that direction, \" the cat said, waving its right paw round, \" lives a hatter : and in that direction, \" waving the other paw, \" lives a march hare. visit either you like : they ' re both mad. \" \" but i don ' t want to go among mad people, \" alice remarked. \" oh, you can ' t help that, \" said the cat : \" we ' re all mad here. i ' m mad. you ' re mad. \" \" how do you know i ' m mad? \" said alice. \" you must be, said the cat, \" or you wouldn ' t have come here. \" so, who knows for sure? maybe we all become a bit mad in march. william l. bulla is a freelance writer residing in washington county. < < back to articles on community < < back to all articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471586525299425, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.929273"} {"text": "| sat august 11, 2012 08 : 59pm ( pdt ) | a map displaying historical seismicity within 50 km of a queried earthquake. historic map legend the sizes of symbols scale with earthquake magnitude, and their color with either the age of the earthquake relative to the one starred or its depth, as shown in the legend below, and selected in the panel to the right of the map. clicking on an earthquake symbol shows its basic information and a link to a page with more details about the individual earthquake. probable surface explosions ( usually due to quarrying or road building ) are shown as stars. historic eqs map panel using the tools in this panel you can control the earthquakes shown on the map. the minimum magnitude to plot is selected by the slider. the \" time \" and \" depth \" determines whether earthquake age or depth are used to color the symbol. - 1 ) to begin, click the \" draw \" button - 2 ) click a point on the map, this will be the left side of the cross - section. - 3 ) click a second point on the map, this will be the right side of the cross - section. - 4 ) drag square on line to include events to plot. - 5 ) select plot type and depth constraint if any. - 6 ) click \" plot \" events on map | mag | | time ( local ) | | depth ( km ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4783021946715694, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.931058"} {"text": "malcolm x ( may 19, 1925 \u2013 february 21, 1965 ), born malcolm little and also known as el - hajj malik el - shabazz, was an african - american muslim minister and human rights activist. to his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white america in the harshest terms for its crimes against black americans. detractors accused him of preaching racism, black... more \u00bb click here to add this poet to your my favorite poets. quotationsmore quotations \u00bb the day that the black man takes an uncompromising step and realizes that he is within his rights, when his own freedom is being jeopardized, to use any means necessary to bring about his freedom or p... malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. african - american leader. oxford union society debate, dec. 3, 1964. malcolm x talks to young people, ed. steve clark ( 1991... if violence is wrong in america, violence is wrong abroad. if it is wrong to be violent defending black women and black children and black babies and black men, then it is wrong for america to draft u... malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. african - american leader. speech, nov. 1963, new york city. ' ' the negro revolution is controlled by foxy white liberals, by the government itself. but the black revolution is controlled only by god. ' ' malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. black leader. speech, dec. 1, 1963, new york city. if you ' re born in america with a black skin, you ' re born in prison, and the masses of black people in america today are beginning to regard our plight or predicament in this society as one of a prison... malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. african - american leader. interview june 1963. malcolm x : the man and his times, pt. 3, \" malcolm x talks with kenneth b. cl... comments about malcolm x happy birthday naim frasheri! ( 1846 - 1900 ) albanian poet and writer world day for cultural diversity for dialogue and development celebrated on may 21st every year your favorite poets \u2019 favorite books of poetry daily rituals of famous authors writers seem to be the most prone to unshakeable routines and elaborate superstitions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44152443228270444, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.934126"} {"text": "what is ipecac syrup? ipecac syrup is a medicine that causes vomiting. in the past it was used to partially empty a person \u2019 s stomach after a poison. it is now rarely recommended. it is not necessary to keep ipecac syrup in your home. in case of poisoning, call the poison center right away at....... what happened to ipecac syrup? for years, parents were told to keep ipecac syrup at home. this medicine could be used to make a child vomit after swallowing poison. now, your doctor doesn \u2019 t tell you to keep it. the poison center doesn \u2019 t tell you to use it. you can \u2019 t even buy ipecac in the what happened? and now what should the short story : call the poison center right away at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222 if you think someone has been poisoned. if the poison was swallowed, breathed in, or splashed on someone \u2019 s skin or eyes, the poison center experts will tell you what to do right away. local experts will answer your phone call, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. most of the time, you can stay safely at home with the poison center \u2019 s advice. but, be prepared : click here to order phone stickers and magnets with the poison center \u2019 s emergency number. click here for first aid instructions for poisoning. the longer story : it seemed to make sense. if someone swallowed poison and then threw up, they shouldn \u2019 t get sick. this treatment approach was used for decades. at first, people who swallowed poison were given many ineffective remedies : - raw egg white ; - the \" universal antidote \" of burnt toast, tannic acid and milk of magnesia ; - salt water ; - tickling the back of the throat. sometimes, these remedies did cause vomiting. but they often caused problems of their own. for example, too much salt caused sodium poisoning, seizures and even death. gagging someone often caused throat bleeding and swelling. also, these home remedies were never reliable enough to be used to treat poisoning. and complicated charts about what remedy went with what poisoning were confusing. small brown bottles of ipecac syrup seemed to solve these problems. when given to children or adults, ipecac made most of them throw up within 20 - 30 minutes. since at least the 1960 \u2019 s, standard parenting advice included keeping a bottle of ipecac syrup at home. in fact, many pediatricians and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4072912128139311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.944116"} {"text": "to children or adults, ipecac made most of them throw up within 20 - 30 minutes. since at least the 1960 \u2019 s, standard parenting advice included keeping a bottle of ipecac syrup at home. in fact, many pediatricians and health clinics gave ipecac to parents, \u201c just what we know now : it turns out that a big piece of the picture was missing. yes, ipecac made people throw up, whether or not they swallowed poison. but did throwing up keep them from actually getting sick from the poison? recently, researchers looked at all of the evidence about ipecac syrup. they agreed that ipecac syrup reliably caused vomiting. they also agreed that this didn \u2019 t make any difference! in other words, there was little research to show that people who swallowed ipecac after poisoning did any better than others. in addition, this review highlighted some problems with ipecac : - there are times when ipecac is unsafe. it shouldn ' t be given to someone who swallowed chemicals that cause burns on contact or medicines that can cause seizures very quickly. it can be dangerous to people with some types of medical problems. when such poisoning victims got ipecac anyway, they developed serious complications or even died. - more and more people with eating disorders were using ipecac to make themselves throw up. regular use of ipecac syrup is dangerous ; for example, chronic users have died from heart - sometimes people vomiting after ipecac could not keep down other drugs they needed to treat their poisonings. based on these facts, pediatricians, poison centers, and federal regulators have re - evaluated the use of ipecac. follow the links at the end for the fine print. should you keep ipecac at home? - the american academy of pediatrics recommends that ipecac syrup not be stocked at home. - likewise, the american association of poison control centers no longer recommends that parents keep ipecac syrup at - the u. s. food and drug administration is considering a recommendation from one of its expert panels to make ipecac syrup a prescription - only drug. to date, fda has not acted on the panel recommendation. - in the washington, dc metropolitan area, the national capital poison center does not recommend that parents stock ipecac syrup at home. in fact, most pharmacies no longer stock ipecac i hear about activated charcoal \u2026 activated charcoal is a medicine that is used to treat some serious poisonings. it is often given in emergency departments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35177692863689786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.945187"} {"text": "parents stock ipecac syrup at home. in fact, most pharmacies no longer stock ipecac i hear about activated charcoal \u2026 activated charcoal is a medicine that is used to treat some serious poisonings. it is often given in emergency departments and sometimes, but rarely, at home. the national capital poison center does not recommend that parents keep activated charcoal at home. it goes back to research. most studies do not show a benefit to keeping and giving activated charcoal at home. the bottom line : parents, child care providers, and everyone who spends time with children should post the poison center phone number on or near every phone. call 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222 right away for a possible poisoning. trained experts will guide you : if treatment is needed, they \u2019 ll tell you what to do. they will call you back to be sure that everything is all right. for more information : - in 2003, the u. s. food and drug administration fda nonprescription drug advisory council held a hearing about the over - the - counter status of ipecac syrup. the advisory panel then recommended to fda that ipecac syrup no longer be available as a non - prescription drug. fda has not made a decision ( as of 12 / 05 ), but documents from the hearing are available on the web site. go to www. fda. gov and enter the search term \" ipecac \". you will find the regulatory history of ipecac and presentations and submissions for and against the over - the - counter availability of ipecac syrup. - in 2003, the american academy of pediatrics issued a policy statement \" poison treatment in the home \" which concluded that ipecac syrup should no longer be routinely used in the home. instead, they recommended that the first action of a caregiver of a child who may have swallowed a poison is to call the local poison control center at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222. - in 2004, an expert panel of toxicologists issued on the use of ipecac syrup in the out - of - hospital management of ingested poisons. \" panel members from the american association of poison control centers, the american academy of clinical toxicology and the american college of medical toxicology concluded that ipecac is rarely useful in treating childhood poisoning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4115700018700844, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.946351"} {"text": "liquid armor has been shown to stop bullets more effectively than plain kevlar, according to british firm bae systems. the material could be used to make thinner, lighter armor for military personnel and police officers, the bbc reports. materials scientists combined a shear - thickening liquid with traditional kevlar to make a bulletproof material that absorbs the force of a bullet strike by becoming thicker and stickier. its molecules lock together more tightly when it is struck, the scientists explained - - they described it as \" bulletproof custard, \" the bbc reports. shear - thickening liquids are composed of hard nanoparticles suspended in a liquid, which turns rigid after being struck with a bullet or shrapnel. bae says their tests provide the first clear evidence that it can actually protect people. in the tests, bae scientists used a gas gun to fire ball - bearing bullets at nearly 1, 000 feet per second at two test materials - - 31 layers of regular kevlar and 10 layers of kevlar combined with the shear - thickening liquid. the shear - thickening liquid stopped the bullets more quickly and prevented them from penetrating as deeply, the bbc says. british media got a preview of the materials at a bae facility in bristol, england. the u. s. army research laboratory has studied using liquid armor to replace traditional kevlar armor, which is heavy and bulky. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4769506535908888, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.948186"} {"text": "for a few short weeks last september, the northwest and northeast passages through the arctic ocean were simultaneously ice - free from end to end, the first such clearing in the time that satellites have monitored the region. merchants have long sought routes through the ice packed waters that link the pacific and atlantic. but researchers at the naval postgraduate school in monterey, california, say that we could now see an entire arctic ocean, not just passages along the coasts, with icefree summers, as soon as 2016. that is a bleak environmental scenario. but it also means that cargo ships could shave thousands of miles off their journeys. already, russia is touting the northeast passage ( a. k. a. the northern sea route ), which hugs its arctic coast, as a shorter, safer alternative to the pirate - infested waters near egypt \u2019 s suez canal. the country \u2019 s fleet of for - hire, icebreaker escorts are on duty, and more are on order. although the major container shipping lines have yet to test the icy waters, more local cargo ships and tankers have been traversing the passage recently. equally desired is a shipping lane through the less - developed northwest passage on the canadian side of the arctic. although a labyrinth of frozen islands makes transit more challenging, china could get goods to the east coast of the u. s. without a lengthy detour through the panama canal or an overland trip by railroad. similarly, travel between the northwest u. s. and europe would be 2, 300 miles shorter. many climate scientists say the northwest could become passable on a regular basis by 2020. designers such as aker arctic, a finnish firm, are developing ships that could travel the new routes even in the off - season, including icebreakers that can move sideways to blast channels for big cargo ships, and container ships with reinforced sterns that plow through ice rearend first so they don \u2019 t need an icebreaker to accompany them. meanwhile, the arctic regional hydrographic commission, formed last october, is coordinating efforts to map the more than 90 percent of arctic waters for which nautical charts are decades out of date or nonexistent. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4541651560393337, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.950931"} {"text": "causes of spotting at 26th week of pregnancy | december 1, 2011 it is only natural for a woman to get highly concerned on noticing spots of blood on tissue or her underwear during the course of pregnancy. this is because spotting could be a sign that something is wrong with the baby or the pregnancy. fortunately, since the 26th week of pregnancy falls in the second trimester, the risks of losing the baby are considerably lower. spotting in the 26th week of pregnancy could occur because of several reasons, some of which include vaginal exams, physical exertion or sexual intercourse. however, at times, spotting at 26 weeks pregnant could also be an indication of a problem with the placenta, or an infection. therefore, it is always advisable to speak to a health care provider about it and preferably undergo a checkup. in case the spotting is accompanied by cramps, or turns to light or heavy bleeding, it needs to be checked by a doctor immediately. brown discharge at 26 weeks pregnant the appearance of brown discharge could occur at any time during the course of pregnancy. brown discharge usually means that the body is getting rid of old blood, which is rarely a cause for concern. in case it happens during the first few weeks, it is a sign of implantation, which is the fertilized egg attaching itself to the wall of the uterus. however, in the second trimester, brown vaginal discharge can be seen after engaging in sex or undertaking any other form of strenuous physical activity. however, a doctor should be informed in case of spotting at any time of during the pregnancy. if the discharge is heavy or pinkish in appearance, it is a cause for concern and should be checked by a doctor immediately. cramping at 26 weeks pregnant it is a well - known fact that abdominal cramps are a common occurrence during the first trimester of pregnancy. however, most women are not sure if cramps during the 26th week are a normal occurrence or not. mild and occasional cramping in the second trimester is not a cause for concern, as long as it is not accompanied by spotting, bleeding, vaginal discharge or diarrhea. however, in case the cramping is persistent, severe or goes on for a long time ( more than a couple of hours ), consult a doctor without any delay. implantation bleeding at 26 weeks pregnant implantation bleeding occurs during the initial stages of pregnancy, when an egg that has been fertilized gets implanted into the uterine wall lining. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45037199225213503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.953968"} {"text": "sometimes bread machines can be tricky. we were trying to help a customer whose bread did not rise enough. it seemed that he did everything right. come to find out, he had an older model and a brand that we were not familiar with. ( bread machines are becoming more standardized but there are still different requirements for different machines. ) so we tried to help him fine tune his mix to work perfectly with his machine. fine tuning may be required either because the mix does not perfectly match the machine or because of environmental conditions in your kitchen \u2014 humidity, temperature, or altitude. ( since temperature is a variable, make sure that both the mix and machine are at room temperature before beginning. ) bread machines work on a timer. they mix, allow time for the bread to rise, and then bake. if the dough does not rise fast enough, then the loaf is dense with poor volume. if the dough rises too fast, it collapses with a depression in the middle. to fine tune a mix, we want to adjust the rising so that it is at peak height when the baking cycle begins. in fine tuning, there are two variables to work with. the first is hydration, the ratio of water to dry ingredients. a more hydrated dough is softer and will rise easier. if it is too firm, it won ' t rise enough and will be dense. if it is too soft, it will rise too quickly and collapse as baking begins. a little difference in the amount of water added will change the loaf so measure carefully with a reliable measuring cup designed for liquids. check the dough ball at the end of the kneading cycle. poke it with your finger. it should be soft but not too sticky. if you think it is too soft or too firm, pull it out of the machine, form a loaf, let it rise, and bake it in the oven. then next time, add or subtract water. usually a one tablespoon adjustment is all that is needed. the other method for fine tuning is adjusting the temperature of the water. all of our bread machine mixes are developed with water at 80 degrees and a specified water temperature range of 75 to 85 degrees. as a rule of thumb, if your kitchen is chilly, use water at 85 degrees. if hot, use water at 75 degrees. increasing or decreasing the water temperature will change the rate of the yeast growth substantially. so if the dough ball indicates the right consistency, then you can speed or retard the rising of the bread quite handily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45893922368467227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.960416"} {"text": "hot, use water at 75 degrees. increasing or decreasing the water temperature will change the rate of the yeast growth substantially. so if the dough ball indicates the right consistency, then you can speed or retard the rising of the bread quite handily by adjusting the water temperature - - warmer water will speed the rising and cooler water will slow the rising. usually an adjustment of ten degrees is adequate. we hope this helps you fine tune any mix for your bread machine and the conditions in your kitchen. what works for one mix, should work for all mixes of that same brand. once you find what works, stick with it. consistently turning out perfect loaves is usually no more difficult than carefully measuring the water and controlling water temperature. copyright \u00a9 the prepared pantry, llc | 1 - 866 - 745 - 7892 | 2 north landmark lane, rigby, idaho 83442 baking mixes | ingredients & supplies | gourmet food | kitchen tools | gifts | gift registries | specials free how to bake book | free baking lessons | free ebooks | free newsletter | recipes | how - to articles | cooking videos | more baking info free local classes | your account | employment | about us | contact us | free recipe newsletter home | recipes | the baker ' s library | contact us bread mixes category | the pancake mix shoppe | cookie mixes category | free food newsletter | past newsletters | bakers ' library | free recipes | free articles browse all products | browse all info | free baking book | free baking lessons | site map mixes | site map tools | site map recipes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4498539402537423, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.961088"} {"text": "the number of people aged 65 and over living with cancer in the uk is set to treble by 2040, macmillan cancer support is warning today. according to new research funded by macmillan and carried out by king \u2019 s college london, the number of older people with cancer will increase to 4. 1 million by 2040, up from 1. 3 million in 2010, due to a number of factors including the ageing population and increasing survival rates. the figures are almost four times higher than for people in the 45 - 64 age bracket. the greatest increase in incidence is expected to be seen in lung cancer in older women. this is forecast to more than double between 2010 and 2040, from 319 people per 100, 000 to 831. on the other hand, lung cancer prevalence in older men is expected to fall, due to a dramatic decline in smoking among men since the 1970s. professor henrik m\u00f8ller, one of the study \u2019 s authors at king \u2019 s college london, said the large increases expected to be seen in the oldest age groups in the coming decades will bring with them increasing pressures upon health services. ciaran devane, chief executive at macmillan cancer support, described the care of older cancer patients as a \u201c ticking time bomb \u201d for society. he said : \u201c these stark predictions should act as a warning to the nhs and social care providers of the problems ahead if older cancer patients are not offered the best treatment and support. \u201c we have a moral duty to give people the best chance of beating cancer, regardless of their age. for cancer survival to improve, older people must be given the right treatment at the correct level of intensity, together with the practical support to enable them to take it up. \u201d macmillan says that older cancer patients currently face a multitude of barriers to getting the best care and treatment, which include a lack of practical support at home and poor management of non - cancer related health problems. macmillan is calling for a more effective way of assessing older people for treatment, more short - term practical support to enable them to take up recommended treatment and training for professionals working with older people within the nhs to promote age equality. macmillan, in partnership with age uk and the department of health, has set up five pilots to test new models of older people \u2019 s care. they will report in december 2012. would you like to know more about affordable cashplans including worldwide cover without obligation? contact private healthcare bureau now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43845213068147026, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.963707"} {"text": "anxiety, panic and phobias health : have you been affected by the recession? we would welcome your views. anxiety is a feeling we all get in a situation that is threatening or difficult. the anxiety stops when you get used to the situation, when the situation changes, or if you just leave. but if you feel anxious all the time, or for no obvious reason, it can make life difficult. this leaflet deals with three particular kinds of anxiety : - general anxiety disorder - panic attacks we hope it will be helpful for anyone who finds their anxiety is a problem - but also for any friends and relatives who want to understand more about it. what is anxiety? anxiety feels like fear. when it ' s there a lot of the time, caused by a problem in our life that can ' t be solved, like money difficulties, we call it worry. if is a sudden reaction to a threat, like looking over a cliff or being confronted by an angry dog, we call it fear. although worry, fear and anxiety are unpleasant, they can all be - psychologically - they keep us alert and give us the ' get up and go ' to deal with problems - physically - they make our body ready for action - to run away from danger or to attack it - the ' fight or flight ' these feelings become a problem when they are too strong or when they carry on even when we don ' t need them anymore. they can make you uncomfortable, stop you from doing the things you want to - and can generally make life difficult. isn ' t anxiety just ' stress '? in english, ' stress ' can mean two different things : - the things that make us anxious - \" my work is stressful \" - our anxious reaction to them - \" i feel really stressed this can make things confusing, so we don ' t use this term much in this leaflet. isn ' t anxiety / stress bad for you? some anxiety is good for you. it keeps you alert and can help you to perform well. but only some. if it gets too intense, or goes on for too long, it can make you feel bad and interfere with your life. it can make you depressed and damage your physical what does anxiety feel like? - feeling worried all the time - fast or irregular heartbeats ( palpitations ) - numbness or tingling in fingers, toes or lips it ' s easy to worry that these feelings are the signs of a serious physical illness - and this can make the symptoms even worse. when anxiety and panic go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206833309949463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.976572"} {"text": "heartbeats ( palpitations ) - numbness or tingling in fingers, toes or lips it ' s easy to worry that these feelings are the signs of a serious physical illness - and this can make the symptoms even worse. when anxiety and panic go on for a while, it ' s easy to start to feel depressed - you start to feel down, lose your appetite and see the future as bleak and hopeless. anxiety seems to take three main forms, but they overlap and most people will probably experience more than one type. - generalised anxiety disorder ( gad ) you have the symptoms of anxiety most of the time. you get unpredictable, sudden and intense attacks of anxiety - often in a situation that is likely to make you anxious. the feelings come on suddenly and reach a peak in 10 minutes or less. you may also feel : - that you are going to die - frightened or ' going crazy ' or losing control - short of breath and that you are choking. about a quarter of people who go to an emergency department with chest pain thinking that they may be having a heart attack are actually having a panic attack. although the symptoms are much the same as those for gad, they are much more powerful and only last a you feel really frightened of something that is not actually dangerous and which most people do not find troublesome. the nearer you get to the thing that makes you anxious, the more anxious you get... and so you tend to avoid it. away from it you feel common phobias include : - agoraphobia - a fear of going where there are other people - which can stop you from leaving the house - social phobias - a fear of being with other people - which can make it hard to talk to other people. are these problems common? about 1 in every 10 people will have troublesome anxiety or phobias at some point in their lives. however, most people with these problems never ask for treatment. what causes these kinds of anxiety? some of us seem to be born a bit anxious - research suggests that it can be inherited through our genes. however, even if you aren ' t naturally anxious, you can become anxious if you are under enough pressure. a psychological explanation suggests that, for some people, it is because they start to believe that the physical symptoms of mild anxiety are symptoms of serious physical disease. this makes them worry more, so the symptoms get worse, so they worry more... and sometimes it is obvious what is causing anxiety. when the problem disappears, so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4908122846486944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.977615"} {"text": "believe that the physical symptoms of mild anxiety are symptoms of serious physical disease. this makes them worry more, so the symptoms get worse, so they worry more... and sometimes it is obvious what is causing anxiety. when the problem disappears, so does the anxiety. however, there are some circumstances that are so upsetting and threatening that the anxiety they cause can go on long after the event. these are often life threatening situations like car crashes, train crashes or fires. if this happens to you, you can feel nervous for months or years after the event, even if you weren ' t physically it can also happen : - if you have been neglected or abused in childhood - if you have been abused, persistently mistreated or tortured as this is part of post - traumatic stress street drugs like amphetamines, lsd or ecstasy don ' t help. even the caffeine in coffee can be enough to make some of us feel many mental health problems can make you anxious. about half the people with depression get panic attacks at some some physical problems, like thyroid disease, can make you feel - some or all the above... on the other hand, it may not be clear at all why you feel anxious. it ' s a mixture of your personality, the things that have happened to you, or big changes in your life. anxiety is very common and many of us overcome it or cope with it without professional help. however, if it is severe or goes on for a long time, anxiety can affect your physical health, and stop you doing the things you want to do. the good news is that there are ways to help yourself. - talk about it. this can help when the anxiety comes from recent knocks, like a partner leaving, a child becoming ill or losing a job. who should you talk to? try a friend or relative who you trust and respect, and who is a good listener. they may have had the same problem themselves, or know someone else - self - help groups. these are a good way of getting in touch with people who have similar problems. they can understand what you are going through. as well as having the chance to talk, you may be able to find out how other people have coped. some of these groups are specifically about anxieties and phobias. others may be for people who have been through similar experiences - women ' s groups, bereaved parents ' groups, survivors of abuse. - learning to relax. it sounds too obvious - surely everyone can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4642872167409432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.978612"} {"text": "about anxieties and phobias. others may be for people who have been through similar experiences - women ' s groups, bereaved parents ' groups, survivors of abuse. - learning to relax. it sounds too obvious - surely everyone can relax? but if your anxiety just won ' t go away, it can be really helpful to learn some special ways of relaxing, to be a bit more in control of your anxiety and tension. you can learn these through groups, with professionals, but there are several books and self - help materials you can use to teach yourself. it ' s a good idea to practice relaxation regularly, not just at times of crisis. - using a self - help book. this works well for many people. most of the books use the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy ( cbt ) - see below. family and friends someone with troublesome anxiety or a phobia may not talk about their feelings, even with family or close friends. even so, it is usually obvious that things are not right. the sufferer will tend to look pale and tense, and may easily be startled by normal sounds such as a door - bell ringing or a car ' s horn. they may be irritable and this can cause arguments with those around them, especially if they don ' t understand why the person feels that they cannot do certain things. although friends and family can understand the distress of an anxious person, they can find them difficult to live with, especially if the fear seems if you have an anxiety problem which just won ' t go away, you may not ask for help because you worry that people might think that you are \" mad \". they won ' t. it ' s a common problems and it ' s much better to get help rather than suffer in silence. - cognitive behavioural therapy this is a talking treatment which can help you to understand how some of your ' habits of thinking ' can make anxiety worse - or even cause it - and to come to terms with reasons for your anxieties that you may not have recognised yourself. the treatment can take place in groups or individually, and is usually weekly for several weeks or months. there are now a number of computer programmes which you can use to give yourself cbt. the national institute for health and care excellence ( nice ) recommend a programme called for panic or phobia. you can get this through your gp. if this is not enough, there are several different kinds of professionals who may be able to help - the gp, psychiatrist, psychologist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4510201552426376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.979547"} {"text": "care excellence ( nice ) recommend a programme called for panic or phobia. you can get this through your gp. if this is not enough, there are several different kinds of professionals who may be able to help - the gp, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, nurse or counsellor. psychotherapists may or may not be medically qualified. medication can play a part in the treatment of some people with anxiety or phobias, the most common tranquillisers are the valium - like drugs, the benzodiazepines ( most sleeping tablets also belong to this class of drug ). they are very effective in relieving anxiety, but they are also very addictive after four weeks regular use. when people try to stop taking them, they may experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms which can go on for some time. these drugs should only be used for short periods, usually up to 2 weeks, perhaps to help during a crisis. - they should not be used for longer - term treatment - they should not be used at all in panic disorder. antidepressants can help to relieve anxiety, as well as the depression for which they are usually prescribed. they usually take 2 to 4 weeks and have to be taken regularly to work properly. one of the newer ssri antidepressants would usually be tried first - if that is not helpful, one of the older tricyclic antidepressants can be tried or a newer antidepressant called venlafaxine. beta - blockers in low doses can sometimes control the physical shaking of anxiety. they can be taken shortly before meeting people or before speaking in public, or having to studies suggest that valeriana officinalis ( valerian ) does not seem to be helpful in anxiety, although matricaria recutitat ( german chamomile ) and melissa officinalis ( lemon balm ) ' show promise '. piper methysticum ( kava ) does seem to be effective, but is currently banned in the uk because of worries that it can cause liver which treatments work best? the treatments that seem to work for the longest time are, in - psychological therapy ( cbt ) - pharmacological therapy ( an ssri ) - self - help ( books based on cbt principles ). anxiety and phobias in children most children go through times when they feel very frightened about things. it ' s a normal part of growing up. for instance, a toddler will be very attached to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44244425111704955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.980556"} {"text": "( books based on cbt principles ). anxiety and phobias in children most children go through times when they feel very frightened about things. it ' s a normal part of growing up. for instance, a toddler will be very attached to their parents or the people who look after them. separation from them, for any reason, can make them very anxious and upset. many children are scared of the dark or of imaginary monsters. these fears usually disappear as the child grows older, but they do not usually spoil the child ' s life or interfere with their development. most will feel anxious about important events like their first day at school. once it is over, the child stops being frightened and is able to get on and enjoy the new teenagers often feel anxious. they tend to be worried about how they look, what other people think of them, how they get on with people in general, but especially about forming close relationships. these worries can usually be helped by talking about them. however, if they are too strong, other people may notice that they are doing badly at school, behaving differently, or feeling physically unwell. if a child or teenager feels so anxious or fearful that it is spoiling their life, it ' s a good thing to ask your gp for helpline : 08444 775 774. charity formed 30 years ago by a sufferer of agoraphobia for those affected by anxiety disorders. british association for behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies ( babcp ) has a uk register of accredited helpline : 0800 138 8889. national organisation for phobias, anxiety, neurosis, information and care. support for sufferers of panic attacks, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and tranquilliser withdrawal. - overcoming anxiety by helen kennerley, constable & robinson - overcoming anxiety, stress and panic : a five areas approach by chris williams, crc press - feel the fear and do it anyway by susan jeffers, - overcoming panic and agoraphobia by derrick silove and vijaya manicavasagar, constable & robinson - panic attacks : what they are, why they happen and what you can do about them by christine ingram, harpercollins - an introduction to coping with phobias by brenda hogan, constable & robinson. free online cbt resources life to the full : free online life skills course for people feeling distressed and their carers. helps you understand why you feel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47654857823473196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.981524"} {"text": "harpercollins - an introduction to coping with phobias by brenda hogan, constable & robinson. free online cbt resources life to the full : free online life skills course for people feeling distressed and their carers. helps you understand why you feel as you do and make changes in your thinking, activities, sleep and relationships. - fearfighter : ( free access can only be prescribed by your doctor in england and - barr taylor, c. ( 2006 ) panic disorder. bmj : 332 : - cohen, a. ( 2008 ) the primary care management of anxiety and depression : a gp \u2019 s perspective. advances in psychiatric treatment, 14 : 98 - 105. - ernst, e. ( 2007 ) herbal remedies for depression and anxiety. advances in psychiatric treatment, 13, 312 \u2013 316. ( january 2011 ) generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder ( with or without agoraphobia ) : management in primary, secondary and community care : quick reference guide. ( 2008 ) computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety. review of technology appraisal 51. national institute for health and clinical excellence : london. - sareen, j. et al ( 2006 ) disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions. archives of internal medicine, 166, - scott, a., davidson, a. & palmer, k. ( 2001 ) antidepressant drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders. advances in psychiatric treatment, 7, 275 \u2013 282. this leaflet was produced by the royal college of psychiatrists ' public education editorial board. series editor : dr philip timms expert review : dr paul illustration by lo cole ; www. locole. co. uk this leaflet reflects the best available evidence available at the time of writing. \u00a9 april 2013. due for review april 2015. or review. royal college of psychiatrists. this leaflet may be downloaded, printed out, photocopied and distributed free of charge as long as the royal college of psychiatrists is properly credited and no profit gained from its use. permission to reproduce it in any other way must be obtained from the head of publications. does not allow reposting of its leaflets on other sites, but allows them to be linked directly. for a catalogue of public education materials or copies of our leaflets contact : leaflets department royal college of psychiatrists, 17 belgrave square, london sw1x 8pg, telephone : 020 7235 2351 x charity registration number ( england and wales ) 228636", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47334990589546244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.982471"} {"text": "if you look back on your own days as a student, you can recall with ease teachers who made learning fun. you wanted to be in their classes. best of all, you were certain that those teachers liked you and missed you on those days when you had to be absent. if you succeed at nothing else in your career, you should aim to create that same effect on your students. what makes certain teachers gifted? charisma. according to a standard definition, charisma is \" a unique personal power belonging to those individuals who secure the allegiance of large numbers of people. \" fortunately, classroom charisma is a learned trait. it is something that you should begin working on the first day you teach to your last. how do you rate your classroom charisma? how do you create an environment in your classroom in which your students are made to feel that they are accepted and necessary to the proper functioning of the class? how do you create a nurturing, and positive climate in your classroom? be specific. for example, i smile and greet students as they come into the classroom. i use questioning techniques that engage all students. my lessons are packed with a variety of interesting activities. i dress professionally. i use techniques that appeal to all of my students ' learning styles. i establish procedures and routines and stick to them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.491651745957804, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.984359"} {"text": "pakistan \u2019 s national mammal is making a comeback the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) announced today that the markhor \u2013 a majestic wild goat species \u2013 is making a remarkable comeback in pakistan due to conservation efforts. wcs - led community surveys have revealed that markhor populations in northern pakistan \u2019 s kargah region in gilgit - baltistan have increased from a low of approximately 40 - 50 individuals in 1991 to roughly 300 this year. these community surveys suggest that the total markhor population where wcs works in gilgit - baltistan may now be as high as 1, 500 animals, a dramatic increase since the last government estimate of less than 1, 000 in 1999. pakistan \u2019 s national mammal, markhor are known for their spectacular, corkscrew horns that can reach nearly five feet in length. they are an important prey species for large carnivores such as wolves and snow leopards. markhor have been listed as endangered by iucn since 1994, with a 2008 global population estimate of less than 2, 500 animals across five countries : pakistan, afghanistan, tajikistan, uzbekistan, and india. they are threatened by illegal hunting, habitat destruction, and competition from domestic goats and sheep. \u201c we are thrilled that markhor conservation efforts in pakistan are paying off, \u201d said peter zahler, wcs deputy director of asia programs. \u201c markhor are part of pakistan \u2019 s natural heritage, and we are proud to be assisting the communities of gilgit - baltistan and the government of pakistan to safeguard this iconic species. \u201d wcs, led by program manager mayoor khan, has developed a conservation program that helps create community conservation committees and trains wildlife rangers throughout gilgit - baltistan. rangers focus on monitoring wildlife and enforcing both local and national laws and regulations related to hunting and other resource use. illegal hunting and logging have stopped in most of the valleys where the community rangers are active. wcs has been the only conservation organization working in diamer district of gb since the program \u2019 s inception in 1997. altogether, there are now 53 community conservation committees within the wcs pakistan program covering four districts. wcs has helped many of these committees form a larger conservation institution, the mountain conservation and development programme, which brings together members from each committee with government officials to help co - manage the region \u2019 s wildlife and forests. wcs has recently developed a new management structure called \u201c markhor conservancies \u201d that use markhor herd home ranges to link different village resource committees together for coordinated monitoring and protection. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4069280300297866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.990780"} {"text": "abstract - deliverable 196 report on the restoration success of two lowland streams following re - meandering projects lowland streams are characterised by a gentle slope of terrain ( zero to five per mill ) and sandy soil. they occur in the flat lowland areas of the western european plain. lowland streams are fed by rainwater ; they often lack a well - defined source. thus, their discharge shows a smoothed relation with the amount and frequency of precipitation in the various seasons. lowland streams occur in the eastern and southern part of the netherlands. their current velocity varies from 5 - 30 cm s - 1 in summer and early autumn and from 30 - 60 cm s - 1 in late autumn to spring. often the rainwater fed upper courses dry up in summer, though sometimes they are fed by a helocrene spring and then show a more constant discharge pattern ( verdonschot, 1990 ). after a long period of adapting lowland streams and their catchments to agricultural, domestic, drinking water and industrial needs, awareness of the damages of these alterations has increased. in the netherlands, only about 4 % of the streams still have a natural hydro - morphology. on the last ten years, the ecological importance of streams has become more and more apparent. currently, stream restoration is one of the answers to the lowland stream deterioration. in order to make the proper choices in stream restoration ; one firstly has to understand the complex spatial and temporal interactions between physical, chemical and biological components. the success of restoration depends on steering the appropriate key factor ( s ). whichever factor this is, differs for each stream and each site. to provide a more detailed idea of the status of the ecological effects of lowland stream restoration projects a pragmatic approach is to analyse current project. this means learning by doing!. the examples analysed examples represent an average overview of stream restoration in the netherlands. they make clear what can be expected looking more in detail at the positive and negative aspects from an ecological point of view. download deliverable report [ 82 kb ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47079072492425217, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:49.995200"} {"text": "the ban on anti - personnel landmines are an insidious weapon of war. they are simple and cheap to produce, costing only about $ 30. 00 u. s. to manufacture. they either maim or kill anyone who steps on one. they remain active for decades. they keep on injuring and killing people long after the war has ended. they are usually buried underground or left above ground, camouflaged. when tripped, the resultant explosion will often either slice off the victims limbs or cause sufficient injury to require the amputation of one or more limbs. some facts about landmines : | the u. s. campaign to eliminate landmines estimates that there are up to 70 million landmines scattered throughout 68 countries. | | about 26, 000 people are killed or maimed each year. this is one injury or death every 20 | children under the age of 15 form about 30 to 40 % of the casualties. | | countries with significant numbers of uncleared mines include : afghanistan, angola, cambodia, costa rica, croatia, cyprus, el salvador, ethiopia, germany, guatemala, honduras, jordan, lebanon, nicaragua, somalia, sudan, and zimbabwe. | | hurricane mitch in late 1998 flooded much of the land in nicaragua. this has moved landmines left over from the contra wars in the 1980 ' s from their original locations and scattered them around the countryside. often, they have become covered with mud and are now very difficult to detect. | | china and russia are the main manufacturers of landmines. | | the process of de - mining will take many decades. signing of the landmine treaty : the united nations general assembly passed a resolution in 1996 calling for vigorous pursuit of negotiations on a ban treaty \" as soon as possible. \" the landmine treaty, popularly known as \" the ottawa treaty \" was drawn up in 1997 - dec. it bans the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti - personnel landmines. \" the 1997 mine ban treaty... comprehensively bans all antipersonnel mines, requires destruction of stockpiled mines within four years, requires destruction of mines already in the ground within ten years and urges extensive programs to assist the victims of landmines. \" 3 by the end of 1999 - feb, 134 nations had signed the treaty. this includes most of the countries of the world, including canada, france, germany, nicaragua, south africa, the united kingdom, and vatican city. the few nations that have not signed the treaty include china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4491559784510972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.002113"} {"text": "feb, 134 nations had signed the treaty. this includes most of the countries of the world, including canada, france, germany, nicaragua, south africa, the united kingdom, and vatican city. the few nations that have not signed the treaty include china, iran, south korea, pakistan, turkey, the united states and yugoslavia. all of the countries in nato except for the u. s. and turkey have signed the treaty. 67 nations had ratified the treaty by 1999 - feb - 28. 1998 - dec - 30 was chosen to be a national call - in day to persuade president clinton to sign the treaty. 1 marissa vitagliano, is the coordinator of the u. s. campaign to ban landmines, a coalition of over 300 groups. he asked that people : \" put calls into the president. demonstrate that we haven ' t forgotten the issue. say that we want him to sign now. \" although the national call - in day has passed, interested individuals can still call the white house comment line at ( 202 ) 456 - 1111 or send e - mails to firstname. lastname @ example. org implementation of the landmine treaty : the ottawa mine ban treaty came into effect throughout most of the world on 1999 - mar - 1. the biggest bell - ringing event in history occurred at noon on that day, as churches around the world ring their bells. 2 churches in brazil, france, italy, switzerland, and the united kingdom had agreed to celebrate. the international campaign to ban landmines brought on - line churches from other countries. rebecca larson, secretary for research and development education at the lutheran world federation ' s ( lwf ) headquarters in geneva, commented on 1999 - feb - 17 : \" there ' s a very active campaign in the u. s., and on march 1 there will be pressure on president [ bill ] clinton for the us to sign... throughout the past five years there has been a significant spiritual element in the campaign, and at the intergovernmental meetings regarding the treaty there has been ecumenical and interfaith prayer for the ban on land - mines, for the de - miners, and for the victims and survivors of land - mines. \" over 1, 000 non - governmental organizations have formed the international campaign. more than a third of these are faith groups. u. s. reluctance to sign : landmines currently provide the only feasible way of preventing passage through the buffer zone that separates north and south korea. president clinton believes that it would be ir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4501859801446595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.003097"} {"text": ". more than a third of these are faith groups. u. s. reluctance to sign : landmines currently provide the only feasible way of preventing passage through the buffer zone that separates north and south korea. president clinton believes that it would be irresponsible of him to sign the treaty at this time. he has suggested the date of 2006. by that time, alternatice weapon systems should have been developed. president clinton ' s proposed goal of the year 2006 is conditional on the development of a substitute defensive system. in them meantime, the pentagon is seeking nearly $ 50 million from congress in 1999 to develop a new landmine system called stephen goose, program director for the arms division of human rights watch commented : \" the goal of 2006 is already unconscionably distant... radam is the latest of a growing number of indicators that the pentagon is not serious about the 2006 deadline, and that it is very unlikely to be met. \" on 2001 - dec - 3, the fourth anniversary of the opening for signature of the mine ban treaty, human rights watch issued a press release which revealed that \" 45 percent of the 1. 2 million long - lasting \" dumb \" ( non - self - destructing ) antipersonnel mines retained for use in korea are stored at depots in the continental u. s. another 50 percent are in korea, but at the onset of conflict will be handed over to south korean troops for their use. the u. s. earmarks only the remaining 5 percent of the mines for immediate use by u. s. troops in south korea. \" 4 steve goose, program director of human rights watch ' s arms division commented : \" this new information seriously calls into question the major rationale put forth by the pentagon for not banning anti - personnel mines. the u. s. has repeatedly said that these mines are needed to stop a massive surprise attack by north korea. obviously, they are not needed for that if they are sitting in warehouses in the u. s. \" 4 human rights watch has issued a memorandum for u. s. policymakers o landmines, dated 2001 - nov. 5 - alexa smith, \" call - in day set to push for landmine ban, \" pcusa news, - edmund doogue, \" churches are asked to ring bells on march 1 for land - mine ban, \" pcusa news, # 99069, 1999 - feb - 17 - news release, \" historic land mine ban treaty takes effect : u. s. plans for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47715837655329874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.003998"} {"text": "everyone has heard of coccidia at some point or another or have been the owners of reptiles with this bothersome parasite. for those who don ' t know, coccidia is a protozoan parasite that affects reptiles of all species and tends to cause a bad runny diarrhea usually of yellow coloration. the parasite attaches to the intestinal mucosa and prevents the proper absorption of nutrients by the reptile host, thus causing weight loss, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia and eventually death. it is highly contagious and can be passed by contact with infected reptiles. treatment is possible and involves thorough cleaning and disinfection of the habitat as well as proper medications that are only legally available through a licensed veterinarian. holistic medications are rumored to be effective against coccidia but it has been my personal experience that this isn ' t always the case. the good news is that the holistic meds rarely, if ever, harm the reptile so you can ' t go wrong trying them if you wish to. however, if money is tight, you might want to consider the benefits of spending $ 30 on a product that may help vs. using the money towards paying for a consult and medications that will help. so with all that said, let me introduce you to coccidia : this species is likely in the genus eimeria. this sample was taken from a leopard gecko. for the following pics, let ' s count from 1 - 4 : one two three four you have just seen the development of another species of coccidia, likely isospora sp., from a panther chameleon. the 4 celled oocyst ( or \" egg \" ) seen in the last pic is the more common form we see in full blown infections but this particular guy had an infection so severe that all stages of development of the oocysts were seen. this chameleon has already been through a trial of holistic medications for 21 days according to the owner. we treated the chameleon with traditional medications and the recovery was successful. he was weak and almost didn ' t make it but the owner did a great job nursing him back to health during the treatment. despite what has been said in many forums on the internet, coccidia is quite easy to acquire and can be quite prevalent in many species, such as bearded dragons. it can be transmitted via feeder insects and reptiles that appear fat and healthy can be infected with coccidia as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4355688729011808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.008053"} {"text": "egypt ' s mubarak - - from presidency to prison reuters - here is a look at hosni mubarak from the start of his presidency to when he was sentenced to life imprisonment on saturday for his role in killing protesters involved in a uprising that toppled him from power last year : october 6, 1981 - vice - president mubarak is thrust into office when islamist radicals gun down president anwar sadat at a military parade. he is approved as president in a referendum in november. june 26, 1995 - gunmen attack mubarak ' s car as he arrives at an african summit in ethiopia ' s capital addis ababa. he escapes unhurt and returns to egypt. november 17, 1997 - islamist militant group al - gama ' a al - islamiya ( islamic group ) kills 58 tourists and four egyptians at an ancient temple near luxor. it is the most dramatic act in a 1990s rebellion by islamists seeking to establish an islamic state. the revolt is eventually crushed by state security. march 2005 - street protests by the kefaya ( enough ) movement draw hundreds across egypt to oppose a fifth six - year term for mubarak or any attempt to install his son gamal in his place. may 11, 2005 - parliament votes to change the constitution to allow contested presidential elections, dismissing opposition complaints that strict rules would prevent genuine competition. september 27, 2005 - mubarak is sworn in for a fifth consecutive term after winning the first multi - candidate presidential vote on september 7. rights groups say the vote was marred by abuses. his closest rival, ayman nour, comes a distant second and is later jailed on charges he says are politically motivated. december 8, 2005 - the muslim brotherhood wins 20 percent of the seats in parliament, its best showing. rights groups say the vote was vitiated by irregularities to ensure mubarak ' s ruling party retains a big majority. april 2008 - riots erupt in a number of cities over wages, rising prices and shortages of subsidised bread. march 27, 2010 - mubarak reassumes presidential powers after three weeks recovering from gallbladder surgery in germany. november 29, 2010 - a parliamentary election virtually eliminates opposition to mubarak ' s ruling party in the assembly before a 2011 presidential vote. the brotherhood and several other opposition groups boycott the parliamentary election. january 25, 2011 - anti - government protests begin across egypt, driven by discontent over poverty, repression and corruption. january 28 - mubarak orders troops and tanks into cities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42561764764620946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.011391"} {"text": "presidential vote. the brotherhood and several other opposition groups boycott the parliamentary election. january 25, 2011 - anti - government protests begin across egypt, driven by discontent over poverty, repression and corruption. january 28 - mubarak orders troops and tanks into cities overnight to quell the demonstrations. january 31 - egypt swears in a new government. new vice - president omar suleiman says mubarak has asked him to start dialogue with all political forces. february 10 - mubarak says national dialogue under way, transfers powers to vice - president but refuses to leave office immediately. protesters in cairo ' s tahrir square are enraged. february 11 - mubarak steps down and a military council takes control. april 12 - mubarak is hospitalised after being questioned by prosecutors. the next day, egypt orders mubarak detained for questioning on accusations he abused his power, embezzled funds and had protesters killed. august 3 - mubarak, wheeled into a courtroom cage on a bed to face trial, denies the charges against him. his two sons, gamal and alaa, also deny the charges. in subsequent sessions, mubarak always appears on a hospital stretcher. june 2, 2012 - mubarak is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the killing of protesters and is flown from the cairo court to tora prison on the outskirts of the capital, where he is admitted to a hospital facility. ( reporting by david cutler, london editorial reference unit ) - tweet this - share this - digg this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4242573827299989, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.012061"} {"text": "an internet of food march 03, 2006 innovation lab coordinates a new pilot demonstrating future uses of rfid in the prepared food sector. rfid tags are poised to replace the traditional bar code, not least because the tags allow producers and retailers to manage inventory and the supply chain more efficiently. but what might this technology mean for consumers? the project, which is funded by the danish ministry of science technology and innovation, will explore how rfid tagging of ordinary supermarket purchases will affect how ordinary families experience their food, all the way from the shopping cart to the frying pan. the project will trial a wide range of the new services which rfid tagging of food products will make possible : \u2022 expiry management : the refrigerator monitors product expiry dates, helping consumers avoid waste. \u2022 dietary and nutritional guidance. \u2022 food safety : direct information to consumers in case of product recall. \u2022 inspiration : recipes and suggestions based on actual contents of refrigerator / cupboard. \u2022 inventory management : the contents of the refrigerator can be \u2018 seen \u2019 without opening the door, even from the local supermarket. \u2022 marketing of related and / or complementary producter. each of the 20 participating families will be given a \u2018 kitchen console \u2019 and rfid reader through which the digital product information linked to the rfid tags can be accessed. the console can also be used as an internet terminal ( for recipe surfing and downloading, watching movies, playing video games, planning of family activities ). every week each family will receive a shopping basket of groceries in which each item is marked with an rfid \u2018 bar code \u2019. the project is a collaboration between denmark \u2019 s leading packaged food producers and both public and private information and communications technology specialists. rfid takes the internet - based dialogue that has revolutionized marketing and product information to a new level of honesty, detail, and accessibility. simply put, rfid tags make it possible to paste an entire homepage / website on the side of a milk carton or bunch of broccoli. because the amount of information that can be shared isn \u2019 t limited by the physical boundaries of a product \u2019 s packaging, producers can communicate much more detailed and varied messages to consumers. \u2022 the rfid tag links to a database on the internet. by pointing a reader at the tag, a user can download the information linked to that specific tag. the product \u2019 s label is in fact virtual, consisting of the information that appears on the display connected to the reader. \u2022 the virtual product label can contain sound and video as well as text,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5464745502216972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.015070"} {"text": "rabies is still a threat worldwide and in missouri. in the u. s., it has been reported in nearly every state. this summer, the missouri health department reported that one of the showhorses, shown in the saddlebred show and stabled in barn c, had contracted the disease. the horse was noticeably sick on aug. 17 and died two days later. this year, u. s. experts on rabies are warning that there is more reason to be vigilant than ever. in medical news today, aug. 27, 2008, dr. charles rupprecht, chief of the rabies program at the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta, said that due to a variety of regulatory and manufacturing issues, there is, temporarily, a limited supply of rabies vaccine for humans. it is more important than ever to vaccinate pets. \u201c the best way to limit the need for human rabies vaccine is simply to make sure pets are vaccinated. we know that dogs and cats are not the most common animals found rabid in the united states, but they are the animals most frequently involved in multiple human exposures, \u201d he explains. \u201c your local veterinarian plays a key role in controlling rabies. \u2019 unfortunately, cats are less likely than dogs to be vaccinated against the virus and dr. rupprecht added that cat owners are more likely to be exposed to rabies. the american veterinary medical association \u2019 s \u201c u. s. pet ownership & demographics sourcebook \u201d states that only 64 percent of cats visit a veterinarian every year, compared to 83 percent of dogs. any mammal can get rabies, including humans. infected bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, dogs or cats provide the greatest risk to humans, however the disease can also spread through exposure to infected domestic farm animals. the disease is 100 percent deadly in any species once the animal starts showing signs of the disease. over 90 percent of reported rabies cases in the united states are wild animals commonly seen in neighborhoods and backyards, such as raccoons, skunks and bats. ( a person can be bitten by a bat and not even feel it, so awareness is important. ) pets are the barrier between those animals and loved ones. by protecting pets, individuals are also protecting their loved ones. besides ensuring that all dogs, cats and ferrets get vaccinated, other precautionary measures include : don \u2019 t let pets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.370093722428378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.019469"} {"text": "thank you for visiting our past auction result archives. if you have an item identical ( or similar ) to this auction lot, please call, write or contact us to discuss. we will be able to help you. 1787 a little pretty pocket book - first book to mention baseball starting bid - $ 5, 000. 00, sold for - $ 22, 040. 00 offered here is the rarest and arguably the most significant early baseball book in existence : a little pretty pocket book, authored by john newbery and published in 1787 by isaiah thomas, worcester, massachusetts. this particular book ( 3 x 4. 75 inches ) is the earliest available american edition of this important work, which was first published in london, england in 1744 ( although no extant copies of that edition are known ). its great significance to both baseball historians and bibliophiles alike lies in the fact that the book contains the first known reference to the game and the first appearance of the word \" base - ball \" in print. additionally, it is also considered to be the very first children ' s book devoted primarily to games and juvenile entertainment. the small book describes, in verse, thirty - two children ' s games and pastimes ( one to a page ), each accompanied by a woodcut illustration and brief moral. also included are various fables, rules for behavior, and a tutorial on the alphabet. as noted earlier, the most important game described within its pages is that titled \" base - ball. \" the verse reads : the ball once struck off ; away flies the boy ; to the next destined post ; and then home with joy. the illustration above the verse pictures three young boys and three bases marked by posts. while none of the players is depicted holding a bat, one of the youths stands ready to pitch the ball. neighboring pages describe the games of stool - ball, trap - ball, and tip - cat, respectively, with each accompanying woodcut engraving also representing the earliest known illustrations for each of those games. in our thirty - six years of specializing in nineteenth - century baseball items, we have never once handled this book, or seen or heard of one available in a sports or baseball auction. in every attempt at compiling a complete bibliography of baseball literature ( there have been many, from anton grobani to david block ), this is the first american volume with baseball content, and the first to use the word \" base - ball. \" very few copies of the 1787 first american edition exist today, probably fewer than five, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4553142839620265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.025696"} {"text": "anton grobani to david block ), this is the first american volume with baseball content, and the first to use the word \" base - ball. \" very few copies of the 1787 first american edition exist today, probably fewer than five, with all residing in public institutions or the world ' s most prominent private collections. it should be noted that no extant copies of the original 1744 english edition, nor any of the subsequent eight english editions, are known. single copies of the 10th ( 1760 ), 11th ( 1763 ) and 12th ( 1767 ) english editions exist in institutional library collections, as do two of the 1770 editions. there were two earlier pirated american editions published. one was printed in 1762 ( new york ; hugh gaine ) and the other in 1786 ( philadelphia ; w. spotswood ). of those two reported printings, only one example ( the 1762 gaine edition ) is known and it resides in a public institution. this particular example once resided in the famed bradley martin collection, one of the most prestigious book collections ever assembled. ( the martin collection was later sold in 1990 at sotheby ' s, where this particular book appeared as lot 2411. ) 122pp. ( 2pp. ads ). the untrimmed sheets are rebound in three - quarter blue morocco with marbled paper covered boards ( most likely a nineteenth - century rebinding ). the binding joints are rubbed, the cover is otherwise in excellent condition. a bookplate from a former owner is affixed to the interior cover. light pencil notations on front flyleaf. the book is housed in a beautiful custom - made leather slipcase. this is an outstanding copy of this great and most significant rarity. this is perhaps the only copy we will ever see available. this is a museum - quality relic, and a worthy centerpiece to the most advanced collection or library. reserve $ 5000. estimate $ 10, 000 + +. sold for $ 22, 040. 00 ( click the smaller thumbnails to the left and right ( if any ) to cycle through each photo in the gallery of images for this lot. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48164202648566584, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.026547"} {"text": "many years ago if you wanted to design something that used a microprocessor, you pretty much had to use some standard package provided by a vendor who had specialized software specific for that processor. you would use a non - standard interface to generate non - standard code to do the non - standard things that your product needed to do. if you were to upgrade your product to use a different processor, you would start all over again. the typical product lifetime of a processor - based piece of equipment is three years, and the typical software development cycle may exceed a year. if you were trying to keep three products in the manufacturing pipeline, this would require the undivided attention of a dedicated software engineer just to keep up. posix to the rescue every software based product requires a basic set of code plus some special code that uniquely defines your product. most of the unique code consists of drivers and some product - specific routines. everything else duplicates what has already been done for previous products. to help prevent duplication, a set of rules has been developed by the software community. it \u2019 s called posix ( portable operating system interface ). once code has been written to this standard, it can be reused in many other products. linux, even at the kernel level, provides a posix interface for the basic functions. this is further enhanced by a runtime library which is linked with your software. linux and posix because of linux and posix, not all of your code has to be changed if you change the hardware. let me give you an example. suppose you were making a weigh - scale. it is a box that is connected to a strain - gage. it has some calibration, tare, linearization, and temperature - compensation routines. it is nearly identical to last year \u2019 s model but you couldn \u2019 t get the processor anymore and, since it was a new product, you decided to change the display. just some drivers if you had used linux and the posix interface with the old product, you \u2019 d need to write a new display driver, and new hardware interface to the strain - gage. that \u2019 s it. perhaps there might be a few code changes to take advantage of the new display, but otherwise major portions of last year \u2019 s code could be reused. this might not work if the code for the last product isn \u2019 t available anymore, isn \u2019 t documented, or was poorly written, you can \u2019 t reuse it. that \u2019 s where route 495 software", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.503536274704675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.029084"} {"text": "excursus on the public discipline or exomologesis of the early church. ( taken chiefly from morinus, de disciplina in administratione sacramenti p\u0153nitenti\u00e6 ; bingham, antiquities ; and hammond, the definitions of faith, etc. note to canon xi. of nice. ) \u201c in the primitive church there was a godly discipline, that at the beginning of lent, such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance, and punished in this world that their souls might be saved in the day of the lord ; and that others, admonished by their example, might be the more afraid to offend. \u201d the foregoing words from the commination service of the church of england may serve well to introduce this subject. in the history of the public administration of discipline in the church, there are three periods sufficiently distinctly marked. the first of these ends at the rise of novatianism in the middle of the second century ; the second stretches down to about the eighth century ; and the third period shews its gradual decline to its practical abandonment in the eleventh century. the period with which we are concerned is the second, when it was in full force. in the first period it would seem that public penance was required only of those convicted of what then were called by pre - eminence \u201c mortal sins \u201d ( crimena mortalia 75 ), viz : idolatry, murder, and adultery. but in the second period the list of mortal sins was greatly enlarged, and morinus says that \u201c many fathers who wrote after augustines time, extended the necessity of public penance to all crimes which the civil law punished with death, exile, or other grave corporal penalty. \u201d 76 in the penitential canons ascribed to st. basil and those which pass by the name of st. gregory nyssen, this increase of offences requiring public penance will be found intimated. from the fourth century the penitents of the church were divided into four classes. three of these are mentioned in the eleventh canon, the fourth, which is not here referred to, was composed of those styled \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, flentes or weepers. these were not allowed to enter into the body of the church at all, but stood or lay outside the gates, sometimes covered with sackcloth and ashes. this is the class which is sometimes styled \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, hybernantes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4321711483190962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.040538"} {"text": "the body of the church at all, but stood or lay outside the gates, sometimes covered with sackcloth and ashes. this is the class which is sometimes styled \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, hybernantes, on account of their being obliged to endure the inclemency of the weather. it may help to the better understanding of this and other canons which notice the different orders of penitents, to give a brief account of the usual form and arrangement of the ancient churches as well as of the different orders of the penitents. before the church there was commonly either an open area surrounded with porticoes, called \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd or atrium, with a font of water in the centre, styled a cantharus or phiala, or sometimes only an open portico, or \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd. the first variety may still be seen at s. ambrogios in milan, and the latter in rome at s. lorenzos, and in ravenna at the two s. apollinares. this was the place at which the first and lowest order of penitents, the weepers, already referred to, stood exposed to the weather. of these, st. gregory thaumaturgus says : \u201c weeping takes place outside the door of the church, where the sinner must stand and beg the prayers of the faithful as they go in. \u201d the church itself usually consisted of three divisions within, besides these exterior courts p. 26 and porch. the first part after passing through \u201c the great gates, \u201d or doors of the building, was called the narthex in greek, and f\u00e6rula in latin, and was a narrow vestibule extending the whole width of the church. in this part, to which jews and gentiles, and in most places even heretics and schismatics were admitted, stood the catechumens, and the energumens or those afflicted with evil spirits, and the second class of penitents ( the first mentioned in the canon ), who were called the \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, audientes, or hearers. these were allowed to hear the scriptures read, and the sermon preached, but were obliged to depart before the celebration of the divine mysteries, with the catechumens, and the others who went by the general name of hearers only. the second division, or main body of the church, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449477973862184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.041481"} {"text": "the sermon preached, but were obliged to depart before the celebration of the divine mysteries, with the catechumens, and the others who went by the general name of hearers only. the second division, or main body of the church, was called the naos or nave. this was separated from the narthex by rails of wood, with gates in the centre, which were called \u201c the beautiful or royal gates. \u201d in the middle of the nave, but rather toward the lower or entrance part of it, stood the ambo, or reading - desk, the place for the readers and singers, to which they went up by steps, whence the name, ambo. before coming to the ambo, in the lowest part of the nave, and just after passing the royal gates, was the place for the third order of penitents, called in greek \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, or \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, and in latin genuflectentes or prostrati, i. e., kneelers or prostrators, because they were allowed to remain and join in certain prayers particularly made for them. before going out they prostrated themselves to receive the imposition of the bishops hands with prayer. this class of penitents left with the catechumens. in the other parts of the nave stood the believers or faithful, i. e., those persons who were in full communion with the church, the men and women generally on opposite sides, though in some places the men were below, and the women in galleries above. amongst these were the fourth class of penitents, who were called \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, consistentes, i. e., co - standers, because they were allowed to stand with the faithful, and to remain and hear the prayers of the church, after the catechumens and the other penitents were dismissed, and to be present while the faithful offered and communicated, though they might not themselves make their offerings, nor partake of the holy communion. this class of penitents are frequently mentioned in the canons, as \u201c communicating in prayers, \u201d or \u201c without the oblation ; \u201d and it was the last grade to be passed through previous to the being admitted again to full communion. the practice of \u201c hearing mass \u201d or \u201c non - communicating attendance \u201d clearly had its origin in this stage of discipline. at the upper end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46131259267027525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.042411"} {"text": "; \u201d and it was the last grade to be passed through previous to the being admitted again to full communion. the practice of \u201c hearing mass \u201d or \u201c non - communicating attendance \u201d clearly had its origin in this stage of discipline. at the upper end of the body of the church, and divided from it by rails which were called cancelli, was that part which we now call the chancel. this was anciently called by several names, as bema or tribunal, from its being raised above the body of the church, and sacrarium or sanctuary. it was also called apsis and concha bematis, from its semicircular end. in this part stood the altar, or holy table ( which names were indifferently used in the primitive church ), behind which, and against the wall of the chancel, was the bishops throne, with the seats of the presbyters on each side of it, called synthronus. on one side of the chancel was the repository for the sacred utensils and vestments, called the diaconicum, and answering to our vestry ; and on the other the prothesis, a side - table, or place, where the bread and wine were deposited before they were offered on the altar. the gates in the chancel rail were called the holy gates, and none but the higher orders of the clergy, i. e., bishops, priests, and deacons, were allowed to enter within them. the emperor indeed was permitted to do so for the purpose of making his offering at the altar, but then he was obliged to retire immediately, and to receive the communion without. ( thomassin. ancienne et nouvelle discipline de leglise. tom. i. livre ii. chap. xvj. somewhat abridged. ) p. 27 in the west there existed always many cases of public penance, but in the east it is more difficult to find any traces of it, after it was abolished by the patriarch nectarius in the person of the grand penitentiary. however, the emperor alexis comnenus, who took the empire in the year 1080, did a penance like that of older days, and one which may well pass for miraculous. he called together a large number of bishops with the patriarch, and some holy religious ; he presented himself before them in the garb of a criminal ; he confessed to them his crime of usurpation with all its circumstances. they condemned the emperor and all his accomplices to fasting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4849143231920064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.043408"} {"text": "patriarch, and some holy religious ; he presented himself before them in the garb of a criminal ; he confessed to them his crime of usurpation with all its circumstances. they condemned the emperor and all his accomplices to fasting, to lying prostrate upon the earth, to wearing haircloth, and to all the other ordinary austerities of penance. their wives desired to share their griefs and their sufferings, although they had had no share in their crime. the whole palace became a theatre of sorrow and public penance. the emperor wore the hairshirt under the purple, and lay upon the earth for forty days, having only a stone for a pillow. to all practical purposes public penance was a general institution but for a short while in the church. but the reader must be careful to distinguish between this public penance and the private confession which in the catholic church both east and west is universally practised. what nectarius did was to abolish the office of penitentiary, whose duty it had been to assign public penance for secret sin ; 77 a thing wholly different from what catholics understand by the \u201c sacrament of penance. \u201d it would be out of place to do more in this place than to call the readers attention to the bare fact, and to supply him, from a roman catholic point of view, with an explanation of why public penance died out. \u201c it came to an end because it was of human institution. but sacramental confession, being of divine origin, lasted when the penitential discipline had been changed, and continues to this day among the greeks and oriental sects. \u201d 78 that the reader may judge of the absolute candour of the writer just quoted, i give a few sentences from the same article : \u201c an opinion, however, did prevail to some extent in the middle ages, even among catholics, that confession to god alone sufficed. the council of chalons in 813 ( canon xxxiij. ), says : some assert that we should confess our sins to god alone, but some think that they should be confessed to the priest, each of which practices is followed not without great fruit in holy church. \u2026 confession made to god purges sins, but that made to the priest teaches how they are to be purged. this former opinion is also mentioned without reprobation by peter lombard ( in sentent. lib. iv. dist. xvij. ). \u201d cyprian. de bono patient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44890834002065444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.044893"} {"text": "the sage idea is modeled after interscholastic sports. it works like this. a team of at least three teenagers is formed, either by the teens themselves or in conjunction with an entrepreneurial coach or adult ally ( e. g., teacher, business leader, or sponsoring organization ). if the team is affiliated with a high school, it can be part of an existing class, or it can be co - curricular. in the late spring or early summer of each year, the teams travel to a tournament to present the results of their innovations to a panel of jurists recruited from the business and civic community. the ticket to enter the competition? a sage team must enter one of two categories. it must choose to operate either a : by operating an srb or an seb, the team earns the right to travel to a regional or national tournament. at the national tournament, the best team in each category wins the right to represent their country at the sage world cup. if sage teams are searching for new ideas, they are advised to learn about the united nation \u2019 s millennium development goals. the eight goal recognizes the importance of cooperation to develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth. moreover, in his book, the world is flat, journalist thomas friedman ( 2005 ) commented on the importance of youth empowerment. his comments apply to sage \u2019 s goals : \u201c give young people a context where they can translate a positive imagination into reality, give them a context in which someone with a grievance can have it adjudicated in a court of law without having to bribe the judge with a goat, give them a context in which they can pursue an entrepreneurial idea and become the richest or the most creative or most respected people in their own country, no matter what their background, give them a context in which any complaint or idea can be published in the newspaper, give them a context in which anyone can run for office \u2014 and guess what? they usually don \u2019 t want to blow up the world. they usually want to be part of it. \u201d sage is premised on the compelling usefulness of assisting youths to plan and operate businesses, as a means to for them to use their classroom learning and develop self - reliance. entrepreneurship is a ke y element ; according to c. k. prahalad, author of the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid [ wharton school publishing, 2005 ] : \u201c companies, academics and ngos are beginning to see that the private sector can play a key role in improving the quality of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5492246374973645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.048463"} {"text": "what is obesity? according to the national institutes of health ( nih ), an increase in 20 percent or more above your ideal body weight is the point at which excess weight becomes a health risk. today 97 million americans, more than one - third of the adult population, are overweight or obese. an estimated 5 to 10 million of those are considered morbidly obese. obesity becomes \" morbid \" when it reaches the point of significantly increasing the risk of one or more obesity - related health conditions or serious diseases ( also known as co - morbidities ) that result either in significant physical disability or even death. according to the national institutes of health consensus report, morbid obesity is a serious disease and must be treated as such. it is a chronic disease, meaning that its symptoms build slowly over an extended period of time. morbid obesity can cause many life - threatening health problems and ultimately lead to a shorter life. the risk of an early death for those who are obese is two times that of a non - obese person. there are several medically accepted criteria for defining morbid obesity. you are likely morbidly obese if you are one or more of the following : - more than 100 lbs. over your ideal body weight, or - have a body mass index ( bmi ) of over 40, or - have a bmi of over 35 and are experiencing severe negative health effects, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, related to being severely overweight if you are struggling with morbid obesity, and have been unable to achieve a healthy body weight for a sustained period of time, even through medically supervised dieting and exercise ; gastric bypass surgery or lap band surgery may be right for you. together, you and your bariatric surgeon take steps to determine : - if surgery is the right treatment for you - which type of procedure is right for you - if you are mentally and emotionally prepared to make lifelong lifestyle changes - that you have, or will have, the necessary support system around you once you and your surgeon have determined that weight loss surgery is an option for you, you will begin the prequalification process. this includes a series of tests and meetings with a nutritionist, psychologist, and other support staff members in sessions leading up to surgery. each healthcare professional will help you prepare for the changes and challenges that lie ahead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4671659796178816, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.051263"} {"text": "14 june 2007. two recent genome - wide association ( gwa ) studies support the notion that many genetic variants each contribute a little to the risk of developing bipolar disorder. the largest of the new studies, published in nature on june 7, comes from the wellcome trust case control consortium, a collaboration of genetics researchers in the united kingdom, including lead author peter donnelly of the university of oxford, england, and nick craddock of cardiff university, wales. it comes on the heels of another study, directed by francis j. mcmahon of the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), that appeared online in molecular psychiatry on may 8. some of the markers implicate genes or chromosomal regions that have previously been tied to schizophrenia, which will add grist to the argument that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share too many symptoms and genes to justify defining them as distinct syndromes ( see srf live discussion led by nick craddock and mike owen ; maier et al., 2006 ). in their study, mcmahon, first author amber e. baum of nimh, and colleagues in germany and the united states searched for single - nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) linked to the risk of having bipolar l disorder. this \u201c classic \u201d form of bipolar disorder features one or more manic or manic - depressive episodes, and sometimes psychosis or episodes of major depression ( see nimh information about the different forms of bipolar disorder ). baum and colleagues recruited 461 unrelated people with bipolar l disorder who had affected siblings, and 563 controls without major depression or a history of bipolar disorder or psychosis ; all had solely european ancestry. as a check against the false positives that can compromise gwa studies, the researchers replicated their findings in a german sample of 772 people with bipolar l disorder, identified through hospital admissions and linkage studies, and 876 controls with no history of affective disorder or schizophrenia. to control costs, the investigators used pooled dna from many subjects to detect genes related to bipolar disorder and used individual genotyping to confirm the associations. this process detected 10 genes that were associated with bipolar disorder in both samples when analyzed separately and an extra 15 in the combined samples. several mapped to areas previously tied to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. controls as well as cases had risk alleles, but cases typically carried nine or more. calling the effect sizes \u201c modest, \u201d baum and colleagues write that the highest odds ratio based on individual genotyping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077247183600518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.061749"} {"text": "tied to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. controls as well as cases had risk alleles, but cases typically carried nine or more. calling the effect sizes \u201c modest, \u201d baum and colleagues write that the highest odds ratio based on individual genotyping, 1. 67 ( 95 percent ci 1. 32 - 2. 13 ), was for a snp in sorcs2, \u201c which maps to a region on chromosome 4p that has been widely linked to bipolar disorder. \u201d three snps in sorcs2 and three in the gene encoding diacylglycerol kinase eta ( dgkh ) showed significant associations in both samples. the enzyme dgkh is notable in that it acts in a lithium - sensitive pathway. the wellcome trust study searched for genetic ties to seven diseases in residents of great britain and addressed methodological issues that affect gwa studies. it enrolled 2, 000 cases each for bipolar disorder, coronary artery disease, crohn \u2019 s disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. bipolar disorder cases had contacted mental health services and met research diagnostic criteria for a lifetime diagnosis of the disorder. half of the 3, 000 controls were born during one week in 1958 ; the others gave blood anonymously for the study. analyses omitted people of non - caucasian descent. case - control comparisons found 24 independent associations that met the consortium \u2019 s strictest criteria ( p < 5 x 10 - 7 ), including one each for bipolar disorder and coronary artery disease, nine for crohn \u2019 s disease, three for rheumatoid arthritis, seven for type 1 diabetes, and three for type 2 diabetes. according to the researchers, many coincide with prior findings, and others have been backed by later studies, validating the gwa approach. as craddock, who led the bipolar part of the study, tells srf via e - mail, \u201c the data suggest that, at least as currently defined, there are fewer susceptibility genes of relatively large effect in bipolar disorder than for several of the other diseases studied, but more genes of smaller effect. \u201d one snp on chromosome 16p12 stands out for its strong evidence of a link with bipolar disorder, though this finding did not receive additional support in comparisons that used an expanded reference group of nearly 15, 000 subjects, which was created by adding cases from the other six disease groups to the controls. while acknowledging the need for replication, the authors note that several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49530213601992223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.062769"} {"text": "this finding did not receive additional support in comparisons that used an expanded reference group of nearly 15, 000 subjects, which was created by adding cases from the other six disease groups to the controls. while acknowledging the need for replication, the authors note that several genes at that site could affect bipolar disorder, including dctn5 or dynactin 5, which \u201c encodes a protein involved in intracellular transport that is known to interact with the gene \u2018 disrupted in schizophrenia 1 \u2019 ( disc1 ). \u201d other genome regions topping the list as possibly important for bipolar disorder ( p values in the 10 - 5 range ) contain genes affecting voltage - gated potassium channels and synaptic function, as well as gaba and glutamate neurotransmission. the marker in syn3, the gene for synapsin 3, is notable in this regard, as synapsin 3 has been linked to schizophrenia in association and expression studies. at first glance, it may seem that the nimh and wellcome papers implicate different genes in bipolar disorder. however, craddock explains that the data sets have yet to be perused in enough detail to warrant that conclusion, since the papers focused on the \u201c top hits. \u201d to baum and colleagues, gwa studies serve as \u201c a powerful alternative to genetic linkage studies, which are often underpowered to detect genes contributing to complex phenotypes, and to candidate gene association studies, which are biased by the choice of genes included. \u201d even so, craddock warns, \u201c there are opportunities for problems at every stage from sample preparation, through running chips, to cleaning and managing data. with such large data sets, small errors can generate highly significant differences between cases and controls. such spurious positives must be weeded out ruthlessly before the data set is analyzed. \u201d despite the large samples needed to adequately power gwa studies, methods used in the nimh and wellcome studies, such as pooling dna and sharing control groups, can make them more manageable. researchers intrigued by the possibilities can dive into the data sets themselves : just surf to the nimh or wtccc websites and apply for access to compare and contrast the results. \u2014 victoria l. wilcox. baum ae, akula n, cabanero m, cardona i, corona w, klemens b, schulze tg, cichon s, rietschel m, nothen mm, georgi a, schumacher j, schwarz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4789909511944271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.063827"} {"text": "ae, akula n, cabanero m, cardona i, corona w, klemens b, schulze tg, cichon s, rietschel m, nothen mm, georgi a, schumacher j, schwarz m, abou jamra r, hofels s, propping p, satagopan j, detera - wadleigh sd, hardy j, mcmahon fj. a genome - wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase eta ( dgkh ) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. molecular psychiatry. may 8, 2007. advance online publication. abstract the wellcome trust case control consortium. genome - wide association study of 14, 000 cases of seven common diseases and 3, 000 shared controls. nature. june 7, 2007 ; 447 ( 7145 ) : 661 - 678. abstract q & a with nick craddock. srf questions by hakon heimer and victoria l. wilcox. q : what do you see as the most important findings of the wellcome trust study regarding the genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder? a : this data set, and others that will become available in the near future, open up the possibility for systematic identification of the biological systems influencing bipolar and related disorders. the most significant association signals are obviously of great interest, and many are likely to implicate specific genes in pathogenesis. however, the great strength is having genotypes available on all individuals for all snps because this allows ( a ) sets of genes to be examined for association ( rather than just one snp at a time ), and ( b ) subsets of patients to be examined according to their clinical characteristics ( rather than just treating them as a \u201c case \u201d ). q : how do the findings relate to schizophrenia and other psychoses? a : we have also examined an additional set of 700 mood - psychosis spectrum cases using the same approach ( not yet published ) and are currently undertaking analyses that will inform understanding of the relationship among bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and related psychoses. q : do the wellcome trust results alter or strengthen ideas about breaking down the \u201c kraepelinian divide \u201d? a : the published findings related to a specific definition of bipolar disorder and used only a case - control analysis and so, themselves, do not directly address the issue of the relationship between mood disorders and psychosis. our ongoing analyses will. q : the study included patients with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5477966791387315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.065074"} {"text": "findings related to a specific definition of bipolar disorder and used only a case - control analysis and so, themselves, do not directly address the issue of the relationship between mood disorders and psychosis. our ongoing analyses will. q : the study included patients with bipolar disorder classified by \u201c research diagnostic criteria. \u201d how would this group differ from patients diagnosed in clinics in the uk or in the u. s.? is this group of patients likely to be different from the baum study population? a : the vast majority of the sample also meets dsm - iv criteria for bipolar l disorder. the main difference is that about 9 percent of the sample meets criteria for bipolar ii disorder. ( research diagnostic criteria were developed in the u. s., and dsm - iii was largely based on them. ) q : it seems that the wellcome study and the baum study differed in the genes they found linked to bipolar disorder. what might account for that? a : that is a premature conclusion. the important question is whether, when the two data sets are compared in detail, there is evidence of support for loci across the studies. i think it likely that when this is done there will be genes that receive support from both data sets. it is wrong to focus just on top hit ( s ) because in complex genetics you do not expect the same top signals to arise in each data set examined. this is the experience in diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, where several susceptibility genes are robustly known. even in very large data sets ( larger than that of baum et al. ), a particular robustly known gene may not show a strong signal. q : when will the data become available to other researchers? a : researchers can apply for access to the data, and details are given in the paper. the process should not take long.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5185982578376136, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.066258"} {"text": "mar. 18, 1998 one in 10 health care workers frequently exposed to rubber surgical and examination gloves is on the cusp of developing allergy symptoms that could seriously affect both their health and their careers, according to a new study from johns hopkins medical institutions. tests show that 2. 5 percent of the group are already having allergic reactions to proteins from the gloves, but another 10 percent are \" sensitized \" to the proteins : they have special antibodies linked to allergies and specific for the rubber proteins, but no allergy symptoms yet. \" they have produced ige antibodies, and when these antibodies re - encounter rubber proteins under the right circumstances, they can set off a potentially serious allergic reaction, \" says robert g. hamilton, ph. d., associate professor of medicine, who led what is believed to be the first definitive u. s. prevalence study of allergies to rubber proteins. hamilton presents his group ' s results, funded by the national institutes of health, on march 15 at the annual meeting of the american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology. hamilton has been a leader in efforts to reduce hospital use of products containing rubber, sometimes called latex, for health care professionals and patients. he is concerned that the potentially life - threatening consequences of this allergy are still very underappreciated. reactions can range from a localized skin rash or sneezing to respiratory distress or death. \" these reactions become progressively worse with repeated exposures, so it ' s important to identify both those who are sensitized and those who already have allergy symptoms, \" says hamilton. \" by stopping exposure, we should be able to stop the sensitized but asymptomatic group from developing symptoms. \" examination and surgical gloves are believed to be the main risk factors for health care workers, but other stretchable rubber objects, such as balloons or condoms, can cause a reaction. rubber proteins from the gloves can be absorbed through direct skin contact. they also can attach to corn - starch donning powder inside the gloves and enter the body through inhalation when the gloves are pulled off and the powder becomes airborne. hamilton ' s group studied 168 hopkins anesthesiologists, first identifying those already allergic with \" real life \" exposure : wearing a glove and inhaling the powder after removal. two - and - a - half percent had clinical symptoms. he also gave subjects a \" skin - prick \" test with a rubber extract and a blood test to see if ige antibodies specific for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4588700052362924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.072648"} {"text": "wearing a glove and inhaling the powder after removal. two - and - a - half percent had clinical symptoms. he also gave subjects a \" skin - prick \" test with a rubber extract and a blood test to see if ige antibodies specific for rubber proteins were present. twelve - and - a - half percent were positive, meaning that a full 10 percent have become sensitized but are not symptomatic yet. performance data for the extract hamilton used in the skin test, which his team developed, are undergoing review by the food and drug administration. approval for nationwide distribution is possible within a few months, which would make the extract the basis of the first characterized latex skin test reagent in the united states. a task force to study use of the gloves and other products containing rubber at hopkins has led to the use of alternative gloves made from vinyl and nitrile. co - authors on the study were robert brown, m. d., and james schauble, m. d. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by johns hopkins medical institutions. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48708499401813177, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.074749"} {"text": "sep. 28, 2008 auctions are an old and widely used method for allocating goods that have become increasingly common with the advent of internet auctions sites such as ebay. previous economic research has shown that in an auction people tend to bid \" too high, \" or overbid, given the value of the item for sale. by combining brain imaging techniques with behavioral economic research, neuroscientists and economists at new york university were able to provide new insight into this tendency to overbid. specifically, they show that the fear of losing the social competition inherent in an auction may, in part, cause people to pay too much. the research, which suggests an expanded role for neuroscience in understanding economic behavior, appears in the latest issue of the journal science. the goal of the study was to provide insight into the neural circuitry of experimental auctions, and then to use this insight to generate and test a novel economic approach to understand overbidding. it was conducted by a team of nyu neuroscientsts and economists. the neuroscientists were nyu professor elizabeth phelps and mauricio delgado, now an assistant professor at rutgers university in newark, n. j. the economists were andrew schotter, a professor in nyu ' s department of economics, and erkut ozbay, a former nyu doctoral student and now an assistant professor in the university of maryland ' s department of economics. the researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) to examine patterns of brain activation as participants played either an auction game with a partner or a lottery game. in both games participants could win money, but in the auction game winning depended on outbidding a partner. an examination of activation in the striatum, part of the brain ' s reward circuitry, showed the primary difference when winning or losing in the auction vs. lottery games was an exaggerated response to losses in the auction game. the magnitude of this exaggerated loss response in the striatum during the auction game correlated with the tendency to overbid, suggesting the intriguing hypothesis that perhaps the prospect of losing the social competition inherent in an auction may lead people to bid \" too high. \" to confirm this hypothesis, a follow - up behavioral economic study was conducted. three groups of participants played an auction game against a partner under different circumstances. the control group was simply given values and asked to make bids. the bonus - frame group was told that if they won the auction, they would also receive a bonus of 15 experimental dollars. the loss - frame group was given", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.545638772239571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.081217"} {"text": "partner under different circumstances. the control group was simply given values and asked to make bids. the bonus - frame group was told that if they won the auction, they would also receive a bonus of 15 experimental dollars. the loss - frame group was given 15 experimental dollars prior to the auction, but participants were told they would lose the 15 dollars if they failed to win the auction. in both the loss and bonus - frame conditions, only the winners would get an additional 15 experimental dollars, so the auctions were strategically identical. the difference was simply the way it was framed to emphasize losing or winning. consistent with the hypothesis that contemplation of loss may, in part, drive overbidding, participants in the loss - frame condition consistently bid higher than the other two groups, resulting in a greater potential profit for a hypothetical auctioneer. according to schotter, \" such a result would not have been predicted by existing economic theory. while there have been investigations of overbidding which have attributed the phenomenon to either risk aversion or the ' joy of winning, ' it was the use of imaging data which allowed us to distinguish between these conflicting explanations and actually arrive at a new and different one, the ' fear of losing. ' our results provide evidence of how an understanding of the neural systems of economic behavior might inform economic theory. \" \" these results highlight a role for the contemplation of social loss in understanding the tendency to bid ' too high ' in auctions and emphasize the importance of considering social factors in economic decisions, \" phelps explained. \" by combining neuroeconomic and behavioral economic techniques we were able to provide novel insight into a classic economic problem. \" \" although there have been a number of neuroeconomic studies that have used economic games to further our understanding of brain function, the benefits to traditional behavioral economics as a result are unclear, \" delgado added. \" because of recent advances in neuroeconomics and our knowledge of the neural circuitry related to reward, we were able to use neuroimaging results to highlight the importance of framing, and specifically the contemplated loss, as an explanation for overbidding during experimental auctions. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5497325223847589, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.082219"} {"text": "apr. 26, 2009 during these trying financial times, the cost of healthcare and how much we are willing to pay for it is at the top of our economic concerns. the financial value of pain has a wide ranging influence, affecting drug prices and injury compensation. but what about on an individual level \u2014 is it possible to place a value on our health, to prevent pain and suffering? university college london psychologists ivo vlaev and nick chater, and neuroscientists ben seymour and raymond j. dolan were interested in just how much money volunteers were willing to pay to avoid pain and discomfort. study participants were given money, with the understanding that they could keep for themselves whatever cash remained. they experienced one pulse of electric shock and then had to indicate how much money they would pay in order to avoid receiving 15 more shocks of the same intensity. then, a computer program would determine how much the volunteers would actually have to pay. the program would randomly select a dollar amount \u2014 if that amount was higher than what the participants were willing to pay, then the participants would be shocked. however, if the computer ' s price was lower than the participant ' s price, then they would pay the computer ' s price and avoid the pain. the volunteers were informed that the computer selection would be completely random, so it was really in their best interest to select a price that accurately reflected how they value the pain from the electric shock. for each volunteer, this process was repeated a number of times, with differing intensities of shocks. the results, described in psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science, reveal that demand for pain relief is almost completely dependent on pain experienced in the recent past and the available cash on hand. that is, the participants were willing to pay more money to avoid pain if that pain was more intense compared to previous trials. in addition, the price they were willing to pay was based on what they were given ( money - in - the - pocket ) rather than on their overall wealth. these findings suggest that the value we place on relief from suffering is flexible and that activity of health markets cannot be predicted by the behavior of individuals. this is the first scientific study showing that our reaction towards pain is a relative judgment, based on our previous experience with that pain. the authors conclude that pain is a major health issue and with around $ 60 billion spent on painkillers worldwide each year, they note that these findings \" are likely to have substantial economic implications. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5211603045838954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.085175"} {"text": "download the exhibit descriptions in portable document format ( pdf ) exhibition consists of a set of connected wall panels of different building materials in a mock \" earthquake zone, \" setting the stage for all of the interactive components. the shake table is freestanding ; the rest of the exhibits are attached to the wall panels. try to replicate the motion of any of three different historic earthquakes by bouncing up and down on a platform ; see your own seismogram on the monitor in real time as you attempt to match the original seismogram. you ' ll even get a score! how well did you do? how quickly can you assemble a map of the earth according to its plate tectonic boundaries? press the button to begin, then put the puzzle pieces in place on the big panel. hurry, you have two minutes before the pieces fall! plates in motion spin the dial and watch stunning tectonic motion as the plates move around, break up and reassemble. you can start at 600 million years ago, spin to the present, and then go all the way to 200 million years into the future. go backward and forward in time. can you find our current tectonic plate arrangement? you won ' t even recognize the continents as they ' ll be 200 million years into the future. see a real - time display, updated every fifteen minutes, that shows the hundreds of earthquakes of the past two weeks. look for larger - magnitude quakes with their bigger circles. notice how the quakes cluster around the tectonic plate boundaries. earthquake shake table be an engineer! design and build model structures of blocks and reinforcing rods, then turn the dial to test the results against earthquake forces on the shake table. did your structure stand up? can you make it safer? visitors can choose from five fast - paced award - winning videos of a diverse group of real engineers working to make our world safer during earthquakes. watch footage of earthquakes and find out what can happen when the earth shakes ; learn what causes earthquakes and see how engineers are using amazing tools and technology to test and improve building techniques and materials, even shaking full - size bridges or bending 16 - meter ( 50 ' ) pipe sections. ( each video is about 1 1 / 2 minutes long. ) engineering research centers at this touch screen station, learn about the national earthquake engineering simulation ( nees ) network, a group of fourteen university research facilities where engineers test buildings and structures with giant shake tables, centrifuges, tsunami tanks, and other large - scale equipment. see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5303055111893133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.090418"} {"text": "in the tank : the daya bay experiment currently employs six detectors, with a total of 120 metric tons of liquid detector material, to register passing neutrinos. image : roy kaltschmidt, lawrence berkeley national laboratory neutrinos are devious little particles. only in the late 1990s were they shown to have mass, after decades of head - scratching hints to that effect. they can oscillate between three neutrino types, or \" flavors, \" changing their identity on the fly. and, perhaps most famously, they were accused just last year of breaking cosmic law by traveling faster than light. ( the jury is out, but an acquittal appears imminent. ) now investigators are just a bit closer to figuring out the neutrino ' s modus operandi. a collaboration of physicists says it has measured one of the key descriptors of the neutrino ' s flavor - changing behavior \u2014 a number called theta 13 ( pronounced \" theta one three \" ). that number, known as a mixing angle, describes the probability that an electron neutrino ' s antiparticle, the electron antineutrino, will oscillate into another flavor over a relatively short distance. ( each of the three neutrino flavors \u2014 electron, tau and muon \u2014 has its own antiparticle partner. ) two other neutrino oscillation parameters, or mixing angles, have already been measured, but theta 13 is relatively small compared with the other two and has proved harder to pin down. since last year a group of physicists has been trying to measure theta 13 by tracking antineutrinos given off by a large chinese nuclear power plant. the daya bay reactor neutrino experiment collaboration built a series of six detectors, some near the reactors and some more than a kilometer farther away, to track how electron antineutrinos morph into other flavors as they travel through space. because the detectors are tuned to identify only electron antineutrinos, any oscillation means that the neutrinos will escape detection \u2014 that is, they will seem to disappear. other experiments have taken the opposite tack, looking for the appearance of electron neutrinos in a beam carrying other types of neutrinos. in just two months of data, the distant set of detectors registered more than 10, 000 hits by electron antineutrinos. but that is only 94 percent as many as would be naively expected by extrapolating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5819685961416067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.095441"} {"text": "neutrinos. in just two months of data, the distant set of detectors registered more than 10, 000 hits by electron antineutrinos. but that is only 94 percent as many as would be naively expected by extrapolating from the detectors closest to the nuclear reactors. that means that a substantial fraction had oscillated to another flavor on their relatively short journey. \" what we ' re seeing now is this disappearance of [ electron antineutrinos ] is at the 6 percent level, \" says neutrino physicist karsten heeger of the university of wisconsin \u2013 madison, a member of the daya bay collaboration. \" it ' s a fairly large effect. \" heeger presented the experimental results march 8 at a symposium at duke university, and the group has submitted its study to physical review letters. the experiment is not even fully built yet \u2014 a seventh and eighth detector are in the works \u2014 but already the daya bay team has observed enough disappearances to quantify how the process works. the new estimate, which falls within previous limits set by other experiments, establishes that theta 13 is not equal to zero, and in fact is relatively large compared with what was plausible in light of other recent results. a zero value for theta 13 would mean that electron neutrinos would not appear in beams of muon neutrinos or, in the daya bay case, that electron antineutrinos would not disappear by the time they reached the far detectors. another reactor experiment, called kamland, has also registered the disappearance of antineutrinos over much larger distances, where the oscillation is described by the mixing angle theta 12, rather than theta 13. \" we are the first experiment that measures it and shows that it is nonzero, \" heeger says of theta 13. \" there have been recent indications, but none of the other results were significant enough to match what we physicists call a discovery. \" the daya bay group claims better than 5 - sigma evidence in support of a nonzero value for theta 13. 5 sigma, or five standard deviations, implies that the finding has only a one - in - several - million chance of being caused by a statistical fluke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5797736594242769, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.096400"} {"text": "ritalin dose changes effect research with rats finds that ritalin at low doses encourages neurons to fire together, but at high doses it ' s just another stimulant. christopher intagliata reports more 60 - second science in this engrossing journey into the lives of psychopaths and their infamously crafty behaviors, the renowned psychologist kevin dutton reveals that there is a... read more \u00bb [ the following is an exact transcript of this podcast. ] doctors prescribe ritalin to hyperactive kids to calm them down and increase their attention span. and college kids have taken to using ritalin to concentrate when they hit the books. but it hasn \u2019 t been clear how the drug boosts focus. now a paper in the journal biological psychiatry suggests how it might work. neuroscientists dosed rats with ritalin and had them perform the kind of working memory task adhd patients have trouble with. at the same time they measured neural activity with tiny electrodes implanted in the rats \u2019 brains. at low doses, ritalin primarily affected the prefrontal cortex, jacking up its sensitivity to signals coming in from the hippocampus. and here \u2019 s how the drug seemed to help with attention \u2014 it strengthened choruses of neurons firing together and put a damper on scattered, uncoordinated activity. but at high doses, the prefrontal cortex tuned out, and ritalin \u2019 s effects were similar to those of other stimulants. the rats lost their cognitive edge and they became hyperactive, sniffing and licking repetitively. so ritalin shows you can indeed have too much of a good thing \u2014 to the point of distraction. 60 - second science is a daily podcast. subscribe to this podcast : rss | itunes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47481247772399715, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.098194"} {"text": "the ultimate science project experimenter ' s catapult kit! with 400 + possible configurations and tuning options, this historically accurate catapult provides a hands - on example of basic physics, including mechanical advantage, levers, gravity and energy. this kit is perfect for school science fairs! no glue required : kit assembles using rubber bands ( included ). you supply the counterweight material. completed frame is 14. 5 \u201d l x 7 \u201d w x 11 \u201d h. arm measures 20. 25 \u201d. includes 3 / 4 \" and 1 \" wooden projectiles, rubber bands, counterweight box, leather sling pouch, nylon sling twine, welded steel ring. instructions feature experiments and historical information. range is from 10 to 40 feet depending on configuration, projectile choice, etc for a master carpenter doing a sloppy job : about 30 minutes. a person with no kit building experience being extremely meticulous : about 1 hour. this kit provides a real world, hands on example of many aspects of basic physics. it exposes the student to concepts of mechanical advantage, levers, gravity and energy, to name a few. it can demonstrate the storage and conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy through levers, and it is equipped with optional wheels, to demonstrate conservation of momentum. all in all, the concepts of efficiency, power and work can be demonstrated and applied. this kit is useful for teaching engineering, science, design of experiments, problem solving and cause / effect relationships. it was designed to get students to think about physics in a real world, tangible context. theories can be made and tested ; this process, and analyzing why the observed results occur can ultimately lead to other, more advanced concepts in physics, mechanics and mathematics. carrying out the experiments teaches the scientific method, and contextualizes statistics. analyzing the data can make use of statistical methods from basic averages to much more advanced topics if desired. with 18 pages of instructions including assembly of every basic configuration, suggested experiments, tuning guidelines, independent and dependent variables to record and measure, data tables, historical information about trebuchets and catapults, and more, it should be easy to get started with this ultimate science project kit! warning! this is a representative model of a real ancient military weapon. it contains a fast moving arm that can cause injury if you make contact when firing. use only under strict adult supervision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352345722685803, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.100720"} {"text": "story in the college of arts & sciences assistant professor, biology biology professor examines how the rarest plant species evolve over time in the coldest corners of alaska. justen whittall ' 96 is an expert on west coast plants, particularly the ones that are hardest to find. the scu biology professor, a native of the south bay, studies the federally endangered metcalf jewelflower and california ' s torrey pines, one of the rarest pines in the world. his early work at scu set him on this path. \" as an undergraduate, i took a course in field botany and discovered i could take what i was learning in the classroom and lab and put it to use in the field, \" whittall says. \" from that moment, i was hooked. \" as an assistant professor in scu ' s biology department, he also studies plants in the arctic circle ; last summer, he traveled to alaska to better understand the adaptability of plants in cold climates \u2014 an unknown factor in understanding global climate change. he and his assistants are researching the genetic basis for arctic mustard plant adaptations. next summer, he ' ll return with several undergraduates. by putting together a genetic map of plant species, whittall can track how plants have evolved over time. students help in his rooftop greenhouse, making hybridizations ; in the lab, isolating gene sequences ; and out in the field, collecting specimens. \" i see students ' eyes just light up when \u2014 instead of doing the cookbook labs taught in high school or at other institutions \u2014 at santa clara they get to take that information directly into a personal experience, \" whittall says. \" this is real science being done by santa clara undergraduates. \" watch a video about research in scu ' s biology labs below. this text will be replaced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.454265991734017, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.109681"} {"text": "malicious programs for computers have been around for more than 20 years. it was the birth of the internet which really enabled these digital pests to make a breakthrough. until now, gaming consoles have been more or less immune to malware. yes, there ' re been trojans for the nintendo ds console ( trojan. nintendo. taihen. a and. b ) and for the sony portable playstation ( trojan. psp. brick. a ) but the number of victims has been small. this is because the user has to tweak the console in order for so - called homebrew software ( i. e. software not certified by the console manufacturer ) to run. there ' s a linux distribution available for the sony playstation 2 ( which will also be available for playstation 3 ) which just cries out for programming. however, any programs created will only run on playstations which have the distribution installed. microsoft recently announced that in future, users will be able to purchase a development kit with a $ 99 a year registration fee - no linux here. programs developed using the kit will only run on xboxes where the user has also paid the registration fee, and they can only be copied to another console as source code. from a security point of view, this is a wise decision. i hope that things won ' t change much in the near future. if sony, microsoft, nintendo or hackers made it possible to easily download programs developed by users via the internet, pandora ' s box would be opened. the combination of unprotected gaming consoles, the internet and the possibility of previously unknown vulnerabilities would lead to gamers who had been immune to malware becoming a target for virus writers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5069264944868352, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.111624"} {"text": "software is everywhere. we love it when it makes our lives easier. we hate it when it doesn ' t work the way we expect \u2014 or when its design is not sufficiently intuitive or robust. software is in our military systems \u2014 satellites, tanks, aircraft and ships \u2014 but it ' s also in our everyday life : toasters, automobiles, banks, and medical equipment. software is important and its importance is growing. software allows us to personalize and customize many systems. it brings increasingly complex integrated circuits to life and harnesses their power to help us. it allows us to communicate more efficiently, to live in a more connected world, to operate businesses more effectively. multi - national businesses have software - intensive enterprise systems while small businesses and individuals use the internet for ever growing applications. unfortunately, there is a gap between the state of the art and the state of the practice of software engineering. many senior managers don ' t understand software engineering and many software practitioners have lapsed into undisciplined, ad hoc practices. consequently, software design, development and integration are often plagued by schedule delays, cost increases, performance problems and defects. data indicate that 60 - 80 % of the cost of software development is in rework, that is, fixing defects that are found during testing. fortunately, there is an alternative. we can reduce test and rework costs significantly if we use better design and implementation practices. we can meet schedules and we can reduce the variability and risk in software intensive programs. we can make our software teams more productive and raise the quality of their work experience if we follow disciplined engineering practices. commercial software products today are often riddled with defects \u2014 commonly known as \" bugs \" \u2014 that are introduced in the software ' s design and development. as our systems become more and more interconnected in networks, the stakes are rising. defects in products that are linked to the internet open vulnerabilities to cyber attack and exploitation. the internet is only as secure as its weakest link. each year, the sei ' s cert coordination center ( cert / cc ) documents thousands of commercial product vulnerabilities. once again, however, there is an alternative. most of these vulnerabilities are due to a modest number of root causes. we can avoid these vulnerabilities and greatly reduce the number of successful cyber attacks if software developers use the proven best design techniques of software engineering. the sei ' s core purpose is to improve the state of the art in software engineering, and to transition this work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5716555731179791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.115755"} {"text": "vulnerabilities and greatly reduce the number of successful cyber attacks if software developers use the proven best design techniques of software engineering. the sei ' s core purpose is to improve the state of the art in software engineering, and to transition this work to the community so we improve the state of practice in software engineering as well. our work is not done unless we do both parts of our job. we believe, and we have the evidence to support us, that the best way to ensure the security of software is to design, develop, and integrate software in a way that does not allow defects into software in the first place. investments in up - front discipline and sound processes increase quality and security and decrease cost and risk. we are part of carnegie mellon university, one of the nation ' s premier computer science and engineering institutions. since 1984, we have been identifying, developing, and advocating practices to improve all aspects of software. at the sei, we emphasize defect prevention through improvement of process and product quality during the early phases of system development. we believe you should design quality into software, not test and patch it. at sei, we ' re developing innovative software technologies to meet today ' s challenges and tomorrow ' s opportunities. paul d. nielsen director and chief executive officer software engineering institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.555588100242994, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.116987"} {"text": "the world is on course to warm as much as 4 degrees celsius, or 7 degrees fahrenheit, by 2100, prompting extreme heat - waves, severe drought and major floods as sea - level rises, warns the world bank in a new report. all regions would suffer, but the tropics and subtropics are among the most vulnerable and the planet ' s poorest people would be hit the hardest, according to the study, \" turn down the heat, \" released sunday. the study says current global efforts, aimed at keeping warming to below a 2 - degree change, don ' t go far enough. \" we don ' t have time to lose, \" says rachel kyte, the world bank ' s vice president for sustainable development, urging drastic action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. she says superstorm sandy shows \" the fragility of a lot of our infrastructure \" and the need for resilient agricultural, transportation and energy systems. her organization, which promotes growth in developing countries, commissioned the report by the germany - based potsdam institute for climate impact research and climate analytics. the report, based on recent climate science, says the planet could reach temperatures 4 degrees celsius higher than pre - industrial levels as early as 2060 if governments don ' t meet their promises to fight climate change. even if they are fully met, it says a 3 - degree increase appears likely. global temperatures have already risen about 0. 8 degrees celsius in the past century. the study says coastal cities could be inundated with floods, limited food supplies could cause higher malnutrition rates, and biodiversity, including coral reefs, could be irretrievably lost. it says average summer temperatures could rise 6 degrees celsius in parts of the united states, mediterranean, north africa and the middle east, and sea levels could rise between a half - meter and a full meter, or 39 inches, by 2100. skeptics say the report paints an overly dire portrait. \" this report is non - science, \" says patrick michaels, director of the libertarian cato institute ' s center for the study of science. he says the 4 - degree warming is an \" implausible outlier. \" david kreutzer, an energy economist at the conservative heritage foundation, agrees. he also says the world bank ' s recommendations, including redirecting money now spent on fossil - fuel subsidies toward solar and wind energy production, could ultimately do more harm than good for developing countries. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4505103128724788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.129446"} {"text": "economist at the conservative heritage foundation, agrees. he also says the world bank ' s recommendations, including redirecting money now spent on fossil - fuel subsidies toward solar and wind energy production, could ultimately do more harm than good for developing countries. \" proposing energy killing climate policies for the emerging economies is like telling the emaciated to start their diet now because they may become overweight in 90 years, \" kretuzer says. yet the world bank ' s call to action echoes the urgency of other major studies. earlier this month, at the request of the cia, a report by the national research council warned that climate change is accelerating and could place unprecedented strains on u. s. military and intelligence agencies. also this month, the international energy agency said the world has only about five years to make changes to avert climate change ' s most severe impacts. \" the world bank report confirms that the united states ' recent severe storms, droughts, heat waves, and wild fires are no coincidence, but instead are the ' new normal ' of unchecked climate change, \" says dan weiss, director of climate strategy at the center for american progress, a liberal - leaning think tank. u. n. secretary - general ban ki moon said in a statement that the report \" reminds us that climate change is happening.... now. \" he called on nations to honor their commitment, made last year in durban, south africa, to forge a new legally binding climate agreement by 2015. the more than 190 nations participating in the u. n. framework convention on climate change begin a new round of talks nov. 26 in qatar. kyte says the world bank sought the report, because its work with developing countries needs to factor in what the future will look like. she says they have the opportunity to build a more resilient infrastructure from the ground up. \" this is not rocket science, \" she says, adding the knowledge is there but the political will is still needed. copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : world bank : climate change could cause massive damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4250318935882953, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.130344"} {"text": "a view of the pennsylvania breaker. \u201c breaker boys \u201d remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. the dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys \u2019 lungs. south pittston, pennsylvania. january 1911. photograph by lewis wickes hine. from the 1906 book the bitter cry of the children by labor reformer john spargo : work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. from the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent - backed like old men. when a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round - shouldered, his fellows say that \u201c he \u2019 s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes. \u201d the coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. sometimes there is a worse accident : a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners \u2019 consumption. i once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a 12 - year - old boy was doing day after day, for 10 hours at a stretch, for 60 cents a day. the gloom of the breaker appalled me. outside the sun shone brightly, the air was pellucid, and the birds sang in chorus with the trees and the rivers. within the breaker there was blackness, clouds of deadly dust enfolded everything, the harsh, grinding roar of the machinery and the ceaseless rushing of coal through the chutes filled the ears. i tried to pick out the pieces of slate from the hurrying stream of coal, often missing them ; my hands were bruised and cut in a few minutes ; i was covered from head to foot with coal dust, and for many hours afterwards i was expectorating some of the small particles of anthracite i had swallowed. i could not do that work and live, but there were boys of 10 and 12 years of age doing it for 50 and 60 cents a day. some of them had never been inside of a school ; few of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4679948385402465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.134398"} {"text": "anthracite i had swallowed. i could not do that work and live, but there were boys of 10 and 12 years of age doing it for 50 and 60 cents a day. some of them had never been inside of a school ; few of them could read a child \u2019 s primer. true, some of them attended the night schools, but after working 10 hours in the breaker the educational results from attending school were practically nil. \u201c we goes fer a good time, an \u2019 we keeps de guys wot \u2019 s dere hoppin \u2019 all de time, \u201d said little owen jones, whose work i had been trying to do. from the breakers the boys graduate to the mine depths, where they become door tenders, switch boys, or mule drivers. here, far below the surface, work is still more dangerous. at 14 or 15 the boys assume the same risks as the men, and are surrounded by the same perils. nor is it in pennsylvania only that these conditions exist. in the bituminous mines of west virginia, boys of 9 or 10 are frequently employed. i met one little fellow 10 years old in mount carbon, west virginia, last year, who was employed as a \u201c trap boy. \u201d think of what it means to be a trap boy at 10 years of age. it means to sit alone in a dark mine passage hour after hour, with no human soul near ; to see no living creature except the mules as they pass with their loads, or a rat or two seeking to share one \u2019 s meal ; to stand in water or mud that covers the ankles, chilled to the marrow by the cold draughts that rush in when you open the trap door for the mules to pass through ; to work for 14 hours \u2014 waiting \u2014 opening and shutting a door \u2014 then waiting again for 60 cents ; to reach the surface when all is wrapped in the mantle of night, and to fall to the earth exhausted and have to be carried away to the nearest \u201c shack \u201d to be revived before it is possible to walk to the farther shack called \u201c home. \u201d boys 12 years of age may be legally employed in the mines of west virginia, by day or by night, and for as many hours as the employers care to make them toil or their bodies will stand the strain. where the disregard of child life is such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe what miners have again and again told me \u2014 that there are hundreds of little boys of 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4616481804115486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.135339"} {"text": "australia : sustainability and environmental action - how to choose a program - view sit study abroad undergraduate research / isp collection - view the 2013 overview brochure ( pdf, 1mb ) - view the 2013 semester catalog ( pdf, 4mb ) - view the 2013 summer catalog ( pdf, 1mb ) - view our photo galleries on flickr - academic resources / library - track your application online - us state department \" students abroad \" - sit study abroad gear most of the teaching in the program takes place in the field ( a total of around 27 days ). excursions are totally integrated with readings, workshops, discussions, and lectures. in each region we visit, students are introduced to the area \u2019 s climate, geology, geomorphology, soils, and flora and fauna, as well as its human history and culture in order to instill a sense of place and provide a basis for understanding the unique management issues of each region. orientation : seven mile beach students spend a five - day orientation at seven mile beach, south of byron bay. the group camps at linnaeus estate, a 280 - acre property with one and a half kilometers of pristine beachfront ; it has been recognized as one of the most beautiful privately owned properties on australia \u2019 s east coast. during orientation, the group reviews program goals and safety, learns about australian cultural norms, and starts the process of establishing a group bond. students are introduced to iconic australian flora and fauna present on the property and learn about the climate and coastal processes of northern new south wales. tasmania : a conservation hot spot experience stunning scenery and one of australia \u2019 s largest conservation reserves tasmania is a geological and biological treasure where a billion years of earth history is exposed to view. tasmania was the last landmass to break away from the southern supercontinent, gondwana. its stunning scenery, aboriginal heritage, and conservation values have resulted in 40 percent of the state being set aside in nature reserves, including the three and a half million acre tasmanian wilderness world heritage area, one of australia \u2019 s largest conservation reserves and one of only two world heritage areas to be listed under seven different criteria. the southwest of tasmania is one of the last true wilderness regions of the world. but tasmania is a conservation hot spot in more ways than one. it has a history of bitter conflict over the use and preservation of its natural areas that is still very much alive. tasmania has been the scene of the most epic environmental battles in australia, which have shaped the national conservation movement. tasmania was the birthplace of the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4801908241903639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.141243"} {"text": "a history of bitter conflict over the use and preservation of its natural areas that is still very much alive. tasmania has been the scene of the most epic environmental battles in australia, which have shaped the national conservation movement. tasmania was the birthplace of the world \u2019 s first green political party and the greens are now part of a coalition state government. the state has the highest green vote in the nation. the program \u2019 s eight - day field trip in tasmania includes walks in spectacular glaciated scenery and magnificent forests, which include coniferous species of gondwanan origin, extensive rainforests, and the world \u2019 s tallest flowering plants. students meet forest protestors who are battling to save old growth forests from logging. they also examine the competition between nature conservation and tourism on the one hand and the use of the land and resources for wood, minerals, and energy production on the other. traveling by bus, the group visits key sites that illustrate these struggles and sustainable solutions. the excursion is led by dr. geoff mosley, former head of the australian conservation foundation. dr. mosley has been involved with the study and conservation of tasmania for over 50 years. aboriginal camping trip acquire traditional ecological knowledge in the quest for sustainability. students have a four - day camping trip at minyami, a large aboriginal - owned bush property bordering bundjalung national park in northern new south wales. the excursion is led by aboriginal guides who have long been associated with the sit program and who enthusiastically share their knowledge of traditional and contemporary aboriginal cultures. while at minyami students make traditional aboriginal artifacts, learn traditional hunting and gathering skills, experience aboriginal customs, and hear stories that contain lessons on how to care for and live in the environment. during this period, students also take short trips to culturally significant sites within bundjalung national park. the aboriginal studies component of the program gives students insights into an entirely different way of looking at the environment and resources. sydney and melbourne examine urban sustainability in two of the world \u2019 s great cities. on the week - long field trip to sydney and melbourne, students see examples of sustainability initiatives in urban settings. these include visiting urban farms, such as the centre for education and research in environmental strategies ; sustainable houses ( read about one remarkable example ) ; and green office buildings such as those in melbourne. during the spring semester, students attend melbourne \u2019 s sustainable living festival, which features lectures from many of the most prominent sustainability experts in australia, in addition to displays of sustainable technologies. with more than half of the world \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4909036815463732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.142375"} {"text": "aortic insufficiency is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. this leads to the backward flow of blood from the aorta ( the largest blood vessel ) into the left ventricle ( a chamber of the heart ). aortic valve prolapse ; aortic regurgitation causes, incidence, and risk factors aortic insufficiency can result from any condition that keeps the aortic valve from closing all the way. a small amount of blood comes back each time the heart beats. the condition causes widening ( dilation ) of the left lower chamber of the heart. larger amounts of blood leave the heart with each squeeze or contraction. this leads to a strong and forceful pulse ( bounding pulse ). over time, the heart becomes less able to pump blood to the body. in the past, rheumatic fever was the main cause of aortic insufficiency. now that antibiotics are used to treat rheumatic fever, other causes are more commonly seen. a chest x - ray may show swelling of the left lower heart chamber. lab tests cannot diagnose aortic insufficiency, but they may be used to rule out other disorders or causes. if there are no symptoms or if symptoms are mild, you may only need to get an echocardiogram from time to time and be monitored by a health care provider. if your blood pressure is high, then treatment with certain blood pressure medications may help slow the worsening of aortic regurgitation. ace inhibitor drugs and diuretics ( water pills ) may be prescribed for more moderate or severe symptoms. in the past, most patients with heart valve problems were given antibiotics before dental work or an invasive procedure, such as colonoscopy. the antibiotics were given to prevent an infection of the damaged heart. however, antibiotics are now used much less often before dental work and other procedures. you may need to limit activity that requires more work from your heart. talk to your health care provider. surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve corrects aortic insufficiency. the decision to have aortic valve replacement depends on your symptoms and the condition and function of your heart. you may also need surgery to repair the aorta if it is widened. aortic insufficiency is curable with surgical repair. this can completely relieve symptoms, unless severe heart failure is present or other complications develop. without treatment, patients with ang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46711680879740636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.146138"} {"text": "also need surgery to repair the aorta if it is widened. aortic insufficiency is curable with surgical repair. this can completely relieve symptoms, unless severe heart failure is present or other complications develop. without treatment, patients with angina or congestive heart failure due to aortic insufficiency do poorly. blood pressure control is very important if you are at risk for aortic regurgitation. bonow ro, carabello ba, chatterjee k, de leon ac jr, faxon dp, freed md, et al ; 2006 writing committee members ; american college of cardiology / american heart association task force. 2008 focused update incorporated into the acc / aha 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease : a report of the american college of cardiology / american heart association task force on practice guidelines ( writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease ) : endorsed by the sosciety of cardiovascular anesthesiologists, society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, and society of thoracic surgeons. circulation. 2008 ; 118 : e523 - e661. nishimura ra, carabello ba, faxon dp, et al. acc / aha 2008 guideline update on valvular heart disease : focused update on infective endocarditis : a report of the american college of cardiology / american heart association task force on practice guidelines endorced by the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists. society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, and society of thoracic surgeons. j am coll cardiol. 2008 ; 52 : 676 - 685. otto cm, bonow ro. valvular heart disease. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, braunwald e, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. st. louis, mo : wb saunders ; 2011 : chap 66. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and michael a. chen, md, phd, assistant professor of medicine, division of cardiology, harborview medical center, university of washington medical school, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39766524968928174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.147063"} {"text": "the faa rule affects canadians, too wednesday june 20th 2012 - by daryl macintosh upcoming faa requirements in may of 2010, the faa published the final rulemaking to adopt ads - b ( automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast ) technology as its primary aircraft tracking / locating system. effective jan. 1, 2020, aircraft operating in the majority of united states airspace must be equipped with ads - b out compliant equipment. use of ads \u2013 b out will move air traffic control from a primarily ground - based radar system to a satellite - derived aircraft location system. benefits to atc include improved accuracy, wider coverage, better reliability, reduced latency, increased capacity and controller access to more comprehensive aircraft data. the current radar surveillance system that atc has relied on for more than 50 years has now reached its capacity limits, leading to congestion and delays in some of the busiest u. s. airspace. ads - b in canada limited ads - b service was implemented in canada on jan. 15, 2009, bringing surveillance coverage for the first time to 850, 000 square kilometres of high level airspace ( fl290 to fl410 ) over hudson bay. about 35, 000 flights a year use this airspace on routes between north america and europe or asia. one of the most significant benefits ads - b offers for this airspace is reduced aircraft separation. with appropriately - equipped aircraft, controllers can use five - nautical - mile separation instead of the 80 - nautical - mile procedural separation required in non - radar airspace. atc can handle more aircraft in the same airspace at once and controllers can offer route flexibility and approve altitude - change requests more readily. nav canada expanded its ads - b coverage over northeastern canada by an additional 1. 9 million square kilometres in 2010, and recently added another 1. 3 million square kilometres over the north atlantic ( see p. 18 ). however, the upcoming united states ads - b requirements will affect many more canadian aircraft operators than will nav canada \u2019 s ads - b requirements. most of us don \u2019 t need to fly over hudson bay, but many of us do regularly fly within u. s. airspace. ads - b out defined automatic : each aircraft equipped with ads - b out will automatically and continuously transmit its precise position, its velocity ( vertically and horizontally ), as well as its altitude and other relevant information. the system is always on and requires no pilot action for activation. dependent : the overall system is dependent on each aircraft to transmit accurate data including identification ( icao 24 - bit id ), position, and velocity, together with specific integrity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41352338999770133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.153757"} {"text": "other relevant information. the system is always on and requires no pilot action for activation. dependent : the overall system is dependent on each aircraft to transmit accurate data including identification ( icao 24 - bit id ), position, and velocity, together with specific integrity / accuracy quality information. surveillance : the system provides atc with surveillance capability similar to radar. broadcast : each aircraft will continuously broadcast the required data. the system does not require interrogation from atc or from another aircraft. out : although the overall ads - b system is designed to be bi - directional, only ads - b out data capability is becoming mandatory. ads - b in capability is a key design feature of the overall ads - b system, but the faa did not make this capability mandatory. many operators will, however, choose to install ads - b in because of the significantly improved situational awareness the available data will provide to flight crews. tis - b ( traffic information service - broadcast ) and fis - b ( flight information services - broadcast offering weather data, airspace information and other services ) are available as free uplinks to any aircraft that carries the correct receiving equipment. equipment - technology choices the ads \u2013 b out capability regulation requires operators to install equipment into each aircraft that will provide a data link to atc to be used for aircraft surveillance. operators must choose between two completely different types of equipment required under this rule : a 1090 mhz extended squitter ( es ) broadcast link or a universal access transceiver ( uat ) broadcast link operating on 978 mhz. in addition to the broadcast link, each aircraft must also be equipped with an approved gps to provide the required aircraft position source data. equipment choice # 1 - 1090 mhz es equipment certified for this option transmits on 1090 mhz, the same frequency as current transponders. some mode s transponders with es can be certified to meet the latest ads - b out requirements. the 1090 mhz es broadcast link is the internationally agreed - upon standard and is required for aircraft that fly into any other jurisdictions that utilize ads - b. the final faa rule requires aircraft flying at and above 18, 000 feet msl [ flight level ( fl ) 180, class a airspace ] to have ads \u2013 b out performance capabilities using the 1090 mhz es broadcast link. this rule also specifies that aircraft flying in designated airspace below 18, 000 feet msl may use either the 1090 mhz es or the uat broadcast link. there are two significant disadvantages to the 1090 mhz es system : ( 1 ) a separate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.480801915483941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.156169"} {"text": "rule also specifies that aircraft flying in designated airspace below 18, 000 feet msl may use either the 1090 mhz es or the uat broadcast link. there are two significant disadvantages to the 1090 mhz es system : ( 1 ) a separate 1090 mhz receiver must be installed for ads - b in capability, as current mode s transponders do not have ads - b receiver capability ; and ( 2 ) the 1090 mhz es broadcast link does not support fis \u2013 b ( weather and related flight information ) due to bandwidth limitations. equipment choice # 2 \u2013 978 mhz uat the 978 mhz uat broadcast link utilizes a bi - directional 978 mhz transceiver which supports ads \u2013 b in applications, including traffic information and fis - b data including weather, temporary flight restrictions ( tfrs ) and notices to airmen ( notams ). the 978 mhz uat is a proven and mature technology which has provided similar services in alaska since 2001. the uat may not be used for ads - b out on aircraft that fly above 18, 000 feet. the faa does encourage general aviation ( ga ) pilots whose aircraft always operate below 18, 000 feet to opt for the 978 uat, in order to minimize frequency congestion on 1090 mhz. combined equipment choice \u2013 1090 mhz es out with 978 mhz in some operators will undoubtedly choose to install a combination solution utilizing 1090 mhz for ads - b out, to satisfy the regulatory requirement for flights above 18, 000 feet, and using a 978 mhz uat for ads - b in, to benefit from its enhanced data - in capability. best equipped \u2013 best served atc service has traditionally been based on a policy of \u201c first come, first served \u201d but the faa is now moving towards a new policy of \u201c best equipped, best served. \u201d the faa has explained that this policy change will help to reduce congestion and delays while simultaneously encouraging system users to equip their aircraft earlier than the regulation requires. by providing operational benefits to the early adopters, the faa hopes they will then have an incentive to accelerate and expand ads - b equipage to the rest of their fleets. ads - b is already providing services in south florida ; louisville, kentucky ; philadelphia and out over the gulf of mexico. the installation of ground stations to serve the rest of the united states is now well underway and is scheduled to be completed by 2013. the system \u2019 s 794 ground stations should be substantially operational by 2014. the faa expects most users will equip their aircraft during the five - year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4511542421126962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.157222"} {"text": "the rest of the united states is now well underway and is scheduled to be completed by 2013. the system \u2019 s 794 ground stations should be substantially operational by 2014. the faa expects most users will equip their aircraft during the five - year period between 2015 and the 2020 deadline. the expected cost to equip an aircraft with a compliant system is evolving because most avionics manufacturers are currently working to modify and / or re - qualify their products to meet the latest published specifications. for ga aircraft already equipped with a waas gps and a garmin mode s transponder, the upgrade to ads - b out is a relatively painless and inexpensive transponder upgrade. most other ga aircraft owners will need to spend at least $ 6, 000 to meet the minimum ads - b out requirements. the fully - installed cost for some ga aircraft will be much higher ( perhaps $ 20, 000 ) when the cost of a new waas gps navigator and / or a new multi - function display is factored in. the cost to equip part 25 business and commercial aircraft will likely be much greater ( perhaps $ 150, 000 ) due to much higher equipment and certification costs. typical modifications will include new ( or upgraded ) mode s transponders and a modified traffic collision avoidance system. some aircraft will also require a new fms and many will require significant wiring modifications. ads - b is also being adopted by a variety of countries around the world as the new standard for aircraft surveillance. canadian operators who choose not to equip, because they don \u2019 t fly to the united states or within other ads - b airspace, may still be affected by the new u. s. regulations. when it comes time to sell their aircraft, they may find that its value is diminished because it can \u2019 t fly within the united states. the u. s. ads - b equipage requirement is real ; the deadline is approaching, and it \u2019 s time for everyone to start paying attention. daryl macintosh is founder and president of maxcraft avionics. located at the pitt meadows airport, about 35 kilometres east of vancouver, maxcraft is one of the largest full - service avionics shops in canada, and provides professional avionics services to operators of all types of private and commercial aircraft, including piston, turboprops, jets and helicopters. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org. did you know? trans - canada air lines ( later to become air canada ) first had flight attendants in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4138474696573494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.158738"} {"text": "biodiversity loss has been identified as one of the great challenges of our time. the potential demise of one - fourth or more of the eartha\u20ac\u2122s species before the end of this century represents an irreversible loss of nature and may significantly undermine the sustainable use of naturea\u20ac\u2122s services. the continuing expansion of populations and economies and the urgent need to improve human well - being also place increasing pressures on biological diversity. the need for new understanding and novel approaches to the management of wildlands and protected areas has never been greater. scientists and practitioners within the field of conservation biology need specialized knowledge of their sub - discipline - - forest management, endangered species policy or wildlife ecology, for example. they also need the integrative perspective of a broadly educated scholar - practitioner who is equipped to understand interactions between natural systems and human influences. this field of study combines basic knowledge from the ecological sciences and other disciplines to drive environmental problem solving. a\u20ac\u0153there is a pressing need for a fundamental reconciliation between the conservation of natural resources and their utilization to meet human needs for food, water, shelter and recreation, a\u20ac says professor bobbi s. low, coordinator of the conservation biology field of study. what you will study the curriculum in conservation biology focuses on issues related to resource conservation and ecosystem management and creates an interdisciplinary learning environment that includes ecosystem science, social science, policy, environmental design and quantitative analysis. coursework examines the past and present causes of species extinction and biodiversity loss, as well as the biological principles central to species conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. as a student, you will develop quantitative and analytical skills in biometrics, economics and computer applications and gain first - hand experience through internships with government agencies and private organizations. you also will learn practical applications, ranging from the design and identification of preserves to the effective management of developed landscapes and the recovery of degraded ecosystems in developed and developing countries. your curriculum will educate and train you to become a scientist and practitioner within the field of conservation biology, where you will learn to incorporate the recognition that sustainability depends as much on managing people as on managing ecosystems. launching your career the conservation biology field of study was developed to address the complex mix of issues related to the conservation of biodiversity and the management of ecosystems. this field of study can lead to a governmental career as a fish and wildlife biologist, remote - sensing specialist, environmental manager or wetlands ecologist. private - sector occupational options include environmental biologist or fisheries biologist. in addition, graduates also may consider working in the nonprofit sector, where ecologists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4810061365490636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.161608"} {"text": "- the enterprise - the recorder they \u2019 re tiny. minuscule. full grown, they \u2019 re no bigger than a sesame seed. but they can cause grief of such proportions that physicians are often left confounded. they are deer ticks, ixodes scapularis. they transmit a scourge called lyme disease, a debilitating affliction that shares symptoms with so many other maladies it \u2019 s difficult to diagnose. tests for the disease often turn up negative for as long as a year before registering positive. there is no vaccine. antibiotics help, but only if the victim is placed on medications early. otherwise, it \u2019 s a long, painful ride. sufferers become familiar with drugs like doxycycline ( for adults ), amoxicillin ( for children ), erythromycin ( for pregnant women ) and ceftriaxone, with treatment lasting 10 to 28 days. in later stages, the bacteria spread throughout the body and might cross the blood - brain barrier, making the infection more difficult to treat. late - diagnosed lyme is treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics, frequently ceftriaxone for a minimum of four weeks. minocycline also is used for its ability to cross the blood - brain barrier. left untreated, lyme disease can cause chronic joint inflammation ( lyme arthritis ), particularly of the knee ; neurological symptoms, such as facial palsy and neuropathy ; cognitive defects, such as impaired memory ; and heart rhythm irregularities. other symptoms include chronic fatigue and severe headaches. borrelia bacteria belong to a phylum of bacteria called spirochetes that have flagella tiny filaments that enable them to move around, according to information on the university of california, berkeley website. these tick - spawned microbes invade healthy cells and organs and can transform into two alternative structures inside the body. it \u2019 s little wonder treatment is as frustrating for physicians as for the patients. to contract lyme disease, the victim must be bitten by an infected deer tick. the bacteria enter the skin through the bite and eventually make their way into the bloodstream. before bacteria can be transmitted, a deer tick must take a blood meal, which can take more than 48 hours of feeding. only ticks that are attached and feeding can transmit the bacteria. an attached tick that has a swollen appearance may indicate that enough time has elapsed to transmit bacteria. removing the tick as soon as possible might prevent infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4236011347934476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.174012"} {"text": "48 hours of feeding. only ticks that are attached and feeding can transmit the bacteria. an attached tick that has a swollen appearance may indicate that enough time has elapsed to transmit bacteria. removing the tick as soon as possible might prevent infection. while deer ticks are the primary carriers of the disease, many disagree on an assertion that all ticks might carry some form of lyme. bull \u2019 s - eyethe centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta features photos on its website of the dreaded \u201c bull \u2019 s - eye, \u201d which forms around a tick bite. yet, in myriad cases, victims report they never see the red circle around the bite. \u201c i never got a rash, \u201d said carole koller of port republic, who had her run - in with the disease five years ago. koller has only found freedom from her symptoms in the past few months. she and her husband, doug poole, just had moved to calvert when she contracted the disease. she has horses and was clearing brush along a fence line. \u201c i \u2019 d heard about lyme, but i didn \u2019 t take it seriously, \u201d koller said. \u201c i had lots of ticks. i was always pulling ticks off and there were a couple of them i didn \u2019 t get. they were tiny little things. i got an itchy red spot that didn \u2019 t go away. \u201d within two months, koller was experiencing chronic fatigue and joint pain. \u201c i attributed it to how hard we were working, \u201d she said. \u201c at the time, we were going seven days a week. \u201d she then started getting headaches that lasted \u201c all day, every day. \u201d koller went to a doctor, who prescribed antibiotics. \u201c i \u2019 m sorry now i wasn \u2019 t more proactive, \u201d she said. \u201c the doctor didn \u2019 t think it was that big of a deal. he told me my chances of getting lyme disease were one in a thousand. \u201d koller persisted in telling the doctor she needed to be tested, and, as in many cases, the test came back negative. by august of the first year, the headaches had gone away, but she began experiencing numbness in her hands. \u201c i thought i was losing my mind, \u201d she said. \u201c i started thinking, \u2018 maybe this is what happens to people in their 40s who have alzheimer \u2019 s in their 80s. \u2019 \u201d koller was tested for everything from multiple sclerosis to lupus to fibromyal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4263605591552285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.175000"} {"text": "she said. \u201c i started thinking, \u2018 maybe this is what happens to people in their 40s who have alzheimer \u2019 s in their 80s. \u2019 \u201d koller was tested for everything from multiple sclerosis to lupus to fibromyalgia. \u201c by then i \u2019 d been tested again and the doctor said, \u2018 i \u2019 m so sorry. you have lyme, \u2019 \u201d she recalled. \u201c i told him, \u2018 i \u2019 m just glad you found out what it was. \u2019 \u201d her physician initially prescribed doxycycline for three weeks. she took it for five months. \u201c i had gotten to that point where pain was just shooting out of my extremities, \u201d koller said. \u201c i \u2019 d had six or seven different blood tests. i took antibiotics for three weeks. they weren \u2019 t doing any good. i had pain under my fingernails, pain in my fingers, shooting pain all day long in different places. as a follow - up, i went to see dr. [ paul v. ] pomilla at calvert internal medicine group. he put me on doxy for 60 days. everything would initially work, but then the symptoms would come back. it wasn \u2019 t going away. \u201d doctors put a picc line port in her arm and she began receiving antibiotics through an iv every day, followed by blood tests every week. doctors had her start chronicling where the pain was in her system every day. \u201c it would change every day, \u201d she said. \u201c after a while it all runs together. you get so used to being in pain. \u201d finally, after 14 months and a plethora of treatments, she got to where she was \u201c pretty good. \u201d but after eight or nine months, the symptoms all came back. \u201c but never like that first summer, \u201d she noted. koller said her medications cost as much as $ 1, 800 a month. while her insurance paid for much of it, costs associated with her treatment spiraled. \u201c i don \u2019 t know how people who don \u2019 t have insurance would ever be able to afford it, \u201d she said. koller said infectious disease doctors in the region are overwhelmed by the volume of lyme cases they are facing. \u201c one doctor i know of in st. mary \u2019 s is full up, \u201d she said. \u201c they can \u2019 t take any more patients. \u201d the top 10 you don \u2019 t want to be in maryland ranks fourth in the top 10 states for number of lyme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3532819839390131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.176008"} {"text": "of in st. mary \u2019 s is full up, \u201d she said. \u201c they can \u2019 t take any more patients. \u201d the top 10 you don \u2019 t want to be in maryland ranks fourth in the top 10 states for number of lyme cases per 100, 000 residents, according to information from the centers for disease control for 2010. more than 95 percent of lyme cases come from three distinct geographic regions of the united states, including the northeastern u. s. from maryland to maine, parts of the upper midwest in wisconsin and minnesota, and parts of northern california and southern oregon. since national statistics were first taken in 1982, the number of cases reported annually has risen twenty - five - fold, and the cumulative number of reported cases now exceeds 128, 000. in 1998, 16, 801 cases were reported, with approximately 27 percent of cases from new york, 20 percent from connecticut, 17 percent from pennsylvania, 11 percent from new jersey, 5 percent from rhode island, and 4 percent each from maryland, massachusetts and wisconsin. the highest incidence rates in 1998 were found in connecticut ( 105 per 100, 000 ), followed by rhode island ( 79. 6 ), new york ( 25. 5 ), new jersey ( 24. 0 ), pennsylvania ( 22. 9 ), maryland ( 13. 1 ) and wisconsin ( 12. 8 ). more than 2, 200 cases of lyme disease were reported in maryland in 2007, almost double the number in 2006 and a record for the state. the sharpest increases in recent years occurred in anne arundel, baltimore, carroll and montgomery counties, but lyme remains the top tick - borne disease in southern maryland. in 2008, maryland changed its definition for lyme disease to confirmed and probable cases. this shifted the numbers somewhat. where calvert county, for instance, registered in the top 10 counties in the state prior to 2008, its designation fell to 17th and eventually 15th place overall in the state. charles county cases rose from 44 in 2007 to 67 cases in 2008, then spiked to 82 cases in 2009, but dropped to 33 in 2010. st. mary \u2019 s county had 21 cases in 2008 but jumped to 67 the following year. in 2010, it registered 30 cases. \u201c lyme is still a public health concern in southern maryland. i would say we need to be vigilant. people want to be careful and concerned, \u201d said sharon nazarek, assistant director of nursing for the calvert county health department. a group formed two years ago in southern maryland as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38580475005583575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.177154"} {"text": "maryland. i would say we need to be vigilant. people want to be careful and concerned, \u201d said sharon nazarek, assistant director of nursing for the calvert county health department. a group formed two years ago in southern maryland as a networking avenue for victims of the disease. lyme awareness network member and calvert county resident connie sutton said they haven \u2019 t had many meetings in the past year because so many members are suffering with the debilitating effects of the disease. \u201c the lyme awareness network is an offshoot of [ a ] lyme support group that meets at calvert memorial hospital, \u201d sutton said. \u201c we wanted to be more active in the community, so we put a grassroots group together and would host lyme awareness events throughout southern maryland. most of us in that group have lyme. we did pull off a few showings of the movie, \u2018 under our skin, \u2019 which is a lyme documentary. we haven \u2019 t been active in the past year. a lot of people have the disease and it \u2019 s just so hard for everyone to get together and be healthy. \u201d round and around \u201c i ended up having it for five years before i even knew what it was, \u201d said karen bowling of newburg. \u201c i went to see the doctor in 2007 for what i thought was a knee injury. the doctor took one look at me and said, \u2018 you have lyme disease. \u2019 i didn \u2019 t even know what it was. i hadn \u2019 t heard of it back then. the test she gave me was the western blot test. it came back positive. \u201c i had been bitten by this tick in 2002.... the reason i know is because i had just started working at the courthouse in st. mary \u2019 s county. i thought it was a spider bite. it was a big, round red circle with a bite in the middle. i never saw a spider, never saw a tick. i actually went to a doctor about something else and i remember him asking me what it was on the back of my arm. i just said, \u2018 oh, a spider bit me. \u2019 by then it was almost healed. ever since then i \u2019 ve been back and forth to the doctors. the biggest problem is finding doctors who believe in it. \u201d bowling realized that if the doctors couldn \u2019 t help with the disease, she had to get help for her pain. \u201c i started going to pain management, \u201d she said. \u201c they were able to control it. i was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4149517627367969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.178337"} {"text": "believe in it. \u201d bowling realized that if the doctors couldn \u2019 t help with the disease, she had to get help for her pain. \u201c i started going to pain management, \u201d she said. \u201c they were able to control it. i was on morphine two times a day every day. for two years i wasn \u2019 t coherent. i \u2019 m on antidepressants now, i believe, from all this crap i \u2019 ve been through. what really started it all was pain in my shoulder blade area and under my shoulder. that \u2019 s still hurting me to this day. they \u2019 ve yet to find out what that is. \u201d bowling said she lost her job due to the disease. she has been denied disability by social security because they say there \u2019 s not enough information. \u201c the strange thing is, lyme disease is in this neighborhood, \u201d bowling said. \u201c i have a german shepherd, he has it also. the thing of it is, they have a vaccine for a dog. they don \u2019 t have one for humans. \u201d \u2018 what chance do we have? \u2019 kat cecil of callaway knows the effects of lyme disease all too well. arthritis, headaches, fatigue all came to her about five years ago. \u201c i think i might have had it for a while before i even realized i \u2019 d been bitten by a tick, \u201d cecil said. \u201c i thought i was getting early arthritis and a bunch of other things about five years ago. i had headaches forever. they would last for days. they were so debilitating i would be in bed for days at a time. i rubbed my head so hard my temples were bruised. that \u2019 s how bad they were. i was so tired, i would get up in the morning and i \u2019 d be more exhausted than i was when i went to bed. i finally went to my doctor and asked her if she could test me for lyme. she said, \u2018 i don \u2019 t think you have lyme, \u2019 and i told her i wanted to be tested anyway. the test came back positive. \u201d she said she slowly recovered but still has memory loss associated with the disease. \u201c i \u2019 ve slowly gotten rid of the symptoms, everything except the arthritis and the memory loss \u2014 that \u2019 s the key part of it, \u201d she said. \u201c it \u2019 s not like i haven \u2019 t been bitten by ticks since. i have horses and a farm.... and of course, we had ticks all through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4031792015296224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.179601"} {"text": "that \u2019 s the key part of it, \u201d she said. \u201c it \u2019 s not like i haven \u2019 t been bitten by ticks since. i have horses and a farm.... and of course, we had ticks all through the winter, because we really didn \u2019 t have a winter. \u201d while koller had one horse and one of her dogs that contracted lyme, cecil has managed to keep her animals free of the disease. \u201c i give them all their shots every year and check them every day, \u201d she said. \u201c none of my animals showed symptoms of having it. \u201d she said she put up a fence to keep out deer, which seems to have helped. she said her cousin, who is a lawyer in anne arundel county, got a severe case. \u201c at one point they were giving him last rites, \u201d she said. \u201c if he, a lawyer, a man who hardly ever goes out in the wild, can get it and get that bad off with it, what chance do the rest of us have? \u201d prevention is the best medicine the maryland department of health and mental hygiene recommends the following precautions : - wear long pants and long sleeves to help keep ticks off skin. - wear light - colored clothing to spot ticks more easily. - when planning to be in an environment where ticks are often found, use repellent that contains at least 20 percent diethyl - meta - toluamide deet on exposed skin for protection that lasts several hours. parents should apply repellent to children ; the american academy of pediatrics recommends products with up to 30 percent deet for kids. always follow product instructions. - treat clothing and gear, such as boots, pants, socks and tents, with the pesticide permethrin, or look for clothing pretreated with permethrin. - avoid areas with high grass and leaf litter, and walk in the center of trails when hiking. - bathe or shower as soon as possible after coming indoors to wash off and more easily find crawling ticks before they bite. - conduct a full - body tick check using a hand - held or full - length mirror to view all parts of the body upon returning from tick - infested areas. parents should help children check thoroughly for ticks. remove any ticks right away. - remove an attached tick with tweezers by grasping it as close to the skin as possible and pulling firmly and gently straight up and washing the area well with soap and water ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3775624980428931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.180570"} {"text": "last week nasa astronaut suni williams completed 1st triathlon, astronomers observed a huge asteroid vesta covered in hydrogen and private space travel got a big boost. see the top stories of the last week here. < br > first stop : farthest galaxy revealed the earliest known confirmed galaxy has been discovered with the help of cosmic lenses formed out of the warped fabric of space and time, researchers say. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17671 - farthest - galaxy - discovery - gravitational - lens. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : warp drive may be more feasible than thought, scientists say faster than light travel may actually be possible using a warp drive to bend space around a starship. new calculations suggest such a vehicle would require less energy than once thought. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17628 - warp - drive - possible - interstellar - spaceflight. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : space shuttle endeavour lands in l. a. the last - ever space shuttle to take flight has made its final landing. space shuttle endeavour, mounted atop nasa ' s shuttle carrier aircraft ( sca ), a modified boeing 747 jumbo jet, touched down at los angeles international airport ( lax ) in california friday ( sept. 21 ), after three day, cross - country trip from florida. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17718 - space - shuttle - endeavour - lands - los - angeles. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : touchdown! soyuz spacecraft lands safely three astronauts touched down safely on the steppes of kazakhstan tonight, wrapping up their four - month mission to the international space station. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17627 - touchdown - soyuz - spacecraft - lands - safely - with - russian - us - crew. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : asteroid vesta covered in hydrogen astronomers studying observations of the huge asteroid vesta by nasa \u2019 s dawn spacecraft have found that the space rock is a rich source of hydrogen, a new study reveals. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17680 - giant - asteroid - vesta - hydrogen - dawn - spacecraft. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : roots of huge solar explosions may lie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5292592059710552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.191855"} {"text": "href = http : / / www. space. com / 17680 - giant - asteroid - vesta - hydrogen - dawn - spacecraft. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : roots of huge solar explosions may lie in ' coronal cavities ' nasa \u2019 s fleet of sun - watching spacecraft is investigating the causes of huge solar blasts called coronal mass ejections. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17704 - solar - storms - causes - coronal - cavities. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : saturday ' s fall equinox explained the fall equinox occurs saturday, sept. 22. here \u2019 s what exactly happens as the direct rays of the sun slip south of the equator. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17710 - fall - equinox - seasons - change - explained. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : why humans may be the biggest hurdle for interstellar travel the mission to mount a voyage to another star is officially on, with a new organization, the 100 year starship, spearheading the effort to muster the technologies needed within 100 years. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17703 - interstellar - spaceflight - challenges - humanity. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : private space travel gets a big boost in california as nasa ' s space shuttle endeavour orbiter flew to its retirement home in sunny california today ( sept. 21 ), gov. edmund g. brown jr. signed legislation to bolster the commercial spaceflight sector in that state. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17720 - private - spaceflight - liability - california - law. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : private spacecraft to launch space station cargo on oct. 7 a private space capsule ' s first contracted cargo mission to the international space station is slated to launch oct. 7, nasa officials announced today ( sept. 20 ). [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17706 - spacex - dragon - space - station - cargo - mission. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : us scientists to use chinese moon lander for space research a cooperative deal has been inked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49256794775253193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.192860"} {"text": "com / 17706 - spacex - dragon - space - station - cargo - mission. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : us scientists to use chinese moon lander for space research a cooperative deal has been inked between a u. s. group and china to use that country \u2019 s moon lander to conduct astronomical imaging from the lunar surface. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17645 - us - china - moon - lander - astronomy - deal. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : nasa astronaut completes 1st triathlon in space nasa astronaut suni williams ran, biked and \" swam \" the nautica malibu triathlon remotely from the international space station in orbit around earth. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17643 - space - triathlon - astronaut - sunita - williams. html > full story < / a > ] < br > next : newfound alien planet a top contender to host life a new super - earth has been found in the habitable zone of a star only 49 light - years from earth, ranking fifth on the list of best objects of interest for life. [ < a href = http : / / www. space. com / 17684 - alien - planet - gliese - 163c - extraterrestrial - life. html > full story < / a > ] < br >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45596319976132493, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.194138"} {"text": "ask a question hi, what is there a difference between \" me gusta \" and \" me gustan \"? what is there a difference between \" me gusta \" and \" me gustan \"? is one use of the words for speaking properly and the other for casually speaking? could you give me some examples how the two phrases would be used? gusta is used is a singular conjugation of the verb and requires a subject that matches it in number. gustan is a plural conjugation and requires a subject that matches it in number me gusta el libro me gustan los libros here is a link to the reference article for this topic gustar like verbs your question can be answered by watching lesson 1 : 6 of the learn spanish video series. for now, i will tell you that the difference has nothing to do with being formal or casual. rather, it has to do with the fact that one is singular and one is plural. me gusta means that something is pleasing to you. for example : \" me gusta bailar \", which means dancing is pleasing to me. in this case, dancing is singular, so the third person singular conjugation of \" gustar \" is used. the second example would be \" me gustan los animales. \" in this example, animals is plural, so the verb \" gustar \" is conjugated to the third person plural. i know this is a very short explanation and i hope it helps. however, you would be much better off having paralee explain it for you in the video. believe me, she does a much better job. they mean the same thing except one refers to a singular topic and one refers to a plural topic. me gusta la banana. me gustan las frutas. that was the same question i had about 3 days ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4657367298917408, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.198089"} {"text": "special olympics rhythmic gymnast sara abbott is used to beating the odds. when she was an infant, doctors said she would never walk or talk ; she was not supposed to live past the age of 30 ; and three years ago, she weighed well over 300 pounds. three years ago sara weighed well over 300 pounds and today, because of the power of sport, at age 37, she is 150 lbs. lighter. abbott has a rare genetic disorder, prader - willi syndrome, which results in intellectual disability, and is frequently associated with insatiable appetite, low metabolism, and subsequent obesity. yet today, at age 37, she is 150 lbs. lighter and took home three gold and two silver medals at the summer 2010 special olympics usa national games in lincoln, ne. abbott and her family credit her physical transformation to the dedication and support of the special olympics minnesota coaching staff and the rigorous training schedule for her ball, ribbon, rope and hoop gymnastic routines. for abbott and others just like her, special olympics is about more than sports \u2013 it allows people with intellectual disabilities the opportunity to be more fit, make more friends, and be a special part of a team. in the process, abbott has also become an inspiration to her family and fellow athletes. \" i want them to exercise like i did and lose weight and watch what they eat, \" abbott said. obesity is a problem for most people with intellectual disabilities. due to a health condition or the medications they take, the lack of opportunities to exercise and other issues, approximately 75 % of adult special olympics athletes are overweight. in response, special olympics issued a call to action during its national games health symposium in july. \" we have a lot of work to do, \" said special olympics chairman and ceo timothy shriver. \" the health condition for people with intellectual disabilities is nothing short of a crisis \u2013 one that will not improve on its own. all of us must act. this isn ' t a problem for a few to handle. the solutions will come when everyone is engaged. \" in its call to action, special olympics details steps that should be taken by various segments of the population, including the general public, health professionals and elected officials. the organization asks the public to donate their time and push their representatives to support policies that address these concerns. healthcare providers should increase their knowledge of intellectual disability and welcome these patients into their practices. special olympics hopes that if more people join its fight against obesity, more athletes will be able to find the same healthier lifestyle that enabled sara abbott to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42097674651972095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.200917"} {"text": "in 1985, a high school kid is accidentally transported in a time machine, back to the year 1955. but the actions he takes while he is there create a paradox in the space - time continuum. when he returns to the 1985 reality from which he was originally transported, he discovers that the paradox has altered it. this forces him to travel back to the 1955 reality once again in an attempt to rectify the actions of his own self. he now has two selves traveling on the same 1955 timeline, only one of which is aware of the other. none of the people who live in these two realities are aware of anything that is taking place because they \u2019 re just characters in a movie. there is no place in this new kind of physics both for the field and matter, for the field is the only reality. albert einstein in traditional physics, the dimensions of a system are referred to as its \u2018 degrees of freedom \u2019. we perceive material objects to be solid because they vibrate very slowly at the atomic level. so solid, three - dimensional matter doesn \u2019 t have a lot of freedom. but, the fact of the matter is \u2013 there is no matter. the material universe is nothing more than a very dense form of energy. everything that exists in this universe, from the most subtle, refined realms of energetic structures, to the densest realms of matter, is aligned in one field of energy. string theory is a developing branch of physics that combines quantum physics and general relativity into a theory of gravity. this theory attempts to describe the natural forces of gravity, matter, electro - magnetics, and weak and strong interactions, all in a mathematically complete system. some physicists believe that this theory is the correct fundamental description of nature. they believe that the building blocks of the universe are not sub - atomic particles, but rather, they are a more fundamental layer of infinitesimally small filaments of vibrating energy. and these \u2018 strings of energy \u2019 vibrate at different frequencies. according to this theory, we are living in a universe that has 11 dimensions, with parallel dimensions, such as sub - space and hyper - space, which exist alongside it. the mathematics involved in this theory point to the existence of dimensions of reality, or consciousness, which are beyond our familiar world. our true role is to create endlessly from the infinite storehouse of possibilities located at the virtual level. deepak chopra in quantum physics, material objects are possibilities from which consciousness can choose. dimensions border one another in the same way that a radio carries many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.7309181927670185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.211899"} {"text": "true role is to create endlessly from the infinite storehouse of possibilities located at the virtual level. deepak chopra in quantum physics, material objects are possibilities from which consciousness can choose. dimensions border one another in the same way that a radio carries many different stations. but we can only experience those dimensions of which we are aware. we can only perceive of the \u2018 music \u2019 that \u2019 s playing on the \u2018 station \u2019 to which we attune ourselves. and we have been trained to focus on only a very small bandwidth of frequencies. the higher dimensions are outside of our range of perception. so expanding our consciousness is the way by which we will become multi - dimensional beings. god does not exist in only one place. and neither do you. as your light beams in from home, it splits like a prism and divides you into 11 different dimensions. when you are born, all 11 dimensions come in at once. the 12th dimension is your higher self. it remains outside of your physicality, but keeps you connected to home and to the other 11 dimensions. as you have now moved beyond the year 2012, you will now be able to gain information from the perfect parts of you that are missing. every one of your 11 selves will begin to become more whole within itself. this is how you will balance yourself. [ ii ] on december 21 of this year, a new earth grid was launched. this new grid is based on an entirely new frequency range, one that allows the filtration of god \u2019 s holy energy to be absorbed evenly around the world. and, when the earth acquired a new cosmic position during the current galactic alignment, our brains automatically opened up to this new range of frequencies. space and time are illusions of the third and fourth dimensions. we need only remove the veil to see the reality. but we must also believe that the reality is here to be seen. when everyone awakens to the understanding that they have been playing a multi - dimensional character in a movie, humanity will experience the fifth - dimensional reality in which we are all now living. when the collective human consciousness acknowledges and tunes in to the higher dimensional frequencies of this reality. in the old testament, there was once a collection of over one dozen texts called the apocrypha. derived from the greek word apocryphal, it means \u2018 things that are hidden \u2019. king james of england imposed heavy fines on anyone who printed the old testament without including the apocrypha. so it was included in the original king james version of the bible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6044335632745446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.213078"} {"text": "apocryphal, it means \u2018 things that are hidden \u2019. king james of england imposed heavy fines on anyone who printed the old testament without including the apocrypha. so it was included in the original king james version of the bible, which was printed in the year 1611. but 250 years later, the archbishop of canterbury officially removed it from that version. [ ii ] the book of ben sira is a volume of wise proverbs that was discovered in egypt, in 1896. it is part of these apocryphal texts. known also as the book of wisdom and as the wisdom of jesus son of sirach, this book was originally written in the language of hebrew in the second century bc. eventually, it was included in the old testament as the book of ecclesiastes. but, before its recent discovery, no known hebrew version existed. some scholars even doubted its existence. in your exploration of bible truth, see to it that you do not rest satisfied in the yellow clay of a few spiritual discoveries, but press on to the rich blue clay underneath. emmet fox also part of the apocryphal texts is the book of enoch, a massive five - volume manuscript that consists of 108 chapters. where the apocalyptic view of the end of time leaves \u2018 the damned \u2019 on a hellish earth, the book of enoch paints a very different picture. this ancient book describes an aquarian age in which heaven will actually exist on the earth. the greek word apocalypse means \u2018 disclosure of something hidden from the majority of mankind in an era dominated by falsehood and misconception. \u2019 it is interesting to note that the books of jude and hebrews, which have both been retained in the bible, actually quote directly from the book of enoch, which has not. in fact, there are over twenty books that are referred to in the bible, but which have been excluded from it. enoch, the seventh from adam, prophesied about these men : \u201c \u2018 see, the lord is coming with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones. \u201d jude 1 : 14 during world war ii, the ancient gnostic gospels were discovered in upper egypt. these gospels formed the basis of the teachings of the first jewish christians who, rather than seeking salvation from sin, sought to achieve salvation from the ignorance of which sin is a consequence. since the discovery of these gospels, there have been other ancient scrolls that have been located, the most famous of which were found concealed in caves on the shore of the dead sea,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4932766311942878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.214133"} {"text": "sought to achieve salvation from the ignorance of which sin is a consequence. since the discovery of these gospels, there have been other ancient scrolls that have been located, the most famous of which were found concealed in caves on the shore of the dead sea, near the ruins of an old essene settlement called qumran. known as the dead sea scrolls, these scrolls consist of roughly 900 texts, twenty - five percent of which is biblical scripture that includes some of the only known copies of first - century biblical documents in existence. portions of the original aramaic version of the book of enoch were discovered at qumran. in fact, with the exception of the book of esther, every single book of the old testament was discovered there. [ iii ] but what is most interesting is that the book of esther is the only book that does not refer to god. the mystery that has been kept hidden for ages and generations, but is now disclosed to the saints. many people believe that god would never have allowed the word to be tampered with or concealed in ways he did not want. and, they \u2019 re absolutely correct. god has allowed this to take place. if we had known these truths two - thousand years ago, we would have distorted them to such an extent that, now, when we need them the most, we would not recognize them for what they truly are. the judeo - christian scriptures are a scientific treatise on universal nuclear physics, which were written in a universal metaphysical language that discloses, in minute detail, the precise formula for the attainment of unity consciousness. [ iv ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49903827525590183, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.214750"} {"text": "the first thing that comes in our mind when we see cartoon characters is that they are funny, nice and beautiful. in the last few years cartoon characters became very popular and you can see them almost everywhere. today designers use all their skills, creativeness and of course adobe illustrator to make them look really awesome and attractive to us. so, if you \u2019 ve got an idea to create your own vector characters, first check our post with 14 new adobe illustrator tutorials! these tutorials will be useful for beginners, intermediate and advance users of adobe illustrator in creating vector characters and we hope it could help to expand your creativity and imagination. follow this step by step illustrator tutorial to create a cute vector monster character. we \u2019 ll create the character from basic shapes to give a cute and friendly appearance then we \u2019 ll bring the character to life with gradient colours and a detailed fur effect. follow this step by step adobe illustrator tutorial to create a simple vector penguin character. we \u2019 ll be using many of illustrator \u2019 s basic shapes to create the structure of the character, which makes this tutorial great for beginners. we \u2019 ll then make use of various gradients to really bring the character to life with depth and dimension. follow this step by step illustrator tutorial to create a cute vector mushroom character with a japanese kawaii influence. we \u2019 ll create the basic structure using illustrator \u2019 s basic shapes, add variation in the linework to define the character then finish it all off with some vibrant colour fills. looking to learn the basics of adobe illustrator? in this tutorial we \u2019 ll use various tools and techniques to create a simple vector robot character. with this robot being made of lots of basic shapes it makes for a great tutorial for beginners to get to grips with the illustrator application. follow this step by step illustrator tutorial to create a grumpy internet troll character. we \u2019 ll start the process with a basic pencil sketch then build up a complete vector character design with linework, colour fills and basic shading to create a funny cartoon mascot. learn how to create a stylized and simple character face in adobe illustrator with ryan quintal. it \u2019 s all the elipse and pen tool in this one, as we \u2019 re going to use solid colors, basic shapes, and use illustrator \u2019 s \u201c width \u201d tool to create some beautiful lines. once you \u2019 re done, you \u2019 ll have a template that \u2019 s ready to go for a wide variety of faces for characters and animation. coloring a character sketch can sometimes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4685384822605703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.217705"} {"text": "when complaints are leveled at most reenactors it ' s not as much how we dress as how we treat our faces. facial hair is suppose to be good enough to make a reenactor look like a citizen of the old west. if you wear a hat or period looking bonnet ( etc. ) to cover your 21st century coiffure we can forgive the hair. women who part their hair down the center ( men part on the side ) and keep it tight, make a complete picture of 19th century style. however, no matter how perfect your clothing, hair, head covering, or look, wearing large modern frames destroys that impression completely. historically most people didn ' t wear eyeglasses or spectacles. they were a sign of old age and weakness. most people lived with their impaired vision unless they could afford spectacles. then they usually bought a ready made pair from an eye glass salesman. in many cases people never knew they were not seeing clearly. when looking for period specs here ' s a simple guide : oval lenses generally start just before 1800 and go into the 1920 ' s. rectangular or oblong lenses are before 1800 to 1890 ' s with octagonal appearing by 1840 to 1890 ' s as well. round glasses where not worn in the \" old west! \" round lens shapes where from before 1760 up to 1820. these round lenses never came back until about 1910. ( the \" temples \" make the biggest difference when dating, however! ) bridges between these styles of lenses may differ as well. the most common style of bridge for the old west impression spectacles were the crank design ( 1800 to 1880 ) an upside - down \" u \" with straight arms connected to the lens frame. although the \" k \" style and the \" x \" type, with two pieces of the metal crossing in a long \" u \" shape ( 1800 to 1900 ), touching at the center may have had about the same era, it hasn ' t shown up as much in the samples viewed. an earlier style is a common upside - down long \" u \" connecting the frames and is called an arch ( pre 1750 up to 1860 ). styles most commonly available post civil war include the scroll ( 1870 to 1920 ), \" w \" ( 1895 to present ) and coil spring style 1900 to present ). nose pads did not become common until after 1900 with an exception of the spring pad that began about 1850. temples are the clue to the age of the spectacles in most cases. for our period, and the most common samples surviving is the short", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4559764834691139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.224107"} {"text": ". nose pads did not become common until after 1900 with an exception of the spring pad that began about 1850. temples are the clue to the age of the spectacles in most cases. for our period, and the most common samples surviving is the short lived design of the loop to loop slider ( 1840 to 1880 ). next were the pin & slot slider ( 1790 to after 1870 ). and the long straight temple design 1820 to 1880 ). pre 1850 are the short and straight temples and the hinged at center style. from 1770 to 1900 there was the \" turn pin \" style. any spectacles that have the wrap around the ear or riding bow style, date after 1890 to present! * the temples aren ' t complete unless they also have a \" final \" which is the end design. temple finals vary also! two styles in the old west ; small open teardrops ( 1820 to 1890 ) and flat beavertails ( 1770 to 1900 ). the others are : large round open rings ( before 1750 to 1800 ), small round open rings ( 1790 to 1830 ), large open teardrops with wider temples ( 1770 to 1830 ), medium open teardrops 1790 to 1850 ), and small droplets ( 1890 to present ). see previous images. the connecting hinges where the temple connects to the lens frames will be bulkier in early styles. most spectacles made before 1870 were hand crafted and numbers may be found stamped on the edges near the hinge that give the salesman a clue to what eye problem the individual may have. some lenses may even be etched with a number as well. colored glass was used and usually for special reasons. the \" d \" frame glasses with side lenses that swivel to the front are usually dark blue or black and were made for people riding the trains in the 19th century. shooter ' s specs were amber colored and \" frosted \" with a clear center. green also seems to be surfacing.. i know you spent hundreds of dollars for those modern eyeglasses and you hate contact lenses, but consider that many of the above eyepieces or their equivalents can be purchased at an antique store for $ 20 to $ 45 each and your prescription added for another $ 65 or so. that ' s still less than what you paid for your 20th century styles. ( prices tend to vary depending on the person making them fit modern perscriptions ) this is not the last word on the subject, only a guide. i found much of my research after looking at many original spectacle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4789205329984092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.225167"} {"text": "paid for your 20th century styles. ( prices tend to vary depending on the person making them fit modern perscriptions ) this is not the last word on the subject, only a guide. i found much of my research after looking at many original spectacles owned by jim miller, william dunniway and other friends as well as listening to their \" expertise \" and research from the books listed below. in regard to wrap around temples on spectacles, i refer you to u. s. patent # 139, 909 by g. w. meigs of hartford, ct. he received a patent on wrap - around temples on june 17, 1873. he notes in the patent description that these temples were previously made only in europe by trained craftsmen who hand forged each temple from spring steel and then hand - shaped the hinge connection with files. meigs method used spring steel wire with the hinge connection ( and ball on the other end ) added separately. all single wire wrap - around temples i have examined appear to have been made using this method. i have all u. s. patent information on spectacles and eyeglasses for 1873 and earlier, and wrap - around temples do not appear in any of the other drawings. nor do they appear in any trade catalogues prior to this date. i have verified this information with dr. william rosenthal, author and spectacle consultant to the smithsonian and owner of the world ' s largest collection of spectacles, and with jeff handley, curator of the american academy of ophalmology museum of opthalmology in san francisco, home of the largest museum collection in this country. alan has been visiting museums in preparation for his book on spectacles ( a brief mention of his project and an article about spectacles appeared in the march 1998 issue of art and antiques magazine. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022905488294407, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.225848"} {"text": "what is compression? compression is the reduction in size of data by converting it to a format that requires fewer bits. most often compression is used to minimize storage space ( on a hard drive, for example ) or for reducing transmitted data over a network. salary compression it was the consensus of the committee that specific recommendations for salary increases could only be made after fundamental issues were addressed : 1 ) what is salary compression? using a compression gauge these simple devices can tell you a great deal about the health of your engine. in fact, when used properly and interpreted correctly, a compression tester will reveal just about all you could want to know about your vehicle. an oracle white paper. october 2011. advanced compression with oracle database 11g 3 why compression? \u2022 raw media file sizes tend to be large - audio \u2022 sample - based, with relatively high sampling rates - audio example : \u2022 172. 266 kb / sec = > 44, 100 hz sampling rate, 16 bit samples, stereo - motion video / still images \u2022 stores each image ( e. g., frame ) in its color space ( e. g... dct - based video quality evaluation - - - final project for ee392j feng xiao winter 2000 abstract lossy compression methods make the widespread distribution of digital video possible at the cost of introduction of artifacts. contents iv literature number : bpra065 list of figures figure 1 : a copy machine that makes three reduced copies of the input image [ y ]..... 2 figure 2 : the first three copies generated on the copying machine figure 1. techniques for managing large data sets : compression, indexing and summarization table compression in oracle. database 10g release 2. an oracle white paper may 2005 ajr : 189, november 2007 1175 ajr 2007 ; 189 : 1175 - 1178 0361 - 803x / 07 / 1895 - 1175 \u00a9 american roentgen ray society choy et al. mri of thoracolumbar spine musculoskeletal imaging \u2022 technical innovation axial compression frame for mri of thoracolumbar spine daniel s. j. choy 1 gian paolo tassi 2 richard...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5738417905373161, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.227994"} {"text": "topics - topics - cape fear museum cape fear museum cape fear museum the cape fear museum of history and science is the oldest history museum in the state. founded in 1898, its first collections included confederate relics and grew to collections of images and artifacts that shaped the history, science and cultures of southeastern north carolina. the museum, which began with one room staffed by volunteers, is accredited by the american association of museums and has more than 50, 000 objects. it was founded by a group of wilmington women who wanted to preserve memories of the civil war. collections include objects relating to cultures of the lower cape fear region, which is defined as a 50 - mile radius around wilmington, including all of new hanover, brunswick and pender counties and parts of columbus, bladen, sampson, duplin and onslow counties. photographs to household items and industrial tools are housed in the museum, and special exhibits are both rotating and ongoing. the michael jordan discovery gallery is an ongoing exhibit that encourages youth to explore nature and the environment. a maritime pavilion, another ongoing exhibit, showcases watercraft people have used in the area. hours : winter : winter : closed monday. open 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. tuesday to saturday and 1 - 5 p. m. sunday. summer ( memorial day through labor day ) : open 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. monday to saturday and 1 - 5 p. m. sunday. admission : $ 7 for adults, $ 6 for seniors, college students and military personnel, $ 4 for youth ages 3 to 17 and free for children under 3. the first sunday of each month is free for new hanover county residents, and admission is always free for cape fear museum members. recent articles about cape fear museum published may 4, 2013 the museum wants to give free admission to all children younger than 5. published march 29, 2013 it ' s clear that the political philosophy is different in raleigh. what ' s not clear is that this shift toward \u201c smaller government \u201d will benefit north carolina. published march 25, 2013 it ' s nothing personal against the n. c. biotechnology center, said mccrory ' s budget director, art pope. published march 1, 2013 on sunday, march 3, participating attractions ( see list below ) open to new hanover county residents free of charge. published february 21, 2013 cape fear museum associates is hosting vintage and vine, an epicurean evening published february 15, 2013 the event will feature an array of hors d ' oeuvres and desserts from chefs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41541568748367197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.230769"} {"text": "skeletal : bone and cartilage ucla faculty studying stem cell and musculoskeletal disease seek to discover better ways to regenerate bone and cartilage. our multidisciplinary team has expertise in reconstructive surgery, musculoskeletal, developmental, and stem cell biology, molecular pathology, material and clinical science, and bioengineering. together, they identified a key growth factor ( nell1 ) that helps \u201c jumpstart \u201d the body \u2019 s own stem cells to repair lost or damaged bone and cartilage tissues. this discovery could have significant implications for treating trauma patients with significant musculoskeletal injuries and can also be used to treat or \u201c reactivate \u201d stem cells in aged populations with osteoporotic bone loss or cartilage loss from \u201c wear and tear \u201d and osteoarthritis. our faculty have successfully combined nell1 with specially engineered scaffolds to activate stem cells in order to regenerate bone in long bone models like the arms and legs, the spine, and parts of the skull in non - human animals. nell1 also dramatically promotes healing in joint cartilage models. currently, work is being conducted to identify and develop ways to deliver nell 1 to injured joints in a minimally invasive way. remarkably, nell1 also significantly harnessed mesenchymal or connective tissue stem cells in bone marrow to form new bone in osteoporotic models. since most clinical osteoporosis therapies work to prevent bone loss rather than build new bone like nell1, the broad stem cell research center is sponsoring work to develop the promising application of nell1 to activate bone forming stem cells in osteoporosis patients. in addition, using unique stem cell isolation protocols, the ucla team was the first group to efficiently isolate significant numbers of perivascular or specialized blood vessel stem cells from routine cosmetic liposuction material. this finding opens the door for easily obtaining large numbers of purified stem cells for both immediate and future use. our faculty discovered that combining nell1 with perivascular stem cells increases stem cell survival and markedly enhances musculoskeletal tissue repair. this finding paves the way for efficiently isolating a patient \u2019 s own stem cells from liposuction and then reapplying those cells with nell1 to maximally \u201c jumpstart \u201d the reparative process after injury.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48021972052661727, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.233242"} {"text": "eto gitarama project : make a difference ( mad ) project er : education rwanda in the summers of 2004, 2005 & 2006, a group of youth and adults traveled to gatenga, rwanda in africa on a service project that involved working directly with several villages to primarily address three main issues : - the training of teachers in the development of moral / educational programs for children, teaching them about unity and peace and how to work with children to apply these and other virtues in their daily lives. - working with village elders in the development of agricultural co - ops to assist in the production of food for purposes of more adequately feeding their families and also for providing a means for making a living. - teaching mothers and a few interested fathers about health and nutrition and how to provide inexpensive balanced meals for their families and steps to take to prevent disease. in one village where the group was stationed there is an elementary school with over 800 students. each small classroom is crowded to overflowing with at least 60 children. this school is very poor and lacking everything thatwe, in this society consider essential and required as our basic right for the promotion of learning. for example, the school lacks enough desks so there is not enough room for all the children to sit down. many have to stand up throughout their classes. we are in the process of raising funds for this school and the first priority request from the director of the school is for student desks. other financial needs include the building of latrines. currently the school \u2019 s latrines are inadequate - only four latrines for the use of 863 students! other needs include pens for writing. many students lack pens and must wait to borrow a friend \u2019 s pen after the friend has finished using it. books are another need. the school has no library books or room for housing them. many children come from poor families and do not eat all day. the director would like to be able to eventually establish a lunch program. some help for this latter project might come from the un world food program, but there would still be a need for salaries for cooks to prepare the meal. as you can see there are many needs. we hope that you will be able to help improve the learning and living environments for these children. our first project is buying desks. the school uses bench style desks where three children sit on each bench. the principal of the school tells us that they will need 105 more benches to replace those that are old and to add those that are lacking. each bench costs about $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506294425600419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.235919"} {"text": "learn about and because it can probably fit 5 pages. my bibliography is on the ending of the report, my teacher helped me with it because i didn ' t know how to do it. cancer is the name for tumors that are malignant. malignant tumors do not respond to body mechanisms that limit growing. malignant tumors show a not normal cell structure the same functional specialized cells. also cancer cells growing in laboratory tissue culture do not stop growing when they touch each other on a glass or other solid surface but grow in masses several layers deep they are said to lack loss of contact inhibition accounts for two other characteristics of cancer cells invasiveness of surrounding tissues and metastasis spreading via the lymph system or blood to other tissues and organs. cells are typically controlled by growth factors competence factors that stimulate cells to enter the beginning phase of cell replication and progression factors that insure completion of the replication cycle. the unrestricted growth rates of cells are due to the activation and lack of inhibition of oncogenes. they are cancer causing genes. cancer tissue that grows without limits competes with normal tissue for nutrients kills the normal cells by nutritional deprivation. cancerous tissue also causes secondary effects with the symptoms of a malignant growth caused by the pressure of the growing tumor against surrounding tissue or the metastasis of cancer cells and their invasion of other organs. cancers are graded as to degree of malignancy on a scale of one through four the distinction between even benign and malignant neoplasms is obscure. all organs and tissues are susceptible to cancer. a lot of human cancers may be caused or at least triggered by various chemical agents. alkylating agents are thought to have a... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 1999, 10 ). cancer. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 1999, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cancer - 19933. html \" cancer \" studymode. com. 10 1999. 10 1999 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cancer - 19933. html >. \" cancer. \" studymode. com. 10, 1999. accessed 10, 1999. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cancer - 19933. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5491777110773406, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.240120"} {"text": "the value chain analysis describes the activities the organization performs and links them to the organization \u2019 s competitive position. value chain analysis describes the activities within and around an organization, and relates them on analysis of the competitive strength of the organization. therefore, it evaluates which value each particular activity adds to the organization \u2019 s products or services ( recklies 2001 ). value chain analysis can be used to describe the activities within and around the organization, and relate them to the competitive strength of the firm ( its ability to provide value for money products and services ). thus, the approach rests upon the need to identify separate organizational activities and assess their value added. the importance of organized activities and systems becomes clear. the various resources ( people, machinery, information, etc. ) must be deployed into activities, routines and systems that produce the necessary value. the ability to perform particular activities and manage the linkages between activities is the key source of competitive advantage ( lowson 2002 ). activities that add value are divided into two categories. these are primary and support. primary activities are primarily concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service. they can be grouped into five main areas : inbound logistics ( receiving, storing and distributing the inputs to an organization ) operations ( transforming inputs into outputs ) outbound logistics ( storing and distribution and delivery of product and service combinations ) marketing and sales ( means by which consumers are made aware of an can purchase products and services ) service ( activities that enhance the value of a product or service ) each primary activity is linked to support activities, which help to improve their effectiveness or efficiency. procurement ( the... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2010, 08 ). value chain analysis. studymode. com. retrieved 08, 2010, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / value - chain - analysis - 382277. html \" value chain analysis \" studymode. com. 08 2010. 08 2010 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / value - chain - analysis - 382277. html >. \" value chain analysis. \" studymode. com. 08, 2010. accessed 08, 2010. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / value - chain - analysis - 382277. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5007016558002574, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.242433"} {"text": "obesity means having too much body fat. it is not the same as being overweight, which means weighing too much. a person may be overweight from extra muscle, bone, or water, as well as from having too much fat. both terms mean that a person ' s weight is higher than what is thought to be healthy for his or her height. morbid obesity ; fat - obese causes, incidence, and risk factors : taking in more calories than you burn can lead to obesity because the body stores unused calories as fat. obesity can be caused by : - eating more food than your body can use - drinking too much alcohol - not getting enough exercise many obese people who lose large amounts of weight and gain it back think it is their fault. they blame themselves for not having the willpower to keep the weight off. many people regain more weight than they lost. today, we know that biology is a big reason why some people cannot keep the weight off. some people who live in the same place and eat the same foods become obese, while others do not. our bodies have a complex system to help keep our weight at a healthy level. in some people, this system does not work normally. the way we eat when we are children can affect the way we eat as adults. the way we eat over many years becomes a habit, affecting what we eat, when we eat, and how much we eat. we are surrounded by things that make it easy to overeat and hard to stay active. - many people do not have time to plan and make healthy meals. - more people today work desk jobs compared to more active jobs in the past. - people with less free time have less time to exercise. the term \" eating disorder \" means a group of medical conditions that have an unhealthy focus on eating, dieting, losing or gaining weight, and body image. a person may be obese, follow an unhealthy diet, and have an eating disorder all at the same time. sometimes, medical problems or treatments cause weight gain, including : - underactive thyroid gland ( hypothyroidism ) - medicines such as birth control pills, antidepressants, and antipsychotics other things that can cause weight gain are : - quitting smoking. most people who quit smoking gain 4 - 10 pounds in the first 6 months after quitting. some people gain as much as 25 - 30 pounds. - stress, anxiety, feeling sad, or not sleeping well -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147562509767845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.248909"} {"text": "are : - quitting smoking. most people who quit smoking gain 4 - 10 pounds in the first 6 months after quitting. some people gain as much as 25 - 30 pounds. - stress, anxiety, feeling sad, or not sleeping well - for women : - menopause - - women may gain 12 - 15 pounds during menopause - not losing the weight they gained during pregnancy signs and tests : the health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history, eating habits, and exercise routine. the two most common ways to assess your weight and measure health risks related to your weight are : body mass index ( bmi ) - waist circumference ( your waist measurement in inches ) bmi is calculated using height and weight. you and your health care provider can use your bmi to estimate how much body fat you have. your waist measurement is another way to estimate how much body fat you have. extra weight around your middle or stomach area increases your risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. people with \" apple - shaped \" bodies ( meaning their waist is bigger than their hips ) also have an increased risk for these diseases. skin fold measurements may be taken to check your body fat percentage. blood tests may be done to look for thyroid or hormone problems that could lead to weight gain. however, these tests are usually normal. changing your lifestyle an active lifestyle and plenty of exercise, along with healthy eating, is the safest way to lose weight. even modest weight loss can improve your health. you will need a lot of support from family and friends. when dieting, your main goal should be to learn new, healthy ways of eating and make them a part of your daily routine. many people find it hard to change their eating habits and behaviors. you may have practiced some habits for so long that you may not even know they are unhealthy, or you do them without thinking. you need to be motivated to make lifestyle changes. make the behavior change part of your life over the long term. know that it takes time to make and keep a change in your lifestyle. work with your health care provider and dietitian to set realistic, safe daily calorie counts that help you lose weight while staying healthy. remember that if you drop pounds slowly and steadily, you are more likely to keep them off. your dietitian can teach you about : - healthy food choices - healthy snacks - how to read nutrition labels - new ways to prepare food - portion sizes -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4481608900098092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.249854"} {"text": "that if you drop pounds slowly and steadily, you are more likely to keep them off. your dietitian can teach you about : - healthy food choices - healthy snacks - how to read nutrition labels - new ways to prepare food - portion sizes - sweetened drinks extreme diets ( fewer than 1, 100 calories per day ) are not thought to be safe or to work very well. these types of diets often do not contain enough vitamins and minerals. most people who lose weight this way return to overeating and become obese again. learn new ways to manage stress, rather than snacking. examples may be meditation, yoga, or exercise. if you are depressed or stressed a lot, talk to your health care provider. medications and herbal remedies you may see ads for supplements and herbal remedies that claim they will help you lose weight. many of these claims are not true. some of these supplements can have serious side effects. talk to your health care provider before using them. you can discuss weight loss drugs with your doctor. most people lose between 5 and 10 pounds by taking these drugs. most people also regain the weight when they stop taking the medicine, unless they have made lasting lifestyle changes. bariatric surgery can reduce the risk of disease in people with severe obesity. these risks include : - heart disease - high blood pressure - some cancers surgery may help people who have been very obese for 5 years or more and have not lost weight from other treatments, such as diet, exercise, or medicine. surgery alone is not the answer for weight loss. it can train you to eat less, but you still have to do much of the work. you must be committed to diet and exercise after surgery. talk to your doctor to learn if this is a good option for you. weight - loss surgeries include : many people find it easier to follow a diet and exercise program if they join a group of people with similar problems. obesity is a major health threat. the extra weight puts added stress on every part of your body and creates many risks to your health. dale ks, mcauley ka, taylor rw, williams sm, farmer vl, hansen p, et al. determining optimal approaches for weight maintenance : a randomized controlled trial. cmaj. 2009 ; 180 : e39 - e46. jensen md. obesity. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 227. sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45914738247141484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.250910"} {"text": "##aj. 2009 ; 180 : e39 - e46. jensen md. obesity. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 227. schauer pr, kashyap sr, wolski k, et al. bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patietns with diabetes. n engl j med. 2012 : epub march 26. seagle hm, strain gw, makris a, reeves rs ; american dietetic association. position of the american dietetic association : weight management. j am diet assoc. 2009 ; 109 : 330 - 346. united states department of agriculture. dietary guidelines for americans, 2010. accessed april 21, 2012. wadden ta, volger s, sarwer db, et al. a two year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. n engl j med. 2011 ; 365 : 1969 - 1979 | review date : 5 / 12 / 2012 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4564198885720072, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.251705"} {"text": "below is an extract from the introduction to my book - hope this provides the explanation you ' re looking for : \" each word ending is presented on a separate page with the following key principles to help the reader to remember whether the word ending is masculine or feminine. 1. each word ending is written in blue for masculine words and pink for feminine words. 2. each page has a tab with the word ending ( blue for masculine words, pink for feminine words ) so that it can be used like an address book. 3. for masculine words, the page background and tab are blue. for feminine words, they are pink. 4. each word is accompanied by a memorable drawing of a common item, to connect the word and its ending with either masculine or feminine. \" strangely enough, yesterday evening, quite independently, i was thinking about creating flashcards too! i use them frequently with my french students who are learning english - for most people, used appropriately they are an excellent learning method! best wishes - hilary thank you hilary! simple and effective! i ' m trying something now - translating book reviews and just selecting two or three common words or phrases to put on flash cards - rather than * every * new word i ' m not sure about or don ' t know. not so overwhelming that way ( read : staying clear of having a method grind to a ( temporary ) stop ). have you ever seen the segment on france 2 ' s \" en toutes lettres \" in which the contestants and celebrity participants have to determine if words are masculine or feminine? you guessed it - they have a heck of a time, too! ( they have to answer 9 in a row correctly, or the next participant has to start from scratch. ) the show is great for vocabulary. merci encore, michael sounds like a good idea! i tend to try and learn / teach about 10 things on flashcards at a time - more than that can become overwhelming! mind you, one of my students is determined to learn the 300 + most common english verbs, so she ' s got about 40 flashcards, but we work through them five at a time. no tv at the moment michael, waiting until i can afford to buy and install a satellite dish, necessary here to receive any tv apparently. have tv, orange box, but no satellite dish. they say patience is a virtue : - ). so, no, not seen \" en toutes lettres \" but understand the difficulty many french people have, even having learned them from the year dot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5483225360611523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.254422"} {"text": "niemann - pick disease is a group of diseases passed down through families ( inherited ) in which fatty substances called lipids collect in the cells of the spleen, liver, and brain. there are four most commonly recognized forms of the disease : types a, b, c, and d. types a and b are also called type i. types c and d are also known as type ii. each type involves different organs. it may or may not involve your nervous system and breathing. each one can cause different symptoms and may occur at different times throughout life. causes, incidence, and risk factors niemann - pick disease types a and b occur when cells in the body do not have an enzyme called acid sphingomyelinase ( asm ). this substance helps break down ( metabolize ) a fatty substance called sphingomyelin, which is found in every cell in the body. if asm is missing or does not work properly, sphingomyelin builds up inside cells. this kills your cells and makes it hard for organs to work properly. type a occurs in all races and ethnicities. it is more common in the ashkenazi ( eastern european ) jew population. type c occurs when the body cannot properly break down cholesterol and other fats ( lipids ). this leads to too much cholesterol in the liver and spleen and too much of other lipids in the brain. type c is most common among puerto ricans of spanish descent. type d involves a defect that interferes with how cholesterole moves between brain cells. it is a variant of type c. this type has only been seen in french canadian people in yarmouth county, nova scotia. symptoms vary. other health conditions may cause similar symptoms. the early stages of the disease may only cause a few symptoms. you may never have all symptoms. type a usually begins in the first few months of life. symptoms may include : abdominal ( belly area ) swelling within 3 - 6 months cherry red spot in the eye loss of early motor skills ( gets worse over time ) type b symptoms are usually milder. they occur in late childhood or the teenage years. abdominal swelling may occur in young children. there is almost no brain and nervous system involvement, such as loss of motor skills. some patients may have repeated respiratory infections. type c usually affects school - aged children. however, it may occur any time between early infancy to adulthood. symptoms may include : a blood or bone marrow test can be done to diagnose types a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47470258336347754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.259569"} {"text": ". some patients may have repeated respiratory infections. type c usually affects school - aged children. however, it may occur any time between early infancy to adulthood. symptoms may include : a blood or bone marrow test can be done to diagnose types a and b. the test can tell who has the disease, but does not show if you are a carrier. dna tests can be done to diagnose carriers of types a and b. a skin biopsy is usually done to diagnose types c and d. the health care provider watches how the skin cells grow, move, and store cholesterol. dna tests may also be done to look for the two genes that cause this type at this time, there is no effective treatment for type a. bone marrow transplants have been done on a few patients with type b with encouraging results. researchers continue to study possible treatments, including enzyme replacement and gene therapy. there is no specific treatment for type d. a new medicine called miglustat is available for the nervous system symptoms of type c. a healthy, low - cholesterol diet is recommended. however, research does not show that these methods stop the disease from getting worse or change how cells break down cholesterol. however, medicines are available to control or relieve many symptoms, such as cataplexy and seizures. for more information, visit the national niemann - pick disease foundation website : www. nnpdf. org type a niemann - pick is a severe disease. it usually leads to death by age 2 or 3. those with type b may live into late childhood or adulthood. a child who shows signs of type c before age 1 may not live to school age. those who show show symptoms after entering school may live into their mid - to - late teens. some may live into their 20s. mcgovern mm, desnick rj. lipidoses ( lysosomal storage diseases ). in : kliegman rm, stanton bf, st. geme jw iii, schor nf, behrman re, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap80. 4. np - c guidelines working group, wraith je, baumgartner mr, bembi b, et al. recommendations on the diagnosis and management of niemann - pick disease type c. mol genet metab. 2009 ; 98 : 152 - 165. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4403280632363405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.260415"} {"text": "the spunky and popular dora the explorer takes kids on an exotic adventure with the leapfrog explorer learning game dora the explorer. travel far and wide and learn about the cultures, food, clothing, terrain and native wildlife of egypt, china, australia and peru. along the way, little learners ages 4 to 7 can work on some spanish vocabulary basics like numbers and colors. the content of this leapfrog book focuses on foreign language, social studies, multi - cultural understanding and map skills, but this robust learning experience feels more like fun than anything. works with leappad explorer learning tablets and leapster explorer game systems. leapfrog device sold separately. - bring faraway places to life with dora the explorer as you learn about the cultures, animals and landscapes of 4 different countries and expand your spanish vocabulary - travel the world and learn about the cultures of egypt, china, australia and peru - learn about local animals, food, clothing, landscapes and more - teaches spanish vocabulary, social studies and culture plus map skills - manufacturer ' s suggested age : 4 years and up - educational focus : letters and numbers - number of activities : 8. 0 - includes : game cartridges - learning platform : leap frog leappad2, leap frog leappad, leapster explorer - interacts with : electronic learning system - material : plastic - dimensions : 1. 25 \" l x 1. 77 \" w x 0. 46 \" t - product weight : 0. 21 lb. - battery : no battery used - june 11, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4305140783082987, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.263547"} {"text": "do you do some type of daily editing or daily oral language review? could your students use more practice solving word problems? why not save precious teaching time and practice them at the same time! this 194 page packet includes daily editing problems for 38 weeks ( 190 school days!!! ) common themes ( apples, penguins, seuss, etc. ) and books ( frog and toad, tacky, etc. ) are included. the first half of the packet includes punctuation and capitalization errors only with the suggestion to circle sight words. the second half of the packet does add spelling errors to increase difficulty. what a wonderful product! can ' t wait to use it with my students : ) february 3, 2013 killing two birds with one stone love it editing and then maths!! has made my group time more focussed thanks!! and given me time!! january 21, 2013 thank you! great resource! january 15, 2013 we do these together - very helpful. january 15, 2013 wonderful! i already notice how my students understand end marks as well as when and where a sentence starts! january 6, 2013 these are wonderful and very thorough. they are a little tough for my students but overall very good! december 31, 2012 i really love this idea. i was making my own last year and decided to go with the pre - made. i couldn ' t get it to work in our classroom this year... but i think it was more the specific dynamics of our classroom this year and not the product. : ) december 10, 2012 these are fantastic... but i knew theywould be cuz you ' re awesome!! thanks for all your creative hard work!! : ) december 9, 2012 awesome - i appreciate all the effort you put into this huge resource ask jennifer bates a question. they will receive an automated email and will return to answer you as soon as possible. please login to ask your question. questions and answers : just wanted to share something with you. i purchased this unit a few months ago and i can ' t tell you how much i have loved it! the kiddos have loved it, too. i have used them each morning for morning work. it helps me see several things... phonics rules application, computation, reading comprehension, and visualization reading strategy. we just finished standardized testing and i truly think that this daily exercise made such a difference for some of them... thanks so much! thank you so much for sharing that! you just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4885347265454772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.268224"} {"text": ", computation, reading comprehension, and visualization reading strategy. we just finished standardized testing and i truly think that this daily exercise made such a difference for some of them... thanks so much! thank you so much for sharing that! you just made my day. : - ) would you mind if i quoted you on my blog? april 22, 2012 i would really like to purchase this unit but i noticed you have a bunch of the same questions on one sheet. i would love to have a \" teacher copy \" that has one copy of each question so that it isn ' t that many pages. i could make myself a mini book. am i making sense? ( haha ) would you be able to do that? : ) i ' m sorry, i don ' t have it in that format. i made it this way so it would be easier to copy and distribute daily. only 4 fit on a page anyway. i just hand myself out a copy and paste it in every morning just like the kids do and it works great. hope you can make it work. march 5, 2012 thanks for responding so quickly to my request for a second set of these. yes, a set written at the second grade level would be perfect for my teaching situation. i could use the original set with my first graders & the second grade set for my 2nd graders. perfect! thanks again! yes, it is still on sale. i just tried it and it said $ 12. i clicked on the title and it opened the detailed screen. did you do it that way? november 25, 2011 hey, i purchased your daily editing word problems. i would like a single copy of each day instead of 4 of the same on each page. i am using the board to write the problem instead of having the class have their own copy. thanks so much. i love your blog. thank you for all the great ideas. this is my first year in grade 1 after teaching 2nd for 8 years. i ' m not sure what 20 % you are referring to. i am not having a sale right now. august 30, 2011 i love this file! i teach second grade and think the problems might be too easy for my students. if i buy the file, would you be able to email me the word version of it so i can change the numbers to make the math problems more difficult? if not, i understand... just thought i ' d ask.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5448988818063318, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.269144"} {"text": "opportunities to prevent the infection are being missed in hospitals across britain, charities said. group b streptococcus ( gbs ) is the most common cause of meningitis in young babies, triggering an estimated 500 cases a year. the infection can be prevented by giving antibiotics to at - risk mothers during delivery. researchers who looked at data from 202 of the 222 neonatal units across britain and the republic of ireland insist that up to 50 per cent of case could be avoided if more mothers were given the drugs. but they found that many women were not even warned about the infection. the warning was made by the charities meningitis research foundation ( mrf ) and group b strep support. many women carry the infection without showing any symptoms. although there are no reliable figures for how many have gbs one in 10 people carry a form of meningitis infection at some point in their lives. \u201c at risk \u201d women include those whose temperatures spike during labour, who give birth more than 18 hours after their water breaks or who have had another child who suffered from the infection. babies under 12 months of age are 38 times more likely to contract the infection than older children or adults. dr paul heath, from st george \u2019 s university of london, who led the team which analysed the figures, warned : \u201c the early treatment of meningitis in babies appears to vary widely across britain. \u201d christopher head, chief executive of the mrf, said : \u201c ( we are ) very concerned by the lack of awareness of gbs infection and the potential inconsistencies in the treatment of the disease. \u201d the organisation is launching a new research project to improve recognition and treatment of meningitis in young babies. around 1, 000 children under the age of one develop meningitis in britain and the republic of ireland every year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4273747342243616, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.271113"} {"text": "they show how david joy, of the british embassy in buenos aires, contacted his chilean counterpart raul schmidt to discuss tensions with argentina before filing a restricted memorandum on march 5 1982. chile and argentina had long been in dispute over the possession of picton, lennox and nueva islands in the beagle channel at the southern tip of south america and had come to the brink of war in 1978. according to the documents, as revealed by bbc world ' s spanish language service, mr schmidt told mr joy that argentina ' s sovereignty disputes with chile and britain both stemmed from the country ' s desire to have a naval base further south. \" the schmidt thesis is based essentially on the argentine navy ' s need of a strategic port further south than its current and most secure port, puerto belgrano, ( south of the province of buenos aires ), \" one document states. \" the obvious option ushuaia was not satisfactory from a security point of view because it is under constant chilean surveillance. \" therefore the argentines are, according to schmidt, desperate to have some other secure port further south, a goal that could be satisfied by having access to the islands south of beagle or the falklands. in this context, he believes the sovereignty disputes are linked. \" on march 15 the report, headed ' a common burden with chile? ', was received and distributed to colin bright, manager of the south american section of the foreign office, and other senior officials. handwritten notes were then added to the documents, suggesting the british were open to the idea of negotiating an agreement for an argentine naval base on the falklands just two weeks before the war began. one scribbled note states : \" i think we are agreed that the argentine interest in south atlantic security is part of her wish to gain sovereignty over the islands. but it ' s only a small part. after all, if all they wanted was a naval base we could easily accommodate them. \" another in different handwriting comments : \" could we easily accommodate the argentines on a naval base? because this is the sort of idea which we should have in mind if negotiations do resume. \" argentina long disputed rulings that the islands in the beagle channel were chilean but finally recognised them as such in 1984 following papal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577607100951652, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.274816"} {"text": "binod p bista foreign policy expert, nepalthe revision issue of indo - nepal treaty of peace and friendship \u2019, considered unequal by most nepalis, was first raised publicly by prime minister kirti nidhi bista in the year 1969 terming it as obsolete and outdated. the argument put forward for its revision had to do with india not abiding by the related clauses of that treaty ( article ii requires that both governments inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two countries \u201d ). letter exchanged with the treaty ( july 1950 - same date as the treaty ) stipulates clearly that the two governments shall consult with each other and devise effective counter - measures \u201d to deal with the threat from a foreign aggressor. india had taken two unilateral actions during its war with china in 1962 ( along ladakh region ) and with pakistan in 1965 ( disputed region of kashmir ) without informing nepal on both occasions despite the treaty obliging both parties to do so. even later in the year 1971, india \u2019 s direct involvement against pakistan for bangladesh independence without nepal \u2019 s knowledge breached the important article of that treaty. almost forty years down the line in 2008, the prime minister - in - waiting puspa kamal dahal, terming indo - nepal 1950 treaty as unequal from a security relation point of view called for scrapping it off. he also called for a revisit and review of several other treaties such as the mahakali treaty of 1996. now a look at the clauses of the 1950 indo - nepal treaty that hurt the sentiments and pride of nepalis who chose to remain independent at the cost of progress and prosperity. the provisions that offend nepali national sensibilities are those giving india a say in nepal \u2019 s purchase of military equipment from a third country and granting india \u2018 first preference \u2019 for industrial and natural resource projects in nepal. such provisions are clearly inconsistent with nepal \u2019 s exercise of full sovereignty. also the reciprocity sought by the treaty between a nation of over one billion population ( india ) and a mere 27 million people ( nepal ) in according the same privileges to the nationals of both countries ( articles vi and vii ) poses a serious problem to nepal in spite of a stipulation in the letter exchange for preventing unrestricted competition necessary for some time. the revision or signing of a new treaty with india, for which there are ample takers of this view in india, would not only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4547564662580526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.284821"} {"text": "to nepal in spite of a stipulation in the letter exchange for preventing unrestricted competition necessary for some time. the revision or signing of a new treaty with india, for which there are ample takers of this view in india, would not only restore full sovereignty to the nepalis but also commence the beginning of a new partnership with nepal \u2019 s closest friend and neighbor, india. moreover, the 1950 peace and friendship treaty was signed towards the end of rana oligarchy by the last rana prime minister mohan shumshere jb rana which was not even distantly representative of the people, it was natural that the treaty included several clauses that tried to encroach upon nepal \u2019 s sovereignty. successive governments under democratic polity since 1990 allowed foreign governments \u2019 resident envoys to travel to any part of the country and offer donations or charities to educational, health and other social agencies without receiving prior approval and accompaniment of the government. that action coupled with the practice of weak government leaders seeking foreign advice and support in petty but internal matters such as resolving political disputes among nationally elected representatives of political parties has largely eroded nepal \u2019 s sovereign status hard earned by their predecessors at a great cost and sacrifice. increasing intervention in nepal \u2019 s internal affairs by all foreign actors in the past decade or so has remained a major irritant in nepal \u2019 s otherwise best relations with foreign countries. there is a need to resolve these unwarranted issues through astute diplomacy and tact. the study of international relations requires that it be viewed as a dynamic concept that is changing over time. the pace of change, however, is contingent on bigger powers, more so with the sole super power of today. the establishment of security council of the united nations with two distinct types of membership, permanent and non - permanent, explains the concept of bigger power and lesser power better. obviously, impact and influence of foreign policies of lesser powers is utterly limited when it comes to exercising it in the international scene. although larger countries in the region such as india and china in asia, brazil and argentina in south america or nigeria and south africa in africa do exert some amount of influence in their areas yet when that regional dispute or conflict takes the shape of an international character, other stronger powers get into action encroaching ( even stunting ) upon their ability to influence the events there. for lesser powers it is even difficult to maintain their neutrality and exercise real independence, much less influence, in vital matters requiring decision at the global level the people of nepal must never forget that the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5019899192879782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.286030"} {"text": "learning curve. in the short and mid - term china would pay special attention to improving its relations with developed countries, particularly usa and with its neighboring countries for the modernization program and building a well - off society in an all round way by 2020. china \u2019 s major foreign policy challenge pertaining to the united states lies in generating responsible strategic policies that in demonstrated performance do not induce strategic uneasiness in the united states or to its allies to which it is committed to in the western pacific. nepal \u2019 s greatest challenge : it is evident that nepal \u2019 s immediate neighbors \u2019 preoccupation in the twenty first century seems to be finding a right strategy to deal with the sole superpower, the us. it is needless to state that they have a larger role and responsibility in securing a peaceful and stable environment in their region. for sustaining their stupendous economic growth, they will be competing against each other for energy and markets under a stable regional environment. this necessitates that both need to cooperate at a certain level. it is all the more essential that smaller neighbors of the asian region like nepal maintained friendly and harmonious relations with both countries as their interest can be easily compromised when these giants find commonality in their larger interest. owing to a transition phase in the formulation of foreign policy measures of both india and china, the situation is extremely volatile and sensitive. any slip up by smaller countries in the region in their relations with these regional powers could extract a heavy price endangering national sovereignty. for countries like nepal, owing to its geopolitical situation ( often considered as a buffer state between its two giant neighbors, india and china ), scope and ability to play an effective role in international relations is greatly restricted. as things are, diplomacy should be the viable option for advancing nepal \u2019 s relations with its neighbors as well as the rest of the world for safeguarding its national interest including enhancing socio - economic development of the nation. of the four major instruments ( fifth one, namely imperialism and colonialism, has become out of context today and thus not considered for now ) for the promotion of national interests outlined in most textbooks, it is hardly possible for countries like nepal to think \u2018 war as an instrument \u2019 or use \u2018 economic instrument \u2019 or get into \u2018 propaganda and political warfare as instruments \u2019. given the present context, viable option would be to work on \u2018 diplomacy \u2019 as an instrument of national policy before getting into the discussion of the appropriateness of diplomacy for exercising nepal \u2019 s foreign policy, it might be worthwhile to digress a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48654101237273367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.289360"} {"text": ". given the present context, viable option would be to work on \u2018 diplomacy \u2019 as an instrument of national policy before getting into the discussion of the appropriateness of diplomacy for exercising nepal \u2019 s foreign policy, it might be worthwhile to digress a bit on the definition given to it by the representatives of super powers during 1940s which is as follows : general joseph w. stilwell ( known as \u201c vinegar joe \u201d ), the top american military commander in the china - burma - india theater ; calling himself as a \u2018 deckhand diplomat \u2019 had said, \u201c it is a serious business. a lot of big figures indulge in it and a host of little ones trail along. the term diplomat to the average american evokes a vision of an immaculately dressed being - pen stripe pant, spats, cutaway and topper - and a coldly severe and superior manner which masks the lightening like play of the intellect \u2026 \u201d - the stilwell papers, edited by theodore h. white ( william slaon associates, 1948 ). joseph stalin from a different background seems to have described the art of diplomacy as : \u2018 a diplomat \u2019 s words must have no relations to actions - otherwise what kind of diplomat is it? good words are a mask for the concealment of bad deeds \u2014 quoted in david dallin, the real soviet russia ( yale university press 1944 ). whatever the definition, a diplomat is supposed to function on the following broad areas : representation, negotiation, reporting and protection of interests of a nation. harold nicolson ( whose book diplomacy has become a classic ) has given emphasis on three developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries which have greatly affected diplomacy. growing sense of community of nations, increasing appreciation of the importance of public opinion and rapid increase in communication have provided opportunities as well as challenges to diplomacy. nepal may need to resort to structured ( normal channels ) diplomacy as well as personal diplomacy notwithstanding the advantages and disadvantages of personal diplomacy ( practiced during critical periods of the events leading to world war ii - churchill and roosevelt for atlantic charter ( vision for post war settlement ) ; with chiang kai shek, stalin ; churchill, stalin and truman, potsdam conference 1945 - punishment to the defeated ), and a regular practice followed by nepal in conducting high level dialogue with india \u2019 s senior officials as well as china \u2019 s, resorting to this mechanism at a critical moment might prove to be better than following the normal channels. such a practice would require a proper combination of diplomats functioning at different circumstances. although the appointment of ambassadors is considered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5345512193948094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.290835"} {"text": "officials as well as china \u2019 s, resorting to this mechanism at a critical moment might prove to be better than following the normal channels. such a practice would require a proper combination of diplomats functioning at different circumstances. although the appointment of ambassadors is considered to be political decision making yet one cannot expect the bureaucrats to perform outside of the normal channels. personal diplomacy would thus require suitable persons who can read the minds of the government leaders accurately and perform expeditiously and always in the best interest of the country and its people. nepal must ever remain alert to the demands and aspirations of its neighbors and act in a proactive manner to either douse smallest of their doubts or help prevent any untoward incident affecting it. nepal is destined to be in a 24 - hour working schedule simply for its survival as an independent and sovereign nation. besides, nepal needs to make judicious use and application of its scarce but invaluable resources including water resources ; protection and preservation of its natural environment including bio - diversity artistic and cultural legacy for choosing a pragmatic course for socio - economic development. while a bad internal decision on the use of public goods and resources would push back nepal into a state of further underdevelopment causing rampant poverty and social unrest, lack of imagination in its bilateral relations with its immediate neighbors could easily land nepal in an intractable situation taking decades to unwind unfavorable consequences and regain its composure. this is the biggest foreign policy challenge for nepal. ( concluded ). ( this paper was presented by the author at a seminar organized by the institute of foreign affairs, nepal, november 14, 2011. thanks to the author and the organizer : chief editor. 1. l. f. stiller, s. j, prithvinarayan shah in the light of dibya upadesh : 1968 2. leo e. rose, nepal strategy for survival : 1971 3. norman d. palmer and howard c. perkins, international relations - the world community in transition : 1985 ( indian edition ) 4. indian foreign policy in the 21st century : prospects and challenges.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48593420697398687, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.291785"} {"text": "teacher ' s resources - a question of ritual for the people of the ancient americas as for many other humans worldwide, ceremonies formed a bridge between their world and that of deities and spirits. through sacred rituals they communicated to their gods and ancestors their hopes for a bounty of food, protection from the potential disasters wrought by nature or political enemies and general good fortune, thus forming a bridge between the living and the metaphysical. in the mesoamerican and andean belief systems, many different rituals involving dances, ceremonies, festivals and games were performed to maintain a sense of order and balance and to create the conditions necessary for prosperous human cultures to unfold. much has been made of the evidence for the practice of human sacrifice in both regions ; certainly it appears to have been practiced, as it was in certain civilizations all over the world, including imperial rome, the early celtic settlements of western europe, and many others. what is more interesting and fruitful to pursue with students is an exploration of the possible belief systems that gave meaning to the cloth & clay objects, such as this ritual incense burner from teotihuacan, an ancient mexican culture. classroom activities and projects ( recommended ages are in italics and are approximate ) 1. 12 - 16 : in groups or as individuals, students can research the symbolism of the mountain in ancient american cultures, investigating such areas as sacred geometry, layout of cities and ritual sites, pyramids, and rituals. the results of the research can result in essays, as well as drawings and 3 - dimensional models. 2. 12 - 16 : within a larger project comparing the beliefs of ancient peoples around the world, students can investigate those of the ancient americas, including shamanism, use of psychotropic plants, and human sacrifice, tying these practices to the religious beliefs of the cultures practicing them. class discussions can touch on how easy it is to sensationalize these practices, and the importance of putting them in context with the larger belief systems of the civilizations under review. 3. 12 - 16 : research on the day of the dead, a yearly festival in mexico that takes place in early november, provides insight into ancient and contemporary religious beliefs and rituals. by studying this and other festivals, students who are growing up in the secular societies of the west can develop an understanding of life in a deeply religious culture. similarly, students who are themselves rooted in a religious culture can learn about other belief systems. in its original form, this festival took place during miccailhuitontli ( late summer ) in the aztec calendar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48570721564461544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.296061"} {"text": "the use of beta - alanine to produce muscle carnosine offers a way to increase anaerobic exercise potential and is likely to add to the effects of creatine in some exercise settings. first discovered in the early 1900s, beta - alanine and histidine are the two components of carnosine. histidine is already present in large quantity within skeletal muscles, so it is beta - alanine that acts as the rate - limiting factor in carnosine conversion. a buildup of metabolic waste limits muscle contraction, with hydrogen ions being the worst. this is primarily true of our fast fibers, which are most sensitive to hydrogen ions and extremely susceptible to fatigue. if the hydrogen ions can be buffered, muscle strength can be maintained for a longer time before fatigue sets in. anyone, including bodybuilders, involved in exercise where lactic acid buildup is the limiting factor stands to benefit from beta - alanine. in the gym, this benefit may translate into more reps with a given weight. carnosine is very effective at buffering the hydrogen ions responsible for producing the lactic acid burn. studies have shown that increasing muscle carnosine by supplementing beta - alanine may delay fatigue and improve the muscular aspects of athletic performance. research also indicates that beta - alanine increases lactate threshold, improves the ability to maintain maximal power output during high - intensity exercise, and decreases neuromuscular fatigue. by elevating carnosine level, nerves fire at a faster rate. for example, instead of one \u2019 s body operating at 80 % the day after exercise, carnosine may help it perform closer to the highest possible levels. beta - alanine is mainly useful for athletes who are constantly using the same muscles, without the ability to take a break and recover for a few days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45542338209310873, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.298272"} {"text": "pathogens put squeeze on florida citrus industry government seeks new solutions after giving up on eradication of bacterial disease state and government officials are gearing up to release a citrus health response plan ( chrp ) for florida, after calling a halt to efforts to eradicate the bacterial disease citrus canker. meanwhile, florida ' s citrus growers are facing a new, potentially more devastating threat - - a bacterium called citrus greening, which has wiped out the citrus industry in many parts of asia. after 2005 ' s hurricane wilma, which helped transmit citrus canker, officials estimated that it would be necessary to rip out roughly a third of florida ' s citrus - growing acreage to continue with eradication efforts, which require removing all trees within 1, 900 feet of an infected tree. the cost : $ 1. 7 billion. eradication \" just wasn ' t practical or feasible any longer, \" philip berger, national science program leader at the usda ' s center for plant health science and technology, told the scientist now, florida farmers are dealing with another pathogen, citrus greening. also known as huanglongbing ( chinese for \" yellow shoot disease \" ), the bacterium was identified for the first time in florida in september 2005 and is now present across the southern half of the state. spread by the citrus psyllid insect, the disease has wiped out the citrus industry in many parts of asia, including china and thailand, and now threatens brazil, which has the world ' s largest citrus industry. fruit from canker - infected trees isn ' t pretty, but it can still be juiced and thus remains commercially valuable. but citrus greening dramatically shortens the lifespan of citrus trees, making fruit inedible as the tree sickens. \" not too many pathogens kill plants - - this one does, \" says allan dodds of the university of california at riverside, who moderates plant diseases on promed mail and while canker is fairly easy to detect, greening is tougher to spot. symptoms can mimic those of nutrient deficiencies. the bacterium that causes the disease, candidatus liberibacter asiaticus, invades the phloem, but it is not clear where it goes after that, and it has never been cultured in the lab. pcr tests have been developed to identify the bacterium, but are only capable of detecting it in symptomatic trees, ron brlansky of the university of florida ' s institute for food and agricultural sciences ' citrus research & education center in lake alfred told", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41598483494496025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.302239"} {"text": "tests have been developed to identify the bacterium, but are only capable of detecting it in symptomatic trees, ron brlansky of the university of florida ' s institute for food and agricultural sciences ' citrus research & education center in lake alfred told the scientist measures spelled out in the draft chrp, written by usda / aphis and florida department of agriculture and consumer services ' division of plant industry, focus largely on ensuring that new citrus plant stock is free of both diseases, and require that citrus stock or budwood sources be grown in insect - proof structures featuring double entry doors with positive pressure air displacement. nursery industry officials have estimated that building such a greenhouse for 175, 000 young trees would cost $ 2. 5 million. in the meantime, scientists like brlansky are working hard on getting the word out to growers on how to manage citrus greening, which he calls \" our number one priority. \" with \" judicious spraying, \" the disease can be controlled, chester roistacher, an emeritus professor at the university of california - riverside who has worked internationally on citrus greening and other citrus diseases, told the scientist. \" where you do not have a good control program, your trees will live anywhere from five to eight years and die. \" but because the disease is new to florida, he noted, it ' s not yet clear how frequently groves will have to be sprayed. yet another danger is waiting in the wings - - citrus tristeza virus ( ctv ). the virus has been present in florida for years without causing serious damage. but the brown citrus aphid ), which can spread the virus more aggressively than its standard florida vector, aphis gossypii, recently arrived in florida. \" it ' s a much more effective vector, \" said dodds. he predicts that the strains of ctv endemic to florida will gradually become more virulent as toxoptera spreads. such ctv strains can cause stem pitting, which reduces the commercial value of citrus fruit. links within this article citrus health response plan \" usda determines citrus canker eradication not feasible, \" florida department of agriculture and consumer services, january 11, 2006. j. woodall, \" our food is dying, \" the scientist, march 2006. philip h. berger center for plant health science and technology citrus research & education center brown citrus aphid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4393790295191933, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.303171"} {"text": "fashion, as even we khaki - wearing office types know, is all about trend setting. flapper dresses in the 20s. shoulder pads in the 80s. skinny jeans that make men look like wobbly, newborn gazelles in the 2000s. it ' s a business built on thinking a few years ahead, and sometimes dragging the country places we didn ' t know we wanted to go. so perhaps its appropriate that clothing was one of the first american manufacturing industries to take a truly post - industrial turn in the late 20th century. u. s. textile mills began closing in the 1970s, and by the 1990s apparel production was in full collapse. the bureau of labor statics has produced a great online feature tracking the last 20 or so years of the domestic fashion industry, including graph below illustrating the way jobs simply evaporated here thanks to competition from abroad. between 1990 and 2011, 80 percent of apparel manufacturing jobs disappeared. this has been a tragedy for workers and factory towns. but it ' s been triumph for consumers, because it ' s kept clothing cheap. the black line on the graph below is the consumer price index, which measures inflation. that colorful tangle at the bottom is all apparel. the price of a basic shirt was pretty much arrested in the 1990s, when all those jobs headed overseas. for better or worse, that ' s the bargain we ' ve made. in the meantime, what we ' ve been left here in the states is essentially a high - margin knowledge industry. j. crew, ann taylor and the like are a lot like apple, with design and marketing concentrated here in the states, and production outsourced to factories in asia. the safest jobs in the industry, as shown in the graph below, are the relatively small coterie of designers and custom tailors - - high skilled professionals and service industry workers. production jobs are expected to continue sailing offshore, where it can simply be done more productively. but is it possible that fashion has fallen behind the times, supply chain wise? offshoring was the hot thing in manufacturing for the last two decades. now, everyone is talking about on - shoring, where companies use automation to bring more of their assembly work back home to ultra - efficient factories. is that a development we could see one day in clothing? hard to say. but if the pentagon can actually build that unmanned sewing machine they ' re working on, i wouldn ' t rule it out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.460293442198339, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.306811"} {"text": "november 22, 2012 infection with hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) and hiv causes inflammation, a natural response by the immune system as it seeks to deal with invading germs. however, sometimes the sheer number of germs overwhelms the immune system or at other times the germs are able to subvert the immune system ' s response to infection. in such cases, the germs spread and infection takes hold. this can be the case with viral infections and when such an infection becomes established in the body, it becomes a chronic infection. even in cases of chronic viral infections the immune system tries to fight the infection, but inflammation that may have been useful in the initial stages of exposure becomes a problem if it is sustained over the long - term. the immune system and its cells are widely distributed throughout the body and found within many organ - systems such as the following : a chronic viral infection with its associated inflammation of the immune system is likely to cause inflammation - related problems for these organ - systems. the inflammation caused by chronic hcv infection affects the liver, causing this organ to become dysfunctional and injured. hcv can also cause other problems ; for instance, some studies have found thinner - than - normal bones in some hcv - positive people. some researchers think that this problem of bone thinning in hcv infection arises in part because of complications of liver injury and chronic liver inflammation. an injured and inflamed liver could result in reduced levels of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. these hormones play an important role in maintaining the health of bones. also, a dysfunctional liver may not be able to convert vitamin d to its active form. this may affect the body ' s ability to absorb and retain nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus, which are needed to build bones. potent combination anti - hiv therapy ( commonly called art or haart ) can also temporarily decrease the thickness of bones ( called bone mineral density ) in the first few years of use. however, after this, bone mineral density tends to stabilize. the reason for the initially decreased bone mineral density under art is not yet clear. but the benefits of art continue to greatly outweigh the risks. a team of researchers in the u. s. has grown concerned about the strength of bones in the hips of people with hcv, hiv or both viral infections. among hiv - negative people, when hip bones / joints become broken their survival subsequently decreases. moreover, the u. s. researchers noted : \" hip fractures cause significant pain and disability and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45740600527963865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.310745"} {"text": "hips of people with hcv, hiv or both viral infections. among hiv - negative people, when hip bones / joints become broken their survival subsequently decreases. moreover, the u. s. researchers noted : \" hip fractures cause significant pain and disability and typically require an emergency department visit, hospitalization, surgery and rehabilitation stay, resulting in substantial healthcare costs. \" the u. s. research team ( based at the university of pennsylvania ) conducted a massive study of three million people, both with and without different viral infections. they found that people co - infected with hiv and hcv were at greatest risk of hip fracture compared to participants with hcv infection alone ( monoinfection ) or to people who had neither infection. this study underscores the need to understand why thinning bones, particularly in the hips, occur in people with hiv, hcv or both. furthermore, ways to improve the bone health of people with chronic viral infections are needed. researchers at hospitals in philadelphia and boston collaborated on a massive cohort study, analysing health related - information collected from adults using the u. s. medicaid program in the following states : the research team compared data assembled on each person with hcv monoinfection, hiv monoinfection and both infections ( co - infection ) and compared them to health - related data collected from up to 10 randomly selected people without viral infections. the researchers analysed data collected from more than three million people distributed as follows : on average, participants were in their early 40s, and 60 % were men and 40 % women. they were monitored for up to seven years. the study team found that it was relatively common for hcv - positive people to have been diagnosed with conditions that were either associated with severely thin bones ( osteoporosis ) or a risk of falling, including the following : they also found that participants with hcv monoinfection were more likely than other groups in the study to have received medicines associated with thinning bones, including the following drugs : overall, hcv - positive people had a 47 % increased risk of hip fracture compared to uninfected people. however, it is important to note that this risk varied, in some cases, by factors such as age and gender among hcv - positive people, as follows : no comments have been made.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4825632881302193, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.311714"} {"text": "the term roman catholic first appeared in the english language in the 16th century to differentiate specific groups of christians in communion with the pope from others. it has continued to be widely used in the english language ever since, although its usage has changed over the centuries. it is now even used to distinguish different groups of catholics who recognize the pope, e. g., those who belong to the western ( i. e., latin rite ) church from those who belong to the eastern catholic churches. the catholic church consists of 23 autonomous churches \u2014 one \" western \" and 22 \" eastern \" \u2014 governed by two sets of codes of canon law. to refer to all 23 autonomous churches together, official church documents often use the term \" catholic church \" or, less frequently, the term \" roman catholic church \". the usage that makes the term \" roman catholic \" mean members of the latin rite or western church to the exclusion of those who belong to the eastern catholic churches does not appear in recent documents of the holy see. in popular usage, \" catholic church \" is usually understood to mean the same as \" roman catholic church \". in some compound forms such as \" roman catholic worship \", the term is used to differentiate western practices. the roots of the term roman catholic may be traced to the differences between english catholics who remained loyal to the pope from those who acknowledged the elizabethan settlement which re - established the church of england \u2019 s independence from rome in 1559. the terms \" romish catholic \" and \" roman catholic \", along with \" popish catholic \", were probably originated in the english language by protestants ( who at times called themselves protestant catholics ) who were not willing to concede the term catholic to their opponents without qualification. the reign of elizabeth i of england at the end of the 16th century was marked by conflicts in ireland. those opposed to english rule forged alliances with those against protestant reformation, making the term roman catholic almost synonymous with being irish during that period, although that usage changed significantly over time. like the term anglican, the term roman catholic came into widespread use in the english language only in the 17th century. the terms \" romish catholic \" and \" roman catholic \" were both in use in the 17th century and \" roman catholic \" was used in some official documents, such as those relating to the spanish match in the 1620s. there was, however, significant tension between anglicans and roman catholics at the time ( as reflected in the test act for public office ). even today, the act of settlement 1701 still prohibits roman catholics from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47237471274412113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.331746"} {"text": "to the spanish match in the 1620s. there was, however, significant tension between anglicans and roman catholics at the time ( as reflected in the test act for public office ). even today, the act of settlement 1701 still prohibits roman catholics from becoming english monarchs. the official and popular uses of the term roman catholic in the english language grew in the 18th century. up to the reign of george iii, catholics in britain who recognized the pope as head of the church had generally been designated in official documents as \" papists \". in 1792, however, this phraseology was changed and in the speech from the throne, the term \" roman catholic \" was used. by early 19th century, the term roman catholic had become well established in the english - speaking world. as the movement that led to catholic emancipation through the catholic relief act of 1829 grew, many \u2014 though not all \u2014 anglicans and protestants generally began to accept that being a roman catholic was not synonymous with being disloyal to the british government. while believing that in the past the term roman catholic may have been synonymous with rebel, they held that it was by then as indicative of loyalty as membership in any other christian denomination. the situation had been very different two centuries before, when pope paul v forbade english members of his church from taking an oath of allegiance to king james i, a prohibition that not all of them observed. also in the 19th century, prominent anglican theologians such as palmer and keble supported the branch theory, which viewed the universal church as having three principal branches : anglican, roman and eastern. the 1824 issue of the christian observer defined the term roman catholic as a member of the roman branch of the church. by 1828, speeches in the english parliament routinely used the term roman catholic and referred to the \" holy roman catholic and apostolic church \". in the united states, the use of the term roman catholic and indeed the number of roman catholics began to grow only in the early 19th century, given that in 1790 there were only 100 roman catholics in new york and some 30, 000 in the whole united states, with 29 priests. as the number of roman catholics in the united states grew rapidly from 150, 000 to 1. 7 million between 1815 and 1850 \u2014 mostly by way of immigration from ireland and germany \u2014 the clergy followed the people to serve them, and roman catholic parishes were established. the terms \" roman catholic \" and \" holy roman catholic \" thus gained widespread use in the united states in the 19th century, both in popular usage and within official documents. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821697330142122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.332962"} {"text": "clergy followed the people to serve them, and roman catholic parishes were established. the terms \" roman catholic \" and \" holy roman catholic \" thus gained widespread use in the united states in the 19th century, both in popular usage and within official documents. in 1866 president andrew johnson attended a meeting of the council of the roman catholic church. american catholics, who by the year 1900 were 12 million people and had a predominantly irish clergy, objected to what they considered the reproachful terms popish and romish and preferred the term roman catholic. in the early 20th century, the use of the term roman catholic continued to spread within the united states and canada, to refer to individuals, parishes and their schools. for instance, the 1915 report of the commissioner of education of the united states had a specific section for \" roman catholic parish schools \". by 1918, legal proceedings in state supreme courts ( from delaware to minnesota ) and laws passed in the state of new york used the term \" roman catholic parish \". by the middle of the 20th century the use of the term roman catholic was widely established in the united states and a 1957 survey by the united states census bureau determined that 25 % of the us population applied the term roman catholic to themselves. the term roman catholic is generally used on its own to refer to individuals, and in compound forms to refer to worship, parishes, festivals, etc. its usage has varied, depending on circumstances. it is sometimes identified with one or other of the terms \" catholic \", \" western catholic \" ( equivalent to \" latin catholic \" ), and \" roman - rite catholic \". in popular usage, \" catholic \" usually means \" roman catholic \", a usage decried by some, including some protestants. \" catholic \" usually refers to members of any of the 23 constituent churches, the one western and the 22 eastern. the same meaning is attributed also to \" roman catholic \" in documents of the holy see, talks by popes and in newspapers. when used in a broader sense, the term catholic is distinguished from \" roman catholic \" which has connotations of allegiance to the bishop of rome, i. e. the pope. in this broader sense, \" catholic \" also refers to many other christians, especially eastern orthodox and anglicans, but also to others, including old catholics and various independent catholic churches, who consider themselves to be living within the \" catholic \" tradition. they describe themselves as \" catholic \", but not \" roman catholic \" and not under the authority of the pope. \"... the individual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45424849708551623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.334173"} {"text": "old catholics and various independent catholic churches, who consider themselves to be living within the \" catholic \" tradition. they describe themselves as \" catholic \", but not \" roman catholic \" and not under the authority of the pope. \"... the individual becomes eastern catholic, not roman catholic \". similarly the catholic faith handbook for youth states that \"... not all catholics are roman catholics and there are other catholic churches \", using the term \" roman catholic \" to refer to western church members alone. the same distinction is made by writers in the eastern catholic churches. that this view is not the only one, especially perhaps at popular level, is shown by the use of terms such as \" byzantine roman catholic \" and \" maronite roman catholic \" as self - identification by individuals or as the name of a church building. additionally, in other languages, the usage varies significantly. although the catholic church has western and eastern branches, many, even catholics, are unaware, or only dimly aware of this fact, partly because, outside the middle east, eastern catholics are a small fraction of the total number of catholics. when referring to worship, the term roman catholic is at times used to refer to the \" roman rite \", which is not a church but a form of liturgy. the roman rite is distinct from the liturgies of the eastern catholic churches and also from other western liturgical rites such as the ambrosian rite, which have a much smaller following than the roman rite. an example of this usage is provided in the book roman catholic worship : trent to today states : \" we use the term roman catholic worship throughout to make it clear that we are not covering all forms of catholic worship. there are a number of eastern rite churches that can justly claim the title catholic, but many of the statements we make do not apply to them at all. \". compared to the roman rite, the other western liturgical rites have little following. hence, the vatican department that deals with forms of worship ( including music ) in the western church often issues documents that deal only with the roman rite. any involvement by the holy see in questions of eastern liturgies is handled by a different department. some of the writers who draw a contrast between \" roman catholics \" and \" eastern catholics \" may perhaps be distinguishing eastern catholics not from latin or western catholics in general, but only from those ( the majority of latin catholics ) who use the roman liturgical rite. adrian fortescue explicitly made this distinction, saying that, just as \" armenian catholic \" is used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41622091133657835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.335293"} {"text": "eastern catholics not from latin or western catholics in general, but only from those ( the majority of latin catholics ) who use the roman liturgical rite. adrian fortescue explicitly made this distinction, saying that, just as \" armenian catholic \" is used to mean a catholic who uses the armenian rite, \" roman catholic \" could be used to mean a catholic who uses the roman rite. in this sense, he said, an ambrosian catholic, though a member of the latin or western church, is not a \" roman \" catholic. he admitted, however, that this usage is uncommon. when the term \" roman catholic \" is used as part of the name of a parish it usually indicates that it is a western parish that follows the roman rite in its liturgy, rather than, for instance, the less common ambrosian rite, e. g. st. dominic roman catholic church, oyster bay, new york. the shorter term \" catholic \" may also appear in parish names and \" roman catholic \" sometimes even appears in the compound name of eastern catholic parishes, e. g. st. mary ' s byzantine roman catholic church. all catholic parishes are part of an ecclesiastical jurisdiction, usually a diocese ( called an eparchy in the canon law of the eastern catholic churches ). these jurisdictions are usually grouped in ecclesiastical provinces, headed by a metropolitan archdiocese. all dioceses and similar jurisdictions \u2014 eastern and western \u2014 come under the authority of the pope.. the term \" roman catholic archdiocese \" is formally used to refer to both western and eastern churches. as of january 2009, there were 630 roman catholic archdioceses, western and eastern. the terms \" catholic church \" and \" roman catholic church \" are names for the entire church that describes itself as \" governed by the successor of saint peter and by the bishops in communion with him \". in its formal documents and pronouncements the church most often refers to itself as the catholic church or simply the church. in its relations with other churches, it frequently uses the name \" roman catholic church \", which it uses internally also, though less frequently. some writers such as kenneth whitehead and patrick madrid argue that the only proper name for the church is \" the catholic church \". some catholic writers such as kenneth whitehead argue that the proper name of the church is the \" catholic church \" rather than the \" roman catholic church \". kenneth whitehead and patrick madrid argue that the term \" roman catholic \" has anglican origins and that the term is used to leave open the possibility that there are other \" catholic \" churches. the name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43326579728285175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.337141"} {"text": "catholic church \" rather than the \" roman catholic church \". kenneth whitehead and patrick madrid argue that the term \" roman catholic \" has anglican origins and that the term is used to leave open the possibility that there are other \" catholic \" churches. the name \" roman catholic church \" is occasionally used by popes, bishops, other clergy and laity, who do not see it as opprobrious or having the suggested overtone. the use of \" roman \", \" holy \" and \" apostolic \" are accepted by the church as descriptive names. some us states and the country of england require the church to use the legal name \" roman catholic church \". at the time of the 16th - century reformation, the church itself \" claimed the word catholic as its title over protestant or reformed churches \". it believes that it is the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church. throughout the years, in various instances, official church documents have used both the terms \" catholic church \" and \" roman catholic church \" to refer to the worldwide church as a whole, including eastern catholics, as when pope pius xii taught in humani generis that \" the mystical body of christ and the roman catholic church are one and the same thing \". however, some easterners, though in communion with the bishop of rome, apply the adjective \" roman \" to the latin or western church alone. representatives of the catholic church are at times required to use the term \" roman catholic church \" in certain dialogues, especially in ecumenical milieu, since some protestants consider themselves authentic instances of catholic faith. in the 21st century, the three terms catholic church, roman catholic church and the holy roman catholic church continue to appear in various books and publications, and scholarly debates on the proper form of reference to the catholic church within specific contexts continue. for instance, the catechism of the catholic church does not contain the term \" roman catholic church \", referring to the church only by names such as \" catholic church \" ( as in its title ), while the advanced catechism of catholic faith and practice states that the term roman is used within the name of the church to emphasize that the center of unity of the church is the roman see. there is controversy about the name \" roman catholic church \" because of its use by some outside the church to suggest that the church in rome is only one part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church. this argument is linked especially with the anglican branch theory, ( i. e., that the church in communion with the pope is only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46030492233165343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.341139"} {"text": "church to suggest that the church in rome is only one part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church. this argument is linked especially with the anglican branch theory, ( i. e., that the church in communion with the pope is only one branch of a divided catholic church, of which the eastern orthodox church and anglicanism are the other two branches ). in 1864, the holy office rejected the branch theory, affirming in a letter written to the english bishops that the roman church is not just a part of the catholic church and stating that \" there is no other catholic church except that which is built on the one man, peter.... \" in 1870, english bishops attending the first vatican council raised objections to the expression \" holy roman catholic church \" which appeared in the schema ( the draft ) of the council ' s dogmatic constitution on the catholic faith. these bishops proposed that the word \" roman \" be omitted out of concern that use of the term \" roman catholic \" would lend support to proponents of the branch theory. while the council overwhelmingly rejected this proposal, the text was finally modified to read \" the holy catholic apostolic and roman church \". [ note 1 ] the second vatican council did not use the term \" roman catholic church \", and in one important passage replaced it with an equivalent phrase, \" the catholic church, which is governed by the successor of peter and by the bishops in union with that successor \", while also giving in a footnote a reference to two earlier documents in which the word \" roman \" was used explicitly. the second vatican council ' s dogmatic constitution lumen gentium declares that the phrase \" roman church \" has been applied in the tridentine profession of faith to the church itself, the church \" governed by the successor of saint peter and by the bishops in communion with him \". even as far back as 1208 the adjective \" roman \" was applied to the church \" outside which we believe that no one is saved \". while the phrase \" roman catholic church \" does not appear in the catechism of the catholic church, the advanced catechism of catholic faith and practice states that the term \" roman \" is used within the name of the church to emphasize that the centre of unity of the church is the roman see. some eastern - rite catholics reject the description of themselves as \" roman \", even though they ' re a part of the catholic church. others are proud to call themselves roman catholics, and \" roman catholic \" sometimes even appears in the compound name of eastern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49185040783808326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.342378"} {"text": "the jewish museum, one of the world ' s largest and most important institutions devoted to exploring the remarkable scope and diversity of jewish culture, was founded in 1904 in the library of the jewish theological seminary of america, where it was housed for more than four decades. in 1944, frieda schiff warburg, widow of the prominent businessman and philanthropist, felix warburg, who had been a seminary trustee, donated the family mansion at 1109 fifth avenue at 92nd street to the seminary for use as the museum. located along new york ' s museum mile, this elegant former residence has been the home of the museum since 1947. a sculpture court was installed alongside the mansion in 1959, and the albert a. list building was added in 1963 to provide additional exhibition and program space. in 1989, a major expansion and renovation project was undertaken. upon completion in june 1993, the expansion doubled the museum ' s gallery space, created new space for educational programs, provided significant improvements in public amenities, and added a two - floor permanent exhibition called culture and continuity : the jewish journey. the expanded jewish museum preserves the french gothic chateau - style exterior of the original warburg mansion, which was designed by architect charles p. h. gilbert and completed in 1908. judge mayer sulzberger donated the first gift of 26 objects of fine and ceremonial art to the library of the jewish theological seminary of america with the suggestion that a jewish museum be formed. subsequent gifts and purchases have helped to form the museum ' s distinguished collection and develop the concept of the institution, whose mission has been to preserve, study and interpret jewish cultural history through the use of authentic art and artifacts, linking both jews and non - jews to a rich body of values and traditions. today, the jewish museum ' s permanent collection, which has grown to more than 26, 000 objects - - paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, ethnographic material, archaeological artifacts, numismatics, ceremonial objects, and broadcast media materials - - is the largest and most important of its kind in the world. the jewish museum regularly presents large temporary exhibitions of an interdisciplinary nature. such exhibitions often employ a combination of art and artifacts interpreted through the lens of social history in order to explore important ideas and topics. the museum ' s highly successful the dreyfus affair : art, truth and justice ( 1987 ), gardens and ghettos : the art of jewish life in italy ( 1989 ), from court jews to the rothschilds : art, patronage and power 1600 - 1800 ( 1996 ), assignment : rescue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4803022053384571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.346391"} {"text": "affair : art, truth and justice ( 1987 ), gardens and ghettos : the art of jewish life in italy ( 1989 ), from court jews to the rothschilds : art, patronage and power 1600 - 1800 ( 1996 ), assignment : rescue, the story of varian fry and the emergency rescue committee ( 1997 ) and berlin metropolis : jews and the new culture 1890 - 1918 ( 1999 ) are examples of this type of exhibition. the museum is also known for its exhibitions of fine arts interpreted in the context of social history, such as painting a place in america : jewish artists in new york, 1900 - 1945 ( 1991 ) ; social history exhibitions such as bridges and boundaries : african americans and american jews ( 1992 ) ; and monograph shows of significant artists such as camille pissarro ( 1995 ), marc chagall ( 1996 ), chaim soutine ( 1998 ) and george segal ( 1998 ). the museum also regularly presents the works of contemporary artists in group exhibitions such as too jewish? challenging traditional identities ( 1996 ) and one - person shows like bordering on fiction : chantal akerman ' s \" d ' est \" ( 1997 ). its education department presents a diverse and wide - ranging array of programs for individuals, groups, families and schools. for nearly a century, the jewish museum has illuminated the jewish experience, both secular and religious, demonstrating the strength of jewish identity and culture. its unparalleled collection and unique exhibitions offer a wide range of opportunities for exploring multiple facets of the jewish experience, past and present, and for educating current and future generations. it is a source of education, inspiration and shared human values for people of all cultures. explore the jewish museum ' s history in 100 years at the jewish museum : a timeline ( 1904 - 2004 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47676835513114724, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.347455"} {"text": "we all love a story of ancient treasures, long - lost, found again. whether it \u2019 s the antikythera mechanism, or ancient coins ( curious coincidence \u2013 this report includes comments from curator of archaeology at manx national heritage allison fox, who was in my a - level physics class for a year back in the 1980s \u2013 it \u2019 s a small world ) or rare roman armour, it doesn \u2019 t really matter. you don \u2019 t have to be an academic specialising in ancient knowledge of astronomy or a military historian to understand the special significance of such finds. so too with ancient bottles. occasionally a shipwreck with a few intact bottles turns up. one has been in the news in the uk recently, with the forthcoming auction of bottles found at the bottom of the baltic sea. opinion on the quality of such bottles can vary. in the last few weeks they have been described by tom stevenson as being for \u201c historical interest, not pleasure \u201d, but speaking last year of bottles from the same find, essi avellan mw tasted them and declared them to be \u201c very much alive and remarkably fresh \u201d. whether or not the quality is good, however, we can be reasonably certain that the prices these bottles will fetch are likely to be very high. old, rare, shipwrecked bottles clearly generate some interest. we are fascinated by the story, and i for one am prepared to \u2018 buy into \u2019 the story. in other words, part of me understands why people want these bottles, in the same way i can understand why others find ancient coins and other treasure troves to be of interest. but what about bottles submerged not centuries ago, and not because of some fateful storm and shipwreck, but on the whim of the winemaker? do these incite the same interest? franck labeyrie, proprietor of chateau du coureau in bordeaux, already has a track record of selling wine that has been submerged, the cuvee in question a white wine which sees out six months on the sea bed in the famous lagoon at arcachon. he has been experimenting with more extreme submersions recently though, with an attempt to sink bottles into an atlantic trench at a depth of 1000 metres. reading this report ( in french ) it seems as though he failed at his first attempt, having experienced difficulties, first with the increased pressure at 200 metres dislodging the cork, secondly a technical difficulty with the robot submersible. not to be dissuaded, he will try again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.486827466663289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.351423"} {"text": "he failed at his first attempt, having experienced difficulties, first with the increased pressure at 200 metres dislodging the cork, secondly a technical difficulty with the robot submersible. not to be dissuaded, he will try again. the \u2018 experiment \u2019 is bankrolled by michel rolland, a family friend, who i assume is content to pay for the second try. in the meantime though, my \u2018 gimmick \u2019 alarm bells are ringing very loudly indeed. especially when i learn that the wine he sinks in arcachon sells for 2 - 3 times the usual price. more recently, the team from chateau larrivet - haut - brion have been trying, but this time not with bottles, but with a tiny wooden cask, as reported here ( in french again ). remarkably, bruno lemoine, director of the chateau, claims he was inspired by stories of wines aging well at sea ( bandol, madeira, the wines of cos d \u2019 estournel, etc. ). somebody should tell him the wines were on a ship at the time though, not thrown overboard! the 56 - litre barrel seems to have been lined with stainless steel, nevertheless \u2013 surprise, surprise \u2013 the cuvee neptune as it has been named is better than the wine aged on land in a similarly small cask. naturally it seems to have enjoyed some \u2018 osmosis \u2019 with the sea, no doubt picking up some delicious salty flavours along the way. needless to say, my gimmick alarm is going like the clappers at this one. if you were a winemaker, would any of this convince you to begin aging your wine underwater? and as a consumer, would you be prepared to shell out more for cuvee neptune against cuvee tellus, the wine from the barrel stored on land?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.459573994520028, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.352072"} {"text": "think bamboo... think exotic the very thought of bamboo conjures up images of exotic tropical scenes - tall, green bamboo forests gently swaying in the soft, warm breeze. bamboo has helped humankind since time began for shelter, weapons, food, and medicine. something about bamboo fulfills a basic human need of getting back to nature and a more simple life. 12, 000 documented species & varieties bamboo is actually a grass that grows to a harvestable height between 3 - 5 years. some species grow up to 2 feet per day. after harvesting, bamboo does not require replanting, it has an extensive root system that continually sends up new shoots, naturally replenishing itself, making it one of the most renewable resources known. bamboo walk, jamaica no old growth forests are touched, no trees are cut. bamboo is 16 % harder than maple wood, 1 / 3 lighter in weight than oak, yet in some instances as strong as steel. bamboo holds the promise of a sustainable, cost effective, and ecologically responsible alternative to the widespread clearcutting of our old growth forests. the bamboo we use phyllostachus, pubescens, more commonly referred to as \" moso \" is grown 500k west of bamboo is not only a \" plant \" it ' s a way of life. we have been bitten by the \" bamboo bug \". we don ' t know why but it seems everyone involved in bamboo is so passionate about it - it must be contagious. bamboo is such a beautiful and useful plant, not to mention an ecologically friendly material.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5041632109648623, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.354707"} {"text": "until the aswan high dam was built, egypt received a yearly inundation - an annual flood - of the nile. the ancient egyptians did not realise this, but the flood came due to the heavy summer rains in the ethiopian highlands, swelling the different tributaries and other rivers that joined and became the nile. this happened yearly, between june and september, in a season the egyptians called akhet - the inundation. this was seen by the egyptians as a yearly coming of the god hapi, bringing fertility to the land. the first signs of the inundation were seen at aswan by the end of june, reaching its swelling to its fullest at cairo by september. the flood would then decrease in size around two weeks later, leaving behind a deposit of rich, black silt. the amount of silt left behind due to the height of the nile determined the amount of crops that the egyptians could grow - if the inundation was too low, it would be a year of famine. the egyptians learned a method of measuring the height of the nile known as the nilometre. although all nilometres used by the egyptians had a single obvious purpose, to mark the highest point of inundation, they were constructed in one of three different formats - - a slab or pillar, a well or a series of steps. all three were calibrated using the same unit of measurement, the cubit ; the egyptians broke the cubit into smaller units, which allowed them to keep remarkably accurate records, perhaps more accurate than would have been warranted for the purposes of merely agriculture and taxation. the nilometre on elephantine island near the first cataract deep in southern egypt always held supreme importance. it was the first outpost where the floods exerted themselves and the first to know when they were over, but the religious significance of the might might have overshadowed its strategic location. it was the home - place of khnum, the ram - headed god of inundation. during the eleventh dynasty a sanctuary was built on the island specifically to celebrate inundations. a new nilometre replaced a much older one at the edge of khnum ' s temple during the twenty - sixth dynasty ; somewhat later, in dynasty thirty, a riverside terrace and another nilometre was added to the nearby temple of satet, one of khnum ' s celestial consorts. when egypt fell to rome, that did not mean an end to nilometres on elephantine island,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4380620409021685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.365067"} {"text": "terrace and another nilometre was added to the nearby temple of satet, one of khnum ' s celestial consorts. when egypt fell to rome, that did not mean an end to nilometres on elephantine island, for khnum ' s nilometre received a new calibrated staircase and a granite roof from the romans. - - ralph vaughan, nilometers : measuring the universe the nilometres were usually a series of steps by the nile, where the water level against the steps would show how high the nile would rise and records of the maximum height of the inundation could be taken. there are nilometres at the temples at elephantine, philae, edfu, esna, kom ombo and dendera. these were build through pharaonic times up until roman times. there was even a nilometre built during early islamic times at el - rhoda in cairo, which was possibly the site of an ancient nilometre, though it used a pillar rather than the usual steps. the ancient egyptians viewed sirius as the bringer of new life. this was because sirius was newly visible in the sky at the time of the flooding of the nile river, the life - giving inundation which yearly fertilised their crops. the inundation was also around the time that the egyptians noticed the rising of the ' dog star ' sirius. the goddess sopdet ( sothis ) was the personification of this star, represented as a woman with a star as her headdress, or as a seated cow with a plant between her horns ( just as seshat ' s hieroglyph might have been a flower or a star. ) her star was the most important of the stars to the ancient egyptians, and the rising of this star came at the time of inundation and the start of the egyptian new year. she was linked closely with isis, just as her husband sah ( the star orion ) and son soped were linked with osiris and horus. isis ' sister nephthys is also somewhat linked to the inundation - in one particular tale, she represents the desert while osiris represents the inundation itself. when the nile flood is high enough to reach the desert, flowers bloom in the barren red land. in the story, osiris and nephthys have a drunken union, where osiris leaves behind his garland of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4756134751664015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.366187"} {"text": "national museum of vietnamese history what we say : the national museum of vietnamese history is housed in a magnificent example of indochinese architecture, which was until 1910 the french consulate and the residence of the governor general. the building was also home to the ecole francaise d ' extreme orient ( efeo ), during which time it became a museum to exhibit efeo finds. over time the building deteriorated, and it was not until the early 1930s, following a seven - year renovation, that what you can see now was realised. the entrance gives on to an impressive two - storey rotunda with exhibits all around and in many galleries to the rear. the contents are as fascinating as the building. the ground floor traces vietnam ' s ancient history, from the first neolithic finds through to those of the 15th century. some items date back as far as 10, 000 bc and feature more than just the requisite pottery shards and axe heads. the jewellery, tools and household items archaeologists have unearthed - - along with human and animal remains - - paint a compelling picture of the people who inhabited the region long ago, and provide a sense of how they are tied to vietnam ' s modern inhabitants. there ' s also an excellent selection of bronze drums dating back as far as 500 bc. ancient military history is also touched on. corny dioramas of famous battles aside, some of the wooden spikes used by tran hung dao to skewer the mongolian fleet in 1288 are on display. the upstairs of the rotunda has a small though impressive collection of champa pieces - - if you missed the champa museum in da nang, now is your chance. the rest of the second floor goes from the 15th century up to the 20th. some familiar sights are here in terms of temple statuary and pearl - inlay furniture, but the statue of guan yin - - the ' thousand armed, thousand eyed ' manifestation of the bodhisattva - - is second only to the one in the fine arts museum other unusual exhibits include a scroll from the 1920s adorned with the characters for long life written 100 different ways. there ' s also a sculpture garden on the west side of the building where some old pieces have been left to suffer the ravages of acid rain, including a stellae bearing the oldest epitaph in southeast asia, dating from the 3rd century ad. there ' s a charge for photographing the exhibits, and the price goes up if you want them to open the displays to eliminate the glare. guided tours are available on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4023454259475576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.370632"} {"text": "august 10, 2010 > free vision curriculum guides available free vision curriculum guides available submitted by natalie wolfrom in today ' s economy, educational tools are expensive for both students and educators. school textbook prices have risen alarmingly in recent years ; depending on the subject, a single elementary textbook can range in price from $ 30 to $ 100. for 30 years, the foundation of the american academy of ophthalmology ' s museum of vision has provided educational materials for physicians, teachers, and parents interested in teaching children about the eye, vision, and ophthalmology. the museum has created an entire curriculum to teach children about the fascinating and spectacular science of vision. the museum ' s materials are suitable for ages 10 - 14, but can be adapted for other age groups. the free teacher workbooks created by the museum focus on the human eye, the differences between human and animal vision, perspective, and how the brain processes images like optical illusions and 3d. the guides are filled with discussion points and fun interactive activities. each guide can be downloaded at www. museumofvision. org / education and is free of charge : eye openers : exploring optical illusions is designed to help educators teach basic concepts of vision including binocular vision, persistence of vision, and eye - brain connection. it includes activities for youngsters and provides appropriate handouts. animal eyes ( r ) describes the basic concepts of vision and explores the amazing eyes of the animal kingdom. the booklet teaches about the human visual system, how human eyes differ from animal eyes, seeing in the dark, and color vision. art and vision : seeing in 3d ( r ) describes the concepts of vision and special visual techniques that help to create the illusion of depth. it includes sections on size scaling, overlapping, atmospheric perspective, and linear perspective. \" i am very appreciative of the [ educational ] materials. i know that they would be very helpful for me in teaching my students about the eye and its wonders, \" said scott a. blanchard, teacher at the biscotti educational center, in macomb, michigan. those interested in getting the curriculum guides can download the free pdf version online by visiting www. museumofvision. org / education. once there, click on the link \" read more \" found under any of the three booklets. a new page will open with the appropriate booklet information. scroll to the bottom of the page to find a free downloadable version of the booklet. the museum of vision is an educational program of the foundation of the american academy of opht", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090838184398617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.386935"} {"text": "m. k. hurd, asce member back to \" for the record \" civil engineering students from illinois and purdue universities in may staged what is believed to be the world ' s first concrete canoe on the inland sea, a tiny lake in east - central illinois. the illinois canoe weighted in at 360 lb ( 163 kg ) compared to a mere 125 lb ( 57 kg ) for the purdue canoe. although pre - race odds heavily favored purdue, illinois emerged the victor winning three of five heats on the 1240 ft ( 317 m ) course. ( note that the conversion is incorrect. but, since 317 m translates to 1040 ft, the \" 2 \" was probably a typo. ) fastest time for an individual heat was 2 minutes, 46 seconds. ( we travel this distance today in approximately one half that time. ) the two schools were about evenly matched as to the number of students dunked in the lake but the illinois win was attributed to greater expertise with the paddles. both canoes were made of ferro cement, a special form of reinforced concrete, made of several layers of small - gage wire - mesh reinforcement embedded in a thin section of rich mortar. ( sounds pretty much like the \" adaptive reinforcement \" that we use today. ) differing from ordinary reinforced concrete, its behavior approaches that of a homogeneous material, and some designs have been made based on the assumption of equal tensile and compressive strength. ( why didn ' t we read this before we started in 1986? this is the assertion that we made in our 2001 design report ; it only took us 15 years to come to that conclusion. ) the whole affair began nearly two years ago when university of illinois civil engineering students under the guidance of professor clyde kesler, a fellow of asce, built the \" mis - led. \" they used # 3 reinforcing bars bent and welded at each end of the canoe to make the gunwales and keel. a single rib of # 3 bar was welded to the gunwales and keel at mid - length. four layers of chicken wire ( at least we referred to this in the late ' 80s as a \" poultry restraining device \" to give our reinforcement ' s name a high - tech ring. ) were placed over this frame. a stiff mortar was troweled onto the wire mesh. final thickness of the the hull averaged 0. 5 in. ( 13 mm ). no forms were used. when professor john mclaughlin, member of asce and head of civil engineering at purdue, told his students of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4772390750518257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.400425"} {"text": "msc in the technology and analysis of archaeological materials the application of scientific techniques to the study of archaeological remains is an increasingly important dimension of archaeological research. using suitable analytical methods, it is possible to uncover patterns associated with the selection and provenance of raw materials, the manufacturing processes behind archaeological objects, the technical knowledge of past craftspeople, the direction and tempo of past trading patterns and / or the persistence of particular cultural traditions. scientific information often allows degrees of resolution that cannot be obtained through simpler stylistic comparisons or historical research. this msc programme aims to bridge the gap between archaeology and science by integrating both a detailed training in the use of scientific techniques for the analysis of inorganic archaeological materials and a solid background in the anthropology of technology. by the end of the degree, students should have a good understanding of the foundations of the most established analytical techniques, practical experience in their application and data processing, as well as the ability to design research projects that employ instrumental analyses to address archaeological questions. teaching and research include the use of thin - section petrography, metallography, optical and electron microscopy and microanalysis ( sem / eds and wd / epma ) and bulk chemical analysis ( xrf and icp ), and their application to the study ceramics, glass, stone, metals and metallurgical debris. in addition, we introduce and discuss strategies for data processing and interpretation, as well as relevant archaeological theory, using archaeological and ethnographic examples from across the world. the degree is typically a full - time, one - year programme ( commencing in september ) although it is also available on a part - time basis. it is designed for graduates in archaeology with an interest in scientific methods. it is also suitable for conservators and others concerned with archaeological collections, and for science graduates who have, or are willing to acquire, a good understanding of archaeology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5187305698669107, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.407542"} {"text": "viral arthritis is swelling and irritation ( inflammation ) of the joints from a viral infection. causes, incidence, and risk factors arthritis may be a symptom of many virus - related illnesses. it usually disappears on its own without any lasting effects. it may occur with : it may also occur after immunization with the rubella vaccine. this is a common form of childhood joint discomfort. while many people are infected with these viruses or receive the rubella vaccine, only a few people develop arthritis. no risk factors have been established. the main symptoms are joint pain and swelling of one or more joints. signs and tests a physical examination shows joint inflammation. a blood test ( serology ) for viruses may be performed. in some cases, a small amount of fluid may be removed from the affected joint to determine the cause of the inflammation. your doctor may prescribe pain medicines to relieve discomfort. you doctor may also prescribe antiviral or anti - inflammatory medications. if joint inflammation is severe, aspiration of fluid from the affected joint may relieve pain. the outcome is usually good. most viral arthritis disappears within several days or weeks when the virus - related disease goes away. there are usually no complications. calling your health care provider call for an appointment with your health care provider if arthritis symptoms last longer than a few weeks. there is no known way to prevent viral arthritis. espinoza lr. infections of bursae, joints, and bones. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 293. ohl ca. infectious arthritis of native joints. in : mandell gl, bennett je, dolin r, eds. principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : churchill livingstone elsevier ; 2009 : chap 102. last reviewed 12 / 6 / 2011 by david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; jatin m. vyas, md, phd, assistant professor in medicine, harvard medical school, assistant in medicine, division of infectious disease, department of medicine, massachusetts general hospital. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4542947240954277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.412365"} {"text": "here ' s the buzz on bugs this summer : because of all the rain we ' ve had, the u. s. department of agriculture is predicting one of the worst mosquito seasons in recent history. so how do you protect your children from being a mosquito snack? parents can decrease a child ' s risk of being bitten by using insect repellent. \" the most effective type of repellent on the market contains deet, a pesticide that works by masking our release of carbon dioxide and body odor. that ' s what mosquitoes are attracted to, \" says robert edelman, m. d., professor of medicine and pediatrics at the university of maryland school of medicine and director of the travelers ' health clinic at the university of maryland medical center. \" when putting insect repellent on children, use a product with a deet concentration of no more than 10 percent, \" adds dr. edelman. deet was developed by the u. s. government in the 1940 ' s. its chemical name is n, n - diethyl - m - toluamide. some people worry about the toxicity of deet. therefore, they may opt to use insect repellents that contain plant oils, like citronella, soybean or eucalyptus, as the active ingredients. studies of these products, however, show they are not as effective as deet in preventing mosquito bites. repellents vary, they come in many different forms, including liquids, creams, lotions and sticks. they also have different concentrations of the active ingredient. \" it ' s important to read the label and closely follow the directions, \" says dr. edelman. it is not necessary to put insect repellent on children every time they venture outdoors. dr. edelman says mosquitoes are most active in the early morning and late evening, making these good times to consider repellent. also, he says it is a good idea to use repellent when children play in a wooded area or near water. \" avoid applying the repellent to a child ' s face or hands to reduce eye and mouth contact, and never put it on a cut or irritated skin, \" he says. mosquitoes are attracted to dark colors. dressing children in light colors, like white or tan as opposed to navy blue or black, may decrease their chance of being bitten. in addition, pants, long sleeve shirts and socks reduce the amount of exposed skin, cutting the risk of getting a mosquito bite. in the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4438798341692164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.415205"} {"text": "oikos - cooperacao e desenvolvimento - date submitted : 1 nov 2011 - stakeholder type : major group - name : oikos - cooperacao e desenvolvimento - submission document : download full submissionthe global challenge of food security in the twenty - first century by : joao jose fernandes population growth, increased global gdp and the consequent change in consumption patterns, price volatility, market failures, water scarcity, land degradation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity in ecosystems, climate change and in some regions political instability and social upheaval, are some of the factors that condition the agro - food systems in the coming decades. according to the latest projections, world population, now 7 billion people will reach 8. 1 billion in 2030 and 9. 2 billion in 2050 ( fao, 2009ai ). virtually all population growth will occur in developing countries ( dcs ), where the soil and water resources are already facing enormous pressure. in 2006, the population suffering from food insecurity amounted to 854 000 million ( fao 2008ii ). in 2009, the population with food insecurity rose to 1. 02 billion due to the rising of prices seen in 2008 ( fao, 2009biii ). the origin of this trend reversal is the rise in grain prices caused by a set of stressors : drought breaks in production and exporting countries ( australia, canada ), speculative capital in agriculture commodities, rising oil prices and increased demand for cereals? whether stating the result of demographic pressure? or the result of demand for raw materials for the production of biofuels. in the future, this combination of factors? now understood as cyclical? can become a structural trend. indeed, demographic pressure and the expansion of consumption in emerging economies, the depletion of fossil fuels ( pick oil ), climate change, soil erosion and soil degradation, advancing desertification and water scarcity are factors that strongly condition the demand for and supply of food in the medium and long term. how to answer the challenge of global food security? facing the enormous challenges of food security, two main trends are perceived. the first marked by technological optimism, the second championing the enlargement of the market role, as a panacea for all ills of resource scarcity and environmental degradation. these two trends, with more or less charitable empathy for the poor, mark the mainstreaming economic thinking. limits of technological innovation approach between 1950 and 2000,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.499867108365433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.435067"} {"text": "role, as a panacea for all ills of resource scarcity and environmental degradation. these two trends, with more or less charitable empathy for the poor, mark the mainstreaming economic thinking. limits of technological innovation approach between 1950 and 2000, world population grew from 2. 5 billion to 6 billion people, but the world economy expanded sevenfold. in terms of agriculture, growth in productivity per hectare on the level of cereals rose from 1. 1 to 2. 7 tons. the application of scientific knowledge to agriculture ( advances in genetics and improved agronomic practices ), coupled with powerful economic incentives to farmers, has allowed an enormous expansion of world agricultural product. at the level of genetic advances, there is the effort of finding varieties with greater capacity for channelling the photosynthates to the seed. in terms of agronomic practices, expansion of irrigation areas, the intensive use of fertilizers and control of diseases, insects and weeds. however, while in the period from 1950 to 1984 the cereal production rate has expanded faster than population growth, increasing production of cereals per person by 34 % since 1984 grain output growth was exceeded by population growth. this drop was not more noticeable only due to increased efficiency in the cereals conversion process into animal protein ( brown, 2005iv ). but is technological innovation the master key and sufficient to meet the challenge of sustainable use of soil and feed a growing population? in our view, investment in technological innovation may be important but faces major difficulties. therefore, we are inclined to a more integrated and comprehensive approach. in fact, there are two main obstacles to an answer based solely on technology : - 1st the current technologies? reserve, available to farmers to increase productivity is almost exhausted, at least for the major powers cereal producers?. as mentioned above, the techniques used during the last decades have extensively explored the genetic potential, in order to increase the percentage of photosynthates that is forwarded to the growth of the seed. - 2nd a paradigm shift would require increasing the efficiency of the process of photosynthesis, something out of the current possibilities. it is the efficiency of photosynthesis, which, coupled with the availability of agricultural land, defines the quantity of food that the earth can produce. as lester brown notes ( brown, 2005 ), the advances made until now in genetic engineering and biotechnology are not promising signs in this line of research, limiting the focus on plant tolerance to herbicides, resistance to insects and diseases. to a lesser extent, there were some results about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5612255365299574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.436657"} {"text": "2005 ), the advances made until now in genetic engineering and biotechnology are not promising signs in this line of research, limiting the focus on plant tolerance to herbicides, resistance to insects and diseases. to a lesser extent, there were some results about the resistance to drought or salt tolerance. these advances allow only marginal gains in terms of agricultural productivity. given the physical limitations placed on increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis? and thus to the increased productivity of the soil? that the current technological paradigm does not seem able to overcome, we must choose complementary strategies for the expansion of agricultural output. one possible approach is the increase of multiple cropping, i. e. more than one crop per year. in some asian countries the challenge is to maintain this practice, but countries like the u. s. can gain considerable production with the encouragement of this practice. this will require a reorientation of agricultural research for the development of technologies that enable the acceleration of the maturity cycles of crops from the first and second planting seasons. another way to increase food production to increase water productivity. the construction of small systems to capture and store rainwater, as well as the development of precision irrigation techniques may prove to be an excellent contribution to conserve the existing irrigation areas, or even to contribute to its expansion. land productivity can also be increased through the use of crop residues for the production of food, as the case of corn or cane straw of rice and wheat for animal feed, thereby allowing a second crop on the same land. in some parts of the world as in africa, investment in transport and storage infrastructures could play an important role in increasing food production, facilitating the transition from subsistence farming to agriculture with great economic and productivity increases. these two measures are essential for the efficient link from producers to markets. finally, it is necessary to find strategies to a more sustainable agriculture, or facilitate the decoupling of product per hectare ( santos, 2009v ), given the level of non - renewable resources that produce damage to the natural environment ( fertilizers, pesticides, etc... ). sustainable agriculture, particularly relevant in marginal agricultural land implies a more efficient use of resources and the copy of the natural processes at the level of nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil remediation, and use of natural enemies to control pests. in addition, we need a greater investment in human and social capital, particularly in developing countries. the training of farmers will help to self - sufficiency and the improvement of their agricultural practices, the focus on social capital is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5146468404770181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.437867"} {"text": "to control pests. in addition, we need a greater investment in human and social capital, particularly in developing countries. the training of farmers will help to self - sufficiency and the improvement of their agricultural practices, the focus on social capital is decisive for the increase in scale, integrated management of watersheds and forests, as well as access to credit and markets for small producers. the market limits the creation of markets for all ecosystem services assumes that the commercial interaction between economic agents will reveal the value of services inducing the appropriate incentives to the production, while the ecosystem management organizes itself in order to respond to these incentives. in our opinion, this solution is not applicable in all situations. there are other complementary solutions and, in certain circumstances, more feasible. there are three grounds : - 1st the market failure does not occur only by the lack of commercial value to some of the services, but also due to the lack of protection of the rights of some stakeholders, including future generations. - 2nd the creation of markets focuses on the scale of the service, to the detriment of the ecosystem scale. ecosystem services, object of value, are only the \" discrete and identifiable end products \" ( kroeger e caseyvi ). thus, the ecological functions underlying ecosystems are not subject to valuation. - 3rd moreover the fact that there are some barriers to the creation of markets as it is the case for some of the services of forest ecosystems. for example, refer to the complexity of the services of biodiversity conservation, the volatility of other services such as carbon sequestration, risks of future losses, the need for long - term monitoring, the impossibility of exclusion in the case of pure public goods such as air quality or climate, and the high transaction costs, e. g. costs of certification of carbon sequestration, which add to the cost of providing the service. the barriers to the creation of markets for some ecosystem services, the need to incorporate all ecosystem services in the decisions of managers, coupled with the need to protect the rights of interested parties who have no voice, as is the case of future generations, lead us to complementary solutions able to ensure effective governance of ecosystems, to be combined in different proportions and whose validity must be assessed according to specific circumstances. we emphasize, in addition to the creation of markets, the regulation by the state, the ( re ) defining and protecting of the rights of different individuals and groups, the accountability of managers ( civil liability, or \" societal license to operate \" ), the definition of new forms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5024264118056576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.441043"} {"text": "to the creation of markets, the regulation by the state, the ( re ) defining and protecting of the rights of different individuals and groups, the accountability of managers ( civil liability, or \" societal license to operate \" ), the definition of new forms of organization for an ecosystem - wide management, or instruments such as green taxes and public payments for environmental services. finally, it is noted that, even if the solution is the creation of markets, state intervention can be decisive. one of the classical situations is the need for intervention by the states in terms of defining property rights. there are no markets without clear and respected property rights. it is usually the state to define these rights and make them comply, namely through the exclusion of non - owners. thus, following bromleyvii, we can say that \" while market processes can be used instrumentally after a previous definition of socially desirable environmental conditions, we cannot leave the market to decide on how clean should be our water or our air. the market is also not able to turn out how much biodiversity should be preserved for future generations. \" thus, we cannot accept technological innovation and market instruments as sufficient to solve all the challenges of sustainable food security. they are certainly necessary conditions but not sufficient. which role for sustainable consumption? an increase of production which corresponds to the expected consumption as a function of population growth and increased purchasing power is problematic. first, because in the coming decades we will face constraints on natural resources such as soil or water and secondly the increased production and agricultural productivity is only sustainable if it does not result in irreversible losses of biodiversity and increased emissions of irreparable greenhouse gases ( ghg ). thus, the solution should be found in a balance between a more eco - efficient agriculture and more sustainable consumption. the term \" sustainable consumption \" entered the international agenda through agenda 21, the action plan for sustainable development adopted by 179 heads of state at the rio summit in 1992. however, the concept of sustainable consumption is far from obtaining a broad consensus. the first problem is related to the perception of the ultimate ( or motive ) of the act of consuming. the utilitarian approaches value consumption as a means to increase the utility ( welfare ) and the decisive factor is the information and knowledge that enable rational utility maximization. in this context, the instruments for sustainable consumption are a certification of \" green \" consumption and tax incentives to the consumption of \" environmentally friendly? products. the scale of the analysis is the individual. it is also in the light of this scale that we situate the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5352887778133332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.443249"} {"text": ", the instruments for sustainable consumption are a certification of \" green \" consumption and tax incentives to the consumption of \" environmentally friendly? products. the scale of the analysis is the individual. it is also in the light of this scale that we situate the psycho - social approaches to consumption. under this paradigm, the consumer arises as a response to a stimulus of the social or psychological needs. the consumption is then a kind of \" identifier \" of personality and social group membership. in this context the sustainable consumption emerges as driven by social marketing, aiming at the promotion of an? environmentally friendly lifestyle \" ; consuming a \" green \" product often promoted by a? celebrity?, \" is part of belonging to \" a? tribe?. more recently, some movements have been characterizing the consumption as an act determined by the supply - infrastructure ( by supply chains ). the scale of analysis becomes the society ; consumption is understood as a routine habit, almost imperceptible. sustainable consumption is then to be distinguished not only by individual preference for consumption, but by the initiatives? usually at the local level? aiming at overcome the constraints that are imposed by the format of the global supply chain of goods and services. an example is the local initiatives linking producers and consumers that outline the intermediation of large stores ( seyfang, 2009 ). the latter approach to sustainable consumption is actually a very profound transformation in consumption patterns, the motion falls into the so - called \" new economy \" as opposed to current mainstreaming concept of sustainable economic consumption. table 1 summarizes the key differentiating elements between both approaches. ( please reference submission document for table ) sustainable consumption and the new economy in order to understand the specificity of the concept of sustainable consumption in the? new economy?, it is necessary to briefly characterize this movement. first of all, bear in mind that we are no longer under a concept of consumption as \" green washing \", or consumption as a driver of economic growth. on the contrary, it is proposing a reduction in consumption in absolute terms. immediately, from the three concepts of sustainable consumption mentioned above, it is this that more boldly relates to the global challenge of food security as introduced at the beginning of our text : population growth, rising standards of consumption, resource scarcity, biodiversity loss, soil degradation and climate change. what distinguishes the \" new economy \" of the mainstreaming concept of economy? the distinctive features of the \" new economy \" ( ne ) are four : ( i ) a comprehensive understanding of the meaning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5474954092704416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.445177"} {"text": "rather conflicting agendas ( e. g., withdraw money from a local economy to a store of value, inhibits its movement within the community and meeting local needs ), and acknowledges that monetary systems are social constructions whose design emphasizes certain purposes and encourages certain behaviours over others. for example, i think we can all agree that the use of the monetary system favours a narrow range of economic activities ( valuing what is scarce and not what contributes to the well - being ), uprooting the exchange currency of its environment and social ambiance, and inhibiting sustainable consumption. the corollary of this understanding is the need to design new systems of exchange, designed to serve different purposes and to allow an inclusive systemic approach of the social and environmental context of economic activity. ne acknowledges that this approach may be less efficient than a strictly economic point of view, however, by incorporating social and environmental factors appears to be much more rational. embryos of this approach are the many initiatives around the \" complementary currencies \" that have emerged among local communities as diverse as the united kingdom, brazil and argentina since the early 1990s. last but not least decisive, ne considers ethics as central to economic activity. unlike the apolitical abstractions of conventional economics ( which obviously obeys ideologically based policy prescriptions ) ne implies a normative analytical approach, which aims to describe and facilitate the transition to a more sustainable society ( seyfang, 2005 ). with regard to the experience of practical application of this new economic model, ne still lacks empirical investigations to test its ideas and concepts. one area where is relevant to promote a systematic scrutiny of the ne? initiatives is precisely the assessment of its contribution to sustainable consumption. to meet this challenge, seyfang advances five indicators that must be present in a strategy of sustainable consumption, consistent with the proposals of ne, namely : location, reducing the ecological footprint, community - building, collective action, and creating new procurement and supply infrastructures ( seyfang, 2009 ). these indicators are briefly presented in table 2. table 2 : evaluation / assessment indicators for sustainable consumption ( please reference submission document for table ). in contrast to a \" green consumption \", so often vulnerable to strategies of \" green - washing, \" the proposal from the ne suggests a sustainable consumption that contributes to an effective reduction of all consumption that does not contribute to the well - being. in contrast to the utilitarian concepts of sustainable consumption, or approaches based exclusively on the identification around social and psychological standards, ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5476978080753815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.448383"} {"text": "| medina humed ahmed ( centre ), 10, lines up with other girls to enter the galifega alternative basic education primary school in afar region, ethiopia. | by indrias getachew addis ababa, ethiopia, 19 june 2006 \u2013 ten - year - old medina humed ahmed opens up about her dreams for the future. \u201c i want to drive one of those land cruisers, and i also want to fly airplanes, \u201d she declares, pointing up at the cloudless sky above the desert of ethiopia \u2019 s afar region. her words generate a loud round of applause from her family. in contrast to the confidence she now has, just two months ago medina wasn \u2019 t sure if she would have much of a future. back then, she spent most of her time helping her mother with household chores. her contact with the outside world was limited to fetching water, looking for firewood, and taking the family \u2019 s sheep and goats in search of pasture. but now, medina goes to school \u2013 an opportunity provided to her and other pastoral children like her by the alternative basic education ( abe ) strategy, which is being implemented by the afar region education bureau with unicef support. children of pastoralists afar region, where medina lives with her family, has a population of more than 1 million, and is one of the poorest regions of ethiopia. infrastructure here is minimal, and an estimated 90 per cent of school - age children are not in school, far worse than the already poor national average of 43 per cent. | medina collects water from a pool left by a recent flooding. like all pastoral children, medina started to help with the household chores at a very young age. | most afar tribesmen are pastoralists, their lives bound to the fate of their herds of cattle, sheep, goats and camels that they raise in one of the most forbidding environments on the planet. children play a critical role in the nomadic lifestyle. boys as young as eight start to herd their family \u2019 s sheep and goats while girls help with household chores. medina was just one of the many pastoral children who were deprived of a chance to realize their right to an education. both school and family responsibilities the abe system responds to the urgent need for an education that suits the special needs and constraints of pastoral life. it provides flexible school hours, allowing pastoral children fulfil their household responsibilities while still finding time for school. the teachers are familiar with the community, and understand the pastoral lifestyle. \u201c teaching is a profession held in high esteem by the afar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45366958669616475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.457670"} {"text": "life. it provides flexible school hours, allowing pastoral children fulfil their household responsibilities while still finding time for school. the teachers are familiar with the community, and understand the pastoral lifestyle. \u201c teaching is a profession held in high esteem by the afar people, \u201d says 20 - year - old abe facilitator mohammed adam mohammed. \u201c what can be greater than to bring enlightenment to one \u2019 s people? i live with the community, sleep with them and eat with them. if they have to move from this place then i will move with them too. \u201d these days, medina gets up at the crack of dawn and joins her 12 - year - old brother mohammed to take their family \u2019 s sheep and goats out to pasture. they leave early in order to be back in time to collect their school books. by 8 a. m., both will be present at the school door for morning line - up and exercises along with more than 40 other students. | medina ( far right ) with her grandmother, robi ibrahim, and two other friends. since she started going to a school specially designed for pastoral children, her family has adjusted their lifestyle so that her education will not be interrupted. | their lessons include instruction in the afar and english languages, mathematics and environmental studies. class times are set by the community. some classes are taught on saturdays, and the abe school year is sometimes longer than regular school year, in order to make sure that children have time both to attend school and to help with family chores. staying with the children \u201c alternative basic education is enabling the emergence of a new generation of educated pastoralists in ethiopia, \u201d said unicef representative in ethiopia bjorn ljungqvist. \u201c if we are to succeed in providing primary education to all ethiopian children, including all girls, then the systems we provide must be able to accommodate the lifestyles of the hardest to reach children. \u201d to bring more children into school, unicef is scaling up its support in afar region. more than 150 more abe centres will soon be built, providing education to some 7, 500 children. where abe schools are up and running, life is beginning to change for afar pastoralists. \u201c i prefer our nomadic life because i believe that it is better for us, \u201d says robi ibrahim, medina \u2019 s grandmother. \u201c but we have decided to stay here with the children while most of the other adults have moved away with the animals. why should our children be left behind while others go to school? \u201d \u201c only allah knows what medina \u2019 s future will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43087002247927686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.458865"} {"text": "published in the huffington post 16 november 2009 \u2013 today, nearly 200 million children under the age of five who live in the developing world suffer from stunted growth as a result of chronic maternal and childhood undernutrition. undernutrition steals a child ' s strength and makes illnesses that the body might otherwise fight off far more dangerous. but far more devastating is the fact that more than one - third of the children who die from pneumonia, diarrhea and other illnesses could have survived had they not been undernourished. the 1, 000 days from conception until a child ' s second birthday are the most critical for a child ' s development. nutritional deficiencies during this critical period can reduce the ability to fight and survive disease, and can impair their social and mental capacities. those who survive often suffer poorer physical health throughout their lives, and damaged cognitive abilities that limit their capacity to learn and to earn a decent income. they become trapped in an intergenerational cycle of ill - health and poverty. stunted growth is a consequence of chronic poor nutrition in early childhood. stunting is associated with developmental problems and is often impossible to correct once it has occurred. a child who is stunted is likely to experience a lifetime of poor health and underachievement, so the answer lies in prevention. according to a report released last week by unicef, \" tracking progress on child and maternal nutrition, \" reducing and even eliminating undernutrition is feasible. of all the proven interventions, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months - together with nutritionally adequate foods from six months - can have a significant impact on child survival and stunting. good progress has been made in the delivery of cost - effective solutions to undernutrition, including micronutrients, to vulnerable populations worldwide. an example is providing more children access to iodized salt and vitamin a supplements. in the world ' s least developed countries, the percentage of children under five years receiving essential doses of vitamin a supplements has more than doubled, from 41 percent in 2000 to 88 percent in 2008. this has contributed to reduced infant and child mortality. while 90 per cent of children who are stunted live in asia and africa, progress has been made on both continents. in asia the prevalence of stunting dropped from about 44 percent in 1990 to an estimated 30 percent in 2008, while in africa it fell from around 38 per cent in 1990 to an estimated 34 percent in 2008. global commitments on food security, nutrition and sustainable agriculture are part of a wider agenda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626978343226274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.462711"} {"text": "from about 44 percent in 1990 to an estimated 30 percent in 2008, while in africa it fell from around 38 per cent in 1990 to an estimated 34 percent in 2008. global commitments on food security, nutrition and sustainable agriculture are part of a wider agenda that will help address the critical issues raised in this report. unless attention is paid to addressing the causes of child and maternal undernutrition today, the costs will be considerably higher tomorrow. ann veneman is the executive director of unicef. unicef is on the ground in over 150 countries to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. for more information about the report, \" tracking progress on child and maternal nutrition, \" go to www. unicef. org. about the unicef executive director ann m. veneman assumed the leadership of unicef on 1 may 2005, becoming the fifth executive director to lead unicef in its 60 - year history. prior to joining unicef, veneman served as secretary of the united states department of agriculture. at unicef, veneman directs a global agency of over 10, 000 staff and annual total resources of more than $ 3 billion, funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of governments, businesses, foundations and individuals. since assuming the position of executive director, she has traveled around the world, witnessing firsthand the work of unicef, speaking at meetings and conferences, and visiting heads of state or government and other partners. for further information, please contact : christopher de bono, unicef ny, tel + 1 212 303 7984 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4149568158285811, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.463331"} {"text": "want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter currently, astronomers have two competing models for planetary formation. in one, the planets form in a single, monolithic collapse. in the second, the core forms first and then slowly accretes gas and dust. however, in both situations, the process must be complete before the radiation pressure from the star blows away the gas and dust. while this much is certain, the exact time frames have remained another matter of debate. it is expected that this amount should be somewhere in the millions of years, but low end estimates place it at only a few million, whereas upper limits have been around 10 million. a new paper explores ic 348, a 2 - 3 million year old cluster with many protostars with dense disks to determine just how much mass is left to be made into planets. the presence of dusty disks is frequently not directly observed in the visible portion of the spectra. instead, astronomers detect these disks from their infrared signatures. however, the dust is often very opaque at these wavelengths and astronomers are unable to see through it to get a good understanding of many of the features in which they \u2019 re interested. as such, astronomers turn to radio observations, to which disks are partially transparent to build a full understanding. unfortunately, the disks glow very little in this regime, forcing astronomers to use large arrays to study their features. the new study uses data from the submillimeter array located atop mauna kea in hawaii. to understand how the disks evolved over time, the new study aimed to compare the amount of gas and dust left in ic 348 \u2032 s disc to younger ones in star forming regions in taurus, ophiuchus, and orion which all had ages of roughly 1 million years. for ic 348, the team found 9 protoplanetary disks with masses from 2 - 6 times the mass of jupiter. this is significantly lower than the range of masses in the taurus and ophiuchus star forming regions which had protoplanetary clouds ranging to over 100 jupiter masses. if planets are forming in ic 348 at the same frequency in which they form in systems astronomers have observed elsewhere, this would seem to suggest that the gravitational collapse model is more likely to be correct since it doesn \u2019 t leave a large window in which forming planets could accrete. if the core accretion model is correct, then planetary formation must have begun very quickly. while this case don \u2019 t set any firm pronouncements on which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4987404729427537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.466126"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the sabbatical year. 1the lord said to moses on mount sinai : 2 * speak to the israelites and tell them : when you enter the land that i am giving you, let the land, too, keep a sabbath for the lord. 3for six years you may sow your field, and for six years prune your vineyard, gathering in their produce. a 4but during the seventh year the land shall have a sabbath of complete rest, a sabbath for the lord, b when you may neither sow your field nor prune your vineyard. 5the aftergrowth of your harvest you shall not reap, nor shall you pick the grapes of your untrimmed vines. it shall be a year of rest for the land. 6while the land has its sabbath, all its produce will be food to eat for you yourself and for your male and female slave, for your laborer and the tenant who live with you, 7and likewise for your livestock and for the wild animals on your land. the jubilee year. 8 * you shall count seven weeks of years \u2014 seven times seven years \u2014 such that the seven weeks of years amount to forty - nine years. 9then, on the tenth day of the seventh month * let the ram \u2019 s horn resound ; on this, the day of atonement, c the ram \u2019 s horn blast shall resound throughout your land. 10you shall treat this fiftieth year as sacred. you shall proclaim liberty in the land for all its inhabitants. d it shall be a jubilee for you, when each of you shall return to your own property, each of you to your own family. 11this fiftieth year is your year of jubilee ; you shall not sow, nor shall you reap the aftergrowth or pick the untrimmed vines, 12since this is the jubilee. it shall be sacred for you. you may only eat what the field yields of itself. 13in this year of jubilee, then, each of you shall return to your own property. 14therefore, when you sell any land to your neighbor or buy any from your neighbor, do not deal unfairly with one another. 15on the basis of the number of years since the last jubilee you shall purchase the land from your neighbor ; e and so also, on the basis of the number of years of harvest, that person shall sell it to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45956618205428595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.477829"} {"text": "unfairly with one another. 15on the basis of the number of years since the last jubilee you shall purchase the land from your neighbor ; e and so also, on the basis of the number of years of harvest, that person shall sell it to you. 16when the years are many, the price shall be so much the more ; when the years are few, the price shall be so much the less. for it is really the number of harvests that the person sells you. 17do not deal unfairly with one another, then ; but stand in fear of your god. i, the lord, am your god. 18observe my statutes and be careful to keep my ordinances, so that you will dwell securely in the land. 19the land will yield its fruit and you will eat your fill, and live there securely. f 20and if you say, \u201c what shall we eat in the seventh year, if we do not sow or reap our crop? \u201d g 21i will command such a blessing for you in the sixth year that there will be crop enough for three years, 22and when you sow in the eighth year, you will still be eating from the old crop ; even into the ninth year, until the crop comes in, you will still be eating from the old crop. h redemption of property. * 23the land shall not be sold irrevocably ; for the land is mine, and you are but resident aliens and under my authority. 24therefore, in every part of the country that you occupy, you must permit the land to be redeemed. 25when one of your kindred is reduced to poverty and has to sell some property, that person \u2019 s closest relative, * who has the duty to redeem it, shall come and redeem what the relative has sold. i 26if, however, the person has no relative to redeem it, but later on acquires sufficient means to redeem it, 27the person shall calculate the years since the sale, return the balance to the one to whom it was sold, and thus regain the property. j 28but if the person does not acquire sufficient means to buy back the land, what was sold shall remain in the possession of the purchaser until the year of the jubilee, when it must be released and returned to the original owner. k 29 * when someone sells a dwelling in a walled town, it can be redeemed up to a full year after its sale \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5210978501331716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.478767"} {"text": "the purchaser until the year of the jubilee, when it must be released and returned to the original owner. k 29 * when someone sells a dwelling in a walled town, it can be redeemed up to a full year after its sale \u2014 the redemption period is one year. 30but if such a house in a walled town has not been redeemed at the end of a full year, it shall belong irrevocably to the purchaser throughout the generations ; it shall not be released in the jubilee. 31however, houses in villages that are not encircled by walls shall be reckoned as part of the surrounding farm land ; they may be redeemed, and in the jubilee they must be released. 32 * in levitical citiesl the levites shall always have the right to redeem the houses in the cities that are in their possession. 33as for levitical property that goes unredeemed \u2014 houses sold in cities of their possession shall be released in the jubilee ; for the houses in levitical cities are their possession in the midst of the israelites. 34moreover, the pasture landm belonging to their cities shall not be sold at all ; it must always remain their possession. 35when one of your kindred is reduced to poverty and becomes indebted to you, you shall support that person like a resident alien ; let your kindred live with you. 36do not exact interest in advance or accrued interest, * but out of fear of god let your kindred live with you. 37n do not give your money at interest or your food at a profit. 38i, the lord, am your god, who brought you out of the land of egypt to give you the land of canaan and to be your god. 39 * when your kindred with you, having been so reduced to poverty, sell themselves to you, do not make them work as slaves. o 40rather, let them be like laborers or like your tenants, working with you until the jubilee year, 41when, together with any children, they shall be released from your service and return to their family and to their ancestral property. 42since they are my servants, whom i brought out of the land of egypt, they shall not sell themselves as slaves are sold. 43do not lord it over them harshly, but stand in fear of your god. 44 * the male and female slaves that you possess \u2014 these you shall acquire from the nations round about you. p 45you may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5261447006039377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.479760"} {"text": "sell themselves as slaves are sold. 43do not lord it over them harshly, but stand in fear of your god. 44 * the male and female slaves that you possess \u2014 these you shall acquire from the nations round about you. p 45you may also acquire them from among the resident aliens who reside with you, and from their families who are with you, those whom they bore in your land. these you may possess, 46and bequeath to your children as their hereditary possession forever. you may treat them as slaves. but none of you shall lord it harshly over any of your fellow israelites. q 47when your kindred, having been so reduced to poverty, sell themselves to a resident alien who has become wealthy or to descendants of a resident alien \u2019 s family, 48even after having sold themselves, they still may be redeemed by one of their kindred, 49by an uncle or cousin, or by some other relative from their family ; or, having acquired the means, they may pay the redemption price themselves. 50with the purchaser they shall compute the years from the sale to the jubilee, distributing the sale price over these years as though they had been hired as laborers. 51the more years there are, the more of the sale price they shall pay back as the redemption price ; 52the fewer years there are before the jubilee year, the more they have as credit ; in proportion to the years of service they shall pay the redemption price. 53the tenant alien shall treat those who sold themselves as laborers hired on an annual basis, and the alien shall not lord it over them harshly before your very eyes. 54and if they are not redeemed by these means, they shall nevertheless be released, together with any children, in the jubilee year. 55for the israelites belong to me as servants ; they are my servants, whom i brought out of the land of egypt, i, the lord, your god. * [ 25 : 2 \u2013 7 ] as every seventh day is to be a day of rest ( cf. 23 : 3 ), so every seventh year is a year of rest ( cf. 26 : 34 \u2013 35, 43 ). the rest consists in not doing agricultural work. the people are to live off what grows naturally in the fields ( vv. 6 \u2013 7 ). verses 19 \u2013 22 add insurance by saying that god will make the sixth - year crop abundant such that its excess will stretch over the seventh sabbatical year as well as the eighth year when new crops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4646734198787751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.480886"} {"text": "fields ( vv. 6 \u2013 7 ). verses 19 \u2013 22 add insurance by saying that god will make the sixth - year crop abundant such that its excess will stretch over the seventh sabbatical year as well as the eighth year when new crops are not yet harvested ( cf. 26 : 10 ). cf. ex 23 : 10 \u2013 11. * [ 25 : 8 \u2013 17 ] the fiftieth year is the jubilee, determined by counting off \u201c seven weeks of years. \u201d it is sacred, like the sabbath day. specifically, in it indentured israelites return to their own households and land that has been sold returns to its original owner. different laws are found in ex 21 : 1 \u2013 6 ; dt 15 : 1 \u2013 3, 12 \u2013 18 ( cf. jer 34 : 8 \u2013 22 ). * [ 25 : 9 ] seventh month : the priestly laws reflect the use of two calendars, one starting in the spring ( cf. chap. 23 ) and one in the fall. the jubilee is calculated on the basis of the latter. ram \u2019 s horn : hebrew shophar. the name for the year, jubilee ( heb. yobel ), also means \u201c ram \u2019 s horn \u201d and comes from the horn blown to announce the occasion. * [ 25 : 23 \u2013 55 ] this is a series of laws dealing mainly with situations of poverty in which one has to sell land, obtain a loan, or become indentured. many of the laws are connected with the release of debts in the jubilee year. * [ 25 : 29 \u2013 31 ] not being able to redeem a house in a walled city after one year is probably due to the demographic and economic situation of large towns as opposed to small villages and open agricultural areas. the agricultural lands associated with the latter were the foundation for the economic viability of the israelite family, and as such, god \u2014 who is the ultimate owner of the land ( 25 : 23 ) \u2014 has assigned them to the israelites as permanent holdings. * [ 25 : 32 \u2013 34 ] an exception to the rule in vv. 29 \u2013 31 is made for levitical cities ( nm 35 : 1 \u2013 8 ), since the levites have no broad land holdings. their houses can be redeemed and are to be released in the jubilee year. * [ 25 : 36 ] interest in advance or accrued interest : two types of interest are mentioned here. the former may refer to interest subtracted from the loaned amount in advance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49511960395252497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.481900"} {"text": "be redeemed and are to be released in the jubilee year. * [ 25 : 36 ] interest in advance or accrued interest : two types of interest are mentioned here. the former may refer to interest subtracted from the loaned amount in advance, and the latter, to interest or a payment in addition to the loaned amount. * [ 25 : 39 \u2013 43 ] here the individual israelite has no assets and must become indentured to another israelite for economic survival. no provision is given for redemption before the jubilee year, though such is probably allowed. * [ 25 : 44 \u2013 46 ] while israelites may not be held as permanent slaves ( vv. 39 \u2013 43, 47 \u2013 55 ), foreigners may be. they are not released in the jubilee, but may be bequeathed to one \u2019 s children. they may be treated as \u201c slaves, \u201d i. e., harshly ( cf. ex 21 : 20 \u2013 21 ). by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4958378930072621, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.482412"} {"text": "in a city of tweeting food trucks and michelin - star restaurants, it was only a matter of time before san francisco \u2019 s fusion - food culture found a way into a chemistry class. after all, chemistry is what we taste when we bite into a chocolate - drizzled double scoop of destabilized fat globules and fragaria ananassa. we just call it a strawberry ice cream sundae. tami spector, professor of chemistry, introduced the class, called molecular gastronomy, in spring 2011. it focuses on the physical and chemical processes of food and drink preparation. the idea of the course is to introduce non - science students, many of whom find memorizing chemical formulas and reactions mind - numbing, to the intricacies of molecular chemistry using an accessible and interactive approach. michelle cancellier \u2019 12, an english major, said the class helped her and other humanities majors understand the abstract concepts that underlie chemistry \u2014 such as polymers, ionic charge, and chemical bonds \u2014 which can make the subject so challenging. spector incorporates common foods into the science lessons, including an in - class experiment that separates caffeine from tea to illustrate solubility and extraction. another lesson has students whip up a batch of mayonnaise to learn about emulsions. working with a palette of flavors from sweet to savory, students have isolated clove oil, created ice cream, pickled vegetables, and baked souffles. and they walk away from the course with a scientifically educated palate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49418299085445905, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.484840"} {"text": "6 p. m. - 8 : 45 p. m. thinking in writing posted by : continuing education learn to use writing as a tool for deep thinking. everyone thinks, but many thoughts dwell below the surface of expression, yet these thoughts determine how we experience ourselves. writing can be a pleasurable, creative way to come face - to - face with these inner thoughts that influence our lives profoundly. as they come into focus, our perspective on them shifts \u2014 from distant and obscure to up close and clear. this shift in perspective produces a sense of greater growing space. we find more room within ourselves for creativity and play. course # : 5071 when : thursdays, november 1 - december 13, 2012 ( no class on november 22 ) time : 6 : 00 - 8 : 45 p. m. \u2022 location for all of anne bright \u2019 s courses : center for contemplative writing, 1401williams street, suite # 210, chattanooga, tn \u2022 required text for all courses : writing the mind alive : the proprioceptive method for finding your authentic voice, metcalf and simon, ( ballantine, 2002 ). \u2022 ms. bright has taught proprioceptive writing for over fifteen years and still works closely with drs. metcalf and simon, the originators of the process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5298482212032223, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.489234"} {"text": "semiconductor companies are whipping up a new generation of chips to bring richer video and better battery life to personal computers and help them hold off threats from tablets and increasingly powerful smart phones. intel corp. and advanced micro devices inc., whose processors are the \" brains \" of pcs, are unveiling significant changes to their chips ' designs at this week ' s international consumer electronics show in las vegas. tablet computers and other gadgets have taken on many of the tasks once performed by pcs, and there are already signs that those devices - led by apple inc. ' s ipad - are eating away at pc sales. intel and amd are responding with new chips designed to make people think twice before picking a tablet over a new pc. the new chips won ' t dampen the success of tablets, but they will make traditional, low - cost computers more competitive - by making them better at doing graphics - intensive tasks and playing video. the improvements that intel and amd make to their products are felt with every keystroke or click of a mouse, even if most computer buyers aren ' t paying attention to the intricacies of chip design. for example, people have come to expect the benefits of moore ' s law, even if they don ' t know the technical specifics underlying the prediction that computer processors ' performance will double every two years. the principle has guided the industry for more than 40 years, and is a key reason why computers have gotten smarter even as they ' ve gotten smaller. one major change in chip design that moore ' s law enabled and consumers felt came several years ago. that ' s when intel and amd took chips known as \" memory controllers, \" which have historically been separate from a computer ' s main processor, and put them on the same piece of silicon as the processor itself. the controllers act as middlemen between the processor and a computer ' s memory. shortening the distance between the parts cuts the amount of time they needed to talk to each other, helping the computers work faster. a similar thing is happening in the new generation of chips. this time, intel and amd have thrown another feature - graphics, which too had historically been handled by a separate chip - also onto the same silicon as the computer ' s main, general - purpose processor. and by coupling graphics more tightly with a computer ' s main processor, there ' s another benefit besides faster communication. the power the parts need to talk to each other is also reduced, leading to longer battery life. think of what ' s happening in chips like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4572953747698444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.492332"} {"text": "children need to know that their parents and adults close to them think homework is important. if they know their parents care, children have a good reason to complete assignments and turn them in on time. there is a lot that you can do to show that you value education and homework. set a regular time. finding a regular time for homework helps children finish assignments. the best schedule is one that works for your child and your family. what works well in one household may not work in another. of course, a good schedule depends in part on your child ' s age, as well as individual needs. for instance, one youngster may work best in the afternoon after an hour of play, and another may be more efficient after dinner ( although late at night, when children are tired, is seldom a good time ). outside activities, such as sports or music lessons, may mean that you need a flexible schedule. your child may study after school on some days and in the evening on others. if there isn ' t enough time to finish homework, your child may need to drop some outside activity. homework must be a high priority. you ' ll need to work with your elementary school child to develop a schedule. an older student can probably make up a schedule independently, although you ' ll want to make sure it ' s a good one. it may help to write out the schedule and put it in a place where you ' ll see it often, such as the refrigerator door. some families have a required amount of time that children must devote to homework or some other learning activity each school night ( the length of time can vary depending upon the child ' s age ). for instance, if your seventh - grader knows she ' s expected to spend an hour doing homework, reading, or visiting the library, she may be less likely to rush through assignments so that she can watch television. a required amount of time may also discourage her from \" forgetting \" to bring home assignments and help her adjust to a routine. pick a place. a study area should have lots of light, supplies close by, and be fairly quiet. a study area doesn ' t have to be fancy. a desk in the bedroom is nice, but for many youngsters the kitchen table or a corner of the living room works just fine. your child may enjoy decorating a special study corner. a plant, a brightly colored container to hold pencils, and some favorite artwork taped to the walls can make study time more pleasant. turn off the television and discourage social telephone calls during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4461907186393178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.501776"} {"text": "fine. your child may enjoy decorating a special study corner. a plant, a brightly colored container to hold pencils, and some favorite artwork taped to the walls can make study time more pleasant. turn off the television and discourage social telephone calls during homework time. ( a call to a classmate about an assignment may, however, be helpful. ) some youngsters work well with quiet background music, but loud noise from the stereo or radio is not ok. one virginia junior high school history teacher laments, \" i ' ve actually had a kid turn in an assignment that had written in the middle, ` and george washington said, \" ohhhhh, i love you. \" ' the kid was so plugged into the music that he wasn ' t concentrating. \" if you live in a small or noisy household, try having all family members take part in a quiet activity during homework time. you may need to take a noisy toddler outside or into another room to play. if distractions can ' t be avoided, your child may want to complete assignments in a nearby library. provide supplies and identify resources. for starters, collect pencils, pens, erasers, writing paper, an assignment book, and a dictionary. other things that might be helpful include glue, a stapler, paper clips, maps, a calculator, a pencil sharpener, tape, scissors, a ruler, index cards, a thesaurus, and an almanac. keep these items together in one place if possible. if you can ' t provide your child with needed supplies, check with the teacher, school guidance counselor, or principal about possible sources of assistance. for books and other information resources, check with the school library or local public library. some libraries have homework centers designed especially to assist children with school assignments ( there may even be tutors and other kinds of individual assistance ). these days many schools have computers in classrooms, and many households have personal computers. however, you don ' t have to have a computer in your home in order for your child to complete homework assignments successfully. you may want to ask the teacher to explain school policy about the use of computers - - or typewriters or any special equipment - - for homework. certainly, computers can be a great learning tool and helpful for some assignments. they can be used for word processing and on - line reference resources, as well as educational programs and games to sharpen skills. some schools may offer after - school programs where your child can use the school computers. and many public libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41247189611087354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.502830"} {"text": "some assignments. they can be used for word processing and on - line reference resources, as well as educational programs and games to sharpen skills. some schools may offer after - school programs where your child can use the school computers. and many public libraries make computers available to children. set a good example. children are more likely to study if they see you reading, writing, and doing things that require thought and effort on your part. talk with your child about what you ' re reading and writing even if it ' s something as simple as making the grocery list. tell them about what you do at work. encourage activities that support learning - - for example, educational games, library visits, walks in the neighborhood, trips to the zoo or museums, and chores that teach a sense of responsibility. show an interest. make time to take your child to the library to check out materials needed for homework ( and for fun too ), and read with your child as often as you can. talk about school and learning activities in family conversations. ask your child what was discussed in class that day. if he doesn ' t have much to say, try another approach. for example, ask your child to read aloud a story he wrote or discuss the results of a science experiment. another good way to show your interest is to attend school activities, such as parent - teacher meetings, shows, and sports events. if you can, volunteer to help in the classroom or at special events. getting to know some classmates and other parents not only shows you ' re interested but helps build a network of support for you and your child. ( this information is provided by the u. s. department of education. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4354755964774451, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.503505"} {"text": "martin de biasio recycling materials prevents waste of potentially useful materials ; however, manual sorting is labor intensive and can cause health problems. these limitations led to a demand for fully automated waste - sorting technologies based on machine - vision technologies that can sort tons of waste material every hour and operate for 24 hours a day. however, there are certain materials that cannot be discriminated with sufficient accuracy using standard off - the - shelf vision components. to properly recycle glass, for example, different types of glasses must be individually sorted. if not, the different glass types each with a different melting point will result in an uncontrolled mixture that when melted will result in recovered glass that is prone to cracking during cooling. raman spectroscopy solution in traditional machine - vision systems, glass materials may be sorted with visible - light camera systems or x - ray fluorescence systems. however, visible - light systems exhibit limited selectivity, and x - ray - based systems are expensive. these limitations can be overcome by using a classical nondestructive laboratory method known as raman spectroscopy. the raman effect occurs when light interacts with the chemical structures in a material. if a material is illuminated with high - energy, monochromatic light \u2014 typically a laser light source \u2014 the incident light is scattered. most of this light is elastically scattered by rayleigh scattering, at the wavelength of the excitation light source, and does not provide any information about the material. however, a small part of the incident light interacts with the material and is inelastically scattered. this causes an energy difference called a raman shift. the energy shift between the incident laser light and the inelastically scattered light is typically expressed in wavenumbers ( cm - 1 ) and is unique to the molecular composition of the material. until recently, raman spectroscopy was considered unsuitable for most industrial imaging applications as it requires long measurement times and is sensitive to stray light. however, advances in camera and spectrometer technology now allow raman signals to be acquired with high spatial and spectral resolution. in cooperation with tomra sorting solutions, carinthian tech research ag has developed a prototype of an industrial inspection system for sorting glass that is based on real - time raman mapping spectroscopy. an oem raman spectrometer is used in combination with a raman superhead fiber - optic probe that was integrated into a tomra autosort scanner housing ( see fig. 1 ). | figure 1. in cooperation with tomra sorting solutions, carinthian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5915606920997933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.511423"} {"text": "caramel glass, faint yellow glass, yellow glass, and honey glass ( see fig. 2 ). | figure 2. mineral glasses and fireproof glasses approximately 1 - 2 cm in diameter were extracted from an industrial recycling process and used to evaluate the glass sorting system. | the raman system operates with a chemometric model, which is stored in the evaluation unit, to discriminate between glass types. using the fingerprint in the raman spectrum of the material, mineral glass and fireproof glass can be discriminated. figure 3 shows typical raman spectra of fireproof and mineral glass in the fingerprint range between 200 cm - 1 and 1200 cm - 1. | figure 3. individual raman spectra of glasses are compared with captured values to discriminate between glass types. | in fig. 3, there are three characteristic raman peaks. these are used as features f1, f2, and f3 to discriminate between the glass types. due to the low readout times for the measurement of the raman spectrum of each measurement sample, there is spectral noise on the features. because of this, each spectrum is smoothed with a savitzky - golay smoothing filter and l1 - normalized. as the peak position of the features f1, f2, and f3 are stable, the raman system uses fn = ( i ( a ) + i ( b ) ) / 2 - i ( c ) to calculate the local peak intensity, where i ( a ) and i ( b ) are intensities next to the maximum of the peak amplitude and i ( c ) is the maximum peak intensity of f1, f2, and f3. a linear classifier is then used to discriminate between glass types. when deploying the system, the raman spectrometer is interfaced to a pc via usb interface. the pc is also used to interface to a rotating mirror controller from maxon motor ag that scans the laser across the field of view of the conveyor. a graphical user interface ( gui ) displayed on the pc shows the status of these devices ( see fig. 4 ). once connected, the operator closes the aperture of the raman superhead fiber - optic probe and takes a dark spectrum. the dark spectrum is stored in the evaluation unit to compensate for sensor noise and the influence of stray light. once this is done, the operator opens the aperture, sets the conveyor belt speed and the integration time of the spectrometer, and starts the program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5520939260881004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.513629"} {"text": "is stored in the evaluation unit to compensate for sensor noise and the influence of stray light. once this is done, the operator opens the aperture, sets the conveyor belt speed and the integration time of the spectrometer, and starts the program. | figure 4. a graphical user interface ( gui ) displayed on the pc shows the status of the spectrometer, the speed of the conveyor, and the status of the rotating motor. | depending on the conveyor belt speed, the laser beam is moved over the belt and measures the raman signals of the glass samples with a minimal readout time of 8 msec. a feedback sensor that is connected to the motor controller provides information when a new facet of the polygonal scanning mirror is in position. the time between two pulses of the feedback sensor is then used to estimate the position on the conveyor belt at which the raman signal is measured. this position is essential for the subsequent automated sorting process, which is performed with air nozzles that blow out the glass samples into the appropriate container. to further analyze the measured data, the operator can save all the data to a hard disk. therefore, he or she simply has to set the data file path and push the save button. currently, the raman system is still in the prototype phase ; before it can be applied to industrial glass recycling facilities, the speed of the system must be improved. state - of - the - art sorting systems working in the near - infrared ( nir ) scan between 40 and 320 khz \u2014 the raman spectroscopy system currently operates at a maximum speed of 100 hz. further research will include enhancing the output power of the laser, improving the optical design of the sensor, using larger optics to collect more of the raman signal, and attaining readout times in the microsecond range. once the speed of the system has been sufficiently improved, it will be applied to glass sorting in an industrial recycling facility. martin de biasio, dipl. - ing., is with carinthian tech research ( ctr ) ag ( villach, austria ; ( www. ctr. at ). carinthian tech research ag maxon motor ag tomra sorting solutions vision systems articles archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5632506158695254, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.514520"} {"text": "history of sculpture chronological summary of major movements, styles, periods and artists that have contributed to the evolution and development of visual art. stone age art ( c. 2, 500, 000 - 3, 000 bce ) origins of art stone age art bronze age art iron age art dark ages / medieval art questions about fine arts prehistoric art comes from three epochs of prehistory : paleolithic, mesolithic and neolithic. the earliest recorded art is the bhimbetka petroglyphs ( a set of 10 cupules and an engraving or groove ) found in a quartzite rock shelter known as auditorium cave at bhimbetka in central india, dating from at least 290, 000 bce. however, it may turn out to be much older ( c. 700, 000 bce ). this primitive rock art was followed, no later than 250, 000 bce, by simple figurines ( eg. venus of berekhat ram [ golan heights ] and venus of tan - tan [ morocco ] ), and from 80, 000 bce by the blombos cave stone engravings, and the cupules at the dordogne rock shelter at la ferrassie. prehistoric culture and creativity is closely associated with brain - size and efficiency which impacts directly on \" higher \" functions such as language, creative expression and ultimately aesthetics. thus with the advent of \" modern \" homo sapiens painters and sculptors ( 50, 000 bce onwards ) such as cro - magnon man and grimaldi man, we see a huge outburst of magnificent late paleolthic sculpture and painting in france and the iberian peninsular. this comprises a range of miniature obese venus figurines ( eg. the venuses of willendorf, kostenky, monpazier, dolni vestonice, moravany, brassempouy, garagino, to name but a few ), as well as mammoth ivory carvings found in the caves of vogelherd and hohle fels in the swabian jura. however, the greatest art of prehistory is the cave painting at chauvet, lascaux and altamira. these murals were painted in caves reserved as a sort of prehistoric art gallery, where artists began to paint animals and hunting scenes, as well as a variety of abstract or symbolic drawings. in france, they include the monochrome chauvet cave pictures of animals and abstract drawings, the hand stencil art at cosquer cave, and the polychrome charcoal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47177364028257796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.573833"} {"text": "hunting scenes, as well as a variety of abstract or symbolic drawings. in france, they include the monochrome chauvet cave pictures of animals and abstract drawings, the hand stencil art at cosquer cave, and the polychrome charcoal and ochre images at pech - merle, and lascaux. in spain, they include polychrome images of bison and deer at altamira cave in spain. outside europe, major examples of rock art include : ubirr aboriginal artworks ( from 30, 000 bce ), the animal figure paintings in charcoal and ochre at the apollo 11 cave ( from 25, 500 bce ) in namibia, the bradshaw paintings ( from 17, 000 bce ) in western australia, and the hand stencil images at the cuevas de las manos ( cave of the hands ) ( from 9500 bce ) in argentina, among many others. against a background of a new climate, improved living conditions and consequent behaviour patterns, mesolithic art gives more space to human figures, shows keener observation, and greater narrative in its paintings. also, because of the warmer weather, it moves from caves to outdoor sites in numerous locations across europe, asia, africa, australasia and the americas. mesolithic artworks include the bushman rock paintings in the waterberg area of south africa, the paintings in the rock shelters of bhimbetka in india, and australian aboriginal art from arnhem land. it also features more 3 - d art, including bas - reliefs and free standing sculpture. examples of the latter include the anthropomorphic figurines uncovered in nevali cori and gobekli tepe near urfa in eastern asia minor, and the statues of lepenski vir ( eg. the fish god ) in serbia. other examples of mesolithic portable art include bracelets, painted pebbles and decorative drawings on functional objects, as well as ceramic pottery of the japanese jomon culture. the greatest mesolithic work of art is the sculpture \" thinker from cernavoda \" from romania. the more \" settled \" and populous neolithic era saw a growth in crafts like pottery and weaving. this originated in mesolithic times from about 9, 000 bce in the villages of southern asia, after which it flourished along the yellow and yangtze river valleys in china ( c. 7, 500 bce ) - see neolithic art in china - then in the fertile crescent of the tigris and euphrates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48315134276910504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.574872"} {"text": "in the villages of southern asia, after which it flourished along the yellow and yangtze river valleys in china ( c. 7, 500 bce ) - see neolithic art in china - then in the fertile crescent of the tigris and euphrates river valleys in the middle east ( c. 7, 000 ), before spreading to india ( c. 5, 000 ), europe ( c. 4, 000 ), china ( 3, 500 ) and the americas ( c. 2, 500 ). although most art remained functional in nature, there was a greater focus on ornamentation and decoration. for example, calligraphy - one of the great examples of chinese art - first appears during this period. neolithic art also features free standing sculpture, bronze statuettes ( notably by the indus valley civilization ), primitive jewellery and decorative designs on a variety of artifacts. the most spectacular form of neolithic art was architecture : featuring large - stone structures known as megaliths, ranging from the egyptian pyramids, to the passage tombs of northern europe - such as newgrange and knowth in ireland - and the assemblages of large upright stones ( menhirs ) such as those at the stonehenge stone circle and avebury circle in england. ( for more, please see : megalithic art. ) however, the major medium of neolithic art was ceramic pottery, the finest examples of which were produced around the region of mesopotamia ( see mesopotamian art ) and the eastern mediterranean. towards the close of this era, hieroglyphic writing systems appear in sumer, heralding the end of prehistory. the most famous examples of bronze age art appeared in the ' cradle of civilization ' around the mediterranean in the near east, during the rise of mesopotamia ( present - day iraq ), greece, crete ( minoan civilization ) and egypt. the emergence of cities, the use of written languages and the development of more sophisticated tools led the creation of a far wider range of monumental and portable artworks. egypt, arguably the greatest civilization in the history of ancient art, was the first culture to adopt a recognizable style of art. egyptian painters depicted the head, legs and feet of their human subjects in profile, while portraying the eye, shoulders, arms and torso from the front. other artistic conventions laid down how gods, pharaohs and ordinary people should be depicted, regulating such elements as size, colour and figurative position. a series of wonderful egyptian encaustic wax paintings, known as the fayum portraits, offer a fascinating glimpse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4618699617752709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.575815"} {"text": "artistic conventions laid down how gods, pharaohs and ordinary people should be depicted, regulating such elements as size, colour and figurative position. a series of wonderful egyptian encaustic wax paintings, known as the fayum portraits, offer a fascinating glimpse of hellenistic culture in ancient egypt. in addition, the unique style of egyptian architecture featured a range of massive stone burial chambers, called pyramids. egyptian expertise in stone had a huge impact on later greek architecture. famous egyptian pyramids include : the step pyramid of djoser ( c. 2630 bce ), and the great pyramid at giza ( c. 2550 bce ), also called the pyramid of khufu or ' pyramid of cheops '. in mesopotamia and ancient persia, sumerians were developing their own unique building - an alternative form of stepped pyramid called a ziggurat. these were not burial chambers but man - made mountains designed to bring rulers and people closer to their gods who according to legend lived high up in mountains to the east. ziggurats were built from clay bricks, typically decorated with coloured glazes. for most of antiquity, the art of ancient persia was closely intertwined with that of its neighbours, especially mesopotamia ( present - day iraq ), and influenced - and was influenced by - greek art. early persian works of portable art feature the intricate ceramics from susa and persepolis ( c. 3000 bce ), but the two important periods of persian art were the achaemenid era ( c. 550 - 330 bce ) - exemplified by the monumental palaces at persepolis and susa, decorated with sculpture, stone reliefs, and the famous \" frieze of archers \" ( louvre, paris ) created out of enameled brick - and the sassanid era ( 226 - 650 ce ) - noted for its highly decorative stone mosaics, gold and silver dishes, frescoes and illuminated manuscripts as well as crafts like carpet - making and silk - weaving. but, the greatest relics of sassanian art are the rock sculptures carved out of steep limestone cliffs at taq - i - bustan, shahpur, naqsh - e rostam and naqsh - e rajab. the first important strand of aegean art, created on crete by the minoans, was rooted in its palace architecture at knossos, phaestus, akrotiri, kato zakros and mallia, which were constructed using a combination of stone, mud - brick and plaster, and decorated with colourful murals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4698079417873535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.577083"} {"text": "used to describe early greek art as a whole during the late bronze age. initially very much under the influence of minoan culture, mycenean art gradually achieved its own balance between the lively naturalism of crete and the more formal artistic idiom of the mainland, as exemplified in its numerous tempera frescoes, sculpture, pottery, carved gemstones, jewellery, glass, ornaments and precious metalwork. also, in contrast to the minoan \" maritime trading \" culture, myceneans were warriors, so their art was designed primarily to glorify their secular rulers. it included a number of tholos tombs filled with gold work, ornamental weapons and precious jewellery. ancient greek art is traditionally divided into the following periods : ( 1 ) the dark ages ( c. 1100 - 900 bce ). ( 2 ) the geometric period ( c. 900 - 700 bce ). ( 3 ) the oriental - style period ( c. 700 - 625 bce ). ( 4 ) the archaic period ( c. 625 - 500 bce ). ( 5 ) the classical period ( c. 500 - 323 bce ). ( 6 ) the hellenistic period ( c. 323 - 100 bce ). unfortunately, nearly all greek painting and a huge proportion of greek sculpture has been lost, leaving us with a collection of ruins or roman copies. greek architecture, too, is largely known to us through its ruins. despite this tiny legacy, greek artists remain highly revered, which demonstrates how truly advanced they were. like all craftsmen of the mediterranean area, the ancient greeks borrowed a number of important artistic techniques from their neighbours and trading partners. even so, by the death of the macedonian emperor alexander the great in 323 bce, greek art was regarded in general as the finest ever made. even the romans - despite their awesome engineering and military skills - never quite overcame their sense of inferiority in the face of greek craftsmanship, and ( fortunately for us ) copied greek artworks assiduously. seventeen centuries later, greek architecture, sculptural reliefs, statues, and pottery would be rediscovered during the italian renaissance, and made the cornerstone of western art for over 400 years. greek pottery developed much earlier than other art forms : by 3000 bce the peloponnese was already the leading pottery centre. later, following the take - over of the greek mainland by indo - european tribes around 2100 bce, a new form of pottery was introduced, known as minyan ware. it was the first greek type to be made on a potter ' s wheel. despite this, it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46609959616579927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.579492"} {"text": "over of the greek mainland by indo - european tribes around 2100 bce, a new form of pottery was introduced, known as minyan ware. it was the first greek type to be made on a potter ' s wheel. despite this, it was minoan pottery on crete - with its new dark - on - light style - that predominated during the 2nd millennium bce. thereafter, however, greek potters regained the initiative, introducing a series of dazzling innovations including : beautifully proportioned geometric style pottery ( 900 - 725 ), as well as oriental ( 725 - 600 ), black - figure ( 600 - 480 ) and red - figure ( 530 - 480 ) styles. famous greek ceramicists include exekias, kleitias, ergotimos, nearchos, lydos, the amasis painter, andokides, euthymides, and sophilos ( all black - figure ), plus douris, brygos and onesimos ( red - figure ). in etruria, italy, the older villanovan culture gave way to etruscan civilization around 700 bce. this reached its peak during the sixth century bce as their city - states gained control of central italy. like the egyptians but unlike the greeks, etruscans believed in an after - life, thus tomb or funerary art was a characteristic feature of etruscan culture. etruscan artists were also renowned for their figurative sculpture, in stone, terracotta and bronze. above all etruscan art is famous for its \" joi de vivre \", exemplified by its lively fresco mural painting, especially in the villas of the rich. in addition, the skill of etruscan goldsmiths was highly prized throughout italy and beyond. etruscan culture, itself strongly influenced by greek styles, had a marked impact on other cultures, notably the hallstatt and la tene styles of celtic art. etruscan culture declined from 396 bce onwards, as its city states were absorbed into the roman empire. from about 600 bce, migrating pagan tribes from the russian steppes, known as celts, established themselves astride the upper danube in central europe. celtic culture, based on exceptional trading skills and an early mastery of iron, facilitated their gradual expansion throughout europe, and led to two styles of celtic art whose artifacts are known to us through several key archeological sites in switzerland and austria. the two styles are hallstatt ( 600 - 450 ) and la tene ( 450", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4735482398802419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.580801"} {"text": ", facilitated their gradual expansion throughout europe, and led to two styles of celtic art whose artifacts are known to us through several key archeological sites in switzerland and austria. the two styles are hallstatt ( 600 - 450 ) and la tene ( 450 - 100 ). both were exemplified by beautiful metalwork and complex linear designwork. although by the early 1st millennium ce most pagan celtic artists had been fully absorbed into the roman empire, their traditions of spiral, zoomorphic, knotwork and interlace designs later resurfaced and flourished ( 600 - 1100 ce ) in many forms of hiberno - saxon art ( see below ) such as illuminated gospel manuscripts, religious metalwork, and high cross sculpture. famous examples of celtic metalwork art include the gundestrup cauldron, the petrie crown and the broighter gold torc. unlike their intellectual greek neighbours, the romans were primarily practical people with a natural affinity for engineering, military matters, and empire building. roman architecture was designed to awe, entertain and cater for a growing population both in italy and throughout their empire. thus roman architectural achievements are exemplified by new drainage systems, aqueducts, bridges, public baths, sports facilities and amphitheatres ( eg. the colosseum 72 - 80 ce ), characterized by major advances in materials ( eg. the invention of concrete ) and in the construction of arches and roof domes. the latter not only allowed the roofing of larger buildings, but also gave the exterior far greater grandeur and majesty. all this revolutionized the greek - dominated field of architecture, at least in form and size, if not in creativity, and provided endless opportunity for embellishment in the way of scultural reliefs, statues, fresco murals, and mosaics. the most famous examples of roman architecture include : the massive colosseum, the arch of titus, and trajan ' s column. if roman architecture was uniquely grandiose, its paintings and sculptures continued to imitate the greek style, except that its main purpose was the glorification of rome ' s power and majesty. early roman art ( c. 200 - 27 bce ) was detailed, unidealized and realistic, while later imperial styles ( c. 27 bce - 200 ce ) were more heroic. mediocre painting flourished in the form of interior - design standard fresco murals, while higher quality panel painting was executed in tempera or in encaustic pigments. roman sculpture too, varied in quality : as well as tens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4737223378356189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.581768"} {"text": "more heroic. mediocre painting flourished in the form of interior - design standard fresco murals, while higher quality panel painting was executed in tempera or in encaustic pigments. roman sculpture too, varied in quality : as well as tens of thousands of average quality portrait busts of emperors and other dignitaries, roman sculptors also produced some marvellous historical relief sculptures, such as the spiral bas relief sculpture on trajan ' s column, celebrating the emperor ' s victory in the dacian war. early art from around the world although the history of art is commonly seen as being mainly concerned with civilizations that derived from european and chinese cultures, a significant amount of arts and crafts appeared from the earliest times around the periphery of the known world. for more about the history and artifacts of these cultures, see : oceanic art ( from the south pacific and australasia ), african art ( from all parts of the continent ) and tribal art ( from africa, the pacific islands, indonesia, burma, australasia, north america, and alaska ). constantinople, christianity and byzantine art with the death in 395 ce, of the emperor theodosius, the roman empire was divided into two halves : a western half based initially in rome, until it was sacked in the 5th century ce, then ravenna ; and an eastern half located in the more secure city of constantinople. at the same time, christianity was made the exclusive official religion of the empire. these two political developments had a huge impact on the history of western art. first, relocation to constantinople helped to prolong greco - roman civilization and culture ; second, the growth of christianity led to an entirely new category of christian art which provided architects, painters, sculptors and other craftsmen with what became the dominant theme in the visual arts for the next 1, 200 years. as well as prototype forms of early christian art, much of which came from the catacombs, it also led directly to the emergence of byzantine art. see also : christian art, byzantine period. byzantine art was almost entirely religious art, and centred around its christian architecture. masterpieces include the awesome hagia sophia ( 532 - 37 ) in istanbul ; the church of st sophia in sofia, bulgaria ( 527 - 65 ) ; and the church of hagia sophia in thessaloniki. byzantine art also influenced the ravenna mosaics in the basilicas of sant ' apollinare nuovo, san vitale, and sant ' apollinare in classe. secular examples include : the great palace of constantinople, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4427244263160617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.582778"} {"text": ". byzantine art also influenced the ravenna mosaics in the basilicas of sant ' apollinare nuovo, san vitale, and sant ' apollinare in classe. secular examples include : the great palace of constantinople, and basilica cistern. as well as new architectural techniques such as the use of pendentives to spread the weight of the ceiling dome, thus permitting larger interiors, new decorative methods were introduced like mosaics made from glass, rather than stone. but the eastern orthodox brand of christianity ( unlike its counterpart in rome ), did not allow 3 - d artworks like statues or high reliefs, believing they glorified the human aspect of the flesh rather than the divine nature of the spirit. thus byzantine art ( eg. painting, mosaic works ) developed a particular style of meaningful imagery ( iconography ) designed to present complex theology in a very simple way. for example, colours were used to express different ideas : gold represented heaven ; blue, the colour of human life, and so on. after 600 ce, byzantine architecture progressed through several periods - such as, the middle period ( c. 600 - 1100 ) and the comnenian and paleologan periods ( c. 1100 - 1450 ) - gradually becoming more and more influenced by eastern traditions of construction and decoration. in western europe, byzantine architecture was superceded by romanesque and gothic styles, while in the near east it continued to have a significant influence on early islamic architecture, as illustrated by the umayyad great mosque of damascus and the dome of the rock in jerusalem. in the absence of sculpture, byzantine artists specialized in 2 - d painting, becoming masters of panel - painting, including miniatures - notably icons - and manuscript illumination. their works had a huge influence on artists throughout western and central europe, as well as the islamic countries of the middle east. located on the remote periphery of western europe, ireland remained free of interference from either rome or the barbarians that followed. as a result, irish celtic art was neither displaced by greek or roman idioms, nor buried in the pagan dark ages. furthermore, the church was able to establish a relatively secure network of irish monasteries, which rapidly became important centres of religious learning and scholarship, and gradually spread to the islands off britain and to parts of northern england. this monastic network soon became a major patron of the arts, attracting numerous scribes and painters into its scriptoriums to create a series of increasingly ornate illuminated gospel manuscripts : examples include : the cathach of colmcille ( c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47386201746227297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.584235"} {"text": "england. this monastic network soon became a major patron of the arts, attracting numerous scribes and painters into its scriptoriums to create a series of increasingly ornate illuminated gospel manuscripts : examples include : the cathach of colmcille ( c. 560 ), the book of dimma ( c. 625 ), the durham gospels ( c. 650 ), the book of durrow ( c. 670 ), and the supreme book of kells ( also called the book of columba ), considered to be the apogee of western calligraphy. these gospel illuminations employed a range of historiated letters, rhombuses, crosses, trumpet ornaments, pictures of birds and animals, occasionally taking up whole pages ( carpet pages ) of geometric or interlace patterns. the creative success of these decorated manuscripts was greatly enhanced by the availability of celtic designs from jewellery and metalwork - produced for the irish secular elite - and by increased cultural contacts with anglo - saxon craftsmen in england. another early christian art form developed in ireland was religious metalwork, exemplified by such masterpieces as the tara brooch, the ardagh chalice, the derrynaflan chalice, and the moylough belt shrine, as well as processional crosses like the 8th / 9th century tully lough cross and the great 12th century cross of cong, commissioned by turlough o ' connor. finally, from the late eighth century, the church began commissioning a number of large religious crosses decorated both with scenes from the bible and abstract interlace, knotwork and other celtic - style patterns. examples include muiredach ' s cross at monasterboice, county louth, and the ahenny high cross in tipperary. these scripture high crosses flourished between 900 and 1100, although construction continued as late as the 15th century. unfortunately, with the advent of the vikings ( c. 800 - 1000 ), the unique irish contribution to western civilization in general and christianity in particular, began to fade, despite some contribution from viking art. thereafter, roman culture - driven by the church of rome - began to reassert itself across europe. a word about asian art in contrast to christianity which permits figurative representation of prophets, saints and the holy family, islam forbids all forms of human iconography. thus islamic art focused instead on the development of complex geometric patterns, illuminated texts and calligraphy. in east asia, the visual arts of india and tibet incorporated the use of highly coloured figures ( due to their wide range of pigments ) and strong outlines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4627923528162482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.585439"} {"text": "islamic art focused instead on the development of complex geometric patterns, illuminated texts and calligraphy. in east asia, the visual arts of india and tibet incorporated the use of highly coloured figures ( due to their wide range of pigments ) and strong outlines. painting in india was extremely diverse, as were materials ( textiles being more durable often replaced paper ) and size ( indian miniatures were a specialty ). chinese art included bronze sculpture, jade carving, chinese pottery, calligraphic and brush painting, among other forms. in japan, buddhist temple art, zen ink - painting, yamato - e and ukiyo - e woodblock prints were four of the main types of japanese art. on the continent, the revival of medieval christian art began with charlemagne i, king of the franks, who was crowned holy roman emperor, by pope leo iii in 800. charlemagne ' s court scriptoriums at aachen produced a number of magnificent illuminated christian texts, such as : the godscalc evangelistary, the lorsch gospels and the gospels of st medard of soissons. ironically, his major architectural work - the palatine chapel in aachen ( c. 800 ) - was influenced not by st peter ' s or other churches in rome, but by the byzantine - style basilica of san vitale in ravenna. the carolingian empire rapidly dissolved but carolingian art marked an important first step in the revitalization of european culture. furthermore, many of the romanesque and gothic churches were built on the foundations of carolingian architecture. charlemagne ' s early romanesque architectural achievements were continued by the holy roman emperors otto i - iii, in a style known as ottonian art, which morphed into the fully fledged \" romanesque. \" ( in england and ireland, the romanesque style is usually called norman architecture. ) the church invests in art to convey its message the spread of romanesque art in the 11th century coincided with the reassertiveness of roman christianity, and the latter ' s influence on secular authorities led to the christian re - conquest of spain ( c. 1031 ) as well as the crusade to free the holy land from the grip of islam. the success of the crusaders and their acquisition of holy relics triggered a wave of new cathedrals across europe. in addition to its influence over international politics, rome exercised growing power via its network of bishops and its links with monastic orders such as the benedictines, the cistercians, carthusians and augustinian canons. from these monasteries, its officials exercised growing administrative power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44079448173231733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.589661"} {"text": "influence over international politics, rome exercised growing power via its network of bishops and its links with monastic orders such as the benedictines, the cistercians, carthusians and augustinian canons. from these monasteries, its officials exercised growing administrative power over the local population, notably the power to collect tax revenues which it devoted to religious works, particularly the building of cathedrals ( encompassing sculpture and metalwork, as well as architecture ), illuminated gospel manuscripts, and cultural scholarship - a process exemplified by the powerful benedictine monastery at cluny in burgundy. romanesque architecture ( c. 1000 - 1200 ) although based on greek and roman antiquity, romanesque architecture displayed neither the creativity of the greeks, nor the engineering skill of the romans. they employed thick walls, round arches, piers, columns, groin vaults, narrow slit - windows, large towers and decorative arcading. the basic load of the building was carried not its arches or columns but by its massive walls. and its roofs, vaults and buttresses were relatively primitive in comparison with later styles. above all, interiors were dim and comparatively hemmed in with heavy stone walls. even so, romanesque architecture did reintroduce two important forms of fine art : sculpture ( which had been in abeyance since the fall of rome ), and stained glass, albeit on a minor scale. ( for details of sculptors, painters, and architects from the middle ages, see : medieval artists. ) largely financed by monastic orders and local bishops, gothic architecture exploited a number of technical advances in pointed arches and other design factors, in order to awe, inspire and educate the masses. thus, out went the massively thick walls, small windows and dim interiors, in came soaring ceilings ( \" reaching to heaven \" ), thin walls and stained glass windows. this transformed the interior of many cathedrals into inspirational sanctuaries, where illiterate congregations could see the story of the bible illustrated in the beautiful stained glass art of its huge windows. indeed, the gothic cathedral was seen by architects as representing the universe in miniature. almost every feature was designed to convey a theological message : namely, the awesome glory of god, and the ordered nature of his universe. religious gothic art - that is, architecture, relief sculpture and statuary - is best exemplified by the cathedrals of northern france, notably notre dame de paris ; reims and chartres, as well as cologne cathedral, st stephen ' s cathedral vienna and, in england, westminster abbey and york minster. strongly influenced by international gothic, the european revival", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48947045573021214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.591518"} {"text": "and of course michelangelo himself, who helped to design the dome for st peter ' s basilica in rome. among the greatest sculptors of the northern renaissance were : the german limewood sculptor tilman riemenschneider ( 1460 - 1531 ), noted for his reliefs and freestanding wood sculpture ; and the wood - carver veit stoss ( 1450 - 1533 ) noted for his delicate altarpieces. it was during this period that the catholic counter - reformation got going in an attempt to attract the masses away from protestantism. renewed patronage of the visual arts and architecture was a key feature of this propaganda campaign, and led to a grander, more theatrical style in both areas. this new style, known as baroque art was effectively the highpoint of dramatic mannerism. baroque architecture took full advantage of the theatrical potential of the urban landscape, exemplified by saint peter ' s square ( 1656 - 67 ) in rome, in front of the domed st peter ' s basilica. its architect, gianlorenzo bernini ( 1598 - 1680 ) employed a widening series of colonnades in the approach to the cathedral, conveying the impression to visitors that they are being embraced by the arms of the catholic church. the entire approach is constructed on a gigantic scale, to induce feelings of awe. in painting, the greatest exponent of catholic counter - reformation art was peter paul rubens ( 1577 - 1640 ) - \" the prince of painters and the painter of princes \". other leading catholic artists included diego velazquez ( 1599 - 1660 ), francisco zurbaran ( 1598 - 1664 ) and nicolas poussin ( 1594 - 1665 ). in protestant northern europe, the baroque era was marked by the flowering of dutch realist painting, a style uniquely suited to the new bourgeois patrons of small - scale interiors, genre - paintings, portraits, landscapes and still lifes. several schools of dutch realism sprang up including those of delft, utrecht, and leiden. leading members included the two immortals rembrandt ( 1606 - 1669 ) and jan vermeer ( 1632 - 1675 ), as well as frans snyders ( 1579 - 1657 ), frans hals ( 1581 - 1666 ), adriaen brouwer ( 1605 - 38 ), jan davidsz de heem ( 1606 - 84 ), adriaen van ostade ( 1610 - 85 ), david teniers the younger ( 1610 - 90 ), gerard terborch (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43407515269737146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.593898"} {"text": "another return to the classical orders of greco - roman antiquity, the style was characterized by monumental structures, supported by columns of pillars, and topped with classical renaissance domes. employing innovations like layered cupolas, it lent added grandeur to palaces, churches, and other public structures. famous neoclassical buildings include : the pantheon ( paris ) designed by jacques germain soufflot ( 1756 - 97 ), the arc de triomphe ( paris ) designed by jean chalgrin, the brandenburg gate ( berlin ) designed by carl gotthard langhans ( 1732 - 1808 ), and the united states capitol building, designed by english - born benjamin henry latrobe ( 1764 - 1820 ), and later by stephen hallet and charles bulfinch. see also the era of american colonial art ( c. 1670 - 1800 ). neoclassicist painters also looked to classical antiquity for inspiration, and emphasized the virtues of heroicism, duty and gravitas. leading exponents included the french political artist jacques - louis david ( 1748 - 1825 ), the german portrait and history painter anton raphael mengs ( 1728 - 79 ), and the french master of the academic art style, jean auguste dominique ingres ( 1780 - 1867 ). neoclassical sculptors included : antonio canova ( 1757 - 1822 ), in contrast to the universal values espoused by neo - classicism, romantic artists expressed a more personal response to life, relying more on their senses and emotions rather than reason and intellect. this idealism, like neoclassism, was encouraged by the french revolution, thus some artists were affected by both styles. nature was an important subject for romantics, and the style is exemplified, by the english school of landscape painting, the plein air painting of john constable ( 1776 - 1837 ), corot ( 1796 - 1875 ) along with members of the french barbizon school and the american hudson river school of landscape painting, as well as the more expressionistic jmw turner ( 1775 - 1851 ). arguably, however, the greatest romantic landscape painter is arguably caspar david friedrich ( 1774 - 1840 ). narrative or history painting was another important genre in romanticism : leading exponents include : francisco goya ( 1746 - 1828 ) henry fuseli ( 1741 - 1825 ), james barry ( 1741 - 1806 ), theodore gericault ( 1791 - 1824 ) and eugene delacroix ( 1798 - 63 ), as well as later orientalists, pre - raphaelites and symbolists. as the 19th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.444165096636403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.595953"} {"text": "1825 ), james barry ( 1741 - 1806 ), theodore gericault ( 1791 - 1824 ) and eugene delacroix ( 1798 - 63 ), as well as later orientalists, pre - raphaelites and symbolists. as the 19th century progessed, growing awareness of the rights of man plus the social impact of the industrial revolution caused some artists to move away from idealistic or romantic subjects in favour of more mundane subjects, depicted in a more true - life, style of naturalism. this new focus ( to some extent anticipated by william hogarth in the 18th century, see english figurative painting ) was exemplified by the realism style which emerged in france during the 1840s, before spreading across europe. this new style attracted painters from all the genres - notably gustave courbet ( 1819 - 77 ) ( genre - painting ), jean francois millet ( 1814 - 75 ) ( landscape, rural life ), honore daumier ( 1808 - 79 ) ( urban life ) and ilya repin ( 1844 - 1930 ) ( landscape and portraits ). history of modern art french impressionism, championed above all by claude monet ( 1840 - 1926 ), was a spontaneous colour - sensitive style of pleinairism whose origins derived from jean - baptiste camille corot and the techniques of the barbizon school - whose quest was to depict the momentary effects of natural light. it encompassed rural landscapes [ alfred sisley ( 1839 - 1899 ) ], cityscapes [ camille pissarro ( 1830 - 1903 ) ], genre scenes [ pierre - auguste renoir ( 1841 - 1919 ), edgar degas ( 1834 - 1917 ), paul cezanne ( 1839 - 1906 ), and berthe morisot ( 1841 - 95 ) ] and both figurative paintings and portraits [ edouard manet ( 1832 - 83 ), john singer sargent ( 1856 - 1925 ) ]. other artists associated with impressionism include, james mcneil whistler ( 1834 - 1903 ) and walter sickert ( 1860 - 1942 ). impressionists sought to faithfully reproduce fleeting moments outdoors. thus if an object appeared dark purple - due perhaps to failing or reflected light - then the artist painted it purple. naturalist \" academic - style \" colour schemes, being devised in theory or at least in the studio, did not allow for this. as a result impressionism offered a whole new pictorial language - one that paved the way for more revolutionary art movements like cubism - and is often regarded by historians and critics as the first modern school of painting. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4621003047020329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.596894"} {"text": ", did not allow for this. as a result impressionism offered a whole new pictorial language - one that paved the way for more revolutionary art movements like cubism - and is often regarded by historians and critics as the first modern school of painting. in any event, the style had a massive impact on parisian and world art, and was the gateway to a series of colour - related movements, including post - impressionism, neo - impressionism, pointillism, divisionism, fauvism, intimism, the american luminism or tonalism, as well as american impressionism, the newlyn school and camden town group, the french les nabis and the general expressionist movement. essentially an umbrella term encompassing a number of developments and reactions to impressionism, post - impressionism involved artists who employed impressionist - type colour schemes, but were dissatisfied with the limitations imposed by merely reproducing nature. neo - impressionism with its technique of pointillism ( an offshoot of divisionism ) was pioneered by georges seurat and paul signac ( 1863 - 1935 ), while major post - impressionists include paul gauguin, vincent van gogh and paul cezanne. inspired by gauguin ' s synthetism and bernard ' s cloisonnism, the post - impressionist group les nabis promoted a wider form of decorative art ; another style, known as intimisme, concerned itself with genre scenes of domestic, intimate interiors. exemplified by the work of pierre bonnard ( 1867 - 1947 ) and edouard vuillard ( 1868 - 1940 ), it parallels other tranquil interiors such as those by james mcneil whistler, and the dutch realist - influenced peter vilhelm ilsted ( 1861 - 1933 ). another very important movement - anti - impressionist rather than post - impressionist - was symbolism ( flourished 1885 - 1900 ), which went on to influence fauvism, expressionism and surrealism. for more about art politics in france, see : the paris salon. the term \" fauves \" ( wild beasts ) was first used by the art critic louis vauxcelles at the 1905 salon d ' automne exhibition in paris when describing the vividly coloured paintings of henri matisse ( 1869 - 1954 ), andre derain ( 1880 - 1954 ), and maurice de vlaminck ( 1876 - 1958 ). other fauvists included the later cubist georges braque ( 1882 - 1963 ), raoul dufy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49713768286438187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.597761"} {"text": "( 1869 - 1954 ), andre derain ( 1880 - 1954 ), and maurice de vlaminck ( 1876 - 1958 ). other fauvists included the later cubist georges braque ( 1882 - 1963 ), raoul dufy ( 1877 - 1953 ), albert marquet ( 1875 - 1947 ) and georges rouault ( 1871 - 1958 ). most followers of fauvism moved on to expressionism or other movements associated with the ecole de paris. sculptural traditions, although never independent from those of painting, are concerned primarily with space and volume, while issues of scale and function also act as distinguishing factors. thus on the whole, sculpture was slower to reflect the new trends of modern art during the 19th century, leaving sculptors like auguste rodin ( 1840 - 1917 ) free to pursue a monumentalism derived essentially from neoclassicism if not renaissance ideology. the public dimension of sculpture also lent itself to the celebration of victorian values and historical figures, which were likewise executed in the grand manner of earlier times. thus it wasn ' t until the emergence of artists like constantin brancusi ( 1876 - 1957 ) and umberto boccioni ( 1882 - 1916 ) that sculpture really began to change, at the turn of the century. expressionism is a general style of painting that aims to express a personal interpretation of a scene or object, rather than depict its true - life features, it is often characterized by energetic brushwork, impastoed paint, intense colours and bold lines. early expressionists included, vincent van gogh ( 1853 - 90 ), edvard munch ( 1863 - 1944 ) and wassily kandinsky ( 1866 - 1944 ). a number of german expressionist schools sprang up during the first three decades of the 20th century. these included : die brucke ( 1905 - 11 ), a group based in dresden in 1905, which mixed elements of traditional german art with post - impressionist and fauvist styles, exemplified in works by ernst ludwig kirchner, karl schmidt - rottluff, erik heckel, and emil nolde ; der blaue reiter ( 1911 - 14 ), a loose association of artists based in munich, including wassily kandinsky, franz marc, august macke, and paul klee ; die neue sachlichkeit ( 1920s ) a post - war satirical - realist group whose members included otto dix, george grosz, christian schad and to a lesser extent max beckmann. expressionism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46483576339938015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.598677"} {"text": "and paul klee ; die neue sachlichkeit ( 1920s ) a post - war satirical - realist group whose members included otto dix, george grosz, christian schad and to a lesser extent max beckmann. expressionism duly spread worldwide, spawning numerous derivations in both figurative painting ( eg. francis bacon ) and abstract art ( eg. mark rothko ). see also : history of expressionist painting ( c. 1880 - 1930 ). art nouveau ( late 19th century - early 20th century ) art nouveau ( known as jugendstil in germany, sezessionstil in the vienna secession, stile liberty in italy, and modernista in spain ) derived from william morris and the arts and crafts movement in britain, and was also influenced by both the celtic revival arts movement and japanonisme. it ' s popularity stemmed from the 1900 exposition universelle in paris, from where it spread across europe and the united states. it was noted for its intricate flowing patterns of sinuous asymetrical lines, based on plant - forms ( dating back to the celtic hallstatt and la tene cultures ), as well as female silhouettes and forms. art nouveau had a major influence on poster art, design and illustration, interior design, metalwork, glassware, jewellery, as well as painting and sculpture. leading exponents included : alphonse mucha ( 1860 - 1939 ), aubrey beardsley ( 1872 - 98 ), eugene grasset ( 1845 - 1917 ) and albert guillaume ( 1873 - 1942 ). see also : history of poster art. the bauhaus school ( germany, 1919 - 1933 ) derived from the two german words \" bau \" for building and \" haus \" for house, the bauhaus school of art and design was founded in 1919 by the architect walter gropius. enormously influential in both architecture and design - and their teaching methods - its instructors included such artists as josef albers, lyonel feininger, paul klee, wassily kandinsky, oskar schlemmer, laszlo moholy - nagy, anni albers and johannes itten. its mission was to bring art into contact with everyday life, thus the design of everyday objects was given the same importance as fine art. important bauhaus precepts included the virtue of simple, clean design, massproduction and the practical advantages of a well - designed home and workplace. the bauhaus was eventually closed by the nazis in 1933", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.479578497587063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.600777"} {"text": "same importance as fine art. important bauhaus precepts included the virtue of simple, clean design, massproduction and the practical advantages of a well - designed home and workplace. the bauhaus was eventually closed by the nazis in 1933, whereupon several of its teachers emigrated to america : laszlo moholy - nagy settled in chicago where he founded the new bauhaus in 1937, while albers went to black mountain college in north carolina. art deco ( 1920s, 1930s ) the design style known as art deco was showcased in 1925 at the international exhibition of modern decorative and industrial arts in paris and became a highly popular style of decorative art, design and architecture during the inter - war years ( much employed by cinema and hotel architects ). its influence was also seen in the design of furniture, textile fabrics, pottery, jewellery, and glass. a reaction against art nouveau, the new idiom of art deco eliminated the latter ' s flowing curvilinear forms and replaced them with cubist and precisionist - inspired geometric shapes. famous examples of art deco architecture include the empire state building and the new york chrysler building. art deco was also influenced by the simple architectural designs of the bauhaus. invented by pablo picasso ( 1881 - 1973 ) and georges braque ( 1882 - 1963 ) and considered to be \" the \" revolutionary movement of modern art, cubism was a more intellectual style of painting that explored the full potential of the two - dimensional picture plane by offering different views of the same object, typically arranged in a series of overlapping fragments : rather like a photographer might take several photos of an object from different angles, before cutting them up with scissors and rearranging them in haphazard fashion on a flat surface. this \" analytical cubism \" ( which originated with picasso ' s \" les demoiselles d ' avignon \" ) quickly gave way to \" synthetic cubism \", when artists began to include \" found objects \" in their canvases, such as collages made from newspaper cuttings. cubist painters included : juan gris ( 1887 - 1927 ), fernand leger ( 1881 - 1955 ), robert delaunay ( 1885 - 1941 ), albert gleizes ( 1881 - 1953 ), roger de la fresnaye ( 1885 - 1925 ), jean metzinger ( 1883 - 1956 ), and francis picabia ( 1879 - 1953 ), the avant - garde artist marcel duchamp ( 1887 - 1968 ), and the sculptors jacques lipchitz ( 1891 - 1973", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48802050389012475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.601968"} {"text": "1885 - 1925 ), jean metzinger ( 1883 - 1956 ), and francis picabia ( 1879 - 1953 ), the avant - garde artist marcel duchamp ( 1887 - 1968 ), and the sculptors jacques lipchitz ( 1891 - 1973 ), and alexander archipenko ( 1887 - 1964 ). ( see also russian art. ) short - lived but highly influential, cubism instigated a whole new style of abstract art and had a significant impact the development of later styles such as : orphism ( 1910 - 13 ), collage ( 1912 onwards ), purism ( 1920s ), precisionism ( 1920s, 1930s ), futurism ( 1909 - 1914 ), rayonism ( c. 1912 - 14 ), suprematism ( 1913 - 1918 ), constructivism ( c. 1919 - 32 ), vorticism ( c. 1914 - 15 ) the de stijl ( 1917 - 31 ) design movement and the austere geometrical style of concrete art known as neo - plasticism. largely rooted in the anti - art traditions of the dada movement ( 1916 - 24 ), as well as the psychoanalytical ideas of sigmund freud and carl jung, surrealism was the most influential art style of the inter - war years. according to its chief theorist, andre breton, it sought to combine the unconscious with the conscious, in order to create a new \" super - reality \" - a \" surrealisme \". the movement spanned a huge range of styles, from abstraction to true - life realism, typically punctuated with \" unreal \" imagery. important surrealists included salvador dali ( 1904 - 89 ), max ernst ( 1891 - 1976 ), rene magritte ( 1898 - 1967 ), andre masson ( 1896 - 1987 ), yves tanguy ( 1900 - 55 ), joan miro ( 1893 - 1983 ), giorgio de chirico ( 1888 - 1978 ), jean arp ( 1886 - 1966 ), and man ray ( 1890 - 1976 ). the movement had a major impact across europe during the 1930s, was the major precursor to conceptualism, and continues to find adherents in fine art, literature and cinematography. american painting during the period 1900 - 45 was realist in style and became increasingly focused on strictly american imagery. this was the result of the reaction against the armory show ( 1913 ) and european hypermodernism, as well as a response to changing social conditions across the country. later it became a patriotic response to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.527937422905246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.603039"} {"text": "and became increasingly focused on strictly american imagery. this was the result of the reaction against the armory show ( 1913 ) and european hypermodernism, as well as a response to changing social conditions across the country. later it became a patriotic response to the great depression of the 1930s. see also the huge advances in skyscraper architecture of the early 20th century. for more, see : american architecture ( 1600 - present ). specific painting movements included the ashcan school ( c. 1900 - 1915 ) ; precisionism ( 1920s ) which celebrated the new american industrial landscape ; the more socially aware urban style of social realism ( 1930s ) ; american scene painting ( c. 1925 - 45 ) which embraced the work of edward hopper and charles burchfield, as well as midwestern regionalism ( 1930s ) championed by grant wood, thomas hart benton and john steuart curry. the first international modern art movement to come out of america ( it is sometimes referred to as the new york school - see also american art ), it was a predominantly abstract style of painting which followed an expressionist colour - driven direction, rather than a cubist idiom, although it also includes a number of other styles, making it more of a general movement. four variants stand out in abstract expressionism : first, the \" automatic \" style of \" action painting \" invented by jackson pollock ( 1912 - 56 ) and his wife lee krasner ( 19081984 ). second, the monumental planes of colour created by mark rothko ( 1903 - 70 ), barnett newman ( 1905 - 70 ) and clyfford still ( 1904 - 80 ) - a style known as colour field painting. third, the gestural figurative works by willem de kooning ( 19041997 ). four, the geometric \" homage to the square \" geometric abstracts of josef albers ( 1888 - 1976 ). highly influential, abstract expressionist painting continued to influence later artists for over two decades. it was introduced to paris during the 1950s by jean - paul riopelle ( 1923 - 2002 ), assisted by michel tapie ' s book, un art autre ( 1952 ). at the same time, a number of new sub - movements emerged in america, such as hard - edge painting, exemplified by frank stella. in the late 1950s / early 1960s, a purely abstract form of colour field painting appeared in works by helen frankenthaler and others, while in 1964, the famous art critic clement greenberg helped to introduce a further stylistic development known as \" post - painter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49573148612614426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.603963"} {"text": "the late 1950s / early 1960s, a purely abstract form of colour field painting appeared in works by helen frankenthaler and others, while in 1964, the famous art critic clement greenberg helped to introduce a further stylistic development known as \" post - painterly abstraction \". abstract expressionism went on to influence a variety of different schools, including op art, fluxus, pop art, minimalism, neo - expressionism, and others. the bridge between modern art and postmodernism, pop art employed popular imagery and modern forms of graphic art, to create a lively, high - impact idiom, which could be understood and appreciated by joe public. it appeared simultaneously in america and britain, during the late 1950s, while a european form ( nouveau realisme ) emerged in 1960. pioneered in america by robert rauschenberg ( 1925 - 2008 ) and jasper johns ( b. 1930 ), pop had close links with early 20th century movements like surrealism. it was a clear reaction against the closed intellectualism of abstract expressionism, from which pop artists sought to distance themselves by adopting simple, easily recognized imagery ( from tv, cartoons, comic strips and the like ), as well as modern technology like screen printing. famous us pop artists include : jim dine ( b. 1935 ), robert indiana ( b. 1928 ), alex katz ( b. 1927 ), roy lichtenstein ( 1923 - 97 ), claes oldenburg ( b. 1929 ), and andy warhol ( 1928 - 87 ). important pop artists in britain were : peter blake ( b. 1932 ), patrick caulfield ( 1936 - 2006 ), richard hamilton ( b. 1922 ), david hockney ( b. 1937 ), allen jones ( b. 1937 ), rb kitaj ( b. 1932 ), and eduardo paolozzi ( 1924 - 2005 ). from the early works of brancusi, 20th century sculpture broadened immeasurably to encompass new forms, styles and materials. major innovations included the \" sculptured walls \" of louise nevelson ( 1899 - 1988 ), the existential forms of giacometti ( 1901 - 66 ), the biomorphic abstraction of both barbara hepworth ( 1903 - 75 ) and henry moore ( 1898 - 1986 ), and the spiders of louise bourgeois ( 1911 - 2010 ). other creative angles were pursued by salvador dali ( 1904 - 89 ) in his surrealist \" mae west lips sofa \" and \" lobster telephone \" - by meret oppenheim ( 1913", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4828064251006006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.607067"} {"text": ", and the spiders of louise bourgeois ( 1911 - 2010 ). other creative angles were pursued by salvador dali ( 1904 - 89 ) in his surrealist \" mae west lips sofa \" and \" lobster telephone \" - by meret oppenheim ( 1913 - 85 ) in her \" furry breakfast \", by fe mcwilliam ( 1909 - 1992 ) in his \" eyes, nose and cheek \", by sol lewitt ( b. 1928 ) in his skeletal box - like constructions, and by pop - artists like claes oldenburg ( b. 1929 ) and jasper johns ( b. 1930 ), as well as by the italians jonathan de pas ( 1932 - 91 ), donato d ' urbino ( b. 1935 ) and paolo lomazzi ( b. 1936 ) in their unique \" joe sofa \". for more about the history of painting, sculpture, architecture and crafts during this period, see : modern art movements. history of contemporary art the word \" postmodernist \" is often used to describe contemporary art since about 1970. in simple terms, postmodernist art emphasizes style over substance ( eg. not ' what ' but ' how ' ; not ' art for art ' s sake ', but ' style for stye ' s sake ' ), and stresses the importance of how the artist comunicates with his / her audience. this is exemplified by movements such as conceptual art, where the idea being communicated is seen as more important than the artwork itself, which merely acts as the vehicle for the message. in addition, in order to increase the \" impact \" of visual art on spectators, postmodernists have turned to new art forms such as assemblage, installation, video, performance, happenings and graffiti - all of which are associated in some way or other with conceptualism - and this idea of impact continues to inspire. painters since the 1970s have experimented with numerous styles across the spectrum from pure abstraction to figuration. these include : minimalism, a purist form of abstraction which did little to promote painting as an attractive medium ; neo - expressionism, which encompassed groups like the \" ugly realists \", the \" neue wilden \", \" figuration libre \", \" transavanguardia \", the \" new image painters \" and the so - called \" bad painters \", signalled a return to depicting recognizable objects, like the human body ( albeit often in a quasi - abstract style ), using rough brushwork, vivid colours and colour harmonies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5016595027859329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.608124"} {"text": "the \" new image painters \" and the so - called \" bad painters \", signalled a return to depicting recognizable objects, like the human body ( albeit often in a quasi - abstract style ), using rough brushwork, vivid colours and colour harmonies ; and the wholly figurative styles adopted by groups such as \" new subjectivity \" and the \" london school \". at the other extreme from minimalism is the ultra - representational art form of photorealism ( superrealism, hyperrealism ). conspicuous among this rather bewildering range of activity are figure painters like francis bacon, the great lucien freud ( b. 1922 ), the innovative fernando botero ( b. 1932 ), the precise david hockney ( b. 1937 ), the photorealists chuck close ( b. 1940 ) and richard estes ( b. 1936 ), and the contemporary jenny saville ( b. 1970 ). see also : contemporary british painting ( 1960 - 2000 ). sculpture since 1970 has appeared in a variety of guises, including : the large scale metal works of mark di suvero ( b. 1933 ), the minimalist sculptures of walter de maria ( b. 1935 ), the monumental public forms of richard serra ( b. 1939 ), the hyper - realist nudes of john de andrea ( b. 1941 ), the environmental structures of anthony gormley ( b. 1950 ), the site - specific figures of rowan gillespie ( b. 1953 ), the stainless steel works of anish kapoor ( b. 1954 ), the high - impact neo - pop works of jeff koons ( b. 1955 ), and the extraordinary 21st century works by sudobh gupta ( b. 1964 ) and damian ortega ( b. 1967 ). in addition, arresting public sculpture includes the \" chicago picasso \" - a series of metal figures produced for the chicago civic centre and the architectural \" spire of dublin \" ( the ' spike ' ), created by ian ritchie ( b. 1947 ), among many others. the pluralistic \" anything goes \" view of contemporary art ( which critics might characterize as exemplifying the fable of the \" emperor ' s new clothes \" ), is aptly illustrated in the works of damien hirst, a leading member of the young british artists school. renowned for \" the physical impossibility of death in the mind of someone living \", a dead tiger shark pickled in formaldehyde, and lately for his diamond encrusted skull \" for the love of god \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47711475012463955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.609303"} {"text": "british artists school. renowned for \" the physical impossibility of death in the mind of someone living \", a dead tiger shark pickled in formaldehyde, and lately for his diamond encrusted skull \" for the love of god \", hirst has managed to stimulate audiences and horrify critics around the world. and while he is unlikely ever to inherit the mantle of michelangelo, his achievement of sales worth $ 100 million in a single sotheby ' s auction ( 2008 ) is positively eye - popping. on a more sobering note, in march 2009 the prestigious georges pompidou centre of contemporary art in paris staged an exhibition entitled \" the specialisation of sensibility in the raw material state into stabilised pictorial sensibility \". this avant - garde event consisted of 9 completely empty rooms - in effect, a reincarnation of john cage ' s completely silent piece of \" musical \" conceptual art entitled \" 4. 33 \". if one of the great contemporary art venues like the pompidou centre regards nine completely empty spaces as a worthy art event, we are all in deep trouble. for more about the history of postmodernist painting, sculpture, and avant - garde art forms, see : contemporary art movements. one might say that 19th century architecture aimed to beautify the new wave of civic structures, like railway stations, museums, government buildings and other public utilities. it did this by taking ideas from neo - classicism, neo - gothic, french second empire and exoticism, as well as the new forms and materials of so - called \" industrial architecture \", as exemplified in factories along with occasional landmark structures like the eiffel tower. in comparison, 20th century architecture has been characterized by vertical development ( skyscrapers ), flagship buildings, and post - war reconstruction. more than any other era, its design has been dominated by the invention of new materials and building methods. it began with the exploitation of late 19th century innovations developed by the chicago school of architecture, such as the structural steel frame, in a style known as early modernism. in america, architects started incorporating art nouveau and art deco design styles into their work, while in germany and russia totalitarian architecture pursued a separate agenda during the 1930s. famous architects of the first part of the century included : louis sullivan ( 1856 - 1924 ), frank lloyd wright ( 1867 - 1959 ), victor horta ( 1861 - 1947 ), antoni gaudi ( 1852 - 1926 ), peter behrens ( 1868 - 1940 ), walter gr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047794381492198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.610362"} {"text": "included : louis sullivan ( 1856 - 1924 ), frank lloyd wright ( 1867 - 1959 ), victor horta ( 1861 - 1947 ), antoni gaudi ( 1852 - 1926 ), peter behrens ( 1868 - 1940 ), walter gropius ( 1883 - 1969 ) and le corbusier ( 1887 - 1965 ). after 1945, architects turned away from functionalism and began creating new forms facilitated by reinforced concrete, steel and glass. thus late modernism gave way to brutalism, corporate modernism and high tech architecture, culminating in structures like the georges pompidou centre in paris, and the iconic sydney opera house - one of the first buildings to use industrial strength araldite to glue together the precast structural elements. since 1970, postmodernist architecture has taken several different approaches. some designers have stripped buildings of all ornamentation to create a minimalist style ; others have used ideas of deconstructivism to move away from traditional rectilinear shapes ; while yet others have employed digital modeling software to create totally new organic shapes in a process called blobitecture. famous post - war architects include : miers van der rohe ( 1886 - 1969 ), louis kahn ( 1901 - 74 ), jorn utzon ; eero saarinen ( 1910 - 61 ), kenzo tange ( 1913 - 2005 ), im pei ( b. 1917 ), norman foster ( b. 1935 ), richard rogers, james stirling ( 1926 - 92 ), aldo rossi ( 1931 - 97 ), frank o. gehry ( b. 1929 ), rem koolhaas ( b. 1944 ), and daniel libeskind ( b. 1946 ). famous architectural groups or firms, include : skidmore, owings & merrill ( est 1936 ) ; venturi & scott - brown ( est 1925 ) ; the new york five - peter eisenman, michael graves, charles gwathmey, john hejduk, richard meier ; and herzog & de meuron ( est 1950 ). for our main index, see : art encyclopedia. encyclopedia of art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5092702196309853, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.611257"} {"text": "thanksgiving dinner ' s carbon footprint as if you need another reason to feel guilty about chowing down on thanksgiving the center for food safety wants americans to lay off food produced by \" industrial agriculture \" for the sake of the planet, if not their health. ( chicago tribune / bob fila ) leave it to the brits to rain on our traditions. but it was brought to my attention by the washington - based center for food safety, which wants americans to lay off food produced by \" industrial agriculture \" for the sake of the planet, if not their health. \" choosing the type of food we eat - organic versus conventional meats and veggies, makes a great difference in greenhouse gas emissions, ' ' says debi barker, the center ' s international director. about 14 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions are connected to industrial agriculture methods, she contends, with much of those related to the use of chemical fertilizer on crops. by one estimate, half of all methane emissions - another powerful greenhouse gas - come from concentrated animal feeding operations, she adds. \" our take on that is to empower ourselves, \" barker says. \" if you ' re buying organic, you ' re really taking a bite out of climate. \" not everyone agrees that organic is the best lifestyle response to concerns about climate change. mike tidwell, head of the chesapeake climate action network in takoma park, says the research shows that the best way to shrink one ' s carbon footprint in what you eat is to simply consume less meat. raising beef generates the most greenhouse gases by far, but farm - raised fish and fowl, including turkey, are \" still high - impact, \" tidwell says. \" while i respect the idea of being a locavore and getting all your meats organically and locally, \" he says, \" the studies are emerging that whether the meat is grown locally or far away, it still requires a lot of resources, including carbon resources.... if you really want to have a low - impact diet in terms of change, then you just have to eat a lot less. \" with a singular exception, tidwell practices what he preaches. though raised in the south and a professed lover of barbecue, he says he ' s gone vegetarian the past 10 years out of concern for the climate. so what ' s tidwell eating for thanksgiving? \" you caught me, with my one exception, \" he answers. turkey with cornbread stuffing and all the rest. \" we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42223521616251325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.616642"} {"text": "gone vegetarian the past 10 years out of concern for the climate. so what ' s tidwell eating for thanksgiving? \" you caught me, with my one exception, \" he answers. turkey with cornbread stuffing and all the rest. \" we ' re eating at my wife ' s sister ' s house ( in easton ), ' ' he explains. \" i ' m not in control of it. \" not that he ' s apologetic, either. \" one day a year i wake up in the morning, and i consciously decide to eat meat, and that ' s thanksgiving day. so.. i eat turkey, and i do not get cheated. i enjoy it. but the rest of the year i ' m a vegetarian. \" if you could care less about climate change, there are other reasons to ponder the environmental footprint of your turkey treat. for instance, it ' ll take at least 915, 200 barrels of oil to produce and ship all the turkeys americans eat, according to the center for food safety. moreover, there ' s the matter of all the nitrogen and nitrous oxide released into the environment by raising ( and eating ) fowl - nothing to cluck about here in maryland, where the chesapeake bay is choking on all the uncontrolled nitrogen produced by our driving, our obsession with green lawns and our seemingly insatiable craving for cheap poultry. but don ' t let that spoil your appetite. on this one day, even the greenest of activists seems to relent a bit. if they ' re okay with it, why not you? so compost your table scraps if it makes you feel better, pardon a turkey for another meal and skip the heaping side dish of guilt this time. have a happy ( if none too green ) thanksgiving!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4031486314379595, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.617259"} {"text": "login to read world pork production is back on track to set new records for its annual volume after a period of pauses in growth. on figures from the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) of the united nations, the quantity of pork produced globally reached around 106. 5 million metric tons in 2009 and seems likely to total between 108. 5 - 109 million tons this year. see in our accompanying figure 1 how these estimates and forecasts fit with the pattern seen since 1990. the peak output in any year had been 103. 5 million tons in 2005, before the new high recorded in 2009. but see also figure 2, extracted from a bulletin by the foreign agricultural service of the united states department of agriculture ( usda ). it confirms the contrasting trends that are being observed between annual production in china, as the world \u2019 s largest single pork - producing country, and all other producers globally. our data analysis last year had blamed the turmoil then occurring in world economies as complicating any attempt to forecast the outlook for meat. to prove the point since then, even the estimates of recent production have needed to be revised. we already knew that global output in 2006 and 2007 had been over - estimated. it now seems that a total of 280 million metric tons of all meats was produced worldwide in 2008 and that this increased slightly in 2009, to about 281. 5 million tons. this would mean pork accounted for 37. 8 % of last year \u2019 s all - meats total ( up from almost 37. 3 % the year before ), compared with 32. 6 % for poultry meat ( down marginally from 32. 8 % ) and 22. 8 % for beef / ruminant ( down from a previous 23. 2 % ). in 2007, on fao data, approximately 36 % of world meat output had been in the form of pork, compared with nearly 33 % for poultry and nearly 24 % for beef. the pattern of production country by country for the 20 largest national producers of pork is shown in table 1, taken from our database. as usual, it compares the position of each country on the lists for 2009 and 2000. worth noting, however, are the positional changes that have occurred since the 2008 list. russia moves up because of its expanded output, for example, while denmark and italy swap places and korea has moved to a lower position. after the cost difficulties presented to producers everywhere by the record - high feed grain prices of 2007, the question for pork since 2008 has been whether the demand for the meat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4548441357108063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.626160"} {"text": "example, while denmark and italy swap places and korea has moved to a lower position. after the cost difficulties presented to producers everywhere by the record - high feed grain prices of 2007, the question for pork since 2008 has been whether the demand for the meat from consumers would be affected severely by the widespread economic crisis and by the mis - naming of a variant h1n1 influenza virus, suggesting that it was transmitted by pigs. in particular, any significant alteration in sales would be reflected in the trade between countries. table 1 - - - recently updated on the strength of new fao figures - - - could give part of the answer, where it suggests that imports / exports of pork did indeed slow last year. however, it also spotlights swings in output for the various world regions. table 2 : changes in regional production and trade the asia - pacific area is shown to have produced 6 % more pork in 2009 than in 2008. europe recorded virtually a standstill year by producing only 0. 7 % less than previously. in north america there was also a reduction, but of 1. 4 % - - - the same rate of cutback recorded for africa. but latin america \u2019 s production was down by almost 9. 1 %. although exports of pork apparently fell back in 2009, a graph compiled by the food and agriculture research institute ( fapri ) in the us ( figure 3 ) makes clear that this was a correction in line with longer - term trends. fapri \u2019 s graph also advises that a more normal pattern of world trade will return this year while the volume of pork produced globally continues to rise. figure 4 has been extracted from the same source as a reminder of who are the major exporters of the meat. on this analysis, therefore, the european union has exported more pork in the past five years than any other country or trading bloc. a view from within the european union has been given by a european commission document in which recent changes to the size of the eu - 27 pig sector were described as a continuation of structural adjustments at an accelerated pace. producers had relatively low feed costs last year, it added, but the average price at \u20ac1. 41 ( us $ 1. 74 ) per kilogram carcase weight was 1. 2 euros less than in 2008. prices struggled to be stronger because of an upset in trade flows in and out of the union, it said. exporting pork became more difficult not only due to a removal of export refunds that had helped sales rise by 34 % in 2008, but also because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48529097690062595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.628646"} {"text": "to be stronger because of an upset in trade flows in and out of the union, it said. exporting pork became more difficult not only due to a removal of export refunds that had helped sales rise by 34 % in 2008, but also because of currency devaluations in several countries including russia, and enhanced competition from north america in trying to sell to japan. the overall result was a 19 % reduction for eu exports to non - member countries in 2009. this contraction especially concerned shipments to japan ( lower by 21 % ), to korea ( down by 18 % ) and to hong kong ( reduced by 11 % ). according to fapri, the outlook is for the european union to lose market share in the pork export business in the coming years. the institute said a period of decline is in prospect for europe \u2019 s export sales, commenting that \u201c the long - term competitiveness of the eu is not very promising, given its strict animal welfare and environmental regulations \u201d. the suggested winners in terms of export market share are named as brazil and the usa. it projects, by the year 2019, a gain of 13. 2 percentage points for the us share and of 4. 4 points for percentage held by brazil. however, canada \u2019 s share is seen as decreasing by 6. 4 percentage points. new employee will develop, manage marketing of foodservice equipment, products willardsen to be replaced by president of cargill salt growth can be achieved during times of weak consumer demand the study analyzes the costs and benefits of surgical castration alternatives through the whole eu pig meat chain. the industry and the food supply chain need to educate consumers on the welfare standards already in place. - - - thank you for your patience - - - - if you have any issues logging in or any other need feel free to contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42812485742839573, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.629625"} {"text": "interface with computers using gestures of the human body, typically hand movements. in gesture recognition technology, a camera reads the movements of the human body and communicates the data to a computer that uses the gestures as input to control devices or applications. for example, a person clapping his hands together in front of a camera can produce the sound of cymbals being crashed together when the gesture is fed through a computer. one way gesture recognition is being used is to help the physically impaired to interact with computers, such as interpreting sign language. the technology also has the potential to change the way users interact with computers by eliminating input devices such as joysticks, mice and keyboards and allowing the unencumbered body to give signals to the computer through gestures such as finger pointing. unlike haptic interfaces, gesture recognition does not require the user to wear any special equipment or attach any devices to the body. the gestures of the body are read by a camera instead of sensors attached to a device such as a data glove. in addition to hand and body movement, gesture recognition technology also can be used to read facial and speech expressions ( i. e., lip reading ), and eye movements. featured partners sponsored - increase worker productivity, enhance data security, and enjoy greater energy savings. find out how. download the \u201c ultimate desktop simplicity kit \u201d now. \u00bb - find out which 10 hardware additions will help you maintain excellent service and outstanding security for you and your customers. \u00bb - server virtualization is growing in popularity, but the technology for securing it lags. to protect your virtual network. \u00bb - before you implement a private cloud, find out what you need to know about automated delivery, virtual sprawl, and more. \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5329489536900918, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.632106"} {"text": "quintana roo, officially free and sovereign state of quintana roo, is one of the 31 states which, with the federal district, comprise the 32 federal entities of mexico. it is divided in 10 municipalities and its capital city is chetumal. it is located in southeastern mexico, on the eastern part of the yucatan peninsula. it is bordered by the states of yucatan to the northwest and campeche to the west. to the north, quintana roo borders the gulf of mexico and to the south, belize. it also claims territory which gives it a small border with guatemala in the southwest of the state, although this disputed area is also claimed by campeche. quintana roo is home of the world famous city of cancun, the islands of cozumel and isla mujeres, the towns of bacalar, playa del carmen and akumal, as well as the ancient maya ruins of chacchoben, coba, kohunlich, muyil, tulum, xel - ha, and xcaret. the sian ka ' an biosphere reserve is also in the state. the state officially covers an area of, but since 1997 there is a boundary dispute with the states of yucatan and campeche over an area of approximately. the statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers. many immigrants come from yucatan, campeche, tabasco, and veracruz. the state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location, the most recent and severe being hurricane dean in 2007, making landfall with sustained winds of 280 km / h ( 175 mph ), with gusts up to 320 km / h ( 200 mph ). the area that makes up modern quintana roo was long part of yucatan, sharing its history. with the caste war of yucatan starting in the 1840s, all non - natives were driven from the region and the independent maya nation of chan santa cruz was centered on what is now the town of felipe carrillo puerto. quintana roo was made a territory of mexico by decree of president porfirio diaz on november 24, 1902. it was named after an early patriot of the mexican republic, andres quintana roo. the mexican army succeeded in defeating most of the maya population of the region during the 1910s, and in 1915 the area was again declared to be legally part of the state of yucatan. quintana roo was granted statehood within the united mexican", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4150267767930606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.635934"} {"text": "presentation a \u2013 \u201c the activity badge game \u201d ( for use with cub scouts & parents ) presentation a \u2013 \u201c the activity badge game \u201d ( for use with : cub scouts & parents ) for this presentation you will need three clipboards, paper, pens and / or markers as well as a timer. the unit friends of scouting coordinator, or another adult leader in the unit, should make a brief introduction and then turn the podium or microphone over to the presenter. good morning / afternoon / evening, my name is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. i am a volunteer with the local boy scout program, just like the leaders are here in your pack / troop / crew. i am here this evening to talk briefly to the parents here about friends of scouting, your opportunity to invest in the future of scouting in our community. now before we get started i am going to need some help from the leaders and parents here, what i am going to need is three teams. ( select teams \u2013 quickly! ) i am going to ask a question and you will be given a set amount of time to list as many answers to that question as possible, each correct answer will equal one point, the team with the most points will win the round. the team with the most winning rounds will be the champions. question # 1 : badges and recognition pins have been part of the scouting program from its earliest days. in webelos scouts can earn activity badges ( pins ) \u2013 name as many of those badges as possible. question # 2 : in boy scouts, scouts can earn merit badges \u2013 name as many of those as possible. question # 3 : list as many outings as you can remember where your scout earned some kind of badge or recognition. ( after each question, ask them to read their lists, add up points each round has a winner, after three rounds clap for the winning team and then ask them to sit. ) you listed activity badges and merit badges such as : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. earning those badges are a lot of fun aren \u2019 t they? now i \u2019 d like the scouts to cover your ears. ( in sort of a forced whisper ) but not only are they fun, but the badges also teach them things. we teach them to obey their parents, their teachers and the rules. we teach them to play nice with others especially with brothers and sisters. we teach them that their family is important and that they are important to their family. we teach them that homework", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48734444496903506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.647967"} {"text": "we teach them to obey their parents, their teachers and the rules. we teach them to play nice with others especially with brothers and sisters. we teach them that their family is important and that they are important to their family. we teach them that homework can be fun and bring them rewards. okay you can uncover your ears. see what they want to know is that scouting is fun, we want you to know that scouting is important. scouting is not something they do, it \u2019 s something they are. scouting makes for stronger families, better communities, and more successful lives. scouting teaches life skills. and while life skills isn \u2019 t one of the 127 merit badges currently offered by the boy scouts of america, but life skills are what young people take away from earning any scout badge! but don \u2019 t just take my word for it. let me show you what time magazine discovered in a survey they did. the folks at time magazine talked with thousands of scouts and this is what they discovered : for every 100 boys who join scouting : - 1 will save a person \u2019 s life with the information he learned through scouting - 1 will save his own life with the information he learned through scouting - 2 will become medical professionals - 10 will have their first exposure to organized religion - 2 will become active leaders in their church or synagogue - 10 will discover a career or lifetime hobby from the merit badge program - 2 will join law enforcement - 1 will become a fire fighter - 4 will earn the eagle scout rank - 16 will return to scouting as adult volunteers as you can see from these statistics badges are more than just an important part of the uniform and insignia \u2013 each badge exists to encourage scouts to explore areas that interest them and to teach them valuable skills. many times, these experiences lead to careers and lifelong hobbies. this afternoon we are going to ask you to consider making a gift to help support scouting locally. in the westmoreland fayette council we spend about $ 125 per scout, above and beyond registration fees, camp fees and event registration fees, to just to maintain the current program. we want to do more for your children. we want to offer the best scouting experience possible, offering them the chance to earn as many badges as possible. the westmoreland fayette council helps to provide training, professional program support, operates three camps : tenacharison, camp conestoga and camp buck run, provides camporees, activities, operates a store where you can purchase supplies and much more. once a year we ask that you make a pledge of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43912126667032336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.649524"} {"text": "support, operates three camps : tenacharison, camp conestoga and camp buck run, provides camporees, activities, operates a store where you can purchase supplies and much more. once a year we ask that you make a pledge of financial support for the westmoreland fayette council so that we can continue to deliver and improve the quality activities, opportunities and personal growth that is today \u2019 s scouting. please pick up the brochure that is in front of you. just follow the directions by printing your name and address, enter the amount you would like to pledge for 2012 and sign the card. you can also chose when you would like to receive your pledge invoice, so there is no need to pay tonight. you can honor your pledge in the form of a check cash or credit card. it is just that easy. i realize that every family has their own unique financial resources and responsibilities. you do not have to participate in order for you child to enjoy all the benefits of scouting. but every dollar allows us to do more for every scout today and for scouts to come in the future. please take a few minutes to complete those forms now. as a way to say thank you for supporting the council everyone who pledges $ 125 or more will get this handsome badge to wear on their uniform ( hold up patch ). additionally, your unit will benefit from your pledge ( pull out unit poster ). if your unit raises _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ amount in pledges this evening, or has _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ number of families participant the council will provide free rank advancement to your unit for the next twelve months! ( if key volunteers from the unit made a donation at a kick - off or prior to the start of the meeting, color in the graphs. hold up the graph and show them how close they are ) ( give them a minute to complete pledge cards ) scouting is a proud program with over 100 years of success stories. since we have been talking about badges this afternoon i thought it would be good to mention that periodically we change the design, name, and availability of badges depending on their popularity, shifts in the focus of the program, and changes in society. therefore, even in this every changing world, scouting continues to maintain its relevance! at this time i would like you to pass the envelope that is laying at the end of each table around, feel free to place your pledge cards, any checks and even cash donations into that envelope \u2013 we will collect those and i will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41292266170900727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.651002"} {"text": "new rope bridges helping to save endangered golden langurs in india22 / 11 / 2012 23 : 19 : 46 connecting canopies - ropeways to save the endangered langurs - courtesy of the wildlife trust of of india november 2012 : as humans make an ever increasing indelible mark on the work, wildlife is constricted into smaller and small, and more and more fragmented habitats. in a few places, some allowance is now being made for the needs of wildlife when major obstacles are constructed. wildlife over and under passes are becoming more common on major roads, fish ladders have been around for many years, and ropeways, already in use in africa and australia, have now been installed in a small corner of india to allow endangered golden langurs to cross a large highway. golden langurs - endemic to the indo - bhutan region, have been using ropeways to safely cross a 500 - m stretch of road near chakrasila wildlife sanctuary ( wls ). the stretch of road had claimed numerous golden langurs in the last few years, but since the installation of the ropeways in january this 2012, no death due to accidents on the road has been reported. on the northern boundary of chakrasila, the 500 - m road separates the sanctuary from plantation forests used by the resident langurs as an extension of their habitat. the langurs were compelled to descend on to the ground and cross the road risking accidents, attacks by feral dogs or even poaching. \" golden langurs are essentially arboreal and are not agile on ground. what we know is that there were 10 cases of these magnificent animals killed in this stretch since 2005 as per our records. who knows how many cases went undetected, or how many other individuals lost to other causes due to this fragmentation, \" said dr bhaskar choudhury of the international fund for animal welfare - wildlife trust of india ( ifaw - wti ). as part of their greater manas conservation project, the bodoland authorities and ifaw - wti initiated a rapid action project ( rap ) in january this year to help save the langurs. ropeways of bamboo and ropes were created and strategically placed between canopies of trees in areas regularly used by the langurs to cross over. these ropeways were placed at a height of 60 m from the ground. \" initially, understandably the langurs hesitated to use these bridges. but now they appear to have been habituated and are frequently seen to use them, \" said dr panjit bas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4447608363114279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.657697"} {"text": "dinosaurs dying at the end of the cretaceous period. volcanism is thought to be one of the main causes of the dinosaurs dying out. click on image for full size courtesy of nsf k - t extinction ( why did the dinosaurs go extinct? ) why did the dinosaurs go extinct? no one knows for sure, but there are some explanations that seem to make sense. at the time the dinosaurs and lots of other species died out ( which is sometimes called the k - t extinction ), there were lots of active volcanos on earth. there were also some large asteroids or comets that struck the earth around then. together, volcanos and asteroid impacts may have thrown dust into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and making it very hard for the dinosaurs to survive. other things might have helped cause the dinosaurs \u2019 extinction. we know that the atmosphere and the oceans both went through large changes at the end of the cretaceous period, and the earth ' s climate probably changed a lot, too. scientists around the world are still doing research in order to test different theories and try to learn what made the dinosaurs go extinct. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist, full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science, as well as books on science education! you might also be interested in : being a scientist is fun. you get to do experiments and think of reasons why things might be happening a certain way. being a scientist is also hard work. after a scientist comes up with a reason why something... more for decades, scientists have known that an enormous space rock crashed into the ocean off the yucatan peninsula more than 65 million years ago, resulting in the the k - pg extinction. we know that more than... more many scientists have thought for years that the dinosaurs went extinct because an asteroid hit earth near mexico in a place called chicxulub and caused big changes in the earth \u2019 s climate. now, scientists... more the archean is the name of the age which began with the forming earth. this period of earth ' s history lasted a long time, 2. 8 billion years! that is more than half the expected age of the earth! and no... more we all know that today ocean waters are very salty. there aren ' t many sedimentary rocks older than 2. 5 billion years ( see geologic time ) that means that there must have been mostly igneous rocks at the... more this period of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4239622373389821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.660997"} {"text": "during the week of may 13th, the co2 level at the mauna loa observatory in hawaii topped 400 ppm repeatedly. daily levels of co2 can vary due to weather, and there are seasonal trends as well. the level of atmospheric greenhouse gases continues to increase, now over 120 ppm since the industrial revolution began. for more on the keeling curve, see http : / / keelingcurve. ucsd. edu /. find out more about greenhouse gases and warming. the week of may 19 brings dozens of tornadoes to tornado alley in the states of oklahoma, kansas, iowa, illinois and missouri. on may 20th, a massive tornado struck moore, oklahoma, devastating communities - destroying over 100 homes and hitting two elementary schools and a hospital - with many casualties and deaths. our thoughts are with our friends and colleagues suffering from these storms. for more on the may 20th storms, see the noaa storm prediction center storm report. did you know that individuals donit evolve, but populations do? did you know that the japanese god susanowo was the god of the sea and storms, and that he had a terrible temper? earth and space science concept of the day do you know what this word or phrase means? xdip - slip fault : dip - slip faults are inclined fractures where the blocks have mostly shifted vertically. if the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is termed normal, whereas if the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is termed reverse. tiny variations in the isotopic composition of silver in meteorites and earth rocks are helping scientists put together a timetable of how our planet was assembled, beginning 4. 568 billion years ago. results... read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5575383388292372, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.664122"} {"text": "there \u2019 s a song on bob dylan \u2019 s 1989 album \u201c unplugged \u201d named \u201c dignity, \u201d which is a lyrical search for honor, worth, and self - respect. \u201d lookin \u2019 into the last forgotten years \u2026 for dignity. \u201d the question has been addressed often : why has respect for the office of president of the united states deteriorated? several reasons stand out. media coverage has become bold and intrusive, in the faces of political figures, since advanced technology has become nearly limitless, satiating the public \u2019 s hunger for scandal. during teddy roosevelt \u2019 s presidency, in the early 1900s, came the expansion of white house power, a closer, more personal look by u. s. citizens at an activist \u201c celebrity president, \u201d the center of national attention. the human nature of an individual who travels and campaigns extensively soon seeps through their very public persona, revealing their faults, weaknesses, and indiscretions. what was the fate of the most hated u. s. president, richard m. nixon? after a five - year, post - watergate exile, he emerged from seclusion as a self - named \u201c elder statesman. \u201d in july of 1979 he and wife pat had attempted to purchase a nine - room penthouse in new york city for $ 1 million. the other 34 residents in an uproar, he was turned down flat. \u201c nixon was in constant danger from a multitude of would - be assassins who wanted the honor of taking him down, \u201d steven gaines writes in his true chronicle \u201c the sky \u2019 s the limit, \u201d from which i found this account. sacrificing a $ 92, 500 deposit, nixon was turned away from yet another n. y. city condominium by would - be neighbors. the nixons spent several unhappy years in a new york townhouse before pat \u2019 s death. nixon passed away, in exile from american citizens, in yorba linda, california, in april 1994. early presidents rarely spoke directly to the public. ( president clinton delivered 600 speeches in his first year in office. ) from \u201c reason, \u201d a libertarian journal, author gene healy states, \u201c the modern vision of the presidency couldn \u2019 t be further from the view of the chief executive \u2019 s role held by the framers of the constitution. in an age long before distrust of power was condemned as cynicism, the founding fathers designed a presidency of modest authority and limited responsibilities. \u201d the expansion of white house power was brought about by crisis situations, namely two world wars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44259590981199703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.668730"} {"text": "of the constitution. in an age long before distrust of power was condemned as cynicism, the founding fathers designed a presidency of modest authority and limited responsibilities. \u201d the expansion of white house power was brought about by crisis situations, namely two world wars and the great depression, when people panicked, consigning social power to one person. \u201c by the end of his twelve - year reign, fdr had firmly established the president as a national protector and nurturer. \u201d in the 21st century, what or who has bestowed george w. bush with so much power? healy answers that question handily. in essence, members of the president \u2019 s legal team created an alternative version of the national charter, \u201c in which the president has unlimited power to launch war, wiretap without judicial scrutiny, \u201d and seize and hold american citizens on american soil for the duration of the war on terror \u201c without having to answer to a judge. \u201d ouch! although few in the media noted it, the bush administration was also granted enhanced authority for domestic use of the military. healy notes, \u201c no president should have the powers president bush has sought and seized in the past seven years. \u201d power and leadership are not one and the same. was it flimsy leadership, for instance, that led to 42 % of u. s. adults below age 65 to be underinsured or uninsured for health care coverage in 2007? how about the average mortgage debt for a typical u. s. household now at $ 84, 911 ; home equity loans of $ 10, 062 ; and credit card debts averaging $ 8, 565? ( figures from aarp bulletin. ) gene healy \u2019 s article \u201c supreme warlord of the earth, \u201d in october \u2019 s utne magazine, is very cogent. \u201c the constitution \u2019 s architects never conceived of the president as the person in charge of national destiny, \u201d he concludes. how did we, citizens of the united states of america, get from humble grass root \u2019 dignity, devotion to god and country, and liberty and justice for all to extravagant and ruthless political campaigns and distrust in our leaders? how much more debt can a nation endure before the walls come tumbling down? ( i wrote this before the stock market debacle. ) that \u2019 s a circumstance beyond my capacity to comment on. janet burns lives in lewiston. she can be reached at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46791467353371813, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.671252"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. pollinated by insects. century dictionary and cyclopedia - literally, insect - loving : applied to flowers in which, on account of their structure, fertilization can ordinarily be effected only by the visits of insects. - in phytogeography, parasitic on insects : said of a class of fungi. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. ( bot. ) fertilized by the agency of insects ; - - said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by insects. - adj. of flowering plants ( especially orchids etc ) that are pollinated by insects \u201c relationship between flowering time and fruit set of the entomophilous alpine shrub, ' ' rhododendron aureum ' ' ( ericaceae ), inhabiting snow patches. \u201d \u201c on the other hand, the slender filaments, versatile anthers, powdery pollen, and elongated protogynous style are features of other species indicating anemophily ; while the presence of a degraded corolla shows its ancestors to have been entomophilous. \u201d \u201c _ poterium sanguisorba _ is anemophilous ; and _ sanguisorba officinalis _ presumably was so formerly, but has reacquired an entomophilous habit ; the whole tribe poterieae being, in fact, a degraded group which has descended from potentilleae. \u201d \u201c mr. allen maintains that \" insects are bright where bright flowers exist in numbers, and dull where flowers are rare or inconspicuous ; \" and he urges that \" we can hardly explain this wide coincidence otherwise than by supposing that a taste for colour is produced through the constant search for food among entomophilous blossoms, and that this taste has reacted upon its possessors through the action of unconscious sexual selection. \u201d \u201c gramineae among monocotyledons may be ranked with amentiferae among dicotyledons, as representing orders which have retrograded very far from the entomophilous forms from which they were possibly and probably descended \" ( p. 266 ). \u201d \u201c _ p. media _, therefore, illustrates, not a primitive entomophilous condition, but a return to it ; just as is the case with _ sanguisorba officinalis _ and _ salix caprea _ ; but these show no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5331753562266475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.679388"} {"text": "_, therefore, illustrates, not a primitive entomophilous condition, but a return to it ; just as is the case with _ sanguisorba officinalis _ and _ salix caprea _ ; but these show no capacity of restoring the corolla, the attractive features having to be borne by the calyx, which is purplish in sanguisorba, by the pink filaments of plantago, and by the yellow anthers in the sallow willow \u201d \u201c the genus plantago, like _ thalictrum minus _, poterium, and others, well illustrate the change from an entomophilous to the anemophilous state. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 entomophilous \u2019. list of words containing the string phil -, - phil -, - phil, or - phile, such as philopatry, bibliophile, and neutrophil. greek : \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 / \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 - / \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf - love, loving, love of, fondness for, at... a hodgepodge, jumble, jambalaya, * gallimaufry, circus and tent revival of plant anatomy and morphology terms and phrases - its a big tent, and no tickets are required. a roster of adjectives that infrequently surface in typical conversation and writing. many are dredged from scientific or other technical jargon or sieved from examples of disused archaic forms. words that describe ' shunning ' or ' drawn to ' behavior, mostly of plants and animals. looking for tweets for entomophilous.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5256534968799274, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.680517"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. causing fermentation. - adj. capable of causing or undergoing fermentation. - adj. relating to or of the nature of fermentation. century dictionary and cyclopedia - causing or having power to cause fermentation. - of the nature of, consisting in, or produced by fermentation. - also fermentive. - adj. of, pertaining to, causing or undergoing fermentation gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. causing, or having power to cause, fermentation ; produced by fermentation ; fermenting. \u201c flour, when well boiled, though infinitely better than arrowroot, is still only a kind of fermentative paste, that counteracts its own good by after - acidity and flatulence. \u201d \u201c it is much easier to conceive from this doctrine of associated or sympathetic motions of distant parts of the system, how it happens, that the variolous infection can be received but once, as before explained ; than by supposing, that a change is effected in the mass of blood by any kind of fermentative process. \u201d \u201c they have a rumen hence, ruminant, the first in a series of multiple stomachs that acts as a fermentative vat. \u201d \u201c essences can be divided according to these activities : antispasmodic or spasmolytic, stimulatory, hormonal and anti - fermentative. \u201d \u201c many people have the personal experience of the anti - putrefactive and anti - fermentative uses of certain essential oil - producing plants such as funnel, coriander and anise, which are especially effective remedies against such complaints as gastritis and colitis. \u201d \u201c as for what i am, i ' m a non - fermentative gram negative rod, like my buddy pseudomonas. \u201d \u201c you can call me a non - fermentative rod, meaning i don ' t ferment glucose. \u201d \u201c the albuminoids or nitrogenous substances are of the nature of white of egg ; and, when in small proportion, are necessary for the due performance of the fermentative process. \u201d \u201c the temperature of the must soon begins to rise, and the fermentative agencies break up its glucose into alcohol and carbonic acid gas. \u201d \u201c prote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5502979274785418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.685877"} {"text": "the philippines had suffered under the japanese occupation. a highly effective guerilla campaign controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. macarthur had supplied them by submarine, and sent reinforcements and officers. filipinos remained loyal to the united states, partly because of the american guarantee of independence, and also because the japanese had pressed large numbers of filipinos into work details and even put young filipino women into brothels. macarthur returned to the philippines in force on october 20, 1944. he waded in with philippine president sergio osmena, restaging the landing a second time for the newsreel cameras. the us army forces met resistance, but steadily advanced, until the landings at ormoc on december 7, 1944. most of the fighting was at sea during the battle of leyte gulf. ormoc saw the widespread use of kamikazes while the americans ran into fortified positions and heavy artillery. macarthur fought north through the philippines all through the fall of 1944, reaching manila and the main island of luzon in january 1945. the initial landing in lingayen gulf was unopposed, sparing the japanese a prolonged bombardment as they retreated inland. the japanese had a network of caves, pillboxes, and artillery. the defenders hoped to prevent an invasion of the home islands by offering a stiff resistance in the philippines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40032082407575104, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.689742"} {"text": "the german aircraft industry excelled in producing efficient aircraft for high altitude reconnaissance duties and pioneered the use of aircraft specifically designed for the ground attack role. the albatros c. xii was a german military reconnaissance aircraft which saw service during the late period of world war i. it differed markedly from previous albatros c - type aircraft by adopting an elliptical - section fuselage similar to that of the albatros d. v. the c. xii also featured a tailplane of reduced area, but it retained the wings of the earlier albatros c. x. the aircraft was powered by a single 260 hp ( 190 kw ) mercedes d. iva, inline water - cooled engine. the aircraft ' s armament consisted of : a single 0. 312 in ( 7. 92 mm ) \" spandau \" lmg 08 / 15 machine gun, fixed downward, and a single trainable 0. 312 in ( 7. 92 mm ) parabellum mg14 machine gun in the observer ' s cockpit the albatros c. xii was a sleek aircraft with clean lines. despite the aerodynamic advantages of the design, there was no significant increase in performance achieved over the c. x. examples remained in service until the end of the war. the albatros c. xv was a german military reconnaissance aircraft developed during world war i. it was essentially a refinement of the c. xii put into production in 1918. the war ended before any examples became operational, however some found their way into civilian hands and flew as transport aircraft in peacetime under the factory designation l 47. others saw service with the air forces of russia, turkey, and latvia. the halberstadt cl. iv was one of the most effective ground attack aircraft of world war i, relying on its good maneuverability to avoid ground fire. it appeared on the western front towards the end of the german offensives in 1918. karl thies, chief designer of the halberstadter flugzeugwerke, g. m. b. h., designed the cl. iv as a replacement for the cl. ii, which was very successful in harassing allied troops. purpose of an improved version was to create a superior ground attack aircraft. the new cl. iv featured a shorter, strengthened fuselage and a horizontal stabilizer of greater span and higher aspect ratio than that of the cl. ii. these changes, along with a one - piece, horn - balanced elevator, gave the cl. iv much greater maneuverability than the cl. ii. after tests were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42231127006240743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.698764"} {"text": "stabilizer of greater span and higher aspect ratio than that of the cl. ii. these changes, along with a one - piece, horn - balanced elevator, gave the cl. iv much greater maneuverability than the cl. ii. after tests were completed of the prototype in april 1918, at least 450 were ordered from halberstadt, and an additional 250 aircraft from a subcontractor, lfg ( roland ). as with the cl. ii, the cl. iv was powered by a single 160 hp ( 120 kw ), 6 cylinder in - line, watercooled mercedes aircraft engine. the aircraft was armed with a fixed forward - firing 0. 312 in ( 7. 92 mm ) lmg 08 / 15 \u201c spandau \u201d synchronized machine gun, and a single trainable 0. 312 in ( 7. 92 mm ) \u201c parabellum \u201d mg14 machine gun, on a ring mount in the observer ' s cockpit. the halberstadt c. v was a german single - engined photo - reconnaissance biplane designed by karl theis. the c. v was built by halberstadter flugzeugwerke g. m. b. h. the first flight was in march of 1918, it proved very manoeuverable and superior to other type aircraft in its class. the c. v entered service in late 1918 where it saw limited service with the luftstreitkrafte during the final months of the war. the c. v was developed as a refinement of the halberstadt c. iii. the aircraft was fitted with a more powerful supercharged 160 kw ( 220 hp ) benz bz. iv engine modified for high altitude flying by raising the compression in the cylinders. armament consisted of a foreward firing 0. 312 in ( 7. 92 mm ) lmg 08 / 15 machine gun operated by the pilot, and a trainable parabellum machine gun operated by the observer. it could also carry up to 110 pounds ( 50kgs ) of bombs. initially a 250mm camera was mounted in the observer ' s cockpit floor. an electrical generator driven by the engine powered heated flying suits worn by the crew, and radio equipment. the design was not without a problematic safety issue. take offs and especially landings could be dangerous due to the c. v ' s very short fuselage length and a lack of structural strength in the undercarriage struts. because of the short fuselage, the aircraft had a tendency to bounce when landing damaging the undercarriage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43799396390941203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.699710"} {"text": "especially landings could be dangerous due to the c. v ' s very short fuselage length and a lack of structural strength in the undercarriage struts. because of the short fuselage, the aircraft had a tendency to bounce when landing damaging the undercarriage which could collapse and in some cases flip the aircraft over. in spite of this flaw the pilots who flew the aircraft, liked it very much. they were willing to trade off the risky landings for the c. v ' s excellent flight characteristics and the protection provided by the deep fuselage sides. the design provided a good visibility an field of fire for the observer mounted parabellum machine gun. late in the war one halberstadt c. v was captured in estonia. the aircraft was modified for use as a float plane and operated by the estonian air force in 1919. a single c. v ( s / no. 3471 / 18 ) survives at the musee royal de l ' armee et d ' histoire militaire in brussels, belgium. the junkers cl. i was a ground - attack monoplaine aircraft developed in germany during world war i. its construction was undertaken by junkers under the designation j 8. as proof of hugo junkers ' belief in the monoplane, after his firm had been required by the idflieg to submit a biplane ( the j 4 ) as its entry in a competition to select a ground - attack aircraft. the j 8 design took the j 7 fighter as its starting point, but had a longer fuselage to accommodate a tail gunner, and larger wings. the prototype flew in late 1917 and was followed over the next few months by three more development aircraft. the idflieg was sufficiently impressed to want to order the type, but had misgivings about junkers ' ability to manufacture the aircraft in quantity and considered asking linke - hoffmann to produce the type under licence. finally, however, junkers was allowed to undertake the manufacture as part of a joint venture with fokker, producing a slightly modified version of the j 8 design as the j 10. like the other junkers designs of the period, the aircraft featured a metal framework that was skinned with corrugated duralumin sheets. 47 examples were delivered before the armistice, including three built as floatplanes under the designation cls. i ( factory designation j 11 ). after the war, one or two cl. is were converted for commercial service by enclosing the rear cockpit under a canopy. lvg c. vi was a german two - seat reconnaissance and artillery spotting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4553518222994661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.700597"} {"text": "i ( factory designation j 11 ). after the war, one or two cl. is were converted for commercial service by enclosing the rear cockpit under a canopy. lvg c. vi was a german two - seat reconnaissance and artillery spotting aircraft used during world war i. the aircraft was designed by willy sabersky - mussigbrodt and developed by luft - verkehrs - gesellschaft ( lvg ) in 1917. the c. vi was a further development of the c. v, which sabersky - mussigbrodt had made for his former employer dfw. it was lighter, smaller and aerodynamically refined, although its fuselage seemed more bulky. it was a biplane of mixed, mostly wooden construction. it featured a semi - monocoque fuselage, plywood covered. rectangular wings of wooden and metal construction, canvas covered. upper wing of slightly greater span, shifted some 25 cm ( 10 in ) towards front. vertical fin plywood covered, rudder and elevators of metal frame canvas covered, stabilizers ( tailplanes ) of wooden frame canvas covered. straight uncovered engine in the fuselage nose, with a chimney - like exhaust pipe. two - blade benz wooden propeller, 2. 88 m ( 9. 45 ft ) diameter. flat water radiator in central section of upper wing. fixed conventional landing gear, with a straight common axle and a rear skid. aircraft were equipped with a radio ( morse send only ) ; transmissions were by means of an antenna which could be lowered below the aircraft when needed. the crew had parachutes and heated flying suits. a total of 1, 100 aircraft of the type were manufactured. most lvg c. vis were used by the german military aviation in last operations of world war i, mostly on western front, for close reconnaissance and observation. after the war, deutsche luft - reederei ( dlr ) used several c. vis to provide mail and passenger transport service. the polish air force used several aircraft during polish - soviet war ( the first was left by the germans, another was completed from parts in 1920, and several were bought abroad ). suomen ilmailuliikenne oy purchased two c. vis from a swedish airline in 1923. the company went bankrupt in 1922, but would be a predecessor to aero o / y, in turn a predecessor of finnair. the finnish air force purchased two aircraft. one was destroyed in a spin in santahamina in 1923. the other was used until the end of 1924", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433225177021716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.701620"} {"text": "architecture in ancient china for most visitors to china, sightseeing means a daily encounter with chinese architecture of one type or another ranging from temples through gardens, mausoleum, pagodas, imperial palaces to residential houses. the forbidden city in beijing best exemplifies the elements of palace architecture. imposing buildings, like the three great halls of harmony, stand well - spaced along the central axis. facing south and rising from a terrace, these buildings represent the supreme power and authority emperors enjoyed during the feudalistic dynasties. the living accormdations of the imperial dfamily are found at the back of the city. clustered around the great halls at a distance are numerous smaller buildillgs where the more influential eunuches and concubines were locked in struggle for power and influence. to the south of the forbidden city is the temple of heaven, an exquisite example of what foreigners might call religious architecture, for it was here that the emperor would go twice a year to carry out ritual ceremonies of sacrifice, expressing gratitude to heaven for the previous harvest and praying for the next harvest. constructed without the use of a single nail, the round 39 - meter - high hall of prayer for good harvests has a three - tier roof, whose tiles are painted deop blue, symbolizing the colour of heaven. the roof is supported by 28 pillars, of which the four most massive ones represent the four seasons. the double ring consisting of two circles of twelve pillars represent the 12 months, plus the traditional divisions of the chinese day, each comprising of two hours. visitors who see chinese buildings will invariably notice the extensive use of timber as a building material in addition to bricks and tiles. that is because timber was not only easily available and transportable but also was very practical. heavy posts are capable of carrying the roof while the wood could be carved for decoration and embellishment. after all, who would fail to be impressed by the highly elaborate decorations and embellishments in those buildings? pagdas are as much a part of chinese scenery as churches are in england. tall or low, massive or slender, pagodas dot china ' s landscape as evidence of buddhist influence on and merge with chinese culture. the oldest existing pagoda, also built of wood, is located in yingxian county in north shanxi. that the 67. l3 meter - high pagoda should have survived all the vicissitudes of life for more than 900 years, including some strong earthquakes, was a miracle. because it is out of the way, most visitors do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44336235569122995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.708132"} {"text": "shanxi. that the 67. l3 meter - high pagoda should have survived all the vicissitudes of life for more than 900 years, including some strong earthquakes, was a miracle. because it is out of the way, most visitors do not see this pagoda. more frequently visited pagodas are the great wild goose pagoda in xi ' an, the pagoda of six harmonies in hangzhou, and the forest of pagodas near shaolin monastery in henan, central china, to name just a few. what is it that gives china ' s building unmistakable chinese characteristics? it is the ombination of the massive, often curved roof, the predominant use of timber, the terrace, the corbel construction, and the dazzlingly colourful decoration. the roofs of chinese temples and palaces lend an air of weightlessness to the generally large and massive buildings. the eaves, of ten slightly upturned, seem to let the entire roof float above the building as if carried on invisible columns. another way of achieving this illusion of floating is the double roof. here the roof is constructed in two stages and the low wall separating the two suggests a small additional storey. a practical funciton of uptumed roof gutters is to ensure enough light inside the building while making it easy to carry off rain - water. additionally, the roofs of palaces are covered with glazed tiles. as the emperor ' s colour was yellow, those of the impe rial palace are in yellow. the temple of heaven, on the other hand, is appropriately covered ln blue tiles, the colour of the sky. buildings in china, be they temples or palaccs or pagodas, rise invariably from a terrace. that is as it should br, for the wooden frame, however flexible it is, has to be protected from any ingress of water. oid texts, however, point to a symbolic cosmlogical meaning when they state \" the heaven covers and the earth carries \". the terrace in these terms represents the earth and the roof the heaven. thus we come to the recurrent theme of ancient chinese philosophy, which is a complete harmony between man and nature. no discussion of traditional chinese buildings can be completed without a mention of the corbel construction. developed by chinese craftsmen over the centuries, it is the ultimate form or style of chinese architecture that is the pride of the chinese nation and the admiration of foreigners. while posts and beams satisfy structural requirements and are often built without the benefit of glue or nails, corhels and brackets are art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5184509523340546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.709216"} {"text": "the heaviest known insects are the goliath beetles of equatorial africa. one fully grown male was found to weigh 3. 5 ounces. ( almost as much as a handful of quarters ) the heaviest human in medical history was jon brower minnoch, who weighted 392 lbs. in 1963, 700 lbs. in 1966, and 975 lbs. in 1976. after being admitted to a hospital in 1978 from heart and respiratory failure, a doctor estimated that jon weighted over 1300 pounds. when he died in 1978, he weighed more than 798 pounds. the larva of the polyphemus moth consumes an amount equivalent to 86, 000 times it own birth weight in the first 56 days of life. in human terms, this would be like a 7 pound baby taking in 301 tons of nourishment. that is a lot of baby food! highest g force the click beetle averages 400g when \" jack - knifing \" into the air to escape predators. one specimen that jumbed to a height of 11. 75 inches was calculated to have endured a peak brain deceleration of 2300g by the end of the movement. a recorded human example is that of david purley, a race car driver who survived a deceleration from 108 mph to 0 in 26 inches in england in 1977. his g force was estimated to 179. 8g. he suffered 29 fractures, 3 dislocations, and 6 heart stoppages! female mosquitoes hold the record in this category. they need a lot of protein in order to lay eggs. they obtain this protein by drinking the blood of reptiles, birds, or mammals. sometimes a mosquito will triple her body weight with just one meal of blood. for a 100 pound human to imitate this feat, he would have to consume 36 gallons of liquid at one sitting. the fastest moving insects are certain large tropical cockroaches. the record is 3. 36 mph, or 50 body lengths per second. tiger beetles are also quite fast, as they scurry after their prey. they can often be seen zipping across a road, their bright metallic colors flashing in the sun. the fastest human ever recorded was carl lewis, who ran 100 meters in 9. 86 seconds in 1991 in tokyo, japan. the champion jumper among insects is the common flea. in one experiment, a flea performed a long jump of 13 inches, and a high jump of 7. 75 inches. if a human could jump like a flea, we would be able to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48533559052562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.720012"} {"text": "japan. the champion jumper among insects is the common flea. in one experiment, a flea performed a long jump of 13 inches, and a high jump of 7. 75 inches. if a human could jump like a flea, we would be able to jump 853 feet, which would be like jumping from street level to the 70th floor of the empire state building. the champion human high jumper is javier sotomayor of cuba, who jumped 8 ft. 0 in. in san juan, puerto rico. the ant may be tiny, but for his size he is one of the \" giants \" of the insect world. with his strong jaws he is able to carry 50 times his own weight. that would be like a human trying to carry a baby elephant. among human strongmen, the record is held by leonid taranenko of russia, who lifted a whopping 1, 047 pounds in australia in 1988. the monarch butterfly is capable of flying 2, 000 miles from canada to mexico and parts of california. millions migrate every autumn, often stopping in the same rest spots each year. in early spring and summer, returning females travel north in relays, new generations replacing old, laying their eggs along the way. in comparison, the longest human - powered flight ever documented was when kanellos kanellopoulos averaged 18. 5 mph in his 112 foot wingspan machine from crete to the island of santorini, greece, flying 74 miles. other interesting tid - bits loudest insect - the loudest of all insects is the male cicada. at 7, 400 pulses per minute, its tymbal organs produce a sound detectable over a quarter of a mile away. best stunt flyer - large dragonflies are not only super fast flyers, they are also masters of maneuverability! many kinds of dragonflies can hover, fly backward, turn around quickly in mid - air, and land in an instant. longest insect - the longest insect in the world is the tropical walking stick. females have been measured at 13 inches in body length. it looks just like a slender twig, which is how it blends in with its surroundings. fastest flyer - modern experiments have established that the highest maintainable air speed of any insect, including the deer bot - fly, hawkmoths, and horseflies is 24 mph, rising to a maximum of 36 mph for short bursts by some large dragon flies. official state insects and butterflies of the united states many states have adopted official state insects and / or butterflies in recent years. they have done", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43603466622026255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.720946"} {"text": "and horseflies is 24 mph, rising to a maximum of 36 mph for short bursts by some large dragon flies. official state insects and butterflies of the united states many states have adopted official state insects and / or butterflies in recent years. they have done this to remind citizens of the vital role that insects play in our lives. as of december 31, 1995, 34 states have officially designates state insects and / or butterflies, and this information is summarized below. you will find an alphabetic list of the states that have official state insects and / or butterflies ( along with the name of the insect ), as well as a list of insects ( and the states that have adopted them s their official symbols ). state insects and butterflies listed by states alabama monarch butterfly arkansas honey bee california california dogface butterfly colorado colorado hairstreak butterfly connecticut european praying mantis delaware convergent ladybird beetle florida giant swallowtail butterfly georgia honey bee ( insect ) ; tiger swallowtail ( butterfly ) illinois monarch butterfly iowa ladybug kansas honey bee kentucky viceroy butterfly louisiana honey bee maine honey bee maryland baltimore checkerspot butterfly massachusetts ladybug mississippi honey bee ( insect ) ; spicebush swallowtail ( butterfly ) missouri honey bee nebraska honey bee new hampshire ladybug new jersey honey bee new mexico tarantula hawk wasp new york nine - spotted ladybird beetle north carolina honey bee ohio ladybug ( insect ) ; tiger swallowtail ( butterfly ) oregon oregon swallowtail butterfly pennsylvania firefly south carolina carolina mantis south dakota honey bee tennessee ladybug and firefly utah honey bee vermont monarch butterfly virginia tiger swallowtail butterfly wisconsin honey bee wyoming western swallowtail butterfly state insects and butterflies listed by species baltimore checkerspot butterfly maryland california dogface butterfly california carolina mantis south carolina colorado hairstreak butterfly colorado european praying mantis connecticut firefly tennessee and pennsylvania honey bee arkansas, georgia, kansas, louisiana, maine, missouri, nebraska, new jersey, north carolina, south dakota, utah and wisconsin ladybird beetles / ladybugs delaware ( convergent ), iowa, massachusetts, new york ( nine - spotted ). and ohio swallowtail butterflies florida ( giant ), georgia ( tiger ), mississippi ( spicebush ), ohio ( tiger ), oregon ( oregon ), virginia ( tiger ), and wyoming ( western ) tarantula hawk wasp new mexico viceroy butterfly kentucky is your state on the list? if not, you might want to help initiate a campaign to have a representative insect and / or butterfly designated as one of your official state symbols. the first step is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4363055114793734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.723350"} {"text": "tarantula hawk wasp new mexico viceroy butterfly kentucky is your state on the list? if not, you might want to help initiate a campaign to have a representative insect and / or butterfly designated as one of your official state symbols. the first step is to collect \" nominations \" from friends, family, and classmates. have them think of an insect and / or butterfly that would make a good symbol for your state. after a while you should have a list of possible candidates and an idea of how popular each nominee is. now comes the hard part - selecting one candidate to present to state legislators. perhaps you might narrow the field to two or three of the most popular nominees and have a run off \" election. \" once you have the possibilities narrowed down to a single candidate you will need to begin building a rationale for designating your insect candidate as the official state insect ( or butterfly ). why is your insect candidate the best choice? how does it fit into your state ' s history or culture? how popular is the choice ( collect signatures on a petition ). all of this information will be useful to you when you go looking for a legislative sponsor or sponsors to help you introduce a commemorative bill into the house and senate ( start with the representative for your district first ). the commemorative bill will most likely go to a committee first, at which time you ( and others will have an opportunity to speak for or against the bill ), but if you are persistent and well prepared you might be responsible for your state adopting an official state insect or butterfly! the amazing animal quiz introduction - insects and their relatives ( arthropods ) are some of the most amazing animals that inhabit our world, yet most of us rarely give them credit for their incredible abilities. the \" amazing animal quiz \" can help you and your students \" tune in \" to the incredible world of arthropods and open their eyes and minds to learning more about them. hopefully after students complete this exercise they will have a better appreciation for the amazing abilities of arthropods. getting started - this quiz is really quite simple and makes a great introduction to a unit on insects and other arthropods. before starting, have students number a piece of paper from 1 - 25 down the left - hand side. tell the students that you are going to read a series of statement that describe animal activities ( don ' t bias them by mentioning insects or arthropods at this time ) and that you want them to right down the name of any one animal that they can think of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4629652891197406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.724316"} {"text": "you are going to read a series of statement that describe animal activities ( don ' t bias them by mentioning insects or arthropods at this time ) and that you want them to right down the name of any one animal that they can think of that fits the description you have given. name an animal that... -... raids the garbage -... is cold blooded -... hides from other animals by using camouflage -... changes shape as it grows -... is poisonous and covered with scales -... lives in the ground -... is capable of flying -... attacks and devours ( eats ) other animals -... migrates long distances -... gathers and stores food -... sings to attract a mate -... hibernates as an adult -... eats wood -... lives longer than 40 years -... is striped -... lives on another animal -... spends part of its life cycle in the water -... drinks nectar from flowers -... lays eggs -... has big back legs and is a good hopper -... catches their prey with traps -... is active mostly at night -... is brightly colored -... is covered with hairs -... gives off a foul odor scoring the quiz. after administering the quiz, have the students score themselves in the following manner : 1 point for each mammal named, 3 points for each bird, reptile, amphibian, or fish names, and 5 points for each arthropod ( insect, spider, etc. ) names. as you can see in this exercise you get more points when you answer with arthropod names. a few of the possible arthropod ( insect / spider ) answers are : - fly / maggot, carrion beetle - any insect or other arthropod - walkingstick, underwing moth, crab spider - any insect or other arthropod - monarch butterfly - ant, yellowjacket, white grub / beetle - fly, bee, wasp, ant, moth, butterfly, beetle, bug, grasshopper, dragonfly, mayfly, caddisfly, in fact most adult insects. - praying mantis, ladybird beetle, aphidlion, wolf spider, tarantula, centipede - monarch butterfly, painted lady butterfly, green darner dragonfly, leaf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.500310106053895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.725129"} {"text": "- fireflies aren ' t the only light - producing insects. some click beetles, springtails, and gnats also light up. - there is a fly in california called the petroleum fly that lives and breeds in petroleum. - the largest animal in antarctica that lives strictly on land is a wingless fly less than 1 / 4 of an inch ( 6 mm ) long. - the color a head louse will be as an adult can depend on the color of the person ' s hair is living in. for example, a louse living in blond hair would most likely be alight color ; one living in black hair would be dark. - a cockroach can live nine days without its head. - fleas can jump 200 times the length of their bodies. - some queen termites live as long as 50 years. - the atlas moth of india is one of the world ' s largest insects. it measures 12 inches ( 30 cm ) from wingtip to wingtip. - a tiny insect called a biting midge can beat its wings 1000 times a second. - how many flowers must honey bees tap to make one pound of honey? - two million - how far does a hive of bees fly to bring you one pound of honey? - over 55, 000 miles - how much honey does the average worker honey bee make in her lifetime? - 1 / 12 teaspoon - how fast does a honey bee fly? - about 15 miles per hour - how much honey would it take to fuel a bee ' s flight around the world? - about one ounce - why are honey bees sometimes called \" white man ' s flies? \" - north american natives called honey bees this because they were brought to north america by european colonists. - what is mead? - honey wine - how long have bees been producing honey from flowering plants? - 10 - 20 million years - what scotch liqueur is made with honey? - how many sides does each honeycomb cell have? - what is the u. s. per capita consumption of honey? - what state is known as the beehive state? - how many wings does a honey bee have? - how many beekeepers are in the united states? - an estimated 211, 600 - how many honey - producing colonies of bees are there in the united states? - the usda estimates that there are approximately 3 million honey producing colonies. this estimate is based on beekeepers who manage five or more colonies. - hall of fame trivia bugs - how many flowers does a honey bee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.451777805259745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.727002"} {"text": "annual report to congress fy 2004 | ms word ( 417 kb ) | overview of ocr compliance and enforcement program the office for civil rights ( ocr ) in the u. s. department of education ( ed ) is responsible for enforcing five federal civil rights laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability and age by recipients of federal financial assistance. these laws are : - title vi of the civil rights act of 1964 ( prohibiting discrimination based on race, color and national origin ) ; - title ix of the education amendments of 1972 ( prohibiting sex discrimination ) ; - section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 ( prohibiting disability discrimination ) ; - the age discrimination act of 1975 ( prohibiting age discrimination ) ; and - title ii of the americans with disabilities act of 1990 ( prohibiting disability discrimination by public entities, e. g., public elementary and secondary school systems, postsecondary schools, and vocational education programs, whether or not they receive federal financial assistance ). in addition, ocr enforces the boy scouts of america equal access act. this law addresses equal access for the boy scouts of america and other designated youth groups to meet in public schools that receive federal funds from the department of education. these civil rights laws represent a national commitment to end discrimination in education programs. since most educational institutions receive some type of federal financial assistance, these laws apply throughout the nation. coverage of these civil rights laws extends to : - 14, 559 school districts ; 1 - 4, 168 colleges and universities ; 2 - 5, 059 institutions conferring certificates below the associate degree level, such as training schools for truck drivers and cosmetologists ; 3 and - thousands of other entities, such as libraries, museums, and vocational rehabilitation agencies. consequently, these civil rights laws protect millions of students attending or seeking to attend our educational institutions. in certain situations, the laws also protect persons who are employed or seeking employment at educational institutions. overall, these laws protect : - nearly 54. 5 million students attending elementary and secondary schools ; 4 and - nearly 16. 5 million students attending colleges and universities. 5 enforcing these laws is critical to carrying out the mission of the u. s. department of education \u2014 ensuring equal access to education and promoting educational excellence throughout the nation. in fy 2004, ocr ' s budget was $ 88, 305, 000, with full - time equivalent ( fte ) staff of 655. see figure 1 on historical funding and fte. figure 1 : u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44819364415967694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.729590"} {"text": "most active stories on air staff and wpm interns shots - health blog tue august 9, 2011 test a mother ' s blood to learn her baby ' s sex early on boy or girl? expectant parents are often dying to know. some mothers are even trying to influence it with their diet. but the tests used to determine a baby ' s sex before birth leave a lot to be desired. blood tests that look for fetal dna in a mother ' s blood would be a big improvement, according to a new study. but those tests aren ' t yet licensed for use in the united states, even though they ' re available in europe. so parents who want an early peek into their baby ' s sex are stuck with dubious tests sold on the web. consider the story of baby gender mentor, a blood test for prenatal sex testing sold online in 2005. the company, acu - gen biolab, marketed the test as \" 99. 9 percent accurate \" in detecting a fetus ' s sex as early as 5 weeks in. but then, as npr ' s nell greenfieldboyce reported, angry mothers started calling acu - gen, saying the baby they delivered \u2013 though adorable \u2013 was not the sex predicted. needless to say, baby gender mentor isn ' t available anymore. as a result of the baby gender mentor kerfuffle, diana bianchi, a professor of reproductive genetics at tufts medical center in boston, decided to try to find out if looking for fetal dna in a mother ' s blood could be a more reliable early gender test. she figured some parents might be interested in alternatives to ultrasound and the other, invasive tests that are typically used. ultrasounds are not at all accurate before 12 weeks ' gestation, and amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling, which require removing small amounts of fluid and other cells from the womb, can cause miscarriage. but bianchi knew from research by herself and others that dna from a fetus passes through the placenta into a mother ' s bloodstream, making it much more accessible. the easiest way to find baby dna is by looking for the male y chromosome, which women don ' t have. bianchi and her colleagues looked at studies of maternal blood to determine fetal sex, and found they were 75 percent accurate as soon as 7 weeks after conception. at 20 weeks, they were 99 percent accurate. the results were published today in the journal of the american medical association. but what about simple dipstick test, the kind that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4347145502114526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.734260"} {"text": "and found they were 75 percent accurate as soon as 7 weeks after conception. at 20 weeks, they were 99 percent accurate. the results were published today in the journal of the american medical association. but what about simple dipstick test, the kind that ' s used to test a woman ' s urine for pregnancy? the doctors also tested those tests sold online, and found them \" worse than flipping a coin, \" bianchi told shots. bianchi says she sees real benefit in having maternal blood tests available for the couples she counsels, who often are facing very difficult issues with genetic disorders. for instance, only boys inherit hemophilia, so if a son could be identified early on, parents could move ahead with further testing. doctors can ' t get the test done through labs in the u. s. because they haven ' t been approved by the food and drug administration, but she says companies who sell the tests in europe have been good about working with her and her patients. despite all the obvious benefits, the development of a simpler, faster test does raise bioethical questions. but bianchi doesn ' t think that selling fetal dna blood tests in the united states will increase the number of parents choosing to abort a child if it ' s not the sex they want. \" those same people can get an ultrasound now, \" she says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39459940912129754, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.734838"} {"text": "latest illnesses point to raw milk ' s popularity washington \u2013 an outbreak of bacterial infections on the east coast illustrates the popularity of raw, unpasteurized milk despite strong warnings from public health officials about the potential danger. even presidential candidate ron paul has joined the cause of consumers looking to buy unprocessed \" real foods \" straight from the farm, saying government shouldn ' t deny them that choice. an outbreak of a campylobacter bacterial infection on the east coast is a reminder of the potential hazards, however. raw milk from a dairy in pennsylvania is now linked to 38 illnesses in four states, and the farm has temporarily suspended sales. consumers who want unpasteurized milk have to work to find it. it ' s against federal law to transport it across state lines and most states don ' t allow it to be sold in stores off the farm. twenty states prohibit raw milk sales altogether. the government says the milk is unsafe because of the pathogens cows may encounter on the farm. the centers for disease control and prevention points out that raw milk killed many people \u2014 especially young children \u2014 before the onset of pasteurization, which heats milk to high temperatures to kill disease - causing germs. the cdc says pasteurized milk is rich in proteins, carbohydrates and other nutrients, and that heat only slightly decreases thiamine, vitamin b12, and vitamin c. while the government contends that milk is only a minor source of those nutrients anyway, raw milk advocates say that ' s proof that pasteurization makes milk less wholesome and pure. the government doesn ' t keep records of raw milk consumption or sales but it ' s clear that the product is riding the coattails of a larger food movement that encourages less processing and more \" real food. \" raw milk goes a step further than organic milk free of growth hormones. organic milk, too, has enjoyed a sales boost in recent years. \" we are pushing for consumer choice and freedom and a variety of dairy options for people, \" says kimberly hartke of the weston a. price foundation, an activist group that advocates \" restoring nutrient - dense foods to the human diet. \" price was a dentist who studied global nutrition around the turn of the 20th century. advocates say far more illnesses are caused each year by leafy greens, deli meats and other products produced in much larger quantities than raw milk. \" to outlaw or ban any natural food because it could possibly make you sick is an extreme position, because there is no safe food, \" hart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42138735204563144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.740664"} {"text": "by leafy greens, deli meats and other products produced in much larger quantities than raw milk. \" to outlaw or ban any natural food because it could possibly make you sick is an extreme position, because there is no safe food, \" hartke says. that ' s a position that presidential contender paul, a doctor, understands. he appears to have acknowledged the potential risks of raw milk when he said last summer that \" what i ' m doing in politics is not exactly the medical opinion. \" still, he said, \" as long as you don ' t force other people, and as long as you don ' t defraud people, you ought to have a choice. \" supporters of raw milk are passionate, and the issue has become one of the most animated food debates. raw milk consumers and price foundation representatives have held protests in washington to fight food and drug administration crackdowns on some farms that sell raw milk. the fact that there ' s even a debate infuriates many in the public health community. \" the intensity with which raw milk supporters believe in this product is almost unheard of, certainly for a food, \" says sarah klein, an attorney for the center for science in the public interest. \" it ' s like snake oil. \" klein says advocates often mislead consumers by describing bucolic settings and happy cows. \" these are still animals, they defecate inches from where the milk is produced, \" she says. \" they stand in it, they swat their tails through it. that ' s all very natural. it ' s just a matter of course that raw milk is contaminated. \" the owner of the pennsylvania dairy, family cow farm in chambersburg, posted a message on the farm ' s website last week saying that several customers had called them to say they had been experiencing \" acute diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps. \" owner edwin shank said in the posting that the farm ' s testing had shown samples to be negative for campylobacter and speculated that the illnesses may be from another cause. but the pennsylvania health department has linked the outbreak to the farm, and a spokeswoman for the maryland ' s health department says an unopened bottle from the farm tested positive. for campylobacter? what is it, anyway? raw milk sales are illegal in maryland, but the state has four illnesses from the outbreak. those sickened presumably drove to pennsylvania and brought the milk back for their own consumption, said maria said of the maryland department", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39118793740115976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.741596"} {"text": "the iep team recommends services in the least restrictive environment ( lre ) appropriate to your child ' s needs. this means that the iep team, of which you are a member, must consider how special education services can be provided to your child that will allow him or her to be educated with children who do not have disabilities, to the maximum extent appropriate. the iep team will first consider whether your child ' s needs may be met in a general education class with supports, aids and services provided to your child. if it is determined that your child cannot participate in general education classes, even with appropriate supplementary aids and services, special education teacher support services, related services or in a collaborative team teaching / integrated co - teaching class, other settings such as special classes or special schools will be considered. keep in mind that your child should be provided the opportunity to participate in extracurricular and nonacademic activities ( e. g., physical education, recess, after - school activities ) with non - disabled children, unless his or her disability makes such participation inappropriate. also, your child should be educated in the school that he or she would attend if not disabled, unless the iep requires that other arrangements are made. our goal is to educate children with disabilities in their zoned schools alongside their more typically developing peers whenever possible. read more \u00bb individualized educational programs often combine services to achieve the right balance. educators agree that students usually do better when they get the supports they need in the context of classroom work ( instead of being \" pulled out \" ). more and more, you will find that specialists come into the classroom and collaborate with teachers, aides, and other adults to support students. some children will qualify for additional services such as paraprofessional services, assistive technology devices and services, adapted physical education, etc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45744358560277665, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.743459"} {"text": "soap may hold a dirty little secret in the form of a chemical called triclosan. used in antiseptic hand soaps, shaving gel, toothpaste, deodorant and other hygiene products, a new study has found the chemical can weaken muscle contraction. when researchers at the university of california at davis exposed the individual muscle fibers of fish and mice to triclosan, they found it impaired the normal contraction mechanism. both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle no longer operated normally, and this was true when the mice and fish were tested themselves, or their muscle fibers were examined individually in a test tube. mice showed up to a 25 percent reduction in heart function measured within 20 minutes of exposure to the chemical, as well as an 18 percent reduction in grip strength - - yes, mice have grip strength - - for up to 60 minutes after exposure. fish that swam in triclosan - tainted water for seven days performed worse on swimming tests than those that did not. while the evidence for toxicity is largely based on animal studies, some experts have said that it might affect humans too. \" this is an interesting and potentially concerning finding, said dr. philip j. landrigan, dean of global health in the department of preventive medicine at the mount sinai school of medicine in new york city. \" many synthetic chemicals now known to be toxic to humans were first recognized as toxic in animal studies. \" landrigan said that exposure in the womb is of particular worry. \" early development is a time of particular vulnerability to toxic chemicals. minute exposures at the wrong moment in embryonic or fetal development can have devastating effects. the great complexity of early human development creates windows of vulnerability, periods of heightened sensitivity to toxic chemicals that exist only in early life and have no counterpart in adulthood, \" he said. adding to the potential worry, previous studies have found that triclosan may alter hormone regulation in laboratory animals, or cause antibiotic resistance. not all experts believe the chemical is a problem because in it remains bound to blood proteins, which should in theory diminish its impact on humans. and manufacturers are adamant that there is no real proof triclosan is dangerous for humans. they ' re also quick to point out several recent studies that demonstrated its effectiveness in rd killing germs. but some consumer groups and members of congress have called for a ban on antiseptic soap products. \" if we adopted the precautionary principle, then we should remove it from consumer products. however, the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47306167378485214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.746805"} {"text": "rd killing germs. but some consumer groups and members of congress have called for a ban on antiseptic soap products. \" if we adopted the precautionary principle, then we should remove it from consumer products. however, the united states chemical policy is included the toxic substances control act and calls only for voluntary testing of chemicals ; therefore, the burden of proof of health effects falls on researchers, consumers and the chemical industry, \" said dr. adam spanier, an assistant professor of pediatrics and public health sciences at the penn state university hershey medical center. both the food and drug administration and the environmental protection agency are currently reviewing the chemical ' s safety, but the fda said it didn ' t have sufficient evidence for a ban. \" if studies continue to demonstrate adverse health effects of triclosan, then the fda should call for its removal from consumer products, \" spanier said. originally developed as a pesticide, tricolsan has also been added to common household items such as bedding, clothing, toys and trash bags, and has been for more than 40 years. trace amounts of the chemical have been detected in waterways, as well as a wide variety of living organisms. in tests on humans it shows up in urine, blood, even breast milk. it is so prevalent that a survey by the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention found the chemical present in the urine of 75 percent of americans over the age of 5. this latest study was published in the proceedings of the national academy of science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4417058964142457, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.747483"} {"text": "what is apprenticeship? apprenticeship is a training program that combines on - the - job training, work experience and technical training in a trade. from day one, apprentices earn a salary for their time on the job. an apprenticeship training program lasts one to four years depending on the trade. are you interested in becoming an apprentice? check out these resources : - apprenticeship in alberta \u2014 this tip sheet introduces apprenticeship and includes tips on choosing a trade, finding an employer and applying to an apprenticeship program. - trade secrets \u2014 this alberta apprenticeship and industry training website offers information about training, certification, scholarships, financial assistance and more as well as resources for employers, employees and apprentices. - registered apprenticeship program ( rap ) for high school students \u2014 this program allows high school students to earn credits toward an apprenticeship program and a high school diploma at the same time. for apprentices and journeypersons are you a journeyperson who wants to move from alberta to another province or country or from another province or country to alberta? if so, you \u2019 ll want to know about these programs : red seal program this interprovincial standards program makes it easier for skilled workers to move and work across canada. apprenticeship and labour mobility this multi - level initiative helps ensure that qualified, skilled canadian workers can practise their respective trades across canada.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4818440980568548, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.749869"} {"text": "tragedy of karbala what is ashura? in the month of muharram 61 ah ( approx. 20 october 680 ad ), an event took place in iraq at a place known as karbala on the bank of the river euphrates. it seemed in those days insignificant from the historical point of view. a large army which had been mobilized by the umayyad regime besieged a group of persons numbering less than a hundred and put them under pressure to pay allegiance to the caliph of the time and submit to his authority. the small group resisted and a severe battle took place in which they were all killed. written by h118 tuesday, 03 april 2012 18 : 22 contemporary issuesmuslims for centuries have engaged themselves and the world in pursuit of inner jihad ( inner struggle ). this has been their way of getting closer to their creator, achieving inner peace and getting closer to god \u2019 s creations. unless we are at peace with ourselves, we can not have peace with the creator and vice versa. written by h118 tuesday, 03 april 2012 18 : 16 terrorists have created an image far from the reality of islam. killing the innocent is strictly forbidden in islam. almighty allah has stated in the holy quran, \u201c and do not kill the soul which allah has forbidden except for the requirements of justice ; this he has enjoined you with that you may understand \u2026 \u201d [ 6 : 151 ] written by h118 tuesday, 03 april 2012 10 : 21 imam husayn had shown by his acts as well as his various discourses during the seven days of muharram at karbala, that this conflict was much more universal in nature, and that he knew that he was going to live for ever through his martyrdom. yazeed died as uselessly as he lived ; only three years after the battle of karbala took place. while trying to race a baboon, he fell from his horse and broke his neck. as history has recorded, those who were apparent victors at karbala have disappeared without trace. written by h118 tuesday, 03 april 2012 10 : 11 imam jafar al - sadiq ( a. s. ) at the age of 11, imam sadiq ( as ) refuted the theory that the sun, moon and the planets rotated around the earth. he said that the sun, during its course round the earth, passes through the 12 constellations in one year and remains in each constellation for 30 days, so why does it then disappear from sight during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41292342461372367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.752356"} {"text": "communities far from the southern border are taking extra steps to integrate new hispanic residents. the hispanic population is growing more rapidly than other segments of the u. s. population, according to u. s. census bureau data released in may, so a growing number of local governments are working to integrate latinos into their communities. many cities are establishing liaison offices, improving communication with, helping immigrants learn english, and creating programs and events that help all residents embrace cultural diversity. latinos are not integrating as well as asians, blacks and non - hispanic white immigrants, according to the washington - based migration policy institute ' s report \" immigrants in the united states : how well are they integrating into society?, \" which was published in may. the report says hispanics ' progress \u2014 while occurring \u2014 has been slower in the areas of english proficiency, income, education, homeownership in integrated neighborhoods, legal status, voter registration and intermarriage. lack of integration can lead to a general feeling of not belonging and, therefore, a lack of participation in the political process and community activities, according to the washington - based ' ( nlc ). \" municipal innovations in immigrant integration \" report. the points out that immigrants sometimes become victims of crimes and, if they are undocumented, often fail to report the crimes for fear of being deported. also, because immigrants may not know their tenant and property rights, landlords and others in the industry can take advantage of them. they also might not receive community messages about mental and other health issues and how to be screened and treated for them. having a plan to help immigrants integrate into the community is key to overcoming the hurdles that the hispanic community is facing, says ricardo gambetta, nlc ' s manager of immigrant integration programs. to aid struggling cities, nlc is supporting the creation of new american citizens ' academies in several cities to help new residents who are going through or who have recently completed the naturalization process learn about the local government. nlc also encourages local governments to work with state agencies, provide input to the federal government regarding a nationwide strategy on immigration, create mayoral advisory boards on immigration issues and ensure that any plan includes a strategy across all agencies. cities need to tailor their approaches to integrating hispanic residents based on those residents ' specific needs, gambetta says. \" every city is different and unique, \" he says. \" the issue is complex, and we focus on promoting city engagement. we believe cities are integral in the integration of immigrant communities. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4046974630342635, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.757369"} {"text": "getting to the bottom of dyscalculia \u2014 and of our number sense mathematician brian butterworth is on a crusade to understand the number deficit called dyscalculia \u2014 and to help those who have it, reports ewen callaway in the journal nature : \u201c researchers estimate that as much as 7 % of the population has dyscalculia, which is marked by severe difficulties in dealing with numbers despite otherwise normal intelligence. that combination has attracted neuroscientists such as butterworth, who believe that the disorder illuminates the inner workings of the brain \u2019 s number sense \u2014 the ability to understand and manipulate quantities. this sense is every bit as innate as vision or hearing, yet scientists disagree over its cognitive and neural basis, a debate that dyscalculics may help to settle. for butterworth, scientific curiosity eventually gave way to advocacy. \u201c i thought, it \u2019 s not enough to just try to identify the cause, \u201d he says. in the past decade, he has crusaded to get dyscalculia recognized \u2014 by parents, teachers, politicians and anyone who will listen. and he is using his scientific insights into the condition to help dyscalculic children. \u2018 what \u2019 s the point of telling someone they have dyscalculia if you can \u2019 t help them? \u2019 he says. by developing treatments for dyscalculia, butterworth hopes to test competing theories about the cognitive basis of numeracy. if, as he believes, dyscalculia is at heart a deficiency of basic number sense and not of memory, attention or language, as others have proposed, then nurturing the roots of number sense should help dyscalculics. \u2018 it may be the case that what these kids need is just much more practice than the rest of us, \u2019 butterworth says. \u201d ( read more here. ) so interesting that research on dyscalculia may not only help those afflicted with the condition, but also help illuminate how an understanding of numbers and math develops in the human brain in general.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246374217678123, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.760883"} {"text": "evidence from caves in siberia indicates that a global temperature increase of 1. 5\u00b0 celsius may cause substantial thawing of a large tract of permanently frozen soil in siberia. the thawing of this soil, known as permafrost, could have serious consequences for further changes in the climate. permafrost regions cover 24 percent of the land surface in the northern hemisphere, and they hold twice as much carbon as is currently present in the atmosphere. as the permafrost thaws, it turns from a carbon sink ( meaning it accumulates and stores carbon ) into a carbon source, releasing substantial amounts of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. both of these gasses enhance the greenhouse effect. by looking at how permafrost has responded to climate change in the past, we can gain a better understanding of climate change today. a team of international researchers looked at speleothems, such as stalagmites, stalactites, and flowstones. these are mineral deposits that are formed when water from snow or rain seeps into the caves. when conditions are too cold or too dry, speleothem growth ceases, since no water flows through the caves. as a result, speleothems provide a detailed history of periods when liquid water was available as well as an assessment of the relationship between global temperature and permafrost extent. using radioactive dating and data on growth from six siberian caves, the researchers tracked the history of permafrost in siberia for the past 450, 000 years. the caves were located at varying latitudes, ranging from a boundary of continuous permafrost at 60 degrees north to the permafrost - free gobi desert. in the northernmost cave, lenskaya ledyanaya, no speleothem growth has occurred since a particularly warm period around 400, 000 years ago \u2014 the growth at that time suggests water was flowing in the area due to a melt in the permafrost. the extensive thawing at that time allows for an assessment of the warming required globally to cause a similar change in the permafrost boundary. global temperatures at that time were only 1. 5\u00b0c warmer than today, suggesting that we could be approaching a critical point at which the coldest permafrost regions would begin to thaw. not only will increasing global temperatures cause substantial thawing of permafrost, but it may also create wetter conditions in the gobi dessert, based on data from the southern - most cave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5192874843158538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.763526"} {"text": "in 1957 the french government initiated the creation of a new dictionary of the french language, the tresor de la langue francaise. in order to provide access to a large body of word samples, it was decided to transcribe an extensive selection of french texts for use with a computer. twenty years later, a corpus totaling some 150 million words had been created, representing a broad range of written french - - from novels and poetry to biology and mathematics - - stretching from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. it soon became apparent that this corpus of french texts was an important resource not only for lexicographers, but also for many other types of humanists and social scientists engaged in french studies - on both sides of the atlantic. the result of this realization was american and french research on the treasury of the french language ( artfl ) - - a cooperative project established in 1981 by the centre national de la recherche scientifique and the university of chicago. the artfl project has focused on three objectives over its long history : * to include a variety of texts so as to make the database as versatile as possible ; * to create a system that would be easily accessible to the research community ; * to provide researchers with an easy - to - use but effective tool. at present, artfl ' s main corpus, artfl - frantext, consists of nearly 3, 000 texts, ranging from classic works of french literature to various kinds of non - fiction prose and technical writing. the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries are about equally represented, with a smaller selection of seventeenth century texts as well as some medieval and renaissance texts. genres include novels, verse, theater, journalism, essays, correspondence, and treatises. subjects include literary criticism, biology, history, economics, and philosophy. in most cases standard scholarly editions were used in converting the text into machine - readable form, and the data contain page references to these editions. the frantext corpus is updated as new high - quality digital texts become available. in addition to frantext, artfl has built hundreds of databases for researchers and students working in specialized disciplines and languages other than french. please see our databases, resources, and collaborations pages for links to these projects. new opportunities for research artfl ' s stable of databases is one of the largest of its kind in the world. the number, variety and historical range of its texts allow researchers to go well beyond the usual narrow focus on single works or single authors. the databases permit both rapid exploration of single texts and inter - textual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5349357173379629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.770180"} {"text": "of the largest of its kind in the world. the number, variety and historical range of its texts allow researchers to go well beyond the usual narrow focus on single works or single authors. the databases permit both rapid exploration of single texts and inter - textual research of a kind virtually impossible without the aid of a computer. for a description of the latest research developments underway at artfl, please visit our research blog. philologic is a tool for artfl text research which provides a menu driven system featuring a sophisticated help program that can be accessed at any time. philologic does not require any specialized knowledge of computers - - in fact, this system provides an excellent opportunity to become acquainted with the possibilities of computer - assisted research and teaching. the artfl project has written full documentation for philologic, available here. philologic provides several ways for users to select the texts they wish to analyze. users may search a single text, texts by a single author, texts from a particular time period, texts with a particular word in the title, or all the texts in the database. for example, one might wish to work with all the texts of balzac in the database, or all the texts published between 1750 and 1789. a single command will select these texts for further analysis. artfl ' s philologic system supports a number of searching options. a user may search for a single word, a word root, prefix, suffix or a list of words created by the user. for example, one might search for the word liberte in the texts published between 1789 and 1794, or all of the words associated with \" artist \" - - artiste, artistes, ecrivain, ecrivains, poete, poetes, etc - - in the works of zola. in many cases a researcher will not merely be interested in the occurrences of single words or lists of words, but where words occur in texts. philologic allows the user to search for logical combinations of words and word lists. one might, for example, search for all the occurrences of words associated with \" artist \" where words beginning with \" fem \" - - femme, femmes, feministe, etc. - - are found in the same sentence in the works of zola. several display formats are available to the philologic user. results can be displayed on screen line by line, with the search word highlighted or centered. the user may also browse through the full context of any result, examining many sentences or paragraph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5353476683407067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.772665"} {"text": ". several display formats are available to the philologic user. results can be displayed on screen line by line, with the search word highlighted or centered. the user may also browse through the full context of any result, examining many sentences or paragraphs around the target of the search. philologic displays the bibliographic information and page number for each occurrence and can sort the results on screen by date, author name, keywords and other fields. access to the artfl database access to the databases is organized through a consortium of user institutions, in most cases universities and colleges, each of which pay an annual subscription fee. in 2009, this fee is $ 500 ( us ) for phd granting institutions and $ 250 ( us ) for other universities and colleges. all scholars and students at affiliated institutions have access to the database. our subscription information page contains more on database access. both the cnrs and the university of chicago are committed to the future growth of the artfl project. these activities include expansion of the size of the database, correction of texts already in the database, and continued development of access and analysis software. the project has obtained many important texts from other scholars and welcomes new contributions and proposals for collecting more texts. artfl expects to continue improving its research systems and plans to develop new analytical tools as well. we welcome joint projects with other institutions and invite you to contact us to discuss possible collaborations. users at member universities will continue to play an important role in providing direction to the future development of the artfl project. please consult the artfl news page for updates concerning newly available texts and tools. the artfl project is supported by a full - time staff at the university of chicago. we encourage you to contact us with any questions you may have about the project, such as the availability of texts, operation of the system, or the costs of using the database. the artfl project department of romance languages and literatures division of the humanities university of chicago 1115 east 58th street chicago, il 60637 tel : 773 - 702 - 8488 | email : artfl [ at ] artfl [ dot ] uchicago [ dot ] edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5243300455954479, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.773570"} {"text": "what is an s corporation? an s corporation is a regular corporation that lets you enjoy the limited liability of a corporate shareholder but pay income taxes on the same basis as a sole proprietor or a partner. in a regular corporation ( also known as a c corporation ), the company itself is taxed on business profits. the owners pay individual income tax only on money that they draw from the corporation as salary, bonuses or dividends. by contrast, in an s corporation, all business profits \u201c pass through \u201d to the owners, who report them on their personal tax returns ( as in sole proprietorships, partnerships and llcs ). the s corporation itself does not pay any income tax, although a co - owned s corporation must file an informational tax return like a partnership or llc \u2014 to tell the irs what each shareholder \u2019 s portion of the corporate income is. most states follow the federal pattern when taxing s corporations : they don \u2019 t impose a corporate tax, choosing instead to tax the business \u2019 s profits on the shareholders \u2019 personal tax returns. about half a dozen states, however, do tax an s corporation like a regular corporation. the tax division of your state treasury department can tell you how s corporations are taxed in your state. should you elect s corporation status? if your corporation meets certain criteria, such as having only shareholders who are u. s. citizens or residents, you can elect to do business as an s corporation. operating as an s corporation rather than a regular corporation may be wise for several reasons : - an s corporation generally allows you to pass business losses through to your personal income tax return, using it to offset any income that you ( and your spouse, if you \u2019 re married ) have from other sources. - when you sell your s corporation, your taxable gain on the sale of the business can be less than if you operated the business as a regular corporation. but aside from the benefits, s corporations impose strict requirements. here are the main rules : - each s corporation shareholder must be a u. s. citizen or resident. - s corporation profits and losses may be allocated only in proportion to each shareholder \u2019 s interest in the business. - an s corporation shareholder may not deduct corporate losses that exceed their \u201c basis \u201d in their stock \u2014 which equals the amount of their investment in the company plus or minus a few adjustments. - s corporations may not deduct the cost of fringe benefits provided to employee - shareholders who own more than 2 % of the corporation. fortunately, your decision to elect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42898211034342243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.777472"} {"text": "equals the amount of their investment in the company plus or minus a few adjustments. - s corporations may not deduct the cost of fringe benefits provided to employee - shareholders who own more than 2 % of the corporation. fortunately, your decision to elect to be an s corporation isn \u2019 t permanent. if you later find there are tax advantages to being a regular corporation, you can drop your s corporation status after a certain amount of time. how to elect s corporation status to be treated as an s corporation, all shareholders must sign and file irs form 2553. shareholders then pay income tax on their share of the corporation \u2019 s income whether or not they actually receive the money. if the corporation suffers a loss, shareholders can claim their share of that loss. s corporation alternatives you can accomplish the simultaneous goals of limited liability and pass - through taxation by creating a limited liability company ( llc ). because an llc offers its owners the significant advantage of greater flexibility in allocating profits and losses, and because llcs aren \u2019 t subject to the many restrictions of s corporations, forming an llc is often the better choice. ( to learn more about limited liability companies, see \u201c llc basics. \u201d ) consult an expert choosing an ownership structure for your business can be complicated. to find out whether an s corporation, a c corporation or an llc is the best fit for your company, consult a tax lawyer or an experienced accountant who is knowledgeable about the tax advantages and disadvantages of the various types of ownership structures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3907957235982338, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.778115"} {"text": "by dr. mercola one of the reasons why conventional cancer treatment is such a dismal failure in the united states is because it relies on chemotherapy. chemotherapy drugs are, by their very nature, extremely toxic and typically work against your body ' s natural ability to fight cancer, e. g. destroying host immunity instead of supporting it. one of the biggest drawbacks to chemotherapy is the fact that it destroys healthy cells throughout your body right along with cancer cells, a \" side effect \" that often leads to accelerated death, not healing. another devastating side effect of chemotherapy is the way it actually supports the more chemo resistant and malignant cell subpopulations within tumors ( e. g. cancer stem cells ), both killing the more benign cells and / or senescent cells within the tumor that keep it slow - growing, or even harmless. as a result, this unleashes a more aggressive, treatment - resistant type of cancer to wreak havoc on the body. a handful of natural compounds have been discovered, however, which exhibit an effect called \" selective cytotoxicity. \" this means they are able to kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells and tissue unharmed. this type of cancer treatment is intelligent, targeted and will not result in the death of the patient from \" collateral damage \" in what is increasingly a failed war not against the cancer being treated, but the patient ' s own irreversibly devastated body. bromelain in pineapples kills cancer cells without harming you one such compound is bromelain, an enzyme that can be extracted from pineapple stems. research published in the journal planta medica found that bromelain was superior to the chemotherapy drug 5 - fluorauracil in treating cancer in an animal study. i researchers stated : \" this antitumoral effect [ of bromelain ] was superior to that of 5 - fu [ 5 - fluorouracil ], whose survival index was approximately 263 %, relative to the untreated control. \" what makes this impact particularly impressive is that the bromelain worked without causing additional harm to the animals. the chemo drug 5 - fluorauracil, on the other hand, has a relatively unsuccessful and dangerous track record despite being used for nearly 40 years. as written by greenmedinfo : \" as a highly toxic, fluoride - bound form of the nucleic acid uracil, a normal component of rna, the drug is supposed to work by tricking more rapidly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45258145044832104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.784658"} {"text": "nearly 40 years. as written by greenmedinfo : \" as a highly toxic, fluoride - bound form of the nucleic acid uracil, a normal component of rna, the drug is supposed to work by tricking more rapidly dividing cells - - which include both cancer and healthy intestinal, hair follicle, and immune cells - - into taking it up, thereby inhibiting ( read : poisoning ) rna replication enzymes and rna synthesis. \u2026 when a person dies following conventional cancer treatment it is all too easy to \" blame the victim \" and simply write that patient ' s cancer off as \" chemo - resistant, \" or \" exceptionally aggressive, \" when in fact the non - selective nature of the chemotoxic agent is what ultimately lead to their death. \" selective cytotoxicity is indeed a property that is only found among natural compounds ; no chemotherapy drug yet developed is capable of this effect. aside from bromelain, other examples of natural compounds that have been found to kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells include : - vitamin c - - dr. ronald hunninghake carried out a 15 - year research project called recnac ( cancer spelled backwards ). his groundbreaking research in cell cultures showed that vitamin c was selectively cytotoxic against cancer cells. - eggplant extract : solasodine rhamnosyl glycosides ( bec ), which is a fancy name for extracts from plants of the solanaceae family, such as eggplant, tomato, potato, bell peppers, and tobacco, also impact only cancerous cells leaving normal cells alone. eggplant extract cream appears to be particularly useful in treating skin cancer. dr. bill e. cham, a leading researcher in this area, explains : \" the mode of action of srgs [ glycoalkaloids solasodine rhamnosy glycosides ( bec ) ] is unlike any current antineoplastic [ anti - tumor ] agent. specific receptors for the srgs present only on cancer cells but not normal cells are the first step of events that lead to apoptosis in cancer cells only, and this may explain why during treatment the cancer cells were being eliminated and normal cells were replacing the killed cancer cells with no scar tissue being formed. \" - turmeric ( curcumin extract ) : of all the natural cancer fighters out there, this spice has been the most intensely researched for exhibiting selective cytotoxicity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46409515403996254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.785560"} {"text": "the killed cancer cells with no scar tissue being formed. \" - turmeric ( curcumin extract ) : of all the natural cancer fighters out there, this spice has been the most intensely researched for exhibiting selective cytotoxicity. ii remarkably, in a 2011 study published in the journal of nutritional biochemistry, rats administered curcumin, the primary polyphenol in turmeric, saw a decrease in experimentally - induced brain tumors in 9 out of 11 treated, while noting that the curcumin did not affect the viability of brain cells \" suggesting that curcumin selectively targets the transformed [ cancerous ] cells. \" how enzymes might help treat cancer bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme ( an enzyme that digests proteins ). in the planta medica study, it was injected directly into the abdominal cavity. getting enzymes from your digestive tract into your bloodstream isn ' t as easy as it would seem, as enzymes are very susceptible to denaturing and must be helped to survive the highly acidic environment in your stomach. they are often given an \" enteric coating \" to help them survive the journey through your digestive tract. and then, there is the matter of absorption. for nearly 100 years, medical dogma insisted that enzymes taken orally were too large to pass through the digestive tract wall. however, there is now a good deal of research that they can indeed pass through your intestine intactiii and into your bloodstream and lymphatic system, where they can deliver their services to the rest of your body... one of the mysteries of medical science. now that we know this is possible, systemic oral enzymes have been used to treat problems ranging from sports injuries to arthritis to heart disease and cancer, particularly in european countries. but most of the research has been published in non - english language journals. is cancer the result of diminished pancreatic enzymes? this systemic use of enzymes is just now taking off in the united states, but the use of enzymes to treat cancer has its roots all the way back to 1911 with john beard ' s the enzyme treatment of cancer and its scientific basis. beard believed cancer was a result of diminished pancreatic enzymes, impairing your immune response. a study in 1999iv suggests he may have been right on target. ten patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer were treated with large doses of oral pancreatic enzymes ( along with detoxification and an organic diet ), and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48182279979454146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.786432"} {"text": "response. a study in 1999iv suggests he may have been right on target. ten patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer were treated with large doses of oral pancreatic enzymes ( along with detoxification and an organic diet ), and their survival rates were 3 to 4 times higher than patients receiving conventional treatment. proteolytic enzymes can be helpful in treating cancer because they help restore balance to your immune system. dr. nick gonzalez in new york city, ny has also done a lot of work on enzymes in cancer treatment and has written a book on the subject. v some of the ways proteolytic enzymes can be helpful in the fight against cancer are : vi - boosting cytokines, particularly interferon and tumor necrosis factor, which are very important warriors in destroying cancer cells. - decreasing inflammation. - dissolving fibrin : cancer cells hide under a cloak of fibrin to escape detection. once the cancer cells are \" uncloaked, \" they can be spotted and attacked by your immune system. it is also thought that fibrin makes cancer cells \" stick together, \" which increases the chance for metastases. - german studies have shown that systemic enzymes increase the potency of macrophages and killer cells 12 - fold. fortunately, you get ( or should be getting ) many enzymes from the foods you consume \u2014 particularly, raw foods. these directly help with your digestive process. the more raw foods you eat, the lower the burden on your body to produce the enzymes it needs, not only for digestion, but for practically everything. whatever enzymes are not used up in digestion are then available to help with other important physiological processes. this is one of the reasons why it is so important to eat a diet rich in fresh, organic, raw foods. you may even want to try juicing some of your vegetables, and the core of your pineapple, as a way of getting more nutrients \u2014 and enzymes \u2014 into your body. in the event you use enzymes in supplement form, it is crucial that, in order for enzymes to be used systemically, they must be consumed on an empty stomach. otherwise, your body will use them for digesting your food, instead of being absorbed into the blood and doing their work there. looking for an alternative to chemo for cancer treatment? dr. gonzalez is on the front lines and actively engaged in helping people by coaching them with natural alternatives instead of toxic drugs and radiation for cancer. i would personally not hesitate to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46101764364013176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.787512"} {"text": "african pink jacaranda ( jesse durko, courtesy ) this monthly feature spotlights a plant well - suited for south florida gardens. stereospermum kunthianum, the african pink jacaranda, produces lots of pink trumpet - shaped blooms from february to april. the bright blooms cover the tree particularly heavily after extended drought periods. they are carried in large pendulous panicles and appear before the new foliage emerges. individual blooms are 1 1 / 4 to 2 inches wide and 1 1 / 4 inches long. the lower corolla lip is streaked with red markings, standing out against the overall pink coloration. the foliage is pinnate with an average of four pairs of leaflets and terminal leaflet. the overall leaf averages 10 inches in length with leaflets about 3 1 / 4 inches long and 1 1 / 4 inches wide. leaves are green above and yellow - green below with prominent veins. the pink jacaranda varies considerably in size depending on where it grows. trees growing in moist locations can attain 40 feet in height, whereas trees in very dry rocky areas may only reach 10 - 15 feet. the dark gray bark sometimes peels like a sycamore, which is ornamental. sandy well - drained soil and sun are preferred for best growth. sources : jesse durko ' s nursery, 5151 sw 70th ave. ( viele road ), davie, 954 - 792 - 2297 ; wonder gardens at sears, university drive and broward boulevard, plantation, 954 - 7370 - 2872 ; dynaserv nursery, 990 s. flamingo road, davie, 954 - 472 - 4422 ; delray garden center, 3827 w. atlantic ave., delray beach, 561 - 243 - 6869. african pink jacaranda scientific name : stereospermum kunthianum origin : mozambique, zimbabwe growth rate : moderate nutritional requirements : low soil requirements : sandy, well - drained salt tolerance : low - medium drought tolerance : high light requirements : full sun pest problems : none so far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42694027816798813, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.791501"} {"text": "padraic colum ( 18811972 ). the golden fleece and the heroes who lived before achilles. 1921. part ii. the return to greece chapter v. medea comes to circe they sailed up the river ister until they came to the eridanus, that river across which no bird can fly. leaving the eridanus they entered the rhodanus, a river that rises in the extreme north, where night herself has her habitation. and voyaging up this river they came to the stormy lakes. a mist lay upon the lakes night and day ; voyaging through them the argonauts at last brought out their ship upon the sea of ausonia. it was zetes and calais, the sons of the north wind, who brought the argo safely along this dangerous course. and to zetes and calais iris, the messenger of the gods, appeared and revealed to them where circes island lay. deep blue water was all around that island, and on its height a marble house was to be seen. but a strange haze covered everything as with a veil. as the argonauts came near they saw what looked to them like great dragonflies ; they came down to the shore, and then the heroes saw that they were maidens in gleaming dresses. the argonauts would have drawn the ship close and would have sprung upon the island only that medea cried out to them. she showed them the beasts that whimpered around the maidens, and then, as the argonauts looked upon them, they saw that these were not beasts of the wild. there was something strange and fearful about them ; the heroes gazed upon them with troubled eyes. they brought the ship near, but they stayed upon their benches, holding the oars in their hands. medea sprang to the island ; she spoke to the maidens so that they shrank away ; then the beasts came and whimpered around her. forbear to land here, o argonauts, medea cried, for this is the island where men are changed into beasts. she called to jason to come ; only jason would she have come upon the island. they went swiftly toward the marble house, and the beasts followed them, looking up at jason and medea with pitiful human eyes. they went into the marble house of circe, and as suppliants they seated themselves at the hearth. circe stood at her loom, weaving her many - colored threads. swiftly she turned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38472031639109977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.795421"} {"text": "and medea with pitiful human eyes. they went into the marble house of circe, and as suppliants they seated themselves at the hearth. circe stood at her loom, weaving her many - colored threads. swiftly she turned to the suppliants ; she looked for something strange in them, for just before they came the walls of her house dripped with blood and the flame ran over and into her pot, burning up all the magic herbs she was brewing. she went toward where they sat, medea with her face hidden by her hands, and jason, with his head bent, holding with its point in the ground the sword with which he had slain the son of \u00e6etes. when medea took her hands away from before her face, circe knew that, like herself, this maiden was of the race of helios. medea spoke to her, telling her first of the voyage of the heroes and of their toils ; telling her then of how she had given help to jason against the will of \u00e6etes, her father ; telling her then, fearfully, of the slaying of apsyrtus. she covered her face with her robe as she spoke of it. and then she told circe she had come, warned by the judgment of zeus, to ask of circe, the daughter of helios, to purify her from the stain of her brothers blood. like all the children of helios, circe had eyes that were wide and full of life, but she had stony lipslips that were heavy and moveless. bright golden hair hung smoothly along each of her sides. first she held a cup to them that was filled with pure water, and jason and medea drank from that cup. then circe stayed by the hearth ; she burnt cakes in the flame, and all the while she prayed to zeus to be gentle with these suppliants. she brought both to the seashore. there she washed medeas body and her garments with the spray of the sea. medea pleaded with circe to tell her of the life she foresaw for her, but circe would not speak of it. she told medea that one day she would meet a woman who knew nothing about enchantments but who had much human wisdom. she was to ask of her what she was to do in her life or what she was to leave undone. and whatever this woman out of her wisdom told her, that medea was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3809841396822311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.796304"} {"text": "storytelling in the classroom storytelling is not the same as reading aloud because it requires greater interaction between the teller and the listener. therefore, storytelling is a great tool for improving children ' s communication skills, as well as developing language skills, comprehension, and self - awareness. ( reading and communication skills ) to help students use storytelling to foster creativity and to develop social skills and language skills \u2014 speaking, listening, and comprehension print out selected building blocks character cards, know - kit cards, character bios, and abc coloring book pages. if you ' re going to use the optional activity for older students, gather a variety of at least 10 to 12 everyday items ( pencil, spoon, umbrella, pair of shoes, tape, etc. ). - gather the students in a large group. choose a building blocks character picture and introduce him or her as a new student in the class. tell the students some important things to know about their new friend based on the character cards and biography. we will use ali rabbit for our example. ali rabbit is 5 years old. he lives with his mom, dad, grandparents, and great grandpa. he has six brothers and sisters. the oldest is aged 17 and the youngest is 5. his favorite sport is soccer. he likes to play on the computer and make music. his good friend is thurgood turtle. - now, start a story about ali rabbit ' s first day in your classroom. include specific places and people in the story \u2014 the bus driver, the media specialist, etc. model good storytelling practices for the students to remind them to speak clearly and loudly and to express feelings as they tell the story. is ali excited, frightened, or shy about his first day at a new school? - then, pass the picture of ali to a student and have him or her add to the story. continue passing the picture around the class until ali ' s first day at school is complete. you may need to ask questions to prompt the children \u2019 s imaginations. - next, divide the class into small groups. select several know - kit cards and / or abc coloring book pages that show ali rabbit. for example : ali asleep on the soccer field, ali playing the keyboard, ali crying when someone took away his keyboard, ali eating peanut butter and apples, ali at his fifth birthday party, or ali with his friends. - let the group talk about the pictures as they put them into a sequence and begin to make up a story that goes with the pictures. depending on the age of your students, you may have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46563407584466754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.799895"} {"text": "his fifth birthday party, or ali with his friends. - let the group talk about the pictures as they put them into a sequence and begin to make up a story that goes with the pictures. depending on the age of your students, you may have to help them decide on the sequence of the pictures they will use. - have each group come to the front of the class with their pictures and share their story. have others in the class participate by asking questions about the story or the characters. - finally, mix up all the pictures and distribute them around the class. start a story based on the picture you hold. then, call on a child to add to your story, using the character in the picture he or she holds. go around the room and call on students to add to the class story. - have the students talk about the different stories and tell what they liked best. was it more fun to have planned a story with their small group or to mix and match stories as a whole group? why? optional : for older students place all the everyday items you \u2019 ve gathered into a big box. be sure not to let the students see what ' s in the box. then, tell the students that they ' re going to tell a story using the props in the box. pass out one prop to the first student and have him or her start the story. then, in the middle of the story, pass out another prop to a different student, which is the cue to jump into the story. continue this until all the props are given out. the stories should make everyone laugh with the mismatched items and complicated storyline. you can start again using the same props, but in a different order. or, you can have students find their own props to tell an add - on group story. please note \u2014 to view documents in pdf format, you must have adobe \u2019 s free acrobat reader software. if you do not already have this software installed on your computer, please download it from adobe ' s web site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4769477203667398, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.800738"} {"text": "as a sleep researcher for select comfort, i often witness poor sleep strategies that result in a diminished quality of life. insufficient or in adequate sleep not only affects how we look and feel, it also has far more dire consequences. research firmly links poor sleep with many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity. it \u2019 s linked to accidents in the workplace, on the road and at home, and negatively impacts our memory, problem - solving capacity and mood. as a former high school math teacher ( and father of two extremely active daughters in the third and sixth grades ), i deeply appreciate the teaching profession and its influence on our children. not many lines of work are more demanding than those in education, and quality sleep plays a critical role in virtually every function of a teacher \u2019 s day. deficiencies in sleep can show up in many places : lack of stamina. sleep has many functions, but fundamentally it \u2019 s designed to provide us with about sixteen hours of sustained, alert wakefulness. from the second we wake in the morning \u201c pressure \u201d begins to build to go back to sleep. if you didn \u2019 t start the day with a good 7. 5 to 8 hours of quality sleep, you begin the day with a sleep debt that will reveal itself early in the afternoon. that insuppressible urge to yawn or feeling of nodding off right after lunch is a tell - tale sign of inadequate sleep. many suppress it with caffeine \u2014 but that introduces a classic vicious circle. caffeine has a half - life of up to seven hours. half the caffeine you consume mid - afternoon will still be affecting you at bed time, diminishing the quality of your sleep creating even more sleep debt as you begin the next day. diminished immunity. excellent research clearly shows that the amount and quality of your sleep directly affects your susceptibility to respiratory illnesses, including the common cold. a study at carnegie mellon revealed that those sleeping less than 7 hours per night were nearly three times more likely to catch the cold when exposed to the common cold virus than those sleeping eight hours a night. furthermore, poor sleepers \u2014 defined as those actually in bed for eight hours but awake for 38 minutes or more ( due to trouble falling asleep, tossing and turning, getting up during the night, etc. ) \u2014 were five and a half times more likely to catch the cold compared to sound sleepers. another study at the university of chicago found that the effectiveness of the flu vaccination is delayed if you are in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48715081142152983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.806730"} {"text": "up during the night, etc. ) \u2014 were five and a half times more likely to catch the cold compared to sound sleepers. another study at the university of chicago found that the effectiveness of the flu vaccination is delayed if you are inoculated when sleep deprived. accidents. safety in our schools and outside our schools depends on lots of high - quality sleep. our physical reaction times and speed of thought are dulled when sleep deprived, similar to the effects of alcohol. in fact a well - publicized study found that when we are awake for about 17 \u2013 19 consecutive hours, our impairment is equivalent to having a blood alcohol concentration ( bac ) of. 07 ( almost legally drunk in most states. ) several consecutive nights of insufficient sleep can produce the same effects. countless times during the day we rely on a high level of vigilance and reaction speed to prevent accidents from happening. inefficiency. great teachers are creative, solve problems on the fly, can handle multiple tasks simultaneously and exude a caring attitude towards the students ; but only if they are well - rested. the areas of the brain responsible for these cognitive roles all require generous amounts of high - quality sleep to function properly. when we are even slightly sleep deprived, our ability to multi - task takes a hit, as does our creativity, problem solving and mood. the later segments of a good night \u2019 s sleep are dominated by rapid eye movement ( rem ) sleep. as it turns out, that stage of sleep is critical for our higher order mental functioning. trying to \u201c get by \u201d on six hours of sleep wreaks havoc on the amount of rem sleep we typically get \u2014 so don \u2019 t skimp! weight gain. sixty percent of our nation is overweight with nearly 30 percent being obese \u2014 and it affects health care costs, productivity and overall well - being. more than a dozen studies have confirmed that our nation \u2019 s weight problem is tied to insufficient sleep. when we \u2019 re sleepy, we aren \u2019 t as active during the day and we tend to put off our exercise regimen. there also is evidence that we simply burn fewer calories during the day when sleep deprived. on the metabolic level, the hormones that regulate our appetite are disrupted when we sleep less than we should. the signal for hunger is artificially higher than normal and the signal for satiety is lower \u2014 we \u2019 re always hungry and never satisfied. when we \u2019 re tired, our brains compensate by consuming unnecessary calories that quickly turn into unwanted pounds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5299585315289193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.807833"} {"text": "the signal for hunger is artificially higher than normal and the signal for satiety is lower \u2014 we \u2019 re always hungry and never satisfied. when we \u2019 re tired, our brains compensate by consuming unnecessary calories that quickly turn into unwanted pounds. research also confirms that when sleep deprived, we tend to abandon our dietary choices, gravitating from healthier foods to those with more sugars and starches. many of your students are sleep deprived and may not understand or appreciate its importance. we talk a lot about diet and the role of exercise with our children, but often overlook sleep. as teachers and parents, we can start by setting a good example! in fact, select comfort, the maker of the sleep number bed, is helping teachers get a better night \u2019 s sleep. please read sleep number helps teachers make the grade. evelyn, a grade - school teacher in omaha, ne, understands the importance of sleep as it relates to her students and said, \u201c as teacher of a lively group of 10 year - olds, my day can only be described as hectic and demanding! a quality night \u2019 s sleep is a must, and i find the sleep number bed to be the perfect solution to getting a good night \u2019 s rest. it enables me to function at my best and give my students the education they deserve. their energy level is high and so is mine! \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48965991207253967, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.808397"} {"text": "- dysbarism is a collective term for all illnesses resulting from changes in ambient pressure that occur at a rate exceeding the capacity of the person to adapt safely. conditions such as decompression sickness ( the bends ), arterial gas embolism ( age ), and barotrauma may result. - decompression illness is a term that refers to both decompression sickness and age. - diagnosis of dysbarism can usually be made on history and examination alone. - gas coming out of solution and forming bubbles is the prime cause of decompression sickness, whereas gas contraction and expansion causes barotrauma. - any body tissue can be affected, resulting in a wide variety of clinical presentations. any new symptom with a close temporal relation to diving should be presumed due to dysbarism until shown to be otherwise. - the unpredictability of ultimate outcome at the onset of any decompression illness requires each case to be managed as a medical emergency. - recompression is the mainstay of treatment for decompression illness. early administration improves outcome. - oxygen administration plays a key role in all cases of decompression illness, both as emergency treatment and during recompression. otras enfermedades relacionadas - near drowning - migraine headache in adults - assessment of coma - overview of acute coronary syndrome - pulmonary embolism - overview of seizure disorder - multiple sclerosis - guillain - barre syndrome - transverse myelitis - overview of pneumonia - acute asthma exacerbation in adults - otitis media - otitis externa - acute sinusitis - assessment of dizziness - assessment of psychosis - non - diabetic hypoglycaemia - bacterial meningitis - assessment of cranial nerve mononeuropathy actualizado por ultima vez : oct 23, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5460609874970798, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.810190"} {"text": "using energy2d to simulate trombe wallsfebruary 26th, 2013 by charles xie a trombe wall is a sun - facing wall separated from the outdoors by glass and an air space. it consists a solar absorber ( such as a dark surface ) and two vents for air in the house to circulate through the space and carry the solar heat to warm the house up. in a way, a trombe wall is like a machine that uses air as a convey belt of thermal energy harvested from the sun. trombe walls are very simple and easy to make and are sometimes used in passive solar green buildings. hiding sophisticated power of computational fluid dynamics behind a simple graphical user interface, our energy2d software can easily simulate how a trombe wall works. the two images in this blog post show screenshots of a trombe wall simulation and its closeup version. you can play the simulation on this page and download the models there. if you open the models using energy2d, you should be able to see how easy it is to tweak the models and create realistic heat flow simulations. solar chimneys operate based on similar principles. energy2d should be able to simulate solar chimneys as well. perhaps this would be a good challenge to you. ( i will post a solar chimney simulation later if i figure out how to do it. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5270541990792283, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.812815"} {"text": "for the past several years, it \u2019 s not been an uncommon sight in anytown, usa, to drive down the street and see home after home for sale after going through foreclosure. they are the still - lingering hangover from the housing crash that began in 2007. though the true cause of what burst america \u2019 s housing bubble is still debated, two of the culprits \u2014 housing finance giants fannie mae and freddie mac \u2014 are still going strong even though both essentially failed in 2008 and are under government control. economists and politicians alike are now pondering whether we need fannie mae and freddie mac at all and what would happen if they were eliminated altogether. for several years prior to 2007, home prices went through the roof, but then they crashed through the basement. since then, more than 2. 3 million homeowners have faced foreclosure \u2014 an 81 percent increase over 2007. this all, of course, contributed to the great recession we \u2019 re still rebuilding from today. \u201c easy credit \u201d is pointed to as the corrosive acid that ate away at the housing market \u2019 s foundation, and federal government - sponsored mortgage finance giants \u2014 the federal national mortgage association ( fannie mae ) and the federal home loan mortgage corporation ( freddie mac ) \u2014 were there to supply it and help other lenders to do so. consistent with policies dating back to the carter and clinton administrations, fannie mae and freddie mac made it easier for low and moderate income americans to obtain mortgages and purchase homes. in a new paper from the heritage foundation, a housing market without fannie mae and freddie mac : effect on home prices, nahid anaraki reports that this \u201c fueled an excessive expansion of credit in the housing sector, shifted the demand for real estate to the right, and caused home prices to overshoot their underlying market equilibriums. \u201d in other words, fannie mae and freddie mac \u2019 s intervention in the housing market helped to fuel the boom - to - bust housing bubble by subsidizing interest rates and enabling reduced down payment requirements on single - family homes, thus unnaturally boosting demand and causing prices to go up. the trouble with all this, heritage reports, is that though fannie mae and freddie mac have made it easier for a family to buy a home, in the long run their actions have a detrimental effect on the economy, as america has witnessed. so what would happen if fannie mae and freddie mac were phased out? would the absence of their ability to offer lower interest loans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4095898657817044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.817353"} {"text": "to buy a home, in the long run their actions have a detrimental effect on the economy, as america has witnessed. so what would happen if fannie mae and freddie mac were phased out? would the absence of their ability to offer lower interest loans and smaller down payments impact the cost of homes in america? anaraki \u2019 s analysis shows that it would not. in fact, interest rates and changes in down payment requirements have little influence on housing prices. instead, fundamentals \u2013 such as household assets, personal income, the s & p index, and the effective tax rate \u2013 play substantial roles in shaping home prices. as such, she advises, it \u2019 s time for washington to get out of the business altogether : the federal government should avoid offering any subsidy in the form of lower interest rates or lower down payments because it adversely affects both the housing market and the economy over the long term. although such a policy may boost the demand side in the short term, it risks inflating another housing bubble in the medium or long term. eliminating fannie mae and freddie mac, in fact, will help more americans afford homeownership. since these institutions increase demand \u2014 thereby increasing home prices \u2014 it becomes increasingly difficult for lower - income americans to afford to purchase homes without subsidized interest rates. if fannie mae and freddie mac are eliminated, interest rates may slightly go up initially, but anaraki finds that \u201c higher interest rates will lead to lower median home prices, which in turn will increase the ability of low - income groups to purchase a house. \u201d what \u2019 s more, competition among housing lenders would increase, leading to lower interest rates in the medium to long term. owning your own home is the american dream, but suffering a foreclosure and winding up on the streets is the american nightmare. in pursuit of encouraging the former, the federal government helped produce the latter. government intervention by way of fannie mae and freddie mac may have given more americans the keys to their own homes, but they bought homes they could not afford and in a marketplace that could not be sustained. as heritage showed in an earlier paper, fannie mae and freddie mac can be phased out without disrupting the housing recovery. a better way forward is to phase out fannie mae and freddie mac and let the home market find a healthy and sustainable equilibrium. - one in seven americans \u2014 45 million people \u2014 received food stamps in 2011, according to the congressional budget office. that \u2019 s a 70 % increase from 2007 that is only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4309041464564384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.818307"} {"text": "as oil reaches a new record of $ 143 per barrel today, i think it \u2019 s safe to say that energy \u2013 and possible alternatives to fossil fuels \u2013 are topics on everyone \u2019 s mind. before the development of fossil - fuel based energy technology, wind - power wasn \u2019 t an alternate form of energy \u2013 it was just the way things were done. julian lamborn, master docent for the wiess energy hall, has been kind enough to share the history of wind technology as well as share his case for developing wind energy today, in this two - part post. shakespeare had it right when he penned : \u201c blow, blow thou winter wind, thou art not so unkind. \u201d the winds of the world today bring with them the promise of low cost, renewable and sustainable electricity which will help feed the world \u2019 s insatiable demand for energy. one perk of using wind energy is it has a low atmospheric pollution potential. in 2007, the globally installed capacity of electricity generation from wind increased by some 26. 6 % over 2006. | photo credit : joshmcconnell | the global capacity of wind - generated electricity is currently equivalent to some 1. 3 % of the world \u2019 s electricity needs with germany producing the most wind power. in fact, germany has 22, 247 megawatts of installed wind generating capacity which meets between 5 % and 7 % of the country \u2019 s electricity needs. here in the usa ( which, at 16, 818 mw, is second only to germany in installed, wind - generating capacity ) about 1 % of our electricity needs are met by wind generation and in texas particularly, this number rises to 3 %. texas is also the state that uses the most wind energy. | photo credit :. martin. | it \u2019 s all very well talking about a megawatt of wind generated power, but what can it actually do for you in your home? in very round numbers, one megawatt of wind generating capacity typically will satisfy the electricity needs of 350 households in an industrial society, or roughly 1, 000 people per year. although wind generators are placed in windy areas and designed to run optimally at wind speeds between 25 and 35 mph, wind does not blow all the time. in the usa wind generators work at about 30. 5 % of their capacity. but, of course, this is the modern story. | photo credit : wouter de bruijn the first windmills were developed to automate the tasks of grain - grinding and water - pumping. the earliest - known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49917448631561956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.824332"} {"text": "% of their capacity. but, of course, this is the modern story. | photo credit : wouter de bruijn the first windmills were developed to automate the tasks of grain - grinding and water - pumping. the earliest - known design is the vertical axis system developed in persia about 500 - 900 c. e. ( although there is some suggestion that king hammurabi of babylon in c 1760 b. c. e used wind driven scoops to move water for irrigation ). the first known documented design of a persian windmill is one with vertical sails made of bundles of reeds or wood which were attached to the central vertical shaft by horizontal struts. windmills as we know them today from paintings by the dutch masters first appeared in the late middle ages, although it took another 500 or so years for the highly efficient mills of the dutch to be fully developed. however, by the late 19th century, all the technology was in place to allow the design of the first power - generating wind - mill. this first use of a large windmill to generate electricity was a system built in cleveland, ohio, in 1888, by charles f. brush. compared to today \u2019 s behemoths producing up to 3. 6 mw or more, bush \u2019 s machine was a lightweight producing just 12 kw! the modern wind powered generating devices, such as those near abilene, typically each produce 1. 5 to 2 mw of power at around the same 4. 5 cent cost per kilowatt - hour as electricity from coal but without the co - production of greenhouse gases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48174420339612234, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.824968"} {"text": "when the father of welsh poet dylan thomas was dying, it inspired thomas to write one of his most famous works, \u201c do not go gentle into that good night. \u201d the poem encourages thomas \u2019 s father, and its readers, to fight for their lives when they approach death. the constant refrain in the poem is \u201c rage, rage against the dying of the light, \u201d meaning that one should defy death as much as possible. similarly, in the opening stanza, thomas states, \u201c old age should burn and rave at close of day \u201d ( 2 ), continuing his theme of staying strong, as well as the metaphor of nighttime as death. thomas isn \u2019 t necessarily negative in his attitude toward death. he writes, \u201c \u2026 wise men at their end know dark is right \u201d ( 4 ). by this he means that smart people realize that death is the next logical step, and they acknowledge that it must happen. the rest of the poem offers examples of people who come to realize their misconceptions about life, and how this makes them reluctant to die. one of these instances is, \u201c grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight / blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, / rage, rage against the dying of the light \u201d ( 13 - 15 ). \u201c grave, \u201d or sad, men, that are dying are finally able to see with astounding clarity ( \u201c blinding sight \u201d ) how even people in unfortunate situations are capable of being happy. even people with \u201c blind eyes \u201d can \u201c be gay. \u201d in these stanzas thomas conveys the notion that our regrets in life tend to make us feel that we are not ready for death. the last stanza of the poem is a direct plea from thomas to his father : \u201c and you, my father, there on the sad height, / curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears \u2026 \u201d ( 16 - 17 ). thomas refers to his father \u2019 s near - death state as \u201c the sad height \u201d ; it is an achievement to have made it through to the end of our lives, but it is obviously bittersweet. dylan thomas \u2019 s appeals to his father to \u201c curse \u201d and \u201c bless \u201d him with his \u201c fierce tears, \u201d mean that although thomas will be saddened by his father \u2019 s death, he wants his father to make him appreciate life. the tears have to be \u201c fierce \u201d in order to display how passionate his father was about life. the poet then entreats his father to follow the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44005389116007676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.827687"} {"text": "nasa \u2019 s solar dynamics observatory has had virtually unbroken coverage of the sun \u2019 s rise toward solar maximum, the peak of solar activity in its regular 11 - year cycle. this video shows those three years of the sun at a pace of two images per day. these noteworthy events appear at the following times in the video : 00 : 30 ; 24 partial eclipse by the moon 00 : 31 ; 16 roll maneuver 01 : 11 ; 02 august 9, 2011 x6. 9 flare, currently the largest of this solar cycle video description : the sun unleashed a medium - sized solar flare that is visually spectacular. the large cloud of particles mushroomed up and fell back down looking as if it covered an area of almost half the solar surface. two nasa spacecrafts observed this event from three different view - points. image description : at the end of august, a filament from the sun suddenly erupted into space. the filament had been held up for days by the sun \u2019 s ever changing magnetic field and the timing of the eruption was unexpected. learn more about the eruption. image from the solar dynamics observatory at nasa \u2019 s goddard space flight center image description : should you put sunscreen on infants? not usually. the best approach is to keep infants under 6 months out of the sun, especially between 10 : 00 am and 2 : 00 pm. but when you are outside together, here are some of the most important ways to protect your infant from the harmful rays of the sun : an umbrella and brimmed hat for shade, a cooler for liquids, a bottle for hydration, and clothing for covering the skin. image description : these images show a solar flare as observed on january 23. you can see the sun \u2019 s surface brighten as gas was superheated and magnetically supercharged. in the far right image, there is a stream of solar material flowing into space, likely solar protons and a coronal mass ejection. solar flares and coronal mass ejections are not a danger to humans on earth. the planet \u2019 s magnetic field and atmosphere deflect and absorb the energy. sun storms can pose some risks to astronauts, and upset science, military, and communications satellites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4697675626954423, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.829944"} {"text": "in july 2006, andy carvin, host of the pbs blog learning. now, examined the attitude of teachers toward using wikipedia in the classroom. he asked : \u201c are educators hostile to wikipedia? \u201d. the answers ranged from one high school teacher who told andy \u201c most colleagues had never seen wikipedia, never intended to go there, and some had already warned their students that they were not to use wikipedia for class projects \u201d to another teacher who objected \u201c i use wikipedia all the time as a quick way to get a first pass on a subject i \u2019 m not familiar with, and i don \u2019 t see any reason why students shouldn \u2019 t be taught to use it the same way. \u201d most of the participants were arguing about whether their students should use wikipedia as a source of information, not whether the students should contribute to it. carvin had already pointed out in 2005 that asking students to actively contribute to wikipedia might be a model worth exploring. now, he stated : \u201c it may be just a matter of time before we see highly organized educational activities, with teams of students from around the world working together to improve the quality of content on wikipedia. \u201d - the past year the past year has shown that those educational activities that andy carvin was envisioning in 2005 can be an effective means of improving wikipedia \u2019 s quality. building on the experiences of teachers like jon beasley - murray ( was introducing wikipedia to the classroom an act of madness leading only to mayhem if not murder? ) and others, the wikimedia foundation started an experimental pilot project ( the public policy initiative ) to explore the challenges and opportunities of student - based wikipedia - editing on a larger scale. more than 800 students from 22 u. s. universities contributed about 5, 600 pages of high quality content to the english wikipedia. articles written by those students improved by an average of 140 percent. moreover, our pilot project sparked a high level of interest from media and teachers around the world. over the initial 12 months of the pilot project, we have built a strong knowledge base about running a class - based program as well as the tools needed to implement it ( training handbooks, brochures on how to start editing, how - to videos, sample syllabi, etc. ) we have also recruited and trained wikipedia ambassadors, whose role is to teach students about the basics of wikipedia and to support them with their first edits. we are now at a point to make these investments pay off. - the global education program and the year ahead beginning in 2011, we will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47513738539622574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.833941"} {"text": ", whose role is to teach students about the basics of wikipedia and to support them with their first edits. we are now at a point to make these investments pay off. - the global education program and the year ahead beginning in 2011, we will expand wikipedia editing in university classrooms to institutions around the world. that \u2019 s what we call the \u201c global education program \u201d. it will support the wikimedia foundation \u2019 s strategic goal to grow, strengthen, and increase the wikipedia editor community. it will also improve wikipedia \u2019 s quality and increase wikipedia \u2019 s credibility within academia. our priorities for expansion in year one will be india and brazil, and we will also start activities in a couple of other countries. whereas the public policy initiative had a narrow topical focus, the new global education program will encourage teachers from all disciplines to engage their students in wikipedia editing. what are the big challenges we are going to tackle in year one? - scalability. based on the current growth, we are planning to have more than 10, 000 students enrolled in our program by 2013. that means that we will need a much larger number of wikipedia campus and online ambassadors to support teachers and students. therefore, we are planning to move the ambassador training online and explore new models of letting volunteers take ownership of the program. - standards and guidelines. for a global volunteer - driven program like ours, it will be important that all participants have a shared understanding of what the goals are and how we are planning to achieve these goals. that \u2019 s where standards and guidelines come into play. the education systems and the culture of education varies from country to country, and we aim at being as flexible as possible in the implementation of our model. at the same time, we need to make sure that the quality of our support for teachers and students meets the same standards globally. - communication. at the wikipedia in higher education summit last month, we have seen how powerful it can be when participants of our program share their experiences and learnings with each other. our goal for the next year will be to give volunteers a stronger voice in storytelling and also to develop tools that enable participants to share their materials and best practices more effectively. for me, the year ahead is the next step toward the vision that andy carvin outlined in 2005. wikipedia belongs in higher education. and it \u2019 s not a matter of time anymore that students from around the world will work together to improve the quality of content on wikipedia. the future of wikipedia in education is now. global education program director", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48295846274388904, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.834961"} {"text": "over 4 billion years ago the young and barren earth was being buffeted by meteor strikes, and that violent bombardment could have created the first amino acids that then gave rise to the origin of life on the planet, a new study suggests. the hellish temperatures and pressures generated when an extraterrestrial object strikes earth at speeds of several kilometers per second are enough to shatter and vaporize rock \u2026. yet part of such an immense burst of energy can trigger chemical reactions that generate complex organic substances from basic inorganic ingredients, says takeshi kakegawa [ science news ]. previously, researchers have suggested that organic molecules may have been created elsewhere in the universe and were brought to earth by meteors. but the new study, in which researchers simulated the impact of meteorites in the primordial ocean, argues that the organic molecules could have been synthesized from the inorganic molecules already present on the planet when the meteorites crashed into the ocean. other researchers have suggested similar processes for the creation of organic molecules on earth, including lightning strikes or chemical reactions surrounding hot, volcanic vents in the deep sea. in the study, published in nature geoscience [ subscription required ], the researchers fired meteorite - like balls of iron and carbon into a mixture of water and ammonia, meant to resemble the oceans billions of years ago. in the experiment, the researchers found that the iron and carbon were heated by the impact and reacted with hydrogen and nitrogen to form biomolecules, including fatty acids, amines and the amino acid glycine [ cosmos online ]. amines are the building blocks for more complex amino acids, and fatty acids are found in cell membranes. while experts describe the results as plausible, the research hasn \u2019 t won over everyone. \u201c it \u2019 s neat to show that you could harness the energy of impacts to create organic bonds, \u201d says jennifer blank, an astrobiologist at the seti institute in mountain view, calif. but she fears that theories of life \u2019 s origin may never move beyond the hypothetical. \u201c as someone in the general field, one of the frustrations, of course, is that we \u2019 re never going to know the answer, \u201d she says. \u201c but as another mechanism for contributing to the inventory of organic compounds, this is cool \u201d [ scientific american ]. 80beats : new results from a 1953 experiment offer hints to the origin of life 80beats : the earth \u2019 s oldest diamonds may show evidence of earliest life discover : life \u2019 s fifth element came from meteors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48856618109866146, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.837432"} {"text": "hiv becomes a chronic disease chronic disease often calls up bad images for people because it means living with the disease for a long time. but \u2026 there was a time when cancer wasn \u2019 t chronic disease because people got sick and died pretty quickly. the same goes for hiv. when it was first discovered in the early 80s people quickly transitioned to aids and died shortly after diagnosis. now science and medicine have advanced so far, that hiv and aids are both more like chronic diseases. they \u2019 ve even come close to what could be considered a vaccine \u2013 a discovery so important researchers released it before the rest of the study was finished. the cdc celebrated world hiv day this week by releasing a new issue of vital signs. we \u2019 re also keeping up with the times and changing how we handle hiv & aids. the folks who work in hiv / aids prevention are moving into our bureau of tobacco and chronic disease. this makes so much sense \u2013 a lot of the messaging is the same. people need to learn to control the symptoms, reduce the stressors ( like tobacco use or high blood pressure ), exercise, eat well and get regular health screenings. we \u2019 ll continue with our surveillance efforts in our bureau of epidemiology and disease control. leave a reply you must be logged in to post a comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4406689153222507, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.839765"} {"text": "douglass jacobs, an associate professor of forestry and natural resources, found that american chestnuts grow much faster and larger than other hardwood species, allowing them to sequester more carbon than other trees over the same period. and since american chestnut trees are more often used for high - quality hardwood products such as furniture, they hold the carbon longer than wood used for paper or other low - grade materials. \" maintaining or increasing forest cover has been identified as an important way to slow climate change, \" said jacobs, whose paper was published in the june issue of the journal forest ecology and management. \" the american chestnut is an incredibly fast - growing tree. generally the faster a tree grows, the more carbon it is able to sequester. and when these trees are harvested and processed, the carbon can be stored in the hardwood products for decades, maybe longer. \" at the beginning of the last century, the chestnut blight, caused by a fungus, rapidly spread throughout the american chestnut ' s natural range, which extended from southern new england and new york southwest to alabama. about 50 years ago, the species was nearly gone. new efforts to hybridize remaining american chestnuts with blight - resistant chinese chestnuts have resulted in a species that is about 94 percent american chestnut with the protection found in the chinese species. jacobs said those new trees could be ready to plant in the next decade, either in existing forests or former agricultural fields that are being returned to forested land. \" we ' re really quite close to having a blight - resistant hybrid that can be reintroduced into eastern forests, \" jacobs said. \" but because american chestnut has been absent from our forests for so long now, we really don ' t know much about the species at all. \" \u2026 douglass jacobs examines a young hybrid of the american chestnut. he expects the trees could be reintroduced in the next decade. ( purdue university file photo / nicole jacobs )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.434471017585179, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.843112"} {"text": "this is the day that \u2026 lyman beecher was born in connecticut, in 1775. he has been described as \u201c the father of more brains than any other man in america \u201d, a reference to his 13 children. these included the famous preacher, henry ward beecher, and the author of uncle tom \u2019 s cabin, harriet beecher stowe. as a matter of fact, \u201c all his sons were well known as preachers \u201d ( concise universal biography, page 222 ). but rev. lyman beecher was a giant among giants himself. he was educated at yale in the days when it was barely above a secondary school in its facilities. the students were of dubious character at times. beecher was appalled by the example of his peers, but found his ideal in timothy dwight, the new president of yale. it was dwight who stirred yale into a religious fervor that led to many revivals in the next twenty - five years. lyman graduated in 1797 and spent the next year in yale divinity school under the tutelage of dwight as his mentor. ordained to the presbyterian ministry in 1797, he pastored three large churches ( litchfield, connecticut ; boston ; and cincinatti ), was well known as a revivalist, an educator and a social reformer. he brought revival but also controversy. his preaching on temperance was just one of the themes that offended his parishioners at times. he was one of the founders of the american bible society and president of lane theological seminary in cincinatti. initially he opposed charles finney \u2019 s new revival techniques and theology, but a few years later he admitted his worth and even invited finney to hold meetings in boston. lyman beecher found himself in \u2018 hot water \u2019 with his presbyterian brethren who had little time for the famous revivalist. after all, finney taught \u201c man was able to repent in response to god \u2019 s grace \u201d ( dictionary of american biography, page 38 ). as a result beecher was actually tried for heresy \u2026 but acquitted. he was already one of america \u2019 s best known preachers by the age of 50, when he moved to boston, seeking better payment for his skills and status. his next move, to cincinatti, was motivated by his concern to sure up protestant preaching where the catholics and unitarians had already made inroads. his years there were controversial. he used his presidency of lane theological seminary to train ministers to win the west for protestantism. an inveterate opponent of roman catholicism and unitarianism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4151542802533507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.848611"} {"text": "preaching where the catholics and unitarians had already made inroads. his years there were controversial. he used his presidency of lane theological seminary to train ministers to win the west for protestantism. an inveterate opponent of roman catholicism and unitarianism, it is said that one of his fiery sermons apparently helped incite a mob \u201c that resulted in the burning of a convent \u201d. during those years he was charged with acts of heresy, slander and hypocrisy by opposing religious factions. he resigned from lane in 1850 and went to live with his son, henry ward beecher, in brooklyn, where he died on 10 january, 1863, after a long and stormy ministry. this post is based on the work of my late friend donald prout whose love for books and christian history led him to collate a daily christian calendar. i continue to work with don \u2019 s wife, barbara, to share his life work with the world. i have updated some of these historical posts and will hopefully draw from don \u2019 s huge files of clippings to continue this series beyond don \u2019 s original work. more of don \u2019 s work can be found at www. donaldprout. com. i am indebted to don for awakening in me an interest in church history, which i previously considered to be a little stuffy and of little practical value. i find in the process of updating don \u2019 s christian diary that i am being constantly refreshed, illuminated or challenged by the lives of those who have gone before.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41082942143767975, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.849257"} {"text": "chapter 5 takes place an estimated 9 years after nebuchadnezzar \u2019 s death and about 36 years after the previous chapter. belshazzar was nebuchadnezzar \u2019 s grandson who took control of the kingdom as his father was on extended leave fighting the persians. it appears that daniel had retired from his high place in government. he would have been pretty old at this point, though he also could have lost his position when nebuchadnezzar died. the walls of babylon were 87 feet thick and 100 feet high it was fairly common for the kings to dine with such large numbers of people as you can see in esther 1. in this case though, the invading armies are right outside the city walls. this would seem to be incredible arrogance similar to his grandfather, but herodotus tells us that babylon had two walls surrounding the city with a moat in between. the walls were 87 feet thick and 100 feet high, so conquering babylon was not something that happened easily. at the end of the chapter we find out that this would be the night it was captured. herodotus corroborates the bible and mentions a festival was going on the night the city was conquered. regardless of the city \u2019 s security, it was a bad decision to get drunk in front of your lords with an invading army outside. even worse to taunt a god by desecrating sacred items collected from a temple. maybe he was doing this to instill a sense of pride to his lords reminding them of past victories, though daniel seems be very specific about his lack of sobriety. the handwriting on the wall has always stood out to me as a bizarre miracle by god ( bizarre by miracle standards that is ). this seems like something you would see in a horror movie. the best interpretation i found of the aramaic writing said it literally translated to \u201c numbered, numbered, weighed, divided. \u201d belshazzar was not given a message of repentance but rather a proclamation of impending judgement. it is evident to us that although the king is just informed of his doom, god had been moving the medes and persians in place to execute his plan for some time. extra - biblical writings tell us that the persians blocked the flow of the euphrates and walked on the riverbed to an unguarded portion of the wall where they climbed up without opposition. since so many were gathered at the festival, the babylonians were defeated with relative ease. numbered, numbered, weighed, divided darius the mede is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4560910129312266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.851870"} {"text": "warsaw museum to celebrate jewish life in poland warsaw, poland ( ap ) \u2014 the box - like glass building rises from soil marked by tragedy in the heart of warsaw ' s former jewish district. at certain angles, its luminous facade reflects the outlines of a dark memorial to those who fought and died in the 1943 warsaw ghetto uprising against the nazis. yet despite reminders of jewish suffering all around, the modern building will soon open as a key remembrance site of a mostly upbeat jewish story, becoming home to the museum of the history of polish jews, a major new museum dedicated to the 1, 000 years of jewish existence in polish lands. \" it is a museum of life, \" said sigmund rolat, a polish - born holocaust survivor and american benefactor who has helped bring the museum to life. \" we are showing 1, 000 years of a magnificent history. \" construction of the building is nearly finished and the museum is scheduled to open in 2013 after nearly 20 years of planning. it will be a celebratory moment for those who have struggled to build a home for this story, among them polish - born holocaust survivors with a deep affection for their land of birth : men like rolat, 82, and tad taube, 81, a krakow - born entrepreneur who leads two california - based philanthropies that have given $ 16 million to the project. the museum fulfills a dream of jews from around the world to preserve the rich legacy of their ancestors by creating what will be the first - ever museum of polish jewish history. meanwhile, the polish government, a major partner, also seeks to celebrate both the country ' s jewish past and its own past eras of cultural tolerance and diversity. in doing so, the young democracy hopes to burnish its western credentials and shed a reputation for anti - semitism that has hung over it in recent decades. jewish history was largely ignored in the communist era, and the fact that the museum has risen with the help of the polish government makes it a monument to a new consciousness and wealth. \" no doubt it is thanks to democracy in poland that this museum could be created, \" said warsaw mayor hanna gronkiewicz - waltz. the project has faced a number of delays, some caused by the global financial crisis that for a time discouraged donations needed to complete the more than $ 100 million project. a public - private initiative that relies heavily on private funding, the museum has also struggled at times to persuade jews abroad to help a project \" in a country which they feel has not been particularly friendly to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3898153162408892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.859420"} {"text": "to complete the more than $ 100 million project. a public - private initiative that relies heavily on private funding, the museum has also struggled at times to persuade jews abroad to help a project \" in a country which they feel has not been particularly friendly to jews, \" taube said. \" this was not a slam dunk, \" taube said. \" but it got easier as the project rose from the ground. doubts began to be erased. \" museum officials say it will open in stages, with educational and cultural programs starting in april to mark the 70th anniversary of the doomed warsaw ghetto uprising. then in december the heart of the museum is scheduled to open : a core exhibition of eight interactive multimedia galleries organized chronologically. using diaries, memoirs, film footage and other original sources, the story will unfold in the voices of those living in the historical moment. with its opening, the museum is expected to join the ranks of world - class jewish history museums like yad vashem in jerusalem and the united states holocaust memorial museum in washington. what will set it apart will be its focus not on tragedy, but on creation, achievement and life. in keeping with that theme, the warsaw museum will devote just one of the eight galleries to the holocaust. visitors, in fact, will not be able to access the holocaust gallery without passing first through at least one other gallery, a reminder of the life that came long before and which still exists today in poland ' s small but growing jewish community. the museum will show that the holocaust \u2014 carried out by adolf hitler ' s germany \u2014 was never the inevitable result of relations between poland ' s jews and christians, despite periods of conflict. still, museum creators say they will not shy away from showing ugly episodes of polish anti - semitism that led to economic boycotts, persecution and even massacres in the 19th and 20th centuries. the complex message can be expected to challenge stereotypes held by some poles and some jews. poles, many of whom view their nation exclusively as a land of heroism that resisted the nazi occupation, have reacted with defensive outrage in past years when acts of anti - semitic violence during and after the war came to light. it ' s easy to imagine new controversies erupting when the museum opens and the polish public is again confronted with oppression of jews. meanwhile, many jews across the world carry an image of poland that ignores some nuances. some view poland exclusively as a land of suffering for their people, and remembrance trips to poland tend to consist mostly of visits to auschwitz, treblink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37892831477028466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.860500"} {"text": "jews. meanwhile, many jews across the world carry an image of poland that ignores some nuances. some view poland exclusively as a land of suffering for their people, and remembrance trips to poland tend to consist mostly of visits to auschwitz, treblinka, the warsaw ghetto memorial and other memorials to tragedy. in many cases their forefathers left poland in the worst possible moments, with memories of suffering lingering in families. they will be asked to see that poland, over 1, 000 years of history, was for long eras a land that welcomed jews and where they thrived. \" you don ' t live in a place for a thousand years and create a great civilization if it ' s one unmitigated disaster, which of course is one of the perceptions of the history of polish jews, \" said barbara kirshenblatt - gimblett, the program director of the core exhibition. \" it ' s a perception that was largely created by the cataclysmic events of the holocaust. but we don ' t start with the holocaust, and we don ' t end with the holocaust. \" there is much to commemorate. the uninterrupted existence of jews in poland over a millennium brought great achievements to hebrew and yiddish culture, to science and the arts. polish jews also contributed in significant ways to the larger polish culture, with poets like julian tuwim still loved today, studied in schools and remembered in streets names across poland. on the eve of world war ii, the country was home to europe ' s largest jewish community, with 3. 3 million people, or 10 percent of the entire polish population. most were killed in the holocaust. \" this museum honors those who died by remembering how they lived \u2014 and how they lived for a thousand years, \" kirshenblatt - gimblett said. the flourishing of jewish culture and learning had an influence that reached far beyond poland, and the museum will celebrate this legacy too. israel ' s early leaders included polish - born jews like david ben - gurion and menachem begin. poland was also the homeland of many who contributed to american and global culture : albert sabin, who developed a vaccine for polio ; isaac bashevis singer, the nobel - winning writer whose books powerfully evoke the lost yiddish world of his youth ; hollywood pioneers harry warner and samuel goldwyn ; pianist arthur rubinstein and entrepreneurs like max factor and helena rubinstein. the museum ' s central story of long life interrupted by tragedy is also carried in the striking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4458803829176762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.861451"} {"text": "##oke the lost yiddish world of his youth ; hollywood pioneers harry warner and samuel goldwyn ; pianist arthur rubinstein and entrepreneurs like max factor and helena rubinstein. the museum ' s central story of long life interrupted by tragedy is also carried in the striking architecture of the building, designed by finnish architect rainer mahlamaki. on the outside, it is a square box of glass panels and perforated copper that emits a sea - green hue across a vast park - like square. its lines are simple, sharp. on the inside, visitors enter a soaring hall with undulating sand - colored walls rising in curves. the chasm shape stands as a metaphor for both the parting of the red sea \u2014 a reference to the jewish biblical past \u2014 and the rupture in history created by the holocaust. to reach the core exhibition, visitors descend a staircase and enter an installation of sounds, light and graphics that evoke a poetic forest, a reference to the primeval forests of poland that the first traveling jewish merchants would have encountered 1, 000 years ago. they will hear the word \" po - lin, \" which is the hebrew word for \" poland \" and also means \" rest here, \" a reminder of how poland became a land where jews did indeed find rest after persecutions and expulsions from spain and the german lands. visitors then leave the space of legend to enter a history that began in the 11th century, passing through periods that held both good and bad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43798369440982, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.862044"} {"text": "pruning apple trees can be confusing, but not with the complete garden plant advice pruning guide encyclopaedia cd - rom. each garden plant on the interactive cd - rom is accompanied illustrated pruning advice and written explanation to help you. there are over 20 pruning ilustrations for pruning apple trees alone. the cd is the what, when and how to prune resource. the interactive plant database cd - rom is not only a pruning advice resource. the cd - rom also helps you plan an attractive garden with seasonal colour by suggesting the right plants for your garden conditions. interactive means that you can select to see plants and advice to answer your questions quickly and easily. for example you might be looking for plants to line your path that won \u2019 t grow too tall. simply select a height, the month you want it to be in leaf or flower, a colour, and if the areas is in shade, partial shade or full sun. click search and the plants to suit your requirements are displayed within seconds. to be creative you can then find other plants to match your colour scheme and to ensure seasonal change and interest. each plant is accompanied with photographs to help with identification plus in - depth planting tips, pests and diseases, and garden styles to inspire your creative ideas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4336505161456315, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.863384"} {"text": "september 11, 2001 attacks the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001 occurred when al qaeda, islamic extremists hijacked four transcontinental airliners and used them to strike targets in the united states ; two aircraft destroyed the twin towers of the world trade center in new york city ; the third crashed into a portion of the pentagon in washington, d. c. ; and the fourth aircraft - in which the hijackers are believed to have targeted the white house or the capitol building - crashed into an empty field near shanksville, pennsylvania after passengers fought back to re - take control. the sheer audacity of the attack and the heavy loss of life that resulted from it caused the u. s. government to declare a war on terror with the determination to hunt down terrorists world - wide ; within two months of september 11, afghanistan was completely occupied by coalition forces, driving the ruling islamo - fascist taliban from power and causing the head of al qaeda and the man who personally approved the attacks - osama bin laden - to flee into hiding. all 19 hijackers boarded the planes on the morning of september 11, having carefully chosen flights whose routes would be transcontinental. two planes flew out of boston ' s logan airport, one flew from washington ' s dulles international airport, and the fourth left an airport in newark, new jersey. new york city american airlines flight 11 left logan airport around 8 am, carrying 11 crew and 81 passengers ; its destination was los angeles, california. united airlines flight 175 left logan a few minutes later, carrying 9 crew and 56 passengers, and also on a flight to los angeles. both aircraft were the 767 - 200, manufactured by the boeing company. at 8 : 25 am boston air traffic controllers heard a strange voice from flight 11 : \" we have some planes. just stay quiet, and you will be ok. we are returning to the airport. \" the plane then headed south toward new york city ; at 8 : 46 am the plane crashed into the north tower of the world trade center between the 93 and 99th floors. sixteen minutes later, at 9 : 03 am, flight 175 crashed into the south tower - at a greater speed and more oblique angle - between the 77th and 85th floors. the impact of the crashes took out any hope of getting to victims and survivors on the affected floors and the floors above ; many people desperate to get away from the smoke and fire jumped. both towers were designed to survive the impact of a 1960s - era jet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4616579195258858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.872537"} {"text": "of the crashes took out any hope of getting to victims and survivors on the affected floors and the floors above ; many people desperate to get away from the smoke and fire jumped. both towers were designed to survive the impact of a 1960s - era jet, but the boeing 767 was larger and carried more fuel ; it was determined later that the heat from the burning fuel weakened the central steel structure and supports. at 9 : 59 am the south tower collasped ; the upper floors had lost support in the damaged area and fell - pancake style - to the ground. at 10 : 29 am the north tower fell in a similar manner. the death toll was around 2, 750, including more than 300 firefighters and 100 police officers and other rescue workers. the building at 7 world trade center, commonly abbreviated as wtc7, also collapsed in the attacks. this collapse is frequently cited in various conspiracy theories. american airlines flight 77, a boeing 757 - 200, left dulles at 8 : 20 am, carrying 6 crew and 58 passengers on a flight to los angeles. forty minutes later the aircraft had turned back toward washington ; at 9 : 37 it crashed at high - speed into the west side of the pentagon, killing a total of 184 people. despite being built of reinforced concrete, the aircraft was able to penetrate to the third concentric ring of the building. united airlines flight 93, a boeing 757 - 200, left newark at 8 : 40 am, with a destination of san francisco. unlike the other planes which had four hijackers each, flight 93 had three ; it also had passengers who, through onboard phone calls, learned of the previous hijackings and crashes and determined to wrest control of the aircraft back from the terrorists. turned towards washington, the plane ended up crashing in a field near shanksville, pennsylvania at 10 : 03 am, the only one of the aircraft which failed to reach its target. among the recorded conversations between the passengers and phone operators was the phrase \" let ' s roll \" by todd beamer, made just before he set down his phone and took action with the other passengers involved ; beamer ' s last phrase would become a rallying cry in the coming war on terrorism. the total loss of life is constantly being reevaluated to account for wrongly reported missing persons and, in some cases, occurrences of fraud. estimates of more than 6, 000 deaths were announced following the attacks. the current estimate is 2, 996 fatalities as a direct result of the attacks. about 500", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48480423851824817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.875363"} {"text": "to account for wrongly reported missing persons and, in some cases, occurrences of fraud. estimates of more than 6, 000 deaths were announced following the attacks. the current estimate is 2, 996 fatalities as a direct result of the attacks. about 500 foreign nationals from over 90 countries are believed to have died in the attack. the department of defense reported the deaths of 125 people at the pentagon. the aftermath of the world trade center towers collapsing created a good deal of confusion and has been the main source of discrepancies in casualty estimates. as of october 29, 2003, new york city reported 2605 deaths in the attacks, not counting the passengers and crew of the planes. as a matter of course, the deaths of the 19 hijackers are not included in these casualty totals. the material costs of the attacks are well in excess of one hundred billion us dollars. factoring in stock market losses, loss of revenue in new york city, loss of jobs, impact on air travel, and heightened security, some estimate the cost approaches two trillion dollars. some estimates of the cost of executing the plan place it in the $ 400, 000 - $ 500, 000 range, making it an extremely \" profitable \" operation for al - qaeda. suspicion fell on osama bin laden and his islamic extremist al - qaeda organization almost immediately. known to have harbored hatred for the united states since the basing of u. s. fighters and other military personnel in saudi arabia during the first gulf war, bin laden has tried \" to kill americans and their allies \u2014 civilians and military \u2014 is an individual duty for every muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, \", and often succeeding. in four previous attacks, bin laden ' s operatives - killed 6 in a bomb explosion in the first attack on the world trade center in 1993 ; - killed 19 soldiers in 1996 at a military housing complex in saudi arabia ; - killed more than 200 people in the simultaneous bombings of u. s. embassies in kenya and tanzania ; - killed 17 sailors by putting an explosives - laden boat next to uss cole while that destroyer was refueling in yemen in 2000. his personal fortune, estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars, has enabled him to finance well - coordinated operations, including the training of the hijackers in close - quarter fighting, commandeering of aircraft, and ironically to bankroll their education in american flight schools. following the attacks there was a strong surge of patriotism in virtually all facets of american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43686345223460377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.876780"} {"text": ", including the training of the hijackers in close - quarter fighting, commandeering of aircraft, and ironically to bankroll their education in american flight schools. following the attacks there was a strong surge of patriotism in virtually all facets of american society. the government, being aware that the most deadly attack ever on american soil could stir up animosity against the ethnic or religious group of the perpetrators, went out of its way along with the media to separate islam from the actions taken by its more radical adherents, referring to it at multiple times as a \" religion of love \". while people of middle eastern decent and adherents of islam were concerned at first, the overall effect of hostility towards these groups was barely noticeable. although there were literally millions of muslims in america out of a total population of 300 million who could have sought out reprisals, in an entire year less than 500 cases of aggression of verbal hostility were reported. muslims responded to the magnanimous treatment they received from americans by seeking to construct an insulting and offensive ground zero mosque. consequences of the attacks on u. s. policy the attacks were a direct or indirect cause of massive changes in united states domestic policy. most notably, the homeland security act of 2002 \" established a department of homeland security, as an executive department of the united states \", a cabinet level position. one of the tools implemented by the department is the homeland security advisory system, a color coded advisory system meant to \" establish a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities and to the american people. \" another notable result of the attacks was the usa patriot act of 2001 ( uniting and strengthening america by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism ). the act was written to expand the authority of law enforcement and the justice system in the pursuit of terrorism suspects. in response to the attacks, the united states declared a war on terror, which comprises united states military action in afghanistan and iraq as well as a significant increase in intelligence gathering and a new outlook on foreign relations. main article : 9 / 11 conspiracy theories many conspiracy theories have sprouted up from the events of september 11, 2001, including the \" loose change \" movies seen on youtube. these movies have been comprehensively disproven by independent experts. prominent endorsers of such theories include talk show host rosie o ' donnell as well as actor charlie sheen. a third of the american public has bought into the idea of some sort of role by federal officials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.461575759426372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.877966"} {"text": "##ly disproven by independent experts. prominent endorsers of such theories include talk show host rosie o ' donnell as well as actor charlie sheen. a third of the american public has bought into the idea of some sort of role by federal officials. this view is much more common among those who get their news solely from the internet and is rare for those who read newspapers or watch the news on regular television. [ citation needed ] - the 9 / 11 commission report - final report on the collapse of the world trade center towers, nist. - september 11 : chronology of terror at cnn. com - federal bureau of investigations penttbom press release - lists of victims at cnn. com - two flags, one god, and no escape - the cross and the towers ( documentary film ) - turkey ' s islamic leader, israel ' s chief rabbi, and al qaida ' s assassination attempt - the internet archive ' s file of abc, cbs, nbc, cnn, fox, and bbc broadcasts for sept 11 - 13, 2001 - television archive of news broadcasts for 9 / 11 - \u2191 \" new york reduces 9 / 11 death toll by 40 \" at cnn. com, phil hirschkorn, 10 / 29 / 03 - \u2191 \" new york reduces 9 / 11 death toll by 40 \" at cnn. com, phil hirschkorn, 10 / 29 / 03 - \u2191 the cost of september 11 institute for the analysis of global security - \u2191 the 9 / 11 commission report - \u2191 - \u2191 h. r. 5005 the homeland security act - \u2191 dhs laws and regulations department of homeland security - \u2191 the usa patriot act library of congress - \u2191 lying about 9 / 11? easy as abc, eric alterman, the nation, september 14, 2006 ( october 2, 2006 issue ). - \u2191 \" debunking the 9 / 11 myths \" popular mechanics, mar. 2005 cover story - \u2191 third of americans suspect 9 - 11 government conspiracy scrippsnews, hargrove, thomas, 8 / 01 / 06", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4629222634028784, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.878682"} {"text": "though the ultimate reason for the air france a330 crash in the south atlantic will likely never be known for sure, the european aviation safety agency ( easa ) has recently issued an urgent airworthiness directive to replace certain thales - manufactured pitot tubes on a330 / a340 airplanes. a pitot tube problem is one of the possible explanations for that air france crash. for those who don \u2019 t know, a pitot tube is a goofy little thing that sticks out from the aircraft into the air. you can see a great example of one at left. these little guys use pressure measurement to determine airspeed. one of the theories regarding the air france accident is that the pitot tube incorrectly measured airspeed and that triggered all kinds of problems that ultimately led to the accident. now, easa is saying that any a330 / a340 aircraft with the thales pitot tubes need to be changed ( and the faa has followed as well ). there are apparently two different types of thales pitot tubes. the \u201c aa \u201d version must be replaced no matter what. the \u201c ba \u201d version is ok in one place, but the other two places must have goodrich ones involved. so what exactly is the problem? according to easa : occurrences have been reported on the a330 / a340 family aeroplanes of airspeed indication discrepancies while flying at high altitudes in inclement weather conditions. the thales aa pitots have \u201c a greater susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions \u201d than the goodrich ones. the thales ba pitots are better, but \u201c it has not yet demonstrated the same level of robustness to withstand high - altitude ice crystals as the goodrich... probe. \u201d while they say that they haven \u2019 t actually found any safety issue and that this is a precautionary measure, the fact that these all need to be replaced within 4 months certainly makes it seem somewhat rushed. by the way, air france had thales pitot tubes, but they \u2019 ve already made these changes. delta has also already made the changes to their a330s. both us airways and lufthansa have always had goodrich.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4476287624024784, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.882216"} {"text": "presidential timeline of the twentieth century | collection homecompact list of all itemssearch this collection ' s 32 items | | title : | | presidential timeline of the twentieth century | \" the presidential timeline was designed and developed by the learning technology center in the university of texas at austin college of education, in conjunction with the presidential libraries and terra incognita productions. the presidential timeline project was made possible through a grant from the national endowment for the humanities with additional support from the lyndon baines johnson foundation and the university of texas libraries. \" - - about the project page. an interactive timeline of presidential history, presenting materials drawn from the presidential libraries. the presidential timeline provides a single point of access to an ever - growing selection of digitized assets from the collections of the twelve presidential libraries of the national archives. these assets include document, photographs, audio recordings and video relating to the events of the president ' lives. civil rights materials cover the integration of central high school in little rock and president johnson ' s activities related to civil rights. the civil rights digital library received support from a national leadership grant for libraries awarded to the university of georgia by the institute of museum and library services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata. | types : | | instructional materials | timelines ( chronologies ) | photographs | government records | | subjects : | | hoover, herbert, 1874 - 1964 | roosevelt, franklin d. ( franklin delano ), 1882 - 1945 | truman, harry s., 1884 - 1972 | eisenhower, dwight d. ( dwight david ), 1890 - 1969 | kennedy, john f. ( john fitzgerald ), 1917 - 1963 | johnson, lyndon b. ( lyndon baines ), 1908 - 1973 | nixon, richard m. ( richard milhous ), 1913 - 1994 | ford, gerald r., 1913 - 2006 | carter, jimmy, 1924 - | reagan, ronald | bush, george, 1924 - | clinton, bill, 1946 - | presidents - - united states | presidents - - united states - - archives | presidential libraries - - united states | civil rights movements - - united states | african americans - - civil rights | school integration - - arkansas - - little rock | segregation in education - - united states | united states | little rock ( ark. ) | pulaski county ( ark. ) | | institution : | | lyndon baines johnson library | | contributors : | | lyndon baines johnson library | terra incognita productions | university of texas libraries | national endowment for the humanities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42213300253623487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.885670"} {"text": "many portsmouth men served in the parachute regiment during the second world war. the parachute regiment was formed during the second world war, after the germans had used airborne forces to great effect in the invasion of holland and belgium in 1940. although initially britian \u2019 s airborne forces operated as small raiding parties, by the time it came to invade europe in june 1944 the airborne forces had expanded into 2 full divisions, each of over 10, 000 men. each contained 2 brigades of parachute troops, and there was also an independent parachute battalion in the mediterranean. the parachute regiment had expanded enormously to more than 10 battalions. during the war men could only volunteer for the para \u2019 s from another unit, not directly from civilian life. they underwent strenuous physical training, and in addition had to complete a number of parachute jumps to obtain their parachute wings and additional pay. naturally, they soon earned a reputation as among britain \u2019 s toughest troops. the germans nicknamed them \u2018 der roten tefuel \u2019 \u2013 the red devils. field marshal montgomery paid the paras perhaps their most timeless tribute when he described them thus : \u2018 they are in fact, men apart. every man an emperor \u2019 more pompey paras are bound to emerge from the records as i carry on analysing the list of war dead, but here are some names and stories from among the first 600 names i have researched. private john byng, 21, was killed in action in tunisia on 11 march 1943, during the invasion of french north africa. he was serving with the 1st battalion of the parachute regiment, and had originally been a member of the duke of cornwall \u2019 s light infantry. after serving in north africa the paras then went on to italy, where private george bayton, 34 and from southsea, was killed on 8 december 1943, fighting with the 4th battalion. he joined the paras from the east surrey regiment. the regiment suffered heavy losses on d - day and in the subsequent battle of normandy. private ronald kent, 24, and from the 8th battalion, was killed on d - day. he had originally joined the royal artillery. in the heavy fighting after d - day the 6th airborne division was in action right through until august 1944. sergeant frank kempster, 30, was killed on 19 august 1944. he had previously been a member of the duke of cornwall \u2019 s light infantry. the famous battle at arnhem also saw heavy losses. corporal thomas bedford, age 22 and from paulsgrove, was killed on 18 september 1944, the day that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3604154667697693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.899509"} {"text": "he had previously been a member of the duke of cornwall \u2019 s light infantry. the famous battle at arnhem also saw heavy losses. corporal thomas bedford, age 22 and from paulsgrove, was killed on 18 september 1944, the day that the 11th battalion landed at ginkel heath. bedford had previously been in the royal artillery. he was serving in the same battalion as my grandad, private henry miller, also from portsmouth, who interestingly lived in paulsgrove for almost 50 years after the war. finally, the 6th airborne division later saw service in action supporting the crossing of the rhine in march 1945 and subsequently on until ve day. sergeant sidney cornell, 31, was killed on 7 april 1945, just over a month before the end of the war. he is buried at becklingen in germany, not far from the site where the germans surrendered to field marshal montgomery at luneberg heath. although we do not know what unit he had served in prior to the paras, he had been called up after september 1943, and thus was very new to the army. sergeant cornell was awarded the distinguished conduct medal for bravery in action during the battle of normandy, when he was a private and serving as his company runner in the 7th battalion of the parachute regiment. the dcm was second only to the victoria cross for bravery shown by non - officers. the recommendation for his dcm is available to download from the national archives website, and i \u2019 ll quote from it here : \u2018 this soldier was one of the parachutists to land behind the german lines in normandy on the night 5 / 6 june 1944. during the next five weeks he was in almost continuous action of a most trying and difficult nature. cornell was a company runner and has repeatedly carried messages through the most heavy and accurate enemy mortar and machine gun fire. four times wounded in action this soldier has never been evacuated and carries on with his job cheerfully and efficiently. very many acts of gallantry have been performed by members of the battalion but for sustained courage nothing surpasses cornell \u2019 s effort. his courage and many wounds have made him a well known and admired character throughout not only his own battalion but the whole brigade. space does not permit a record of all his feats as he distinguished himself in practically every action and fighting took place daily. on 18th june 1944 his company carried out a raid on a strong enemy position in the bois de bavent area. the position was stronger than expected and the company was hard pressed and the wireless set destroyed. cornell was sent back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38385147179351625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.901737"} {"text": "fighting took place daily. on 18th june 1944 his company carried out a raid on a strong enemy position in the bois de bavent area. the position was stronger than expected and the company was hard pressed and the wireless set destroyed. cornell was sent back with a verbal message, he was wounded during the journey but carried on and delivered his message correctly and set off with the reply. he was wounded a second time on the return journey but again carried on and again delivered the message correctly. during the remained of this raid, and despite his two wounds, he was outstanding for his courage and dash. the courage and devotion to duty displayed by cornell on this occasion was an inspiration to all who witnessed it. he has performed similar runs on countless occasions and, as has been pointed out before, has been wounded twice more but is still the runner for his company and is as cheerful as before. on 10 july 1944 his company again carried out a raid on the same area and again, as usual, cornell \u2019 s complete disregard for his own safety became the chief topic of conversation amongst his fellow soldiers. he has never failed to deliver a message correctly despite the fact that he has carried through a perfect hail of enemy mortar bombs and shells and very frequently aimed machine gun fire as well. he is a truly magnificent parachutist and i cannot recommend him too highly for a decoration \u2019.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4309587360228585, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.903619"} {"text": "here \u2019 s sobering news : any one of us, anywhere on the planet, lugs hundreds of industrial chemicals around in our bodies \u2013 and they are up to no good. if you want to know what industrial chemical compounds michael lerner or his wife sharyle patton carry around in their bodies, just go to this environmental working group website. lerner and patton are both active in environmental health, the field that studies how the chemical byproducts of industry and commerce impact the human body. lerner, it seems, lugs around relatively high levels of methylmercury, inorganic arsenic, and polycholorinated biphenols ( better - known as pcbs ). these are but a few of the 102 industrial chemicals ( of the 214 assayed by measuring metabolites ) in his blood and urine. patton \u2019 s body, in addition to these, also has relatively high levels of chlorinated dioxins and organochlorine pesticide residues, plus a generous helping of others that did not show up in her husband \u2019 s tests. medical databases link ( at various levels of certainty ), each of these compounds with a distinct set of illnesses. environmental working group has done several body burden studies of its own and shown that babies come into the world contaminated with a complex mixture of chemicals, many of them known to be toxins or carcinogens. for instance, inorganic arsenic is a known carcinogen. bpa, found in plastics, dental sealants and the linings of tin cans, is a chemical suspected in certain birth defects and developmental delays in children, some cancers, and disturbances in endocrine and hormone function. both chlorinated dioxins and pcbs come to us mainly in fatty meats, dairy products and fish. like bpa, they may link to defects and delays in children and to cancers, as well as to malfunctions of the nervous and immune systems. the pesticide residues enter our bodies via the foods they are used on, as well as in drinking water ; they are associated with a similar roll call of disorders. stepping back and looking at the entire list of 214 industrial chemicals this assay finds in our bodies creates the creepy feeling that nothing is safe : toxins waft our way in house dust or thin air, in water and soil, or off - gas from a long litany of objects \u2014 from paint and carpeting to computer consoles and furniture. the body is an ecosystem of sorts, an exquisitely coordinated mass of dispar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.486035636895758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.912850"} {"text": "house dust or thin air, in water and soil, or off - gas from a long litany of objects \u2014 from paint and carpeting to computer consoles and furniture. the body is an ecosystem of sorts, an exquisitely coordinated mass of disparate units functioning within a whole. and like any ecosystem, the body can be invaded by foreign substances that muck up the works. quantifying how many such invaders our bodies harbor has been the quest of studies on bio - accumulation such as the one lerner and patton participated in to assay this biological build - up over a lifetime. bio - accumulation has become its own corner of medical science, with studies suggesting that virtually everyone alive on this planet harbors a stew of toxic substances. this shift from measuring pollutants in our water, air or soil to studying what has melded into our biology has led to related shifts in thinking about medical etiology and chemical risk. one medical model for these chemical invasions holds that ill effects can emerge slowly, over decades, from cumulative chemical exposures at doses so low they are measured in parts per million. for instance, an emerging consensus in oncology holds that a person \u2019 s lifetime exposure to many tiny amounts of cancer - causing agents can be just as toxic as a few big doses of carcinogens. this model of causation rejects seeking a single smoking gun \u2013 some substance that in itself fosters cancer \u2013 but rather looks to a person \u2019 s lifetime, cumulative exposure to a wide range of chemicals that trigger cell mutation. this continual barrage of mutagens can finally overwhelm the immune system \u2019 s ability to kill off mutant cells, and so resist cancer. our risk of cancer, in this view, reflects the sum total of day - to - day doses of carcinogenic molecules shed into our air, food and water. dr. martha herbert, a pediatric neurologist at harvard medical school, points to the tens of thousands of manufactured compounds that now pepper the nature world in some three billion potential combinations, and the fact that no one knows all the ways these chemical concoctions might impact us. one of the greatest human dangers from this slew of molecules, dr. herbert reasons, comes when a child \u2019 s fast - growing organs, budding central nervous system and hummingbird - like rapid metabolism gets exposed to \u2013 and voraciously incorporates \u2014 small amounts of foreign molecules, doing biological damage that may not surface for years. the brain has a special vulnerability to interference from invading chemicals because of all organs, it utilizes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5521489507604626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.914025"} {"text": "a search for the term \" climate change \" shows copenhagen sumit a search for the term \" famine \" news globe lets you search the bbc news & sport website and see the results mapped to the geographic location of the story on an animated globe which can be rotated to enable navigation of the results. it uses a customised rss feed from bbc news. this geo - visualization, connects you in a very immediate way to the location of the news story by providing further contextual information about it. for example, if we search for \u201c fifa world cup \u201d we find the majority of the bbc news stories originating in europe or south africa and very few in north america. so not only has news globe produced a range of different news topics for us to read, it has also given us an indication of the level of interest in the topic across different cultures. how to use it news globe is available immediately for use, either dive straight in, follow the instructions below, or watch the accompanying video that gives an overview of its different functions. you must have adobe flash player installed to use the project, it can be downloaded here. if you would like to comment or feed back on this visualisation please do so on the blog entry launch news globe / / video walkthrough / / this video was created with screen capture software and shows the application being used. how it was built / / the search results are returned in the form of an rss feed from bbc news. the contents of the title tags in the rss xml are then sent off to yahoo ' s geocoding api if any place names are recognised by yahoo it sends back the longitude and latitude co - ordinates. ( it often gets confused and you ' ll find lots of mistakes, usually placed in north america ). we originally tried to create this app using atom feeds from bbc iplayer but there were too few place names and yahoo was making some really bad guesses with the data. meanwhile a rotating globe with moon ( please don ' t complain that the moon ' s position is wrong, it ' s only there for effect ) was created using the alpha version of papervision 3d 2 ( great white ). an algorithm converts the cartesian co - ordinates returned by yahoo and converts them into spherical co - ordinates and it ' s then easy to use papervision to plot a marker on the correct spot on the map. rolling over the markers give you some information about the news article plotted. clicking on the markers will take you to the news article on bbc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4850067382826767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.917538"} {"text": "##tes and it ' s then easy to use papervision to plot a marker on the correct spot on the map. rolling over the markers give you some information about the news article plotted. clicking on the markers will take you to the news article on bbc. co. uk. while this all looks pretty cool lots of the work was done by other people : most notably mark waters and his excellent article on geocoding in flash. the majority of the papervision code was taken from his flex source files. credit should also go to the programmers who created papervision 3d, the authors of the tweener class, the authors of the as3 tool tips component, the as3 preloader class written by marco di giuseppe, and http : / / planetpixelemporium. com who created the earth texture map. what we like about this project is the fact that is uses so many resources from the web ( mostly in the form of as3 classes ) and shows how visualisations can be created in a modular way with code from all over the place. example xml returned by yahoo geocoding api / / this is the xml returned from yahoo when a sentence containing the word london was was parsed through it. < resultset xmlns : xsi = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / xmlschema - instance \" xmlns = \" urn : yahoo : maps \" xsi : schemalocation = \" urn : yahoo : maps http : / / api. local. yahoo. com / mapsservice / v1 / geocoderesponse. xsd \" > ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4861949123929251, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.918439"} {"text": "data use agreement the goals and principles of making biodiversity data openly and universally available have been defined in the memorandum of understanding on gbif, paragraph 8 ( see the relevant excerpts in the attached annex ). the participants who have signed the mou have expressed their willingness to make biodiversity data available through their nodes to foster scientific research development internationally and to support the public use of these data. gbif data sharing should take place within a framework of due attribution. therefore, using data available through the gbif network requires agreeing with the following : 1. data use agreements - the quality and completeness of data cannot be guaranteed. users employ these data at their own risk. - users shall respect restrictions of access to sensitive data. - in order to make attribution of use for owners of the data possible, the identifier of ownership of data must be retained with every data record. - users must publicly acknowledge, in conjunction with the use of the data, the data publishers whose biodiversity data they have used. data publishers may require additional attribution of specific collections within their institution. - users must comply with additional terms and conditions of use set by the data publisher. where these exist they will be available through the metadata associated with the data. 2. citing data use the following format to cite data retrieved from the gbif network : biodiversity occurrence data published by : ( accessed through gbif data portal, data. gbif. org, yyyy - mm - dd ) biodiversity occurrence data published by : field museum of natural history, museum of vertebrate zoology, university of washington burke museum, and university of turku ( accessed through gbif data portal, data. gbif. org, 2007 - 02 - 22 ) - gbif participant : signatory of the gbif - establishing memorandum of understanding ( mou ). - gbif secretariat : legal entity empowered by the gbif participants to enter into contracts, execute the work programme, and maintain the central services for the gbif network. - gbif network : the infrastructure consisting of the central services of the gbif secretariat, participant nodes and data publishers. making data available through gbif network means registering and advertising the pertinent services via the gbif central services. - node : a data publisher designated by a gbif participant that maintains a stable computer gateway that makes data available through the gbif network. - participant node : an organisational unit designated by the gbif participant to coordinate activities in its domain. it may also provide data. - biodiversity data : primary data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4890268805040273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.923543"} {"text": "participant that maintains a stable computer gateway that makes data available through the gbif network. - participant node : an organisational unit designated by the gbif participant to coordinate activities in its domain. it may also provide data. - biodiversity data : primary data on specimens, observations, names, taxonomic concepts, and sites, and other related data on biological diversity. - metadata : data describing the attributes and combinations of biodiversity data. - data : biodiversity data and metadata. - data publisher : a custodian of data making it technically available. this may or may not be the data owner. if not they will have declared to gbif that they have permission to make the data available. - data sharing : the process of and agreements for making data freely and universally available on the internet. - user : anyone who uses the internet to access data through the gbif network. - owner of data : the legal entity possessing the right resulting from the act of creating a digital record. the record may be a product derived from another, possibly non - digital product, which may affect the right. - sensitive data : any data that the node does not want to make available, e. g. precise localities of endangered species. also see the gbif data sharing agreement for the data publishers. depending on your browser settings, a cookie may be stored to acknowledge your acceptance of these terms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5444591822471622, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.924096"} {"text": "you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view latest type 1 issues articles popular type 1 issues articles highly recommended type 1 issues articles send a link to this page to your friends and colleagues. our genes are like a recipe for a human. it ' s a very complicated recipe, determining how much of this protein and how much of that enzyme need to be added into the mix in order for us to function properly, but our genes are pretty good at getting it right. although we are still learning how the recipe works, what ingredients ( gene products ) are involved, and when are they are produced, our knowledge is growing fast. for example, a master regulator gene has been identified that tells an embryonic cell whether or not to become a pancreas cell. dr. james wells and his team at the university of cincinnati college of medicine have determined that a gene called sox17 acts like a toggle switch in mouse embryonic development. \" in normal embryonic development, when you have an undecided cell, if sox17 goes one way the cell becomes part of the biliary system. if it goes the other way, the cell becomes part of the pancreas, \" said dr. wells in a press release from cincinnati children ' s hospital medical center. the results of dr. wells ' study were published in the july 21 issue of developmental cell. dr. wells and his colleagues are hoping that because sox17 can tell undecided embryonic cells whether or not to become pancreatic tissue, it might also be able to tell stem cells ( cells that can become almost anything in the body ) to become pancreatic beta cells. if we could induce a cell to become an insulin - producing beta cell, we would be one step closer to treating and possibly curing type 1 diabetes. when the immune system attacks the beta cells in type 1 diabetes, it is often the case that most beta cells are destroyed before the disease has even been diagnosed. so creating new beta cells, possibly in a laboratory dish, and implanting them in patients is one possibility for treatment. preventing beta cell destruction in the first place is another avenue of research that is underway, and genes that are involved in protecting beta cells from the immune system are being studied as well. 0 comments - aug 28, 2009 diabetes health is the essential resource for people living with diabetes - both newly diagnosed and experienced as well as the professionals who care for them. we provide balanced expert news and information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4826772106641385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.926695"} {"text": "\" all alone. \" by mary darby robinson ( 1758 - 1800 ) ah! wherefore by the church - yard side, poor little lorn one. dost thou stray? thy wavy locks but thinly hide the tears that dim thy blue - eye ' s ray ; and wherefore dost thou sigh, and moan, and weep, that thou art left alone? thou art not left alone, poor boy, the traveller stops to hear thy tale ; no heart, so hard, would thee annoy! for though thy mother ' s cheek is pale, and withers under yon grave stone, thou art not, urchin, left alone. i know thee well! thy yellow hair in silky waves i oft have seen : thy dimpled face so fresh and fair, thy roguish smile, thy playful mien, were all to me, poor orphan, known, ere fate had left thee \u2013 all alone! thy russet coat is scant, and torn, thy cheek is now grown deathly pale! thy eyes are dim, thy looks forlorn, and bare thy bosom meets the gale ; and oft i hear thee deeply groan, that thou, poor boy, art left alone. thy naked feet are wounded sore with thorns, that cross thy daily road ; the winter winds around thee roar, the church - yard is thy bleak abode ; thy pillow now a cold grave stone \u2013 and there thou lov ' st to grieve \u2013 alone! the rain has drench ' d thee, all night long ; the nipping frost thy bosom froze ; and still, the yew - tree shades among, i heard thee sigh thy artless woes ; i heard thee, till the day - star shone in darkness weep \u2013 and weep alone! oft have i seen thee, little boy, upon thy lovely mother ' s knee ; for when she lived, thou wert her joy, though now a mourner thou must be! for she lies low, where yon grave stone proclaims that thou art left alone. weep, weep no more ; on yonder hill the village bells are ringing, gay ; the merry reed, and brawling rill call thee to rustic sports away. then wherefore weep, and sigh, and moan, a truant from the throng \u2013 alone? \" i cannot the green hill ascend, i cannot pace the upland mead ; i cannot in the vale attend to hear the merry - sounding reed : for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4541140603724329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.933601"} {"text": "weep, and sigh, and moan, a truant from the throng \u2013 alone? \" i cannot the green hill ascend, i cannot pace the upland mead ; i cannot in the vale attend to hear the merry - sounding reed : for all is still beneath yon stone, where my poor mother ' s left alone! \" i cannot gather gaudy flowers to dress the scene of revels loud \u2013 i cannot pass the evening hours among the noisy village crowd ; for all in darkness, and alone my mother sleeps, beneath yon stone. \" see how the stars begin to gleam, the sheep - dog barks \u2013 ' tis time to go ; the night - fly hums, the moonlight beam peeps through the yew - trees ' shadowy row : it falls upon the white grave - stone, where my dear mother sleeps alone. \" o stay me not, for i must go, the upland path in haste to tread ; for there the pale primroses grow, they grow to dress my mother ' s bed. they must ere peep of day, be strown, where she lies mouldering all alone. \" my father o ' er the stormy sea to distant lands was borne away, and still my mother stay ' d with me, and wept by night and toil ' d by day. and shall i ever quit the stone where she is left to sleep alone. \" my father died, and still i found my mother fond and kind to me ; i felt her breast with rapture bound when first i prattled on her knee \u2013 and then she blest my infant tone, and little thought of yon grave - stone. \" no more her gentle voice i hear, no more her smile of fondness see ; then wonder not i shed the tear, she would have died to follow me! and yet she sleeps beneath yon stone, and i still live \u2013 to weep alone. \" thy playful kid, she loved so well, from yon high clift was seen to fall ; i heard afar his tinkling bell, which seem ' d in vain for aid to call \u2013 i heard the harmless sufferer moan, and grieved that he was left alone. \" our faithful dog grew mad, and died, the lightning smote our cottage low \u2013 we had no resting - place beside, and knew not whither we should go : for we were poor \u2013 and hearts of stone will never throb at misery ' s groan. \" my mother still survived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4433403169249139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.934482"} {"text": "lightning smote our cottage low \u2013 we had no resting - place beside, and knew not whither we should go : for we were poor \u2013 and hearts of stone will never throb at misery ' s groan. \" my mother still survived for me, she led me to the mountain ' s brow, she watch ' d me, while at yonder tree i sat, and wove the ozier bough ; and oft she cried, \" fear not, mine own! thou shalt not, boy, be left alone. \" \" the blast blew strong, the torrent rose and bore our shatter ' d cot away : and where the clear brook swiftly flows, upon the turf, at dawn of day, when bright the sun ' s full lustre shone, i wander ' d, friendless \u2013 and alone! \" thou art not, boy, for i have seen thy tiny footsteps print the dew, and while the morning sky serene spread o ' er the hill a yellow hue, i heard thy sad and plaintive moan, beside the cold sepulchral stone. and when the summer noontide hours with scorching rays the landscape spread, i mark ' d thee, weaving fragrant flowers to deck thy mother ' s silent bed! nor at the church - yard ' s simple stone wert thou, poor urchin, left alone. i follow ' d thee along the dale, and up the woodland ' s shad ' wy way : i heard thee tell thy mournful tale as slowly sunk the star of day : nor when its twinkling light had flown wert thou a wanderer all alone. \" o! yes, i was! and still shall be a wanderer, mourning and forlorn ; for what is all the world to me \u2013 what are the dews and buds of morn? since she who left me sad, alone in darkness sleeps, beneath yon stone! ' ' no brother ' s tear shall fall for me, for i no brother ever knew ; no friend shall weep my destiny, for friends are scarce, and tears are few ; none do i see, save on this stone, where i will stay and weep alone. \" my father never will return, he rests beneath the sea - green wave i have no kindred left to mourn when i am hid in yonder grave : not one to dress with flowers the stone! then \u2013 surely, i am left alone! \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4418681528222057, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.936914"} {"text": "| previous contents index dochome next | | iplanet directory server 5. 1 deployment guide | chapter 1 introduction to directory server iplanet directory server provides a centralized directory service for your intranet, network, and extranet information. directory server integrates with existing systems and acts as a centralized repository for the consolidation of employee, customer, supplier, and partner information. you can extend directory server to manage user profiles and preferences, as well as extranet user authentication. this chapter describes the basic ideas you need to understand before designing your directory. it includes the following sections : what is a directory service? what is a directory service? the term directory service means the collection of software, hardware, and processes that store information about your enterprise, subscribers, or both and make that information available to users. a directory service consists of at least one instance of directory server and one or more directory client programs. client programs can access names, phone numbers, addresses, and other data stored in the directory. one common directory service is a domain name system ( dns ) server. a dns server maps a computer host name to an ip address. thus, all of the computing resources ( hosts ) become clients of the dns server. the mapping of host names allows users of your computing resources to easily locate computers on your network by remembering host names rather than numerical ip addresses. however, the dns server stores only two types of information : names and ip addresses. a true directory service stores virtually unlimited types of information. iplanet directory server stores all of your information in a single, network - accessible repository. the following are a few examples of the kinds of information you might store in a directory : physical device information, such as data about the printers in your organization ( where they reside, whether they are color or black and white, their manufacturer, date of purchase, and serial number ) iplanet directory server serves the needs of a wide variety of applications. it also provides a standard protocol and application programming interfaces ( apis ) to access the information it contains. the following sections describe global directory services and the lightweight directory access protocol ( ldap ). about global directory services iplanet directory server provides global directory services, meaning it provides information to a wide variety of applications. until recently, many applications came bundled with their own proprietary databases. while a proprietary database can be convenient if you use only one application, multiple databases become an administrative burden if the databases manage the same information. for example, suppose your network supports three different proprietary email systems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5041878614981853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.969274"} {"text": "many applications came bundled with their own proprietary databases. while a proprietary database can be convenient if you use only one application, multiple databases become an administrative burden if the databases manage the same information. for example, suppose your network supports three different proprietary email systems, each system with its own proprietary directory service. if users change their passwords in one directory, the changes are not automatically replicated in the others. managing multiple instances of the same information results in increased hardware and personnel costs, a problem referred to as the n + 1 directory problem. a global directory service solves the n + 1 directory problem by providing a single, centralized repository of directory information that any application can access. however, giving a wide variety of applications access to the directory requires a network - based means of communicating between the applications and the directory. iplanet directory server uses ldap ( lightweight directory access protocol ) to give applications access to its global directory service. ldap provides a common language that client applications and servers use to communicate with one another. ldap is a \" lightweight \" version of the directory access protocol ( dap ) used by the iso x. 500 standard. dap gives any application access to the directory via an extensible and robust information framework, but at an expensive administrative cost. dap uses a communications layer that is not the internet standard tcp / ip protocol and has complicated directory - naming conventions. ldap preserves the best features of dap while reducing administrative costs. ldap uses an open directory access protocol running over tcp / ip and uses simplified encoding methods. it retains the x. 500 standard data model and can support millions of entries for a modest investment in hardware and network infrastructure. introduction to iplanet directory server iplanet directory server includes the directory itself, the server - side software that implements the ldap protocol, and a graphical user interface that allows end - users to search and change entries in the directory. other ldap clients are also available, including the directory managers in the iplanet console and the address book feature in netscape communicator 4. x. in addition, you can purchase other ldap client programs or write your own using the ldap client sdk included with the iplanet directory server product. without adding other ldap client programs, directory server can provide the foundation for your intranet or extranet. every iplanet server uses the directory as a central repository for shared server information, such as employee, customer, supplier, and partner data. you can use directory server to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.515201513267604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.974339"} {"text": ", directory server can provide the foundation for your intranet or extranet. every iplanet server uses the directory as a central repository for shared server information, such as employee, customer, supplier, and partner data. you can use directory server to manage extranet user - authentication, create access control, set up user preferences, and centralize user management. in hosted environments, partners, customers, and suppliers can manage their own portions of the directory, reducing administrative costs. when you install directory server, the following components are installed on your machine : an ldap server ( directory server ) with a plug - in interface iplanet administration server for more information about the administration server, go to http : / / iplanet. com / products / iplanet _ application /. iplanet console to manage the servers for more information about the iplanet console, see the console documentation at http : / / docs. iplanet. com / docs / manuals / console. html. command - line tools for starting and stopping the server, importing and exporting data in the database, database reindexing, account inactivation and deactivation, ldif merges, and kernel tuning for more information about the command - line tools, refer to the iplanet directory server configuration, command, and file reference. an snmp monitor for more information about snmp monitoring, refer to the iplanet directory server administrator ' s guide. this guide talks about the core directory server and the plug - ins it uses for doing its work. the next sections describe directory server in more detail. the topics discussed are : overview of directory server architecture at installation, directory server contains the following : a server front - end responsible for network communications the following sections describe each component of the directory in more detail. overview of the server front - end the server front - end of directory server manages communications with directory client programs. directory server functions as a daemon. multiple client programs can speak to the server in ldap. they can communicate using ldap over tcp / ip. the connection can also be protected with ssl / tls, depending on whether the client negotiates the use of transport layer security ( tls ) for the connection. when communication takes place with tls, the communication is usually encrypted. in the future, when dns security is present, tls used in conjunction with secured dns will provide confirmation to client applications that they are binding to the correct server. if clients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4688351006207718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.976021"} {"text": "with tls, the communication is usually encrypted. in the future, when dns security is present, tls used in conjunction with secured dns will provide confirmation to client applications that they are binding to the correct server. if clients have been issued certificates, tls can be used by iplanet directory server to confirm that the client has the right to access the server. tls and its predecessor ssl are used throughout iplanet directory server products to perform other security activities such as message integrity checks, digital signatures, and mutual authentication between servers. multiple clients can bind to the server at the same time over the same network because the directory server is a multi - threaded application. as directory services grow to include larger numbers of entries or larger numbers of clients spread out geographically, they also include multiple directory servers placed in strategic places around the network. server plug - ins overview directory server relies on plug - ins. a plug - in is a way to add functionality to the core server. for example, a database is a plug - in. a plug - in can be disabled. when disabled, the plug - in ' s configuration information remains in the directory but its function is not used by the server. depending upon what you want your directory to do, you can choose to enable any of the plug - ins provided with directory server. iplanet professional services can write custom plug - ins for your directory server deployment. contact iplanet professional services for more information. overview of the basic directory tree the directory tree, also known as a directory information tree or dit, mirrors the tree model used by most file systems, with the tree ' s root, or first entry, appearing at the top of the hierarchy. at installation, directory server creates a default directory tree. the default directory tree appears as follows : the root of the tree is called the root suffix. for information about naming the root suffix, refer to \" choosing a suffix \". at installation, the directory contains up to four subtrees under your root suffix : this subtree contains the configuration information of other iplanet servers, such as iplanet administration server. the administration server takes care of authentication and all actions that cannot be performed through ldap ( such as starting or stopping ). during installation, a user database is created by default. its default name is o = userroot. note when you install another instance of directory server, you can specify that it does not contain the o = netscaperoot information, that it uses the configuration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5520790004050224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.978192"} {"text": "a user database is created by default. its default name is o = userroot. note when you install another instance of directory server, you can specify that it does not contain the o = netscaperoot information, that it uses the configuration directory ( or the o = netscaperoot subtree ) present on another server. you can build on the default directory tree to add any data relevant to your directory installation. an example of a directory tree for siroe. com corporation follows : for more information about directory trees, refer to chapter 4 \" designing the directory tree. \" directory server data storage your directory data is stored in an ldbm database. the ldbm database is implemented as a plug - in that is automatically installed with the directory and is enabled by default. the database is the basic unit of storage, performance, replication, and indexing. you can do operations like importing, exporting, backing up, restoring, and indexing on the database. by default, directory server uses a single database to contain the directory tree. this database can manage millions of entries. the default database supports advanced methods of backing up and restoring your data, so that your data is not at risk. you can choose to use multiple databases to support your directory server. you can distribute your data across the databases, allowing the server to hold more data than can be stored in a single database. the following sections describe how a directory database stores data. about directory entries ldif ( ldap data interchange format ) is a standard text - based format for describing directory entries. an entry is a group of lines in the ldif file that contains information about an object, such as a person in your organization or a printer on your network. information about the entry is represented in the ldif file by a set of attributes and their values. each entry has an object class attribute that specifies the kind of object the entry describes and defines the set of additional attributes it contains. each attribute describes a particular trait of an entry. for example, an entry might have the object class organizationalperson, indicating that the entry represents a person within a particular organization. this object class allows the givenname and telephonenumber attributes. the values assigned to these attributes give the name and phone number of the person represented by the entry. iplanet directory server also uses read - only attributes that are calculated by the server. these attributes are called operational attributes. there are also some operational attributes that can be set by the administrator, for access control and other server functions. entries are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4795347893248874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.979630"} {"text": ". iplanet directory server also uses read - only attributes that are calculated by the server. these attributes are called operational attributes. there are also some operational attributes that can be set by the administrator, for access control and other server functions. entries are stored in a hierarchical structure in the directory tree. in ldap, you can query an entry and request all entries below it in the directory tree. this subtree is called the base distinguished name, or base dn. for example, if you make an ldap search request specifying a base dn of ou = people, dc = siroe, dc = com, then the search operation examines only the ou = people subtree in the dc = siroe, dc = com directory tree. however, all entries are not automatically returned in response to an ldap search. entries of the ldapsubentry object class are not returned in response to normal search requests. an ldapsubentry entry represents an administrative object, for example the entries that are used internally by directory server to define a role or a class of service. to receive these entries, clients need to search specifically for entries of the ldapsubentry object class. for more information about roles, see \" managed, filtered, and nested roles \". for more information about class of service, see \" class of service \". distributing directory data when you store various parts of your tree in separate databases, your directory can process client requests in parallel, improving performance. you can also store your databases on different machines, to further improve performance. to connect your distributed data, you can create a special entry in a subtree of your directory. all ldap operations attempted below this entry are sent to a remote machine where the entry is actually stored. this method is called chaining. chaining is implemented in the server as a plug - in. the plug - in is enabled by default. using this plug - in, you create database links, special entries that point to data stored remotely. when a client application requests data from a database link, the database link retrieves the data from the remote database and returns it to the client. directory design overview the previous sections described directory services in general and the iplanet directory server in particular. now it is time to consider the design of your own directory service. planning your directory service before actual deployment is the most important task to ensure the success of your directory. during your directory design you will gather data about your directory requirements, such as environment and data sources, your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5032533619985478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.981142"} {"text": "consider the design of your own directory service. planning your directory service before actual deployment is the most important task to ensure the success of your directory. during your directory design you will gather data about your directory requirements, such as environment and data sources, your users, and the applications that will use your directory. with this data, you can design a directory service that meets your needs. however, keep in mind that the flexibility of iplanet directory server allows you to rework your design to meet unexpected or changing requirements, even after you deploy directory server. design process outline the remainder of this guide divides the design process into six steps : how to plan your directory data. your directory will contain data, such as user names, telephone numbers, and group details. chapter 2 \" how to plan your directory data, \" helps you analyze the various sources of data in your organization and understand their relationship with one another. it describes the types of data you might store in your directory, and other tasks you need to perform to design the contents of your directory server. how to design the schema. your directory is designed to support one or more directory - enabled applications. these applications have requirements of the data you store in your directory, such as format requirements. your directory schema determines the characteristics of the data stored in your directory. chapter 3 \" how to design the schema, \" introduces the standard schema shipped with iplanet directory server, describes how to customize the schema, and provides tips for maintaining consistent schema. designing the directory tree. once you decide what data your directory contains, you need to organize and reference that data. this is the purpose of the directory tree. in chapter 4 \" designing the directory tree, \" the directory tree is introduced and you are guided through the design of your data hierarchy. sample directory tree designs are also provided. designing the directory topology. topology design involves determining how you divide your directory tree among multiple physical directory servers and how these servers communicate with one another. chapter 5 \" designing the directory topology, \" describes the general principles behind topology design, discusses using multiple databases, describes the mechanisms available for linking your distributed data together, and explains how the directory itself keeps track of distributed data. designing the replication process. with replication, multiple directory servers maintain the same directory data to increase performance and provide fault tolerance. chapter 6 \" designing the replication process, \" describes how replication works, what kinds of data you can replicate, common replication scenarios, and tips for building a highly available directory service. designing a secure directory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097000225813054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.982794"} {"text": "directory data to increase performance and provide fault tolerance. chapter 6 \" designing the replication process, \" describes how replication works, what kinds of data you can replicate, common replication scenarios, and tips for building a highly available directory service. designing a secure directory. finally, you need to plan how to protect the data in the directory and design the other aspects of your service to meet the security requirements of your users and applications. chapter 7 \" designing a secure directory, \" describes common security threats, provides an overview of security methods, discusses the steps in analyzing your security needs, and provides tips for designing access controls and protecting the integrity of your directory data. deploying your directory after you have designed your directory service, you start the deployment phase. the deployment phase consists of the following steps : piloting your directory the first step of the deployment phase is installing a server instance as a pilot and testing whether your service can handle your user load. if the service is not adequate as it is, adjust your design and pilot it again. adjust your pilot design until you have a robust service you can confidently introduce to your enterprise. for a comprehensive overview of creating and implementing a directory pilot, refer to understanding and deploying ldap directory services ( t. howes, m. smith, g. good, macmillan technical publishing, 1999 ). putting your directory into production once you have piloted and tuned the service, you need to develop and execute a plan for taking the directory service from a pilot to production. create a production plan that includes the following : an estimate of the resources you need for information on administering and maintaining your directory, refer to the iplanet directory server administrator ' s guide. other general directory resources for more information about directories, ldap, and ldif, take a look at the following : rfc 2849 : the ldap data interchange format ( ldif ) technical specification rfc 2251 : lightweight directory access protocol ( v3 ) previous contents index dochome next copyright \u00a9 2002 sun microsystems, inc. some preexisting portions copyright \u00a9 2001 netscape communications corp. all rights reserved. last updated february 26, 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5229842682946225, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.983832"} {"text": "racial component of white - black relationships here, miller explains that while black people for many years were forced to get along with whites, whites were never forced to accommodate to the needs of blacks. white teachers, he recalls, were sometimes uncomfortable in formerly black schools, but one white teacher did teach miller a lesson about racial difference. in reflecting on racism, miller remembers chasing down some students who were skipping class at carmel junior high school when he suddenly realized the significance of the image of a black man pursuing a white girl. the story is somewhat unclear, but it seems like a white man rammed his car in retaliation. citing this excerpt oral history interview with leroy miller, june 8, 1998. interview k - 0174. southern oral history program collection ( # 4007 ) in the southern oral history program collection, southern historical collection, wilson library, university of north carolina at chapel hill. full text of the excerpt pg : violence, yeah. do you think at that time there were principals who were afraid to discipline in schools? lm : well, the thing about it, if you \u2019 re a black person you had to know how to get along with a white person. blacks have always had to get along with whites since slavery. but it wasn \u2019 t true of whites. the only blacks that some of the white principals had ever associated with were maybe their gardener or cook or somebody like that. they \u2019 d never had to associate with any blacks. i can recall when dr. garinger was the superintendent. we attempted to integrate the faculties when you had the freedom of choice. when i first came to charlotte the superintendents used to meet with the blacks on one saturday morning and the whites on another saturday morning. then they started having one meeting, and instead of having a black english group and a white one it was all english teachers and all industrial arts teachers. you \u2019 d be surprised. that was something that was hard to come by. pg : the white teachers didn \u2019 t want to meet with the black teachers? lm : no. they were resentful. i think it was just both of them. they were just resentful. you had some that didn \u2019 t matter. i know the first two white teachers we had at west charlotte, had one in social studies by the name of ann fiber and another white teacher in english anna wiles, that was the freedom of choice. ann fiber she finished the university of mississippi, and she came to west charlotte when they said you had to integrate schools and sixty percent of your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4831816372746987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.993904"} {"text": "the name of ann fiber and another white teacher in english anna wiles, that was the freedom of choice. ann fiber she finished the university of mississippi, and she came to west charlotte when they said you had to integrate schools and sixty percent of your teachers had to be white and forty percent had to be black. i think it hurt ann worse than anybody else. it was funny. when she was there by herself she was a little white princess, so to speak. but when other whites came there it sort of stole her thunder. i learned, now this is the god \u2019 s truth. one was a blond and the other one was a brunette. i remember i used to hand deliver the checks to the teachers on pay day. i \u2019 d go to ann fiber and i \u2019 d give her miss wiles \u2019 check. she said, \u201c oh, this is ann fiber. \u201d until that time i \u2019 d never looked at a white woman, period. i guess about the second or third month miss fiber stopped me. she said, \u201c mr. miller, if i can take the time to know that there \u2019 s a difference between blacks, seemingly you can do likewise. look, i \u2019 m a blond. anna wiles is a brunette. her hair is almost as black as your hair. \u201d i said, \u201c thank you, \u201d and i moved on out. i started looking at hair then. i said you can tell them by the hair. you can tell them by the eyes, but i \u2019 d never paid that much attention to white, period. lm : no. i can recall miss ledford, she was my curriculum coordinator. back when they had the gas shortage we had a curriculum meeting over at garinger high school. i went out to get in my car and she was out there. i said, \u201c no, you aren \u2019 t going to ride with me. \u201d she said, \u201c i don \u2019 t have any gas. i don \u2019 t have gas enough to get home. \u201d i didn \u2019 t want a rider, not in my car. i didn \u2019 t want to ride no white. when i was at west charlotte i used to police the campus, to look, because kids would sneak off from school. the same thing was true when i went to carmel. i remember that first year down at carmel i had some girls and boys that had sneaked off the campus. they were going down carmel road. i went down there chasing them. these cars that were coming up from south carolina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.453876667274806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.995634"} {"text": "i went to carmel. i remember that first year down at carmel i had some girls and boys that had sneaked off the campus. they were going down carmel road. i went down there chasing them. these cars that were coming up from south carolina, i was chasing little white girls running, them cars slowing down. i happened to think, \u201c man, some of these fools out here there \u2019 s no telling what they \u2019 d do. \u201d so i came back to the campus and i got mayor brown and sue. i said, \u201c listen, let \u2019 s go get them. \u201d i made sure that i was going to protect myself. i remember barbara. she said, \u201c mr. miller, everybody knows that you \u2019 re the principal and i \u2019 m the curriculum coordinator. so she got in. i had a little old mustang. she got in the car and we went over to garinger high school from east mecklenburg. on the way back i said, \u201c miss ledford, i wish you would sit up straight in your seat. \u201d she was turned sideways, and she was talking. i said, \u201c just sit straight. \u201d there was one of those bfi trucks behind us. i saw the fellow when he passed us. as he passed us he was white and he decided he was going to slow down and see what that white woman was doing in that car with that black man. so he let us pass him. then he got right behind us. when we go to independence and hawthorne there was an ambulance going down hawthorne lane. the red light was on, and i was in front of that bfi truck. i had to stop even though i had the light. it was on green, and when i stopped that bfi truck ran right into the back of me. it knocked me over on the corner. i got on the corner, and the ambulance stopped to see if we were hurt, and then proceeded. the police came. that old fellow that was driving the ambulance told the police, \u201c that nigger had that white woman over there. \u201d i \u2019 d gone over on the corner. i heard him. he said, \u201c that nigger over there he had that little white woman over there. \u201d the policeman sat there. he said, \u201c that \u2019 s mr. miller. he \u2019 s principal at east mecklenburg. \u201d it just so happened that the officers that came out there had been one that worked at some of our games. he came over. i said, \u201c i stopped for the ambulance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38393965652643103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.997224"} {"text": "epilepsy : surgical options for epilepsy what is epilepsy surgery? medication can control seizures in most people with epilepsy, but for about 30 % of patients, they aren ' t effective or are intolerable. in some cases, brain surgery may be an option. epilepsy surgery is an operation on the brain to control seizures and improve the person ' s quality of life. there are two main types of epilepsy surgery : - surgery to remove the area of the brain producing seizures - surgery to interrupt the nerve pathways through which seizure impulses spread within the brain surgery is considered only if the area of the brain where the seizures start, called the seizure focus, can be clearly identified, and if the area to be removed is not responsible for any critical functions, such as language, sensation and movement. extensive evaluation and testing are necessary to determine if surgery is appropriate. who is a candidate for epilepsy surgery? surgery may be an option for people with epilepsy whose seizures are disabling and / or are not controlled by medication, or when the side effects of medication are severe and greatly affect the person ' s quality of life. patients with other serious medical problems, such as cancer or heart disease, usually are not considered for epilepsy surgery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49287186925085197, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:50.999836"} {"text": "during the final stages of world war ii in 1945, the united states conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of hiroshima and nagasaki in japan, the first on august 6, 1945 and the second on august 9, 1945. for six months, the united states had made use of intense strategic fire - bombing of 67 japanese cities. together with the united kingdom, and the republic of china the united states called for a surrender of japan in the potsdam declaration. the japanese government ignored this ultimatum. by executive order of president harry s. truman, the u. s. dropped the nuclear weapon \u201c little boy \u201d on the city of hiroshima on monday, august 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of \u201c fat man \u201d over nagasaki on august 9. these two events are the only active deployments of nuclear weapons in war. the target of hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance, containing japan \u2019 s second army headquarters, as well as being a communications center and storage depot. within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90, 000 \u2013 166, 000 people in hiroshima and 60, 000 \u2013 80, 000 in nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. the hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60 % died from flash or flame burns, 30 % from falling debris and 10 % from other causes. during the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. in a us estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15 \u2013 20 % died from radiation sickness, 20 \u2013 30 % from flash burns, and 50 \u2013 60 % from other injuries, compounded by illness. in both cities, most of the dead were civilians. six days after the detonation over nagasaki, on august 15, japan announced its surrender to the allied powers, signing the instrument of surrender on september 2, officially ending the pacific war and therefore world war ii. germany had signed its instrument of surrender on may 7, ending the war in europe. the bombings led, in part, to post - war japan \u2019 s adopting three non - nuclear principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament. the role of the bombings in japan \u2019 s surrender and the u. s. \u2019 s ethical justification for them, as well as their strategical importance, is still debated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4404781972157402, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.003154"} {"text": "cholera outbreaks in caribbean, africa spark alerts jul 22, 2011 ( cidrap news ) \u2013 european union ( eu ) health officials today warned travelers about a risk of contracting cholera in the dominican republic, a magnet for tourists, while the world health organization ( who ) said cholera outbreaks along africa ' s congo river have killed 271 people. in a report released today but dated june 2011, the european centre for disease prevention and control ( ecdc ) said cholera is becoming endemic in the dominican republic. the country shares the island of hispaniola with haiti, which has been battling a large cholera epidemic since october 2010. cholera first spread from haiti to the dominican republic last november, and the latter had had 5, 367 suspected cases with 46 deaths by mid - june, the ecdc reported. it said 1, 727 cases were confirmed. \" despite intense efforts by the ministries of health in haiti and the dominican republic and by humanitarian workers involved in the response to the epidemic, cholera is becoming endemic in both countries, \" the report says. \" it is anticipated that further epidemic peaks will occur, particularly during the rainy season \" ( april to june and october - november ). two european tourists, a 69 - year - old english woman and a 60 - year - old german woman, contracted cholera while staying at resorts in punta cana, dominican republic, in may, the report says. theirs were the first dominican - linked cases reported by eu member states since the epidemic began. the sources of their infections were not pinpointed and could have been either water or food. more than a million european tourists visit the dominican republic annually, according to the report. it said haiti receives far fewer european visitors, with just 23, 000 in 2007. because of the size of the dominican epidemic, occasional travel - related cases can be expected and may increase during the country ' s rainy seasons, the ecdc says. overall, though, the risk of cholera in visitors to the country should be considered low. the ecdc says visitors to cholera - endemic countries should drink only bottled or chlorinated water, carefully wash all fruits and vegetables with potable water, regularly wash their hands, and eat seafood only if it is thoroughly cooked. in the eu, cholera vaccination is not routinely recommended for travelers, but it might be considered for people who work in refugee camps and certain other groups. meanwhile, the who today said cholera outbreaks along the congo river have caused more than 4, 000 cases in the democratic republic of congo ( drc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3740290194355085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.009340"} {"text": "for travelers, but it might be considered for people who work in refugee camps and certain other groups. meanwhile, the who today said cholera outbreaks along the congo river have caused more than 4, 000 cases in the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) and the republic of congo. the outbreak in the drc was first reported in march and has intensified in the past 3 to 4 weeks, the who said. as of jul 20, authorities had reported 3, 896 cases and 265 deaths, with a case - fatality rate ( cfr ) of 7 %. the affected provinces are bandundu, equateur, kinshasa, and p orientale. in the republic of congo, 181 suspected cases including six deaths were reported between jun 14 and jul 20 in four provinces ( brazzaville, cuvette, likouala, and plateaux ), with a cfr of 3 %, the who said. four cases have been laboratory - confirmed. \" there is high risk of the epidemic further spreading along the congo river, \" the agency said. \" the outbreak has been reported to have spread to new locations, particularly in kinshasa, where there are large population groups with inadequate safe water. \" the governments of the two countries, along with international organizations, have set up cholera treatment centers and taken other steps to respond to the outbreaks, the who said. the agency said it is conducting a rapid risk assessment in the drc to identify urgent needs and has sent four specialists to kinshasa to support the response operations. ecdc warning on cholera risk in the dominican republic cholera epidemic rising higher in dominican republic cholera epidemic is spreading speedily as the dominican republic ' s death toll has now risen to 87. spreading from haiti, it is suspected that the epidemic has affected more than 13, 000 people till date. the concerned authorities also said on friday that the epidemic has killed more than 5, 500 people in haiti and as the country shares the island of hispaniola with haiti, people here need to be more cautious and must adopt all the possible preventive measures. according to the reports released from the dominican health ministry, the death toll has risen big since july 8 as the new affected figures are 87 now. since beginning, total 13, 200 cases have been reported till date out of which past week recorded total 773 new cases. in context to same, us centers for disease control also published an epidemiological study in which they highlighted that un troops from nepal are the main cause for the epidemic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38189703165716593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.010892"} {"text": "there is a lot you can do and there isn \u2019 t much you can do \u2014 about fluoride in your water. for one it isn \u2019 t fluoride per se that is put into your water but three other chemicals that are put into public drinking water supplies contaminate drinking water with fluoride. for another, we have polluted the waters with fluoride agents for so long, over such a long time and in so many locations, that the waters have become polluted. while those who serve to lord ( lower case ) it over us try to convince us \u201c there is a lot of background fluoride in water occurring \u2018 naturally, \u2019 \u201d it is because we have polluted the waters globally. fluoride is so rampant most water contains it to a certain extent. however, the biggest problem is fluoride molecules are so small they can not be filtered out easily. in fact, if you are buying bottled water in order to avoid fluoride, you are probably wasting your money while still being fluoridated. fluoride chemicals pass right through most water filtration systems. even h\u00b2o concepts whole house water filtration systems are unable to remove fluoride. but reverse osmosis and distillation can remove fluoride contamination. those are the only two means known that reliably clear the water of fluorine contaminants. that said the most important thing we could do is probably the area in which we are powerless \u2014 practically \u2014 politically. if we could stop governments from \u201c treating \u201d our water ( and us ) with fluoride that would solve the problem. do all you can to get word out about the dangers of systemic fluoridation of our drinking water. inform everyone you know about the dangers of fluoridation of our drinking water and systemic fluoridation. review the six short videos embedded here within my blog and educate yourself. perhaps we might hit a critical mass after which we might get the government to stop fluoridating our water. maybe when we are flat broke and no longer afford the costs to fluoridate our drinking water this insanity might stop.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4636853433023693, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.013203"} {"text": "first tropical depression of the season may form from 92l an unusually large and well - developed african tropical wave for so early in the season has developed midway between the coast of africa and south america. the storm was designated invest 92l by the national hurricane center yesterday, and has a good chance of becoming the first tropical depression of the atlantic hurricane season. surface winds measured by the 8 : 23am edt pass of the european ascat satellite revealed that 92l already has a closed surface circulation, though the circulation is large and elongated. top winds seen by ascat were about 25 mph. meteosat visible satellite loops show a large and impressive circulation that is steadily consolidating, with spiral bands building inward towards center, and upper - level outflow beginning to be established to the northwest and north. figure 1. morning satellite image of invest 92l. climatology argues against development of 92l, since only one named storm has ever formed between africa and the lesser antilles islands in the month of june - - tropical storm ana of 1979 ( figure 2 ). however, sea surface temperatures ( ssts ) underneath 92l are an extremely high 28 - 30\u00b0c, which is warmer than the temperatures reached during the peak of hurricane season last year, in august - september. in fact, with summer not even here, and three more months of heating remaining until we reach peak ssts in the atlantic, ocean temperatures across the entire caribbean and waters between africa and the lesser antilles are about the same as they were during the peak week for water temperatures in 2009 ( mid - september. ) while 92l will cross over a 1\u00b0c cooler patch of water on monday, the storm will encounter very warm ssts of 28 - 29\u00b0c again by tuesday. the disturbance doesn ' t have to worry about dry air - - total precipitable water ( tpw ) loops show a very moist plume of air accompanies 92l, and water vapor satellite loops show that the center of 92l is at least 300 - 400 miles from any substantial areas of dry air. the 60 - day cycle of enhanced thunderstorm activity called the madden - jullian oscillation is currently favoring upward motion over eastern tropical atlantic, and this enhanced upward motion helps create stronger updrafts and higher chances of tropical cyclone development. figure 2. tropical storm ana of 1979 was the only june named storm on record to form between africa and the lesser antilles islands. the forecast for 92l a major issue for 92l, like it is for most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4435621933904976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.017690"} {"text": "higher chances of tropical cyclone development. figure 2. tropical storm ana of 1979 was the only june named storm on record to form between africa and the lesser antilles islands. the forecast for 92l a major issue for 92l, like it is for most june disturbances, is wind shear. the subtropical jet stream has a branch flowing through the caribbean and tropical atlantic north of 10\u00b0 n that is bringing 20 - 40 knots of wind shear to the region. our disturbance is currently located at 7\u00b0n, well south of this band of high shear, and is only experiencing 5 - 15 knots of shear. this moderate amount of shear should allow for some steady development of 92l over the next few days as it tracks west - northwest at 10 - 15 mph. the national hurricane center is giving 92l a medium ( 30 % chance ) of developing into a tropical depression by tuesday morning. based on visible satellite imagery over the past few hours, i believe this forecast is not aggressive enough, and that 92l has a 50 % chance of developing into a tropical depression by tuesday morning. another factor holding 92l back is its proximity to the equator. i would give 92l higher chances of developing if it were not so close to the equator. the system is organizing at about 7\u00b0n latitude, which is so close to the equator that it cannot leverage the earth ' s spin much to help it get spinning. it is quite unusual for a tropical depression to form south of 8\u00b0n latitude. the farther south 92l stays, the better chance it has at survival. with the system ' s steady west - northwest movement this week, 92l should begin encountering hostile wind shear in excess of 30 knots by thursday, which should be able to greatly weaken or entirely destroy the storm before it gets to the lesser antilles islands. however, residents of the islands - - particularly the northern lesser antilles - - should follow the progress of 92l closely, and anticipate heavy rains and high winds moving through the islands by saturday or sunday next weekend. the gfdl and hwrf models are predicting that 92l will develop into a moderate strength tropical storm that will then be weakened or destroyed by the end of the week, before it reaches the islands. this looks like a reasonable forecast. figure 3. the departure of sea surface temperature ( sst ) from average for june 10, 2010. image credit : noaa / nesdis. oil spill wind forecast there is little change to the oil spill wind forecast for the coming two weeks. light winds of 5 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4475504935528082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.018790"} {"text": "troubleshooting your vfds aug 1, 2000 12 : 00 pm, by stan turkel find more articles on : variable frequency drives variable - frequency drives ( vfds ), also known as adjustable - speed drives ( asds ) have become the preferred method of controlling speed to meet load requirements. the most common drives use a pulse width modulation ( pwm ) design, which is affordable, reliable, and cost effective for most applications. while simple in their design, they can give you problems when it comes to taking operational and troubleshooting measurements. knowing what measurements to take will save you time and money. you ' ll need this type of testing for troubleshooting and diagnosing a defective unit as well as when performing routine maintenance. where do you start taking measurements? the four main aspects for testing a drive system are the building ' s power supply, the drive unit itself, the motor, and the load. each item in a drive system works together and becomes the entire drive application. this creates a potential problem : any one item can shut down the drive. knowing what measurements to take at each section is critical for the troubleshooting and maintenance of the drive. the facility ' s power supply. in today ' s power - hungry society, it ' s getting hard to obtain a good source of clean non - distorted power. over and under voltage conditions greater than plus - or - minus 10 % will trip most drives. a voltage unbalance between phases of 3 % to 5 % can cause tripping of the drive ' s overload fault protection device. with the drive in operation and carrying a load, measure the incoming line voltage at the input side of the drive itself. using safety precautions, measure the incoming line voltage between a - b phase, b - c phase, c - a phase. sometimes, you may want to also measure a, b, and c, to ground. what you want to look for is over and under voltage conditions as well as unbalance between the phases. it ' s important to take the above readings during peak loads on the drive as well as during off - hours to see if you ' re experiencing voltage swings as a result of the dynamics of your facility. then, take a current reading of each of the three phases on the line side of the drive. again, look for any unbalance between phases. the following formula will help you calculate the percentage of unbalance between phases. percent voltage unbalance = maximum deviation from the average voltage x 100 / average voltage taking readings in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5392476266160773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.031071"} {"text": "line side of the drive. again, look for any unbalance between phases. the following formula will help you calculate the percentage of unbalance between phases. percent voltage unbalance = maximum deviation from the average voltage x 100 / average voltage taking readings in the vfd. there are several measurements you should take at the drive that involve getting into close quarters while the drive is in operation. use caution when testing a powered drive unit. remember to adhere to all safety procedures while taking these measurements. pwm type drives take incoming ac line voltage and rectify this to a constant dc voltage that is then supplied to the switching, or inverter section, to create an adjustable alternating frequency and variable - voltage source to the motor. measure dc bus voltage in the drive for over and under voltage conditions, which can be generated by line power changes or load regenerative conditions. there are two important dc bus voltage measurements you should take. the first is the actual dc bus voltage, which should be equal to the line - side peak voltage ( rms voltage x 1. 41 ). once the capacitors are charged, the reading should remain constant. on a 480v system, the dc bus voltage will be about 676vdc. you should take the second dc bus voltage measurement to determine the amount of ac ripple found on the dc bus. this reading helps pinpoint capacitor breakdown and reduced filtering of the dc bus, which can cause current trips. dc bus voltage measurements. with the drive in operation and carrying a load, take a voltage reading at the dc bus. you take this measurement at the connections to the drive capacitor or capacitor bank. ( see drive manual for exact location ). set the meter on dc volts and measure the positive and negative sides of the dc bus. this should be equal to the line voltage x 1. 41. now, remove the meter from the circuit and set it on ac volts and take the same measurement. the meter should show very low ac voltage ripple, as this is a filtered dc source. you should discuss readings above 5vac with the drive manufacturer, as this may indicate a possible breakdown of the capacitor filtering. all drives maintain a constant volts - per - hertz ratio to the motor. this ratio is kept constant, regardless at what speed the drive operates. thus, as the frequency ( hz ) changes the motor speed, so does the voltage. the only exception to this rule comes with flux vector drives. these types of drives may change the ratio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5183483652464661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.032336"} {"text": "is kept constant, regardless at what speed the drive operates. thus, as the frequency ( hz ) changes the motor speed, so does the voltage. the only exception to this rule comes with flux vector drives. these types of drives may change the ratio, depending on special torque requirements. one of the most effective ways of troubleshooting a drive is to verify that the volts - per - hertz ratio is being maintained at different speed settings. drive output volts - per - hertz ratio measurement. using safety precautions, set the analog meter for the maximum ac volts. with the drive running at full speed ( 60 hz ), measure the voltage to the motor at the drive motor terminals. for example, a 460v motor operating at 60 hz should have a ratio of 7. 6v applied to the motor for every hertz applied. the voltage should be equal to the nameplate voltage for the motor. now, set the drive to 50 % speed ( 30 hz ), and take the same motor terminal voltage reading. it should now be half of the last reading, or 230v for a 460v motor. then, adjust the drive to 25 % speed ( 15 hz ), and the motor voltage should now be 25 % of the full voltage reading, or 115v. what about leakage current? drive problems can also appear if the leakage current from the drive ' s power transistors is excessive. a transistor does not actually open up like a mechanical switch when it turns off, it just reduces the amount of current it lets through. sometimes a transistor that starts to become defective will show signs of excessive leakage current when turned off. transistor leakage current measurement. with the drive energized and a run command given, set the drive to zero speed ( 0 hz ) and measure the voltage to the motor between phases. in this state, the drive should not be firing any of the transistors, and there should be 40v or less leakage, depending on the manufacturer. you should discuss voltages above 60v with the manufacturer. this higher reading may indicate a pending transistor failure. the motor. even though you took the voltage and current readings at the motor terminals in the drive itself, you will also want to take the same measurements at the motor. your meter should be the same as used at the drive. the analog meter gives you smoothed readings and should match the expected volts - per - hertz ratio. essentially, the voltage and current values should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4973370539289286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.033291"} {"text": "to take the same measurements at the motor. your meter should be the same as used at the drive. the analog meter gives you smoothed readings and should match the expected volts - per - hertz ratio. essentially, the voltage and current values should be the same. a voltage drop or poor connections may be cause for concern. also check for any unusual vibrations ( vibration is usually a sign of excess bearing wear ). taking temperature readings. we all know many electrical failures are the result of excessive heat, which breaks down insulation of conductors and windings. temperature readings of motors, conductors, and heatsinks of electronic components are valuable diagnostic measurements, and you should consider them part of a yearly maintenance program. the key is to be consistent in the location of the readings, and to take them under similar loading conditions. there is much information available from the vendors of temperature probes and meters. the load. if it turns, then it must be okay, right? depending on your application, there are still a couple of things you may consider measuring. if you ' re concerned about speed regulation for a process, then a tachometer reading at full load conditions is in order. always verify rotation direction. i have uncovered instances where equipment was simply operating backward ; and unknown to those using the equipment. the torque stresses the shaft and drive train components. having started up hundreds of drive applications over the years, i still can ' t understand why folks need to ramp up these large loads in 10 sec or faster. it just makes sense to adjust the ramp speed of a load to as long as possible to reduce all kinds of stresses ; both mechanical and electrical. there are two important areas not included in this article : harmonics and overvoltage reflections at the motor windings. although harmonics is a concern, it ' s not normally associated with the tripping of drives and shutdowns. you can usually control overvoltage reflections at the motor windings by keeping the motor leads as short as possible. several motor manufacturers can provide special windings to withstand such overvoltage conditions. turkel is a senior instructor, atms technical training co., owings mills, md. sidebar : what type of testing meter should you use? you can use any clamp - on true digital multimeter ( dmm ) cat. 3 rated for testing motor drives. the best recommendation is a clamp - on 1000v cat. 3 unit. a true rms clamp - on dmm, or an ac - only clamp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47446835879189414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.034639"} {"text": "true digital multimeter ( dmm ) cat. 3 rated for testing motor drives. the best recommendation is a clamp - on 1000v cat. 3 unit. a true rms clamp - on dmm, or an ac - only clamp - on attachment for a dmm will work. if your meter is not rated cat. 3, then don ' t use it. sidebar : use an analog meter to test the load side output of the drive you would expect to use a true rms dmm to test the load side output of the drive. but for this measurement, the dmm might give you an incorrect reading. why? the output of a vfd is a series of very high transmittal oscillating positive and negative voltages. using igbt transistors, the oscillations approach 20 khz, which vary in base frequency and duration ( width of pulse, hence the name pulse width modulated drives ). a digital multimeter takes many samples per second and converts this analog information into digital information for display. using a digital meter for output readings causes a problem : it will attempt to follow the high - frequency switching of the igbt transistors, giving false information. the analog meter has a smoothing effect and ends up reading a voltage equal to what the motor actually sees.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.503897491410288, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.035238"} {"text": "figure 3 - 29. block diagram of a flip - flop with a toggle input. figure 3 - 30. flip - flop with three inputs ( block diagram ). remember, a set input will set the flip - flop if it is in the clear state, otherwise, it will not do anything ; a trigger at the clear input can only clear the circuit if it is set ; and a trigger applied to the toggle input will cause the bistable multivibrator to change states regardless of what state it is in. q7. in a bistable multivibrator, how many trigger pulses are needed to produce one complete cycle in q8. how many stable states are there for a flip - flop? q9. if a voltage ( positive or negative ) is measured on the \" 1 \" output of a flip - flop, what state is it in? the blocking oscillator is a special type of wave generator used to produce a narrow pulse, or trigger. blocking oscillators have many uses, most of which are concerned with the timing of some other circuit. they can be used as frequency dividers or counter circuits and for switching other circuits on and off at specific times. in a blocking oscillator the pulse width ( pw ), pulse repetition time ( prt ), and pulse repetition rate ( prr ) are all controlled by the size of certain capacitors and resistors and by the operating characteristics of the transformer. the transformer primary determines the duration and shape of the output. because of their importance in the circuit, transformer action and series rl circuits will be discussed briefly. you may want to review transformer action in neets, module 2, introduction to alternating current and transformers before going to the next section. figure 3 - 31, view ( a ), shows a transformer with resistance in both the primary and secondary circuits. if s1 is closed, current will flow through r1 and l1. as the current increases in l1, it induces a voltage into l2 and causes current flow through r2. the voltage induced into l2 depends on the ratio of turns between l1 and l2 as well as the current flow through l1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5646598109575182, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.040492"} {"text": "portraying ottoman society european artists who came to istanbul as members of diplomatic entourages depicted scenes from different parts of the ottoman capital, distinctive costumes worn by the different classes of people in the empire, and portraits of foreign ambassadors, interpreters, and increasingly of ottoman dignitaries. vanmour, for example, in addition to several audience scenes and pictures of istanbul, painted various state officials in their typical costume, and these were published in marquis de ferriol ' s recueil de cent estampes representant differentes nations du levant in 1714. a number of paintings of similar size in various collections and museums are thought to belong to this series of oil paintings by vanmour. one of the most notable of the european artists who worked in istanbul in the 18th century was a knight of malta antoine de favray, who arrived in istanbul in 1762 and was employed by the french ambassadors comte de vergennes and comte de st. priest until 1771. his portraits of vergennes and his wife show the couple not only dressed in turkish costume but even seated in oriental style. this tradition of painting, particularly portraiture, introduced by western artists, gradually spread from court and diplomatic circles to broader sectors of society ; first to high - ranking state officials and then to leading ottoman families, whose members increasingly commissioned portraits of themselves. even more importantly, this tradition of oil painting influence local artists, one of the most renowned being osman hamdi bey, who despite his oriental birth, did many works that place him among the artists of the orientalist movement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4062750340463995, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.044005"} {"text": "in computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type that depends on a value. dependent types play a central role in intuitionistic type theory and in the design of functional programming languages like ats, agda and epigram. an example is the type of n - tuples of real numbers. this is a dependent type because the type depends on the value n. deciding equality of dependent types in a program may require computations. if arbitrary values are allowed in dependent types, then deciding type equality may involve deciding whether two arbitrary programs produce the same result ; hence type checking may become undecidable. the curry \u2013 howard correspondence implies that types can be constructed that express arbitrarily complex mathematical properties. if the user can supply a constructive proof that a type is inhabited ( i. e., that a value of that type exists ) then a compiler can check the proof and convert it into executable computer code that computes the value by carrying out the construction. the proof checking feature makes dependently typed languages closely related to proof assistants. the code - generation aspect provides a powerful approach to formal program verification and proof - carrying code, since the code is derived directly from a mechanically verified mathematical proof. systems of the lambda cube henk barendregt developed the lambda cube as a means of classifying type systems along three axes. the eight corners of the resulting cube - shaped diagram each correspond to a type system, with simply typed lambda calculus in the least expressive corner, and calculus of constructions in the most expressive. the three axes of the cube correspond to three different augmentations of the simply typed lambda calculus : the addition of dependent types, the addition of polymorphism, and the addition of higher kinded type constructors ( functions from types to types, for example ). the lambda cube is generalized further by pure type systems. first order dependent type theory the system of pure first order dependent types, corresponding to the logical framework lf, is obtained by generalising the function space type of the simply typed lambda calculus to the dependent product type. writing for - tuples of real numbers, as above, stands for the type of functions which given a natural number n returns a tuple of real numbers of size n. the usual function space arises as a special case when the range type does not actually depend on the input, e. g. is the type of functions from natural numbers to the real numbers, written as in the simply typed lambda calculus. second order dependent type theory the system of second order dependent types is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5493669070167934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.053280"} {"text": "the range type does not actually depend on the input, e. g. is the type of functions from natural numbers to the real numbers, written as in the simply typed lambda calculus. second order dependent type theory the system of second order dependent types is obtained from by allowing quantification over type constructors. in this theory the dependent product operator subsumes both the operator of simply typed lambda calculus and the binder of system f. higher order dependently typed polymorphic lambda calculus the higher order system extends to all four forms of abstraction from the lambda cube : functions from terms to terms, types to types, terms to types and types to terms. the system corresponds to the calculus of constructions whose derivative, the calculus of inductive constructions is the underlying system of the coq proof assistant. object - oriented programming | language | | actively developed | | paradigm [ fn 1 ] | | tactics | | proof terms | | termination checking | | types can depend on [ fn 2 ] | | universes | | proof irrelevance | | program extraction | | extraction erases irrelevant terms | | ats | | yes | | functional / imperative | | no | | yes | | yes | |? | |? | |? | | yes | |? | | cayenne | | no | | purely functional | | no | | yes | | no | | any term | | no | | no | |? | |? | | coq | | yes | | purely functional | | yes | | yes | | yes | | any term | | yes [ fn 5 ] | | no | | haskell, scheme and ocaml | | yes | | dependent ml | | no [ fn 6 ] | |? | |? | | yes | |? | | natural numbers | |? | |? | |? | |? | | epigram 2 | | yes | | purely functional | | no | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | by construction | | any term | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | coming soon [ dated info ] | | guru | | no | | purely functional | | hypjoin | | yes | | yes | | any term | | no | | yes | | carraway | | yes | | idris | | yes | | purely functional | | yes | | yes | | yes ( optional ) | | any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5631892066459505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.054198"} {"text": "abstract \". - edwin brady. \" how does idris compare to other dependently - typed programming languages? \". - \" matita svn \". - \" xanadu home page \". further reading - martin - lof, per ( 1984 ). intuitionistic type theory. bibliopolis. - nordstrom, bengt ; petersson, kent ; smith, jan m. ( 1990 ). programming in martin - lof ' s type theory : an introduction. oxford university press. - barendregt, henk ( 1992 ). \" lambda calculi with types \". in s. abramsky, d. gabbay and t. maibaum. handbook of logic in computer science. oxford science publications. - mcbride, conor ; mckinna, james ( january 2004 ). \" the view from the left \". journal of functional programming 14 ( 1 ) : 69 \u2013 111. - altenkirch, thorsten ; mcbride, conor ; mckinna, james ( april 2005 ). why dependent types matter. - norell, ulf. towards a practical programming language based on dependent type theory. phd thesis, department of computer science and engineering, chalmers university of technology, se - 412 96 goteborg, sweden, september 2007. - oury, nicolas and swierstra, wouter ( 2008 ). \" the power of pi \". accepted for presentation at icfp, 2008. - norell, ulf ( 2008 ). dependently typed programming in agda.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5561676979794822, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.057254"} {"text": "interferon type i human type i interferons comprise a vast and growing group of ifn proteins. mammalian types the ifn - \u03b1 proteins are produced by leukocytes. they are mainly involved in innate immune response against viral infection. they come in 13 subtypes that are called ifna1, ifna2, ifna4, ifna5, ifna6, ifna7, ifna8, ifna10, ifna13, ifna14, ifna16, ifna17, ifna21. these genes for these ifn - \u03b1 molecules are found together in a cluster on chromosome 9. ifn - \u03b1 is also made synthetically as medication. types are : the ifn - \u03b2 proteins are produced in large quantities by fibroblasts. they have antiviral activity which is mainly involved in innate immune response. two types of ifn - \u03b2 have been described, ifn - \u03b21 ( ifnb1 ) and ifn - \u03b23 ( ifnb3 ) ( a gene designated ifn - \u03b22 is actually il - 6 ). ifn - \u03b21 is used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis as it reduces the relapse rate. ifn - \u03b5, \u2013 \u03ba, - \u03c4, - \u03b4, and \u2013 \u03b6 ifn - \u03b5, \u2013 \u03ba, - \u03c4, and \u2013 \u03b6 appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, ifnk. only ruminants encode ifn - \u03c4, a variant of ifn - \u03c9. so far, ifn - \u03b6 is found only in mice, while a structural homolog, ifn - \u03b4 is found in a diverse array of non - primate and non - rodent placental mammals. most but not all placental mammals encode functional ifn - \u03b5 and ifn - \u03ba genes. ifn - \u03c9, although having only one functional form described to date ( ifnw1 ), has several pseudogenes : ifnwp2, ifnwp4, ifnwp5, ifnwp9, ifnwp15, ifnwp18, and ifnwp19 in humans. many non - primate placental mammals express multiple ifn - \u03c9 subtypes this subtype of type i ifn was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. in all other genomes of non - feline placental mammals, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4692509751009516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.072692"} {"text": "ifn - \u03c9 subtypes this subtype of type i ifn was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. in all other genomes of non - feline placental mammals, ifn - \u03bd is a pseudogene ; in some species, the pseudogene is well preserved, while in others, it is badly mutilated or is undetectable. moreover, in the cat genome, the ifn - \u03bd promoter is deleteriously mutated. it is likely that the ifn - \u03bd gene family was rendered useless prior to mammalian diversification. its presence on the edge of the type i ifn locus in mammals may have shielded it from obliteration, allowing its detection. sources and functions ifn - \u03b1 and ifn - \u03b2 are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes ( nk cells, b - cells and t - cells ), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. they stimulate both macrophages and nk cells to elicit an anti - viral response, and are also active against tumors. recently, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as being the most potent producers of type i ifns in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural ifn producing cells. ifn - \u03c9 is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors. ifn - \u03b1 acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus thus causing fever. it does this by binding to opioid receptors and eliciting the release of prostaglandin - e2 ( pge2 ). non - mammalian types avian type i ifns have been characterized and preliminarily assigned to subtypes ( ifn i, ifn ii, and ifn iii ), but their classification into subtypes should await a more extensive characterization of avian genomes. functional lizard type i ifns can be found in lizard genome databases. turtle type i ifns have been purified ( references from 1970s needed ). they resemble mammalian homologs. the existence of amphibian type i ifns have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. they have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned. piscine ( bony fish ) type i ifn has been cloned in several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49714256017764413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.074007"} {"text": "i ifns have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. they have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned. piscine ( bony fish ) type i ifn has been cloned in several teleost species. with few exceptions, and in stark contrast to avian and especially mammalian ifns, they are present as single genes ( multiple genes are however seen in polyploid fish genomes, possibly arising from whole - genome duplication ). unlike amniote ifn genes, piscine type i ifn genes contain introns, in similar positions as do their orthologs, certain interleukins. - schultz et al., the interferon system of non - mammalian vertebrates. developmental and comparative immunology, volume 28, pages 499 - 508. - samarajiwa et al., type i interferons : genetics and structure. the interferons : characterization and application, 2006 wiley - vch, pages 3 - 34. - oritani and tomiyama, interferon - \u03b6 / limitin : novel type i interferon that displays a narrow range of biological activity. international journal of hematology, 2004, volume 80, pages 325 - 331. - hardy et al., characterization of the type i interferon locus and identification of novel genes. genomics, 2004, volume 84 pages 331 - 345. - todd and naylor, new chromosomal mapping assignments for argininosuccinate synthetase pseudogene 1, interferon - beta 3 gene, and the diazepam binding inhibitor gene. somat. cell. mol. genet. 1992 volume 18, pages 381 - 5. - wang et al., fever of recombinant human interferon - alpha is mediated by opioid domain interaction with opioid receptor inducing prostaglandin e2. j neuroimmunol. 2004 nov ; 156 ( 1 - 2 ) : 107 - 12.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48724039652219386, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.075172"} {"text": "natural language generation natural language generation ( nlg ) is the natural language processing task of generating natural language from a machine representation system such as a knowledge base or a logical form. psycholinguists prefer the term language production when such formal representations are interpreted as models for mental representations. it could be said an nlg system is like a translator that converts a computer based representation into a natural language representation. however, the methods to produce the final language are different from those of a compiler due to the inherent expressivity of natural languages. nlg may be viewed as the opposite of natural language understanding : whereas in natural language understanding the system needs to disambiguate the input sentence to produce the machine representation language, in nlg the system needs to make decisions about how to put a concept into words. simple examples are systems that generate form letters. these do not typically involve grammar rules, but may generate a letter to a consumer, e. g. stating that a credit card spending limit was reached. more complex nlg systems dynamically create texts to meet a communicative goal. as in other areas of natural language processing, this can be done using either explicit models of language ( e. g., grammars ) and the domain, or using statistical models derived by analysing human - written texts. the pollen forecast for scotland demo shows a simple nlg system in action. this system takes as input six numbers, which give predicted pollen levels in different parts of scotland. from these numbers, the system generates a short textual summary of pollen levels as its output. for example, using the historical data for 1 - july - 2005, the software produces grass pollen levels for friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. however, in northern areas, pollen levels will be moderate with values of 4. in contrast, the actual forecast ( written by a human meteorologist ) from this data was pollen counts are expected to remain high at level 6 over most of scotland, and even level 7 in the south east. the only relief is in the northern isles and far northeast of mainland scotland with medium levels of pollen count. comparing these two illustrates some of the choices that nlg systems must make ; these are further discussed below. the process to generate text can be as simple as keeping a list of canned text that is copied and pasted, possibly linked with some glue text. the results may be satisfactory in simple domains such as horoscope machines or generators of personalised business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.541212371143555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.087080"} {"text": "the process to generate text can be as simple as keeping a list of canned text that is copied and pasted, possibly linked with some glue text. the results may be satisfactory in simple domains such as horoscope machines or generators of personalised business letters. however, a sophisticated nlg system needs to include stages of planning and merging of information to enable the generation of text that looks natural and does not become repetitive. typical stages are : content determination : deciding what information to mention in the text. for instance, in the pollen example above, deciding whether to explicitly mention that pollen level is 7 in the south east. document structuring : overall organisation of the information to convey. for example, deciding to describe the areas with high pollen levels first, instead of the areas with low pollen levels. aggregation : merging of similar sentences to improve readability and naturalness. for instance, merging the two sentences grass pollen levels for friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday and grass pollen levels will be around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country into the single sentence grass pollen levels for friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. lexical choice : putting words to the concepts. for example, deciding whether medium or moderate should be used when describing a pollen level of 4. referring expression generation : creating referring expressions that identify objects and regions. for example, deciding to use in the northern isles and far northeast of mainland scotland to refer to a certain region in scotland. this task also includes making decisions about pronouns and other types of anaphora. nlg systems effectively generate jokes ( see computational humor ), but from a commercial perspective, the most successful nlg applications have been data - to - text systems which generate textual summaries of databases and data sets ; these systems usually perform data analysis as well as text generation. in particular, several systems have been built that produce textual weather forecasts from weather data. the earliest such system to be deployed was fog, which was used by environment canada to generate weather forecasts in french and english in the early 1990s. the success of fog triggered other work, both research and commercial. recent research in this area include an experiment which showed that users sometimes preferred computer - generated weather forecasts to human - written ones, in part because the computer forecasts used more consistent terminology, and a demonstration that statistical techniques could be used to generate high - quality weather forecasts. recent applications include the arns system used to summar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002945754330219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.089886"} {"text": "weather forecasts to human - written ones, in part because the computer forecasts used more consistent terminology, and a demonstration that statistical techniques could be used to generate high - quality weather forecasts. recent applications include the arns system used to summarise conditions in us ports. in the 1990s there was interest in using nlg to summarise financial and business data. for example the spotlight system developed at a. c. nielsen automatically generated readable english text based on the analysis of large amounts of retail sales data. more recently there is interest in using nlg to summarise electronic medical records. commercial applications in this area are appearing, and researchers have shown that nlg summaries of medical data can be effective decision - support aids for medical professionals. there is also growing interest in using nlg to enhance accessibility, for example by describing graphs and data sets to blind people. an example of an interactive use of nlg is the wysiwym framework. it stands for what you see is what you meant and allows users to see and manipulate the continuously rendered view ( nlg output ) of an underlying formal language document ( nlg input ), thereby editing the formal language without learning it. as in other scientific fields, nlg researchers need to test how well their systems, modules, and algorithms work. this is called evaluation. there are three basic techniques for evaluating nlg systems : - task - based ( extrinsic ) evaluation : give the generated text to a person, and assess how well it helps him perform a task ( or otherwise achieves its communicative goal ). for example, a system which generates summaries of medical data can be evaluated by giving these summaries to doctors, and assessing whether the summaries helps doctors make better decisions. - human ratings : give the generated text to a person, and ask him or her to rate the quality and usefulness of the text. - metrics : compare generated texts to texts written by people from the same input data, using an automatic metric such as bleu. an ultimate goal is how useful nlg systems are at helping people, which is the first of the above techniques. however, task - based evaluations are time - consuming and expensive, and can be difficult to carry out ( especially if they require subjects with specialised expertise, such as doctors ). hence ( as in other areas of nlp ) task - based evaluations are the exception, not the norm. recently researchers are assessing how well human - ratings and metric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070297285642644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.091017"} {"text": "out ( especially if they require subjects with specialised expertise, such as doctors ). hence ( as in other areas of nlp ) task - based evaluations are the exception, not the norm. recently researchers are assessing how well human - ratings and metrics correlate with ( predict ) task - based evaluations. work is being conducted in the context of generation challenges shared - task events. initial results suggest that human ratings are much better than metrics in this regard. in other words, human ratings usually do predict task - effectiveness at least to some degree ( although there are exceptions ), while ratings produced by metrics often do not predict task - effectiveness well. these results are preliminary. in any case, human ratings are the most popular evaluation technique in nlg ; this is contrast to machine translation, where metrics are widely used. - r turner, s sripada, e reiter, i davy ( 2006 ). generating spatio - temporal descriptions in pollen forecasts. proceedings of eacl06 - goldberg e, driedger n, kittredge r ( 1994 ). \" using natural - language processing to produce weather forecasts \". ieee expert 9 ( 2 ) : 45 \u2013 53. doi : 10. 1109 / 64. 294135. - reiter e, sripada s, hunter j, yu j, davy i ( 2005 ). \" choosing words in computer - generated weather forecasts \". artificial intelligence 167 : 137 \u2013 69. doi : 10. 1016 / j. artint. 2005. 06. 006. - belz a ( 2008 ). \" automatic generation of weather forecast texts using comprehensive probabilistic generation - space models \". natural language engineering 14 : 431 \u2013 55. - anand, tej ; kahn, gary ( 1992 ). \" making sense of gigabytes : a system for knowledge - based market analysis \". in klahr, philip ; scott, a. f. innovative applications of artificial intelligence 4 : proceedings of the iaai - 92 conference. menlo park, calif : aaai press. pp. 57 \u2013 70. isbn 0 - 262 - 69155 - 8. - harris md ( 2008 ). \" building a large - scale commercial nlg system for an emr \". proceedings of the fifth international natural language generation conference. pp. 157 \u2013 60. http : / / www. aclweb. org / anthology / w08 - 1120. pdf. - portet f, rei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47350167995895254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.092048"} {"text": "emr \". proceedings of the fifth international natural language generation conference. pp. 157 \u2013 60. http : / / www. aclweb. org / anthology / w08 - 1120. pdf. - portet f, reiter e, gatt a, hunter j, sripada s, freer y, sykes c ( 2009 ). \" automatic generation of textual summaries from neonatal intensive care data \". artificial intelligence 173 ( 7 \u2013 8 ) : 789 \u2013 816. doi : 10. 1016 / j. artint. 2008. 12. 002. - law a, freer y, hunter j, logie r, mcintosh n, quinn j ( 2005 ). \" a comparison of graphical and textual presentations of time series data to support medical decision making in the neonatal intensive care unit \". journal of clinical monitoring and computing 19 ( 3 ) : 183 \u2013 94. doi : 10. 1007 / s10877 - 005 - 0879 - 3. pmid 16244840. further reading - dale, robert ; reiter, ehud ( 2000 ). building natural language generation systems. cambridge, uk : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 02451 - x. - acl special interest group on generation ( siggen ) - siggen part of acl anthology ( contains nlg research papers ) - acl nlg portal ( contains list of nlg resources ) - bateman and zock ' s list of nlg systems - introduction an open - ended review of the state of the art including many references ( last update : september 2002 ) - kpml \u2014 general - purpose natural language generation system - yseop \u2014 business - oriented natural language generation system - simplenlg \u2014 open source java library to assist in nlg ( english only ) - simplenlg - enfr \u2014 open source java library adaption of simplenlg which adds french support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5158335017272448, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.092719"} {"text": "church of the east | part of a series on | the church of the east ( syriac : \u02bfe ( d ) ta\u02be d - madn ( \u0259 ) ha\u02be ), also known as the nestorian church, [ note 1 ] is a christian church, part of the syriac tradition of eastern christianity. the church of the persian sassanid empire, it quickly spread widely through asia. between the 9th and 14th centuries it was the world ' s largest christian church in terms of geographical extent, with dioceses stretching from the mediterranean to china and india. several modern churches claim continuity with the historical church of the east. the church of the east was headed by the patriarch of the east, continuing a line that, according to tradition, stretched back to the apostolic age. liturgically, the church adhered to the east syrian rite, and theologically, it is associated with the doctrine of nestorianism, which emphasizes the distinctness of the divine and human natures of jesus. this doctrine and its chief proponent, nestorius ( 386 \u2013 451 ), were condemned by the first council of ephesus in 431, leading to the nestorian schism and a subsequent exodus of nestorius ' supporters to sassanid persia. the existing christians in persia welcomed these refugees and gradually adopted nestorian doctrine, leading the church of persia to be known alternately as the nestorian church. the church grew rapidly under the sassanids, and following the islamic conquest of persia, it was designated as a protected dhimmi community under muslim rule. from the 6th century, it expanded greatly, establishing communities in india ( the saint thomas christians ), central asia ( where they had evangelical success among the mongol tribes ), and china, which was home to a thriving nestorian community under the tang dynasty from the 7th to the 9th century. in the 13th and 14th century the church experienced a final period of expansion under the mongol empire, which had influential nestorian christians in the mongol court. from its peak of geographical extent, the church experienced a rapid period of decline starting in the 14th century, due in large part to outside influences. the mongol empire dissolved into civil war, the chinese ming dynasty overthrew the mongols and ejected christians and other foreign influences from china ( also including manichaeism ), and many mongols in central asia converted to islam. the muslim mongol leader timur ( 1336 \u2013 1405 ) nearly eradicated the remaining christians in persia ; thereafter, nestorian christianity was largely confined to upper mesopotamia and the malabar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.391840493329384, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.121403"} {"text": "the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the school of antioch, most notably nestorius ' s mentor theodore of mopsuestia. this became a source of controversy when nestorius publicly challenged usage of the title theotokos ( literally, \" bearer of god \" ) for the virgin mary. he suggested that the title denied christ ' s full humanity, arguing instead that jesus had two loosely joined natures, the divine logos and the human jesus, and proposed christotokos ( literally, \" bearer of the christ \" ) as a more suitable alternative title. these statements drew criticism from other prominent churchmen, particularly from cyril, patriarch of alexandria, leading to the first council of ephesus in 431, which condemned nestorius for heresy and deposed him as patriarch. nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the council of chalcedon in 451. however, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the school of edessa in mesopotamia, supported nestorius \u2014 though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him \u2014 and broke with the churches of the roman empire. many of nestorius ' supporters relocated to sassanid persia. these events are known as the nestorian schism. although the \" nestorian \" label was initially a theological one, applied to followers of the nestorian doctrine, it was soon applied to all associated churches with little regard for theological consideration. while often used disparagingly in the west to emphasize the church of the east ' s connections to a heretical doctrine, many writers of the middle ages and since have simply used the label descriptively, as a neutral and conventional term for the church. other names for the church include \" persian church \", \" syriac \" or \" syrian \" ( often distinguished as east syriac / syrian ), and, more recently, \" assyrian \". in modern times some scholars have sought to avoid the nestorian label, preferring \" church of the east \" or one of the other alternatives. this is due both to the term ' s derogatory connotations, and because it implies a stronger connection to nestorian doctrine than may have historically existed. as wilhelm baum and dietmar w. winkler said, \" nestorius himself was no nestorian \" in terms of doctrine. even from the beginning, not all churches called \" nestorian \" adhered to the nestorian doctrine ; in china, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local nestorian church refer to christ as having two natures. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4958108241358671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.125683"} {"text": "even from the beginning, not all churches called \" nestorian \" adhered to the nestorian doctrine ; in china, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local nestorian church refer to christ as having two natures. as such, in 2006 an academic conference changed its name from \" research on nestorianism in china \", explaining in the preface, \"... it was decided not to keep the term \" nestorianism \" in the title of the future conferences and the present book, but to use the term church of the east, which is correct and wide enough to cover the whole field of the research. \" the 2000 work, the ecclesiastical organisation of the church of the east, 1318 \u2013 1913, offers an explanation in the first chapter : the terminology used in this study deserves a word of explanation. until recently the church of the east was usually called the ' nestorian ' church, and east syrian christians were either ' nestorians ' or ( for the catholic group after the schism of 1552 ) ' chaldeans '. during the period covered in this study, the word ' nestorian ' was used both as a term of abuse by those who disapproved of the traditional east syrian theology, as a term of pride by many of its defenders ( including abdisho of nisibis in 1318, the mosul patriarch eliya x yohannan marogin in 1672, and the qudshanis patriarch shem ' on xvii abraham in 1842 ), and as a neutral and convenient descriptive term by others. nowadays it is generally felt that the term carries a stigma, and students of the church of the east are advised to avoid its use. in this thesis the theologically neutral adjective ' east syrian ' has been used wherever possible, and the term ' traditionalist ' to distinguish the non - catholic branch of the church of the east after the schism of 1552. the modern term ' assyrian ', often used in the same sense, was unknown for most of the period covered in this study, and has been avoided. the modern assyrian church of the east has shunned the \" nestorian \" label. the church ' s present head, catholicos - patriarch mar dinkha iv, explicitly rejected the term on the occasion of his consecration in 1976. the peshitta, in some cases lightly revised and with missing books added, is the standard syriac bible for churches in the syriac tradition : the syriac orthodox church, the syrian catholic church, the assyrian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4670085644251287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.126617"} {"text": "term on the occasion of his consecration in 1976. the peshitta, in some cases lightly revised and with missing books added, is the standard syriac bible for churches in the syriac tradition : the syriac orthodox church, the syrian catholic church, the assyrian church of the east, the ancient church of the east, the indian orthodox church, the chaldean catholic church, the maronite church, the malankara syrian orthodox church, the syro - malabar church and the syro - malankara catholic church. the old testament of the peshitta was translated from the hebrew, although the date and circumstances of this are not entirely clear. the translators may have been syriac - speaking jews, or the early jewish converts to christianity. the translation could have been done separately for different old testament texts, and the whole work was probably done by the 2nd century ad. parthian and sassanid periods christians were already forming communities in mesopotamia as early as the first century, when it was part of the parthian empire. by the third century, the area had been conquered by the persian sassanid empire ( becoming the province of asuristan ), and there were significant christian communities in northern mesopotamia, elam, and fars. the church of the east traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of the apostles addai, mari and thomas, but leadership and structure was disorganized until the establishment of the diocese of seleucia - ctesiphon, the bishop of which came to be recognized as catholicos, or universal leader, of the church. this position received an additional title later, patriarch of the east. these early christian communities were reinforced in the fourth and fifth centuries by large - scale deportations of christians from the eastern roman empire. however, the persian church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of shapur ii ( 339 \u2013 79 ), from the zoroastrian majority who accused it of roman leanings. the church grew considerably during the sassanid period, but the pressure of persecution led to the persian church declaring itself independent of all other christian churches in 424. meanwhile, in the roman empire, the nestorian schism had led many of nestorius ' supporters to relocate to the persian empire. the persian church increasingly aligned itself with the nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the zoroastrian ruling class. the church became increasingly nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between roman christendom and the nestorians. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42772980101917707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.127923"} {"text": "aligned itself with the nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the zoroastrian ruling class. the church became increasingly nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between roman christendom and the nestorians. in 486 the metropolitan of nisibis, barsauma, publicly accepted nestorius ' mentor, theodore of mopsuestia, as a spiritual authority. in 489, when the school of edessa in mesopotamia was closed by byzantine emperor zeno for its nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of nisibis, becoming again the school of nisibis, leading to a wave of nestorian immigration into the persian empire. the persian patriarch mar babai i ( 497 \u2013 502 ) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors ' esteem for theodore, solidifying the church ' s adoption of nestorianism. now firmly established in the persia, with centers in nisibis, ctesiphon, and gundeshapur, and several metropolitan sees, the church of the east began to branch out beyond the persian sassanid empire. however, through the 6th century the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution from the zoroastrians. the infighting led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. however, immediately afterward roman - persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the sassanid king khosrau i ; this ended in 545. the church survived these trials under the guidance of patriarch mar abba i, who had converted to christianity from zoroastrianism. by the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by nestorians included \" all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the euphrates \", including persia, egypt, syria, arabia, socotra, mesopotamia ( assyria and babylonia ), media, bactria, hyrcania, and india ; and possibly also to places called calliana, male, and sielediva ( ceylon ). beneath the patriarch in the hierarchy were nine metropolitans, and clergy were recorded among the huns, in persarmenia, media, and the island of dioscoris in the indian ocean. islamic rule after the sassanid empire was conquered by muslim arabs in 644, the newly established rashidun caliphate designated the church of the east as an official dhimmi minority group headed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4178903545369594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.128917"} {"text": "island of dioscoris in the indian ocean. islamic rule after the sassanid empire was conquered by muslim arabs in 644, the newly established rashidun caliphate designated the church of the east as an official dhimmi minority group headed by the patriarch of the east. as with all other christian and jewish groups given the same status, the church was restricted within the caliphate, but also given a degree of protection. nestorians were not permitted to proselytize or attempt to convert muslims, but their missionaries were otherwise given a free hand, and they increased missionary efforts farther afield. missionaries established dioceses in india ( the saint thomas christians ). they made some advances in egypt, despite the strong monophysite presence there, and they entered central asia, where they had significant success converting local tartar tribes. nestorian missionaries were firmly established in china during the early part of the tang dynasty ( 618 \u2013 907 ) ; the chinese source known as the nestorian stele describes a mission under a persian proselyte named alopen as introducing nestorian christianity to china in 635. in the 7th century, the church had grown to have two nestorian archbishops, and over 20 bishops east of the iranian border of the oxus river. the patriarch timothy i ( 780 \u2013 823 ), a contemporary of the caliph harun al - rashid, took a particularly keen interest in the missionary expansion of the church of the east. he is known to have consecrated metropolitans for damascus, for armenia, for dailam and gilan in azerbaijan, for rai in tabaristan, for sarbaz in segestan, for the turks of central asia, for china, and possibly also for tibet. he also detached india from the metropolitan province of fars and made it a separate metropolitan province, known as india. by the 10th century the church of the east had a number of dioceses stretching from across the caliphate ' s territories to india and china. nestorian christians made substantial contributions to the islamic umayyad and abbasid caliphates, particularly in translating the works of the ancient greek philosophers to syriac and arabic. nestorians made their own contributions to philosophy, science ( such as hunayn ibn ishaq, qusta ibn luqa, masawaiyh, patriarch eutychius, jabril ibn bukhtishu ) and theology ( such as tatian, bar daisan, babai the great, nestorius, toma bar yacoub ). the personal physicians of the abbas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4365569354571498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.129967"} {"text": ", patriarch eutychius, jabril ibn bukhtishu ) and theology ( such as tatian, bar daisan, babai the great, nestorius, toma bar yacoub ). the personal physicians of the abbasid caliphs were often assyrian christians such as the long serving bukhtishu dynasty. the church of the east had a vigorous corps of missionaries, who proceeded eastward from their base in persia, having particular success in india, among the mongols, and reaching as far as china and korea. nestorianism reached india at a very early date, becoming the religion of the saint thomas christians of the malabar coast probably by the 6th century. whether or not christianity in india predated the nestorian missions ( the saint thomas christians attribute their christianization to thomas the apostle in the 1st century ), in later times southern india ' s christian community maintained strong ties with the nestorian church in persia. these ties were strengthened through a series of mass migrations by syriac christians to the malabar coast in the 9th century. after the 8th century the thomas christian community was organized as the ecclesiastical province of india. in the 12th century indian nestorianism engaged the western imagination in the figure of prester john, supposedly a nestorian ruler of india who held the offices of both king and priest. the geographically remote malabar church survived the decay of the nestorian hierarchy elsewhere, enduring until the 16th century when the portuguese arrived in india. the portuguese at first accepted the nestorian sect, but by the end of the century they had determined to actively bring the saint thomas christians into full communion with rome under the latin rite. they installed portuguese bishops over the local sees and made liturgical changes to accord with the latin practice. in 1599 the synod of diamper, overseen by aleixo de menezes, archbishop of goa, led to a revolt among the saint thomas christians ; the majority of them broke with the catholic church and vowed never to submit to the portuguese in the coonan cross oath of 1653. in 1661 pope alexander vii responded by sending a delegation of carmelites headed by chaldean catholics to re - establish the east syrian rites under an eastern catholic hierarchy ; by the next year, 84 of the 116 communities returned, forming the syro - malabar catholic church. the rest, which became known as the malankara church, soon entered into communion with the syriac orthodox church ; from the malankara church has also come the syro - malankara catholic church. christianity reached china by 635", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4012101498125084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.131035"} {"text": "church. the rest, which became known as the malankara church, soon entered into communion with the syriac orthodox church ; from the malankara church has also come the syro - malankara catholic church. christianity reached china by 635, and its relics can still be seen in chinese cities such as xi ' an. the nestorian stele, set up on 7 january 781 at the then - capital of chang ' an, attributes the introduction of christianity to a mission under a persian cleric named alopen in 635, in the reign of tang taizong during the tang dynasty. the inscription on the nestorian stele, whose dating formula mentions the patriarch hnanisho\u02bf ii ( 773 \u2013 80 ), gives the names of several prominent christians in china, including the metropolitan adam, the bishop yohannan, the ' country - bishops ' yazdbuzid and sargis and the archdeacons gigoi of khumdan ( chang ' an ) and gabriel of sarag ( loyang ). the names of around seventy monks are also listed. nestorian christianity thrived in china for approximately 200 years, but then faced persecution from emperor wuzong of tang ( reigned 840 \u2013 846 ). he suppressed all foreign religions, including buddhism and christianity, causing it to decline sharply in china. a syrian monk visiting china a few decades later described many churches in ruin. the church disappeared from china in the early 10th century, coinciding with the collapse of the tang dynasty and the tumult of the next years ( the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period ). christianity in china experienced a significant revival during the mongol - created yuan dynasty, established after the mongols had conquered china in the 13th century. marco polo in the 13th century and other medieval western writers described many nestorian communities remaining in china and mongolia ; however, they clearly were not as vibrant as they had been during tang times. the church of the east enjoyed a final period of expansion under the mongols. several mongol tribes had already been converted by nestorian missionaries in the 7th century, and christianity was therefore a major influence in the mongol empire. genghis khan was a shamanist, but his sons took christian wives from the powerful kerait clan, as did their sons in turn. during the rule of genghis ' s grandson, the great khan mongke, nestorian christianity was the primary religious influence in the empire, and this also carried over to mongol - conquered china, during the yuan dynasty. it was at this point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41126531440635705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.132092"} {"text": "the rule of genghis ' s grandson, the great khan mongke, nestorian christianity was the primary religious influence in the empire, and this also carried over to mongol - conquered china, during the yuan dynasty. it was at this point, in the late 13th century, that the church of the east reached its greatest geographical extent. but mongol power was already waning, as the empire dissolved into civil war, and it reached a turning point in 1295, when ghazan, the mongol ruler of the ilkhanate, made a formal conversion to islam when he took the throne. jerusalem and cyprus rabban bar sauma had initially conceived of his journey to the west as a pilgrimage to jerusalem, so it is possible that there was a nestorian presence in the city ca. 1300. there was certainly a recognizable nestorian presence at the holy sepulchre from the 1348 through 1575, as contemporary franciscan accounts indicate. at famagusta, cyprus, a nestorian community was established just before 1300, and a church was built for them ca. 1339. schism and later history collapse of the exterior provinces the ' exterior provinces ' of the church of the east, with the important exception of india, collapsed during the second half of the fourteenth century. although little is known of the circumstances of the demise of the nestorian dioceses in central asia ( which may never have fully recovered from the destruction caused by the mongols a century earlier ), it was probably due to a combination of persecution, disease, and isolation. the blame for the destruction of the nestorian communities east of iraq has often been thrown upon the turco - mongol leader timur, whose campaigns during the 1390s spread havoc throughout persia and central asia, but in many parts of central asia, christianity had died out decades before timur ' s campaigns. the surviving evidence from central asia, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the church of the east occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. several contemporary observers, including the papal envoy giovanni de ' marignolli, mention the murder of a latin bishop in 1339 or 1340 by a muslim mob in almaliq, the chief city of tangut, and the forcible conversion of the city ' s christians to islam. at the end of the 19th century, the last tombstones in two east syrian cemeteries were discovered and dated in mongolia. they dated from 1342, and several commemorated deaths during a plague in 1338. in china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39229891151741436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.134520"} {"text": "city ' s christians to islam. at the end of the 19th century, the last tombstones in two east syrian cemeteries were discovered and dated in mongolia. they dated from 1342, and several commemorated deaths during a plague in 1338. in china, the last references to nestorian and latin christians date from the 1350s. it is likely that all foreign christians were expelled from china soon after the revolution of 1368, which replaced the mongol yuan dynasty with the xenophobic ming dynasty. by the 15th century, nestorian christianity was largely confined to northern mesopotamia, in the rough triangle formed by mosul and lakes van and urmia. small nestorian communities were located further west, notably in jerusalem and cyprus, but the malabar christians of india represented the only significant survival of the once - thriving exterior provinces of the church of the east. schism of 1552 around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch shem\u02bfon iv basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. this practice, which resulted in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the church of the east. the patriarch shem\u02bfon vii isho\u02bfyahb ( 1539 \u2013 58 ) caused great offense at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve - year - old nephew hnanisho\u02bf as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. several years later, probably because hnanisho\u02bf had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen - year - old brother eliya, the future patriarch eliya vii ( 1558 \u2013 91 ). these appointments, combined with other accusations of impropriety, caused discontent throughout the church, and by 1552 shem\u02bfon vii isho\u02bfyahb had become so unpopular that a group of bishops, principally from the amid, seert and salmas districts, chose a new patriarch, electing a monk named yohannan sulaqa, the superior of rabban hormizd monastery near alqosh. however, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. franciscan missionaries were already at work among the nestorians, and they persuaded sulaqa ' s supporters to legitimize their position by seeking their candidate ' s consecration by pope julius iii ( 1550 \u2013 5 ). sulaqa went to rome to put his case in person. at rome he made a satisfactory catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in mosul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3931455745604291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.135894"} {"text": "their candidate ' s consecration by pope julius iii ( 1550 \u2013 5 ). sulaqa went to rome to put his case in person. at rome he made a satisfactory catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in mosul, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. on april 9, having satisfied the vatican that he was a good catholic, sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of saint peter. on april 28 he was recognized as \" patriarch of mosul \" by pope julius iii in the bull divina disponente clementia and received the pallium from the pope ' s hands at a secret consistory in the vatican. these events, which marked the birth of the chaldean catholic church, created a permanent schism in the church of the east. sulaqa was consecrated \" patriarch of mosul \" in rome in april 1553 and returned to mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. in december 1553 he obtained documents from the turkish authorities recognizing him as an independent \" chaldean \" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of five months in amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops ( for the dioceses of gazarta, hesna d ' kifa, amid, mardin and seert ). shem\u02bfon vii isho\u02bfyahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for nisibis and gazarta. he also won over the governor of \u02bfamadiya, who invited sulaqa to \u02bfamadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in january 1555. sees in qochanis, amid, and alqosh the connections with rome loosened up under shimun viii sulaqa ' s successors, who all used the patriarchal name shimun. the last patriarch to be formally recognized by the pope died in the 1600, and the heredity of the office was reintroduced, and thus by 1660 the church of the east had become divided into two patriarchates, the eliya line in alqosh ( which comprised those who had not entered in communion with rome ) and the shimun line. in 1672 the patriarch of the shimun line, mar shimun xiii denha, moved his seat to the village of qochanis in the mountains of hakkari. in 1692 he formally broke communion with rome and he allegedly resumed relations with the line at alqosh. in the western regions, a new start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3825628557660948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.136862"} {"text": "of the east is in exile in chicago, and that of the ancient church of the east is in baghdad. in the common christological declaration between the catholic church and the assyrian church of the east in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other ' s titles for mary. see also - ancient church of the east - assyrian church of the east - chaldean catholic church - dioceses of the church of the east to 1318 - dioceses of the church of the east, 1318 \u2013 1552 - dioceses of the church of the east, 1552 \u2013 1913 - list of patriarchs of the church of the east - syriac christianity - though the \" nestorian \" label is well established, it has been contentious. see the nestorianism section for the naming issue and alternate designations for the church. - \" history of the nestorian church \". nestorian. org. retrieved may 1, 2013. - wilmshurst, ecclesiastical organisation of the church of the east, 21 \u2013 2 - \" nestorian \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. retrieved january 28, 2010. - wilmshurst, p. 4 - according to john foster, church of the tang dynasty, p. 34, in the 9th century there were 25 metropolitans - silverberg, robert ( 1972 ). the realm of prester john. doubleday. pp. 20 \u2013 23. - foltz, p. 63 - \" cyril of alexandria, third epistle to nestorius, including the twelve anathemas \". monachos. net. - \" nestorius \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. retrieved january 29, 2010. - baum, w. & winkler, d., ( 2000, 2003 [ tr. ] ) the church of the east, london, routledgecurzon, pp. 4 \u2013 5 - hofrichter, peter l. ( 2006 ). \" preface \". in malek, roman ; hofrichter, peter ( editors ). jingjiao : the church of the east in china and central asia. steyler verlagsbuchhandlung gmbh. isbn 978 - 3 - 8050 - 0534 - 0. - hill, p. 107 - winkler, church of the east : a concise history, p. 1 - roberson, ronald ( 1999 ). the eastern christian churches : a brief survey. edizioni orientalia christiana. isbn 8872103215. - culture and customs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4333958313624693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.140995"} {"text": "the east : a concise history, p. 1 - roberson, ronald ( 1999 ). the eastern christian churches : a brief survey. edizioni orientalia christiana. isbn 8872103215. - culture and customs of iran, p. 61 - foster, pp. 26 \u2013 27 - stewart, pp. 13\u221214 - foster, p. 33 - fiey, pocn, 47 ( armenia ), 72 ( damascus ), 74 ( dailam and gilan ), 94 \u2013 6 ( india ), 105 ( china ), 124 ( rai ), 128 \u2013 9 ( sarbaz ), 128 ( samarqand and beth turkaye ) and 139 ( tibet ) - hill, donald. islamic science and engineering. 1993. edinburgh univ. press. isbn 0 - 7486 - 0455 - 3, p. 4 - remi brague, assyrians contributions to the islamic civilization - britannica, nestorian - \" christians of saint thomas \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. retrieved february 9, 2010. - ding, wang ( 2006 ). \" renmants of christianity from chinese central asia in medieval ages \". in malek, roman ; hofrichter, peter ( editors ). jingjiao : the church of the east in china and central asia. steyler verlagsbuchhandlung gmbh. isbn 978 - 3 - 8050 - 0534 - 0. - stewart, p. 169 - stewart, p. 183 - moffett, pp. 14 \u2013 15. - jackson, mongols and the west, p. 97 - h. c. luke, \" the christian communities in the holy sepulchre, \" in jerusalem 1920 \u2013 1922 ( london : john murray, 1924 ), pp. 46 \u2013 56. - j. m. fiey, pour un oriens christianus novus ; repertoire des dioceses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux. ( beirut, 1993 ) p. 71. david wilsmhurst, the ecclesiastical organisation of the church of the east, 1318 \u2013 1913 ( louvain : peeters, 2000 ), p. 66. - frazee, p. 55. - wilmshurst, ecclesiastical organisation of the church of the east, 1318 \u2013 1913, 345 \u2013 7 - wilmshurst, p. 19 - wilsmhurst, p. 21. - wilmshurst, pp. 21 \u2013 22. - wilmshurst, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4405961114518993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.142026"} {"text": "organisation of the church of the east, 1318 \u2013 1913, 345 \u2013 7 - wilmshurst, p. 19 - wilsmhurst, p. 21. - wilmshurst, pp. 21 \u2013 22. - wilmshurst, p. 22. - habbi, \" signification de l ' union chaldeenne de mar sulaqa avec rome en 1553 \", l ' orient syrien 11 ( 1966 ), 99 \u2013 132 and 199 \u2013 230 ; wilmshurst, ecclesiastical organisation of the church of the east, pp. 21 \u2013 22 - heleen h. l. murre. \" the patriarchs of the church of the east from the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries \". hugoye : journal of syriac studies. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04. - \" common christological declaration between the catholic church and the assyrian church of the east \". the holy see. november 11, 1994. retrieved january 25, 2010. - angold, michael, ed. ( 2006 ). the cambridge history of christianity. volume 5, eastern christianity. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 81113 - 2. - baum, wilhelm ; winkler, dietmar w ( 1 january 2003 ). the church of the east : a concise history, london : routledge. isbn 0 - 415 - 29770 - 2. google print, retrieved 16 july 2005. - daniel, elton l. ( 2006 ). culture and customs of iran. greenwood publishing group. isbn 978 - 0 - 313 - 32053 - 8. - \" nestorius and nestorianism \". catholic encyclopedia. - fiey, j. m., pour un oriens christianus novus ; repertoire des dioceses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux ( beirut, 1993 ) - foltz, richard, religions of the silk road, palgrave macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 isbn 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 - foster, john ( 1939 ). the church of the t ' ang dynasty. great britain : society for promoting christian knowledge. - charles a. frazee, catholics and sultans : the church and the ottoman empire 1453 \u2013 1923, cambridge university press, 2006 isbn 0 - 521 - 02700 - 4 - gumilev, lev n. ( 2003 ). poiski vymyshlennogo tsarstva [ looking for the mythical kingdom ] ( in russian ). moscow : onyx publishers. isbn 5 - 9503 - 00", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4392096806069562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.143049"} {"text": "- gumilev, lev n. ( 2003 ). poiski vymyshlennogo tsarstva [ looking for the mythical kingdom ] ( in russian ). moscow : onyx publishers. isbn 5 - 9503 - 0041 - 6. - hill, henry, ed ( 1988 ). light from the east : a symposium on the oriental orthodox and assyrian churches. toronto : anglican book centre. - jackson, peter ( 2005 ). the mongols and the west : 1221 \u2013 1410. longman. isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 36896 - 5. - jenkins, philip. the lost history of christianity. harperone. isbn 0 - 06 - 147281 - 6. - moffett, samuel hugh ( 1999 ). \" alopen \". biographical dictionary of christian missions : 14 \u2013 15. - morgan, david ( 2007 ). the mongols ( 2nd ed. ). blackwell publishing. isbn 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3539 - 9. - rossabi, morris ( 1992 ). voyager from xanadu : rabban sauma and the first journey from china to the west. kodansha international ltd. isbn 4 - 7700 - 1650 - 6. - seleznyov, nikolai n., \" nestorius of constantinople : condemnation, suppression, veneration, with special reference to the role of his name in east - syriac christianity \" in : journal of eastern christian studies 62 : 3 \u2013 4 ( 2010 ) : 165 \u2013 190. - stewart, john ( 1928 ). nestorian missionary enterprise, the story of a church on fire. edinburgh, t. & t. clark. - wilmshurst, david ( 2000 ). the ecclesiastical organisation of the church of the east, 1318 \u2013 1913. peeters publishers. isbn 978 - 90 - 429 - 0876 - 5.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4754573819357778, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.143736"} {"text": "pausanias ( greek : \u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 ) ( died c. 470 bc ) was a spartan general of the 5th century bc. he was a scion of the royal house of the agiads but not in the direct line of succession himself : the son of cleombrotus and nephew of leonidas i, serving as regent after the latter ' s death, since leonidas ' son pleistarchus was still under - age. pausanias was also the father of pleistoanax, who later became king, and cleomenes. pausanias was responsible for the greek victory over mardonius and the persians at the battle of plataea in 479 bc, and was the leader of the hellenic league created to resist persian aggression during the greco - persian wars. after the greek victories at plataea and the battle of mycale, the spartans lost interest in liberating the greek cities of asia minor. however, when it became clear that athens would dominate the hellenic league in sparta ' s absence, sparta sent pausanias back to command the league ' s military. in 478 bc pausanias was suspected of conspiring with the persians and was recalled to sparta, however he was acquitted and then left sparta of his own accord, taking a trireme from the town of hermione. after capturing byzantium pausanias was alleged to have released some of the prisoners of war who were friends and relations of the king of persia. however, pausanias argued that the prisoners had escaped. he sent a letter via gongylus of eretria to king xerxes ( son of darius ), saying that he wished to help him and bring sparta and the rest of greece under persian control. in return, he wished to marry the king \u2019 s daughter. after receiving a letter back from xerxes in which xerxes agreed to his plans, pausanias started to dress like a persian aristocrat and he started to adopt persian customs. many spartan allies joined the athenian side because of pausanias \u2019 arrogance and high - handedness. the spartans recalled him once again, and pausanias fled to kolonai in the troad before returning to sparta because he didn \u2019 t wish to be suspected of persian sympathies. on his arrival in sparta, the ephors had him imprisoned but he was later released. nobody had enough evidence to convict him of disloyalty ; even though some helot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3641104901865335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.148369"} {"text": "\u2019 t wish to be suspected of persian sympathies. on his arrival in sparta, the ephors had him imprisoned but he was later released. nobody had enough evidence to convict him of disloyalty ; even though some helots gave evidence that he had offered certain helots their freedom if they joined him in revolt. one of the messengers that xerxes and pausanias had been using to communicate provided written evidence to the spartan ephors that they needed to formally prosecute pausanias. the ephors planned to arrest pausanias in the street but he was warned of their plans and escaped to the temple of athena of the brazen house. the ephors walled up the doors, put sentries outside and proceeded to starve him out. when pausanias was on the brink of death they carried him out, and he died shortly thereafter. this chain of events prevented pausanias ' s death from taking place within the sanctuary of the temple, which would have been an act of ritual pollution. see also - thucydides i, 133 s : history of the peloponnesian war / book 1 # second congress at lacedaemon - preparations for war and diplomatic skirmishes - cylon - pausanias - themistocles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42840315968611237, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.148845"} {"text": "postmodernism is a term which describes the postmodernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements. it is in general the era that follows modernism. it frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term for skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. it is often associated with deconstruction and post - structuralism because its usage as a term gained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth - century post - structural thought. one of the most well - known postmodernist concerns is \" deconstruction, \" a concern for philosophy, literary criticism, and textual analysis developed by jacques derrida. the notion of a \" deconstructive \" approach implies an analysis that questions the already evident deconstruction of a text in terms of presuppositions, ideological underpinnings, hierarchical values, and frames of reference. a deconstructive approach further depends on the techniques of close reading without reference to cultural, ideological, moral opinions or information derived from an authority over the text such as the author. at the same time derrida famously writes : \" il n ' y a pas de hors - texte ( there is no such thing as outside - of - the - text ). \" derrida implies that the world follows the grammar of a text undergoing its own deconstruction. derrida ' s method frequently involves recognizing and spelling out the different, yet similar interpretations of the meaning of a given text and the problematic implications of binary oppositions within the meaning of a text. derrida ' s philosophy influenced a postmodern movement called deconstructivism among architects, characterized by the intentional fragmentation, distortion, and dislocation of architectural elements in designing a building. derrida discontinued his involvement with the movement after the publication of his collaborative project with architect peter eisenmann in chora l works : jacques derrida and peter eisenman. postmodernism and structuralism | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2012 ) | structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by french academics in the 1950s, partly in response to french existentialism. it has been seen variously as an expression of modernism, high modernism, or postmodernism [ by whom? ]. \" post - structuralists \" were thinkers who moved away from the strict interpretations and applications of structuralist ideas. many american academics consider post - structuralism to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5580730431726436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.224371"} {"text": "an expression of modernism, high modernism, or postmodernism [ by whom? ]. \" post - structuralists \" were thinkers who moved away from the strict interpretations and applications of structuralist ideas. many american academics consider post - structuralism to be part of the broader, less well - defined postmodernist movement, even although many post - structuralists insisted it was not. thinkers who have been called structuralists include the anthropologist claude levi - strauss, the linguist ferdinand de saussure, the marxist philosopher louis althusser, and the semiotician algirdas greimas. the early writings of the psychoanalyst jacques lacan and the literary theorist roland barthes have also been called structuralist. those who began as structuralists but became post - structuralists include michel foucault, roland barthes, jean baudrillard, gilles deleuze. other post - structuralists include jacques derrida, pierre bourdieu, jean - francois lyotard, julia kristeva, helene cixous, and luce irigaray. the american cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced include judith butler, john fiske, rosalind krauss, avital ronell, hayden white. post - structuralism is not defined by a set of shared axioms or methodologies, but by an emphasis on how various aspects of a particular culture, from its most ordinary, everyday material details to its most abstract theories and beliefs, determine one another. post - structuralist thinkers reject reductionism and epiphenomenalism and the idea that cause - and - effect relationships are top - down or bottom - up. like structuralists, they start from the assumption that people ' s identities, values and economic conditions determine each other rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation. thus the french structuralists considered themselves to be espousing relativism and constructionism. but they nevertheless tended to explore how the subjects of their study might be described, reductively, as a set of essential relationships, schematics, or mathematical symbols. ( an example is claude levi - strauss ' s algebraic formulation of mythological transformation in \" the structural study of myth \" ). post - structuralists thinkers went further, questioning the existence of any distinction between the nature of a thing and its relationship to other things. post - structuralists generally reject the notion of formulations of \u201c essential relations \u201d in primitive cultures, languages, or descriptions of psychological phenomena being forms of aristotel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5624083145477208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.226789"} {"text": "existence of any distinction between the nature of a thing and its relationship to other things. post - structuralists generally reject the notion of formulations of \u201c essential relations \u201d in primitive cultures, languages, or descriptions of psychological phenomena being forms of aristotelianism, rationalism, or idealism. another common thread among thinkers associated with the post - structuralist movement is the criticism of the absolutist, quasi - scientific claims of structuralist theorists as more reflective of the mechanistic bias inspired by bureaucratization and industrialization than of the inner - workings of actual primitive cultures, languages or psyches. generally, post - structuralists emphasize the inter - determination and contingency of social and historical phenomena with each other and with the cultural values and biases of perspective. such realities were not to be dissected, in the manner of some structuralists, as a system of facts that could exist independently from values and paradigms ( either those of the analysts or the subjects themselves ), but to be understood as both causes and effects of each other. for this reason, most post - structuralists hold a more open - ended view of function within systems than did structuralists and were sometimes accused of circularity and ambiguity. post - structuralists countered that, when closely examined, all formalized claims describing phenomena, reality, or truth, rely on some form or circular reasoning and self - referential logic that is often paradoxical in nature. thus, it was important to uncover the hidden patterns of circularity, self - reference and paradox within a given set of statements rather that feign objectivity, as such an investigation might allow new perspectives to have influence and new practices to be sanctioned or adopted. in this latter respect, post - structuralists were, as a group, continuing the philosophical project initiated by martin heidegger, who saw himself as extending the implications of friedrich nietzsche ' s work. post - structuralist writing tends to connect observations and references from many, widely varying disciplines into a synthetic view of knowledge and its relationship to experience, the body, society and economy - a synthesis in which it sees itself as participating. structuralists, while also somewhat inter - disciplinary, were more comfortable within departmental boundaries and often maintained the autonomy of their analytical methods over the objects they analyzed. post - structuralists, unlike structuralists, did not privilege a system of ( abstract ) \" relations \" over the specifics to which such relations were applied, but tended to see the notion of \u201c the relation \u201d or of systemization itself as part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6114286568302301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.252225"} {"text": "post - structuralists, unlike structuralists, did not privilege a system of ( abstract ) \" relations \" over the specifics to which such relations were applied, but tended to see the notion of \u201c the relation \u201d or of systemization itself as part - and - parcel of any stated conclusion rather than a reflection of reality as an independent, self - contained state or object. if anything, if a part of objective reality, theorization and systemization to post - structuralists was an exponent of larger, more nebulous patterns of control in social orders \u2013 patterns that could not be encapsulated in theory without simultaneously conditioning it. for this reason, certain post - structural thinkers were also criticized by more realist, naturalist or essentialist thinkers of anti - intellectualism or anti - philosophy. post - structuralists, in contrast to structuralists, tend to place a great deal of skepticism on the independence of theoretical premises from collective bias and the influence of power, and reject the notion of a \" pure \" or \" scientific \" methodology in social analysis, semiotics or philosophical speculation. no theory, they said \u2013 especially when concerning human society or psychology \u2013 was capable of reducing phenomena to elemental systems or abstract patterns, nor could abstract systems be dismissed as secondary derivatives of a fundamental nature : systemization, phenomena, and values were part of each other. postmodernism and post - postmodernism | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2012 ) | recently the notions of metamodernism, post - postmodernism and the \" death of postmodernism \" have been increasingly widely debated : in 2007 andrew hoborek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal twentieth century literature titled \" after postmodernism \" that \" declarations of postmodernism ' s demise have become a critical commonplace \". a small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture and / or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably raoul eshelman ( performatism ), gilles lipovetsky ( hypermodernity ), nicolas bourriaud ( altermodern ), and alan kirby ( digimodernism, formerly called pseudo - modernism ). none of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. the exhibition postmodernism - style and subversion 1970 - 1990 at the victoria and albert museum ( london, 24 september 2011 \u2013 15 january 2012 ) was billed as the first show ever to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5802857931315941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.253583"} {"text": "theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. the exhibition postmodernism - style and subversion 1970 - 1990 at the victoria and albert museum ( london, 24 september 2011 \u2013 15 january 2012 ) was billed as the first show ever to document postmodernism as a historical movement. history of term the term \" postmodern \" was first used around the 1870s. john watkins chapman suggested \" a postmodern style of painting \" as a way to move beyond french impressionism. j. m. thompson, in his 1914 article in the hibbert journal ( a quarterly philosophical review ), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion : \" the raison d ' etre of post - modernism is to escape from the double - mindedness of modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to catholic feeling as well as to catholic tradition. \" in 1917, rudolf pannwitz used the term to describe a philosophically - oriented culture. his idea of post - modernism drew from friedrich nietzsche ' s analysis of modernity and its end results of decadence and nihilism. pannwitz ' s post - human would be able to overcome these predicaments of the modern human. contrary to nietzsche, pannwitz also included nationalist and mythical elements in his use of the term. in 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to describe new forms of art and music. in 1942 h. r. hays described it as a new literary form. however, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by arnold j. toynbee : \" our own post - modern age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914 - 1918. \" in 1949 the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture, and led to the postmodern architecture movement, perhaps also a response to the modernist architectural movement known as the international style. postmodernism in architecture is marked by the re - emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban architecture, historical reference in decorative forms, and non - orthogonal angles. after that, postmodernism was applied to a whole host of movements, many in art, music, and literature, that reacted against tendencies in the imperialist phase of capitalism called \" modernism, \" and are typically marked by revival of historical elements and techniques. walter truett anderson identifies postmodernism as one of four typological world views. these four world views", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5618262281341775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.254909"} {"text": "reacted against tendencies in the imperialist phase of capitalism called \" modernism, \" and are typically marked by revival of historical elements and techniques. walter truett anderson identifies postmodernism as one of four typological world views. these four world views are the postmodern - ironist, which sees truth as socially constructed ; the scientific - rational, in which truth is found through methodical, disciplined inquiry ; the social - traditional, in which truth is found in the heritage of american and western civilization ; and the neo - romantic, in which truth is found through attaining harmony with nature and / or spiritual exploration of the inner self. postmodernist ideas in philosophy and the analysis of culture and society expanded the importance of critical theory and has been the point of departure for works of literature, architecture, and design, as well as being visible in marketing / business and the interpretation of history, law and culture, starting in the late 20th century. these developments \u2014 re - evaluation of the entire western value system ( love, marriage, popular culture, shift from industrial to service economy ) that took place since the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the social revolution of 1968 \u2014 are described with the term postmodernity, influences on postmodern thought, paul lutzeler ( st. louis ) as opposed to postmodernism, a term referring to an opinion or movement. postmodernism has also been used interchangeably with the term post - structuralism out of which postmodernism grew, a proper understanding of postmodernism or doing justice to the postmodernist thought demands an understanding of the poststructuralist movement and the ideas of its advocates. post - structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. it is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form. \" postmodernist \" describes part of a movement ; \" postmodern \" places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. influence on art the movement of postmodernism began with architecture, as a response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and utopianism of the modern movement. modern architecture, as established and developed by people such as walter gropius, le corbusier, and philip johnson, was focused on the pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection, and attempted harmony of form and function, and dismissal of \" frivolous ornament. \" critics of modernism argued that the attributes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5862139325313661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.258097"} {"text": ", le corbusier, and philip johnson, was focused on the pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection, and attempted harmony of form and function, and dismissal of \" frivolous ornament. \" critics of modernism argued that the attributes of perfection and minimalism themselves were subjective, and pointed out anachronisms in modern thought and questioned the benefits of its philosophy. definitive postmodern architecture such as the work of michael graves and robert venturi rejects the notion of a ' pure ' form or ' perfect ' architectonic detail, instead conspicuously drawing from all methods, materials, forms and colors available to architects. modernist ludwig mies van der rohe is associated with the phrase \" less is more \" ; in contrast venturi famously said, \" less is a bore. \" postmodernist architecture was one of the first aesthetic movements to openly challenge modernism as antiquated and \" totalitarian \", favoring personal preferences and variety over objective, ultimate truths or principles. it is this atmosphere of criticism, skepticism, and emphasis on difference over and against unity that distinguishes the postmodernism aesthetic. among writers defining the terms of this discourse is charles jencks, described by architectural design magazine as \" the definer of post - modernism for thirty years \" and the \" internationally acclaimed critic..., whose name became synonymous with post - modernism in the 80s \". urban planning postmodernism is a rejection of ' totality ', of the notion that planning could be ' comprehensive ', widely applied regardless of context, and rational. in this sense, postmodernism is a rejection of its predecessor : modernism. from the 1920s onwards, the modern movement sought to design and plan cities which followed the logic of the new model of industrial mass production ; reverting to large - scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation and prefabricated design solutions ( goodchild 1990 ). postmodern also brought a break from the notion that planning and architecture could result in social reform, which was an integral dimension of the plans of modernism ( simonsen 1990 ). furthermore, modernism eroded urban living by its failure to recognise differences and aim towards homogenous landscapes ( simonsen 1990, 57 ). within modernism, urban planning represented a 20th century move towards establishing something stable, structured, and rationalised within what had become a world of chaos, flux and change ( irving 1993, 475 ). the role of planners predating postmodernism was one of the ' qualified professional ' who believed they could find and implement one single", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5348044217761492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.260411"} {"text": ", and rationalised within what had become a world of chaos, flux and change ( irving 1993, 475 ). the role of planners predating postmodernism was one of the ' qualified professional ' who believed they could find and implement one single ' right way ' of planning new urban establishments ( irving 1993 ). in fact, after 1945, urban planning became one of the methods through which capitalism could be managed and the interests of developers and corporations could be administered ( irving 1993, 479 ). considering modernism inclined urban planning to treat buildings and developments as isolated, unrelated parts of the overall urban ecosystems created fragmented, isolated, and homogeneous urban landscapes ( goodchild, 1990 ). one of the greater problems with modernist - style of planning was the disregard of resident or public opinion, which resulted in planning being forced upon the majority by a minority consisting of affluent professionals with little to no knowledge of real ' urban ' problems characteristic of post - second world war urban environments ; slums, overcrowding, deteriorated infrastructure, pollution and disease, among others ( irving 1993 ). these were precisely the ' urban ills ' modernism was meant to ' solve ', but more often than not, the types of ' comprehensive ', ' one size fits all ' approaches to planning made things worse., and residents began to show interest in becoming involved in decisions which had once been solely entrusted to professionals of the built environment. advocacy planning and participatory models of planning emerged in the 1960s to counter these traditional elitist and technocratic approaches to urban planning ( irving 1993 ; hatuka & d ' hooghe 2007 ). furthermore, an assessment of the ' ills ' of modernism among planners during the 1960s, fuelled development of a participatory model that aimed to expand the range of participants in urban interventions ( hatuka & d ' hooghe 2007, 21 ). jane jacobs ' s 1961 book the death and life of great american cities was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning ( irving 1993, 479 ). however, the transition from modernism to postmodernism is often said to have happened at 3 : 32pm on the 15th of july in 1972, when pruitt igoe ; a housing development for low - income people in st. louis designed by architect minoru yamasaki, which had been a prize winning version of le corbusier ' s ' machine for modern living ' was deemed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47719317310687415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.262749"} {"text": "today. jorge luis borges ' s ( 1939 ) short story pierre menard, author of the quixote, is often considered as predicting postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody. samuel beckett is sometimes seen as an important precursor and influence. novelists who are commonly connected with postmodern literature include vladimir nabokov, william gaddis, john hawkes, william burroughs, giannina braschi, kurt vonnegut, john barth, donald barthelme, e. l. doctorow, jerzy kosinski, don delillo, thomas pynchon, pynchon ' s work has also been described as \" high modern \" ) ishmael reed, kathy acker, ana lydia vega, and paul auster. in 1971, the arab - american scholar ihab hassan published the dismemberment of orpheus : toward a postmodern literature, an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective, in which the author traces the development of what he calls \" literature of silence \" through marquis de sade, franz kafka, ernest hemingway, beckett, and many others, including developments such as the theatre of the absurd and the nouveau roman. in ' postmodernist fiction ' ( 1987 ), brian mchale details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that the former is characterized by an epistemological dominant [ clarification needed ], and that postmodern works have developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology. in constructing postmodernism ( 1992 ), mchale ' s second book, he provides readings of postmodern fiction and of some of the contemporary writers who go under the label of cyberpunk. mchale ' s \" what was postmodernism? \" ( 2007 ), follows raymond federman ' s lead in now using the past tense when discussing postmodernism. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2012 ) | postmodern music is either music of the postmodern era, or music that follows aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism. as the name suggests, the postmodernist movement formed partly in reaction to the ideals of the modernist. because of this, postmodern music is mostly defined in opposition to modernist music, and a work can either be modernist, or postmodern, but not both. jonathan kramer posits the idea ( following umberto eco and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.509123303148139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.267637"} {"text": "the modernist. because of this, postmodern music is mostly defined in opposition to modernist music, and a work can either be modernist, or postmodern, but not both. jonathan kramer posits the idea ( following umberto eco and jean - francois lyotard ) that postmodernism ( including musical postmodernism ) is less a surface style or historical period ( i. e., condition ) than an attitude. the postmodern impulse in classical music arose in the 1960s with the advent of musical minimalism. composers such as terry riley, krzysztof penderecki, gyorgy ligeti, henryk gorecki, bradley joseph, john adams, george crumb, steve reich, philip glass, michael nyman, and lou harrison reacted to the perceived elitism and dissonant sound of atonal academic modernism by producing music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies, whilst others, most notably john cage challenged the prevailing narratives of beauty and objectivity common to modernism. some composers have been openly influenced by popular music and world ethnic musical traditions. postmodern classical music as well is not a musical style, but rather refers to music of the postmodern era. it bears the same relationship to postmodernist music that postmodernity bears to postmodernism. postmodern music, on the other hand, shares characteristics with postmodernist art \u2014 that is, art that comes after and reacts against modernism ( see modernism in music ). a clarifying example of this phenomenon would be a rock band that sells t - shirts, ostensibly an adjunct business to their primary musical pursuit, yet the t - shirts become more popular or are deemed \" cooler \" that the band ' s original musical output. though representing a general return to certain notions of music - making that are often considered to be classical or romantic, not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism. the works of dutch composer louis andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentalist preoccupation that is decidedly anti - romantic. eclecticism and freedom of expression, in reaction to the rigidity and aesthetic limitations of modernism, are the hallmarks of the postmodern influence in musical composition. influential postmodernist philosophers | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2012 ) | - martin heidegger ( 1889 \u2013 1976 ) - rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of \" subjectivity \" and \" objectivity \" and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5274203318587001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.275878"} {"text": "influential postmodernist philosophers | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2012 ) | - martin heidegger ( 1889 \u2013 1976 ) - rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of \" subjectivity \" and \" objectivity \" and asserted that similar grounding oppositions in logic ultimately refer to one another. instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the \" hermeneutic circle \". he stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal and immanent apprehension of them. in this vein, he asserted that it was the task of contemporary philosophy to recover the original question of ( or \" openness to \" ) dasein ( translated as being or being - in - the - world ) present in the presocratic philosophers but normalized, neutered and standardized since plato. this was to be done, in part, by tracing the record of dasein ' s sublimation or forgetfulness through the history of philosophy which meant that we were to ask again what constituted the grounding conditions in ourselves and in the world for the affinity between beings and between the many usages of the term \" being \" in philosophy. to do this, however, a non - historical and, to a degree, self - referential engagement with whatever set of ideas, feelings or practices would permit ( both the non - fixed concept and reality of ) such a continuity was required - a continuity permitting the possible experience, possible existence indeed not only of beings but of all differences as they appeared and tended to develop. such a conclusion led heidegger to depart from the phenomenology of his teacher husserl and prompt instead an ( ironically anachronistic ) return to the yet - unasked questions of ontology, a return that in general did not acknowledge an intrinsic distinction between phenomena and noumena or between things in themselves ( de re ) and things as they appear ( see qualia ) : being - in - the - world, or rather, the openness to the process of dasein ' s / being ' s becoming was to bridge the age - old gap between these two. in this latter premise, heidegger shares an affinity with the late romantic philosopher, friedrich nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post - structuralist and postmodernist thought. influential to thinkers associated with postmodernism are heidegger '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5465864027905646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.284714"} {"text": ". in this latter premise, heidegger shares an affinity with the late romantic philosopher, friedrich nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post - structuralist and postmodernist thought. influential to thinkers associated with postmodernism are heidegger ' s critique of the subject - object or sense - knowledge division implicit in rationalism, empiricism and methodological naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, heidegger is not specifically a nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see johann gottlieb fichte, heinrich von kleist, weltanschauung and social constructionism ), and his instrumentalist and negativist notion that being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also process philosophy, dynamism, instrumentalism, pragmatism and vitalism ). - jacques derrida ( 1930 \u2013 2004 ) - re - examined the fundamentals of writing and its consequences on philosophy in general ; sought to undermine the language of ' presence ' or metaphysics in an analytical technique which, beginning as a point of departure from heidegger ' s notion of destruktion, came to be known as deconstruction. derrida utilized, like heidegger, references to greek philosophical notions associated with the skeptics and the presocratics, such as epoche and aporia to articulate his notion of implicit circularity between premises and conclusions, origins and manifestations, but - in a manner analogous in certain respects to gilles deleuze - presented a radical re - reading of canonical philosophical figures such as plato, aristotle and descartes as themselves being informed by such \" destabilizing \" notions. - michel foucault ( 1926 \u2013 1984 ) - introduced concepts such as ' discursive regime ', or re - invoked those of older philosophers like ' episteme ' and ' genealogy ' in order to explain the relationship among meaning, power, and social behavior within social orders ( see the order of things, the archaeology of knowledge, discipline and punish and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5553064865033983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.287260"} {"text": "re - invoked those of older philosophers like ' episteme ' and ' genealogy ' in order to explain the relationship among meaning, power, and social behavior within social orders ( see the order of things, the archaeology of knowledge, discipline and punish and the history of sexuality ). in direct contradiction to what have been typified as modernist perspectives on epistemology, foucault asserted that rational judgment, social practice and what he called ' biopower ' are not only inseparable but co - determinant. while foucault himself was deeply involved in a number of progressive political causes and maintained close personal ties with members of the far - left, he was also controversial with leftist thinkers of his day, including those associated with various strains of marxism, proponents of left libertarianism ( e. g. noam chomsky ) and humanism ( e. g. jurgen habermas ), for his rejection of what he deemed to be enlightenment concepts of freedom, liberation, self - determination and human nature. instead, foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and exclusion. in line with his rejection of such ' positive ' tenets of enlightenment - era humanism, he was active, with gilles deleuze and felix guattari, in the anti - psychiatry movement, considering much of institutionalized psychiatry and, in particular, freud ' s concept of repression central to psychoanalysis ( which was still very influential in france during the 1960s and 70s ), to be both harmful and misplaced. foucault was known for his controversial aphorisms, such as \" language is oppression \", meaning that language functions in such a way as to render nonsensical, false or silent tendencies that might otherwise threaten or undermine the distributions of power backing a society ' s conventions - even when such distributions purport to celebrate liberation and expression or value minority groups and perspectives. his writings have had a major influence on the larger body of postmodern academic literature. - jean - francois lyotard ( 1924 \u2013 1998 ) - identified in the postmodern condition a crisis in the \" discourses of the human sciences \" latent in modernism but catapulted to the fore by the advent of the \" computerized \" or \" telematic \" era ( see information revolution ). this crisis, insofar as it pertains to academia, concerns both the motivations and justification procedures for making research claims : unstated given", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5899296424228584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.301772"} {"text": "of the \" computerized \" or \" telematic \" era ( see information revolution ). this crisis, insofar as it pertains to academia, concerns both the motivations and justification procedures for making research claims : unstated givens or values that have validated the basic efforts of academic research since the late 18th century might no longer be valid ( particularly, in social science & humanities research, though examples from mathematics are given by lyotard as well ). as formal conjecture about real - world issues becomes inextricably linked to automated calculation, information storage and retrieval, such knowledge becomes increasingly \" exteriorised \" from its knowers in the form of information. knowledge is materialized and made into a commodity exchanged between producers and consumers ; it ceases to be either an idealistic end - in - itself or a tool capable of bringing about liberty or social benefit ; it is stripped of its humanistic and spiritual associations, its connection with education, teaching and human development, being simply rendered as \" data \" - omnipresent, material, unending and without any contexts or pre - requisites. furthermore, the ' diversity ' of claims made by various disciplines begins to lack any unifying principle or intuition as objects of study become more and more specialized due to the emphasis on specificity, precision and uniformity of reference that competitive, database - oriented research implies. the value - premises upholding academic research have been maintained by what lyotard considers to be quasi - mythological beliefs about human purpose, human reason and human progress - large, background constructs he calls \" metanarratives \". these metanarratives still remain in western society but are now being undermined by rapid informatization and the commercialization of the university and its functions. the shift of authority from the presence and intuition of knowers - from the good - faith of reason to seek diverse knowledge integrated for human benefit or truth fidelity - to the automated database and the market had, in lyotard ' s view, the power to unravel the very idea of ' justification ' or ' legitimation ' and, with it, the rationale for research altogether - esp. in disciplines pertaining to human life, society and meaning. we are now controlled not by binding extra - linguistic value paradigms defining notions of collective identity and ultimate purpose, but rather by our automatic responses to different species of \" language games \" ( a concept lyotard imports from jl austin ' s theory of speech acts ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5779047981986596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.308346"} {"text": "binding extra - linguistic value paradigms defining notions of collective identity and ultimate purpose, but rather by our automatic responses to different species of \" language games \" ( a concept lyotard imports from jl austin ' s theory of speech acts ). in his vision of a solution to this \" vertigo, \" lyotard opposes the assumptions of universality, consensus, and generality that he identified within the thought of humanistic, neo - kantian philosophers like jurgen habermas and proposes a continuation of experimentation and diversity to be assessed pragmatically in the context of language games rather than via appeal to a resurrected series of transcendentals and metaphysical unities. - richard rorty ( 1931 \u2013 2007 ) - argues in philosophy and the mirror of nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. in addition, he denounces the traditional epistemological perspectives of representationalism and correspondence theory that rely upon the independence of knowers and observers from phenomena and the passivity of natural phenomena in relation to consciousness. as a proponent of anti - foundationalism and anti - essentialism within a pragmatist framework, he echoes postmodern strains of conventionalism and philosophical relativism, but opposes much postmodern thinking with his commitment to social liberalism. - jean baudrillard ( 1929 \u2013 2007 ), - in simulacra and simulation, introduced the concept that reality or the principle of the \" real \" is short - circuited by the interchangeability of signs in an era whose communicative and semantic acts are dominated by electronic media and digital technologies. baudrillard proposes the notion that, in such a state, where subjects are detached from the outcomes of events ( political, literary, artistic, personal, or otherwise ), events no longer hold any particular sway on the subject nor have any identifiable context ; they therefore have the effect of producing widespread indifference, detachment, and passivity in industrialized populations. he claimed that a constant stream of appearances and references without any direct consequences to viewers or readers could eventually render the division between appearance and object indiscernible, resulting, ironically, in the \" disappearance \" of mankind in what is, in effect, a virtual or holographic state, composed only of appearances. - fredric jameson ( born 1934 ) - set forth one of the first expansive theoretical treatments of postmodernism as a historical period, intellectual trend and social phenomenon in a series of lectures at the whitney museum, later expanded as postmodern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6378710326412786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.311787"} {"text": ". - fredric jameson ( born 1934 ) - set forth one of the first expansive theoretical treatments of postmodernism as a historical period, intellectual trend and social phenomenon in a series of lectures at the whitney museum, later expanded as postmodernism, or the cultural logic of late capitalism ( 1991 ). eclectic in his methodology, jameson has continued a sustained examination of the role that periodization continues to play as a grounding assumption of critical methodologies in humanities disciplines. he has contributed extensive effort to explicating the importance of concepts of utopianism and utopia as driving forces in the cultural and intellectual movements of modernity, and outlining the political and existential uncertainties that may result from the decline or suspension of this trend in the theorized state of postmodernity. like susan sontag, jameson served to introduce a wide audience of american readers to key figures of the 20th century continental european intellectual left, particularly those associated with the frankfurt school, structuralism and post - structuralism. thus, his importance as a ' translator ' of their ideas to the common vocabularies of a variety of disciplines in the anglo - american academic complex is equally as important as his own critical engagement with them. - douglas kellner ( born 1943 ) - in \" analysis of the journey, \" a journal birthed from postmodernism, kellner insists that the \" assumptions and procedures of modern theory \" must be forgotten. his terms defined in the depth of postmodernism is based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. extensively, kellner analyzes the terms of this theory in real life experiences and examples. kellner used science and technology studies as a major part of his analysis ; he urged that the theory is incomplete without it. the scale was larger than just postmodernism alone, it must be interpreted through cultural studies where science and technology studies play a huge role. the reality of the september eleventh attacks on the united states of america is the catalyst for his explanation. this catalyst is used as a great representation due to the mere fact of the planned ambush and destruction of \" symbols of globalization \", insinuating the world trade centers. one of the numerous, yet appropriate definitions of postmodernism and the qualm aspect aids this attribute to seem perfectly accurate. in response, kellner continues to examine the repercussions of understanding the effects of the september eleventh attacks. he questions if the attacks are only able to be understood in a limited form of postmodern theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5577488723158985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.314195"} {"text": "attribute to seem perfectly accurate. in response, kellner continues to examine the repercussions of understanding the effects of the september eleventh attacks. he questions if the attacks are only able to be understood in a limited form of postmodern theory due to the level of irony. in further studies, he enhances the idea of semiotics in alignment with the theory. similar to the act of september 11 and the symbols that were interpreted through this postmodern ideal, he continues to even describe this as \" semiotic systems \" that people use to make sense of their lives and the events that occur in them. kellner ' s adamancy that signs are necessary to understand one ' s culture is what he analyzes from the evidence that most cultures have used signs in place of existence. finally, he recognizes that many theorists of postmodernism are trapped by their own cogitations. he finds strength in theorist baudrillard and his idea of marxism. kellner acknowledges marxism ' s end and lack of importance to his theory. - the conclusion he depicts is simple : postmodernism, as most utilize it today, will decide what experiences and signs in one ' s reality will be one ' s reality as they know it. criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. for example, noam chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. he asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, \" what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn ' t already obvious, etc?... if [ these requests ] can ' t be met, then i ' d suggest recourse to hume ' s advice in similar circumstances : ' to the flames '. \" see also - culture and politics - opposed by - ruth reichl, cook ' s november 1989 ; american heritage dictionary ' s definition of \" postmodern \" - derrida ( 1967 ), of grammatology, part ii, introduction to the \" age of rousseau, \" section 2 \"... that dangerous supplement... \", title, the exorbitant question of method, pp. 158 \u2013 59, 163. - benoit peeters, derrida : a biogaphy, pg. 377 - 8, translated by andrew brown,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5332266376261835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.316153"} {"text": "... \", title, the exorbitant question of method, pp. 158 \u2013 59, 163. - benoit peeters, derrida : a biogaphy, pg. 377 - 8, translated by andrew brown, polity press, 2013, isbn 9780745656151 - levi - strauss, claude. structural anthropology. trans. claire jacobson and brooke grundfest schoepf ( first published new york : basic books, 1963 ; new york : anchor books ed., 1967 ), 324. levi - strauss, quoting d ' arcy westworth thompson states - \" to those who question the possibility of defining the interrelations between entities whose nature is not completely understood, i shall reply with the following comment by a great naturalist - in a very large part of morphology, our essential task lies in the comparison of related forms rather than in the precise definition of each ; and the deformation of a complicated figure may be a phenomenon easy of comprehension, though the figure itself has to be left unanalyzed and undefined. - levi - strauss, claude. anthropologie structurale. paris : editions plon, 1958. levi - strauss, claude. structural anthropology. trans. claire jacobson and brooke grundfest schoepf ( new york : basic books, 1963 ), 228. - see the following web reference for a common critique of from an \" anti - positivist \" perspective. - deleuze, gilles and felix guattari. capitalism and schizophrenia, vol. ii : a thousand plateaus. trans. brian massumi ( minneapolis : univ. of minnesota press, 1987 ), p. 101. orig. published as mille plateaux, in 1980 by les editions de minuit, paris. deleuze, here echoing the sentiments of derrida ' s reflection on foucault ' s \" the history of madness \" ( 1961 ) in his essay \" cogito and the history of madness \" ( 1963 ), makes a very thinly veiled reference to semiological certainty of both saussure and lacan ( who speaks of \" the unity of the father \" in his theory of semantic coherence ), critiquing the premise of objectivity in their methodology - \" the scientific model taking language as an object of study is one with the political model by which language is homogenized, centralized, and standardized, becoming a language of power, a major or dominant language. linguistics can claim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5993306014310629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.317755"} {"text": ". 61, no. 2, pp. 119 \u2013 137. - hatuka, t & d ' hooghe, a 2007, ' after postmodernism : readdressing the role of utopia in urban design and planning ', in places : forum of design for the public realm, vol. 19, issue 2, pp. 20 \u2013 27 / - irving, a 1993, ' the modern / postmodern divide and urban planning ', in the university of toronto quareterly, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 474 \u2013 487. - simonsen, k 1990, ' planning on ' postmodern ' conditions ', in acta sociologica, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 51 \u2013 62. - anderson, the origins of postmodernity, london : verso, 1998, ch. 2 : \" crystallization \". - boundary 2, duke university press, boundary2. dukejournals. org - elizabeth bellalouna, michael l. lablanc, ira mark milne ( 2000 ) literature of developing nations for students : l - z p. 50 - stavans ( 1997 ) p. 31 - \" 7 - pynchon \u2019 s postmodernism cambridge companions online - cambridge university press \". universitypublishingonline. org. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04. - jstor 21101765853833 - \" mail, events, screenings, news : 32 \". people. bu. edu. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04. - \" what was postmodernism? \". electronic book review. 2007 - 12 - 20. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04. - lyotard, jean - francois. the postmodern condition : a report on knowledge. les editions de minuit, 1979. english translation by geoffrey bennington and brian massumi. manchester university press, 1984. see chapter 1, the field : knowledge in computerised societies. / / - lule, jack. \" the postmodern adventure ( book ). \" journalism & mass communication quarterly 78. 4 ( 2001 ) : 865 - 866. academic search premier. web. 2 apr 2012. - danto, ac 1990, \" the hyper - intellectual \", new republic, 203, 11 / 12, pp. 44 - 48, academic search premier, ebscohost, viewed 2 april 2012.. - noam chomsky on post - modernism further reading - powell,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5513598451652149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.325483"} {"text": "- intellectual \", new republic, 203, 11 / 12, pp. 44 - 48, academic search premier, ebscohost, viewed 2 april 2012.. - noam chomsky on post - modernism further reading - powell, jim ( 1998 ). \" postmodernism for beginners \" ( isbn 978 - 1 - 934389 - 09 - 6 ) - alexie, sherman ( 2000 ). \" the toughest indian in the world \" ( isbn 0 - 8021 - 3800 - 4 ) - anderson, walter truett. the truth about the truth ( new consciousness reader ). new york : tarcher. ( 1995 ) ( isbn 0 - 87477 - 801 - 8 ) - anderson, perry. the origins of postmodernity. london : verso, 1998. - ashley, richard and walker, r. b. j. ( 1990 ) \u201c speaking the language of exile. \u201d international studies quarterly v 34, no 3 259 - 68. - bauman, zygmunt ( 2000 ) liquid modernity. cambridge : polity press. - beck, ulrich ( 1986 ) risk society : towards a new modernity. - benhabib, seyla ( 1995 ) ' feminism and postmodernism ' in ( ed. nicholson ) feminism contentions : a philosophical exchange. new york : routledge. - berman, marshall ( 1982 ) all that is solid melts into air : the experience of modernity ( isbn 0 - 14 - 010962 - 5 ). - bertens, hans ( 1995 ) the idea of the postmodern : a history. london : routledge. ( isbn 0 - 145 - 06012 - 5 ). - best, steven best and douglas kellner. postmodern theory ( 1991 ) excerpt and text search - best, steven best and douglas kellner. the postmodern turn ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search - bielskis, andrius ( 2005 ) towards a postmodern understanding of the political : from genealogy to hermeneutics ( palgrave macmillan, 2005 ). - braschi, giannina ( 1994 ), empire of dreams, introduction by alicia ostriker, yale university press, new haven, london. - brass, tom, peasants, populism and postmodernism ( london : cass, 2000 ). - butler, judith ( 1995 ) ' contingent foundations ' in ( ed. nicholson ) feminist contentions : a philosophical exchange. new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5607126002497258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.328783"} {"text": ". - brass, tom, peasants, populism and postmodernism ( london : cass, 2000 ). - butler, judith ( 1995 ) ' contingent foundations ' in ( ed. nicholson ) feminist contentions : a philosophical exchange. new yotk : routledge. - callinicos, alex, against postmodernism : a marxist critique ( cambridge : polity, 1999 ). - drabble, m. the oxford companion to english literature, 6 ed., article \" postmodernism \". - farrell, john. \" paranoia and postmodernism, \" the epilogue to paranoia and modernity : cervantes to rousseau ( cornell up, 2006 ), 309 - 327. - featherstone, m. ( 1991 ) consumer culture and postmodernism, london ; newbury park, calif., sage publications. - giddens, anthony ( 1991 ) modernity and self identity, cambridge : polity press. - gosselin, paul ( 2012 ) flight from the absolute : cynical observations on the postmodern west. volume i. samizdat ( isbn 978 - 2 - 9807774 - 3 - 1 ) - goulimari, pelagia ( ed. ) ( 2007 ) postmodernism. what moment? manchester : manchester university press ( isbn 978 - 0 - 7190 - 7308 - 3 ) - grebowicz, margaret ( ed. ), gender after lyotard. ny : suny press, 2007. ( isbn 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6956 - 9 ) - greer, robert c. mapping postmodernism. il : intervarsity press, 2003. ( isbn 0 - 8308 - 2733 - 1 ) - groothuis, douglas. truth decay. downers grove, illinois : intervarsity press, 2000. - harvey, david ( 1989 ) the condition of postmodernity : an enquiry into the origins of cultural change ( isbn 0 - 631 - 16294 - 1 ) - hicks, stephen r. c. ( 2004 ) explaining postmodernism : skepticism and socialism from rousseau to foucault ( isbn 1 - 59247 - 646 - 5 ) - honderich, t., the oxford companion to philosophy, article \" postmodernism \". - hutcheon, linda. the politics of postmodernism. ( 2002 ) online edition ] - jameson, fredric ( 1991 ) postmodern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5403339784487421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.330623"} {"text": ". 2000, isbn i - 55753 - 205 - 2 ). - - - -, on deconstructing life - worlds : buddhism, christianity, culture ( atlanta : scholars press of american academy of religion, 1997 ; oxford : oxford university press, 2000 ; isbn 0 - 7885 - 0295 - 6, cloth, isbn 0 - 7885 - 0296 - 4, pbk ). - manuel, peter. \" music as symbol, music as simulacrum : pre - modern, modern, and postmodern aesthetics in subcultural musics, \" popular music 1 / 2, 1995, pp. 227 \u2013 239. - murphy, nancey, anglo - american postmodernity : philosophical perspectives on science, religion, and ethics ( westview press, 1997 ). - natoli, joseph ( 1997 ) a primer to postmodernity ( isbn 1 - 57718 - 061 - 5 ) - norris, christopher ( 1990 ) what ' s wrong with postmodernism : critical theory and the ends of philosophy ( isbn 0 - 8018 - 4137 - 2 ) - pangle, thomas l., the ennobling of democracy : the challenge of the postmodern age, baltimore, the johns hopkins university press, 1991 isbn 0 - 8018 - 4635 - 8 - park, jin y., ed., buddhisms and deconstructions ( lanham : rowland & littlefield, 2006, isbn 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3418 - 6 ; isbn 0 - 7425 - 3418 - 9. - sim, stuart. ( 1999 ). \" the routledge critical dictionary of postmodern thought \" ( isbn 0415923530 ) - sokal, alan and jean bricmont ( 1998 ) fashionable nonsense : postmodern intellectuals ' abuse of science ( isbn 0 - 312 - 20407 - 8 ) - vattimo, gianni ( 1989 ). the transparent society ( isbn 0 - 8018 - 4528 - 9 ) - veith jr., gene edward ( 1994 ) postmodern times : a christian guide to contemporary thought and culture ( isbn 0 - 89107 - 768 - 5 ) - windshuttle, keith ( 1996 ) the killing of history : how literary critics and social theorists are murdering our past. new york : the free press. - woods, tim, beginning postmodernism, manchester : manchester university press, 1999, ( reprinted 2002 ) ( isbn 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5510467978954141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.334086"} {"text": ") the killing of history : how literary critics and social theorists are murdering our past. new york : the free press. - woods, tim, beginning postmodernism, manchester : manchester university press, 1999, ( reprinted 2002 ) ( isbn 0 - 7190 - 5210 - 6 hardback, isbn 0 - 7190 - 5211 - 4 paperback ). | look up postmodernism in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | wikimedia commons has media related to : postmodernism | - stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ' s entry on postmodernism - discourses of postmodernism. multilingual bibliography by janusz przychodzen ( pdf file ) - modernity, postmodernism and the tradition of dissent, by lloyd spencer ( 1998 ) - dueling paradigms : modernist v. postmodernist thought * characterizing a fogbank : what is postmodernism, and why do i take such a dim view of it? - postmodernism and truth by philosopher daniel dennett - postmodernism is the new black : how the shape of modern retailing was both predicted and influenced by some unlikely seers ( the economist 19 december 2006 ) - gaining clarity : after postmodernism, eretz acheret magazine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5111174714011477, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.335118"} {"text": "sawmill process a sawmill ' s basic operation is much like those of hundreds of years ago ; a log enters on one end and dimensional lumber exits on the other end. - after trees are selected for harvest, the next step in logging is felling the trees, and bucking them to length. - branches are cut off the trunk. this is known as limbing. - logs are taken by logging truck, rail or a log drive to the sawmill. - logs are scaled either on the way to the mill or upon arrival at the mill. - debarking removes bark from the logs. - decking is the process for sorting the logs by species, size and end use ( lumber, plywood, chips ). - the head saw, head rig or primary saw, breaks the log into cants ( unfinished logs to be further processed ) and flitches ( unfinished planks ) with a smooth edge. - depending upon the species and quality of the log, the cants will either be further broken down by a resaw or a gang edger into multiple flitches and / or boards - edging will take the flitch and trim off all irregular edges leaving four - sided lumber. - trimming squares the ends at typical lumber lengths. - drying removes naturally occurring moisture from the lumber. this can be done with kilns or air - dried. - planing smooths the surface of the lumber leaving a uniform width and thickness. - shipping transports the finished lumber to market. early history the hierapolis sawmill, a roman water - powered stone saw mill at hierapolis, asia minor ( modern - day turkey ) dating to the second half of the 3rd century ad is the earliest known sawmill. it is also the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism. the earliest literary reference to a working sawmill comes from a roman poet, ausonius who wrote an epic poem about the river moselle in germany in the late 4th century ad. at one point in the poem he describes the shrieking sound of a watermill cutting marble. marble sawmills also seem to be indicated by the christian saint gregory of nyssa from anatolia around 370 / 390 ad, demonstrating a diversified use of water - power in many parts of the roman empire. sawmills became widespread in medieval europe again, as one was sketched by villard de honnecourt in c. 1250. they are claimed to have been introduced to madeira following its discovery in c. 1420 and spread widely in europe in the 16th century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4742958046941218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.366678"} {"text": "in medieval europe again, as one was sketched by villard de honnecourt in c. 1250. they are claimed to have been introduced to madeira following its discovery in c. 1420 and spread widely in europe in the 16th century. prior to the invention of the sawmill, boards were rived and planed, or more often sawn by two men with a whipsaw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a saw pit for the pitman who worked below. sawing was slow, and required strong and hearty men. the topsawer had to be the stronger of the two because the saw was pulled in turn by each man, and the lower had the advantage of gravity. the topsawyer also had to guide the saw so that the board was of even thickness. this was often done by following a chalkline. early sawmills simply adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. the circular motion of the wheel was changed to back - and - forth motion of the saw blade by a connecting rod known as a pitman arm ( thus introducing a term used in many mechanical applications ). generally, only the saw was powered, and the logs had to be loaded and moved by hand. an early improvement was the development of a movable carriage, also water powered, to move the log steadily through the saw blade. a type of sawmill without a crank is known from germany called a \" knock and drop \" or \" drop mill \" : \" the oldest sawmills in the black forest are \" drop sawmills \" also referred to as \" knock and drop sawmills \". they have all disappeared in europe except for three in the black forest, one of which is in the open air museum in gutach. in these drop sawmills, the frame carrying the saw blade is knocked upwards by cams as the shaft turns. these cams are let into the shaft on which the waterwheel sits. when the frame carrying the saw blade is in the topmost position it drops by its own weight, making a loud knocking noise, and in so doing it cuts the trunk. from 1800 onwards. \u201d a small mill such as this would be the center of many rural communities in wood - exporting regions such as the baltic countries and canada. the output of such mills would be quite low, perhaps only 500 boards per day. they would also generally only operate during the winter, the peak logging season. in the united states, the sawmill was introduced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46243245661169463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.367616"} {"text": "regions such as the baltic countries and canada. the output of such mills would be quite low, perhaps only 500 boards per day. they would also generally only operate during the winter, the peak logging season. in the united states, the sawmill was introduced soon after the colonisation of virginia by recruiting skilled men from hamburg. later the metal parts were obtained from the netherlands, where the technology was far ahead of that in england, where the sawmill remained largely unknown until the late 18th century. the arrival of a sawmill was a large and stimulative step in the growth of a frontier community. industrial revolution early mills had been taken to the forest, where a temporary shelter was built, and the logs were skidded to the nearby mill by horse or ox teams, often when there was some snow to provide lubrication. as mills grew larger, they were usually established in more permanent facilities on a river, and the logs were floated down to them by log drivers. sawmills built on navigable rivers, lakes, or estuaries were called cargo mills because of the availability of ships transporting cargoes of logs to the sawmill and cargoes of lumber from the sawmill. the next improvement was the use of circular saw blades, and soon thereafter, the use of gangsaws, which added additional blades so that a log would be reduced to boards in one quick step. circular saw blades were extremely expensive and highly subject to damage by overheating or dirty logs. a new kind of technician arose, the sawfiler. sawfilers were highly skilled in metalworking. their main job was to set and sharpen teeth. the craft also involved learning how to hammer a saw, whereby a saw is deformed with a hammer and anvil to counteract the forces of heat and cutting. the circular saw was a later introduction, perhaps invented in england in the late 18th century, but perhaps in 17th century holland ( netherlands ). modern circular saw blades have replaceable teeth, but still need to be hammered. the introduction of steam power in the 19th century created many new possibilities for mills. availability of railroad transportation for logs and lumber encouraged building of rail mills away from navigable water. steam powered sawmills could be far more mechanized. scrap lumber from the mill provided a ready fuel source for firing the boiler. efficiency was increased, but the capital cost of a new mill increased dramatically as well. by 1900, the largest sawmill in the world was operated by the atlantic lumber company in georgetown, south carolina, using logs floated down the pee dee river from as far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4670871002603637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.369138"} {"text": "efficiency was increased, but the capital cost of a new mill increased dramatically as well. by 1900, the largest sawmill in the world was operated by the atlantic lumber company in georgetown, south carolina, using logs floated down the pee dee river from as far as the edge of the appalachian mountains in north carolina. a restoration project for sturgeon ' s mill in northern california is underway, restoring one of the last steam - powered lumber mills still using its original equipment. current trends in the twentieth century the introduction of electricity and high technology furthered this process, and now most sawmills are massive and expensive facilities in which most aspects of the work is computerized. the cost of a new facility with 2 mmfbm / day capacity is up to can $ 120, 000, 000. a modern operation will produce between 100 mmfbm and 700 mmfbm annually. small gasoline - powered sawmills run by local entrepreneurs served many communities in the early twentieth century, and specialty markets still today. a trend is the small portable sawmill for personal or even professional use. many different models have emerged with different designs and functions. they are especially suitable for producing limited volumes of boards, or specialty milling such as oversized timber. technology has changed sawmill operations significantly in recent years, emphasizing increasing profits through waste minimization and increased energy efficiency as well as improving operator safety. the once - ubiquitous rusty, steel conical sawdust burners have for the most part vanished, as the sawdust and other mill waste is now processed into particleboard and related products, or used to heat wood - drying kilns. co - generation facilities will produce power for the operation and may also feed superfluous energy onto the grid. while the bark may be ground for landscaping barkdust, it may also be burned for heat. sawdust may make particle board or be pressed into wood pellets for pellet stoves. the larger pieces of wood that won ' t make lumber are chipped into wood chips and provide a source of supply for paper mills. wood by - products of the mills will also make oriented strand board ( osb ) paneling for building construction, a cheaper alternative to plywood for paneling. additional images wood from victorian mountain ash, swifts creek a sawmill in armata, on mount smolikas, epirus, greece. a preserved water powered sawmill, norfolk, england. see also - \" lumber manufacturing \". lumber basics. western wood products association. 2002. retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12. - ritti, grewe & kessen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4721531086165661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.371767"} {"text": ", epirus, greece. a preserved water powered sawmill, norfolk, england. see also - \" lumber manufacturing \". lumber basics. western wood products association. 2002. retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12. - ritti, grewe & kessener 2007, p. 161 - ritti, grewe & kessener 2007, pp. 149 \u2013 153 - wilson 2002, p. 16 - c. singer et at., history of technology ii ( oxford 1956 ), 643 - 4. - charles e. peterson, ' sawdust trail : annals of sawmilling and the lumber trade ' bulletin of the association for preservation technology vol. 5, no. 2. ( 1973 ), pp. 84 - 5. - adam robert lucas ( 2005 ), \" industrial milling in the ancient and medieval worlds : a survey of the evidence for an industrial revolution in medieval europe \", technology and culture 46 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 [ 10 - 1 ] - peterson, 94 - 5. - oakleaf p. 8 - norman ball, ' circular saws and the history of technology ' bulletin of the association for preservation technology 7 ( 3 ) ( 1975 ), pp. 79 - 89. - edwardian farm : roy hebdige ' s mobile sawmill - steam traction engines - in - time timber supply chain optimization http : / / www. mjc2. com / real - time - manufacturing - scheduling. htm - grewe, klaus ( 2009 ), \" die reliefdarstellung einer antiken steinsagemaschine aus hierapolis in phrygien und ihre bedeutung fur die technikgeschichte. internationale konferenz 13. \u221216. juni 2007 in istanbul \", in bachmann, martin, bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken kleinasien, byzas 9, istanbul : ege yay\u0131nlar\u0131 / zero prod. ltd., pp. 429 \u2013 454, isbn 978 - 975 - 8072 - 23 - 1 - ritti, tullia ; grewe, klaus ; kessener, paul ( 2007 ), \" a relief of a water - powered stone saw mill on a sarcophagus at hierapolis and its implications \", journal of roman archaeology 20 : 138 \u2013 163 - oakleaf, h. b. ( 1920 ), lumber manufacture in the douglas fir region, chicago : commercial journal company - wilson, andrew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4853318270789915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.374689"} {"text": "theodore simon was born on july 10, 1872 in dijon, burgundy, france. during much of his early life, he was fascinated by alfred binet ' s work and constantly read his books. his interest in psychology continually increased, especially as the need for clinical experience in the field decreased. in 1899, he became an intern at the asylum in perray - vaucluse where he began his famous work on abnormal children. this drew binet ' s attention, who was at the time studying the correlation between physical growth and intellectual development. binet came to the asylum and continued his work there with simon. this research led to simon ' s medical thesis on the topic in 1900. from 1901 - 1905, simon worked in various hospitals, from sainte - anne to dury - les - amiens. 1905 is the year during which simon and binet made public their famous binet - simon intelligence scale, the first intelligence measuring device ever devised. it premiered in l ' annee psychologique, a journal founded by binet in 1895. throughout his life after this point, simon always remained critical of immoderate and improper use of the scale. he believed that its over - use and inappropriate use prevented other psychologists from achieving binet ' s ultimate goal : understanding human beings, their nature, and their development. the scale was revised in 1908 and again in 1911, but simon kept it the same after binet ' s death in respect for one of history ' s greatest psychologists and simon ' s true idol. after 1905 until 1920, simon worked as the head psychiatrist at st. yon hospital. in 1920, he returned as medical director at perray - vaucluse until 1930. from there, he moved to act as medical director until late 1936, when he retired. throughout his life ( starting in 1912 until 1960 ) he was also an editor for bulletin of societe alfred binet. he died of natural causes in 1961. wolf, t. h. ( 1961 ). american psychologist, 16 : 245 - 248. | this article about a psychologist is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4515200928142806, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.378647"} {"text": "wikipediaread full entry the shells are long, narrow, and parallel - sided. this shape resembles a closed, old - fashioned straight razor ( a cut - throat razor ), or a closed jackknife ( pocket knife ) and sometimes these clams are known as razor shells or jackknives. the shells in these species are fragile and can easily be damaged when digging for these clams. ensis species live in clean sand on exposed beaches. they are capable of digging very rapidly ; see the description under the atlantic jackknife clam. some clammers catch jackknives by pouring salt on the characteristic keyhole - shaped breathing holes. the clam then tries to escape the salt by coming up out of its hole, and at this point it is possible to gently grab the shell and pull it out of the ground. thirteen species are currently recognised : - ensis arcuatus ( jeffreys, 1865 ) \u2013 razor shell - ensis californicus dall, 1899 - ensis directus ( conrad, 1843 ) \u2013 atlantic jackknife clam - ensis ensis ( linnaeus, 1758 ) - ensis goreensis ( clessin, 1888 ) - ensis macha ( molina, 1782 ) - ensis magnus schumacher, 1817 - ensis megistus pilsbry & mcginty, 1943 - ensis minor ( chenu, 1843 ) \u2013 jackknife clam - ensis myrae berry, 1954 - ensis nitidus ( clessin, 1888 ) - ensis siliqua ( linnaeus, 1758 ) \u2013 pod razor - ensis tropicalis hertlein & strong, 1955 - s. gofas ( 2010 ). \" ensis schumacher, 1817 \". in p. bouchet, s. gofas & g. rosenberg. world marine mollusca database. world register of marine species. http : / / www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 138333. retrieved april 26, 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41580973305006624, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.383184"} {"text": "- year published : 1851 - language : english - country of origin : united states of america - source : melville h. ( 1851 ). moby dick. london, england : richard bently. - flesch \u2013 kincaid level : 9. 8 - word count : 910 melville, h. ( 1851 ). chapter 70 : the sphynx. moby dick ( lit2go edition ). retrieved may 18, 2013, from melville, herman. \" chapter 70 : the sphynx. \" moby dick. lit2go edition. 1851. web. < >. may 18, 2013. herman melville, \" chapter 70 : the sphynx, \" moby dick, lit2go edition, ( 1851 ), accessed may 18, 2013,. it should not have been omitted that previous to completely stripping the body of the leviathan, he was beheaded. now, the beheading of the sperm whale is a scientific anatomical feat, upon which experienced whale surgeons very much pride themselves : and not without reason. consider that the whale has nothing that can properly be called a neck ; on the contrary, where his head and body seem to join, there, in that very place, is the thickest part of him. remember, also, that the surgeon must operate from above, some eight or ten feet intervening between him and his subject, and that subject almost hidden in a discolored, rolling, and oftentimes tumultuous and bursting sea. bear in mind, too, that under these untoward circumstances he has to cut many feet deep in the flesh ; and in that subterraneous manner, without so much as getting one single peep into the ever - contracting gash thus made, he must skillfully steer clear of all adjacent, interdicted parts, and exactly divide the spine at a critical point hard by its insertion into the skull. do you not marvel, then, at stubb \u2019 s boast, that he demanded but ten minutes to behead a sperm whale? when first severed, the head is dropped astern and held there by a cable till the body is stripped. that done, if it belong to a small whale it is hoisted on deck to be deliberately disposed of. but, with a full grown leviathan this is impossible ; for the sperm whale \u2019 s head embraces nearly one third of his entire bulk, and completely to suspend such a burden as that, even by the immense tackles of a whaler, this were as vain a thing as to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3955175600173676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.396561"} {"text": "##s, has moved amid this world \u2019 s foundations. where unrecorded names and navies rust, and untold hopes and anchors rot ; where in her murderous hold this frigate earth is ballasted with bones of millions of the drowned ; there, in that awful water - land, there was thy most familiar home. thou hast been where bell or diver never went ; hast slept by many a sailor \u2019 s side, where sleepless mothers would give their lives to lay them down. thou saw \u2019 st the locked lovers when leaping from their flaming ship ; heart to heart they sank beneath the exulting wave ; true to each other, when heaven seemed false to them. thou saw \u2019 st the murdered mate when tossed by pirates from the midnight deck ; for hours he fell into the deeper midnight of the insatiate maw ; and his murderers still sailed on unharmed - while swift lightnings shivered the neighboring ship that would have borne a righteous husband to outstretched, longing arms. o head! thou has seen enough to split the planets and make an infidel of abraham, and not one syllable is thine! \u201d \u201c sail ho! \u201d cried a triumphant voice from the main - mast - head. \u201c aye? well, now, that \u2019 s cheering, \u201d cried ahab, suddenly erecting himself, while whole thunder - clouds swept aside from his brow. \u201c that lively cry upon this deadly calm might almost convert a better man. - where away? \u201d \u201c three points on the starboard bow, sir, and bringing down her breeze to us! \u201c better and better, man. would now st. paul would come along that way, and to my breezelessness bring his breeze! o nature, and o soul of man! how far beyond all utterance are your linked analogies ; not the smallest atom stirs or lives on matter, but has its cunning duplicate in mind. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4796276339078309, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.400459"} {"text": "- capital ( adj. ) - early 13c., \" of or pertaining to the head, \" from old french capital, from latin capitalis \" of the head, \" hence \" capital, chief, first, \" from caput ( genitive capitis ) \" head \" ( see capitulum ). meaning \" principal \" is early 15c. of letters, \" upper case, \" from late 14c. a capital crime ( 1520s ) is one that affects the life or \" head ; \" capital had a sense of \" deadly, mortal \" from late 14c. in english, a sense also found in latin. the felt connection between \" head \" and \" life, mortality \" also existed in old english : e. g. heafodgilt \" deadly sin, capital offense, \" heafdes \u00feolian \" to forfeit life. \" capital punishment was in blackstone ( 1765 ) and classical latin capitis poena. capital gain is recorded from 1921. capital goods is recorded from 1899. of ships, \" first - rate, of the line, \" attested from 1650s. related : capitally. - capital ( n. 1 ) - early 15c., \" a capital letter, \" from capital ( adj. ). the meaning \" capital city \" is first recorded 1660s ( the old english word was heafodstol ). the financial sense is from 1610s ( middle english had chief money \" principal fund, \" mid - 14c. ), from medieval latin capitale \" stock, property, \" noun use of neuter of capitalis \" capital, chief, first. \" ( the noun use of this adjective in classical latin was for \" a capital crime. \" ) [ the term capital ] made its first appearance in medieval latin as an adjective capitalis ( from caput, head ) modifying the word pars, to designate the principal sum of a money loan. the principal part of a loan was contrasted with the \" usury \" - - later called interest - - the payment made to the lender in addition to the return of the sum lent. this usage, unknown to classical latin, had become common by the thirteenth century and possibly had begun as early as 1100 a. d., in the first chartered towns of europe. [ frank a. fetter, \" reformulation of the concepts of capital and income in economics and accounting, \" 1937, in \" capital, interest, & rent, \" 1977 ] also see cattle, and cf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4918253774186382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.402758"} {"text": "corn yields throughout the corn belt were spectacular in 2009. was it environment or genetics? you need the right environment to fully express genes. how could a late planting season and a cool, wet summer contribute to tremendous yields? genetics is made up of base genetics, comprising more than 99 % of total genetics, plus traits. environment is everything that isn \u2019 t genetics. it includes soil type, organic matter, fertilizers, diseases, planting date, population and row width. we have no control over weather \u2014 one of the most important factors. corn likes cool, wet summers. cool temperatures also reduce leaf disease. plants live longer and keep adding dry matter, improving yields. however, wet, cool conditions late can cause diplodia and gibberella ear rot. use disease - tolerant, faster - drying hybrids with open husks that tip ears over at physiological maturity to help reduce ear diseases. two years ago i met an iowa farmer who consistently gets high yields, even in tough years. his average yields for the past three years were 185, 232 and 243 bushels per acre with conventional hybrids on about 500 acres. many of the 30 tips that follow relate to his operation. some relate to what i \u2019 ve learned in more than 40 years as a plant breeder, and as a consultant for farm progress companies on the corn illustrated project. 1. overall condition. your equipment doesn \u2019 t have to be new, just ready to go. 2. planter checkup. check over your planter annually with a dealer - provided checklist, or have your dealer do it. 3. upgrades. if you have an older planter, upgrade planting units if possible. 4. fleet checkup. don \u2019 t lose planting time because a dealer must repair the tractor, and no other tractors will pull the planter. 5. consider field guidance. auto - steering can make planting more relaxing. 6. utilize fall tillage. that can help stalks break down in conventional systems. don \u2019 t overdo tillage. 7. apply p and k. fertilize in the fall where applicable. apply before tillage. 8. use manure where feasible. manure contains micro - nutrients along with 9. know manure analysis. the iowa farmer applies 10 to 12 tons of cattle manure per acre after soybeans in a corn - soybean rotation. that supplies 60 to 70 pounds of n per acre. 10. seek guidance. work with a local agronomist who understands your soils. 11. use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.445829941307087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.408448"} {"text": "cattle manure per acre after soybeans in a corn - soybean rotation. that supplies 60 to 70 pounds of n per acre. 10. seek guidance. work with a local agronomist who understands your soils. 11. use n - serve. this farmer applies 90 to 100 pounds of anhydrous ammonia in the fall when possible, with n - serve. 12. take n credit. if you apply, say, 15 gallons of 28 % n, about 45 pounds of n per acre, with herbicide, take credit toward total n. remember soybeans add 30 to 40 pounds of n. 13. starter fertilizer. the iowa farmer uses 3 gallons of 3 - 18 - 18 as starter. he \u2019 s seen a 10 - bushel - per - acre advantage for starter. 14. plant early. be ready to go when the soil is ready. this farmer starts in april if soils are right. 15. run your own test plot. replicate the hybrids two or three times. use the company \u2019 s newest and best, and compare to the best hybrids of the previous year. if newer hybrids are 5 % to 10 % better, it \u2019 s time to move on. 16. consider conventional seed. this farmer planted most of his acres to conventional seed. he figures you need 10 to 15 bushels per acre more at $ 3. 50 - to $ 4 - per - bushel corn to pay for traits. he hasn \u2019 t seen that increase. 17. understand traits. remember that traits protect yield, they don \u2019 t increase yield. 18. conventional herbicides. they \u2019 re required if you raise non - gmo corn \u2014 it can be a good thing! 19. identify worst weeds. for this farmer, it \u2019 s wooly cupgrass. he \u2019 ll try balance flex this year on two - leaf corn. 20. double - check rates. for example, balance flex contains a safener. it can affect rates. 21. control perennials. applying glyphosate in roundup - ready soybeans every other year helps. 22. watch timeliness. be timely on herbicide applications. even small weeds compete. 23. conventional approach. use the best granular insecticide available. soil - applied insecticides also help control secondary pests. 24. secondary insect control. with triple - or quad - stacks, cruiser or poncho 250 seed treatments are included. highest rates of these products are suggested for rootworm larval control on conventional corn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.412604720614684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.409577"} {"text": "seattle \u2014 may 16, 2002 \u2014 fred hutchinson cancer research center scientists report a finding in the common fruit fly that may open new paths for understanding some of the key genetic missteps that lead to cancer in humans. the discovery also could offer a better testing ground for anti - cancer drugs. susan parkhurst, ph. d., and miriam rosenberg, both of fred hutchinson ' s basic sciences division, describe in the may 17 issue of cell how a gene called sir2, long studied in yeast and worms, has a counterpart in fruit flies that plays a dynamic role in the genetic regulation of early development. \" because of the important role of the sir2 gene to basic life functioning, this gene has been the focus of laboratories worldwide, \" said parkhurst, a member of fred hutchinson ' s basic sciences division. \" this finding represents a major step in understanding what the sir2 gene does in a complex, multi - cellular system and further establishes the fruit fly as an important animal model for the study of cancer genetics in humans, \" she said. cancer is a disease of genetic mistakes. errors in the dna blueprint that cause single genes or entire chromosomal regions to switch off at the wrong time or turn on inappropriately can result in uncontrolled cell growth and malignancy. understanding the mechanisms that turn genes on and off during normal development is crucial for decoding \u2014 and ultimately correcting \u2014 any flawed and potentially fatal operating instructions within cells that may lead to cancer and developmental defects. until now, the sir2 gene, short for \" silent information regulator no. 2, \" has been known to act as a silencer, quieting large regions of the genome for extended periods to shut down the production of proteins that are no longer needed in the course of early development. for the first time, parkhurst and colleagues report that in drosophila, or fruit flies, sir2 appears to play a dual role. it also acts as a repressor gene, turning off the short - term expression of specific gene products throughout the complex cellular choreography of normal growth. \" these results support the idea that in higher organisms, the mechanisms of silencing and dynamic gene regulation \u2014 once believed to be separate functions governed by separate genes \u2014 in fact represent two sides of the same coin, \" said parkhurst, a developmental biologist. while sir2 has been studied extensively in yeast, analogous versions of the gene exist in many higher life forms as well. human cells, for example, have seven such silencing genes. because some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5156751899977353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.602868"} {"text": "\" said parkhurst, a developmental biologist. while sir2 has been studied extensively in yeast, analogous versions of the gene exist in many higher life forms as well. human cells, for example, have seven such silencing genes. because some of the key genetic components of sir2 ' s gene - silencing pathway in lower organisms are identical to those in humans, scientists can exploit the power of yeast and fruit fly genetics to study complex human processes, from early development to cancer growth. \" it appears that sir2 in higher organisms, including humans, can get the right gene to shut on or off at the right time. this is crucial for maintaining the integrity and normal functioning of cells, \" said parkhurst, also an affiliate associate professor of zoology at the university of washington college of arts and sciences. mutations, or defects, in sir2 result in disastrous effects. in lower organisms, for example, such genetic errors have been associated with a shortened life span. in the parkhurst lab, sir2 mutations have been linked to drastic developmental defects and foiled gender assignment, taking a significant toll on equality of the sexes, at least as far as the fruit fly population is concerned. \" we noticed that flies with sir2 mutations weren ' t too happy, \" said rosenberg, a graduate student in the parkhurst lab. \" there were far too few males in the fly stocks. \" \" in the absence of sir2, there ' s the wrong kind of gene expression for the sex chromosomes present. a female can express as if she ' s a male, and vice versa. that can lead to all kinds of problems. in flies, it leads to death, \" parkhurst said. in humans, inappropriate gene silencing is thought to account for various sex - linked genetic disorders, in which the affected genes are located on the x chromosome. such developmental abnormalities, which nearly always affect males, include xeroderma pigmentosum ( a rare, inherited skin disease that causes extreme sensitivity to sunlight and increased risk of skin cancer ), color blindness and hemophilia. malfunctions in gene silencing also have been implicated in several human cancers, including acute myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer and several forms of breast cancer. sir2 is an attractive drug target because it has been found to modulate the function of p53, an important tumor - suppressor protein which, when defective, can increase cancer risk in humans. one drug under investigation at fred hutchinson, called splitomicin, is a potent inhibitor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.496165010552895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.608888"} {"text": "because it has been found to modulate the function of p53, an important tumor - suppressor protein which, when defective, can increase cancer risk in humans. one drug under investigation at fred hutchinson, called splitomicin, is a potent inhibitor of gene silencing. it works by interfering with sir2 ' s ability to cloak the chromosome in proteins that shield it from factors needed for activation. the compound is highly specific, halting the function of sir2. such precision is an attractive feature in drug design because it increases a drug ' s effectiveness and decreases its side effects. fred hutchinson researchers scientifically reported the drug ' s discovery last december and the center has filed patent protection for it. in the cell paper, parkhurst and rosenberg report that the drug, which already has been shown to reverse global gene silencing in yeast, also works in fruit flies. \" with fruit flies, we now have a multi - cellular model system that is more complex than yeast that will allow us to study all of the functional components of the pathway that are required for the drug to work, \" parkhurst said. \" now that we know the drug works on fruit fly sir2, this opens up all kinds of possibilities that we wouldn ' t have thought to try before. \" for example, this finding now hints at the drug ' s potential for treating diseases that result from the faulty regulation of a single protein, such as certain forms of leukemia. fred hutchinson researchers also have found the compound to be effective in sensitizing human cells to dna - damaging agents, a finding that could be exploited to increase the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy, since many anti - cancer drugs inflict dna damage. another potential clinical application may be activating silent tumor - suppressor genes, such as p53, to fight cancer growth. in addition to treating certain cancers, silencing inhibitors such as splitomicin may be effective against sickle - cell anemia, which arises from defects in the gene for the adult form of hemoglobin. sufferers do, however, possess a normal version of the fetal hemoglobin gene, which gets silenced early in life as part of normal development. reversing the silencing of fetal hemoglobin could potentially compensate for the lack of functioning hemoglobin in those with the disease. likewise, parkhurst envisions using sir2 inhibitors to compensate genetically for various certain sex - linked conditions. the splitomicin used in parkhurst ' s laboratory was developed by fred hutchinson researchers antonio bedalo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5146731851213244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.612273"} {"text": "##lobin in those with the disease. likewise, parkhurst envisions using sir2 inhibitors to compensate genetically for various certain sex - linked conditions. the splitomicin used in parkhurst ' s laboratory was developed by fred hutchinson researchers antonio bedalov, m. d., ph. d., a research associate the clinical research and human biology divisions ; dan gottschling, ph. d., a member of the basic sciences division ; and julian simon, ph. d., a member of the clinical research division. grants from the national institutes of health supported this work. to obtain a copy of the cell paper \" drosophila sir2 is required for heterochromatic silencing and by euchromatic hairy / e ( spl ) bhlh repressors in segmentation and sex determination, \" contact kristen woodward in fred hutchinson media relations, ( 206 ) 667 - 5095. # # # fred hutchinson cancer research center the fred hutchinson cancer research center, home of two nobel prize laureates, is an independent, nonprofit research institution dedicated to the development and advancement of biomedical technology to eliminate cancer and other potentially fatal diseases. fred hutchinson receives more funding from the national institutes of health than any other independent u. s. research center. recognized internationally for its pioneering work in bone - marrow transplantation, the center ' s four scientific divisions collaborate to form a unique environment for conducting basic and applied science. fred hutchinson, in collaboration with its clinical and research partners, the university of washington academic medical center and children ' s hospital and regional medical center, is the only national cancer institute - designated comprehensive cancer center in the pacific northwest and is one of 38 nationwide. for more information, visit the center ' s web site at www. fhcrc. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5352358416433696, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.615302"} {"text": "discussion about a core curriculum brings to light some fundamental differences in thinking about education and learning. a core curriculum is a set of educational goals that focuses on making sure that all students using it will learn set material tied to age / grade level. the design of the curricula are based on things that do not have much relevance to a homeschooler : grade levels, learning divided into discrete subjects ( math, science, history, etc ), testing goals and classroom management needs. recently the idea of a national core curriculum has been receiving a lot of attention. the core knowledge sequence / common core state standards is a national initiative to create a standard path of education across the states, in part to make sure that students across states have similar academic skills, in part to simplify the production of text books and in part to create a \u201c level \u201d playing field for future job prospects. a recent periodical ( american educator, winter, 2010 - 2011 ) calls the core curriculum an idea whose time has come. the article subtitle reads \u201d how a core curriculum could make our education system run like clockwork. \u201d the article goes on to state : a curriculum sets forth that body of knowledge and skill our children need to grow into economically productive and socially responsible citizens. a common curriculum \u2014 meaning one that is shared by all schools \u2014 is what binds all the different actors together ; instead of going off in radically different directions and inadvertently undermining each other, teachers, administrators, parents, textbook writers, assessment developers, professors of education, and policymakers all work in concert. a common core curriculum \u2014 meaning one that fills roughly two - thirds of instructional time \u2014 leaves teachers ample room to build on students \u2019 interests and address local priorities. in countries with a common core curriculum, the benefits are many : - teachers need not guess what will be on assessments ; if they teach the curriculum, their students will be prepared. - students who change schools are not lost, so time is not wasted on review and remediation. their new teachers may have different lesson plans and projects, but the core content and skills to be mastered in each grade are the same. - textbooks are slim, containing just the material to be learned in a given year ( not hundreds of incoherent pages trying to \u201c align \u201d to different states \u2019 vague standards and different notions of proficiency ). - teacher preparation programs ensure that candidates have mastered the curriculum, and ways to teach it, before they become teachers. - teachers across the hall, across town, and ( thanks to the internet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251750046092885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.631032"} {"text": "different states \u2019 vague standards and different notions of proficiency ). - teacher preparation programs ensure that candidates have mastered the curriculum, and ways to teach it, before they become teachers. - teachers across the hall, across town, and ( thanks to the internet ) across the country are able to collaborate on developing and refining lesson plans and other instructional materials. in other words, a core curriculum is there to help teachers, schools, test companies, textbook manufacturers create an infrastructure for traditional, school based education. the idea of a core curriculum in the presented format doesn \u2019 t make sense for homeschooling. one of the benefits of homeschooling is that the learning process can be tailored to the learner. a curriculum guide uses a variety of sources to create a philosophical framework for education. the choices for what get taught and when are based on sociology, politics, educational theory, developmental psychology and the needs of a large institutional system. what has gotten lost along the way is developing a system of learning that benefits the individual. instead of tying learning to a chart, you can personalize your child \u2019 s learning. a curriculum is a terrific place to find ideas and to help organize your thoughts and plans for learning, but don \u2019 t let it define your family \u2019 s homeschooling. look at two different aspects of education : the learning process & the materials / opportunities. - let ability and comprehension determine the pace of the subject material - assist the learner with taking control of the learning process - spend as much or more time on understanding logic, critical thinking, problem solving, etc as on fact acquisition - learn to examine and evaluate the structure creating the information base being used for learning - teach how to evaluate learning as it is in progress so that the learning process is continually developed - build learning experiences so that the learner can apply previous knowledge and processes to current learning. - don \u2019 t limit learning to the contents of a textbook or syllabus. let the learner follow the ideas and information. - expand the resource base - wider variety of materials, different formats, different interpretations, different sources, different foci. - build learning communities that challenge ideas and create opportunities to talk about ideas & learning - make the most of the community learning opportunities let me start by saying that i agree there is a set of foundation knowledge that makes learning easier. however, people have taken a very large step from the idea of basic skills, ideas and facts to a k - 12 guide detailing what should get taught when. for example, the folks at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47546861491182674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.632232"} {"text": "is a set of foundation knowledge that makes learning easier. however, people have taken a very large step from the idea of basic skills, ideas and facts to a k - 12 guide detailing what should get taught when. for example, the folks at the core curriculum site have stated : the more you know, the more you are able to learn. in one sense, this is a truism. in another, it \u2019 s just wrong. this is a misinterpretation of how learning works. yes, the larger your knowledge base, the more information you have for processing new experiences and ideas. however, a knowledge base is much more than facts. the most critical part of the knowledge base is the ability to process and integrate information in a way that gives you a framework to evaluate new information. programs that focus on facts first, thinking later takes away one of the most valuable learning skills - the ability to put information in context. many educational program will focus on a parts to whole style of instruction. first we \u2019 ll teach the basic components, then we \u2019 ll show how it all goes together and makes sense. others insist that whole to parts is the only way to go. we have to show the ideas as larger concepts, and then we will take it apart and look at what went into it. the assumption in the whole / parts debate is that one method is significantly better than the other. the decision about how to approach a topic and where to start shouldn \u2019 t be set in stone. how much experience does the learner have with the subject? if the ideas are completely new, it is worth taking some time to help the learner get an idea about the larger picture. does the learner have previous understanding of a similar situation which will make decoding this one more straightforward? does the learner see the link between the two situations. instead of worrying about parts and whole, we can focus on finding ways for the learner to determine which learning approach will be best for this situation. the approach will differ from person to person based on learning styles, experience and the materials available. one complaint about asking kids to think critically is that we are really asking them to guess how to figure things out. wouldn \u2019 t it be much simpler to just give them the steps and the facts and go from there? yes, it would \u2013 if your goal is the ability to recall and return a set of preprocessed information. however if your goal is for a student to be able to assess unfamiliar ideas and information and to determine a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5277010706306313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.633401"} {"text": "group 14 - fuji quick snap camera - this page is dedicated entirely to the fuji film quick snap outdoor camera. this camera, which was first introduced in 1986, was a bench mark for other companies. competition and environmental needs lead to the development of the modern quick snap outdoor camera. our objective was to gain intrinsic knowledge on the inner workings of the quick snap camera. how was it manufactured? why was it done this way? how does it work? does the camera seem recyclable? in order to meet this objective, we initially observed our product and made some basic speculations as to the number of components and their function. - after that, we completely disassembled our camera. the disassembly was fairly smooth, and no tools were needed. the snap fits on the camera allowed us to just pry the camera apart. the rest of the inner pieces were pretty easy to remove. keep in mind this is a disposable camera and these parts were not made to endure much. once the camera was completely disassembled, we could evaluate each piece to see how it was made, what it was made from, and what each part \u2019 s function was. this is all listed below. - we then proceeded to put our camera back together with the goal of having it be functional again. however, whether or not our camera truly works properly will be unknown since we had to use all of the film in order to get it into the film cartridge. without doing this, the film would have proved to be an obstruction. - to conclude the project, we took what we learned to make a few suggestions and deductions on our product. these are listed in the after assembly section. overall we found our product to be well made. it was apparent that fuji made this design with their budget and the environment in mind. on the back of the outer casing of our camera was a warning for electric shock. after opening our camera we realized that there was no power source, and concluded that fuji used this casing for various styles of camera. this is smart since it saves them money ; they have fewer molds to make. also, fuji is working to perfect the \u201c inverse manufacturing \u201d process which means that they either re - use or recycle all of their parts. the camera, although simple, had a lot of thought behind it. the fuji quicksnap camera outdoor is the most basic fuji model consumers can buy. this camera has no flash, no special lens, but only the latest in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471161147053053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.657969"} {"text": "their parts. the camera, although simple, had a lot of thought behind it. the fuji quicksnap camera outdoor is the most basic fuji model consumers can buy. this camera has no flash, no special lens, but only the latest in technology for film, the iso 800. obviously technology has advanced since then, but this camera was the first of its kind. this camera was built for people that don \u2019 t want to pay for extra features they don ' t need. this lightweight simple to use camera comes with 4 easy steps right on the cardboard cover. - buono, christa - technical researcher, after assembly - harrison, cassandra - cad drawings - heiermann, adam - presentor, disassembly, assembly - robinson, alex - group leader, presentor - wells, michele - technical researcher before disassembly section - the purpose of this product is for the consumer to easily capture images. the consumer takes their 27 shots, then brings it to a place that develops photos, and in as little as an hour they have their pictures! this product was designed to be simple and easy to use. along with function ability, the disposable camera was made so that it could be sold at an inexpensive price. this way it targets most consumers. these features allow the disposable camera to compete with the digital world. consumers who are concerned about breaking their digital cameras, or who can ' t afford one can easily turn to the disposables. - since this camera is so inexpensive we have to believe that all of the energy conversions are mechanical. also, since there is no flash feature there is no need for electrical energy. when the consumer advances the film, they transfer their energy to the wheel which in turn mechanically transfers its energy to another device in the camera. however, since we have yet to disassemble the camera, it is hard to know for sure what exactly happens. - we received a completely brand new camera and it worked perfectly. to use the camera, all we had to do was advance the film wheel, point and shoot. when you advance the wheel it makes a clicking sound. when you push down on the button to take the picture it makes a click sound. it was simple and easy to use and appeared to have no issues. - by knowing the basics of how a camera works, we can make an assumption on how many components make up the camera. we know there must be the advancement wheel, the film, the two outer casings which make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4921826453635843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.660552"} {"text": "appeared to have no issues. - by knowing the basics of how a camera works, we can make an assumption on how many components make up the camera. we know there must be the advancement wheel, the film, the two outer casings which make the camera, a track for the film to follow, the lens, a shutter, the button, a device that transfers the kinetic energy from the wheel to the film, and a device from the button to the shutter. overall we can approximate about 14 components. this is making the assumption that each of the inner \" devices \" are composed of at least 2 parts each. - by looking at this product we can tell that it is mostly made out of plastic. the basis of the camera is made of a thick black plastic while the lens and the view finder appear to be made of a clear plastic. also, there is a cheap cardboard cover over the camera that serves the purpose of aesthetics, advertisement, and liability protection. before beginning, check to ensure the film count reads \" 0 \". this will guarantee the film is enclosed in the canister and will not interfere with the disassembly. - note : only human hands were used as tools for this disassembly. there was no need for anything else. disassembly procedure table | step number | | process | | level of difficulty | | image | | 1 | | pry open the film canister housing and remove the canister. | | easy, this is the only action a film processor has to perform. | | 2 | | unsnap the outer cover from the inner shell. | | medium, you must unsnap four snaps at the proper timing or it will reseat itself. | | 3 | | remove the lens. | | easy, with the outer cover removed, there is nothing holding the lens in place. | | 4 | | slide out outer viewfinder lens. | | easy, with the outer cover removed, this is also not secured. | | 5 | | remove the viewfinder casing. | | easy, it slides off. | | 6 | | slide out the inner viewfinder lens. | | medium, even with the covering removed there is an obstruction. | | 7 | | slide off the counter wheel. | | easy, this is not restrained. | | 8 | | slide off the advance lock. | | easy, this is also not restrained now. | | 9 | | slide off the shutter trigger. | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4607404757720585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.662215"} {"text": "slide off the counter wheel. | | easy, this is not restrained. | | 8 | | slide off the advance lock. | | easy, this is also not restrained now. | | 9 | | slide off the shutter trigger. | | medium, as you remove this the torsional spring will be removed as well. | | 10 | | push out the film advance wheel. | | medium, this is restrained by the rear casing. | | 11 | | pry the rear housing open. | | hard, this has a factory adhesive and is not supposed to be opened in this manner. | | 12 | | slide out the spindle. | | easy, with the back open, this is not restrained. | | 13 | | pop the lens holder off. | | medium, this require a light pressure and confidence to not break it. | | 14 | | slide the shutter and shutter spring off. | | medium, this is tough to get at, once you find the angle it comes quite easily. | - the marking on the plastic casing indicates that the product is made of polystyrene. this is plausible since ps is naturally colorless by nature and can be used in molds of fine detail. however, we found sustainabilty report from fuji saying that polyethylene was a material that they used. this too is possible since this is commonly used and is very similar to ps. this is why we listed thermoplastics for all of our plastic parts. | part number | | part name | | quantity | | function of part | | part material | | manufacturing process | | image of part | | 1 | | outer cover | | 1 | | protection | | thermoplastic | | injection molding | | 3 | | lens | | 1 | | focus the image | | thermoplastic | | investment casting | | 4 | | lens holder | | 1 | | hold and protect the lens | | thermoplastic | | injection molding | | 5 | | shutter | | 1 | | controls exposure | | thermoplastic | | injection molding | | 6 | | shutter spring | | 1 | | close the shutter after exposure | | music wire | | extruded and then machined | | 7 | | outer viewfinder lens | | 1 | | along with the inner lens, provides the user a view of what they are capturing | | thermoplastic | | investment casting | | 8 | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.452234787615154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.663407"} {"text": "into hole. | | 5 | | place the shutter trigger back in. | | medium, it has to be adjusted to fit the tension spring back in. | | 6 | | reinsert the tension spring. | | hard, this is the hardest part of either the disassembly or assembly. | | 7 | | slide the advance lock back into position. | | medium, this requires some alignment of the torsion spring. | | 8 | | reinsert the inner and outer viewfinder lenses. | | easy, they just slide in. | | 9 | | place the counter wheel back on its peg. | | easy, just set it on. | | 10 | | reattach the viewfinder housing. | | medium, you have to properly align the components then slip it on. | | 11 | | place the film advance wheel back into position and snap the rear casing back into position. | | easy, just line everything up and snap. | | 12 | | place the lens back into position and snap the outer cover back in place. | | easy, snap snap and the camera is reassembled. | | 12a | | reinsert the film canister. | | easy, just push into place and close. | - the only major modification to the disassembly steps was to wait until the end to resecure the back casing. this provided additional working room while performing the other steps. - after completely dissassembling the fugi quick snap camera and evaluating each piece we now have a clearer view as to how this camera works. first, the consumer has to advance the wheel so that the film will be in its proper place. when you spin the wheel, the gear design embedded in the bottom part aligns with the gear pattern in the film cartridge. spinning the wheel advances the film into the cartridge. not only does this gear - the product works first by the user looking through the focus lens and centering the object that they wish to take the picture of. pressing the button releases the spring loaded shutter allowing the film to be exposed to the image for a short period of time. after the user has taken the picture, to prepare the next piece of the film they need to turn the winder which in turn, winds gears that move through the holes along the top of the film. this places the next piece of film ready for exposure. while turning the film advance wheel the gear it connects to turns another gear which will then turn the counter to keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44410136404997447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.666914"} {"text": "in turn, winds gears that move through the holes along the top of the film. this places the next piece of film ready for exposure. while turning the film advance wheel the gear it connects to turns another gear which will then turn the counter to keep track of the amount of exposures that are left. - analysis could be used to design and test the product in many fields such as stress, material, force, and ergonomic. stress is a very important component to test for this product since it will be carried to many different places by the user. it will be handle frequently as well as put in backpacks, purses, and suitcases during travel. the housing must be able to support the film inside and protect the pictures taken by the user. the material is must also be tested for its ability to with stand alot of handling and rubbing from other objects. the material must be able to with stand a varity of temperatures given it will be taken mostly on trips which involve climate changes. the force analysis will test the cameras abiliie to withstand froces being placed on various places of the frame. - they are reverse of one another. we still used the same set of tools. we were not able to put the product back together because the back of the camera was broken off since, when the film is developed it is released from a small hole in the bottom, therefore the store never needs to open it up to take out the film. the back of the camera was snapped off during the disassembly process so the group would be able to view the inside parts. fujifilm usa the manufacturer of our product. wikimedia international organization responsible for wikipedia and other projects. mediawiki the software that drexel uses to host this wiki. template the template supplied as a base, included a brief tutorial on writing wiki.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5040701038260564, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.668146"} {"text": "this problem has many valid solutions. one of them works a little like your description, but instead of slicing the polygons at \" random \" locations you can do it purposefully in a way designed to minimize the amount of computation. here is the basic algorithm. its input consists of any plane sweep direction, a polygon p of nonzero area, a target area a between zero and the polygon ' s area, and a nonnegative threshold t ( in units of area ). its purpose is to split p with a line perpendicular to the sweep direction into two parts, one to the right of the line and the other to the left of the line, such that the difference between the righthand area and the target area a is no greater than t. let l be any oriented line perpendicular to the sweep direction. define f ( l ) to be the area of p found at the right of l, minus a. in these terms the task is to find a zero of f. because f is unlikely to be differentiable, but is continuous, use either a bisection method, the secant method, or - - my favorite - - brent ' s method. all are simple and guaranteed to converge. use t for the convergence tolerance for the argument. that ' s it. let ' s consider what goes into coding this. the root finding is routine - - you can use a generic chunk of code for it - - so the gis work comes down to coding f. doing so requires 1. splitting the polygon by a line. 2. computing the area of the piece ( s ) to the right of the line. both operations are implemented in almost any vector - based gis. if not, you can replace the line by a very large rectangle representing the half - plane to the right of the line. step 1 becomes 1 '. clip the polygon to the rectangle. that is a really basic operation. to get started with root finding, you need to find an interval in which the zero of f is guaranteed to lie. this is easy : project the polygon ' s envelope ( \" bounding box \" ) into the direction of the line sweep. the projection is the interval you want. this question has a long history. i implemented this algorithm for arcview 3. x long ago and described it many times in the old esri user forums. google huber split polygon site : forums. esri. com for discussions, links to code, enhancements and variations ( such as splitting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48291583795224435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.675135"} {"text": "1 ) a small rodent with long hind feet and a long furry tail. 2 ) born in rural tennessee, this historical figure later went on to be a us representative. at age 49, he was among the 189 defenders who died defending the alamo. 3 ) a natural body of water, surrounded by land, with no currents or waves. because of this lack of regular movement, water temperature remains fairly consistent throughout. 4 ) light yellow and flecked with black, ice cream named by this flavor is actually a custard loaded with egg yolks. 5 ) the essence of a living thing that supposedly crosses over to the afterlife. 6 ) a person, usually homeless, who travels and looks for work. 7 ) eggs from chickens with reddish - brown feathers. this variety of egg tends to be more expensive than others. 8 ) a fully mechanical device that may or may not resemble a human being. 9 ) an aquatic mammal with a hooked dorsal fin, a friendly demeanor and a squeal that humans can hear. 10 ) the phrase formally recognized by the national weather service to describe conditions that are a combination of sun and clouds. 11 ) what you drive on in a city. 12 ) an outdated term for a product that is no longer in use. let me see the answers - - i must know more! let me try the other quiz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5635862982533845, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.677724"} {"text": "very efficient algorithms exist to draw cubic bezier curves. in fact, these algorithms are so efficient that other types of curves are often converted to bezier curves. for example, it is possible to approximate a 90 degree circular arc with a bezier curve. recall that a cubic bezier curve has four control points. derive the coordinates of the four control points of a bezier curve that approximates this circular arc. this approximation should touch and be tangent to the arc at both endpoints as well as the midpoint. hint : find control points such that the midpoint of the bezier curve ( t = 1 / 2 ) lies on the midpoint of the circular arc. let p0, p1, p2 and p3 be the four control points of the bezier curve. p0 and p3 must be coincident with the endpoints. thus, p0 = ( 0, 1 ) and p3 = ( 1, 0 ). p1 and p2 must be chosen so that the curve is tangent to the arc. the tangent to the arc at ( 0, 1 ) is ( 1, 0 ) ; thus, p1 must have the same y coordinate as p0. similarly, the tangent at ( 1, 0 ) is ( 0, 1 ), and thus p2 must have the same x coordinate as p3. since the arc is symmetric, the best approximating bezier curve should also be symmetric. thus, p1 = ( a, 1 ) and p2 = ( 1, a ). the final unknown a can be found by requiring the midpoint of the bezier curve to like at the midpoint of the arc, ( sqrt ( 2 ) / 2, sqrt ( 2 ) / 2 ). using the midpoint subdivision rule, we arrive at the following : p0 p1 p2 p3 ( 0, 1 ) ( a, 1 ) ( 1, a ) ( 1, 0 ) 1 / 2 ( a, 2 ) 1 / 2 ( 1 + a, 1 + a ) 1 / 2 ( 2, a ) 1 / 4 ( 1 + 2a, 3 + a ) 1 / 4 ( 3 + a, 1 + 2a ) 1 / 8 ( 4 + 3a, 4 + 3a ) seting 1 / 4 ( 4 + 3a ) = sqrt ( 2 ) / 2 and solving for a we get a = 4 ( sqrt ( 2 ) - 1 ) / 3 =. 552. + 6 points for getting the end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41466308054179535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.683163"} {"text": "seting 1 / 4 ( 4 + 3a ) = sqrt ( 2 ) / 2 and solving for a we get a = 4 ( sqrt ( 2 ) - 1 ) / 3 =. 552. + 6 points for getting the endpoints right. + 6 points for getting the tangent contraints right. + 4 points for noticing the symmetric and reducing the problem to a single unknown. + 4 points for knowing the correct subdivision rules, for being able to evaulate the bezier curve at the midpoint. certain errors resulted in the following deductions : - 2 for formulating the problem correctly but making a math error in the final answer. there were lots of answers that we almost right. most of these received 14 points. they were wrong in that they did not satisfy the constraints that the curve should go through the endpoints and touch the midpoint. one common solution was to compute the intersection of a 45 degree downward sloping line with the y = 1 and x = 1 lines and setting p1 and p2 to the points of intersections. several bisected the 45 degree angle and computed the intersection of a line through the origin at 22. 5 with the x = 1 and y = 1 lines, and used those intersection points as the control points. another common error was to use a quadratic bezier curve ; or to use subdivision rules that reduced to the quadratic case. another approach was to reduce the problem to hermite interpolation by setting the endpoint and tangent conditions. this can be made to work, but you must find a way to constrain the curve to go through the midpoint. a clever approach was to try to set the tangent of the bezier curve at the midpoint to have a slope of - 1 and try to find separate bezier curves for top and bottom part of the arc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46169048513386546, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.684166"} {"text": "the canadian lynx the canadian lynx stands about 30 - 40 cms tall, and ranges in length from about 90 - 110 cms. they weigh anywhere between 10 - 20 kgs. the lynx has characteristics that stand out, such as its amazing triangular shaped ears with black tufts at the end. the lynx usually has thick light brown or grayish colored fur which helps to keep it warm during cold winters. they have large paws which assist them in moving fast through the snow. the canadian lynx inhabits canada, and also the northern united states and alaska. | these cats are too small to hunt people, but will hunt domesticated cats and birds, etc. the lynx is a carnivorous animal, meaning that it only feeds on meat. the lynx feeds on the snowshoe hare wherever possible, and will feed solely on these if given the opportunity. their sharp claws and teeth aid them in their hunt, and they can bring down animals as large as a deer. the lynx is also known to store food for later consumption, and they do this by covering the carrion ( dead animal ) with snow. they are agile creatures, and can climb trees with ease. they will use their position in a tree as a vantage point, spotting potential prey. once spotted, they can leap from the branch and pounce on their prey. after the lynx has bought down its prey, and ready to feast it may be interrupted by animals such as the wolverine. the wolverine will growl and snare at the lynx, and the lynx will not contest with the wolverine, leaving its fresh kill for the other animal. amazing fact : the canadian lynx will cover its prey with snow for later feeding. further information on the canadian lynx : e - mail email @ example. com to add your canadian lynx related website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36176565664330607, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.686418"} {"text": "invite people to consider events and possibilities from the vantage point of either the past or the future, in order to change assumptions about what is possible in the present. people have a tendency to believe that however things are now is how they will always be, and perhaps how they have always been. many of their assumptions maintain the status quo, blocking possibilities of doing things differently. for example, there is a phrase among quakers when faced with a stick - in - the - mud member : \" there won ' t be a change on that until there ' s been a few good quaker funerals. \" this belief itself can prevent change from taking place. people may respond by aiming deliberately low for what they see as achievable instead of what they really want, by questioning the value of collaboration, or being generally pessimistic. time shifting is one way of opening up new possibilities. occasionally time shifting may also be helpful in confronting unwarranted optimism, e. g. \" if we build it they will come. \" by envisioning the future and how to get from here to there, that assumption too may be unpacked, to be replaced with realistic preparation. instructions & variations : time shift methods may engage the whole group together, or invite individual contemplation and / or research ( see subgroup and whole group ), that then affects the whole group field and the individuals. there is also a spectrum of structure from telling stories, to providing incomplete stories and inviting people to complete them, to asking people open - ended questions. a more structured method such as scenario planning requires significant research to create credible possibilities distinct from the assumptions people have in the present. the company that is currently the leading practioner of this method is global business network. their method involves identifying driving forces, then constructing stories about how these forces could interact to produce different outcomes. for example, michael raynor worked with the canadian institute for chartered accountants to come up with four scenarios, based on positive and negative predictions of two factors ( market volatility and key economic metrics such as housing and oil prices ). if you provide incomplete stories about the future or past, you can then invite people to respond by stepping into the gap between what is known and what might or might not happen. for example, you can explain a situation, and then offer several possible outcomes, asking people at each item whether or not they think that particular outcome will happen. in working with incomplete stories people become invested in learning more and exploring possibilities that expand existing horizons. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5577722410619761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.694158"} {"text": ", you can explain a situation, and then offer several possible outcomes, asking people at each item whether or not they think that particular outcome will happen. in working with incomplete stories people become invested in learning more and exploring possibilities that expand existing horizons. if you ask a personal, future - looking question, like \" how do you think your job life will change? \" many people cannot leap directly to a novel or useful answer. in contrast, asking \" what happened in the last five years that was surprising? \" primes people to realize that quite dramatic changes have happened in the past and helps them have more expansive ideas about the future. this principle is the basis of appreciative inquiry, which deliberately investigates the best experiences of the past in order to create the most desirable future. time shifting is quite commonly used for groups working on their vision. \" imagine it ' s 5 years from now and all your dreams for this organization have come true. what ' s happening? look around and tell us what you see. \" a classic version during the early stages of a forming intentional community is to have people imagine that they ' ve already moved in and are welcoming a visit from a grandchild or close friend, showing them around ; or that they are writing a letter describing the community to their cousin who ' s never visited. while use of this pattern for visioning is appropriate, it can often be applied productively on other occasions too. joanna macy and other practitioners of the the work that reconnects have developed many fine exercises based on explorations in what they call deep time, which takes a view of experience encompassing generations ( sometimes across thousands of years, as when they work on nuclear issues ). for example, in their exercise double circle ( see coming back to life, p. 146 ), participants sit in two concentric circles ( inner circle faces out, outer circle faces in, forming pairs ). one circle imagines they are seven generations in the future, having survived the crises of the past era, while the other \" younger \" circle continues to think from a present - day perspective. the younger circle interviews their distant elders, asking questions such as : - \" what has your experience been? \" - \" how did you meet the challenges? \" - \" what helped you keep your resilience through so much loss, chaos and change? \" - \" what did people learn from living through all that? \" as tom atlee describes, \" imagineering embraces any use of imaginative narrative to realize, create, or catalyze in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5665004757775096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.695208"} {"text": "in the average healthy human being alcohol is metabolized by the liver at the rate of about one standard drink ( 0. 6 oz ethanol ) per hour. in people who frequently engage in heavy drinking alcohol tolerance develops. changes occur in the brain and the liver which work to adapt them to the steady presence of alcohol. when alcohol tolerance develops people need to drink much more alcohol to get the same effect as they used to. reverse tolerance occurs when a heavy drinker develops liver damage and the liver no longer produces as great a quantity of the enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the body as it did before. since people with a lot of alcoholic liver damage can no longer metabolize alcohol very well, these people can get very intoxicated on small quantities of alcohol - - much smaller quantities than are needed to affect the person who rarely drinks. this phenomenon is known as reverse tolerance. the way that reverse tolerance can develop over a lifetime is illustrated by the curve in figure 1. as we can see from figure 1, tolerance in an adult who has never had a drink of alcohol in his / her life remains steady. once a person begins to drink alcohol on a regular basis the dose response goes down - - in other words the same dose of alcohol produces less intoxication than it used to. saying that the dose response to alcohol goes down is exactly the same as saying that alcohol tolerance goes up - - and vice versa. dose response and tolerance are mirror images of each other. as long as a steady consumption of alcohol is maintained, tolerance will tend to increase and dose response will tend to drop. if liver damage begins to occur, however, tolerance will begin to drop once again and dose response will tend to increase. when there is sufficient damage to the liver there will be considerably less tolerance and considerably greater dose response to alcohol than there was before the person ever took their first drink. it is important to note that most heavy drinkers do not develop liver damage or reverse tolerance. the majority of heavy drinkers will not suffer liver damage and hence will not develop reverse tolerance. one should be very careful not to confuse reverse tolerance with the healthy tolerance reversal which occurs when a heavy drinker does a period of abstinence from alcohol or a period of moderate drinking. when the amount of alcohol to which the liver is exposed on a daily basis is greatly decreased, liver enzymes begin to return to normal levels and alcohol tolerance ( as well as dose response ) tends to return to levels similar to those before the subject began drinking heavily. the essential difference between reverse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49124084760317965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.701682"} {"text": "the liver is exposed on a daily basis is greatly decreased, liver enzymes begin to return to normal levels and alcohol tolerance ( as well as dose response ) tends to return to levels similar to those before the subject began drinking heavily. the essential difference between reverse tolerance and healthy tolerance reversal is that reverse tolerance is caused by damage to the liver which is often irreversible. in healthy tolerance reversal the liver is actually becoming more healthy than it was during the period of heavy drinking - - and the reason why the tolerance is dropping is that the excessive and unhealthy levels of liver enzymes associated with heavy drinking are now returning to normal and healthy levels. in reverse tolerance many of the cells needed to produce these enzymes have died and that is the reason why less of the enzymes are produced. in healthy tolerance reversal the liver cells are going back to producing normal levels of these enzymes rather than the excessive levels which they produced during the heavy drinking period - - no cells die when healthy tolerance reversal takes place. a period of abstinence may not necessarily return tolerance to the same levels as before the person ever took a drink of alcohol, however, an abstinence period significantly reduces tolerance from the levels it was at during the time of heavy drinking. figure 2 illustrates the course of healthy tolerance reversal in a typical individual. how much time is needed for healthy tolerance reversal to take place? there is not an exact answer to this. tolerance will start dropping as soon as heavy drinking ceases, but experts say that it takes a month or two for the full effect of healthy tolerance reversal to take place. for more information about alcohol tolerance please visit our web page what is alcohol tolerance?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4476666962674781, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.702864"} {"text": "bad ideas never die. the automobile was invented by karl benz in 1885 and the airplane by the wright brothers in 1903. just three years later the first flying car story appeared. and in the 98 years since then, flying cars have received copious coverage in the nation ' s media. in 1945, ted hall introduced his flying car, a development that was received by a wildly enthusiastic public. roads would become obsolete, traffic jams a thing of the past. every major aircraft manufacturer hoped to cash in on hall ' s invention. the lucky buyer was convair. in july of 1946, convair introduced hall ' s flight of fancy as the convair model 118 convaircar. company management confidently predicted minimum sales of 160, 000 units a year. in spite of the hype, only two convaircars were ever built. in 1949, moulton taylor introduced the aerocar, a sporty runabout with detachable wings and tail. the aerocar received a tremendous amount of publicity at the time. the ford motor company considered mass - producing it, figuring they could sell 25, 000 a year. bad ideas never really die. in its november 9, 1998 issue, fortune devoted a two - page spread to the aerocar. \" people dream of this, \" said the aerocar ' s current owner. \" they want to get off the highway and get lost in the clouds. \" as recently as august 2, 2002, the new york times carried a major story ( nearly a full page ) on the taylor aerocar. \" a car with wings, \" said the times \" is many a flyboy ' s dream machine. \" then there ' s paul moller who has spent four decades developing the m400 skycar. today, $ 200 million, 43 patents and three wives later, his dream has still not taken off, although it has received extensive coverage in the wall street journal, the new york times, forbes, investor ' s business daily and two big stories in usa today, including one just last month. convergence captures the imagination, but divergence captures the market. today we have many types of airplanes ( jet planes, prop planes, helicopters ) and many types of automobiles ( sedans, convertibles, station wagons, minivans, sport - utility vehicles. ) no flying cars though. why divergence and not convergence? because convergence requires compromise and divergence satisfies the evolving needs of different market segments. an automobile needs to be heavy enough to stay on the highway ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4884377411611309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.711879"} {"text": ", sport - utility vehicles. ) no flying cars though. why divergence and not convergence? because convergence requires compromise and divergence satisfies the evolving needs of different market segments. an automobile needs to be heavy enough to stay on the highway ; an airplane needs to be light enough to take off from a runway. no flying car will ever be as drivable as an automobile or as flyable as an airplane. the autoboat, another convergence concept that has been floating around for decades, suffers from the same disease. \" drives like a boat, floats like a car, \" is the consumer ' s verdict. convergence has become an obsession in the high - tech and consumer electronic industries, especially at microsoft. \" has william h. gates become the captain ahab of the information age? \" asked the new york times. \" mr. gates ' white whale remains an elusive digital set - top cable box that his company, the microsoft corporation, is hoping will re - create the personal computer industry by blending the pc, the internet and the television set into a leviathan living - room entertainment and information machine. \" in 1999, microsoft pumped $ 5 billion into at & t and secured a contract to install its tv software in as many as 10 million at & t set - top boxes. not a single box made it to the top of a television set serviced by an at & t cable system and since at & t is now out of the cable business, the contract is just another convergence dead end. irreconcilable differences will always doom such convergence concepts. television is a \" passive \" medium ; the internet is an \" active \" medium. a couch potato will never put up with the complexities of interactive tv and an internet junkie will never surf the net with an awkward box designed for another purpose. like automobiles, different market segments demand different products. yet the press, the pundits and virtually the entire high - tech community is solidly behind the convergence concept. who could possibly doubt that one day it will all happen? any student of history, that ' s who. \" those who cannot remember the past, \" wrote george santayana, \" are condemned to repeat it. \" divergence is more than a theoretical concept ; it ' s a law of nature. in his book the origin of species, charles darwin credits divergence for the millions of species that now populate the earth, like the many branches of a tree that diverge from a single trunk. \" the great tree of life \" was his metaphor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5217259260924452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.713234"} {"text": "in his book the origin of species, charles darwin credits divergence for the millions of species that now populate the earth, like the many branches of a tree that diverge from a single trunk. \" the great tree of life \" was his metaphor for the creation of species. darwin ' s genius was in recognizing that species like cats and dogs might have a common ancestor, but that they had \" branched off \" or diverged in response to environmental changes. over time, the differences between each species becomes exaggerated. in darwin ' s terms, \" nature favors the extremes. \" the computer might have had a common ancestor ( the mainframe ), but today we also have midrange computers, network computers, personal computers, laptop computers, tablet computers and handheld computers. the computer didn ' t converge with another technology. it diverged in response to consumer demands. television might have had a common ancestor ( broadcast tv ), but today we also have cable tv, satellite tv and pay - per - view tv. also analog and digital tv. regular and high - definition tv. standard ( 4 / 3 ) and widescreen ( 16 / 9 ) formats. television didn ' t converge with another medium. it diverged in response to consumer demands. the telephone might have had a common ancestor, but today we also have cordless phones, headset phones, cellphones and satellite phones. also analog and digital phones. the telephone didn ' t converge with another technology. it diverged in response to consumer demands. companies today are pouring billions of dollars into such convergence concepts as smart phones, smart gas pumps, smart homes, smart watches, smart clothing, smart refrigerators, smart toilets and smart appliances. this is a tragic waste of time and money. companies would be more innovative, more profitable and more successful if they would focus on the opposite idea : divergence. but don ' t count on it. as you can see, bad ideas never die.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5272084559460491, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.714298"} {"text": "bringing design to software \u00a9 addison - wesley, 1996 profile 10. hypercard, director, and visual basic profile author : terry winograd when donald schon ( chapter 9 ) speaks of an artist, such as a sculptor, who is engaged in a conversation with the medium, we can imagine the picture clearly. the sculptor molds clay or chips stone, and then she looks at and feels the sculpture to see what it has become. creative designing lies in the interplay between intention and the surprise at what emerges. everyone who has written interactive software has experienced the same interplay. the programmer writes some code, runs it, and sees how it behaves and feels. the results are partially expected, partially surprising, and they feed into the next cycle of design. the ability to shape and reshape software requires a capacity for rapid prototyping - for turning an unarticulated idea into a working prototype quickly enough to be able to change it, to listen to it, even to throw it out and to go on to another. in this activity, the nature of the programming language and environment can make a large difference - perhaps as large as the difference between modeling in clay and sculpting in stone. the goals and possibilities are varied, and they are reflected in prototyping tools that are suitable for different prototyping cultures, as described by michael schrage ( chapter 10 ). in the organizational process of design, it matters whether the prototypes are done as a program or as cardboard or video mockups. some prototyping purposes are effectively achieved with highly refined pixel graphics ; others are better served by scanned - in pencil sketches. sometimes, functionality is a key issue in the prototype ; at other times, the prototype needs only to be a facade that demonstrates a look and feel. current software design - practice relies heavily on software systems that were created to enable rapid prototyping. hundreds of such systems are available on dozens of platforms, each with its own features and problems. some are called authoring tools, others prototyping languages, and others development platforms. what they share in common is a focus on making it easy for designers to build, and then to experience, interfaces and the programs that lie behind them. three of these systems are profiled here, to illustrate schrage ' s points about how prototyping tools affect both the activity and results of prototyping. bill atkinson and his team developed hypercard at apple computer in 1987, as the next step in the path that apple had proclaimed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5381959413942492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.723004"} {"text": "illustrate schrage ' s points about how prototyping tools affect both the activity and results of prototyping. bill atkinson and his team developed hypercard at apple computer in 1987, as the next step in the path that apple had proclaimed in the slogan for the macintosh : the computer for the rest of us. hypercard ushered in a new capacity of programming for the rest of us, promising to enable every macintosh user to become an application designer. since hypercard was given away free with every macintosh system, it quickly became a widespread standard ( an example followed by later products, such as mosaic, as described in profile 5 ). hypercard ' s card - stack metaphor was appropriate for many new applications, and led to a proliferation creative programs that exploited its novel interface techniques. hypercard ' s primary place in software design, however, is due to its utility as a general scriptable interface builder, providing direct - manipulation creation of interfaces that are based on standard graphical user - interface elements, such as icons, buttons, text fields, and scrolling windows. the writers of hypercard applications range from sophisticated interaction designers to schoolchildren. in fact, hypercard is now one of the most popular and widespread programming environments for students from elementary school through college. hypercard ' s programming language, hypertalk, differs from conventional programming languages in using englishlike constructions, such as \" put the number of this card into card field xyz. \" this format makes hypertalk more approachable for novices, but is awkward for experienced programmers. the stacks ( as programs are called ) that have been built in hypercard range from juvenile exercises to sophisticated exploration games, such as spelunx ( cyan, 1991 ) and earthquest ( earthquest, 1991 ). it is impossible to show a typical hypercard screen, since hypercard ' s facilities to draw artwork onto cards have been used to produce every look imaginable. figure 10. 4 shows a demonstration stack that comes with the hypercard application, and is typical of one widespread style of hypercard use. > > > > > > insert figure 10. 4 about here < < < < < < figure 10. 4 hypercard appointment book this simple application demonstrates several of hypercard ' s commonly used facilities for prototyping, such as text fields, buttons, icons, and the ability to create cards with a graphic look that mimics print conventions. ( source : by permission, apple computer. ) the hypercard culture emphasizes ease of use, and encourages simple, playful designs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5519038882271207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.724244"} {"text": "such as text fields, buttons, icons, and the ability to create cards with a graphic look that mimics print conventions. ( source : by permission, apple computer. ) the hypercard culture emphasizes ease of use, and encourages simple, playful designs. although some hypercard prototypes have a high degree of sophistication and polish, many are immediately recognizable as hypercard by their use of common icons, buttons, clip art, and other standard visual elements. hypercard ' s limitations, such as slow execution and limited support for use of color, have been ameliorated in later versions and successors, such as supercard, but the overall niche remains the same. for applications requiring complex computation, portability to different environments, and efficient performance, the hypercard prototype is discarded after testing, and the final code is written in another programming environment. macromedia ' s director represents a point at the opposite end of the user spectrum from hypercard. director was designed for use by sophisticated multimedia developers, and rather than being bundled free, it costs several hundred dollars. its appeal lies not in its ease of use, but rather in the sophisticated results that can be produced by users who are willing to learn complex mechanisms. in particular, it can be used for animations that are well beyond the capabilities of most other software - development languages. the metaphor of director ( as its name suggests ) is that of the stage or of an animated film. a director application is built around a score, which represents a carefully coordinated and timed sequence of activities by a cast of characters. the basic programming structures offers frame - by - frame animation of the kind used in producing movie cartoons. by using director ' s scripting language, lingo, the designer can synchronize sound and motion in sophisticated ways. in contrast to hypercard ' s aim to be usable on even the smallest macintosh, director emphasizes high - quality graphics, animation, sound, and video, and hence requires relatively high - end hardware. although director does provide support for standard macintosh interface elements, such as buttons and text fields, it encourages designers to produce more open - ended and graphically original interfaces, making use of high resolution graphics, video, and animation ( figure 10. 5 ). > > > > > > insert figure 10. 5 about here < < < < < < figure 10. 5 director prototype this interface for exploring a music collection was designed by students in the program in interaction design at the utrecht school of the arts. it includes many active elements, such as the icons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.506854890928885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.725247"} {"text": "5 about here < < < < < < figure 10. 5 director prototype this interface for exploring a music collection was designed by students in the program in interaction design at the utrecht school of the arts. it includes many active elements, such as the icons and menu items, and also the 3 - dimensional data display, which can be rotated and modified by direct manipulation. ( source : courtesy of the utrecht school of the arts. ) for specialized applications, such as a multimedia information kiosk, director is suitable for a final product. in many other cases designers use it to give a polished demonstration of what an application might look like, concentrating on the interface without trying to implement all of the functionality. since lingo was developed as a supporting language for animation, rather than as a regular programming language, it is not well suited to performing sophisticated computation behind the interface. visual basic was developed for microsoft ' s windows operating system, which positioned it for a market different from the hypercard users on the macintosh. instead of aiming for every schoolchild and home - recipe - book creator, visual basic was designed for professional system developers, who are competent programmers but are not user - interface wizards. visual basic is designed to enable a programmer to create interfaces using the facilities of the windows environment with relative ease. visual basic is built around a simple, conventional programming language ( a variant of basic ), in conjunction with a direct - manipulation interface builder. the designer can create and place standard interface elements, set and modify their properties, and associate them with programs that operate when they are invoked by a user of the interface. a typical visual basic application does not have the flash and originality of many hypercard stacks or director prototypes, but instead operates within the normal interface conventions for windows applications ( figure 10. 6 ). the programming environment makes it easy for the designer to convert a visual basic project into an executable file that can be distributed and run by users who do not have the visual basic system, on any computer that runs windows. > > > > > > insert figure 10. 6 about here < < < < < < figure 10. 6 application built in visual basic this prototype for a workflow system makes use of standard windows visual elements, such as a toolbar, buttons, tables, and checklists. ( source : courtesy of action technologies. ) the visual basic culture emphasizes software engineering and programming values : efficiency of execution, straightforward logical design, and minimal use of machine resources, such as memory. the focus is not on making it beautiful, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5119385510905227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.726235"} {"text": ". ( source : courtesy of action technologies. ) the visual basic culture emphasizes software engineering and programming values : efficiency of execution, straightforward logical design, and minimal use of machine resources, such as memory. the focus is not on making it beautiful, but rather on making it work. the integration of visual basic into the windows system makes it possible to deliver end - applications that use visual basic interfaces and perform sophisticated computation, without incurring high computational costs. in this sense, we might think of visual basic as less of a prototyping language and more of a development language - many of the interfaces built with it are intended directly as products, rather than as footholds in the software design process ( see chapter 11 ). robert arnson, daniel rosen, mitchell waite, and jonathan zuck. waite group ' s microsoft visual basic how - to. publishers group west, 1990 ( second edition in press ). danny goodman. the complete hypercard 2. 2 handbook ( fourth edition ). new york : random house, 1993. jason roberts. drector demystified. berkeley, ca : peach pit press, 1995. terry winograd. environments for software design. communications of the acm, 38 : 6 ( june 1995 ), 65 - 74.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5222002766267356, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.726778"} {"text": "schools ' chemical hygiene officers there have been several state - funded chemical clean - outs for high schools. schools with chemicals on the state banned - chemicals list should have them properly disposed of as soon as possible. for private chemical disposal services, there are several companies certified to transport hazardous waste. for information on specific companies, consult the safechemri listserv to find out who other chemical hygiene officers have used in the past. you may want to call several companies to compare costs. common mistakes made in the utilization of acid storage cabinets - incompatible storage of concentrated nitric acid ( oxidizer ) with glacial acetic acid ( a - incompatible storage of concentrated nitric acid ( oxidizer ) with ethyl alcohol or acetone ( flammable, but not acids ). - storage of multiple bottles of the same reagent ( epa regulations allow storage of no more than one year \u2019 s supply of any one hazardous chemical ). - storage of acids in bottles with glass stoppers instead of vapor - proof screw - on plastic - storage of bases in acid cabinets ( mixing concentrated acids and bases results in an extremely exothermic reaction ). - storage of concentrated acids with concentrated ammonia ( also a base ). acid and ammonia vapors mix and form a white coating of ammonium chloride on everything in the cabinet. - storage of acid bottles without appropriate secondary containment such as plastic - use of a metal cabinet to store acids. corrosive acid vapors are best contained by a cabinet made out of coated wood or plastic laminate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44185546232347883, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.730203"} {"text": "a rational diet for bodybuilders in the 1970s, weight lifters \u2014 now called bodybuilders \u2014 bragged about eating a dozen egg whites every morning to help them get enough protein to build muscles. on tv, you would see them devour slabs of meat, stacks of toast, and giant milkshakes in preparation for the first workout of the day in late morning. in the 1980s and early ' 90s, protein supplements in the form of powders, gels, and pills skyrocketed in popularity. things have changed. many of the next generation of musclemen are now told flatly by nutritionists and bodybuilding experts that well - balanced meals will offer enough protein for all but the most intense exercisers. unfortunately, few are listening. what is protein? proteins are complex organic compounds that are the main component of the body ' s muscles, tendons, ligaments, and organs. proteins are made up of amino acids. the human body needs about 20 amino acids to make its proteins. of these 20, the body can make only 13 ; the remainder, the essential amino acids, must come from food. foods that supply all the amino acids needed by the body are called complete proteins. these foods include meats, poultry, milk, eggs, and fish. amino acids are also found in plants, but plant proteins are not complete. no plant proteins offer all the essential amino acids our bodies need. if a person ' s diet has more protein than the body needs, the excess protein is used for energy or stored as fat. the amount of protein required each day depends on a person ' s age, health, and diet. two to three servings of protein - rich food will meet the daily needs of most adults. it is true that those who exercise need more protein to maintain or build muscles, but just modestly increasing portions of meat, poultry, pork, fish, and certain vegetables will provide virtually all athletes with enough amino acids. about 15 percent of your daily calories should come from protein ; 12 percent if you are an older adult. bodybuilders need 20 percent of their calories from protein. fat intake should be no more than 30 percent of your daily calories and no more than half of that should be from saturated fat. egg whites and milk lead the way in having high - quality, biologically available protein, followed by meat, fish, and poultry. red meat is not the bugaboo it once was \u2014 partly because grocery stores and other specialty shops now offer extremely lean products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826295381717389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.736393"} {"text": "and milk lead the way in having high - quality, biologically available protein, followed by meat, fish, and poultry. red meat is not the bugaboo it once was \u2014 partly because grocery stores and other specialty shops now offer extremely lean products ( 30 percent fat ). in fact, most nutritionists \u2014 and even the american heart association ( aha ) \u2014 say that lean red meat is an acceptable part of most diets. be aware that some \" lean \" meats, such as mutton, are fatter than other meats, such as beef. many restaurants do not use lean meat, so experts suggest asking questions before ordering. the lean cuts of meat include flank steak, london broil, and extra - lean ground beef. in addition to containing large amounts of protein, lean red meat is an excellent source of iron and zinc. for poultry, take the skin off and don ' t fry it. removing the skin removes most of the fat. fish is not only high in protein, but also very low in saturated fat ( the \" bad \" fat ). if you eat locally caught fish, however, check with your department of health to see if any kinds should be avoided because of toxic pollutants. go for variety try different ethnic recipes, which offer a wide variety of ways to cook meat, chicken, fish, and vegetables. here are some suggestions : burritos with lean meat ; beans and rice ; pasta salad with low - fat dressing ; and vegetable lasagna made with low - fat cheese. whole grains, legumes, vegetables, seeds, and nuts all contain both essential and non - essential amino acids, too. and, according to the aha, you do not need to consciously combine these foods as \" complementary proteins \" within a given meal. overall, nutrition experts say that a varied and balanced diet of meats, vegetables, dairy, and grains is best.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430967960922972, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.737230"} {"text": "an attitude of gratitude on thanksgiving day posted by paul cacciatore on november 24, 2011 \u201c gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. it turns what we have into enough, and more. it turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. it can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend. gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow. \u201d \u2014 melody beattie today, many of us will celebrate a national day of thanksgiving with family and friends. you know the drill \u2014 eating turkey, mash potatoes, stuffing, and pumpkin or apple pie ; watching football ( your pick of green bay packers vs. detroit lions, miami dolphins vs. dallas cowboys, or san francisco 49ers vs. baltimore ravens ) ; and napping, after which the whole cycle begins anew. why be grateful? within this traditional celebration, it is all too easy for us to lose sight of the real meaning of the holiday ; that is, to give thanks for the many blessings bestowed upon us in our daily lives. yesterday, i overheard two adults speaking about thanksgiving in a grocery store line. one individual said to the second in a serious tone : \u201c what do i have to be thankful for? \u201d at first blush, it seems like a fair question when you consider the following : - the u. s. is currently engaged in two major armed conflicts. as of november 22, the total number of americans killed in afghanistan and iraq is 4, 984, and the number of wounded is over 47, 000. the conflict in afghanistan hit the 10 - year mark in october. in contrast, the u. s. forced the unconditional surrender of nazi germany and the imperial empire of japan in 3 years and 8 months, thereby ending world war ii in august 1945. - the u. s. is experiencing the worst economic downturn since \u201c the great depression \u201d of the 20th century. - the bipartisan u. s. congressional \u201c super committee \u201d failed to reach agreement on $ 1. 2 trillion of federal budget spending cuts over the next ten years, as part of congress \u2019 ongoing theater of the absurd in which its utter and total failure is \u201c spun \u201d as success. - the u. s. congress \u2019 approval rating, based upon a recent new york times poll, sits at an all - time low of 9 percent. by comparison, former president richard nixon \u2019 s final approval rating after the watergate scandal and upon his resignation was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.431838239234412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.751175"} {"text": ". s. congress \u2019 approval rating, based upon a recent new york times poll, sits at an all - time low of 9 percent. by comparison, former president richard nixon \u2019 s final approval rating after the watergate scandal and upon his resignation was 23 %. - the u. s. national cancer institute ( nci ) continues to fight for increased federal funding for cancer research in a time when 50 % of men and 33 % of women woman will experience cancer at some point during their lifetimes. - it is estimated that 15, 460 u. s. women will die from ovarian cancer in 2011, which represents the death of one woman every 37 minutes. the annual u. s. ovarian cancer death toll is equal to the number of passenger deaths that would result from 30 boeing 747 airplane crashes every year. - according to a recently published u. k. report, the median survival of women with ovarian cancer only increased from 8 months to 3 years over the past 40 years. there is little doubt that the current state of u. s. affairs as described above is indeed daunting. the unsettling situation in the u. s., however, pales in comparison to the average life experience of those living in extreme poverty around the world ( including the u. s. ). - in 2005, the world bank reported that 1. 4 billion people in the developing world ( one in four ) were living on less than us $ 1. 25 per day, of which 162 million live on less than $ 0. 50 per day. the latter category of individuals are referred to as the \u201c ultra poor \u201d by the international food policy research institute. - number of children in the world : 2. 2 billion. number of children living in poverty : 1 billion. - according to the world health organization, there are approximately 33 million people living with hiv / aids today, with 2 million aids - related deaths anticipated each year. it is estimated that 76 % of those deaths will occur in sub - saharan africa. - the united nations estimates that 34, 000 children and 16, 000 adults die each day from hunger or preventable diseases with poverty - related causes. the annual death total is 18 million per year, which is nearly two times greater than the total number of deaths that occurred throughout \u201c the holocaust \u201d between 1933 and 1945. - approximately 1. 1 billion people in developing countries have inadequate access to clean water, and 2. 6 billion lack basic sanitation. approximately 12 percent of the world \u2019 s population uses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.446754363601814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.752179"} {"text": "of deaths that occurred throughout \u201c the holocaust \u201d between 1933 and 1945. - approximately 1. 1 billion people in developing countries have inadequate access to clean water, and 2. 6 billion lack basic sanitation. approximately 12 percent of the world \u2019 s population uses 85 percent of its water, and the individuals represented by the 12 percent do not live in the third world. - in 1997, it was estimated that less than 1 percent of annual world weapons expenditures was needed to put every child into school by the year 2000. - nearly one billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names. - 1. 6 billion people live without electricity. - the u. s. has the widest gap between rich and poor of any industrialized nation. - in 2008, 7. 6 million people died of cancer or 13 % of all deaths worldwide. about 70 % of all cancer deaths occur in low - and middle - income countries. in light of the above - mentioned global poverty statistics, it should be possible for even the most pessimistic u. s. citizen to be grateful on thanksgiving day. for the women and families who are dealing with ovarian cancer in their lives, we also believe that gratitude and hope is not only possible ; it is essential. - while cancers ( including ovarian ) constitute an incredibly diverse and bewilderingly complex set of diseases, we have at hand the methods to identify essentially all of the genetic changes in a cell and to use that knowledge to rework the landscape of cancer research and cancer care, from basic science to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. - with this better understanding of cancer and recent technological advances in many fields, such as genomics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and computational sciences, progress has been made on many fronts, and a portrait is beginning to emerge for several cancers including ovarian. - it has been established that there are at least four major subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer which should be treated as separate and distinct diseases. - in the cancer genome atlas ( tcga ) study findings recently published with respect to the most common form of epithelial ovarian cancer, the investigators reported that a class of drugs known as \u201c parp inhibitors \u201d may benefit up to 50 % of high - grade, serous ovarian cancer ( hgs - ovca ) survivors. in that same study, the investigators identified 22 genomic targets that occur in 10 % or more of these cases, along with nearly 100 preclini", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48180075686718293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.753231"} {"text": "high - grade, serous ovarian cancer ( hgs - ovca ) survivors. in that same study, the investigators identified 22 genomic targets that occur in 10 % or more of these cases, along with nearly 100 preclinical, clinical and fda - approved drugs which are capable of \u201c hitting \u201d those targets. - the tcga study of hgs - ovca is arguably the world \u2019 s largest genomic study of any form of cancer to date. - never before in human history has so much healthcare information been so readily available to the general public, thereby allowing cancer survivors and their families to proactively participate with their doctors in decisions relating to cancer diagnoses, treatments, and survivorship. - given the rapid technological and pharmacological developments described above, it is important to \u201c live to fight another day. \u201d - studies suggest that gratitude may improve overall health by leading to ( i ) better diet, ( ii ) increased amounts of exercise, ( iii ) reduced stress, and ( iv ) a stronger immune system. in other words, if you want to promote health, try giving thanks. thanksgiving in times of adversity & plenty \u201c \u2026 as we gather in our communities and in our homes, around the table or near the hearth, we give thanks to each other and to god for the many kindnesses and comforts that grace our lives. let us pause to recount the simple gifts that sustain us, and resolve to pay them forward in the year to come. \u2026 \u201d \u2014 president barack obama on november 16, 2011, u. s. president barack obama issued a presidential proclamation for thanksgiving day 2011. the proclamation is befitting of the true meaning underlying this traditional holiday. although the origins of the modern u. s. thanksgiving holiday can be traced back to the early 17th century, it is worth noting that the first thanksgiving to be celebrated by all u. s. states on the same day ( i. e., the final thursday of november, which was not enacted into law by congress until december 1941 ) was first proclaimed by president abraham lincoln on october 3, 1863. the year 1863 was arguably one of the darkest time periods in u. s. history because it occurred in the midst of the civil war ; a conflict that pitted brother against brother, and resulted in more american deaths than all subsequent u. s. conflicts combined. despite that fact, president lincoln believed strongly that we should give thanks for our daily blessings even in times of great adversity. the main text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503029816978459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.754258"} {"text": "pitted brother against brother, and resulted in more american deaths than all subsequent u. s. conflicts combined. despite that fact, president lincoln believed strongly that we should give thanks for our daily blessings even in times of great adversity. the main text of president obama \u2019 s proclamation, which is provided below, echoes the sentiments of lincoln and reminds all americans that in good times and bad times, \u201c \u2026 we have lifted our hearts by giving humble thanks for the blessings we have received and for those who bring meaning to our lives. \u201d \u201c one of our nation \u2019 s oldest and most cherished traditions, thanksgiving day brings us closer to our loved ones and invites us to reflect on the blessings that enrich our lives. the observance recalls the celebration of an autumn harvest centuries ago, when the wampanoag tribe joined the pilgrims at plymouth colony to share in the fruits of a bountiful season. the feast honored the wampanoag for generously extending their knowledge of local game and agriculture to the pilgrims, and today we renew our gratitude to all american indians and alaska natives. we take this time to remember the ways that the first americans have enriched our nation \u2019 s heritage, from their generosity centuries ago to the everyday contributions they make to all facets of american life. as we come together with friends, family, and neighbors to celebrate, let us set aside our daily concerns and give thanks for the providence bestowed upon us. though our traditions have evolved, the spirit of grace and humility at the heart of thanksgiving has persisted through every chapter of our story. when president george washington proclaimed our country \u2019 s first thanksgiving, he praised a generous and knowing god for shepherding our young republic through its uncertain beginnings. decades later, president abraham lincoln looked to the divine to protect those who had known the worst of civil war, and to restore the nation \u201c to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility, and union. \u201d in times of adversity and times of plenty, we have lifted our hearts by giving humble thanks for the blessings we have received and for those who bring meaning to our lives. today, let us offer gratitude to our men and women in uniform for their many sacrifices, and keep in our thoughts the families who save an empty seat at the table for a loved one stationed in harm \u2019 s way. and as members of our american family make do with less, let us rededicate ourselves to our friends and fellow citizens in need of a helping hand. as we gather in our communities and in our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4190086661609723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.757320"} {"text": "a loved one stationed in harm \u2019 s way. and as members of our american family make do with less, let us rededicate ourselves to our friends and fellow citizens in need of a helping hand. as we gather in our communities and in our homes, around the table or near the hearth, we give thanks to each other and to god for the many kindnesses and comforts that grace our lives. let us pause to recount the simple gifts that sustain us, and resolve to pay them forward in the year to come. \u2026 \u201d \u2014 barack obama \u2019 s presidential proclamation \u2014 thanksgiving day, 2011 if all else fails \u2013 try humor if you are still having trouble cultivating an attitude of gratitude on thanksgiving day, it is always helpful to enjoy the humor created by a child \u2019 s perspective. thanksgiving is a time for food, family and fun, and we all know that children and grandchildren are a big part of the fun. save mart supermarkets dared to create a video which captures a child \u2019 s perspective on the traditional thanksgiving experience. we should warn you that a broad smile is a common side effect of watching this video. enjoy! what are we thankful for? our thanksgiving day gratitude list includes the following : - ovarian cancer survivors and their families, who teach us every day about the importance of hope, perseverance, courage, compassion, love, and acceptance. - the compassion of medical clinicians who treat ovarian cancer patients every day. - the intelligence and dedication of u. s. and international medical and scientific researchers, who doggedly pursue methods to control, and ultimately conquer, ovarian cancer. - the generous assistance provided to us by the women \u2019 s oncology research & dialogue ( word ) gynecological cancer awareness organization. dr. kelly manahan ( word co - founder ), dr. john geisler ( word co - founder ), nate manahan ( word executive director ) and chad braham ( word director of media productions ) provide libby \u2019 s h * o * p * e * with invaluable substantive and technical assistance throughout the year, including the newest joint collaboration called \u201c word of hope ovarian cancer podcast. \u201d - the substantive assistance provided to us by the ovarian cancer research program of british columbia, the british columbia cancer agency, and the bc cancer foundation. - the ongoing generosity, encouragement and hope provided by douglas and diana gray through the gray family ovarian clear cell carcinoma research resource, a multi - year research project dedicated to understanding,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4752369049061993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.758561"} {"text": "british columbia cancer agency, and the bc cancer foundation. - the ongoing generosity, encouragement and hope provided by douglas and diana gray through the gray family ovarian clear cell carcinoma research resource, a multi - year research project dedicated to understanding, and ultimately defeating, one of the most lethal subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer. the talmud says : \u201c and whoever saves a life, it is considered as if he saved an entire world. \u201d doug and diana gray are passionate about pioneering ovarian cancer research aimed at saving women \u2019 s lives. - our families who provide seemingly endless support and understanding, while we advocate on behalf of ovarian cancer survivors and their families. - the inspiration provided by libby \u2019 s eternal spirit. - the ovarian cancer advocacy communities represented on facebook, twitter, inspire. com, etc., who demonstrate on a daily basis that there is patient empowerment, joy, kindness, compassion, and synergy created by a large number of passionate and dedicated survivors and advocates who band together in cyberspace. - the dedicated service of our u. s. military personnel ( and their families ), who allow us to rise and sleep under the blanket of freedom which they provide each day through blood, sweat, and tears. - the roofs over our heads, the food on our tables, the clean water from our faucets, the freedom of speech and religious practice upon which our country was founded, the ability to vote in fair elections, and the simple acts of kindness that we are able to provide to and receive from others. from our family to yours, let us take this opportunity to wish you a safe and enjoyable thanksgiving holiday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5036537297985653, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.759362"} {"text": "nine ways to get fresh food nearly all fresh fruits and vegetables start to loose their nutritive value and taste the moment they are plucked. always try and buy the fresh produce grown near your place of residence if you can not grow them. ten percent of vitamins are lost during transit and specially vitamin c. hereunder are given nine points to get fresh food : 1 ) fresh squeezed juices get oxidized from end of third hour and should be consumed as soon as possible. it would be better to add some pulp in the juice as it has fibre. fiber is good for the stomach and easy to digest. 2 ) consume meat, poultry and fish with in two days of purchase as high fatty acids portions start disappearing soon after the catch. it is much wiser to place the meats lowest in the fridge or in the chiller tray. this will prevent juices to drip on fruits and vegetables and likely to change their taste, shape and may contaminate. 3 ) it is a good practice to cook vegetables just prior to eating, otherwise they loose their vitamins if stored and later on when heated to make them palatable. unused vegetable should be placed in air tight container to retain freshness 4 ) take care and handle with much care both fruit and vegetable as they loose their originality very soon if handled harshly. 5 ) always eat seasonal fruits and vegetables as they are cheaper than preserved or refrigerated. 6 ) always buy fruits and vegetables in small quantities as you can get the best nutrition when they are fresh. it is better to make purchases oftener to consume fresh food as much as possible. 7 ) regular water spray on vegetables will keep your raw vegetables more fresh. 8. fruit ripening should take place at room temperature. it may be noted that fridge will stifle the ripening process and subsequently make the vitamins disappear. 9. it is a good to plan in advance to purchase various fresh fruits and vegetables. once purchased, consume those items which decay faster than others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4434839970598062, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.762136"} {"text": "you can download the memo here israel \u2019 s accession to oecd : encouraging impunity, rewarding war crimes - oecd \u2019 s fundamental values include respect for human rights, commitment to democracy and adherence to the purposes of the united nation. - in the \u201c road map for the accession of israel to the oecd convention \u201d the council noted that in order for israel to accede to the oecd it must demonstrate its commitment to \u201c fundamental values \u201d shared by all oecd members and meet related benchmarks. - israel is not in compliance with oecd standards and benchmarks. - israel exerts its sovereignty and effective control over four million palestinians living under an occupation in the west bank and the gaza strip. under the geneva conventions israel is fully responsible for the economic wellbeing of palestinians. israel is also responsible for at least three million palestinian refugees living in exile outside israel and the occupied palestinian territories, whom it has expelled and made stateless in violation of international law. israel \u2019 s denial of durable solutions and reparations keeps millions of palestinian refugees in a legal limbo ( statelessness ), undermining their economic wellbeing for decades. - israeli economist shir hever said : \u201c the oecd is treating israel as though it has seven million citizens when, in reality, it has 11 million subjects, of whom four million are palestinians living under occupation. if they were included in the figures submitted to the oecd, israel would have to be refused accession because of the enormous disparities in wealth. \u201d - israel is not in compliance with its obligations under international law. - israel has yet to comply with the recommendations of the un fact finding mission on the gaza conflict and investigate and prosecute where needed those responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity. - israel has yet to lift its illegal blockade of the occupied gaza strip which has brought to the brink of starvation almost 1. 5 million palestinians. - israel has yet to dismantle its illegal wall in the occupied palestinian west bank in accordance with the 2004 international court of justice advisory opinion. 10. the high contracting parties of the fourth geneva convention have the legal responsibility to ensure israel \u2019 s compliance with the convention. the un general assembly resolution endorsing the 2004 international court of justice advisory opinion on the wall affirms that member states should not render aid and assistance to the unlawful situation created by israel in the occupied palestinian territories. 11. in its assessment of the israeli social and economic situation, the oecd said that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45926760789810506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.770080"} {"text": "justice advisory opinion on the wall affirms that member states should not render aid and assistance to the unlawful situation created by israel in the occupied palestinian territories. 11. in its assessment of the israeli social and economic situation, the oecd said that israeli politics are defined by \u201c policy agendas rooted in ethnicity and religion. \u201d israel has over 30 laws that privilege jews over non - jews thus it cannot be considered a \u201c pluralist democracy \u201d, a key requirement for membership. oecd did not condition israel \u2019 s accession on the annulment of these racist laws, therefore legitimizing them. as a result, half of israel \u2019 s arab citizens are living below the poverty line, a rate three times higher than among israeli jews, and that on average arab citizens earn salaries that are one - third less than jews. 12. oecd members should be committed to \u201c free market \u201d principles. the economy of the occupied palestinian territories is part and parcel of the israeli economy. a recent world bank report states that \u201c restrictions on the movement of goods have crippled [ palestinian ] private sector activity \u201d. israel maintains over 500 checkpoints that restrict freedom of movement of palestinians. israel has blocked the implementation of the efta - plo agreement on the promotion of trade. palestinians in gaza cannot export their produce due to the israeli imposed siege. israel is an obstacle to \u201c free market \u201d and uses its economic hegemony to punish palestinians. 13. israel has breached one of the organization \u2019 s key requirements on providing accurate and transparent data on its economic activity. data submitted by israel to the oecd include illegal israeli settlements in the west bank. by including the settlements, the oecd will be giving it a seal of approval. by excluding the settlements, the oecd will be ignoring the reality of occupation. either way, the oecd treats as \u201c non - existent \u201d the millions of palestinians under israeli sovereignty. 14. israel does not abide by the core principles of environmental policy demanded for israel \u2019 s accession. the policy reforms implemented by israel do not apply to all territories under israel \u2019 s sovereignty, namely the west bank and the gaza strip. israel dumps waste and pollutants into the land and sea of gaza and the west bank ; contaminating gaza \u2019 s drinking water and reducing the territory to the point where amnesty international has declared 95 % of its drinking water unfit for human consumption ; destroying acre after acre of arable farm land to build the illegal separation wall and illegal settlements ; and setting ab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48878241318911103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.774312"} {"text": "gaza \u2019 s drinking water and reducing the territory to the point where amnesty international has declared 95 % of its drinking water unfit for human consumption ; destroying acre after acre of arable farm land to build the illegal separation wall and illegal settlements ; and setting ablaze and uprooting olive groves and other orchards. 15. oecd maintains stringent rules for member countries in regards to chemical management and safety. israel violates the spirit of these rules by maintaining a large stockpile of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. these are not independently supervised or regulated and are recklessly used against palestinians e. g. depleted uranium, white phosphorous. 16. while israel approved legislation making bribery of foreign officials illegal, israel \u2019 s defense ministry has the power to censor the results of any investigation of bribes paid by israeli companies to foreign officials on the ground that the publicity could harm israel \u2019 s national interests. the censor can bar publication and is under no obligation to tell the authorities about the investigations. bribery mainly takes place in israel \u2019 s multi - million dollar defense industry. israel ranks 32nd on transparency international \u2019 s corruption perception index 17. considering the above, rewarding israel with oecd membership will be seen by people of conscience around the world as a decisive and far - reaching act of complicity in rewarding and perpetuating israel \u2019 s occupation, colonization and apartheid against the palestinian people. furthermore, it will irreparably undermine the rule of law and further entrench the culture of impunity that has enabled israel to escalate its commission of war crimes and what is described by some leading international law experts as a prelude to genocide against palestinians in the illegally besieged and occupied gaza strip. - add to the agenda of the upcoming council meeting discussion about the suitability and desirability of israel \u2019 s membership to oecd, namely the extent to which it represents key values of the organization ( international law, human rights, democracy, rule of law and open markets ) - condition israel \u2019 s membership on the fulfillment of its obligations towards palestinians under international law - reconsider economic data submitted by israel to reflect the full picture of israel \u2019 s economy, including economic figures for non - citizen palestinians under israel \u2019 s sovereignty. this will uncover massive discrepancies in income and standards of living that disqualifies israel from membership - overall recommendation : delay israel \u2019 s accession until it abides by international law and respects human rights, allows for palestinian self - determination, ends discrimination against its non - jewish citizens,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4895432414237106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.775699"} {"text": "second - language learning : a psycholinguistic perspective 1978 survey reprinted in v. kinsella ( 1982 ) surveys 1, ciltr the early 1960s we were satisfied that we knew all about how people learnt a second language. then the impact of chomsky ' s ideas exposed the extent of our ignorance. some people ' s reactions were that we should stop interfering with the learner, since nature knew best ( newmark & reibel, 1968 ). others admitted the error of their ways in principle but in practice continued to use the same teaching techniques ; by and large the changes in the content of language teaching from ' structures ' to ' functions ' were not accompanied by any changes in teaching methods. however, in the past few years the question of second - language learning has been reopened ; this review attempts to give a critical account of some directions that research in this field is taking. our ignorance is not quite as boundless as it once was ; before long we may be able to base language teaching at last on a solid foundation of knowledge about second - language learning itself. the learner ' s development in a second language starting point is the language that the learner produces and understands. inevitably this involves several methodological problems. one is the relationship of the learner ' s language to time ; to show how learning takes place we need to see development in time : we need pictures of ' before ' and ' after '. one way of achieving this is to describe the longitudinal language development of a group of learners or a single learner, as in hakuta ( 1975 ). another is to relate different points of time in different learners, as in padilla and lindholm ( 1976 ). yet another is to relate the learner ' s language to the final point in time, the language of the native speaker, the approach often used in ' error analysis '. a second methodological problem is deciding what we count as evidence of the learner ' s language. the most common approach is to gather more or less natural samples of the learner ' s language ; this has the disadvantage common to corpus - based descriptions of making it hard to know when generalisations can be made to the learner ' s language system as a whole. kellerman ( 1974 ) has suggested supplementing it with ' lateralisation ', that is to say, eliciting further information from the learner about specific points. there are also dangers in relying solely on the analysis of errors since this provides partial information about the learner '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5287598167893621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.816094"} {"text": "suggested supplementing it with ' lateralisation ', that is to say, eliciting further information from the learner about specific points. there are also dangers in relying solely on the analysis of errors since this provides partial information about the learner ' s language ; to describe it adequately we need to know more about it than its differences from the target language ( corder, 1971 ). an alternative approach consists of designing particular techniques that tap only the part of the learner ' s language that we are interested in. also, compared to first - language acquisition, the second - language learner is more aware of learning a language and can be asked direct questions about what he knows. in the previous paragraph it was accepted implicitly that the learner has a language system of his own ; though this system is related to both his first and second languages, it has its own distinctive characteristics. this implicit assumption has been called, with slightly different emphases, ' interlanguage ' ( selinker, 1972 ), ' transitional competence ' ( corder, 1967 ), ' approximative system ' ( nemser, 1971 ), and ' language learner ' s system ' ( sampson & richards, 1973 ). it parallels the common assumption that a child acquiring a first language has a systematic language that is not simply a defective version of the adult ' s. in itself the assumption tells one nothing about the system or how it develops except that it is for the description of learning, an important characteristic of the learner ' s language system is that it is changing rather than static : corder ( 1977 ) calls it a ' dynamic goal - oriented language system of increasing complexity '. however, one should not forget the effect of ' fossilisation ', in which some aspects of the learner ' s language system remain fixed and do not develop ( selinker, 1972 ). aspect of the learner ' s development that has interested many people is the order in which particular grammatical points are acquired. a common approach starts from part of roger brown ' s work on first - language acquisition. brown ( 1973 ) discovered that the chronological order in which children start to use grammatical morphemes such as the fairly constant : the child first uses - ing, the plural - s so on. dulay and burt ( 1973 ) first tried this approach on second - language learning, using the bilingual syntax measure ( bsm ) to elicit samples of language from children at one moment of time : they scored the accuracy for grammatical morpheme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5310766723323919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.817185"} {"text": ". dulay and burt ( 1973 ) first tried this approach on second - language learning, using the bilingual syntax measure ( bsm ) to elicit samples of language from children at one moment of time : they scored the accuracy for grammatical morphemes and established an order of difficulty ; though they found a common order among the children, this order had certain differences from brown ' s order. this method was extended to show that children with different native languages share the same order ( dulay & burt, 1974 ) ; that adults have a similar order to children ( bailey, madden & krashen, 1974 ; krashen, sferlazza, feldman & fathman, 1976 ) ; that the order varies according to the task involved ( larsen - freeman, 1975 ) ; and that the order is not much affected by one month ' s classroom teaching ( perkins & larsen - freeman, 1975 ). at first glance, then, this research suggests that second - language learners share a common order of acquisition for grammatical morphemes in english. at closer inspection, the connections between the learner ' s language and time seem slightly dubious. the criteria used in brown ( 1973 ), in which points of acquisition are arranged into a chronological order, are replaced by criteria of relative success at one point of time : brown was talking about a ' codebreaking ' order, the second - language research about aa ' decoding ' order, to borrow two terms from cryptography. rosansky ( 1976 ) argues that it is necessary to show that order of difficulty is the same as order of acquisition, if these results are to mean anything in terms of development, furthermore, comparison with brown ' s results is obscured by the different methods collecting data, on the one hand elicitation techniques such as the bsm, on the other natural recordings ; indeed, native children tested with the bsm do not show brown ' s order ( porter, 1977 ). a naturalistic study has fact shown similarity between chronological order of acquisition in young bilingual children and brown ' s order, but less similarity in older children ( padilla, to appear ). so order of difficulty for grammatical morphemes is at present hard to interpret ; it certainly does not in itself justify any statements about chronological order of acquisition or about differences from of syntactic development aspects of syntactic development have been investigated in less controversial ways. much of the research has dealt with english and has been concerned with children. many results show a fair amount of variation between learners ( cancino,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5329015353014198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.818276"} {"text": "differences from of syntactic development aspects of syntactic development have been investigated in less controversial ways. much of the research has dealt with english and has been concerned with children. many results show a fair amount of variation between learners ( cancino, rosansky & schumann, 1975 ; bertkua, 1974 ). even within the of one learner there is variation ; dickerson ( 1975 ) has suggested employing variable rules such as for the variation from one situation to out of the plethora of studies one can mention representative handful concerned with different points of english syntax : negation ( milon, 1974 ) ; pluralisation ( natalico & natalico, 1971 ) ; auxiliaries ( cancino et pronouns ( katz, 1976 ) ; possessives ( padilla & lindholm, 1976 ) ; eager / easy to please ( cook, 1973 ; d ' anglejean & tucker, 1975 ). other languages have been studied to lesser degree : french relative clauses and indirect objects ( chun, 1976 ) ; spanish verb and noun phrases ( dato, 1975 ) ; swedish negation ( hyltenstem, 1977 ). mostly the writers have concluded that there are general similarities between the order of acquisition of foreign learners and native children, though there are some differences ; for example a stage has been described in learning of english negation by germans in which a negative element occurs immediately after the verb, unlike any stage in first language acquisition wealth of information about the learning of english syntax should not blind us to the paucity of research in other areas of development ; semantic development has hardly been touched upon, apart from young ( 1973 ) ; phonological development is equally under - researched, with some exceptions ( dickerson, 1975 ; tarone, 1976 ; wode, 1976 a ). this bias towards syntax leaves the study of learner ' s language in a curiously isolated position. on the one hand, it is cut off from recent ideas in first - language acquisition which are more concerned with semantic, cognitive and social development than with syntax. on the other hand, it is cut off from recent work in applied linguistics which stresses communicative functions rather than grammatical form. while the grammatical data that have been unearthed are interesting in themselves, one may question where they lead. ultimately, so far as learning is concerned, the learner ' s language and the order in which he acquires various items are only interesting as evidence for underlying processes at work : the question to be answered is why his language takes the form that it does. so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5085788642732205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.819310"} {"text": "as learning is concerned, the learner ' s language and the order in which he acquires various items are only interesting as evidence for underlying processes at work : the question to be answered is why his language takes the form that it does. so, rather than attempt to summarise the vast mass of descriptive studies of learner ' s language that are now available, a task resembling hercules ' in the augean stables, the rest of this survey looks at some of the underlying causes of the learner ' s language system. 2. the learner ' s contribution to second language learning and production strategies with a new language the learner applies certain strategies both conscious and unconscious to what he hears, which partly determine his language system ( selinker, 1972 ; richards, 1971 ). the positive effects of the learner ' s conscious awareness that he is learning a new language have been described in terms of the strategies that the good language learner adopts ( rubin, 1975 ; stern, 1975 ; naiman, frohlich & stern, 1975 ). broadly speaking, the profile of the good learner shows that he is actively involved in the learning process : he listens carefully and checks what he says himself ; he is eager to participate and to communicate with others ; he practices the language of his own accord. though these strategies necessarily appear ' obvious ', any model of second - language learning has to take them into account ; if, for instance, adult learners feel that second - language learning is chiefly a matter of vocabulary ( hatch, 1976 ), this clearly has an effect on their learning, regardless of whether they are right or wrong. at the opposite pole from these conscious strategies are those revealed in an experiment, where, after 27 minutes of exposure to an unknown language, people were able to distinguish pauses located at grammatical boundaries from those that were not : somehow they had employed a strategy that yielded quite accurate information about the grammatical structure of the language ( wakefield, doughtie & yom, 1974 ). the learner then, consciously or unconsciously, absorbs or extracts information from what he hears. one strategy is to impose the structure of his first language : he transfers rules or items to his learner - language system from his first language and shows signs of ' interference ' ( selinker, 1972 ). another strategy is to attempt to guess the system of the target language, resulting in ' overgeneralisation ' ; his use of this strategy increases as he learns more of the language ( taylor, 1975 ). the learner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5370397891164796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.820314"} {"text": "integrative ', in which the learner wants to communicate actively with the speakers of the other language, and the ' instrumental ', in which he wants to use the language for some utilitarian purpose ; of these two the integrative now seems more important ( gardner, smythe, clement & glicksman, 1976 ). a way in to the large body of literature on this subject can be found in the annotated bibliography compiled by desrochers, smythe & gardner ( 1975 ). the causes of motivation are attitudes ; success in second - language learning depends on the attitudes towards the foreign culture, towards learning a foreign language, and towards the classroom situation 1976 ). one ' s native language is an important factor in one ' s sense of identity as an individual and as a member of a group : learning a new language means adopting a new identity. lambert ( 1974 ) distinguishes ' additive ' bilingualism, in which the learner loses nothing by learning a second language, from ' subtractive ' bilingualism, in which he is forced to give something up ; clarke ( 1976 ) talks of a clash between the level of ' modernity ' in the two cultures ; schumann ( 1976 ) draws attention to the ' social distance ' separating the learner from the target culture. while these concepts have obvious relevance to contact or immigrant situations, they are less important to language teaching in schools. however, one idea of equal importance to both is the loss of personal identity in learning a second language : culture - shock is like the alienated state of a schizophrenic unable to make sense of his surroundings ( clarke, 1976 ) and this is supported by similarities between the language of schizophrenics and second - language learners ( meara, 1977 ). guiora, brannon & dull ( 1972 ) postulate a ' language ego ' that is threatened by the new language ; green ( 1977 ) claims that students regress to an earlier freudian stage in a foreign language and express ideas that are more childish than their level of thinking in their and memory processes and producing speech involves psychological processes that are only now starting to be understood. in second - language learning their nature is even more obscure. one issue is whether these processes are substantially the same in all languages ; some semantic processes involved in verifying the truth of sentences have in fact been found to be similar in different languages ( just & carpenter, 1975 ). another issue is whether these processes can be transferred to a second language ; in terms of syntax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5331747026526663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.823793"} {"text": "languages ; some semantic processes involved in verifying the truth of sentences have in fact been found to be similar in different languages ( just & carpenter, 1975 ). another issue is whether these processes can be transferred to a second language ; in terms of syntax it has been shown that foreign adults do not benefit from knowing embedding in a first language but fall back on the same processes as the young native child ( cook, 1975 ). the work on grammatical morphemes can also be interpreted as showing some of the processing limitations common to learners. at least some speech processes then have to be relearnt in a second language. indeed some of them may never be so efficient in a second language : even skilled bilinguals are worse at a cloze test in their second language ( d ' anglejean & tucker, 1973 ) ; advanced learners cannot summarise texts as well as natives ( long & harding - esch, 1977 ). now to memory processes, it is convenient to distinguish short - term from long - term memory. the characteristics of short - term memory are that information is stored for only a few seconds, capacity for information is small, and the information is stored in the form of sounds. nothing is known about the duration of short - term memory in a second language but some research has looked at capacity. glicksberg ( 1963 ) found adult learners of english remembered 6 - 4 digits at a time compared with 7 - 1 in their first language, improving to 6 - 7 during five weeks of an intensive course ; cook ( 1977 ) found a capacity of 5 - 9 in beginners and 6 - 7 in advanced learners. so far as the form of storage is concerned, capacity has been related to syntactic complexity ( harris, 1970 ) and to phonological encoding ( cook, 1977 ) ; henning ( 1973 ) traced a development from phonological to semantic storage. so short - term memory seems to work in a similar fashion in a second language ; we can store slightly less information than in our first language but we store it in similar ways. long - term memory has also been studied. lambert ( 1956 ) tested word associations and concluded that, while advanced learners were more like native speakers in such aspects as number and range of associations, they were still unlike them in type of associations ; the clustering effect in which adults normally remember words from the same semantic category together was not found to any great extent with advanced foreign learners nor was there much difference between advanced learners and beginners ( cook, 1977 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5543387311027639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.824998"} {"text": "them in type of associations ; the clustering effect in which adults normally remember words from the same semantic category together was not found to any great extent with advanced foreign learners nor was there much difference between advanced learners and beginners ( cook, 1977 ). ultimately this line of research leads to the issue of how the two language systems are related in the mind of the bilingual : is there a distinct memory system for each language or are they linked in some way? the evidence is inconclusive : in the same kind of task where bilinguals had to switch languages, taylor ( 1971 ) found the languages were stored separately, while neufeld ( 1976 ) found they were stored together ; a task involving naming colours, on the other hand, produced evidence for close links between the languages ( lambert & preston, 1967 ). answer to the question about transfer to a second language is then complex. the conclusion arrived at in cook ( 1977 ) was that memory processes are transferred more easily the less they depend on language. this has affinities with the claim that ' capacity increases with processing depth since we can make greater use of learned rules at deeper levels of analysis ' ( craik, 1973 ), if language is equated with learned rules. indeed some recent experiments can be taken to support this claim by showing little difference between beginners, advanced learners, and bilinguals in a deductive reasoning task in their second language ( d ' anglejean, gagnon, tucker & winsberg, 1977 ). a related issue is the extent to which these memory processes can be employed in learning a second language, as opposed to using it, in codebreaking rather than decoding. some attempts have been made to apply conscious mnemonic techniques to the learning of vocabulary : atkinson ( 1975 ) describes a ' keyword ' technique and paivio ( 1976 ) a ' pegword ' technique, both of which involve forming mental images. however, as rivers and melvin ( 1977 ) point out, ' a word learnt out of context is for the most part a useless bauble ' : mnemonic techniques are only useful if the vocabulary learnt with them is available to the speaker for normal language use. a general application of memory research is discussed in melvin and rivers ( 1976 ), who describe an information processing model which emphasises that procedures for speaking and learning are learnt through meaningful use of language rather than memorisation. a two - stage model of memory has also been proposed in which an initial memory fills up with formulas, and a second - stage memory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.573608863850052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.826111"} {"text": "model which emphasises that procedures for speaking and learning are learnt through meaningful use of language rather than memorisation. a two - stage model of memory has also been proposed in which an initial memory fills up with formulas, and a second - stage memory creates rules to account for the overflow ( gallagher, 1976 ) ; this connects with the discovery of ' prefabricated utterances ' in a young japanese learner of english ( hakuta, 1974 ). people take it for granted that an important factor in second - language learning is the learner ' s age ; most discussions assume that children are better than adults and then go on to suggest explanations for this. it is useful to consider the evidence that might support this assumption. some canadian research indeed showed that children who arrived there under the age of seven fared better at learning english than those who arrived at an older age ( ramsay & wright, 1974 ). but on the other hand there is a mass of evidence that adults are either superior to, or the same as, children : adults are better than children at understanding spoken russian by the total physical response method ( asher & price, 1967 ) ; teenagers are better at learning grammar than younger children whether in english ( fathman, 1975 ) or dutch ( snow & hoefnagel - hohle, 1975 ) ; nine - year - olds learn french morphology and syntax faster than four - year - olds ( ervin - tripp, 1974 ) ; israeli census returns show that the age of immigration makes no difference to the pattern of acquisition, in terms of reported use, and that, while there is decline with age, the main watershed is at the age of 30 ( smith & braine, n. d. ). nevertheless, some people might say, the superiority of children is at learning pronunciation rather than grammar. again some evidence confirms this belief : older learners either retain more foreign accent ( oyama, 1976 ; asher & garcia, 1969 ) or report they retain it ( seliger, krashen & ladefoged, 1975 ) ; the younger children tested in fathman ( 1975 ) were better at pronunciation than the teenagers. but, on the other hand, adults learn german sounds better than children in the same teaching situation ( olson & samuels, 1973 ) ; adults have an initial advantage at pronouncing and imitating dutch ( snow & hoefnagel - hohle, n. d. ) ; older children up to ten make fewer mistakes with unfamiliar phonological structure ( kuus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.534119133291772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.827151"} {"text": "; adults have an initial advantage at pronouncing and imitating dutch ( snow & hoefnagel - hohle, n. d. ) ; older children up to ten make fewer mistakes with unfamiliar phonological structure ( kuusinen & salin, 1971 ). so far from showing the superiority of children, most of the hard evidence warrants the opposite conclusion : adults are better than children at learning a second language when the tests are conducted under controlled lack of evidence has not prevented many ingenious explanations being offered for children ' s alleged superiority at second - language learning. the most general is that there is a critical period for language learning ; after we have left this period we can learn language only with difficulty. the reasons for this critical period may be ' lateralisation ', that is to say, the tendency for brain functions to become specialised to one side or the other in the early teens ( scovel, 1969 ). the evidence for locating lateralisation in the early teens is, however, debatable ( krashen, 1975 ), and the causal connection between lateralisation and language learning necessarily rests on evidence from pathological cases. a second explanation distinguishes ' acquisition ', the normal process through which children learn a first language, from ' learning ', an alternative process that can be used by adults because of their greater maturity ( krashen, 1976 ). this distinction has been enlarged into the ' monitor model ' ( krashen, 1977 ), which claims that the distinctive feature of adult ' learning ' is that adults can monitor what they are producing ; thus tasks which show similarities between adults and children test ' acquisition ' and do not provide sufficient time for the adult to monitor what he is doing. obviously independent evidence of this monitor needs to be supplied ; advanced learners, for example, have not been found to be better at correcting their own mistakes than beginners, as might have been expected ( white, 1977 ). a third type of explanation is cognitive development : rosansky ( 1975 ) suggests that the crucial point is the transition to the piagetian stage of formal operations in the early teens ; tremaine ( 1975 ) correlates the transition to the earlier piagetian stage of concrete operations at about seven with the syntactic development of bilingual children. as these explanations are, it is not clear they are needed. what differences there are between children and adults can be explained without recourse to some unique feature of language learning that changes with age. one simple cause is differences in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5452620556603969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.828282"} {"text": "of bilingual children. as these explanations are, it is not clear they are needed. what differences there are between children and adults can be explained without recourse to some unique feature of language learning that changes with age. one simple cause is differences in situation : macnamara ( 1973 ) distinguishes succinctly between the demands of the street and of the classroom ; often the adult meets the classroom, the child the street. the types of social interaction also vary ; the language play described in peck ( to appear ) is rarely allowed to adults ; children talk about different topics from adults ( hatch, to appear ) ; the peer - group pressures on children are considerably different from those on adults ( macnamara, 1976 ) and the motivations and attitudes of the learner vary according to age ( schumann, 1975 b ). common factor to the research cited above that found no disadvantage to adults was precisely that the situation of children and adults was kept the same ( asher & price, 1967 ; olson & samuels, 1973 ). another factor that the research on accents does not take into account is historical changes in the status of immigrants : age of arrival confounds moment of arrival. while it is certainly possible to explain some of the differences in terms of cognitive maturity, this does not necessarily involve linking them to the acquisition of formal operations or to some special process such as monitoring without further evidence. given all the factors that distinguish adults from children, it would be strange if we found no differences between them but it is not necessary to invoke some peculiar property of language learning to explain them. while one does not wish to deny the strong impression that many people have that some adult immigrants speak their new language poorly, this may be ascribed not so much to an intrinsic defect in the adult ' s mind as to differences in situation, in motivation, in willingness to surrender part of one ' s identity, and so on, that separate children from adults. the learner \u2019 s situation language the learner hears important element in the learner ' s situation is the language he hears. ferguson ( 1975 ) described ' foreigner talk ', that is to say, the language variety addressed to foreigners, typified by its ' simpler ' grammar and by certain vocabulary items. in a natural setting the learner may well encounter this variety ; indeed it is not entirely unknown in the classroom ( hatch, 1978 ). while there are resemblances between ' simple ' foreigner talk addressed to learners and ' simple ' pidgin - like language produced by learners, there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5346092451058448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.831032"} {"text": "well encounter this variety ; indeed it is not entirely unknown in the classroom ( hatch, 1978 ). while there are resemblances between ' simple ' foreigner talk addressed to learners and ' simple ' pidgin - like language produced by learners, there is no evidence that foreigner talk assists second - language learning any more than there is proof that babytalk helps the native child. both these simple varieties reflect partly the adult ' s intuition about what learners find easy to understand, partly the language used by learners themselves, partly the sociolinguistic convention of what is appropriate for learners. aside from foreigner talk, some work has linked the learner ' s language to what he hears and the types of interaction in which he takes part ( larsen - freeman, 1976 ; hatch, 1976 ). this link between input and learning is vital to language teaching. a feature of most teaching methods is that they control the language the learner hears in several dimensions - situationally, functionally, grammatically, notionally, and in other ways. yet evidence for the effects of input hardly exists. only valdman ( 1975 ) has shown the possibility of basing the sequence of presentation of grammatical items on learner ' s errors. though a central feature of most classrooms is the structuring and sequencing of input, we still have no solid evidence to challenge the assertion that a natural unstructured input is as effective ( newmark & learner ' s social interactions second - language learning, evelyn hatch has pioneered the study of conversational interactions between learners and native speakers ( hatch, to appear ; hatch, 1976 ). the central feature of interaction she sees as the need to find something to talk about : adults interpret children ' s utterances as naming a topic for discussion ; foreign adults struggle hard to establish a topic of conversation. adults in particular need ' repairs ' to be able to check that they and the native are talking about the same thing ( hatch, 1976 ). the order of natural second - language acquisition is derived primarily from the learner ' s communicative needs rather than from grammatical complexity or frequency : the learner ' s language is a consequence of his interactions ( hatch, 1978 ). some of the strategies for interaction among children have also been described in fillmore ( 1976 ). as yet these interaction studies offer interesting insights into the learner ' s behaviour rather than a coherent theory ; nevertheless they complement the ideas of integrative motivation and production strategies. language learners, however, do not engage in social interactions with native speakers ; they sit in a classroom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5411106877200421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.832461"} {"text": "offer interesting insights into the learner ' s behaviour rather than a coherent theory ; nevertheless they complement the ideas of integrative motivation and production strategies. language learners, however, do not engage in social interactions with native speakers ; they sit in a classroom facing a teacher. this contrast is often put in terms of ' informal ' learning which takes place in a natural setting and ' formal ' learning which takes place inside a classroom. macnamara ( 1976 ), however, denies that language teaching is strictly speaking formal, since the teacher cannot provide formal rules that are linguistically and psychologically valid. krashen ( 1976 ) sees aspects of both formal and informal learning in the classroom, defining ' formal ' as teaching one rule at a time and having feedback ; he suggests that an adult may benefit from formal teaching since this exploits his adult capacity to ' learn ' rather than ' acquire ' language. but we still have little idea of what goes on in a classroom in terms of interaction ; certainly it is very different from the conversation strategies that hatch describes. we do have some ideas about correction of errors ( cohen, 1975 ; holley & king, 1971 ) but more information is needed about all the other aspects of classroom behaviour by students and teachers. obvious conclusion from this research is the complexity of second - language learning ; any model has to account not just for grammatical development but also for the contributions made by the learner and by the learner ' s environment, not to mention the individual differences between learners, and the effects of learning a second language on the learner, a field too vast to include here. if nothing more, we can rule out simple accounts of second - language learning. a further general issue is whether a second language can be learnt in the same way as a first. an adequate discussion of this can only take place if we settle in advance which model of first - language acquisition we are comparing to second - language learning : it is hardly satisfactory to try to prove or disprove the similarity between the processes by choosing select examples from either field. at present this issue can only be discussed in fairly limited terms because the research in second - language learning is restricted in scope. nevertheless there have been several discussions of this issue ( cook, 1969 ; ervin - tripp, 1975 ; macnamara, 1976 ; mclaughlin, 1977 ; spolsky, 1977 ). the general tenor of these emphasises the broad similarities between first - and second - language learning but draws attention to some specific differences. much of the grammatical evidence has already been mentioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5295614122586699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.833549"} {"text": ". in terms of teaching techniques, it leads to activities that encourage the students to communicate and interact through the new language about things that vitally concern them, here and now in the classroom, rather than with a native speaker on some far - off occasion in the future ; thus the teacher will rely heavily on role - play, communication games, and the like. this new emphasis brings us to a point where the goals of language teaching are no longer defined simply by the language syllabus the student is expected to know, or by the usefulness of the language to some conjectured function in the student ' s later life, but by their contribution to the social and psychological development of the individual ; it may restore a central educational role to language teaching in addition to its academic and utilitarian roles. the original publication of this article, a large amount has been published, too much to summarise here as a postscript. the following, however, represent the essential reading in book form that has become available. f. & hastings, a. j. ( eds. ) ( 1977 ). studies in first and second language acquisition. rowley, mass. : newbury house, 1979. p. a. ( ed. ) ( 1977 ). bilingualism. york : academic press. s. w. ( ed. ) ( 1980 ). second language development. tubingen : r. c. ( ed. ) ( 1978 ). second language acquisition and foreign language teaching. arlington, va. : center for applied linguistics. krashen, s. d. ( 1981 ). second language acquisition and second language learning. oxford : d. ( ed. ) ( 1980 ). discourse analysis in second language research. rowley, mass. : newbury house. s. h. ( 1981 ). psychology in foreign language teaching. london : allen & unwin. b. ( 1978 ). second - language acquisition in childhood. hillsdale, n. j. : lawrence erlbaum associates. d. ( ed. ) ( 1980 ). studies in language acquisition *. heidelberg : julius groos. new york academy of sciences ( to appear ). proceedings of the conference on first and second language learning ; january 1981. a. & begg, i. ( 1981 ). psychology of language. englewood cliffs, n. j. : prentice - hall. w. g. ( ed. ) ( 1978 ). second language acquisition research. new york : academic press. to journals titles : ll, learning ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5119488241544088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.835554"} {"text": "). psychology of language. englewood cliffs, n. j. : prentice - hall. w. g. ( ed. ) ( 1978 ). second language acquisition research. new york : academic press. to journals titles : ll, learning ; ml /, modern language journal. a., gagnon, n., tucker, g. r. & winsberg, s. ( 1977 ). solving problems in deductive reasoning : the performance of adult second language learners. paper presented to the 8th conference on applied linguistics, university of a. & tucker, g. r. ( 1973 ). communicating across cultures : an empirical of cross cultural psychology, 4, a. & tucker, g. r. ( 1975 ). the acquisition of complex english structures by adult learners. ll, 25, j. j. & garcia, r. ( 1969 ). the optimal age to learn a foreign language. j. j. & price, b. s. ( 1967 ). the learning strategy of the total physical response : some age differences. child r. c. ( 1975 ). mnemotechnics in second - language learning. american n., madden, c. & krashen, s. ( 1974 ). is there a ' natural sequence ' in adult second language learning? ll, j. s. ( 1974 ). an analysis of english learner speech. ll, 24, s. & levenston, e. ( 1977 ). strategies of communications, through lexical avoidance in the speech and writing of second - language teachers and learners and in translation. mimeo. r. w. ( 1973 ). a first language : the early stages. harvard h., rosansky, e. j. & schumann, j. h. ( 1975 ). the acquisition of the english auxiliary by native spanish speakers. tesol j. ( 1975 ). selected processes in second language acquisition. paper presented to the fourth ai la congress, stuttgart. j. ( 1976 ). word order in second language acquisition. i n g. drachman ( ed. ), proceedings of the first salzburg colloquium on children ' s language. tubingen : verlag gunter narr. m. a. ( 1976 ). second language acquisition as a clash of consciousness. ll, 26, v. j. ( 1969 ). the analogy between first and second language learning. iral, v. j. ( 1973 ). the comparison of language development in native children and foreign adults. ira", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.50205429103448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.836376"} {"text": "a clash of consciousness. ll, 26, v. j. ( 1969 ). the analogy between first and second language learning. iral, v. j. ( 1973 ). the comparison of language development in native children and foreign adults. iral, v. j. ( 1975 ). strategies in the comprehension of relative clauses. language and speech, 18, v. j. ( 1977 ). cognitive processes in second language learning. iral, a. c. ( 1975 ). error correction and the training of language teachers. mlj, s. p. ( 1967 ). the significance of learners ' errors. iral, reprinted in richards ( 1974 ). s. p. ( 1971 ). idiosyncratic dialects and error analysis. iral, 147 - 60. reprinted in richards ( 1974 ). s. p. ( 1977 ). language continua and the interlanguage hypothesis. in s. p. corder & e. roulet ( eds. ), the notions of simplification, interlanguages and pidgins and their relation to second language pedagogy. geneva : droz ; neuchatel : universite de neuchatel. f. i. m. ( 1973 ). a ' levels of analysis ' view of memory. in p. pliner, l. kramer & t. alloway ( eds. ), communication and affect. new york : academic press. d. p. ( 1975 ). on psycholinguistic universals in children ' s learning of spanish. in d. p. dato ( ed. ), developmental psycholinguistics : theory and application. georgetown university press. ( georgetown university round table. ) a. m., smythe, p. m. & gardner, r. c. ( 1975 ). the social psychology of second language acquisition and bilinguality : an annotated bibliography. research bulletin no. 340, university of western ontario. l. ( 1975 ). the learner ' s language as a system of variable rules. tesol h. c. & burt, m. k. ( 1972 ). goofing : an indicator of children ' s second language learning strategies. ll, h. c. & burt, m. k. ( 1973 ). should we teach children syntax? ll, 23, 2, h. c. & burt, m. k. ( 1974 ). natural sequences in child second language acquisition. ll, 24,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5433411098622596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.837408"} {"text": "& burt, m. k. ( 1973 ). should we teach children syntax? ll, 23, 2, h. c. & burt, m. k. ( 1974 ). natural sequences in child second language acquisition. ll, 24, 1, 37 - 53. s. e. ( 1974 ). is second language learning like the first? tesol a. ( 1975 ). the relationship between age and second language productive ability. ll, 25, c. a. ( 1975 ). toward a characterization of english foreigner talk. anthropological l. w. ( 1976 ). individual differences in second language acquisition. asilomar conference on individual differences in language ability and language w. e. ( 1976 ). investigation of the relationship between memorisation and rule acquisition. in. j. e. fanselow & r. h. crymes ( eds. ), on r. c, smythe, p. c, clement, r. & gliksman, l. ( 1976 ). second language learning : a social psychological perspective. canadian modern language review, 32, d. h. ( 1963 ). a study of the span of immediate memory among adult students of english as a foreign language. university of michigan, phd thesis. m. f. ( 1977 ). regression in adult learning of a second language. foreign language annals, 10, a. z., brannan, r. c. l. & dull, c. y. ( 1972 ). empathy and second language learning. ll, 22, 2, 111 - 30. k. ( 1974 ). prefabricated patterns and the emergence of structure in second language acquisition. ll, k. ( 1975 ). learning how to speak a second language : what exactly does the child learn? in d. p. dato ( ed. ), developmental psycholinguistics : theory and application. georgetown university press ( georgetown university round table. ) d. p. ( 1970 ). report on an experimental group - administered memory span test. tesol e. ( 1976 ). conversational analysis : an alternative methodology for second language acquisition research. proceedings of the nwave - v conference, e. ( 1978 ). discourse analysis and second language acquisition. in e. hatch language acquisition. rowley, mass. : newbury house. g. h. ( 1973 ). remembering foreign language vocabulary : acoustic and semantic f. m. & king, j. k. ( 1971 ). imitation and correction in foreign language k.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4778832724702759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.839643"} {"text": "acquisition. rowley, mass. : newbury house. g. h. ( 1973 ). remembering foreign language vocabulary : acoustic and semantic f. m. & king, j. k. ( 1971 ). imitation and correction in foreign language k. ( 1977 ). implicational patterns in interlanguage syntax variation. work in progress, 10, department of linguistics, edinburgh university. m. a. & carpenter, p. a. ( 1975 ). comparative studies of comprehension : an investigation of chinese, norwegian and english. memory and cognition, 3, j. t. ( 1976 ). case, gender, and pronominal diamorphy in child second language acquisition. paper delivered at first annual boston conference on language development. e. ( 1974 ). elicitation, lateralisation and error analysis. york papers in linguistics, 4. studies bulletin, 1, s. ( 1975 ). the development of cerebral dominance and language learning : more evidence. in d. p. dato ( ed. ), developmental psycholinguistics : theory and application. georgetown university press ( georgetown university round table ). s. d. ( 1976 ). formal and informal linguistic environments in language acquisition and language learning, tesol s. d. ( 1977 ). the monitor model for adult second language performance. in m. burt, h. dulay & m. finocchario ( eds. ), viewpoints on english as a second language. new s. d., sferlazza, v., feldman, l. & fathman, a. k. ( 1976 ). adult performance on the slope test : more evidence for a natural sequence in adult second language acquisition. ll, 26, j. & salin, e. ( 1971 ). children ' s learning of unfamiliar phonological motor skills, 33, w. e. ( 1956 ). developmental aspects of second language acquisition : i. associational fluency, stimulus provocativeness and word order influence. journal of social psychology, 43, w. e. ( 1974 ). cultural and language factors in learning and education. in f. aboud & r. meade, the fifth western symposium on learning. washington : western washington state college. w. e. & preston, m. s. ( 1967 ). the interdependences of the bilingual ' s two languages. in k. salzinger & s. salzinger ( eds. ), research in verbal behaviour and some neurophysiological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49820290301219633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.841432"} {"text": "m. s. ( 1967 ). the interdependences of the bilingual ' s two languages. in k. salzinger & s. salzinger ( eds. ), research in verbal behaviour and some neurophysiological implications, 115 - 21. new york : academic press. d. e. ( 1975 ). the acquisition of grammatical morphemes by adult esl students. tesol d. e. ( 1976 ). an explanation for the morpheme acquisition order of second language learners. ll, e. ( 1975 ). second - language acquisition : environments and strategies. in c. molony, h. zobl & w. stolting ( eds. ), german in contact with other languages. monographs in linguistics and communication sciences. kronberg : skriptor verlag. p. m. ( 1977 ). french l2 learners : what they ' re talking about. paper presented at the first annual second language acquisition research forum, university of california, los angeles. j. & harding - esch, e. ( 1977 ). summary and recall of text in first and second languages ; some factors contributing to performance differences. in h. w. sinaiko and d. gerver ( eds. ), proceedings of nato symposium on language, interpretation and communication. new york ; london : plenum press. second language learning in children. psychological j. ( 1973 ). nurseries, streets and classrooms : some comparisons and deductions. j. ( 1976 ). comparison between first and second language learning. die neuren sprachen, 75, d. ( 1965 ). some thoughts on first and second language acquisition. mimeo, p. ( 1977 ). schizophrenic symptoms in foreign - language learners. paper presented to baal annual conference, colchester. b. s. & rivers, w. m. ( 1976 ). in one ear and out the other : implications of memory studies for language learning. in j. e. fanselow & r. crymes j. p. ( 1974 ). the development of negation in english by a second - language n., frohlich, m. & stern, h. h. ( 1975 ). the good language learner. toronto : ontario institute for studies in education. d. s. & natalico, l. f. s. ( 1971 ). a comparative study of english pluralisation by native and non - native english speakers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4914023430871426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.842377"} {"text": "). the good language learner. toronto : ontario institute for studies in education. d. s. & natalico, l. f. s. ( 1971 ). a comparative study of english pluralisation by native and non - native english speakers. child w. ( 1971 ). approximative systems of foreign - language learners. iral, 115 - 23. reprinted in richards ( 1974 ). g. g. ( 1976 ). the bilingual ' s lexical store. iral, l. & reibel, d. a. ( 1968 ). necessity and sufficiency in language learning. l. l. & samuels, s. j. ( 1973 ). the relationship between age and accuracy of foreign - language pronunciation. journal of educational research, 66, s. ( 1976 ). a sensitive period for the acquisition of a non - native phonological of psycholinguistic research, 5, a. m. ( to appear ). acquisition of 14 grammatical morphemes in the speech of a. m. & lindholm, k. j. ( 1976 ). development of interrogative, negative and possessive forms in the speech of young spanish / english bilinguals. bilingual a. ( 1976 ). on exploring visual knowledge. paper presented at the iowa invitational conference on visual learning, thinking and communication. university of iowa. s. ( to appear ). language play in second language acquisition. in c. henning of the first annual los angeles second language research forum. k. & larsen - freeman, d. ( 1975 ). the effect of formal language instruction on the order of morpheme acquisition. ll, 25, j. h. ( 1977 ). a cross - sectional study of morpheme acquisition in first language learning. ll, 27, c. a. & wright, e. n. ( 1974 ). age and second language learning. journal of social psychology, 94, j. c. ( 1971 ). error analysis and second language strategies. language j. c. ( ed. ) ( 1974 ). error w. m. & melvin, b. s. ( 1977 ). memory and memorization in comprehension and production : contributions of i p theory. canadian modern language review, 33, e. j. ( 1975 ). the critical period for the acquisition of language ; some cognitive developmental considerations. working papers in bilingualism, 6, e. j. ( 1976 ). methods and morphemes in second language acquisition research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48437370971223215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.843212"} {"text": "e. j. ( 1975 ). the critical period for the acquisition of language ; some cognitive developmental considerations. working papers in bilingualism, 6, e. j. ( 1976 ). methods and morphemes in second language acquisition research. j. ( 1975 ). what the ' good language learner ' can teach us. tesol g. p. & richards, j. c. ( 1973 ). learner language systems. language reprinted in richards ( 1974 ). j. ( 1974 ). an error in error analysis. ll, 24, j. h. ( 1975a ). implications of pidginization and creolization for the study of adult second language acquisition. in j. h. schumann & n. stenson ( eds. ), new frontiers in second language learning. rowley, mass. : newbury house. j. h. ( 1975 6 ). affective factors and the problem of age in second language acquisition. ll, 25, j. h. ( 1976 ). social distance as a factor in second language acquisition. ll, 26, t. ( 1969 ). foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance. ll, 19, h. w., krashen, s. d. & ladefoged, p. ( 1975 ). maturational constraints in the acquisition of second language accent. language l. ( 1972 ). interlanguage. iral, 209 - 31. reprinted in richards ( 1974 ). k. h. & braine, m. d -. s. ( no date ). miniature languages and the problem of language acquisition. mimeo. c. e. & hoefnagel - hohle, m. ( 1975 ). age differences in second language acquisition. paper read to fourth aila congress, stuttgart. c. e. & hoefnagel - hohle, m. ( no date ). age differences in the pronunciation of foreign sounds. mimeo, university of amsterdam. b. ( 1977 ). the comparative study of first and second language acquisition. paper read at sixth annual university of wisconsin - milwaukee linguistics symposium on h. h. ( 1975 ). what can we learn from the good language learner? canadian modern language review, 31, e. ( 1976 ). some influences on interlanguage phonology. working papers in bilingualism, 8, b. p. ( 1975 ). the use of overgeneralization and transfer learning strategies by elementary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4946446935713323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.844143"} {"text": "review, 31, e. ( 1976 ). some influences on interlanguage phonology. working papers in bilingualism, 8, b. p. ( 1975 ). the use of overgeneralization and transfer learning strategies by elementary and intermediate students of esl. ll, 25, i. ( 1971 ). how are words from two languages organized in a bilingual ' s memory? canadian journal of psychology, 23, r. v. ( 1975 ). piagetian equilibration processes in syntax learning. in d. p. dato ( ed. ), developmental psycholinguistics : theory and application. georgetown university press. ( georgetown university round table. ) a. ( 1975 ). error analysis and pedagogical ordering and the determination of pedagogically motivated sequences. in s. p. corder & e. roulet ( eds. ), some implications of linguistic theory for applied linguistics. brussels : j. a., doughtie, e. g. & lee yom, b. h. ( 1974 ). the identification of structural components of an unknown language. journal of psycholinguistic research, 3, l. ( 1977 ). error analysis and error correction in adult learners of english as a second language, working papers in bilingualism, 13, h. ( 1976a ). redding - > [ wedin ] : the acquisition of l2 / r /. arbeitspapiere zum spracherwerb, 11. department, university of kiel. h. ( 19766 ). developmental sequences in naturalistic l2 acquisition. working papers in bilingualism, 11, young, r. w. ( 1973 ). the development of semantic categories in spanish - english and navajo - english bilingual children. in p. t. turner ( ed. ), bilingualism in the south west. tucson : university of arizona press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5464341180434201, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.844907"} {"text": "directional control valves are the most widely used... and the least understood... valves in fluid power circuits. many people are confused by the schematic symbol representations, and have difficulty understanding the terms ways, positions, and operators. learning to read schematic drawings is similar to learning a foreign language. to the trained eye, a symbol speaks volumes even when no words are present. this chapter attempts to take away some of the confusion and apparent magic of fluid power schematic drawings, and thus help make designing and maintaining fluid power systems easier. directional control valves can only perform three functions : - stop or block fluid flow - allow fluid flow, and - change direction of fluid flow. at first glance, the valve type shown in figure 10 - 1 does not appear to be a directional control valve. however, check valves do allow flow in one direction and block flow the opposite direction. use a check valve in any line where back flow cannot be tolerated. also pilot - operated check valves ( discussed in the next section ) can be shifted by an external source to allow reverse flow or stop free flow. the cross - sectional views show the standard poppet design used in most check valves. as in most early designs, the symbol still pictures a ball on a seat. ball check valves work well until they are disassembled for repair or when troubleshooting. as these valves operate, they wear a groove where the ball contacts the seat. if this wear groove is not reinstalled exactly where it was, the valve is no longer leak free. on the other hand, a guided poppet always goes back in the same relationship to the seat and seals easily after reassembly. it is easy to understand the function of a check valve. fluid entering opposite a spring pushes against the poppet and spring to move it out of the way. the inline valve has holes around the angled seat face above the body seat to allow flow to pass. the right - angle design pushes the poppet out of the way and fluid flows by with little restriction. check valves are almost trouble - free devices. seldom is one the cause of a problem. potential problems can be minimized further if the check valves are : right - angle types, screw - in cartridges, or subplate mounted. note that an inline check valve \u2019 s plumbing must be disassembled before the valve can be checked. check valves also can control pressure. almost all check valves use a spring to return the poppet. in most valves, this spring has very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49205625004594294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.854165"} {"text": "note that an inline check valve \u2019 s plumbing must be disassembled before the valve can be checked. check valves also can control pressure. almost all check valves use a spring to return the poppet. in most valves, this spring has very light force, because any spring force results in an energy loss and heat. the light springs from most suppliers require about 5 psi to move the poppet against them ( some go as low as 1 psi ). some large check valves, when they are mounted vertically, may require no spring because the weight of the poppet causes it to fall onto its seat. strong springs give extra resistance to flow so a check valve could replace a relief valve when low - pressure bypass is required. many manufacturers have check valves with springs that require as much as 125 psi to push their poppets back. these valves work for low - pressure circuits such as a bypass around a low - pressure filter or heat exchanger, or to maintain minimum pilot pressure for pilot - operated directional control valves. when the spring functions as a backpressure or relief valve, the symbol usually shows the spring as part of the symbol. another lesser - known use for check valves is as a fixed - orifice flow - control function. figure 10 - 2 shows an inline check valve with an orifice drilled through the poppet. the orifice allows free flow in one direction and measured flow the opposite way. the orifice is non - adjustable, so this component is tamper proof. the only way to change actuator speed is to physically change the orifice size. this orificed check valve could protect an actuator that might run away if a line broke or a valve malfunctioned. it will not affect speed in the opposite direction. for this application it should be flange fitted or hard piped directly to the actuator port. pilot - operated check valves the check valves in figure 10 - 3 operate like standard check valves, but can permit reverse flow when required. they are called pilot - to - open check valves because they are normally closed but can be opened for reverse flow by a signal from an external pilot supply. the first cutaway view of a pilot - to - open check valve in figure 10 - 3 is a standard design using a pilot piston with a stem to unseat the check valve poppet for reverse flow. the pilot piston has an area three to four times that of the poppet seat. this produces enough force to open the poppet against backpressure. some pilot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43391848459604065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.856887"} {"text": "piston with a stem to unseat the check valve poppet for reverse flow. the pilot piston has an area three to four times that of the poppet seat. this produces enough force to open the poppet against backpressure. some pilot - operated check valves have area ratios up to 100 : 1, allowing a very low pilot pressure to open the valve against high backpressure. the second valve in figure 10 - 3 shows a pilot - to - open with decompression function. it has a small, inner decompression poppet that allows low pilot pressure to open a small flow passage to reduce backpressure. after releasing high backpressure, the pilot piston can easily open the main poppet for full flow to tank. ( this arrangement does not work when the high backpressure is load - induced or generated by other continuous forces. ) the third valve, pilot - operated with external drain, isolates the stem side of the pilot piston from the in free - flow port backpressure that would resist pilot pressure trying to open the poppet. notice that in the other two cutaway views, any pressure in the in free - flow port pushes against the pilot piston stem side and resists pilot pressure \u2019 s attempt to open the poppet. backpressure could be from a downstream flow control or counterbalance valve in some circuits. the external - drain port also can be used to make the pilot piston return when using the valve for a pilot - operated 2 - way function. the circuit in figure 10 - 4 shows a typical application for pilot - operated check valves. spool - type directional control valves cannot keep a cylinder from moving from a mid - stroke position for any length of time. all spool valves allow some bypass, so a cylinder with an outside force working against it slowly moves out of position when stopped. installing pilot - operated check valves in the cylinder lines and connecting the directional valve \u2019 s a and b ports to tank in center position assures that the cylinder will stay where it stops ( unless the piston seals leak ). the circuit in figure 10 - 5 shows a pilot - operated check valve holding a load on the rod end of a vertically mounted cylinder. pilot - operated check valves can hold potential runaway loads in place without creep, but this circuit usually has problems on the extend stroke. this is because a pilot - operated check valve opens the rod end of the cylinder to tank, letting it run away. when the cylinder moves faster than the pump can fill it, pressure in the cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48485561709067954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.857993"} {"text": "this circuit usually has problems on the extend stroke. this is because a pilot - operated check valve opens the rod end of the cylinder to tank, letting it run away. when the cylinder moves faster than the pump can fill it, pressure in the cap end and pilot pressure to the pilot - operated check valve \u2019 s pilot port drops and the valve closes quickly. this can generate high - pressure spikes that may cause pipe and part damage. almost immediately, pressure to the pilot - operated check valve \u2019 s pilot port builds again and the runaway / stop scenario repeats until the cylinder meets resistance or something fails. the best valve to control runaway loads is the counterbalance valve explained in chapter 14. figure 10 - 6 illustrates another problem with using a pilot - operated check valve to hold back a runaway load : a pilot - operated check valve may not open when signaled to let a cylinder with an oversize rod and heavy load extend. when the directional valve shifts to extend the cylinder, load - induced pressure can hold the pilot - operated check valve poppet closed. it may take 300 to 400 psi to force the poppet open, even with its 3 : 1 or 4 : 1 area difference. pressure builds at the pilot port, but at the same time it increases in the cylinder cap end. with a 2 : 1 rod - differential cylinder, it can add 600 to 800 psi to the load - induced pressure. the additional downward force causes pilot pressure to increase, which causes more downward force, which causes more pilot pressure - - until the circuit reaches maximum pressure. at that point, the relief valve bypasses or the pump compensator kicks in to stop flow. the cylinder simply cannot start to extend... and even if it could, the action would be erratic, as in figure 10 - 5. pilot - to - close check valves there is also a pilot - to - close check valve, but it is seldom used. it is rarely necessary to have a valve that always stops flow in one direction and also is capable of stopping it the opposite direction. notice in the cutaway view in figure 10 - 7 that the spring - loaded poppet does not have communicating holes through it to the spring chamber. flow passes freely from inlet to outlet until a pilot signal is fed to the pilot port. because the pilot port side of the main - flow poppet has more area than the inlet side, this valve can be closed against free flow. part 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44547124097912083, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.858960"} {"text": "dossi, dosso ( giovanni luteri ) ( c. 1490? - 1542 ). the outstanding painter of the ferrarese school in the 16th century. his early life and training are obscure, but vasari ' s assertion that he was born around 1474 is now thought unlikely. he is first recorded in 1512 at mantua ( the name ` dosso ' probably comes from a place near mantua - - he is not called ` dosso dossi ' until the 18th century ). by 1514 he was in ferrara, where he spent most of the rest of his career, combining with the poet ariosto in devising court entertainments, triumphs, tapestries, etc. dosso painted various kinds of pictures - - mythological and religious works, portraits, and decorative frescos - - and is perhaps most important for the part played in his work by landscape, in which he continues the romantic pastoral vein of giorgione and titian. the influence from these two artists is indeed so strong that it is thought he must have been in venice early in his career. dosso ' s work, however, has a personal quality of fantasy and an opulent sense of color and texture that gives it an individual stamp ( melissa, borghese galleria, rome, c. 1523 ). his brother battista dossi ( c. 1497 - 1548 ) often collaborated with him, but there is insufficient evidence to know whether he made an individual contribution. photographs by carol gerten - jackson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38126839770909404, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.860491"} {"text": "however, wetlands along desert rivers are incredibly important for wildlife : for water, for fresh forage, for a place to escape the often harsh weather on canyon rims. on the 45 ranch, set deep in one of the most remote corners of the owyhee canyonlands of southwestern idaho, a new restoration project is returning wetlands to wildlife. conservation buyers charles conn and dennis fitzpatrick bought the ranch from the nature conservancy in 2005, with the goal of funding conservation and restoration work on the ranch. \u201c the owners had a vision to return the river bottom on their ranch to wetlands, \u201d says art talsma, the conservancy \u2019 s director of stewardship. \u201c it \u2019 s one of the largest river bottoms along the owyhee river, so it \u2019 s difficult to overstate how important it is to wildlife. \u201d the owners and the conservancy worked with geoengineers, a boise firm specializing in river restoration, to restore 26 acres of wetlands and 45 acres of native grasses to the river bottom. royce construction handled the on - the - ground developments. the project has already garnered awards for its engineering, including recognition by the american council of engineering companies and the owyhee conservation district. for the river ( pictured above ), it means the opportunity to behave more like a wild river \u2014 including moving from its channel and periodically flooding. for bighorn sheep, mule deer and sage grouse, it means a place to rest, to feed, to hide and to take cover from harsh weather. for waterfowl and other birds, the wetlands mean a place to rest in the middle of the harsh desert on a long migration. for rafters, it means a quieter float. previously, the agricultural field was irrigated with a diesel generator, which also generated unwelcome noise for rafters on one of the country \u2019 s most remote rivers. the wetlands project is watered solely through gravity and now saves energy, too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40694958179925383, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.862365"} {"text": "mit \u2019 s technology review featured professor catherine klapperich \u2019 s snap device, co - developed as an iih project, to purify dna in the field. snap ( system for nucleic acid preparation ) is able to purify dna from field samples such as blood and saliva without any electricity or specialized training. this allows samples to be collected in the field, and stabilized without expensive refrigeration. by isolating dna from the sample, the resulting material remains stable at room temperature for long periods of time. \u201c instead of taking blood samples and keeping them cold, with our technology, they would be able to prepare all the samples at the point of care, \u201d says klapperich, an assistant professor of mechanical and biomedical engineering at boston university. \u201c they would also have a longer period of time to get a much more preserved sample to a central lab someplace else. \u201d a standard bicycle pump is all that \u2019 s required to power a dna purifying kit, designed by catherine klapperich and her students at boston university. the thermos - size device, dubbed snap ( system for nucleic acid preparation ), extracts genetic material from blood and other bodily fluids by pumping fluid through a polymer - lined straw designed to trap dna. a user can then pop the straw out and mail it to the nearest lab, where the preserved dna can be analyzed for suspicious bacteria, viruses, and genetic diseases. more at technology review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5314077186720874, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.863862"} {"text": "photo : elaine faith ( flickr ) if your hair drier shrunk your head to the size of a grapefruit, you \u2019 d be astounded. if your wool pants shrank in the drier, you \u2019 d be angry but not amazed. how can clothing disobey the laws of common sense, and shrink in the laundry? what happens in the laundry? to understand why this happens, we need to take a closer look at the microscopic structure of natural fibers like wool. each thready strand you can see is composed of millions of long, tangled molecules called \u201c polymer chains. \u201d microscopically, these start out coiled like miniature, tangled springs, something like a mass of tangled telephone cords. these curly molecules are stretched and straightened as the wool is carded and spun. in your pants, the straightened polymer chains have a natural tendency to spring back to their original, tightly - coiled state. fortunately for clothing manufacturers, it \u2019 s not exactly easy for the natural fibers to do this. in order to curl back up, they need a certain amount of energy. it \u2019 s hard to picture this, because we \u2019 re used to springs bouncing back to their original shape as soon as we take the tension off them. these microscopic springs don \u2019 t work that way though \u2013 they stay stretched out until they get a boost of energy to help them scrunch back up. hot drier or hot water running your pants through a hot drier, or washing them with hot water, can give them the energy they need to spring back. when this microscopic scrunching up happens all over the fabric, your pants shrink.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5278824427180735, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.865461"} {"text": "ramshackle barns exhorting passers - by to \u201c treat [ themselves ] to the best \u201d have become a familiar element of road - trip vernacular. those wandering down indiana \u2019 s scenic routes, or browsing around the courthouse square in certain county seats are sure to encounter the fading call to action \u2013 \u201c chew mail pouch tobacco \u201d. soon after the product \u2019 s birth in wheeling, west virginia around 1900, its makers launched a national advertising campaign that focused on rural areas in the midwest. chewing tobacco was especially convenient for the large number of farmers in the hoosier state whose daily routine limited their opportunities to smoke. indiana farmers were targeted not only as mail pouch customers, but partners in what became a century - long marketing campaign. in exchange for a small sum ( usually under ten dollars ), a yearlong supply of tobacco, or a magazine subscription, a farmer would agree to have the company \u2019 s slogan painted on his barn. having at least one side of a barn painted for free provided additional incentive. regionally - contracted two - man painting crews knocked out two to three barns a day, working for commissions that compensated them by the square foot. other signs were painted on the brick walls of corner buildings visible from the state \u2019 s county courthouses. each advertisement was signed and dated. a common set of initials \u2014 h.. e. w. \u2014 indicates that the sign was the work of harley warrick, an ohio native who painted around twenty thousand barns in twenty states for the mail pouch firm, never utilizing stencils or modern scaffolding. \u201c name an indiana town of any size, \u201d warrick claimed, \u201c and i \u2019 ve been there. \u201d the federal highway beautification act of 1965, prohibiting highway signage closer than 660 feet from the roadway, resulted in many of the mail pouch barns to be painted over. the advertising campaign was further weakened as the burgeoning interstate highway system reduced traffic on the state roads from which the barns were visible. mail pouch signs all but went the way of burma shave by 1969. in 1974, however, congress made an exception for commercial signs of historic significance, and warrick, the firm \u2019 s only remaining sign painter, went about restoring mail pouch signs around the country \u2014 completing major projects in the indiana towns of redkey and lanesville. with increasing societal consciousness of the health hazards of tobacco, mail pouch ended its legendary ad campaign upon warrick \u2019 s retirement, in 1996. some landowners who have mail pouch barns on their property choose to maintain them, while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4173841678428966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.868155"} {"text": "the pocket gophers are burrowing rodents of the family geomyidae. these are the \u201c true \u201d gophers, though several ground squirrels of the family sciuridae are often called gophers as well. the name \u201c pocket gopher \u201d on its own may be used to refer to any of a number of subspecies of the family. pocket gophers are widely distributed in north america, extending into central america. gophers are heavily built, and most are 12 to 30 cm ( 4. 7 to 12 in ) long, weighing a few hundred grams. a few species reach weights approaching 1 kg ( 2. 2 lb ). within any species, the males are larger than the females and can be nearly double their weight. most gophers have brown fur that often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live. their most characteristic features are their large cheek pouches, from which the word \u201c pocket \u201d in their name derives. these pouches are fur - lined, and can be turned inside out. they extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. they have small eyes and a short, hairy tail, which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards. all pocket gophers are burrowers. they are larder hoarders, and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows. gophers can collect large hoards. their presence is unambiguously announced by the appearance of mounds of fresh dirt about 20 cm ( 7. 9 in ) in diameter. these mounds will often appear in vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil ( see soil biomantle ). they also enjoy feeding on vegetables. for this reason, some species are considered agricultural pests. they may also damage trees in forests. although they will attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth. pocket gophers are solitary outside of the breeding season, aggressively maintaining territories that vary in size depending on the resources available. males and females may share some burrows and nesting chambers if their territories border each other, but in general, each pocket gopher inhabits its own individual tunnel system. depending on the species and local conditions, pocket gophers may have a specific annual breeding season, or may breed repeatedly through the year. each litter typically consists of two to five young, although this may be much higher in some species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47388263086589166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.870494"} {"text": "our work in room 7 concentrated on the conservation and removal of the large piece of plaster that was found in early 1980s. one of the biggest surprises was that we found a great number of schist slabs and pieces of limestone under the plaster. it is obvious that these stones made up the paved floor of the second story, which was preserved to a great extent some centimeters above the ground floor. the plaster we discovered on top of these stones likely once covered the paved floor. the excavation of room 8 had started in 2006. this year, we uncovered three pieces of limestone and two schist slabs, among them a complete handle - less conical cup. across the east wall, we collected several pieces of white plaster with traces of black and red color. also, we found some burnt wood, bones, and sherds, as well as a few crumbs of bronze. we continued to excavate at a lower level, where we uncovered a one - handled hemispherical cup, jug, open vessel, and some pieces of plaster. as usual, we found carbonized wood and bones. in addition, we uncovered a course of upright limestone across the western part of the south wall of the room. we are certain that these stones were intentionally positioned here in order to form a structure, which, however, we cannot yet identify. across the rest of the south wall were several pieces of limestone that had fallen vertically. it seems that they came from some kind of structure, such as shelves on the same wall, or they may have fallen from the upper story. a socket at the southern part of the west wall may have facilitated the positioning of a wooden beam. we collected more pieces of white plaster, some of which had red paint. it is probable that these courses of stones, found across the south wall, are somehow related. as the excavation extended into the other parts of the room, we collected more pieces of white plaster and charcoal. the excavation of room 15 had started in the 1980s, and continued during 2006 with the removal of the upper fill. this year, we removed the lower fill and uncovered numerous pieces of limestone and schist slabs. the fallen masonry was mainly concentrated in the western part of the room, whereas the eastern part was distinguished by a large, complete pithos and part of the floor of the upper story. the latter was well preserved on the top of the pithos. the excavation gradually revealed the lower part of the inner walls. two small rectangular gaps in the masonry may indicate the existence of niches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48756530038574625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.878903"} {"text": "and part of the floor of the upper story. the latter was well preserved on the top of the pithos. the excavation gradually revealed the lower part of the inner walls. two small rectangular gaps in the masonry may indicate the existence of niches. one larger gap on the west wall was most probably a window, similar to the one we found on the west wall of room 14. we uncovered a large amount of stones, among them some bones, plaster, and charcoal. at the southwest part of this fill, four miniature handle - less conical cups came to light. it is exactly the same place that we unearthed a complete amphora the previous year. at the same level, we also found some charcoal, bones, and two fragments of white plaster. in total, we documented 67 slabs from the story \u2019 s paved floor. the small and irregular size of the stones may explain why they needed to be covered with clay, which was burnt ( and is why it was preserved to such a great extent ). on the surface of the clay, there was a great quantity of carbonized wood, some sherds, and a handle - less conical cup. the pithos we found took up a substantial part of the southeast and central parts of the room. it is 1. 15 meters high ( 3. 7 feet ), and has two rows of handles below the rim and at the lower part of its body. at the center of the room, and in contact with pithos \u2019 rims, we found two thin pieces of limestone that do not resemble the stones fallen from the story. this probably means that they were used to cover the pithos. at the southeast corner of the room, we found a one - handled cup and a bell - shaped cup. at the northwest side, we revealed two more handle - less conical cups. the latter had most likely fallen from a shelf on the wall. we removed the rest of the southeast fill and uncovered four more vessels : two incense burners, a lamp, and a miniature handle - less conical cup. at the opening of the door, we found fragments of white plaster, burnt wood, bones, and a great amount of fallen stones from the east wall. at the north - central part of the room, we discovered two miniature conical cups, a milk jug, some bones, burnt wood, three fragments of plaster, and two handle - less cups. the excavation continued at a lower level, revealing four jugs, a bridge - spouted cup, the lower part of a stirrup jar,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46405983484372887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.880022"} {"text": "jug, some bones, burnt wood, three fragments of plaster, and two handle - less cups. the excavation continued at a lower level, revealing four jugs, a bridge - spouted cup, the lower part of a stirrup jar, and a conical cup. below these finds, we uncovered some limestone and schist slabs, which probably means that they came from a stone structure, maybe a bench. at the southern part of this fill, we found four more vessels, mainly cups, as well as some fragments of plaster, burnt wood, and some bones. at the southwest part of the room, an accumulation of four more vessels came to light. among them were a cooking pot and a shallow angular bowl. the excavation continued mainly across the south and east walls, where we unearthed a great number of finds, including a lid, a tray, a cooking pot, two handle - less conical cups, a milk jug, and a miniature conical cup. the accumulation continued in the northern part of the east wall where we found a tray, two conical cups, a jug, and a quartz crystal. as usual, we also collected many bones and pieces of burnt wood. lastly, two more dense accumulations of artifacts came to light beneath the lower part of the pithos and the northeast part of the room, including an amphoriskos, an incense burner, two handle - less cups, a cooking pot, a shallow bowl, and many sherds coming from a medium - size vessel. we also found bones and carbonized wood. the excavation of room 17 had started in 2005. the research up to now was mainly concentrated on the central and western parts of the room, while the eastern part remained unexcavated. this year, the excavation continued in the lower fill of the southwest part of the room. in addition, we removed the upper fill of the eastern part. the single most important find was a pithos, which we uncovered in front of the west doorjamb. at the same level, in the southwest corner of the room, we discovered big sherds that belonged to the rim and the body of another large pithos. at the floor level, we uncovered four vessels : a jug, a beaked jug, and two conical cups. in addition, we found numerous bones and pieces of charcoal. we began to excavate the room \u2019 s eastern part this year. the upper fill was full of medium and large pieces of limestone and a few schist slabs. despite the masonry \u2019 s bad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45923233903685634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.880958"} {"text": "we found numerous bones and pieces of charcoal. we began to excavate the room \u2019 s eastern part this year. the upper fill was full of medium and large pieces of limestone and a few schist slabs. despite the masonry \u2019 s bad state of preservation at the southeast corner, it seemed that there was one more opening at the southern part of the east wall. the door is 0. 80 centimeters ( 0. 31 inches ) wide and blocked by fallen stones. the disruption in this fill was confirmed by the pottery, since we found a lot of sherds from later periods. among the various finds were numerous bones and pieces of carbonized wood. lastly, at the lower part of this fill, there were a few more finds : a sherd of a tray, a handle of a cooking pot, a miniature cup, white plaster, and a probable stone tool. this year, we continued the excavation of passageway 16 at its southern end. we uncovered a great amount of fallen stones, which came from the upper parts of the east wall of room 15. in this fill, we found numerous sherds, bones, and pieces of burnt wood. also, we discovered two greenish pebbles, a small black stone with reddish inclusions, and two pieces of white plaster. at the lowest level of this fill, we unearthed two handle - less cups and sherds from a large pithos. in addition, we found many pieces of charcoal, three incomplete vessels ( a handle - less cup, hemispherical cup, and shallow bowl ), a quartz crystal, and a fragment of white plaster. in order to better understand the area occupied by the central building and to complete its ground plan, we conducted a geomagnetic prospection to trace any structures, mainly walls, that remain covered to date.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46926026352291, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.881600"} {"text": "was this an iron furnace? yes, it was. welcome to archaeological mystery! the author is william d. conner, avocational archaeologist of columbus, ohio. my archaeological odyssey begins august, 1963, as i pose ( middle ) with amateur archaeologist arlington h. mallery, and a neighborhood youngster. we sit in the remains of the bowl of the overly furnace near the village of austin, ross county, ohio. this furnace and others like it in south central ohio, excavated 1949 - 1992 by amateur investigators, represent an old world technology 2, 000 years old. how did it come to exist in ohio? iron age america before columbus preface : the legendary azgens 1. norsemen among the indians? 2. spruce hill 3. mallery finds norse traces in newfoundland 4. spruce hill furnaces lure mallery to ohio 5. mallery vs. solecki 6. are virginia \u2019 s mysterious furnaces all gone? 7. investigators keeler and kelley 8. glacial kame furnace uncovered, july 1990 9. archaeologist urges us to dig 10. the hoover reservoir site furnace 11. america \u2019 s large copper artifacts 12. investigator ellis neiburger 13. new light shed on furnaces and maps 14. used by columbus? 15. proof of ancient astronauts? 16. the newark \u2018 holy stones \u2019 debate at roscoe 17. the bent artifacts 18. the farfarers 19. period of unrest \u2019 caused by invasion of iron age celts 20. america and ohio : just before columbus? 21. forging links with pre - columbians appendix a : arlington mallery \u2019 s investigation chronology appendix b : ohio archaeo - pyrogenic sites database appendix c : the solecki report appendix d : rebuttal to solecki \u2019 s report by mallery appendix e : supplement to mallery \u2019 s rebuttal appendix f : sterling \u2019 s reply to mallery \u2019 s rebuttal of solecki \u2019 s report appendix g : spruce hill investigations, 1992 appendix h : report to the ohio archaeological council appendix i : triangulation : recording excavation site data points appendix j : arledge tl test yields 1740 ad results appendix k : mallery not the first appendix l : the georgetown forum appendix m : the legendary lost city of paint valley appendix n : carved stone buried 15 feet below chillicothe? appendix o : found with metal detector appendix p : was ohio prehistoric furnace iron appendix q : reported at symposium in 1973 appendix r : the thordsen map iron age america before columbus / william d. conner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4594151609817882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.884720"} {"text": "stone buried 15 feet below chillicothe? appendix o : found with metal detector appendix p : was ohio prehistoric furnace iron appendix q : reported at symposium in 1973 appendix r : the thordsen map iron age america before columbus / william d. conner \u2018 crushing \u2019 evidence of antiquity centuries before history began, someone left behind furnaces of ancient old world iron age design buried deep inside \u201c indian mounds, \u201d hillsides and the banks of creeks in and around the land that would become ross county, ohio. prehistoric iron age people from the old world built the furnaces to smelt bog iron ore into wrought iron, the metal blacksmiths shaped into tools and weapons. i will provide conclusive proof that all attempts to fit ohio \u2019 s pit iron furnaces into the 18th century - - before american settlers claimed the land - - are unworkable. instead, evidence indicates that these furnaces were constructed and used about a thousand years ago. i was a teenage boy at chillicothe high in ross county when first i met arlington h. mallery in 1949. scorned by professional archaeologists, mallery, a bridge - building engineer, knew iron age furnaces when he found them, even if they occurred in ohio, where they were not supposed to exist. he dug up several furnaces of ancient design along ross county \u2019 s deer creek in 1949 - 50. i have developed compelling evidence these furnaces are in fact prehistoric and this new evidence will be uncovered in my new book, iron age america before columbus. text and photos \u00a9 1997 - 2009 by william d. conner \u201c iron age america before columbus \u201d is now available! | order book here |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3954668438251693, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.885389"} {"text": "the ancient egyptians encountered magical bricks on the way into life and on the way out. on the way in, these were four bricks, stacked in pairs, that served to elevate a birthing mother so that when her child emerged beneath her, the baby could easily be caught in the hands of the midwife. ( according to midwives even today, a squatting or sitting posture is preferable to the supine position in which most modern western women give birth, generally resulting in a faster, easier delivery. ) on the way out, these were the four talismanic bricks that were placed in niches in the four quarters of a royal burial chamber. these bricks were decorated with amuletic figures : in the east, the anubis jackel ; in the south, a flame ; in the west, the djed pillar of osiris ; and in the north, a mummiform male figure. all of them protected the deceased. doubtless, the talismanic bricks that surrounded the body of the deceased in the tomb were meant to assist in her or his rebirth into the next life, just as the birthing bricks assisted in a child \u2019 s birth into physical life. the goddess most closely associated with the birthing bricks is meskhenet, protectress of the birthing place. the bricks were called meskhenut ( pl. ) after her. meskhenet is depicted either as a woman - headed birthing brick or as a woman with a distinctive curling headdress that has been identified as a stylized cow \u2019 s uterus. she protects mother and child during the dangerous process of birth, she foretells the child \u2019 s destiny as the baby is born, and she is among the deities of rebirth who witness the judgment of the deceased in the otherworld. with isis \u2019 own connection to both birth and rebirth, you will probably not be surprised to learn that isis is closely associated with meskhenet. at osiris \u2019 temple complex at abydos, four meskhenets serve as assistants to isis in the great work of rebirth done there. at hathor \u2019 s temple complex at denderah, a combined form of isis and meskhenet ( meskhenet nofert iset or isis, meskhenet the beautiful ) is one of the four birth goddesses of denderah. and in the famous story of the birth of three kings found in the westcar papyrus, both isis and meskhenet are among the four", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4475569562650373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.890171"} {"text": ", meskhenet the beautiful ) is one of the four birth goddesses of denderah. and in the famous story of the birth of three kings found in the westcar papyrus, both isis and meskhenet are among the four goddesses who assist in the kings \u2019 births. both tomb bricks and birthing bricks were protective. an inscription from the temple at esna, khnum, the god who forms the child \u2019 s body and ka on his divine potter \u2019 s wheel, places four meskhenet goddesses around each of his various forms \u201c to repel the designs of evil by incantations. \u201d we even have a few spells that were used to charge the birthing bricks. these spells are supposed to repel the attacks of enemies to the north and south of egypt and may indicate that the birthing bricks, like the tomb bricks, were connected with the directions. and here \u2019 s another tidbit showing parallels between the magical tomb bricks and birthing bricks. in an egypt exploration society article by ann macy roth and catherine h. roehrig, the authors point out an interesting gender - balanced aspect of these magical bricks. you may recall that four sons of horus are the gods who protect the four canopic jars that contain the internal organs of the mummy. these four gods are, in turn, guarded by four goddesses. in tutankhamun \u2019 s tomb, the goddesses are isis, nephthys, selket, and neith. we may be able to explain the amuletic figures associated with the tomb bricks in a similar, though opposite, manner. if the four meskhenets are personified as four goddesses who protect the birthing place, perhaps the four figures on the tomb bricks \u2014 the god anubis, a mummiform male, a divine pillar associated with osiris, and a flame, the hieroglyph for which is rather phallic \u2014 may be considered divine males who protect the four meskhenet goddesses, just as four goddesses protect the four sons of horus. it is worth noting that these magical bricks were made in the same way as were the traditional mud bricks of egypt. they were fashioned from the fertile nile mud, which may be associated with isis as lady of the fertile earth, then they were dried in the brilliant heat of isis - re, the radiant sun goddess. i haven \u2019 t tried this yet, but it would be interesting to create four miniature mud bricks,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43888702346946207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.891228"} {"text": "japa : a psychological treatment q. what is the starting point of japa from the linguistic - point of view? what are the halting places in this joumey? and how does the power of japa become comprehensive form the point of view of physiology or of the science of incantation? ans. japa, the repetition of the name of the deity, and jalpa, meaning sophistry, come from the root words japa and jalpa. the root word jalpa connotes plain, explicit speaking ; whereas the root word japa has two connotations - - explicit speech and mental talk. thus, the semantic journey of japa begins from loud note ' to mantra - articulation ' and, mental repetition ' thereof. of course, japa is always done aloud, but from the point of view of articulation, it has been divided into two classes - voiced and mental. from the viewpoint of the science of incantation, japa is of three kinds - japa, antarjalpa, and mental jalpa. in the language of the science of incantation, these are known as voiced, low - voiced, and silent ( i. e. mental ). all these three kinds of japa can prove useful supports for ones progress in meditation. basically, the whole process constitutes an effort to migrate from the gross to the subtle, from the visible to the invisible world. gross sound produces gross vibrations and subtle sound produces subtle vibrations. subtle vibrations are far more powerful than the gross ones nevertheless, in the initial stages of bringing about a change, gross vibrations have a role to play. but in the higher stages it is necessary to move towards subtle vibrations, because the state of meditation can be attained only through these. loud japa is gross ; low - toned japa is an advance upon the former ; at the level of mental japa, the distance between knowledge and. the. word disappears. here language and thought get very near to each other. in gross vibrations, language and thought function separately. subtle vibrations awaken the psychic centres situated in the human body. although the entire system of the body is affected by these, some centres of consciousness are specially activated. for example - the centre of energy, the centre of bio - electricity, the centre of purity, the centre of intuition and the centre of wisdom in the system of preksha meditation,, psychic centres are associated with the endocrine glands as under : psychic centres endocrine glands location 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5413791812344207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.897646"} {"text": "centre of bio - electricity, the centre of purity, the centre of intuition and the centre of wisdom in the system of preksha meditation,, psychic centres are associated with the endocrine glands as under : psychic centres endocrine glands location 1. centre of energy gonads bottom end of the spinal cord 2. centre of health gonads lower abdomen 3. centre of bio - electricity adrenal, pancreas. navel islets of langerhans 4. centre of bliss thymus near the heart 5. centre of purity thyroid, parathyroid adams apple - throat 6. centre of celibacy sense organ of taste tongue ( tip ) 7. centre of vital energy sense organ of smell nose ( tip ) 8. centre of vision sense of sight eyes 9. centre of vigilance sense of hearing ear 10. centre of intuituion pituitary middle of the eyebrows 11. centre of enlightenment pineal centre of the forehead 12. centre of peace hypothalamus front part of the head 13. centre of wisdom cerebral cortex top of the head through japa, a transformation takes place at all levels - physical, mental and emotional. in the ancient texts, while mentioning the results of japa it has been said : by reciting spells, one can conquer decay, aversion, loss of appetite ( dyspepsia ), leprosy, disorders of the stomach, cough, asthma, etc. like most distinguished persons, the doer of japa earns great merit, and in his next birth attains salvation which is the portion of the noblest beings. q. has the assertion in the ancient texts of diseases being cured by japa, been proved by experiments? if not, how do we establish its authenticity? ans. in the context of diseases, japa is one remedy. it is not an imaginary concept, but has a scientific basis. just as the atoms of medicine are capable of destroying the atoms of disease, in the same way the atoms of the mind attracted by japa pull out the disease - atoms in the body and collect healthy atoms. thus, there is little room for doubting that the disease will be eradicated. in ancient times, the mantra - therapy was used along with the ayurved system of medicine. it was a kind of psychological treatment. the mantra - therapy formed an independent discipline within the ayurvedic system. accordingly, only he who had mastered the science of mantras, could be a full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48723109344923987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.898502"} {"text": "ayurved system of medicine. it was a kind of psychological treatment. the mantra - therapy formed an independent discipline within the ayurvedic system. accordingly, only he who had mastered the science of mantras, could be a full - fledged ayurved acharya. experimentation was done in respect of various mantras in the laboratory of the mantra - specialists. even today, the mantra - therapy is prevalent in some form. though only to a slight degree, modern people are scientifically reviving the mantra - therapy. if this work goes ahead, there is room for a great deal of research and new discoveries. sound - therapy is also a part of the mantra - therapy. the rhythmic vibrations of sound can create virbrations in both the inner and the outer environment. they affect not only man, but also the whole world of living beings. the impact of sound vibrations on the vegetable kingdom is even greater than upon human beings. in this connection, new experiments are being performed in america and other countries. they are also experimenting with the effects of music on vegetation. although music has no shape or appearance of a mantra, it certainly is a component vital to its incantatory effect. plants exposed to music develop early, the grass grows apace, the petals are larger and smoother, the fruit more abundant and delicious. sound - induced sweetness imparts to the vegetation all - round a sense of being loved and cared for and a feeling of joy at being so loved. during the period of experimentation, those plants which were deprived of the atmosphere of music, in contrast with their more happy brethren, showed the effect of such deprivation on their growth, leafing, flowering and fruition. experiments have also been conducted on the effect of music on animals. cows exposed to music yielded more milk. in view of the fact that waves of music exercise such a powerful influence on vegetation and animals, the effect of vibrations produced by a mantra can no longer be disputed. the working of a mantra is even more subtle, so its effect is visible on a subtle level. combined with faith, self - confidence and passion, a mantra ' s power of doing good is increased a hundred fold. q. you have talked about the scientific nature of spell - craft and the system of mantra - therapy. but it has been observed that those resorting to japa and mantras for years together, are not satisfied with the results. some even talk of giving up mantra - japa altogether. is that the right approach? ans. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5700573216142629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.899464"} {"text": "therapy. but it has been observed that those resorting to japa and mantras for years together, are not satisfied with the results. some even talk of giving up mantra - japa altogether. is that the right approach? ans. the words of a mantra are in themselves charged with electricity. the user of a spell also experiences its electric effect. how effective it proves, depends upon the disposition of the experimenter. \" sweetness depends upon the amount of sugar put in, \" is a traditional saying. similarly, the greater the devotion, the greater the power of japa. japa always yields some definite result, more or less. it seems to me that in order to advance in the field of sadhana, to remove obstructions in the path of spiritual progress, and to enter the inner world, the first thing to be done is japa. the doubt about the effectiveness of japa is now being replaced by a new faith in its power. in the jain tradition, the recitation of namaskar mahamantra ' ( obeisance - spell ), of seed - letters, of a spell word or the name of one ' s personal deity, is still very much prevalent. the question arises if it produces the desired results. some people get good results, whereas others draw a complete blank. but the talk of giving up. japa - sadhana in the absence of any visible results, is not right. because the reason behind the absence of results is not any lack of virtue in the mantra, but the practitioner ' s ignorance of the proper technique of recitation. the water has the power of slaking one ' s thirst. if because of some reason, the water is rendered unclean or it gets tepid as in the hot season and cannot slake one ' s thirst, it cannot be said that the water has lost its virtue. if the same water is cleaned and cooled, it becomes fit for use. similarly, people who undertake japa unsystematically, recite the mantra too quickly, or too lethargically, or sit down to practise it when their mind is restless and wandering - these are the defects of performance. if these defects are removed, japa can establish itself in the form of a powerful tool for bringing about physical, mental and spiritual change. the fundamental basis of change is the purity of the life - current. total concentration of the mind on the mantra does not in any way obstruct the flow of vital energy. the flow of vital energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5229780391150625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.900585"} {"text": "- yes, this is a good time to plant native grass seed in the ground. you may have to supplement with irrigation if the rains stop before the seeds have germinated and made good root growth. - which grasses should i plant? the wonderful thing about california is that we have so many different ecosystems ; the challenging thing about california is that we have so many different ecosystems. it \u2019 s impossible for us to know definitively which particular bunchgrasses used to grow or may still grow at your particular site, but to make the best guesses possible, we recommend the following : - bestcase scenario is to have bunchgrasses already on the site that you can augment through proper mowing or grazing techniques. - next best is to have a nearby site with native bunchgrasses and similar elevation, aspect, and soils, that you can use as a model. - after that, go to sources such as our pamphlet distribution of native grasses of california, by alan beetle, $ 7. 50. - also reference local floras of your area, available through the california native plant society. container growing : we grow seedlings in pots throughout the season, but ideal planning for growing your own plants in pots is to sow six months before you want to put them in the ground. though restorationists frequently use plugs and liners ( long narrow containers ), and they may be required for large areas, we prefer growing them the horticultural way : first in flats, then transplanting into 4 \" pots, and when they are sturdy little plants, into the ground. our thinking is that since they are not tap - rooted but fibrous - rooted ( one of their main advantages as far as deep erosion control is concerned ) square 4 \" pots suit them, and so far our experiences have borne this out. in future newsletters, we will be reporting on the experiences and opinions of marin ranchers peggy rathmann and john wick, who are working with uc berkeley researcher wendy silver on a study of carbon sequestration and bunchgrasses. so far, it \u2019 s very promising. but more on that later. for now, i \u2019 ll end with a quote from peggy, who grows, eats, nurtures, lives, and sleeps bunchgrasses, for the health of their land and the benefit of their cows. \u201c it takes a while. but it \u2019 s so worth it. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3667723132465554, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.902916"} {"text": "garrett had a hard time waking up for school during his sophomore year. at first he thought it was because he ' d been going to bed late over summer vacation and then sleeping in the next day. he assumed he ' d adjust to his school schedule after a couple of weeks. but as the school year progressed, garrett found himself lying awake in bed until 2 or 3 in the morning, even though he got up at 6 : 30 am every day. he began falling asleep in class and his grades started to suffer. most teens don ' t get enough sleep, but that ' s usually because they ' re overloaded and tend to skimp on sleep. but sleep problems can keep some teens awake at night even when they want to sleep. over time, those nights of missed sleep ( whether they ' re caused by a sleep disorder or simply not scheduling enough time for the necessary zzzs ) can build into a sleep deficit. people with a sleep deficit are unable to concentrate, study, and work effectively. they can also experience emotional problems, like depression. what happens during sleep? you don ' t notice it, of course, but while you ' re asleep, your brain is still active. as people sleep, their brains pass through five stages of sleep. together, stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and rem ( rapid eye movement ) sleep make up a sleep cycle. one complete sleep cycle lasts about 90 to 100 minutes. so during an average night ' s sleep, a person will experience about four or five cycles of sleep. stages 1 and 2 are periods of light sleep from which a person can easily be awakened. during these stages, eye movements slow down and eventually stop, heart and breathing rates slow down, and body temperature decreases. stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep stages. it ' s more difficult to awaken someone during these stages, and when awakened, a person will often feel groggy and disoriented for a few minutes. stages 3 and 4 are the most refreshing of the sleep stages \u2014 it is this type of sleep that we crave when we are very tired. the final stage of the sleep cycle is known as rem sleep because of the rapid eye movements that occur during this stage. during rem sleep, other physical changes take place \u2014 breathing becomes rapid, the heart beats faster, and the limb muscles don ' t move. this is the stage of sleep when a person has the most vivid dreams. research shows that teens need 8\u00bd to more than 9 hours of sleep a night", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5094168899456551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.910590"} {"text": "\u2014 breathing becomes rapid, the heart beats faster, and the limb muscles don ' t move. this is the stage of sleep when a person has the most vivid dreams. research shows that teens need 8\u00bd to more than 9 hours of sleep a night. you don ' t need to be a math whiz to figure out that if you wake up for school at 6 : 00 am, you ' d have to go to bed at 9 : 00 pm to reach the 9 - hour mark. studies have found that many teens have trouble falling asleep that early, though. it ' s not because they don ' t want to sleep. it ' s because their brains naturally work on later schedules and aren ' t ready for bed. during adolescence, the body ' s rhythm ( sort of like an internal biological clock ) is reset, telling a teen to fall asleep later at night and wake up later in the morning. this change in the circadian rhythm seems to be due to the fact that the brain hormone is produced later at night in teens than it is for kids and adults, making it harder for teens to fall asleep. sometimes this delay in the sleep - wake cycle is so severe that it affects a person ' s daily functioning. in those cases it ' s called delayed sleep phase syndrome. changes in the body clock aren ' t the only reason teens lose sleep, though. lots of people have insomnia \u2014 trouble falling or staying asleep. the most common cause of insomnia is stress. but all sorts of things can lead to insomnia, including physical discomfort ( the stuffy nose of a cold or the pain of a headache, for example ), emotional troubles ( like family problems or relationship difficulties ), and even an uncomfortable sleeping environment ( a room that ' s too hot, cold, or noisy ). it ' s common for everyone to have insomnia from time to time. but if insomnia lasts for a month or longer with no relief, then doctors consider it chronic. chronic insomnia can be caused by a number of different problems, including medical conditions, mental - health problems, medication side effects, or substance abuse. people with chronic insomnia can often get help for their condition from a doctor, therapist, or other counselor. for some people, insomnia can be made worse by worrying about the insomnia itself. a brief period of insomnia can build into something longer lasting when a person becomes anxious about not sleeping or worried about feeling tired the next day. doctors call this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46970400189162564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.911492"} {"text": ", insomnia can be made worse by worrying about the insomnia itself. a brief period of insomnia can build into something longer lasting when a person becomes anxious about not sleeping or worried about feeling tired the next day. doctors call this psychophysiologic insomnia. periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome people with these conditions find their sleep is disrupted by leg ( or, less frequently, arm ) movements, leaving them tired or irritable from lack of sleep. in the case of periodic limb movement disorder ( plmd ), these movements are involuntary twitches or jerks : they ' re called involuntary because the person isn ' t consciously controlling them and is often unaware of the movement. people with restless legs syndrome ( rls ) actually feel physical sensations in their limbs, such as tingling, itching, cramping, or burning. the only way they can relieve these feelings is by moving their legs or arms to get rid of the discomfort. doctors can treat plmd and rls. for some people, treating an iron deficiency can make them go away ; other people may need to take other types of medication. obstructive sleep apnea a person with this sleep disorder temporarily stops breathing during sleep because the airway becomes narrowed or blocked. one common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils or adenoids ( tissues located in the passage that connects the nose and throat ). being overweight or obese can also lead a person to develop obstructive sleep apnea. people with obstructive sleep apnea may snore, have difficulty breathing, and even sweat heavily during sleep. because it disrupts sleep, someone with sleep apnea may feel extremely sleepy or irritable during the day. people who show signs of obstructive sleep apnea, such as loud snoring or excessive daytime sleepiness, should be evaluated by a doctor. if someone has gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ), stomach acid moves backward up into the esophagus, producing the uncomfortable, burning sensation known as heartburn. gerd symptoms can be worse when someone is lying down. even if someone doesn ' t notice the feelings of heartburn during sleep, the discomfort it causes can still interfere with the sleep cycle. most teens have nightmares on occasion. but frequent nightmares can disrupt sleep patterns by waking someone during the night. some things can trigger more frequent nightmares, including certain medications, drugs, or alcohol. ironically, sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46891694357854274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.912372"} {"text": "causes can still interfere with the sleep cycle. most teens have nightmares on occasion. but frequent nightmares can disrupt sleep patterns by waking someone during the night. some things can trigger more frequent nightmares, including certain medications, drugs, or alcohol. ironically, sleep deprivation can also be a cause. the most common triggers for more frequent nightmares are emotional, such as stress or anxiety. if nightmares are interfering with your sleep, it ' s a good idea to talk to a parent, doctor, or counselor. people with narcolepsy are often very sleepy during the day and have sleep \" attacks \" that may make them suddenly fall asleep, lose muscle control, or see vivid dreamlike images while dozing off or waking up. someone ' s nighttime sleep may be disrupted, with frequent awakenings throughout the night. narcolepsy can be disturbing because people fall asleep without warning, making it hazardous to do things like drive. a person ' s schooling, work, or social life can be affected by the unusual sleep patterns. narcolepsy is not that commonly diagnosed in teens, although many cases go unrecognized. people usually first begin to have symptoms between the ages of 10 and 25, but may not be properly diagnosed until 10 - 15 years later. doctors usually treat narcolepsy with medications and lifestyle changes. it ' s rare for teens to walk in their sleep ; most sleepwalkers are children. sleepwalking may run in families. it tends to happen most often when a person is sick, has a fever, is not getting enough sleep, or is feeling stress. because most sleepwalkers don ' t sleepwalk often, it ' s not usually a serious problem. sleepwalkers tend to go back to bed on their own and don ' t usually remember sleepwalking. ( sleepwalking often happens during the deeper sleep that takes place during stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle. ) sometimes, though, a sleepwalker will need help moving around obstacles and getting back to bed. it ' s also true that waking sleepwalkers can startle them ( but it isn ' t harmful ), so try to guide a sleepwalker back to bed gently. what should i do? if you think you ' re getting enough rest at night and you ' re still feeling tired during the day, it ' s a good idea to visit your doctor. excessive tiredness can be caused by all sorts of health problems, not just difficulties with sleep. if a sleep problem is suspected, your doctor will look at your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4222398552770084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.913282"} {"text": "the keys to reaching or staying at a healthy weight are regular exercise and good eating habits. some people think exercise and good eating require lots of effort or planning. but that ' s not true. in fact, the best way to work them into our lives is by making small changes that gradually become part of our routine. we ' ve all succeeded in making changes that are now ingrained in our lifestyles \u2014 learning to brush our teeth, for example. here ' s the information you need to make these other healthy habits just as easy. teens should get 60 minutes or more of physical activity a day. note the word \" activity \" : as long as you ' re getting your body moving, it doesn ' t have to mean doing complicated exercises or hitting the gym every day. all that matters is that each week you get the right balance of activity, including aerobic, strength building, and flexibility exercise. make exercise a habit by scheduling some every day. on days when you have soccer practice or an aerobics class, you may have no trouble exercising for an hour or more. but most of us are busy, and 60 minutes a day of activity seems like a lot of time. the good news is that it ' s ok to divide it into shorter \" exercise breaks \" throughout the day. just as you might have a healthy snack to stop yourself getting hungry, exercise snacks can keep energy levels high. so get up 15 minutes early and do some yoga or other stretching activity. fast walk or jog for 15 minutes at lunch. do the same thing after school \u2014 or walk or bike home. add to that taking the stairs, gym class, and walking between classes during the day, and you ' ve probably reached your 60 minutes. here are 10 simple ways to make an exercise lifestyle change : start today. go outside for a walk. take the stairs instead of the elevator. instead of driving, walk or bike to places like school or a friend ' s house. if you have to drive, park farther away than you need to and walk the extra distance, if it ' s safe to do so. vacuum your room, wash the car, or mow the lawn. it ' s not a chore \u2014 it ' s an exercise opportunity! limit your time watching tv, using the computer, or playing video games \u2014 and when you do play, try interactive games that get you moving. try to keep screen time to no more than 2 hours a day, not including time spent doing homework. dance. even in the privacy of your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46146696672907533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.918138"} {"text": "computer, or playing video games \u2014 and when you do play, try interactive games that get you moving. try to keep screen time to no more than 2 hours a day, not including time spent doing homework. dance. even in the privacy of your room, letting loose to your favorite tunes could help you burn more than 300 calories an hour! figure out what type of exercise interests you, then give it a try! take it slow if you ' ve never done it before. and if you ' re nervous at first, find an exercise buddy to join you. it ' s usually easier to stay motivated about exercise if you do something you ' re interested in. if you get bored or lose interest easily, alternate the kinds of activities you do so they always feel fresh. be sure to include some activity that gets your heart beating faster, quickens your breathing, and makes you sweat. eating well doesn ' t mean dieting over and over again. in fact, studies have shown that dieting often doesn ' t work \u2014 and diets may have the reverse effect, with dieters gaining back more weight than before they started. one reason diets don ' t work is because they can encourage people to think of foods as \" good \" or \" bad, \" when the truth is everything is ok in moderation. diets also encourage people to \" give up \" certain foods, which can make us feel more deprived. and not only do we feel deprived, diets often deplete our bodies of important nutrients. teens should eat a variety of foods, and there ' s nothing wrong with the occasional treat. a candy bar somehow tastes more special if we treat ourselves once in a while instead of every day. the best way to stay at a healthy weight ( or lose weight if you need to ) is to make healthy food choices daily. for some of us, that means changing our mindset about food. instead of thinking of food emotionally ( for example, as a reward for doing well on a test or as a way to deal with stress ), see it for what it is \u2014 a practical way to fuel our bodies. here are 10 tips for making healthy eating a part of your life : replace soft drinks, fruit juices, and sports drinks that are loaded with sugar with water, low - fat milk, or sugar - free drinks. eat at least five servings of fruit and vegetables a day. the fiber will fill you up and you ' ll get the nutrients and flavors to keep your body satisfied. choose foods from all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46837501094642375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.919144"} {"text": ", low - fat milk, or sugar - free drinks. eat at least five servings of fruit and vegetables a day. the fiber will fill you up and you ' ll get the nutrients and flavors to keep your body satisfied. choose foods from all the different food groups. in addition to getting your fruits and veggies, include whole grains and lean protein at each meal. make healthier fast - food choices. pick a small, single - patty burger instead of a large one and a side salad instead of fries. stick to regular servings \u2014 don ' t supersize! better yet, avoid fast - food places whenever you can. keep healthy foods on hand. if your kitchen is stocked with healthy choices like celery, raisins, and peanut butter you can make ants on a log instead of dipping into the cookie jar ( you may need to teach your parents a thing or two about food to be sure they buy you the good stuff! ). take your own good - for - you snacks and food on the road so you can avoid the vending machine or convenience store. try carrot sticks, a piece of fruit, or your own homemade trail mix instead of cookies, chips, or processed foods that tend to be loaded with fat and calories. eat when you ' re hungry. if you ' re tempted to eat because you ' re bored, that ' s your mind telling you to find something else to do. eat a healthy breakfast every day. don ' t eat meals or snacks while watching tv because you ' ll probably end up eating more than you intend to. pay attention to portion sizes. if a portion is large, cut it in half and put half aside for later \u2014 or split it with a friend. use your creativity to come up with ways to fit exercise and healthy eating into your life in a way that works for you. we ' re all different. your best friend might prefer to schedule some gym time while you ' d rather take your frisbee - playing dog to the park. knowing what ' s right for you will make it a lot easier to do!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4442540712730349, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.919939"} {"text": "there ' s a reason why baseball has been called our national pastime for decades. it ' s as american as hot dogs and apple pie. it ' s been a summer tradition in big cities and little towns across the u. s. a. for generations. it ' s a great team sport, and it ' s fun. why is baseball safety important? baseball is by no means a dangerous sport. but it can present a very real risk of injuries from things like wild pitches, batted balls, and collisions in the field. at the high - school level, some pitchers can throw fastballs that reach 80 - plus miles per hour, speedy enough to cause painful welts, broken bones, even concussions. excessive pitching and improper throwing mechanics can lead to major league arm problems, and base runners and fielders frequently collide while running at top speed. as with all sports, wearing and using the right gear can go a long way toward preventing injuries. the amount of equipment required for baseball isn ' t on a par with football or hockey, but it is every bit as important. players need to be sure they always have all the gear required by their league. most leagues will insist on the following : batting helmets must be worn whenever a player is at bat, waiting to bat, or running the bases. some leagues may even require pitchers to wear them. helmets should always fit properly and be worn correctly. if the helmet has a chin strap, make sure it is fastened, and if the helmet has an eye shield or other faceguard, this should be in good condition, securely attached to the helmet. a catcher should always be wearing a helmet, facemask, throat guard, full - length chest protector, athletic supporter with a cup, shin guards, and a catcher ' s mitt whenever they are catching pitches, whether it ' s in the game, in the bullpen, or during warm - ups. baseball spikes should have molded plastic cleats rather than metal ones. most youth leagues don ' t allow spikes with metal cleats. it ' s possible that your league could have guidelines dictating what kind of bat you can use. some aluminum bats may be banned for hitting batted balls too hard. be sure to check your league ' s policy before choosing a bat. all players should wear athletic supporters ; most, particularly pitchers and infielders, should wear protective cups. rules regarding which players must wear cups vary from league to league. additional gear that some players like includes sliding pants, which are meant to go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4327613000604664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.926205"} {"text": ". all players should wear athletic supporters ; most, particularly pitchers and infielders, should wear protective cups. rules regarding which players must wear cups vary from league to league. additional gear that some players like includes sliding pants, which are meant to go under your baseball pants to protect against scrapes and cuts ; batting gloves, which can keep your hands from getting sore while hitting ; shin and foot guards, which are designed to protect against balls fouled straight down ; and mouthguards. base paths are one of the most common places injuries happen. this is especially true when you slide into a traditional stationary base, which puts a rigid obstacle in your path as you slide. sliding into a fixed base can result in foot, ankle, and lower - leg injuries. as a result, doctors have started recommending that leagues install breakaway bases in all of their playing fields. these bases, which snap onto grommets on an anchored rubber mat, can be dislodged when a runner slides into one, lessening the chances that a base runner will get injured. during the course of normal base - running, the base is stable and does not detach. before you start the game ideally, you should get plenty of exercise before the season begins and be in the best shape possible before you swing a bat for the first time. this will not only lower your risk of injury, it will also make you a better ballplayer. be sure to warm up and stretch before a baseball game as you would for any other sport, but remember that in baseball, you have to pay particular attention to your throwing arm. most arms require plenty of warm - up before they can safely attempt a long, hard throw. different people have different preferences when it comes to warming up their arms. some like to make short throws, while others prefer to start with long, easy tosses. regardless of how you choose to warm up your arm, the idea is to start with soft throws meant to stretch your muscles and loosen up your joints. as your arm warms up, gradually increase the intensity of your throws until you are throwing as you would during a game situation. make sure that all bats, balls, and other equipment used during warm - ups are safely put away before play begins, and always inspect the playing field for holes and debris, especially broken glass. when you ' re out in the field, you ' re going to want to go full speed after every ball hit your way. the problem is that so will your teammates. with your attention focused on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44380110147597945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.927302"} {"text": "field for holes and debris, especially broken glass. when you ' re out in the field, you ' re going to want to go full speed after every ball hit your way. the problem is that so will your teammates. with your attention focused on the ball, it ' s easy to lose track of where people are, and painful collisions can and do occur. make sure that if there is any doubt as to who should field a ball, one player calls for it as loudly as he or she can to let other players know to back away. practice doing this with your teammates so you get used to listening for each other ' s voices. when you ' re batting, it ' s important to stand confidently in the batter ' s box and not be afraid of the ball. that being said, baseballs are hard objects. getting hit with a pitch hurts. you ' ll get a free base if you get plunked, but it probably won ' t be worth the pain. know how to safely get out of the way if a pitch is headed toward you. the best way to do this is to duck and turn away from the pitcher, exposing your back and rear end to the pitch instead of your face and midsection. on the base paths, practice running the bases with your head up, looking out for other players and batted balls, and know how to slide correctly. many leagues make it illegal for kids to slide headfirst, as this can lead to head injuries and facial cuts. pitching, particularly for adolescent arms that are still growing, puts an enormous amount of strain on joints and tendons. injuries to wrists, elbows, rotator cuffs, ligaments, and tendons can result from excessive pitching but can be largely avoided if players and coaches follow a few simple guidelines : make sure you adhere to your league ' s rules regarding the maximum number of innings a pitcher is allowed to throw. this will generally range from four to 10 innings per week. if you play for more than one team, include all innings pitched each week, not just the ones for each team. most leagues follow rules regarding the number of pitches you can throw in a game. keep in mind that even major league pitchers have strict pitch counts to keep their arms healthy. here are the pitch count limits for teens recommended by u. s. a. little league and the american sports medicine institute : 13 - 16 years old ; 95 pitches a day 17 - 18 years old ; 105 pitches a day pitchers under 14 should limit total pitches to less than 1, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44742385726443046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.928251"} {"text": "when you hear the word yoga, do you think of a person with his legs twisted up like a pretzel? if so, it may seem like yoga is very complicated or just for adults. not true! kids and teens can do yoga for the same reasons grown - ups do : because it feels good to stretch out your body, slow down your breathing, and relax your mind. yoga can help you feel calmer when life is busy and stressful. aaahh... what you need anytime you start a new exercise routine, it ' s a good idea to check with a parent. a yoga class can be a great way to get started because the instructor can teach you how to get into the poses. find a large - enough space with few distractions. no tv or people, if possible. wear comfortable workout clothes and no shoes or socks. a yoga mat can be helpful because it cushions a bit and keeps your feet from slipping. yoga should not hurt, so go slow and ease into position. go only as far as you comfortably can. why yoga for stress? when you get stressed or nervous, many things can help you feel better. talking with someone \u2014 a parent, friend, or school counselor \u2014 is a great idea because they can help you figure out what ' s wrong and start coming up with solutions. in addition, you can ease stress through exercise. you probably know exercise is good for your health, but it ' s also a proven way to put you in a better mood. so it makes sense that yoga is a favorite activity among people who want to feel stronger and more relaxed. yoga includes a lot of stretching, but that ' s not all. yoga also focuses on breathing and meditation, which means thinking calm thoughts. practicing yoga is a chance to learn stretching / breathing / thinking skills that you can use to calm yourself down the next time you feel worried or overwhelmed. in other words, yoga can help your body stay loose and relaxed when things heat up! meditation is the first part of a stress - relieving yoga practice. meditation means being calm, quiet, and focused. some people call this \" feeling centered. \" when you are feeling centered, you can do your best in stressful situations such as taking a test or working through a disagreement with a friend. try these meditation exercises : take a yoga vacation : find a quiet, private place, like your bedroom. sit in a comfortable position and close your eyes. imagine a place where you feel safe and relaxed. is it your best friend '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794014339937634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.932196"} {"text": "a friend. try these meditation exercises : take a yoga vacation : find a quiet, private place, like your bedroom. sit in a comfortable position and close your eyes. imagine a place where you feel safe and relaxed. is it your best friend ' s backyard? your grandma ' s house? camping in the woods? imagine yourself in this place for 3 - 5 minutes. you ' ll feel much calmer after your \" yoga vacation. \" positive pictures : when you ' re feeling stressed about a big test, game, or performance, it can help to imagine it going really well. sit in a comfortable position and close your eyes. picture yourself feeling prepared for your test, kicking the winning goal in soccer, or reading your lines and getting a laugh from the audience. of course, positive pictures can ' t take the place of actual preparation, but can help you feel confident! if you meditate for just 5 minutes a day, it will help you feel good even when you ' re not meditating. the more you do it, the more it becomes part of your routine, like brushing your teeth or lacing up your cleats before a soccer game. on one hand, you already know how to breathe. you ' re doing it right now! but learning how to breathe in yoga practice can help you notice how your breathing changes when you ' re anxious or upset. often, when you start to feel nervous or uncomfortable, your breathing may get faster and you might not breathe as deeply. once you tune in to your breath, you can try belly breathing. there are many different yoga poses. some can help you stretch the neck, shoulders and back, which are most likely to get tense when you are nervous or stressed. try these two yoga poses when you want to de - stress yourself : surprise / sourpuss : open your mouth wide and bug out your eyes, then scrunch your face up into a little ball and pucker your lips. alternate back and forth between \" surprise \" and \" sourpuss. \" do this while you ' re studying at home to help loosen up your face and jaw, which can get really tense while you ' re studying. if you have a study partner, make a game of it! who can make the silliest face? shoulder gymnastics : do a few gentle shoulder and neck rolls right before a test to keep your shoulders nice and loose while you work. you can even do them during a test if you need a refreshing break. have fun with yoga yoga can help you in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5069953911151273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.933193"} {"text": "iron is a necessary mineral for body function and good health. every red blood cell in the body contains iron in its, the pigment that carries oxygen to the tissues from the lungs. but a lack of iron in the blood can lead to iron - deficiency anemia, which is a very common nutritional deficiency in children. about iron - deficiency anemia the body needs iron to make hemoglobin. if there isn ' t enough iron available, hemoglobin production is limited, which in turns affects the production of red blood cells ( rbcs ). a decreased amount of hemoglobin and rbcs in the bloodstream is known as anemia. because rbcs are needed to carry oxygen throughout the body, anemia results in less oxygen reaching the cells and tissues, affecting their function. iron - deficiency anemia ( ida ), often caused by insufficient iron intake, is the major cause of anemia in childhood. it has become much less common in the united states over the past 30 years, primarily due to iron - fortified infant formulas and cereals. iron - deficiency anemia doesn ' t develop immediately. instead, a person progresses through stages of iron deficiency, beginning with iron depletion, in which the amount of iron in the body is reduced while the iron in rbcs remains constant. if iron depletion isn ' t corrected, it progresses to iron deficiency, eventually leading to ida. causes of ida iron - deficiency anemia can be the consequence of several factors, including : insufficient iron in the diet poor absorption of iron by the body ongoing blood loss, most commonly from menstruation or from gradual blood loss in the intestinal tract periods of rapid growth a diet low in iron is most often behind ida in infants, toddlers, and teens. kids who don ' t eat enough or who eat foods that are poor sources of iron are at risk for developing the condition. poverty is a contributing factor to ida because families living at or below the poverty level may not be getting enough iron - rich foods. iron deficiency can also cause the body to absorb more lead, which increases the risk of lead poisoning in kids, especially those living in older homes. the combination of ida and lead poisoning can make kids very ill and can put them at risk for learning and behavioral problems. during infancy and adolescence, the body demands more iron. kids are at higher risk for ida through these periods of rapid growth because they may not be getting enough iron in their diet to make up for the increased needs. in infants, discontinu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4995846115387243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.940641"} {"text": ". during infancy and adolescence, the body demands more iron. kids are at higher risk for ida through these periods of rapid growth because they may not be getting enough iron in their diet to make up for the increased needs. in infants, discontinuing iron - fortified formula and introducing cow ' s milk before 12 months can lead to ida. cow ' s milk is low in the iron necessary for infant growth and development and it often replaces the consumption of iron - rich foods. milk decreases the absorption of iron and can also irritate the lining of the intestine, causing small amounts of bleeding. this slow, gradual loss of blood in the stool \u2014 combined with low iron intake \u2014 may eventually result in iron deficiency and anemia. prematurity and low birth weight are other factors that put an infant at risk for ida. before birth, full - term, normal - weight babies have developed iron stores that can last them 4 to 6 months. because preemies don ' t spend as much time in the uterus getting nutrients from the mother ' s diet, their iron stores are not as great and are often depleted in just 2 months. kids between 1 and 3 years old are at risk of iron deficiency and iron - deficiency anemia, even though it isn ' t a period of exceptional growth. most toddlers are no longer consuming iron - fortified formula and infant cereal, and they aren ' t eating enough iron - rich foods to make up the difference. toddlers also tend to drink a lot of cow ' s milk, often more than 24 ounces a day, an amount that injures the lining of the stomach causing chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency. during the first stages of puberty, when a lot of growth occurs, boys are at risk of iron deficiency anemia. but adolescent girls are at higher risk than boys for ida because of smaller iron stores and the iron lost in the blood in their monthly menstrual flow. many girls also tend to consume a diet low in iron. many kids with iron deficiency don ' t show any symptoms because the body ' s iron stores are depleted slowly. as the anemia progresses, you may recognize some of the following symptoms in your child : fatigue and weakness pale skin and mucous membranes rapid heartbeat or a new heart murmur ( detected in an exam by your child ' s doctor ) dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded rarely, a person with ida may experience pica, a craving to eat nonfood items such as paint chips, chalk,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558367372635769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.941654"} {"text": "heart murmur ( detected in an exam by your child ' s doctor ) dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded rarely, a person with ida may experience pica, a craving to eat nonfood items such as paint chips, chalk, or dirt. pica may be caused by a lack of iron in the diet. iron - deficiency anemia is often first noticed during a routine exam. because ida symptoms, such as fatigue and decreased appetite, are common to many conditions, the doctor will need more information to make a diagnosis. if ida is suspected, the doctor will probably ask questions about your family ' s diet. to diagnose iron deficiency, one of these blood tests will probably be done : a complete blood count ( cbc ) may reveal low hemoglobin levels and low hematocrit ( the percentage of the blood made up of rbcs ). the cbc also gives information about the size of the rbcs ; those with low hemoglobin tend to be smaller and each cell contains less hemoglobin. the reticulocyte count measures how fast these immature rbcs are produced. in ida, they ' re made too slowly in the bone marrow to reach a normal level. serum iron directly measures the amount of iron in the blood, but may not accurately reflect how much iron is concentrated in the body ' s cells. serum ferritin reflects total body iron stores. it ' s one of the earliest indicators of depleted iron levels, especially when used in conjunction with other tests, such as a cbc. the doctor may also do a stool test because ida can be caused by gradual loss of small amounts of blood through the gastrointestinal tract. since the blood may not be visible, a stool sample is placed on a special paper card and a drop of testing solution is applied. a color change indicates the presence of blood. even though most cases of ida are the result of poor dietary iron intake, diet changes alone usually aren ' t enough to replenish depleted iron stores. likewise, multivitamins with iron aren ' t adequate for kids with ida who have such low iron stores, so a separate daily iron supplement may be required. it ' s extremely important to remember that your child should not be given potent iron supplements without first consulting a doctor. taking too much iron is a major cause of serious poisoning in children, according to the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ). iron is best absorbed on an empty stomach, because it can occasionally cause stomach upset. kids who experience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49212204751074634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.942688"} {"text": "a doctor. taking too much iron is a major cause of serious poisoning in children, according to the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ). iron is best absorbed on an empty stomach, because it can occasionally cause stomach upset. kids who experience stomach problems when taking iron supplements may need to take them with a small amount of food. iron should not, however, be given with milk or caffeinated beverages, which will interfere with absorption. vitamin c enhances iron absorption, so try to include plenty of sources of vitamin c in your child ' s diet. after the first month on iron supplements, your doctor may want to repeat the blood tests to check that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are improving. if there ' s a good response, the doctor will probably continue the iron supplement for several more months. once corrected, iron stores can be maintained with an iron - rich diet. about 6 months after discontinuing iron therapy, the doctor may want to recheck your child ' s hemoglobin. rarely, ida is so severe and possibly life - threatening that hospitalization and a blood transfusion may be required. the effects of ida will depend on the duration and severity of the anemia. if left untreated, it may lead to behavioral or learning problems. these may not be reversible, even with later iron supplementation. but in most cases, ida is preventable by following some basic recommendations : infants younger than 1 year old should drink only breast milk or an infant formula supplemented with iron. it is important for breastfed infants to receive iron - fortified solid foods starting at about 6 months of age. kids under 2 years old should have no more than 24 ounces of cow ' s milk a day. as noted earlier, milk can inhibit absorption of iron, and drinking too much milk can dampen a child ' s appetite for other iron - rich foods. in addition, too much cow ' s milk has been shown to irritate the gastrointestinal tract, which may cause intestinal bleeding \u2014 a cause of iron loss. iron - fortified products such as cereal can be a great way to get kids \u2014 especially those under 2 years old \u2014 to get more iron. a variety of foods can provide great sources of iron : lean meats ; egg yolks ; broccoli, spinach, and other green leafy vegetables ; dried peas and beans ; blackstrap molasses ; raisins ; and whole - grain bread. make sure kids or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42382999460432913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.943668"} {"text": "scientists have discovered a gene that interferes with the clearance of hepatitis c virus infection. they also identified an inherited variant within this gene, interferon lambda 4 ( ifnl4 ), that predicts how people respond to treatment for hepatitis c infection. the results of this study, by investigators at the national cancer institute ( nci ), part of the nih, and their collaborators at nih and other institutions, were published online in nature genetics earlier this month. chronic infection with hepatitis c virus is a cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. up to 80 percent of people who are acutely infected with hepatitis c fail to clear the virus and develop chronic hepatitis c infection, and of these, approximately 5 percent develop liver cancer. individuals of african ancestry do not respond as well to current treatments of hepatitis c infection compared to patients of european or asian ancestry. previously, results from genome - wide association studies ( gwas ) identified common inherited genetic markers that were associated with response to hepatitis c virus treatment and spontaneous clearance of the infection. those markers are located on chromosome 19 near a known interferon gene, ifnl3 ( il28b ). however, molecular investigations into ifnl3 did not explain the gwas association with spontaneous virus clearance or treatment response. to find the new gene, the investigators used a technology involving rna sequencing on human liver cells treated to mimic hepatitis c virus infection. \" by using rna sequencing we looked outside the box to search for something beyond what was already known in this region. we hit the jackpot with the discovery of a new gene. it is possible that other important genes may be discovered using this approach, \" said co - lead investigator ludmila prokunina - olsson, ph. d., of the laboratory of translational genomics in nci ' s division of cancer epidemiology and genetics ( dceg ). the researchers found that the ifnl4 region harbors a variant that is found in two alternative forms. one form, called deltag, results in a deletion in one of the four bases that comprise dna. the change creates an alteration known as a frameshift, which produces the ifnl4 protein, while the form without the deletion does not produce ifnl4. by analyzing data from hepatitis c - infected african - americans and european - americans participating in clinical studies, the authors found that the presence of the ifnl4 protein is associated with poorer clearance and response to treatment than the form that does not produce ifnl4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819986950203545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.948401"} {"text": "analyzing data from hepatitis c - infected african - americans and european - americans participating in clinical studies, the authors found that the presence of the ifnl4 protein is associated with poorer clearance and response to treatment than the form that does not produce ifnl4. the deletion variant is more common in people of african ancestry, which helps partially explain why african - americans have a lower response to current hepatitis c treatments than patients of asian and european ancestry. \" our work fulfills several promises of the genomic era, \" said nci ' s thomas r. o ' brien, m. d., infections and immunoepidemiology branch, dceg. \" one, a better understanding of biology ; two, personalized medicine ; and three, new potential treatments. we deliver immediately on the first two. we ' ve identified a new gene that may help us better understand response to viral infection and the new genetic marker may transition to clinical practice because it predicts treatment outcome for african - american patients better than the current genetic test. for the third, the infl4 protein may be used as a novel therapeutic target for hepatitis c virus infection, and possibly other diseases. \" the new gene belongs to what is now a family of four interferon - lambda protein - encoding genes, three of which were discovered more than ten years ago ( ifnl1, ifnl2 and ifnl3 ) the mechanism by which the ifnl 4 protein impairs hepatitis c virus clearance remains unknown. further studies will explore molecular function of this novel protein in normal and disease conditions. this study was conducted collaboratively with the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases at nih, as well as the u. s. food and drug administration, and a number of universities and research institutions. funding was provided by nci grant z01 cp005782.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47107646032062556, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.949218"} {"text": "hese peeled trees are at indian tree campground in the bitterroot national forest, very near the route the corps of discovery may have followed on september 5, 1805, as they descended from the ridge now known as lost trail pass, which separates the salmon and bitterroot river drainages. photo : bitterroot national forest alking overland west of the gates of the mountains on july 19, 1805, clark \" saw where the natives had pealed the bark off the pine trees about this same season. \" this, lewis reported, \" the indian woman with us informs that they do to obtain the sap and soft part of the wood and bark for food. \" and on september 12, the second day of their toilsome journey over the bitterroot range from travelers ' rest to weippe prairie, clark wrote, \" on this road, & particularly on this creek, \" \u2014 today ' s lolo creek \u2014 \" the indians have peeled a number of pine for the under bark, which they eate at certain seasons of the year, i am told in the spring. \" the species that was favored was pinus ponderosa, ponderosa pine. trees could be peeled early in may, after the bitterroot was judged ready for harvest, and never before. the process was steeped in ceremony ; the result was literally the first sweet taste of spring. it was women ' s work. hard work. they used sharpened juniper sticks or rib bones of elk or bison to pry heavy slabs of thick bark from each tree. then, with slicing tools made from the horns of mountain sheep, they carefully scraped off the nutritious inner bark and ate it immediately. the treat had a brief shelf - life, because it was unpalatable after it dried out. 1 it is often said that indians ate the cambium, but that is incidental and irrelevant, for the cambium itself is functionally just one cell thick ; its components divide to produce a cambial zone, which is only a few cells thick. although it is a key to a tree ' s life, it has no value as human food. on its inner surface, the cambial zone generates the water - conducting cells, or xylem ( zy - lem ), which, as the tree grows, expand the dead, woody center of the stem, or tree - trunk. on its other side the cambium merges into the phloem ( pronounced flo - um ), or bast. about one - eighth to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4455845410489295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.954463"} {"text": "tree grows, expand the dead, woody center of the stem, or tree - trunk. on its other side the cambium merges into the phloem ( pronounced flo - um ), or bast. about one - eighth to one quarter of an inch thick in a mature ponderosa pine, the phloem carries food between the tree ' s crown and its roots. in spring, at the onset of the tree ' s new growing season, it is rich in proteins and carbohydrates, and that is why it was once valued as food. as the outer cells of the phloem deteriorate, they become the corky interior surface of the outer bark. 2 peeled trees also served as trail signs. en route back across the bitterroot mountains, on june 17, 1806, over deep snowbanks that hid the ground, clark noted : \" i was in front and could only pursue the derection of the road by the trees which had been peeled by the nativs for the iner bark of which they scrape and eate. \" the peeling of ponderosa pine trees was discouraged and finally prohibited as settlers moved onto reservation lands, because it was considered injurious to trees that were valuable to them as sources of lumber for building. but since cuts such as that illustrated in the photo above did not sever the cambial zone around the whole circumference of the tree, they did no harm. in fact, a layer of cambium soon formed within the callus tissues to help heal the wound. - - joseph mussulman, with help from mark behan 1. jeff hart, montana : native plants and early peoples ( helena : montana historical society, 1976 ), 50 - 51. 2. stephen h. spurr and burton v. barnes, forest ecology ( 3rd ed., new york : john wiley & sons, 1980 ), 89.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47960080844704844, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.956046"} {"text": "the eustachian tube is a small canal that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and upper throat ( nasopharynx ). its purpose is to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with the pressure outside it. eustachian tube dysfunction ( etd ) occurs when the tube fails to open during swallowing or yawning. this results in a difference between the air pressure inside and outside the middle ear. it causes discomfort in the ear and temporary hearing problems. the ear may feel blocked if the pressure outside the ear changes, but the pressure inside the ear does not change. when this happens, the eardrum cannot vibrate normally. it often occurs during altitude changes, like flying in an airplane, driving on steep hills, or scuba diving. swallowing, yawning, or chewing usually make the symptoms go away. etd occurs if the tube is blocked or swollen, trapping air and fluids in the middle ear. this causes symptoms to continue beyond a few hours. sometimes it can lead to ear damage. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting etd. tell your doctor if you have any of these factors : - activities with large, rapid altitude changes, such as flying in an airplane or scuba diving - allergy, cold, or other upper respiratory infection - ear or sinus infection - narrow eustachian tube - presence of obstructing tumors in the nasopharynx - children with large adenoids - age : children ( their eustachian tubes are narrower. ) - environmental allergies symptoms can include : - feeling of fullness or clogging in the ear - discomfort or pain in the ear - hearing loss - ringing in the ear ( tinnitus ) - symptoms cannot be relieved by swallowing, yawning, or chewing - pain if the blockage results in an infection your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. a lighted instrument, called an otoscope, will be used to look inside your ear. the doctor will check for a slight bulge around the eardrum, fluid, and swelling. if your case is severe, your may need to see an otolaryngologist, a doctor who specializes in ear disorders. other possible tests include : - tympanogram \u2014 to measure pressure in the ear canal and movement of the eardrum - audiogram \u2014 to measure hearing - examination of the nose and the back of the nose to deal with ear clogging, discomfort,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5373782121234298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.960008"} {"text": "tests include : - tympanogram \u2014 to measure pressure in the ear canal and movement of the eardrum - audiogram \u2014 to measure hearing - examination of the nose and the back of the nose to deal with ear clogging, discomfort, or pain, you can try : - swallowing, yawning, or chewing gum to relieve the pressure - clearing your ears by breathing in and then gently breathing out while holding your nostrils and mouth closed if the symptoms do not go away within a few hours or are severe, your doctor may recommend the following medications : - nasal or oral decongestants - oral antihistamines - nasal steroids to relieve nasal congestion and enable the eustachian tube to open - pain medications ( eg, acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) in rare cases, a myringotomy may be necessary. the doctor makes an incision in the eardrum to allow the pressure to equalize and the fluid to drain. to help reduce your chances of getting etd, take the following steps : - avoid flying in an airplane or going scuba diving if you have allergies or a cold. - use decongestants or antihistamines if you have an allergy or a cold. - yawn or chew gum. encourage swallowing by sucking on hard candy or drinking water. - when taking off and landing, clear your ears by breathing in and then gently breathing out while holding your nostrils and mouth closed. - try special earplugs that slowly equalize the pressure in your ear. these earplugs can be found at drugstores and airports. - reviewer : kari kassir, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 91 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46877692230092627, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.960631"} {"text": "vitamins and minerals for babies the need for infant vitamins is a confusing topic. babies do need vitamins to grow well and to be healthy. they need them for strong bones, healthy teeth, and to build up their blood and prevent anemia. the confusing part is that most infants get all of the vitamins and minerals they need through the foods that they eat and drink, including vitamin a, calcium, zinc, and the vitamins and minerals discussed in this section. so while they do need vitamins and minerals, they don ' t always need a supplement each day, unless they were born prematurely or have some other health problem. will iron cause my baby to have any medical problems? no. iron is essential for your baby ' s growth and development and it does not cause colic, constipation, or any other problems. infants who drink a low - iron formula or plain cow ' s milk are likely to develop medical problems, though, including anemia. iron is one of the more important minerals your baby needs. the effects of a diet poor in iron, which can lead to iron deficiency anemia, are well known. these include learning problems, developmental delays, and behavioral problems. however, your infant, unless he was born premature, should be able to get all of the iron he needs from breastmilk or an iron - fortified formula during his first four to six months. after that time he does need extra iron, but you can usually provide it from the baby foods that he is beginning to eat, such as an iron - fortified infant rice cereal, in addition to continuing to feed him his breastmilk or formula. if your baby is otherwise well, he probably won ' t develop an iron deficiency unless you switch him to cow ' s milk before his first birthday or you do not begin to give extra iron after he is six months old. remember that premature babies often do need a vitamin supplement that has iron in it. newborns don ' t need fluoride, but once your infant is about six months old and begins getting teeth, he will need fluoride to keep them strong and growing well. the main source of this fluoride isn ' t an extra vitamin though. you can instead provide it by offering your baby some fluoridated tap water each day. your baby may not be getting enough fluoride if he is drinking any of the following : - well water - tap water that is not fluoridated - bottled water that does not have added fluoride -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4055812368099697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.965318"} {"text": "##d tap water each day. your baby may not be getting enough fluoride if he is drinking any of the following : - well water - tap water that is not fluoridated - bottled water that does not have added fluoride - water that is filtered of fluoride - breastmilk exclusively - ready - to - feed formula exclusively you can start your baby on fluoride supplements, but getting too much fluoride can easily lead to fluorosis or staining of their teeth, so it is usually best to try to give your baby fluoridated water. if you are exclusively breastfeeding, offering some extra water with fluoride once your baby is six months old is the best way to avoid problems. talk to your pediatrician to get a prescription for a fluoride supplement if your baby has no way of getting fluoride from the water he is drinking. rickets, caused by a deficiency of vitamin d, is a serious disorder that causes skeletal deformities and poor growth. although not as common as it used to be, it does still affect some children, especially those who are very dark - skinned, don ' t get any or little sun exposure, and are exclusively breastfed. not getting enough vitamin d can cause a baby to get a bone disorder called rickets. because infant formula is fortified with vitamin d, infants drinking at least 17 ounces of formula each day do not need any extra vitamin d. unlike formula, breastmilk does not contain enough vitamin d for babies, but that wasn ' t thought to be a problem because it was believed that exclusively breastfed infants got enough vitamin d from sunlight exposure. however, now that the effects of excessive sun exposure are known and sunscreen is being used more often, it is thought that exposure to the sun is not enough for breastfed babies. the american academy of pediatrics now recommends that breastfed babies receive a vitamin d supplement beginning in the first two months of life. the need for vitamin d supplements is a controversial topic though, especially for light - skinned infants in sunny climates, so you might talk to your pediatrician about whether this is necessary for your baby. more on : feeding and nutrition from the everything father ' s first year book copyright \u00a9 2005, f + w publications, inc. used by permission of adams media, an f + w publications company. all rights reserved. to order this book go to amazon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4112338138374077, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.966211"} {"text": "how the creative process works if we want children to use painting as a tool for self - expression and self - discovery, we don ' t need to teach them technique. on the contrary : we need to unteach it. the less technique children have, the more they use their intuition. technique overrides intuition. as adults we should clear out unnecessary baggage for children ' s freedom of creation to unfold. when painting they must be allowed to follow the dictates of their intuition. free from rules, they can learn to paint images from deep inside and express what is unique about themselves. when at times a special technique is needed, technique spontaneously develops. children invent or reinvent it. their skill develops out of the intricate demands of their feelings, not from aesthetic concepts. whatever they paint is done with their whole being and carries the stamp of authenticity and the beauty of their innocence. the way each child perceives and senses the world is unique. while the body and mind constantly grow, perceptions also change. if children paint naturally, we can actually document the evolution of their perceptions of the world. their visual expressions of the sensations of the human body, for instance, change constantly, if they are not asked to copy models or respect proportions. for instance, the image of a person ' s head evolves spontaneously from very big ( much bigger than the torso ) to relatively small ( close to standard proportion ) within a few years. every part of the body image goes through an evolution. fingers, for instance, are first felt as long lines coming out of a circle. after a couple of years these five lines retract in length slowly to create fingers. children must be encouraged to be spontaneous and to forget about the outcome by spontaneously expressing these differences and changes, which, in fact, they are not aware of. children ' s sense of the material world and of the space around it also changes. they perceive space in a special way. first, not knowing the relationship between ground and object, very young children often paint objects and people floating in space. then the ground appears just as a brown line or leaves of grass, but later fills with dirt and grass. the sky often starts as a blue line and also expands slowly. if children are left free to paint intuitively, a fascinating process happens : the two lines - the one from the sky and the one from the earth - gradually move toward each other, slowly filling the gap between them. after a few months of spontaneous process, the space is finally conquered. this final", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5313672758359882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.972970"} {"text": "a fascinating process happens : the two lines - the one from the sky and the one from the earth - gradually move toward each other, slowly filling the gap between them. after a few months of spontaneous process, the space is finally conquered. this final moment - when paint covers the entire space - is a very special moment. watching that unique milestone always touches me greatly, because the children have reached within themselves to a brand - new place ; in it there is no return. it is a time of initiation for children, a precious stage in which space is inwardly conquered. this powerful event cannot take place if they are taught perspective and are depicting space in their paintings through rules and techniques. children never regress in their evolution. they keep moving ahead. a friend of mine has a ten - year - old boy. one day my friend was discussing with his son, just back from a painting class, how his drawing had three - dimensional qualities. the father was marveling at it. the son, a stern look on his face, didn ' t seem to think there was anything exciting about having struggled two hours for a little bit of perspective while painting a wooden chair he didn ' t care about. he seemed impatient to move on to other things, saying, in effect, i have worked hard enough, i deserve to play now. after that class he never wanted to paint again. having not touched his true creativity, how could he want to go back to it? learning technique often alienates the child and presents creativity as work without much reward. perspective can be discovered spontaneously ; children left to themselves come upon it bit by bit when the time is ripe. painting in perspective becomes part of a natural instinct instead of a mental discipline ; the resulting paintings breathe aliveness instead of the stiffness of those trying to do it right. trying to paint right often ends with a painting that looks like a scientific study. it ' s fascinating to watch the evolution of children ' s paintings. look at a table, for instance. when young children paint a table, they paint its legs hanging in the air. then, within a few months to a couple of years, the table legs slowly lower, until one day they are set firmly on the ground. this also proves why children don ' t need technique if they are allowed to paint what they feel. we must let children experience their world and create intuitively from their natural perceptions if they are to enter the magic of creativity. if we force children to paint with \" normal \" proportions and with perspective, they miss an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5618785540522737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.974814"} {"text": "phhttpd uses an xml config file format to express how it should behave while running. more information on xml may be found near http : / / www. w3. org / xml / phhttpd ' s configuration centers around the concept of virtual servers. for us, a virtual server may be thought of as the merging of a document tree and the actions phhttpd takes while serving that content. phhttpd. conf may be thought of as having two main sections. the global section, which defines properties that are consistent across the entire running phhttpd server, and multiple virtual sections that describe properties of that only apply to a virtual server. there will only be one global section while multiple virtual sections are allowed. the global section defines properties of the running server that don ' t apply to a single virtual server. it should be enclosed in global config entities sets the maximum number of cached responses that will be held in memory. each cached responses holds a minimal amount of memory. more importantly, each cached response holds an open file descriptor to the file with real content and an mmap ( ) ed region of that content. phhttpd will start pruning the cache when it notices either of these two resources coming under pressure, but has no way to easily deduce that its running low on memory. the administrator may set this value to set an upper bound on the number of responses to keep in memory. this specifies the file that will be used to talk with phhttpd _ ctl. this specifies the file to which global messages will be logged. this specifies the file that contains the mapping of file extensions to mime types. it should be of the form : text / sgml sgml sgm video / mpeg mpeg mpg mpe controls various network connection timeouts. ' inactivity ' sets the amount of time that a connection can be idle before phhttpd will forcibly disconnect it. inactivity defaults to 0, which lets the connections idle until tcp timeouts take effect. enabling this option tells phhttpd to use sendfile ( ) rather than write ( ) ing from an mmap ( ) ed region. avoiding calling mmap ( ) will shorten the amount of time it takes to build cached responses. a virtual server can be thought of as the abstraction serving up a content tree ( \" docroot \" in apache speak ). there are a set of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4833544017290186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.979069"} {"text": "mmap ( ) will shorten the amount of time it takes to build cached responses. a virtual server can be thought of as the abstraction serving up a content tree ( \" docroot \" in apache speak ). there are a set of attributes that are used to define a virtual server. these attributes are used to decide which virtual server will process a client ' s request. then there are attributes which define how the content is served. a virtual server must have a docroot. the virtual tag in the config file has a docroot attribute that must be set. < virtual docroot = path >... < / virtual > global config entities this enables the generation of the content - md5 : header. this greatly increases the cost of creating a cached response for this virtual, because the md5 function must be applied to the entire content of the response. once the response is created, though, there is no per - request overhead. this will cause phhttpd to traverse the entire docroot at initialization time and prepare cached responses for all the files it finds. this happens in the back ground during normal operation, so there is no dramatic increase in the time it takes for phhttpd to start serving connections. this tag surrounds the string that will be used to identify the server. this string will be compared to the host : header given in the request from the client, or will be compared to the ' host part ' of the full url if that was given. this will be used in combination with the network address and port pair to determine if a request should be served by a virtual server. this virtual server will be chosen to serve an incoming request if that request was made to the network address specified in this entity. there can be as many of these as one likes in a given virtual server, and ' * ' may be specified for either parameter to indicate that all addresses or ports should match. the logs section of the virtual server define the per virtual log files that should be written to during operation. see the following section on logging.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5126556602873561, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.979901"} {"text": "eat healthy, live healthy the recent outbreak of swine flu - - influenza a ( h1n1 ) - - is not passed through eating meat but it does makes us reflect on healthy lifestyles and eating habits. want to eat better but aren ' t sure what to begin? here is great checklist of tips on what you and your family can do to eat healthier, shop smarter and make sustainable choices, from sustainabletable. org : - educated yourself - - learn about the kind of food you ' re eating. is it local? is it sustainable? - shop sustainable - - don \u2019 t expect to change everything overnight. start with one item and pledge to buy it sustainably, such as buying one organic dairy, meat or produce item at your supermarket or one local food at a nearby farmers \u2019 market. visit the eat well guide to find local sources for sustainable food. - ask questions - - ask questions everywhere you go. were pesticides put on the produce? what were the animals fed? how were they raised? - reduce your meat consumption - - if we cut out meat just one day a week, it would have a huge positive impact on our environment and the health of our bodies too! check out meatlessmonday. com. - eat seasonal - - buy locally grown fruits and vegetables when they are in season. - grown your own - - nothing is more special than the connection you have with the food you grow, whether it be a large backyard garden or herbs in a pot on your kitchen windowsill. - cook - - re - learn ( or learn! ) the joy of cooking. find great recipes in the sustainable kitchen. - take back the tap - - bottled water causes a lot of problems, from environmental damage to plastic leaching into the water. visit h2o conserve to calculate your water footprint. also check out the take back the - spread the word - - you can contact public officials, voice your opinion, and stay on top of current issues with food. you can also help to educate others about the problems with industrial agriculture and the benefits of sustainable food. click here for more tools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4468465287660561, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.983365"} {"text": "| student services | learning centers | lsc - kingwood learning center lsc - kingwood at lab the primary goal of the assistive technology ( at ) lab is to provide students with documented disabilities access to technology resources that can facilitate successful academic and career success. the services provided by the at lab support the mission of the lone star college system ( lscs ) and are coordinated with the instruction, counseling, tutoring and training provided by other departments on campus. how are students referred to the at lab? students are referred for at lab services by the disability services counselor, and the at lab provides accommodations as determined by the disability services counselor. what technology is available through the at lab? kingwood college maintains a number of devices and soft - ware programs that help \" level the playing field \" for students with disabilities. some items are portable, and can be checked out by the student. - alternative input devices allow individuals to control their computers through means other than a standard keyboard or pointing device. - braille embossers transfer computer generated text into embossed braille output. - reading tools and learning disabilities programs include software and hardware designed to make text - based materials more accessible for people who have difficulty with reading. options can include scanning, reformatting, navigating, or speaking text out loud. - screen enlargers work like a magnifying glass for the computer by enlarging a portion of the screen which can increase legibility and make it easier to see items on the computer. - speech recognition or voice recognition programs allow people to give commands and enter data using their voices rather than a mouse or keyboard. - text - to - speech ( tts ) or speech synthesizers receive information going to the screen in the form of letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, and then \" speak \" it out loud in a computerized voice. - talking and large - print word processors are software programs that use speech synthesizers to provide auditory feedback of what is typed. - tty / tdd conversion modems are connected between computers and telephones to allow an individual to type a message on a computer and send it to a tty / tdd telephone or other baudot equipped device. - videophones allow deaf and hard of hearing individuals to communicate with each other using sign language. assistive listening devices are hard - wired or wireless transmitting / receiving devices that transmit sound from the microphone directly to the listener, minimizing the negative effects of distance, noise, and reverberation on clarity. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46719162901575517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.989447"} {"text": "this information has been reproduced from the lsn fact sheet \u2018 lipoedema \u2019 which was produced and verified by accepted experts in their field and reflects current practice. the information has been designed to assist you in managing your condition and is not intended to replace advice you may receive from your health care practitioner. if you, or your health care practitioner would like further information, to ask any questions about this information or to find out what research underpins it, please contact the lymphoedema support network on 020 7351 4480. what is lipoedema? lipoedema is a bi - lateral ( and symmetrical ) limb swelling mainly affecting the legs and thighs ( but sometimes arms too ) and is thought to occur as a result of an abnormal accumulation of fat cells in the tissues under the skin. patients generally present with very large lower limbs that are similar in shape and size on both sides. there is often a very distinctive pad of fat below the knees and many patients have a similar area on the thighs that can resemble a \u2018 saddle bag \u2019 in appearance. the thighs, hips and buttocks often tend to be disproportionate ( much larger ) than the rest of the upper body and the feet ( and hands ) are hardly ever affected. the tissues of the limbs appear to be very loose and \u2018 floppy \u2019 and are often very tender or painful to touch. bruising occurs easily and spontaneously ( without any apparent cause ). other common features are painful knees, which tends to cause increased patient discomfort and disability. due to the abnormal amount of fat under the skin, it can appear pale and feel cold to touch when compared to the unaffected parts of the body. bulging fat can often lead to a \u2018 mattress effect \u2019 on the skin, often described as cellulite. at present, we do not understand why lipoedema occurs, but a family history suggests a genetic basis. it seems to affect females exclusively and it is usually first noticed when there is a hormonal change such as at puberty or pregnancy, or even the menopause. lipoedema is a condition that is little understood and is often inaccurately - or even misdiagnosed - by the medical profession. it is often mistaken for other conditions, in particular lymphoedema, as well as obesity. this happens most frequently in the later stages of the disease when the fat obstructs the lymphatic drainage leading to a mixture of lipo - lipoedema and lymphoedema. in this instance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4588192052462327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.994500"} {"text": "as well as obesity. this happens most frequently in the later stages of the disease when the fat obstructs the lymphatic drainage leading to a mixture of lipo - lipoedema and lymphoedema. in this instance, patients may be offered treatment for lymphoedema, but the underlying lipoedema can often be missed. to try and explain the differences, it is helpful to compare the two conditions : main differences between lipoedema and lymphoedema - swelling of the lower limbs ( and sometimes arms ) which is symmetrical ( the same on both sides ) - the swelling is usually soft and often comprises of loose, floppy, connective tissue and fat - there is often a pad of fat just under the knees and hips - feet ( or hands ) are usually not affected ( giving the appearance of a \u2018 bracelet effect \u2019 at the ankles / wrists ). however, as the disease progresses, over time the hands and feet can become swollen - pitting ( firm pressure on the skin leaving obvious indentations ) of the skin is not present - pain in the joints, especially the knees, is often reported - tenderness of the tissues can also be a feature - limbs will often bruise easily - risk of infection in affected areas is no greater than normal - the affected skin condition is usually soft and supple and not thickened - affects females only - does not seem to respond to losing weight - there is often a family history of the condition - swelling may be unequal on each side of body \u2013 one limb is often much larger than the other - feet are frequently affected - pitting of the skin will be present \u2013 especially in the early stages of the condition - no pain is felt if pressure is applied to the skin, but there is often a feeling of tightness in the tissues - limbs do not tend to bruise easily - increased risk of infection ( cellulitis ) in affected, swollen areas - can affect females and males of any age - the affected skin is often thickened and may have other features such as warty change or papillomatosis ( cobble stone effect on the skin ) - losing weight usually has a beneficial effect on the swelling - in 20 % there is a family history of the condition last reviewed march 2013 next planned review march 2015", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4115330708274619, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.995346"} {"text": "is zero even? date : 03 / 28 / 2001 at 02 : 59 : 56 from : john matousek subject : zero odd / even at numerous sites across the internet the answer to the question whether zero is odd or even seems to be totally subjective, and the proofs used to justify ' even ' ( zero can be divided by two, therefore it is even ), sound reasonable. but zero can ' t really be divided by two since the result is zero - neither a positive or negative integer. q : how many times does 2 go into 0? a : zero times. or to rephrase, two doesn ' t go into zero. the question arose when a retired math teacher stated \" 2 / 20 / 2000, the first day ever with seven even numerals in its date. \" of course he is wrong, 2 / 20 / 2000 bc being the most obvious example - if you accept zero as even. but there are also thousands of dates from the astronomical, hebrew, chinese, hindu lunar, old hindu solar and lunar calendars where zero would not even need to be considered. ' ever ' is such a big word. thanks. date : 03 / 28 / 2001 at 09 : 18 : 35 from : doctor rick subject : re : zero odd / even hi, john. thanks for writing! i hope i can clear up some confusion. our archives sometimes say that zero is neither positive nor negative, not that it is neither even nor odd. that ' s very different. the question of evenness or oddness is based on definitions. there may be variations on how \" even \" is defined, just as there are on how \" natural numbers \" are defined ; but once you have established your definition, the question can be answered objectively based on that definition. an even number, as our archive pages say, is defined as one that is divisible by 2. divisibility by 2 is defined as giving an integer quotient when divided by 2. the only matter open to debate is whether this last statement should say \" integer, \" \" natural number, \" or \" whole number. \" if integer, then the even numbers are..., - 6, - 4, - 2, 0, 2, 4, 6,... if natural number ( 0, 1, 2, 3,... ), then the even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6,... if whole number ( 1, 2, 3,... ), then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.553890836518995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:51.999537"} {"text": "if natural number ( 0, 1, 2, 3,... ), then the even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6,... if whole number ( 1, 2, 3,... ), then the even numbers are 2, 4, 6,... there is no reason to be restrictive in our definition of divisibility : the definition introduces no contradictions or special cases when it is extended to all integers. if you have found places on the web where a restrictive definition is used, i ' d like to see them. you state that the problem you have with zero being even is that zero can ' t really be divided by 2, because the quotient is 0, which is neither positive nor negative. putting this in my terms, you are defining \" divisible \" as meaning \" giving a quotient that is a positive or negative ( that is, non - zero ) integer. \" i could accept one of the alternative definitions i gave above before i would accept yours. if we say that zero cannot be divided by anything, then this introduces lots of special cases to our mathematical properties. for example, the sum of two even numbers is even. you are telling me that the 4 and - 4 are even, but that the sum of 4 and - 4 is * not * even. we ' d need to change the rule to \" the sum of even numbers is even, unless it is zero. \" it ' s so much simpler to define our terms in a way that does not require such special cases. defining evenness and divisibility as we do does not introduce special cases. before zero was introduced to our number system, negative quantities were treated as an entirely separate kind of entity from positive numbers. different rules were needed for lots of different cases, depending on whether a quantity was added ( positive ) or subtracted ( negative ). the history of quadratic equations illustrates this. a big part of the genius of introducing zero in the first place was that it unified all these special cases into one. i am asking you now to see that you do not need to treat zero as special ; and when you treat it like every other integer, it follows that zero is even. for related answers in our archives, see : zero is even : are these numbers odd or even? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57062. html is zero even, odd, or neither? http : / / mathfor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.56976974108832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.000385"} {"text": ": zero is even : are these numbers odd or even? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57062. html is zero even, odd, or neither? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57104. html is zero odd or even? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 57132. html faq : integers, rational and irrational numbers http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / faq / faq. integers. html even and odd numbers enumerated, start with 1 : infinity, zero http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 52400. html neither positive nor negative : why zero is neither positive nor negative http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 58735. html what is 0? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 58743. html is zero positive or negative? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / view / 60300. html - doctor rick, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm \u00a9 1994 - 2013 the math forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4810712668648071, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.000841"} {"text": "urinary incontinence is the loss of voluntary bladder control leading to urine leakage. it can be temporary or last for a long time. incontinence is a symptom, not a condition. temporary incontinence can be caused by : permanent urinary incontinence may be one of four types. some people have a mixture of these types. this is the most common type of incontinence. it may be caused by : muscles involved in incontinence in women copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. this is also known as overactive bladder. it may be caused or worsened by : this occurs when the bladder will not empty. urine builds up and the bladder overflows. this leads to leaking of urine. it may be caused by : this occurs when you have normal bladder control, but you can ' t reach the toilet in time. it may be caused by medical conditions like severe arthritis. drugs that cause confusion or sedation can also cause functional incontinence. some incontinence may be caused by a fistula. a fistula is an abnormal opening between the bladder and outside. incontinence has several different causes. the cause could also be unclear. risk factors include : urinary incontinence is a symptom of other conditions. any loss of bladder control can be considered incontinence. stress incontinence is when certain activities lead to increased pressure on the bladder. triggers may be laughing, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, or exercise. urge incontinence is a loss of bladder control following a strong urge to urinate. the bladder is unable to hold urine long enough to make it to a restroom. call your doctor if you have a loss of urine control. your doctor can help you determine the underlying cause. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. you will be asked how often you empty your bladder, and about patterns of urine leakage. your doctor will do a physical exam to look for any physical causes. these include blockages and nerve problems. your doctor may ask you to keep a diary of your urination habits. you may be referred to an urologist or an urogynecologist. tests to help determine a cause may include : treatments may include : behavioral therapy includes : if you are a woman who is overweight or obese, losing weight may help reduce the number of episodes due to stress or urge incontinence. talk to your doctor about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48450101233695697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.009404"} {"text": "a cause may include : treatments may include : behavioral therapy includes : if you are a woman who is overweight or obese, losing weight may help reduce the number of episodes due to stress or urge incontinence. talk to your doctor about a weight loss program that is right for you. medicines called anticholinergics may be prescribed to relax the bladder muscles. they are often used in treating urge incontinence. nerve stimulation is effective for urge urinary incontinence. it can be done by stimulating a nerve in your ankle. or, it can be done by implanting a device that stimulates the bladder nerves. in women, surgery can support weakened muscles related to bladder function. one type of surgery is called a urethral suspension. other procedures involve collagen injections into the urethra. absorbent diapers are often used with incontinence. plugs and patches that hold urine in place are available for women. catheters are sometimes used to treat more severe cases. a supportive device called a pessary may also be used in women. pessaries are devices that raise the uterus or the prolapsed bladder. it can decrease pressure on the bladder. incontinence is really a symptom of many other conditions. there are several ways to prevent incontinence : urology care foundation national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases women ' s health matters american urological association foundation. overactive bladder. american urological association foundation website. available at : http : / / www. urologyhealth. org / urology / index. cfm? article = 112. updated january 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. corcos j, gajewski j, et al. canadian urological association guidelines on urinary incontinence. can j urol. 2006 ; 13 : 3127 - 3138. incontinence. american urologic association foundation website. available at : http : / / www. urologyhealth. org / urology / index. cfm? article = 143. updated january 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. national association for continence. overactive bladder treatment. national association for continence website. available at : http : / / www. nafc. org / bladder - bowel - health. updated september 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. norton p, brubaker l. urinary incontinence in women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43629528294813175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.010382"} {"text": "website. available at : http : / / www. nafc. org / bladder - bowel - health. updated september 2011. accessed september 14, 2012. norton p, brubaker l. urinary incontinence in women. lancet. 2006 ; 367 : 57 - 67. sobhgol ss, charandabee sm. related factors of urge, stress, mixed urinary incontinence, and overactive bladder in reproductive age women in tabriz, iran : a cross - sectional study. int urogynecol j pelvic floor dys function. 2008 ; 19 ( 3 ) : 367 - 373. urinary incontinence. american academy of family physicians. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / diseases - conditions / urinary - incontinence. html. updated july 2012. accessed september 16, 2012. urinary incontinence in women. ebsco dynamed website. available at : https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated june 29, 2012. accessed september 14, 2012. urinary incontinence in women. national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases website. available at : http : / / kidney. niddk. nih. gov / kudiseases / pubs / uiwomen. published september 2010. accessed september 14, 2012. wein a, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders, elsevier ; 2007. wein aj, rackley rr. overactive bladder : a better understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. j urol. 2006 ; 175 : s5 - 10. 2 / 5 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : subak l, wing r, smith west d, et al. weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. n engl j med. 2009 ; 360 : 481 - 490. 1 / 11 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : ahrq evidence report on treatment for overactive bladder in women 2009. agency for healthcare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4405647628888432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.011397"} {"text": "/ 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : ahrq evidence report on treatment for overactive bladder in women 2009. agency for healthcare research and quality website. available at : http : / / www. ahrq. gov / clinic / tp / bladdertp. htm. published august 2009. accessed january 11, 2010. 3 / 5 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : vardy md, mitcheson hd, samuels ta, et al. effects of solifenacin on overactive bladder symptoms, symptom bother and other patient - reported outcomes : results from vibrant \u2014 a double - blind, placebo - controlled trial. int j clin pract. 2009 ; 63 ( 12 ) : 1702 - 1714. 12 / 3 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : cardozo l, khullar v, wang jt, guan z, sand pk. fesoterodine in patients with overactive bladder syndrome : can the severity of baseline urgency urinary incontinence predict dosing requirement? bju int. 2010 ; 106 ( 6 ) : 816 - 821. 12 / 13 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : university of texas at austin, school of nursing, family nurse practitioner program. recommendations for the management of urge urinary incontinence in women. agency for healthcare research and quality website. available at : http : / / www. guideline. gov / content. aspx? id = 16322. published may 2010. accessed december 13, 2010. 3 / 5 / 2013 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : boyle r, hay - smith ej, cody jd, et al. pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. cochrane database syst rev. 2012 oct 17 ; 10 : cd007471. last reviewed september 2012 by adrienne carmack, md please be aware", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4386741017366757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.012230"} {"text": "plants and animals species of concern eastern massasauga rattlesnake - common name : eastern massasauga rattlesnake - scientific name : sistrurus catenatus canenatus - range : ne, nw and central missouri - classification : critically imperiled - to learn more about endangered species : see listed links below. missouri is on the southeastern edge of this venomous snake \u2019 s north american distribution. voles and deer mice make up 90 percent of adult massasaugas \u2019 diet. although not aggressive, they will bite if disturbed. female massasaugas bear four to 10 live young every other year in august or september. adults are light to dark gray or grayish brown, with two dark stripes edged in white along each side of the head. they can grow up to 30 inches long, but most are much smaller. massasaugas spend much of their time in crayfish burrows and are most often seen basking in the sun atop clumps of grass or in bushes in or near marshes or moist prairies in the flood plains of large rivers. small, scattered massasauga populations have been documented in northern missouri. if you see what you think is a massasauga, take a clear photograph of it and call your regional conservation department office. spring \u2019 s hallelujah chorus celebrating spring in a wetland near you for such tiny creatures, western chorus frogs pack a powerful vocal punch. measuring no more than 1. 5 inches long, they nevertheless form choirs that fill the air. they are the first frogs to become active across most of missouri, with males starting to sing when the surrounding air temperature is as low as 35 degrees. also amazing considering their tiny size, females lay as many as 1, 500 eggs each spring. hellbender recovery efforts work moves forward on several fronts. eastern and ozark hellbenders have declined an average of 77 percent since the 1970s. spurred by this alarming trend, the conservation department and numerous partners are moving on several fronts to understand and stop the decline. besides continuing to check hellbender numbers in various streams, researchers are exploring the roles of the amphibian chytrid fungus, hormone and heavy metal pollution, hellbenders \u2019 interaction with native and nonnative fish and physical deformities afflicting the giant salamanders. biologists are working to perfect captive - rearing techniques, understand hellbender genetics and learn how well captive - reared hellbenders survive in the wild. if you see a hellbender in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42355715634000013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.014827"} {"text": "missing pieces of dna structure is a red flag for deadly skin cancer melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer and is the leading cause of death from skin disease. rates are steadily increasing, and although risk increases with age, melanoma is now frequently seen in young people. but what if we could pinpoint when seemingly innocuous skin pigment cells mutate into melanoma? researchers at brigham and women ' s hospital ( bwh ) have achieved this. teams led by yujiang geno shi, phd, from bwh ' s department of medicine, and george f. murphy, md, from bwh ' s department of pathology have discovered a new biomarker for the lethal disease. the findings offer novel opportunities for skin cancer diagnostics, treatment and prevention. the study will be published on september 14, 2012 in cell. \" dr. shi and colleagues have discovered an exciting new connection between the loss of a specific chemical mark in the genome and the development of melanoma, \" said anthony carter, phd, of the national institutes of health ' s national institute of general medical sciences, which mainly funded the research. \" this work is a prime example of how basic research on mechanisms of epigenetic regulation can yield clinically significant insights that hold great promise for diagnosing and treating cancer. \" the researchers found that certain biochemical elements in the dna of normal pigment - producing skin cells and benign mole cells are absent in melanoma cells. loss of these methyl groups \u2014 known as 5 - hmc \u2014 in skin cells serves as a key indicator for malignant melanoma. loss corresponded to more advanced stages of melanoma as well as clinical outcome. strikingly, researchers were able to reverse melanoma growth in pre - clinical studies. when the researchers introduced enzymes responsible for 5 - hmc formation to melanoma cells lacking the biochemical element, they saw that the cells stopped growing. \" it is difficult to repair the mutations in the actual dna sequence that are believed to cause cancer, \" said christine lian, md, a physician scientist in the department of pathology at bwh and one of the lead authors. \" so having discovered that we can reverse tumor cell growth by potentially repairing a biochemical defect that exists \u2014 not within the sequence \u2014 but just outside of it on the dna structure, provides a promising new melanoma treatment approach for the medical community to explore. \" because cancer is traditionally regarded as a genetic disease involving permanent defects that directly affects the dna sequence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196003025703906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.021802"} {"text": "not within the sequence \u2014 but just outside of it on the dna structure, provides a promising new melanoma treatment approach for the medical community to explore. \" because cancer is traditionally regarded as a genetic disease involving permanent defects that directly affects the dna sequence, this new finding of a potentially reversible abnormality that surrounds the dna ( thus termed epigenetic ) is a hot topic in cancer research, according to the researchers. in the united states, melanoma is the fifth most common type of new cancer diagnosis in men and the seventh most common type in women. the national cancer institute estimates that in 2012 there will be 76, 250 new cases and 9, 180 deaths in the united states due to melanoma. the shi laboratory pioneers studies in both basic chromatin biology and translational epigenetic research at the endocrine division, bwh department of medicine, and collaborates with dr. murphy ' s laboratory that focuses on melanoma biology in the program for dermatopathology, bwh department of pathology. this pre - clinical study, which shows a key role for epigenetics in melanoma development and progression, also enlisted the support of an international team of investigators. the findings will provide insight for future functional, pre - clinical studies of 5 - hmc in cancer biology. journal reference : cell provided by brigham and women ' s hospital - scientists find molecule in immune system that could help treat dangerous skin cancer jul 08, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - people with parkinson ' s disease may have double the risk for melanoma jun 06, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - researchers discover gene mutation that causes eye cancer dec 10, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - professor discovers way to slow the growth of malignant melanoma jul 08, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - researchers make major breakthrough in melanoma research dec 22, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5701502984422179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.023743"} {"text": "system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense 9 hours ago from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - 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of - principal study presented in... cancer 21 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5458670214242782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.024620"} {"text": "antibodies \u2014 ipilimumab and nivolumab \u2014 may be effective for the treatment of advanced melanoma, according to a proof - of - principal study presented in... cancer 21 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( healthday ) \u2014 the risks of metastasis and death associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( cscc ) are low, but significant, and risk factors for poor outcome include tumor diameter, invasion beyond... cancer 22 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | a new review finds cancer survivors suffer a diverse and complex set of impairments, affecting virtually every organ system. writing in ca : a cancer journal for clinicians, julie silver, m. d., associate professor at harvar... cancer may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) \u2014 a california doctor has been sentenced to 14 years in federal prison for bilking her patients out of more than $ 1 million by promising that an herbal supplement could cure late - stage cancer and other diseases. cancer may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 the latest makeover to a massive psychiatric tome honored by some, reviled by others and even called the \" bible \" of mental disorders is being released saturday with a host of new changes. 24 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 a new case of the deadly coronavirus has been detected in saudi arabia where 15 people have already died after contracting it, the health ministry announced on saturday on its internet website. 44 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 an increasing number of u. s. children are experiencing gastrointestinal issues that require interventions to resolve, according to research presented at digestive disease week ( ddw ). 2 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | big names in medicine are set to give an upbeat assessment of the war on aids on tuesday, 30 years after french researchers identified the virus that causes the disease. 11 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 for combat veterans suffering from post - traumatic stress disorder, ' fear circuitry ' in the brain never rests chronic trauma can inflict lasting damage to brain regions associated with fear and anxiety. previous imaging studies of people with post - traumatic stress disorder, or ptsd, have shown that these brain regions can over - or... 12 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 what if the quality of your work depends more on your focus on the piano keys or canvas or laptop than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45955295844424227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.025612"} {"text": "my first trip to florida and i needed to take a few days to explore. first stop the everglades. the everglades are a natural region of subtropical wetlands in the southern of florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed. the everglades are shaped by water and fire, experiencing frequent flooding in the wet season and drought in the dry season. writer marjory stoneman douglas popularized the term \" river of grass \" to describe the sawgrass marshes, part of a complex system of interdependent ecosystems that include cypress swamps, the estuarine mangrove forests of the ten thousand islands, tropical hardwood hammocks, pine rockland, and the marine environment of florida bay. this seemingly endless sea of grass and \" swamp \" is occupied by the american alligator and crocodile, otters, the magnificent florida panther, bobcats, roseate spoonbills, ospreys, snowy egrets, great blue herons, dozens of species of reptiles, and many mammal species. hundreds of kinds of fish and over three hundred varieties of birds also make the everglades their home. small hammocks of raised vegetation that frequently include palms, pine, live oaks, gumbo - limbo trees, and cypress are like little islands in this sea of grass.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43784226206102356, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.026921"} {"text": "template : cub scout good manners / req : - - - belt loop requirements complete these three requirements : - make a poster that lists five good manners that you want to practice. share your poster with your den or family. - introduce two people correctly and politely. be sure that one of them is an adult. - write a thank - you note to someone who has given you something or done something nice for you. academics pin requirements earn the good manners belt loop, and complete five of the following requirements : - meet one new person, shake hands properly, and introduce yourself. extend your hand, grip the person \u2019 s hand firmly, and gently shake hands. - talk with your family about polite language. include \u201c please, \u201d \u201c you \u2019 re welcome, \u201d \u201c excuse me, \u201d \u201c yes, sir, \u201d \u201c no, ma \u2019 am, \u201d and so on in your talk. - explain to your den or family how good manners can help you now and as you get older. copy the actions of someone you know who has good manners. - go over table manners with your family. eat a meal together where the table is set correctly and everyone uses good table manners. - with an adult, discuss what foods are proper to eat with your fingers. practice eating some of these foods the right way. - in your den or with your family, practice using good phone manners. - explain how treating things that belong to other people with respect is a part of having good manners. show three examples of how you can show respect for others. - talk with your friends or family members about following the rules and having good sportsmanship when playing games. then play a game with your friends or family members. after playing the game, tell how you showed good manners. - with your family or den, list five rules to remember in being polite and respectful when in a public place. go to the public place and practice the rules. explain how the rules helped you to have good manners. - demonstrate the proper outfit to wear at school, at play, and at a social event. please report any issues with this page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4657212101741711, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.029034"} {"text": "the battle cry of the midrealm army, \" draco invictus \" translates from latin as \" the dragon unconquered. \" \" the battle cry and motto of the midrealm seem to have always been bound into the warp and weft of our realm since time immemorial. it was not always thus, so i present the true history and origin of the phrase. \" draco invictus, dragon unconquered, was, long ago, a personal motto devised by duke syr laurelen darksbane, once baron cleftlands. it was written in black early gothic letters upon two simple, matching gold pennoncels one of which was borne above the armorial banner of the barony of the cleftlands ( where a newer but identical one remains to this day ), and the other upon laurelen ' s household armorial banner ( house elamon ). \" here is what happened in those far - off days of the dragon realm : \" all the following took place at the barons - event in the barony of red spears in the summer of the reign of david and tangwystl. the 20th battle of the pennsic war was imminent and midrealm forces were being marshalled to meet the great army of the eastrealm and his allies. \" king david and queen tangwystl watched with approval as the units from what would years later be called oaken, constellation, and pentamere fought and trained all that day in combat. duke laurelen, at that time one of the midrealm generals, had been told in advance that their majesties would hold a court upon the field following the combat activites to address their warriors. \" prior to the event laurelen made plans for a short presentation to their majesties but did not tell the nature of it to either his baronial warriors or the king and queen. being personally friendly with their majesties as well as in oath - sworn service, he was invited to come into their court without giving the details of the presentation in advance. \" laurelen had asked all his baronial warriors to be able to don complete battle regalia, their best and most warlike, after all the battles of the day were over. he had, prior to that event, also asked the warriors of cleftlands to each bring with them real weapons of steel for he wanted the entire battle unit in full panoply for war. they had all been told to wait for his signal and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4295254023691434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.033320"} {"text": ", prior to that event, also asked the warriors of cleftlands to each bring with them real weapons of steel for he wanted the entire battle unit in full panoply for war. they had all been told to wait for his signal and then do as previously instructed. thus, it was at that court that duke laurelen was called forward and with him came the battle unit of cleftlands in full array, each warrior wearing sword or carrying steel - pointed spear and shield. the banners of the barony and duke ' s household were borne on the light breeze of a brilliant summer day with the soft silken sound of mail upon steel and leather as they approached. \" the duke addressed the king and queen and said ( as nearly as can be remembered ), ' this dragon realm we all serve and love has ever been faced these 20 years gone with summer war at the eastern borders. valiantly we have won many battles, and steadfast have we faced defeat. our realm remains though, ever stronger, unconquered. we have borne upon our household banner and our baronial arms a personal motto to remind us of this. if your majesties would permit i would like to offer to all, this token of resolve and faith and belief in the midrealm. he asked if their majesties wold permit the kingdom war banner, there displayed by their heralds, to be dipped toward him. they granted this and laurelen untied from his household banner the pennoncel and himself tied it upon the kingdom banner, which was then raised again. their majesties saw the words and smiled. \" laurelen then said to their majesties and the entire court, a\u20ac\u0153this is the midrealm, ever the dragon endures, ever the dragon unconquered. ' upon those final words he nodded to his warriors and as one, all the swords were drawn in a flash of steel like golden fire in the afternoon and the unit cried as one, ' draco invictus. ' it was a moment, for those of us who were there, where there was no fantasy. \" their majesties david and tangwystl replied with great courtesy and gentilesse and with warlike fervor that the pennoncel would indeed be borne upon the kingdom banner in token of the strength of the dragon. \" thus it was, that summer day seeming so long ago to some, out of memory or history to others, but as yesterday to i, who was there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4527056996673826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.034440"} {"text": "saturday quotes 2. 23 dowland \u2019 s training part 3 the last two installments of our saturday quotes have been given over to tracing the possible early musical training of john dowland ( 1563 \u2013 1626 ), probably the best - known representative of the golden age of english lute music. we have cross - referenced some of the ample evidence indicating that, in tudor england, the usual introduction to music for a child not of noble birth was as a choirboy whose task was to provide music for liturgical purposes. from the summary information found in david g. t. harris, \u201c musical education in tudor times ( 1485 - 1603 ) \u201d, proceedings of the musical association, 65th sess. ( 1938 \u2013 1939 ), p. 136 \u201c the song schools of the colleges of winchester and eton ; oxford and cambridge ; the choristers \u2019 schools attached to the cathedrals, the chapel royal, and st. george \u2019 s chapel, windsor ; also those connected with private chapels of the gentry, trained choristers for their own particular use. they were the institutions where the great elizabethan composers received their early education in music. \u201d why has this information been ignored in accounts of dowland and his music? diana poulton \u2019 s john dowland : his life and works, which is the standard reference, offers informed speculation concerning several facets of dowland \u2019 s character and his shadowy past. yet, after effectively disputing the myth of dowland \u2019 s irish birth, the author omits any reference to the standard musical upbringing of a child of the artisan class. the reasoning is clear : if a child showed any musical talent, the first indication was that he could sing in time and in tune, in which case he was likely \u2018 pressed \u2019 into service as a choirboy. if he showed intelligence and potential ( \u2018 apt \u2019 and \u2018 meet \u2019 ), he was then given instruction in composition and instrumental practice. at this point in time, the child may have encountered an opportunity for an apprenticeship in a household, but the daily duties of singing for private devotional services surely did not cease. was dowland a singer? without question, absolutely yes. was dowland a good singer? we \u2019 ll never know, but his ability in composing and performing on the lute certainly negated any further need to demonstrate his vocal abilities. singing was synonymous with music in the 16th century. the earliest surviving scraps of lute tablatures found in english manuscripts ( bl stowe 389, \u2018 writtin by \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593994775586667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.041338"} {"text": "certainly negated any further need to demonstrate his vocal abilities. singing was synonymous with music in the 16th century. the earliest surviving scraps of lute tablatures found in english manuscripts ( bl stowe 389, \u2018 writtin by \u2026 raphe bowle to learne to playe on his lutte \u2019, circa 1558 ) contain settings of vocal music along with grounds to accompany ballad tunes. the earliest surviving english book of instructions for the lute, adrian leroy \u2019 s briefve et facile instruction pour apprendre la tabulature translated as briefe and easye instru [ c ] tion to learne the tableture, to conducte and dispose thy hande unto the lute, englished by j. alford londenor, 1568 ( reprinted by f. ke. gentelman in 1574 ), is essentially a manual of how to arrange vocal polyphony for the lute. in 1603, we find thomas robinson \u2019 s book of instructions, the schoole of musicke vvherein is tavght, the perfect method of trve fingering of the lute, pandora, orpharion, and viol de gamba ; with most infallible generall rules, both easie and delightfull. also, a method, how you may be your owne instructor for prick - song, by the help of your lute, without any other teacher : with lessons of all sorts, for your further and better instruction. newly composed by thomas robinson, lutenist. essentially, robinson reversed the process by first instructing how to play the lute with the \u2018 nibble ends \u2019 of one \u2019 s fingers, then using the lute to teach the rudiments of singing from staff notation with his \u2018 rules to instruct you to sing \u2019. musical education beyond the choir school was likely the result of personal effort. in the preface to his first booke of songes ( 1597 ), dowland remarks on \u201c the ingenuous profession of musicke, which from my childhoode i haue euer aymed at, sundry times leauing my natiue countrey, the better to attain so excellent a science. \u201d this remark is in the same ( long ) sentence wherein he mentions his university education, perhaps with a slight hint that he attained a level of skill in music in spite of his matriculation. while at university, students provided music for sacred liturgy. also from harris, \u201c musical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41813745669178554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.042282"} {"text": "( long ) sentence wherein he mentions his university education, perhaps with a slight hint that he attained a level of skill in music in spite of his matriculation. while at university, students provided music for sacred liturgy. also from harris, \u201c musical education in tudor times ( 1485 - 1603 ) \u201d : \u201c the lecture courses of the universities were of insignificant value to the student of musical composition and performance. chapel services gave opportunity for practice in sight reading and singing. degrees in music, however, encouraged the study of music. \u201d ( p. 136 ) \u201c during elizabeth \u2019 s reign there was dissatisfaction with the education afforded by the universities. this discontent found expression in a manuscript written by sir humphrey gilbert, and endorsed by lord burghley. it was presented to the queen about 1570, and proposed the founding of an institution to be called \u201d queene elizabethes achademy, \u201d for the advanced education of her majesty \u2019 s wards, \u201d and others the youth of nobility and gentlemen. \u201d students were to remain at the academy from twelve years, to twenty - one years of age. there was to be a \u201d teacher of musick, \u201d who was to instruct pupils \u201d to play on the lute, the bandora, and cytterne. \u201d 89 the scheme for this college does not seem to have been adopted. \u201d ( pp. 129 - 130 ) in his excellent article describing the mathew holmes manuscripts held in cambridge university library, the late ian harwood wrote : \u201c \u2026 i believe that, in addition to holmes \u2019 s responsibility for the cathedral services, there were several aspects to his duties at christ church : individual instrumental tuition ; ensemble practice ; instruction in \u2018 setting \u2019 or arranging music for the group [ of choirboys ]. he may have begun by using his existing collections of lute duets and cittern pieces for teaching purposes \u2026 \u201d [ from ian harwood, \" \u2019 a lecture in musick, with the practice thereof by instrument in the common schooles \u2019, mathew holmes and music at oxford university c. 1588 - 1627 \", the lute : the journal of the lute society, vol. 45, 2005, p. 35. ] next week we \u2019 ll probe a bit into dowland \u2019 s time in paris as servant to the english ambassador to france, sir henry cobham, and the possibility of his clandestine activities as a spy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.483974276580226, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.043291"} {"text": "coming up on the 14th november we have the chance to see a solar eclipse. from here in melbourne it will be a partial eclipse, with 52 per cent of the sun ' s diameter covered by the moon. but up in far north queensland and the topmost of the northern territory, they will be treated to totality, where the moon will completely block the sun for just on two minutes. a partial eclipse will be seen from melbourne on the 14 november 2012. source : museum victoria the eclipse will occur during the early morning of 14 november, with the sun still low in the east. therefore, a good view of the horizon will be needed. the timing for melbourne is as follows : it is important never to look directly at the sun, even during an eclipse. while the sun may appear less bright it can still cause long lasting eye damage. there are safe ways to look at the eclipse \u2013 at the scienceworks shop you can purchase eclipse glasses that will allow you to watch the event, while protecting your eyesight. you can also create a simple \" pinhole \" projection. it ' s as easy as making a small pinhole in a piece of paper or cardboard. do not look through the hole, but allow the sun to shine through and project an image onto a second piece of cardboard. even a blank wall or clear patch of ground can make good surfaces for projection. sometimes nature helps out too. if you can see sunlight travelling through the leaves of a tree, you \u2019 ve got yourself some ready made pinhole projections. check the ground and it might be covered with little crescent sun images. take a look at this great example on the astronomy magazine website. i \u2019 ve never seen a total solar eclipse, so i ' m heading up to queensland for my first chance. i ' ve been told that it ' s quite an eerie experience to have darkness fall while it ' s still early morning. if you will also be in the path of totality for this eclipse, then be sure to check out the eclipse megamovie project. use your smartphone to upload images and videos of the sun during totality and the space sciences laboratory in california will combine the footage to create the first ultra - high time resolution movie of a solar eclipse. what i ' m most looking forward to is the chance to see the sun ' s corona, the bright and tenuous gas that surrounds the sun. normally it ' s invisible, drowned out by the sun ' s glare, but being able to see hidden things is something that ' s always captivated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4533101499382148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.046027"} {"text": "image courtesy max lautenschlager published may 12, 2010 the motley collection of buses, limos, and cars that rolled out of berlin this morning under a gray sky all had one thing in common : nothing but steam coming out of their tailpipes. from a bmw luxury sedan to toyota sport utility vehicles, the cars that pulled out of a fueling station in downtown berlin were all powered from the fuel found in the brand - new pumps alongside the diesel and gasoline. the vehicles were tanked up on hydrogen, a zero - emissions fuel source that \u2019 s struggling to get off the ground in europe and the united states. the rally ran 180 miles ( 290 kilometers ) from berlin to hamburg, germany \u2019 s second - largest city. organized by a coalition of auto and energy companies, the idea was to convince the german public that hydrogen will be a viable, green fuel source for cars, buses, and trucks. it \u2019 s all part of an ambitious effort to build support for a network of hydrogen fueling stations across germany. called the clean energy partnership, the group hopes to have more than 1, 000 fueling stations in operation by 2020. since it began in 2002, the cep has grown to include 13 companies, including automakers bmw, daimler, ford, gm, volkswagen, toyota, the berlin and hamburg public transport systems, shell, statoil, total, and a variety of german and norwegian engineering companies involved in building fueling stations. ( disclosure : this story was produced as part of the great energy challenge initiative by national geographic in partnership with shell. national geographic maintains editorial autonomy. ) of chickens and eggs the clean energy partnership is also being supported by the german government, which plans to invest 740 million euros ( $ 940 million ) in hydrogen and electric cars over the next decade. starting with hydrogen fueling stations in germany \u2019 s biggest cities \u2014 first berlin, and now the port city of hamburg \u2014 the coalition hopes to overcome a problem that has plagued hydrogen advocates for years. before energy companies invest in special hydrogen fueling stations, which can each cost millions of dollars to design and build, they need to know there will be customers for the technology. at the same time, customers are unlikely to buy cars if they are unsure there will be a way to fill them up. \u201c this chicken - and - egg problem is one of our main problems, \u201d says daimler spokesman matthias brock. right now, there are about 30 hydrogen stations in germany, making the country the european leader in hydrogen technology. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5105025083745082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.051862"} {"text": "fill them up. \u201c this chicken - and - egg problem is one of our main problems, \u201d says daimler spokesman matthias brock. right now, there are about 30 hydrogen stations in germany, making the country the european leader in hydrogen technology. ( only a handful of the fueling stations are open to the public ; the rest are experimental or belong to industrial users. ) in the next five years, energy companies including shell, total and statoil have all signed on to build more stations to provide an infrastructure for drivers. says brock : \u201c the goal is to have a network of 1, 000 stations, but every new filling station is good news. \u201d if car companies see a nationwide network taking shape by 2015, they say they \u2019 ll be able to roll out cars based on fuel - cell technology that uses hydrogen to create electricity. daimler already has a model \u2014 the mercedes benz b - class f - cell, and three of them took part in the rally between berlin and hamburg. toyota, gm, ford and volkswagen all had fuel cell cars in the rally ; bmw is experimenting with cars that burn hydrogen directly in the car \u2019 s engine whether hydrogen is burned in car engines or used to generate electricity in fuel cells, its biggest selling point is as a way to store energy. in a process called electrolysis, water molecules are split into their component parts, oxygen and hydrogen, which can then be stored in tanks until it \u2019 s time to fill up a fuel - cell car. ( see related quiz, what you don \u2019 t know about energy. ) advocates say it could be a way to make use of the electricity being generated by germany \u2019 s abundant, but unpredictable renewable energy sources. \u201c wind blows when it wants, not when we need it, \u201d bmw traffic and environment manager hans - christian wagner says. \u201c hydrogen is a means to store energy. \u201d hydrogen also solves a problem that plagues electric vehicles. \u201c the main advantage of hydrogen, especially [ when used in ] fuel cells, is much higher range and shorter refueling time \u2014 three minutes versus five to eight hours \u201d for electric cars, says daimler \u2019 s brock. \u201c we believe it \u2019 s the best option for emission - free driving in the future. \u201d it \u2019 s especially good for larger vehicles, such as buses, that are too heavy for the kind of batteries that are needed to power electric vehicles. ( in fact, hamburg has had 10 fuel - cell buses moving commuters around the city since 2003. ) in a perfect world, windmills would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5065669858997182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.052833"} {"text": "as buses, that are too heavy for the kind of batteries that are needed to power electric vehicles. ( in fact, hamburg has had 10 fuel - cell buses moving commuters around the city since 2003. ) in a perfect world, windmills would generate electricity during off - peak hours \u2014 in the middle of the night, for example \u2014 to produce hydrogen, which could be stored and used to fill up vehicles for people \u2019 s morning commutes. but some experts are skeptical of hydrogen, which today is produced either by breaking down natural gas or using large amounts of electricity. and the reality is that though advocates talk about how renewable energy could be employed, most of germany \u2019 s electricity today is being generated by coal - fired power plants. for now, that makes hydrogen the equivalent of a fossil fuel. and so far, fuel - cell engines are an inefficient use of electricity. it takes more energy to generate hydrogen than the hydrogen delivers in power to the car. joseph romm, senior fellow at the center for american progress, helped oversee fuel - cell research for the u. s. department of energy during the clinton administration, but he sees all - electric vehicles as a better bet. \u201c i \u2019 m skeptical \u2014 i don \u2019 t see how the chicken and egg problem can be solved, \" says romm, who has visited the subject frequently on his widely read climate progress blog, and who addresses hydrogen as another technology \u201c breakthrough technology illusion \u201d in his new book, straight up. \u201c no one \u2019 s going to be building these stations until they \u2019 re sure they \u2019 re going to get their money back, \u201d he says. \u201c unless a lot of car companies come in, you \u2019 re talking about taking a huge gamble just because a couple of companies are going to bring out a model or two. \u201d patrick schnell, head of innovation and sustainable development at french energy giant total, says germany is a test case to see if cooperation among the energy companies \u2014 with no one company bearing the majority of the risk \u2014 can get a network of filling stations in place without breaking the bank. \u201c we need to find a way to build hydrogen infrastructure with partners, not alone, \u201d schnell says. ( see related, the great energy challenge personal energy meter. ) recent energy news wind turbines rob each other of energy if installed too closely together. but the world ' s fastest - growing source of renewable power still has plenty of room for expansion. work is under way on the world ' s highest - elevation biogas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5309959599324112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.053814"} {"text": "don \u2019 t look directly at it ( not to sound like your elementary - school teacher ), but plan on checking out a \u201c ring of fire \u201d partial eclipse on sunday, may 20, if you live on the west coast of north america. in this weekend \u2019 s annular solar eclipse, the moon will slide in front of the sun and block 94 % of its light. because the moon is near apogee \u2014 the point in its orbit when it \u2019 s farthest away from earth \u2014 it appears smaller to us and will cover most of the sun, leaving a ring of fiery light blasting the edges. ( what, you thought it was a johnny cash reference? ) ( photos : total eclipse of the sun ) unfortunately for folks on the east coast, the sun will have already set by the time the eclipse begins at 5 : 24 p. m. pdt. those living in the central u. s. and canada may miss the full ring - of - fire effect but will still get a partial eclipse. viewers in asia will also catch a glimpse in the early - morning hours of may 21. check out nasa \u2019 s viewing map to get an idea of when and where you can get your best view. because an annular solar eclipse requires earth, the moon and the sun to be in a particular alignment, the event is rare ; this is the first such eclipse since 1994. remember, though, that looking directly at the sun \u2014 no matter how eclipsed \u2014 is dangerous for the eyes. use solar filters, wear a pair of solar - safe viewing glasses or build a pinhole projector instead. you \u2019 ll want to be able to see the next annular eclipse when it comes in may 2013. photos : total eclipse of the moon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45824064789470803, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.056523"} {"text": "study reveals the crazy lengths we go to avoid other people while trying to avoid the forced socializing that sometimes comes when traveling with strangers might not seem like a difficult task, new research reveals that it actually takes a lot of work to be anti - social. yale university researcher esther kim spent three years riding coach across the great american roadways in order to observe the obsessive quirks and bizarre behavior of those people being transported across the country in the company of strangers. \u201c we live in a world of strangers, where life in public spaces feels increasingly anonymous, \u201d said kim. \u201c however, avoiding other people actually requires quite a lot of effort and this is especially true in confined spaces like public transport. \u201d during her journey, kim says she discovered that the greatest unspoken rule of bus travel is that if other seats are available you shouldn \u2019 t sit next to someone else because most passengers claim it makes a person look weird. however, it is when the bus starts filling up and more passengers are still getting on that things start to get interesting. kim says that she found that most people will go out of their way to avoid others. pretending to be busy, checking cell phones, looking past people or falling asleep are just some of the many ways people avoid fraternizing with the unknown. \u2022 avoiding eye contact with other people \u2022 leaning against the window and stretching out your legs \u2022 placing a large bag on the empty seat \u2022 sitting on the aisle seat and turning on your ipod so you can pretend you cannot hear people asking for the window seat. \u2022 placing several items on the spare seat so it is not worth the passenger \u2019 s time waiting for you to move them. \u2022 looking out the window with a blank stare to look crazy \u2022 pretending to be asleep \u2022 putting your coat on the seat to make it appear already taken \u2022 if all else fails, lying and saying the seat has been taken by someone else while all of this sounds like such painstaking efforts just to keep from sitting next to a stranger, kim says the good news is that race, class, gender and other background characteristics were of no concern to travelers \u2014 everyone just wants to avoid the \u201c crazy person. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4873768762236118, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.058820"} {"text": "radiation levels along the west coast not a concern the unprecedented earthquake occurring in japan on friday, march 11, 2011 and subsequent tsunami that devastated japan \u2019 s western seaboard also affected a nuclear power plant in fukushima. despite valiant on - going containment efforts, radioactive materials have escaped into the air, elevating radiation levels in surrounding areas. as of march 16, emergency evacuation has been ordered for people who live withing 20 kilometers ( 12. 4 miles ) from the troubled nuclear power plant. while these events are occurring more than 4500 miles from the west coast of the united states, there is growing public concern regarding radiation. however, authorities from the departments of health in washington, oregon and alaska ( the three states in nn / lm pnr along the coast ), state that there is no public health risk from the damaged nuclear reactor. visit the washington state department of health website for more information about the nuclear reactor in japan and any associated health risks. oregonians can visit the oregon health authority \u2019 s web site. alaskans can go to the state of alaska health and social services site to read about radiological preparedness. lastly, the journal disaster medicine and public health preparedness has published an open - access supplement on nuclear preparedness : http : / / www. dmphp. org / content / vol5 / supplement _ 1 / index. dtl articles from this and other publications of the nuclear detonation scarce resources project working group can be accessed through the radiation emergency medical management ( remm ) tool at http : / / www. remm. nlm. gov / triagetool _ intro. htm. remm is a source of evidence - based, online and downloadable guidance about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury for health care providers. and, for resources for disaster planning and response, remember to visit the nn / lm emergency preparedness toolkit \u2013 http : / / nnlm. gov / ep /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4408168732886375, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.061008"} {"text": "snow pit data from greenland summit, 1989 to 1993 chemistry and isotope information from snow pits dug at the summit area of greenland, 1989 - 1993 includes major ions ( na, k, mg, ca, cl, no3, so4 ), oxygen isotopes ( 18o ) and h2o2. four snow pits were dug and sampled in 1989, three snow pits in 1990, two in 1991, one in 1992 and one in 1993. all snow pits had a 3 cm sampling interval except the snow pits in 1990, which had either a 3 cm or 5 cm sampling interval. chemistry and isotope information were obtained from each of the snow pits. the pits and surface snow samples were collected by the glacier research group ( grg ), using established protocols to prevent contamination. the samples collected in 1991 were analyzed at the gisp2 drilling camp. all data except the oxygen isotope data, which is from the university of washington, were generated by grg at the university of new hampshire. the following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. for more information, see our use and copyright web page. paul a. mayewski and sallie whitlow. 1999. snow pit data from greenland summit, 1989 to 1993. [ indicate subset used ]. boulder, colorado usa : national snow and ice data center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49811669256200136, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.062366"} {"text": "the national survey of student engagement ( nsse ) obtains, on an annual basis, information from hundreds of four - year colleges and universities nationwide about student participation in programs and activities that institutions provide for their learning and personal development. the results provide an estimate of how undergraduates spend their time and what they gain from attending college. survey items on the national survey of student engagement represent empirically confirmed \" good practices \" in undergraduate education. that is, they reflect behaviors by students and institutions that are associated with desired outcomes of college. institutions use their data to identify aspects of the undergraduate experience inside and outside the classroom that can be improved through changes in policies and practices more consistent with good practices in undergraduate education. this information is also used by prospective college students, their parents, college counselors, academic advisers, institutional research officers, and researchers in learning more about how students spend their time at different colleges and universities and what they gain from their experiences. more than 1300 different colleges and universities in the u. s. and canada have participated in nsse since it was first administered in 2000. nsse ' s widespread use has spawned several other nationally - used instruments including the beginning college survey of student engagement, the community college survey of student engagement, the faculty survey of student engagement, and the law school survey of student engagement, all of which are supported through institutional participation fees.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040855464956602, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.063892"} {"text": "the digital library is a database of articles about successful voicethread projects. our hope is to create a resource that offers guidance and inspiration for people undertaking new projects. please contribute a voicethread to help the digital library grow. using voicethread in an online course from professor russ meade voicethread \" humanizes \" the on - line classroom experience. as a college professor, i teach all over the us exclusively asynchronously. one of the drawbacks of online learning has always been that the student feels isolated and unconnected with either his or her classmates... higher ed from della curtis an engaging discussion between graduate students looking to earn a master ' s degree in education. this example showcases the collaboration that can be captured in a voicethread between colleagues... 7th grade radio advertisements from terry casey we explored the power of radio advertising and then students created their own advertisements. voicethread allowed us to host our ads and the other students are then able to listen and leave their opinions. book review : a single shard by linda sue park from c vidor this voicethread aims to make these elements a bit more familiar to students with brief explanations and interesting images. the voicethread also suggests ways in which some themes of the book are evident in the story ' s imagery. 2nd graders play i - spy the project incorporates many tech skills as well as many literacy skills into a fun project they children loved. the parents and teachers also loved sharing their students work. higher ed analysis of tim o ' brien ' s \" the things they carried \" this voicethread encouraged my students to critically examine the story and post their insights for the entire world to see. i saw them go from being reluctant and nervous students to enthusiastic and totally engaged teachers of one another. 8th grade historical fiction from shirley scamardella this picture book was written, illustrated and told by students. it was entered into the scholastic books, kids are authors contest and it won honorable mention. i feel this is a good voicethread because this is the finished product of a two month project. poetry and illustration from constance vidor the poetry and illustration voicethread shows how illustration can be used to interpret and illuminate poetry written for young readers. it begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of edward lear ' s the owl and the pussycat. comparing j. s. bach and paul mccartney, constance vidor the j. s. bach and paul mccartney voicethread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47879043657782094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.075362"} {"text": "readers. it begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of edward lear ' s the owl and the pussycat. comparing j. s. bach and paul mccartney, constance vidor the j. s. bach and paul mccartney voicethread introduces young learners to the great baroque composer by way of a comparison / contrast with a musician with whom they are more familiar. 1st grade - reading analysis from leanne windsor this voicethread was a culmination of a project we did in library to get the children thinking about the books they were choosing to read and why they liked them. they were also learning about story structure... kindergarten storybook from leanne windsor this voicethread displays the illustrations that the children drew with author alison lester when she visited our school. we followed the pattern of her picture book series about children and what they are doing day to day. 4th grade - where i ' m from poems from tara mccartney students shared personally significant poetry against a backdrop of their own self portrait. this voicethread gave students a chance to share their work orally, as well as to explore the cultural differences between our students in a safe environment. 12th grade - a day in the life from joanie batts these high - school seniors used voicethread to create the final segment to a school wide literacy project, \" a day in the life of dunnellon high school. \" 4th grade - i am poems from jackie gerstein the \" i am \" feedback project demonstrates a method for providing qualitative feedback to students ' poetry : students began with a hands - on activity : the magnetic poetry, and later put it into a voicethread. 4th grade english from ms. naugle voicethread enabled my students to put their poems out in an audio format to be shared with others. they eagerly practiced their speaking fluency to get it \" just right \" because they wanted to impress their \" audience \". 4th grade book - reading discussion from krystina kelly this voicethread shows how a wide number of students from different classes and grades can use voicethread to have an asynchronous conversation about books. kindergarten reading from heather taylor i think that this is a good project because the children are able to share some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home. 7th grade from amy cobb this is a great example of what a voicethread can do when embedded in a blog : foster global conversation. 7th grade from amy cobb 2 in place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4655932148735937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.076476"} {"text": "some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home. 7th grade from amy cobb this is a great example of what a voicethread can do when embedded in a blog : foster global conversation. 7th grade from amy cobb 2 in place of a written assessment the students were asked to take all the information they gathered from their study on edgar allan poe and put it all into the \" what do you know about poe? \" voicethread. 7th grade from amy cobb 3 this is a powerful reflection of a young girl ' s seventh grade experience. it tells a story using six photos that defined her middle school year. 3rd grade from alice mercer this voicethread demonstrates the use of features that are unique to the application. the creator has used both voice and text to \" teach \" the lesson. 10th grade chinese language practice from lilia hurteau voicethread can be used to teach chinese in a high school setting. students have to repeat the words and then make sentences with the new vocabulary. they record themselves and they have to be creative. 9th grade chinese language lesson from james rolle voicethread provides a medium for this character - by - character explanation of a commonly used phrase in chinese that students can listen to and learn on their own time. language learners use voicethread to practice speaking this is a great example of how an esl student can practice her computer skills and her language skills to talk about everyday activities. students can practice speaking as many times as they like before they can show it to their teachers / classmates. 11th grade - french fluency and history from hassina taylor students found that responding to my questions orally via the internet was a great way to improve on their fluency, and they found it very challenging to use the visual cues to find answers. they concentrated much better and retained information because it is a \" hands - on \"... 3rd grade language \" les trois petits cochons \" from mme smith using voicethread, students realized the power of voice as a tool of expression. all students in the class were able to contribute to this voicethread presentation of a play they had learned. higher - ed, studying abroad in ecuador, david thompson this voicethread is a good example of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience. 7th grade spanish from eve millard learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language. higher ed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4542968610366195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.077503"} {"text": "of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience. 7th grade spanish from eve millard learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language. higher ed blogs in teaching from kristen kozloski, ph. d. we used blogging as a reflective practice in my course on designing multimedia for learning. this is an example of our final reflection, as a class, of that blogging process. higher ed online technologies from jen hegna the goal of this project was to have each team member reflect upon tools we utilized to collaborate and complete our online project entitled - disrupting tcs 702. 7th graders practice math in action from ms redd voicethread showcases this great example of math in action. my students love the idea that they can comment on a video featuring one of their teachers and it feels like they aren ' t even doing math!! 7th grade - exploring probability from britt gow students from two countries were able to comment on the slides which show images of probability problems. my students enjoyed this exercise and another teacher has used it in her class to extend each of the problems. 7th grade - measurement from britt gow year 7 students from hawkesdale p12 college were able to share their knowledge with grade 5 / 6 students from a ballarat primary school about measurement and ratio. students were required to articulate their thinking... 6th grade math from jackie ionno this voicethread was created by the student and shows that he really got the intent of the assignment. it shows effort, creativity, organization, and a mathematical knowledge of the the real world. 4th grade problem - solving from krystina kelly this is a great voicethread example because it shows how an entire 4th grade class can work together to develop problem - solving strategies. higher ed teaching with technology from ellen dobson this voicethread, entitled \" surfometry, \" was created by a student - teacher as an assignment for a \" computers in education \" course. the creator incorporated images, video and graphics into an engaging geometry lesson. language from carla arena this voicethread shows current and new educators how voicethread can be used in english / language arts courses by asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks : poetry, personification... language from carla arena 2 this professional - development instructor used voicethread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators. 9th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.505713133882113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.078513"} {"text": "asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks : poetry, personification... language from carla arena 2 this professional - development instructor used voicethread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators. 9th graders write children ' s stories about astronomy, mrs. edenstrom i had all of my 9th grade science students do a children ' s story about astronomy. they had to have facts, but tell it in a creative way that could be read and understood by elementary aged students! i had great success with this. 4th graders study plants in collaboration with pakistani students students from the us collaborate with pakistani students to learn about a common interest! this project can be used by teachers of any grade level, can be shown to parents, can be a model for showing kids the possibilities of the medium. 7th grade - the water cycle from britt gow year 7 science students did a unit of work on water and the water cycle. they were asked to draw a picture containing mountains, clouds, the sea, a lake, a forest and an underground water reservoir ( aquifer ). 7th graders go green from mrs. beatrice reiser this voicethread is an excellent example because it is interactive and promotes environmental issues. 1st grade science from michele green first grade students researched fish in the library, used paint to draw pictures of them, and then recorded their voices. the silk road - from constance vidor this voicethread provides a scaffolding for research and active engagement with an important topic of world history. digital storytelling - abraham lincoln ' s dog, fido, from clare caddell voicethread brought a little - known story about lincoln to life, with images as well as voice. it was created in response to my second and third graders, who wanted to know more about lincoln ' s dog, fido. history podcast with secondary - ed students from laurie cohen this project gives students an opportunity to be creative while demonstrating their content knowledge and technological skills. after developing the lesson plan and creating this sample, our us history teacher loved it for his class. he is using it in the 10th grade class. 5th grade - ellis is. narratives from barbara de santis i wanted this project to enable the students to truly feel the immigrant experience. while primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding. 3rd grade - school community from trish harrison the objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.499572618537984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.079597"} {"text": "while primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding. 3rd grade - school community from trish harrison the objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities. they practiced discussion ; brainstorming ; writing down ideas ; using ideas in small - group talk as conversations. 11th grade - reconstruction from molly lynde this is a great voicethread foremost because my students were actively engaged and finished with a clearer understanding of what the post civil war era was really about... they no longer thought of a \" universal freed slave \" dancing in the street. 4th grade - letters from the internment camps in this voicethread, students explore an historical event that is relevant to their physical community, the removal of japanese - americans to internment camps after the bombing of pearl harbor. 8th grade - colors of the night from mrs. brosnan my goal was to further enhance their art history knowledge that by using voicethread enabled me to extend my teaching \" outside of the class room \". k - 12 art, poetry, and music from erin berg this vt is an example of the power of collaboration using technology. this encompasses art through words, visuals, and music. 5th grade music / video project from elissa reichstein i believe ( this voicethread ) shows an interesting way to use voicethread to motivate learning and celebrate student interests and accomplishments. 2nd grade from donna lubin a great example of how a powerpoint presentation can be uploaded easily and used as an archive of a powerpoint - assisted lecture... higher ed online learning from michelle pacansky - brock an engaging and dynamic lecture delivered within an interactive environment engages in a way no ' downloadable ' lecture can. higher ed online learning from michelle pacansky - brock 2 by engaging in discussions, students explore and engage in course material more deeply while practicing critical - thinking and discourse. 5th and 6th - grade digital literacy project from julienne hogarth i gave the learners the images and they researched and posted information and comments about dale chihuly ' s life and art. the learners were thrilled to use voicethread as a tool in their learning as well as becoming very excited about the art work. 5th grade - digital portfolios for student - led parent confs. as we ' re an international school, i was looking for a seamless way that relatives in other countries ( grandparents, parents away working etc ) could view, comment, give feedback on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5022346186232649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.080890"} {"text": "lamp shell terebratulina septentrionalis it would be easy to mistake a lamp shell for a small bivalve mollusk, as both have a hinged shell in two parts and live attached to the sea floor. lamp shells, however, have a very thin, light shell and the two parts are different sizes, with the smaller one fitting into the larger. the shell valves cover the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal whereas in bivalve mollusks they are on the left and right side of the body. lamp shells attach their pear - shaped shell to hard surfaces by means of a fleshy stalk that emerges from a hole in the ventral shell valve. with the shell valves gaping open, the animal draws in a current of water that brings plankton with it. taking up most of the space inside the shell is a feeding structure called the lophophore, which consists of two lateral lobes and a central coiled lobe covered in long ciliated tentacles. the beating of the cilia creates the water current. lamp shells are found worldwide, but they are especially abundant in colder waters. in the northeastern atlantic, terebratulina septentrionalis is mostly found in deep water, while along the east coast of north america, it commonly occurs in shallow water. this species is very similar to terebratulina retusa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47795811425969925, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.082302"} {"text": "southern louisiana fisherman battle cold weather and drastic changes in barometric pressure as they fight to successfully catch fish. southern louisiana is home to some of the coldest and most frantic weather changes in the united states. this leads to chaos and confusion not just on land but in the water as well. it has been recently discovered that the constant increase and decrease in weather climate creates a high level of pressure through out the bodies of water in the area. this contributes to, as stated by jerald horst, a retired louisiana state university fisheries biologist, \" the quelling effect on the feeding activity of speckled trout and redfish. there ' s no scientific proof that barometric pressure causes fish to feed less, but we can definitely show a cause and effect. \" horst continues in explaining that while there is no proof that barometric pressure is the direct result of a change in the eating habits of fish it does seem to correlate. fish tend to be exceptionally sensitive to a change of environment and it would be fairly reasonable to assume that a change in barometric pressure would cause an alteration in their behavior. additionally effective is the relationship that fish have to cold water. as water temperatures decrease it is known that cold - blooded creatures have a hard time feeling energize. as water looses warmth it reaches a level that matches the same temperature as the bodies of cold - blooded creatures. this causes these animals to go into a lethargic \" comatose state. \" as soon as the cold front drifts in it is overtly noticeable that the fish stop biting the lures of fisherman. it has become a routine known to this area so often that fisherman now recognize the change and stay home for a day or two avoiding the sport all together until temperatures rise again. anglers of southeast louisiana have even learned to cancel a whole fishing trip due to a drop in barometric pressure. don ' t wait for the weather report to guess where the fish will be biting, log on to fishtrack. com and have all of your fishing forecasts, fishing maps and more at your fingertips. avoid educated guessing and turn to professionals who know fishing best. at fishtrack a user can properly plan a fishing trip well in advance by knowing where the fish are before stepping off the dock. whether an amateur with a passion for fishing or a professional who lives on the water, by subscribing to fishtrack any fishing enthusiast can avoid mother natures set backs with accurate updates of weather conditions and more. for more information : 300 pacific coast highway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4899232017877185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.085669"} {"text": "right after i finished mulching my rose garden with free wood chips i got from a tree service, i read that wood chips suck all the nitrogen out of the soil. should i fertilize now? as soon as you spread mulch, there \u2019 s a population boom of bacteria, fungi, and other soil microbes that work to decompose organic matter. these beneficial organisms consume some of the nitrogen present in the soil. the nitrogen loss is temporary, however, because the nitrogen is once again available to plants when the microbes die. but in the meantime, the thin layer of soil that is in direct contact with the mulch will relinquish some of its fertility. the depletion of nutrients does not extend deep into the soil, so it won \u2019 t likely affect anything other than the shallowest - rooted annuals. the benefits of organic mulch outweigh the possibility of a temporary nitrogen shortage. mulch conserves moisture and contributes to a healthy root zone. it also helps to suppress weeds. as mulch decomposes, the nutrients held within it \u2014 including a small amount of nitrogen \u2014 are released. for roses and other plants with high nutrient needs, it \u2019 s a good idea to keep an eye out for nitrogen deficiency, whether you \u2019 ve mulched with wood chips or not. plants lacking nitrogen grow slowly and exhibit pale or yellow - green leaves ; in extreme cases, growth may be stunted. to preclude the chance of nitrogen deficiency, many gardeners make a habit of distributing a small dose of slow - release nitrogen fertilizer every spring to roses, perennials, edible crops, and other heavy feeders. good organic sources include alfalfa meal ( about 5 percent nitrogen by weight ), fish meal or fish emulsion ( 5 percent ), blood meal ( 12 percent ), and feather meal ( 15 percent ). compost and worm castings also contain small amounts of nitrogen. \u2014 doug hall someone told me that sugar is good for plants. i sprinkled some around my vegetable garden this year but didn \u2019 t notice anything different. how much should i apply? plants don \u2019 t need you to add sugar to their soil ; they make their own. through the process of photosynthesis, which is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. plants use their self - made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction. sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44011926444008825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.092250"} {"text": "is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. plants use their self - made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction. sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. these naturally occurring microbes are nature \u2019 s recyclers ; they help to nourish plants by breaking down the bits of organic debris in soil into their nutrient components \u2014 including the potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, and other elements that are essential for plant life. in this sense, sugar could benefit the plants in your garden by boosting the microbial population, thereby speeding up the rate at which nutrients become available. but plants already have a process for encouraging microbial life. soil scientists have discovered that plant roots exude sugars \u2014 sugars produced by photosynthesis \u2014 as a way of developing mutually beneficial relationships with microbes. by controlling the types and amounts of sugars they release, plants can select which kinds of microorganisms will colonize the soil around their roots. not coincidentally, plants choose to feed the microbes that will provide them with the nutrients they need most. compared to this sophisticated a la carte system, a sprinkle of processed sugar from your pantry is just junk food for bacteria. by the way, there \u2019 s another reason some gardeners haul the sugar canister out to the garden. sugar added to the planting holes of vegetable transplants is said to discourage root knot nematodes, a destructive soil - dwelling parasite that plagues many southern gardens. \u2014 doug hall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4912798100308966, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.093105"} {"text": "nourishable places grow a significant portion of their food within a few miles of where it is eaten, and could grow more in a long emergency. today, the ingredients of an average meal in the us travel over 1, 300 miles to get to your table, and that number is growing every day. the data for meals in the eu is probably fairly similar. currently, very few places in the united states are nourishable places, but as the industrializations of china and india continue, resulting in a billion new cars competing for gas over the next several years, the cost of food transportation will become much more significant. nourishable places are found almost nowhere in the first world today because of the shallow inflections in real estate value. because we can drive for miles in a short period of time, we tend to value farmland similar to developable land in town a few miles away. this means that the farmland is easily gobbled up for new development. in order to be able to look from a town to the fields where your food is raised, conditions must be developed that allow for sharp inflections in real estate value at the edge of town. there is much work to do in this regard. the most promising development leading to nourishable places is work over recent decades to make agriculture more compact. large - scale agriculture is very man - hour efficient, allowing huge quantities of food to be raised using very few laborers, but it does not use land area so efficiently. but bio - intensive methods, some of which have existed for centuries, allow all of the food needs of one person to be met on as little as one quarter of an acre. nourishable places usually incorporate the following principles : nourishable places resources nourishable places bookshelf contains a growing collection of books that contribute to various aspects of nourishable places. lovable edible gardens is a list of gardens designed to be ornamental as well as nourishing. nourishable places links slow food usa is the epicenter of the slow food movement, which celebrates the enjoyment of food, rather than the speed of food nourishable places blog posts the chael - dover cottage - what the original green looks like paints a picture of a highly sustainable house using the original green standard. the coming golden age of great necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably. the green academy - or not is a report card on today ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46110574982892477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.097320"} {"text": "using the original green standard. the coming golden age of great necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably. the green academy - or not is a report card on today ' s architectural education measured by original green foundations. the gizmo green conundrum pits an icon of gizmo green ( a chicago parking deck promoting itself as being green ) against the eight foundations of the original green. earth day - a symptom of our disease? takes a critical look at our habit of pledging allegiance to sustainability one day out of the year, but for getting the basics ( like nourishable places ) for the rest of the year. leed for homes awards - or - how to shoot yourself in the foot measures award - winning homes against the foundation principles of the original green. original green places - south main examines a colorado community through the lenses of original green foundations. hydroponics - miracle or threat? takes a critical look at this increasingly popular way of growing vegetables. local places - aurea in san francisco tells the story of a restaurant that makes a big deal of its use of local ingredients. smartdwelling i - the kitchen garden describes the bio - intensive vegetable garden in smartdwelling i smartdwelling i - green walls details the harvestable walls of this design. michael pollan - in defense of food - and the original green recounts the in defense of food author ' s lecture, and the striking similarities between it and several original green principles. after earth day - what next? what can i do? is the top ten things we each can do to be more sustainable, and includes planting a victory garden to help make your place more nourishable. tiny places - mike & patty ' s takes a look at why tiny restaurants are more likely to serve locally - grown food. diagramming the original green shows the relationship between the foundations of sustainable places and sustainable buildings. serenbe - a nourishing place begins with a story on serenbe and steps through several recent advances in the move toward nourishable places. towards sustainable architecture describes the foundation of principles of the new urban guild \u2019 s project : smartdwelling, and is based firmly on allowing onsite gardening. green sheds can be the centerpiece of gardening on your lot. nourishable places on ogtv andres duany on garden cities is duany ' s pecha kucha presentation on his new book at cnu19 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001332090599759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.098347"} {"text": "mark of ephesus our father among the saints mark of ephesus ( evgenikos ; greek : \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 ), archbishop of ephesus, was famous for his courageous defense of orthodoxy at the council of florence ( 1439 a. d. ) in spite of the byzantine emperor john viii palaeologus and the pope of rome eugenius iv. he held rome to be in schism and heresy for its acceptance of the filioque clause added to the nicene - constantinopolitan creed and for the claims of the papacy to universal jurisdiction over the church, and was thus the only eastern bishop to refuse to sign the decrees of the council. sometimes he is called \" the conscience of orthodoxy. \" he died peacefully in the year 1444 a. d. on his deathbed, mark implored gregory, his disciple, and later patriarch gennadius ii of constantinople, to be careful of the snares of the west and to defend orthodoxy. for his efforts at the council of florence and his defense against : the addition of the filioque, the primacy of the pope, and purgatorial fire purification, the orthodox church considers him a saint, calling him a pillar of orthodoxy. his feast day is january 19. \" it is impossible to recall peace without dissolving the cause of the schism \u2014 the primacy of the pope exalting himself equal to god. \" \" the latins are not only schismatics but heretics... we did not separate from them for any other reason other than the fact that they are heretics. this is precisely why we must not unite with them unless they dismiss the addition from the creed filioque and confess the creed as we do. \" \" our head, christ our god... does not tolerate that the bond of love be taken from us entirely. \" \" we seek and we pray for our return to that time when, being united, we spoke the same things and there was no schism between us. \" \" the symbol of the faith must be preserved inviolate, as at its origin. since all the holy doctors of the church, all the councils and all the scriptures put us on our guard against heterodoxy, how dare i, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union \u2014 those who have corrupted the holy and divine symbol of faith and brought in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43121095832960676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.103114"} {"text": "guard against heterodoxy, how dare i, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union \u2014 those who have corrupted the holy and divine symbol of faith and brought in the son as second cause of the holy spirit \" ( s. v. jan 19th in the synaxarion, ed. hieromonk makarios of simonas petra, and trans. christopher hookway ; ormylia : holy convent of the annunciation of our lady, 2001 ). \" the souls of the departed can indeed benefit to their ' advancement, ' and even the damned to a relative ' relief ' of their lot, thanks to the prayers of the church and through the infinite mercy of god ; but the notion of a punishment prior to the last judgment and of a purification through a material fire is altogether foreign to the tradition of the church \" ( ibid. ). death, miracle and canonization he died peacefully at the age of 52 on june 23, 1444, after an excruciating two - week battle with intestinal illness. on his death bed, mark implored georgios scholarios, his former pupil, to be careful of the snares of the west and to defend orthodoxy. according to his brother john, his last words were \" jesus christ, son of the living god, into thy hands i commit my spirit. \" mark was buried in the mangana monastery in constantinople. there is an account of a posthumous miracle performed by st. mark of ephesus. doctors gave up on trying to save the life of the terminally ill sister of demetrios zourbaios, after their efforts had worsened her condition. after losing consciousness for three days she suddenly woke up to the delight of her brother, who asked her why she woke up drenched in water. she related that a bishop escorted her to a fountain and washed her and told her, \" return now ; you no longer have any illness. \" she asked him who he was and he informed her, \" i am the metropolitan of ephesus, mark eugenikos. \" after being miraculously healed, she made an icon of st. mark and lived devoutly for another 15 years. - \" all of us of the holy eastern church of christ acknowledge the holy mark evgenikos of ephesus. we honor and receive this saintly, god - bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4364327048943713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.104083"} {"text": "of the holy eastern church of christ acknowledge the holy mark evgenikos of ephesus. we honor and receive this saintly, god - bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all our sacred dogmas and correct piety. he is an emulator and equal to the holy theologians, and those that adorned the church of ancient times. \" ( the lives of the pillars of orthodoxy, p. 500, via ) troparion ( tone 4 ) - by your profession of faith, o all - praised mark - the church has found you to be a zealot for truth. - you fought for the teaching of the fathers ; - you cast down the darkness of boastful pride. - intercede with christ god to grant forgiveness to those who honor you! kontakion ( tone 3 ) - clothed with invincible armor, o blessed one, - you cast down rebellious pride, - you served as the instrument of the comforter, - and shone forth as the champion of orthodoxy. - therefore we cry to you : \" rejoice, mark, the boast of the orthodox! \" mark of ephesus | archbishop of ephesus - st. mark of ephesus and the false union of florence - st. mark of ephesus : a true ecumenist - address of st. mark of ephesus on the day of his death - icon and story of st. mark of ephesus - st. mark of ephesus - mark, bishop of ephesus ( goarch ) - st mark the archbishop of ephesus ( oca ) - \u03bf \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 center of patristic studies - st. markos eugenikos ( greek )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4293873551702193, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.104976"} {"text": "collective action federalism : a general theory of article i, section 8 robert d. cooter university of california, berkeley - school of law duke university - school of law december 15, 2010 stanford law review, vol 63, p. 115, 2010 uc berkeley public law research paper no. 1692835 the framers of the united states constitution wrote article i, section 8 in order to address some daunting collective action problems facing the young nation. they especially wanted to protect the states from military warfare by foreigners and from commercial warfare against one another. the states acted individually when they needed to act collectively, and congress lacked power under the articles of confederation to address these problems. section 8 thus authorized congress to promote the \u201c general welfare \u201d of the united states by tackling many collective action problems that the states could not solve on their own. subsequent interpretations of section 8, both outside and inside the courts, often have focused on the presence or absence of collective action problems involving multiple states - but not always. for example, the supreme court of the united states, in trying to distinguish the \u201c truly national \u201d from the \u201c truly local \u201d in the context of the commerce clause, united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598, 617 \u2013 18 ( 2000 ), has differentiated \u201c economic \u201d activity, which congress may regulate, from \u201c noneconomic \u201d activity, which congress may not regulate. a federal constitution ideally gives the central and state governments the power to do what each does best. economic activity does not generally cause collective action problems among the states, and noneconomic activity is not generally free from collective action problems. consequently, congress is not generally better at regulating economic activity, and the states are not generally better at regulating noneconomic activity. the distinction between economic and noneconomic activity seems mostly irrelevant to the problems of federalism. we propose a better foundation for american federalism in section 8. our theory distinguishes activities that pose collective action problems from those that do not. this approach flows directly from the relative advantages of the federal government and the states. we show that section 8 mostly concerns collective action problems created by interstate externalities and national markets. we conclude that section 8 authorizes congress to tax, spend, and regulate to solve these collective action problems. collective action federalism finds that the limits and expanse of congressional power in section 8 turn on the difference between individual and collective action by the states. the theory uses this distinction to differentiate interstate commerce from intrastate commerce, not the economic / nonecon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526702895901128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.108465"} {"text": "surrounded just by the constant murmur of the patagonian wind, open the pinturas river canyon. there, among the folds of its high walls, rock art is found in the cueva de las manos, where people from 9, 000 years ago sealed their art and their life testimony. its fame is not for nothing. those hands, guanacos and geometric patterns in the stone of the cave are the oldest expression of south american peoples are aware. unesco understood this when in 1999 it was appointed cultural heritage of humanity. its location, alone, in the middle of the desert northwest of santa cruz, lets kept intact. the nearest town, perito moreno, is 163 kilometers away. and beyond, and near the mountain range, there is los antiguos, which was the resting place of the elders of the tribes that disappeared. this whole area and not just the cave, including the perito moreno national park, is a rich archaeological and paleontological site. the valleys, canyons, lakes and rivers that make it up jealously shelter paintings and different types of archaeological sites in which men walked 14, 000 years before christ. and between the weeds there are fossils that testify the existence of a sea in this region long before man inhabited. in fact, the town of perito moreno is called the archaeological capital of the province of santa cruz. caves of pinturas river saved works done by the indians and their ancestors tehuelches. its age is 9300 years, according to research. there are, besides negative handprints, pictures of guanacos, geometric patterns, clusters of lines, dots and solar figure. the largest congregation is in the actual cave, cueva de las manos, which is 24 meters deep, 15 meters wide at the entrance and about 10 meters high up to the beginning of the visor. on both sides of the entrance, there are small spaces in the light, but partially protected by the projection of the visors. the eaves are formed by protrusions that protect the paintings from the wind and sun. it includes three levels of culture, with an estimated range from 7370 bc to 1000 ad. although this assessment is relative, since the realization of the paintings may have taken place in short time, in an almost synchronous or far apart in time. the color of the negative imprints of hands depended on obtaining raw materials close to each site, but most are in red ( hematite ), white ( limestone ), black ( manganese or charcoal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46986339175180997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.111221"} {"text": "pronounced : gas - tro - ee - sof - a - geal re - flux diseaseen espanol ( spanish version ) gastroesophageal reflux ( ger ) is the back up of acid or food from the stomach to the esophagus. the esophagus is the tube that connects your mouth and stomach. ger is common in infants. it may cause them to spit up. most infants outgrow ger within 12 months. ger that progresses to esophageal injury and other symptoms is called gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). the backed - up acid irritates the lining of the esophagus. it causes heartburn, a pain in the stomach and chest. gerd can occur at any age. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. gerd is caused by acid or food from the stomach that regularly backs up into the esophagus. it is not always clear why the acid backs up. the reasons may vary from person to person. there may also be a genetic link in some gerd. acid is kept in the stomach by a valve at the top of the stomach. the valve opens when food comes in. it should close to keep in the food and acid. if this valve does not close properly, the acid can flow out of the stomach. in addition to gerd, the valve may not close because of : the following factors increase the chances of developing gerd : symptoms of gerd include : your doctor will ask about your child \u2019 s symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your child may need to see a pediatric gastroenterologist. this type of doctor focuses on diseases of the stomach and intestines. tests may include : talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. treatment options include the following : medications options include : many of these are over - the - counter medications. surgery or endoscopy may be recommended for more severe cases. it may be considered if lifestyle changes and medications do not work. the most common surgery is called fundoplication. during this procedure, a part of the stomach will be wrapped around the stomach valve. this makes the valve stronger. it should prevent stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus. this surgery is often done through small incisions in the skin. last reviewed may 2013 by michael woods please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4908105876139023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.113760"} {"text": "| thomas jonathan \" stonewall \" jackson | general jackson ' s \" chancellorsville \" portrait, taken at a spotsylvania county farm on april 26, 1863, seven days before he was wounded at the battle of chancellorsville. | nickname | | stonewall, old jack, old blue light, tom fool | | born | | ) january 21, 1824 clarksburg, virginia ( now west virginia ) | died | | may 10, 1863 ) ( aged 39 ) | place of burial | | stonewall jackson memorial cemetery | years of service | | thomas jonathan \" stonewall \" jackson ( january 21, 1824 \u2013 may 10, 1863 ) was a confederate general during the american civil war, and one of the best - known confederate commanders after general robert e. lee. his military career includes the valley campaign of 1862 and his service as a corps commander in the army of northern virginia under robert e. lee. confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the battle of chancellorsville on may 2, 1863. the general survived with the loss of an arm to amputation, but died of complications from pneumonia eight days later. his death was a severe setback for the confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects, but also the morale of its army and of the general public. jackson in death became an icon of southern heroism and commitment, joining lee in the pantheon of the \" lost cause \". military historians consider jackson to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in u. s. history. his valley campaign and his envelopment of the union army right wing at chancellorsville are studied worldwide even today as examples of innovative and bold leadership. he excelled as well in other battles ; the first battle of bull run ( first manassas ) where he received his famous nickname \" stonewall \", second bull run ( second manassas ), antietam, and fredericksburg. jackson was not universally successful as a commander, however, as displayed by his weak and confused efforts during the seven days battles around richmond in 1862. early life paternal ancestry thomas jonathan jackson was the great - grandson of john jackson ( 1715 or 1719 \u2013 1801 ) and elizabeth cummins ( also known as elizabeth comings and elizabeth needles ) ( 1723 \u2013 1828 ). john jackson was a protestant from coleraine, county londonderry, ireland. while living in london, england, he was convicted of the capital crime of larceny for stealing \u00a3170 ; the judge at the old bailey sentenced him to a seven - year indenture in america. elizabeth,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40487322218702804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.158003"} {"text": "londonderry, ireland. while living in london, england, he was convicted of the capital crime of larceny for stealing \u00a3170 ; the judge at the old bailey sentenced him to a seven - year indenture in america. elizabeth, a strong, blonde woman over 6 feet ( 1. 8 m ) tall, born in london, england was also convicted of larceny in an unrelated case for stealing 19 pieces of silver, jewelry, and fine lace, and received a similar sentence. they both were transported on the prison ship litchfield, which departed london in may 1749 with 150 convicts. john and elizabeth met on board and were in love by the time the ship arrived at annapolis, maryland. although they were sent to different locations in maryland for their indentures, the couple married in july 1755. the family migrated west across the blue ridge mountains to settle near moorefield, virginia, ( now west virginia ) in 1758. in 1770, they moved farther west to the tygart valley. they began to acquire large parcels of virgin farmland near the present - day town of buckhannon, including 3, 000 acres ( 12 km\u00b2 ) in elizabeth ' s name. john and his two teenage sons were early recruits for the american revolutionary war, fighting in the battle of kings mountain on october 7, 1780 ; john finished the war as captain and served as a lieutenant of the virginia militia after 1787. while the men were in the army, elizabeth converted their home to a haven, \" jackson ' s fort, \" for refugees from indian attacks. john and elizabeth had eight children. their second son was edward jackson ( march 1, 1759 \u2013 december 25, 1828 ), and edward ' s third son was jonathan jackson, thomas ' s father. early childhood thomas jackson was the third child of julia beckwith ( nee neale ) jackson ( 1798 \u2013 1831 ) and jonathan jackson ( 1790 \u2013 1826 ), an attorney. both of jackson ' s parents were natives of virginia. the family already had two young children and were living in clarksburg, in what is now west virginia, when thomas was born. he was named for his maternal grandfather. thomas ' s sister elizabeth ( age six ) died of typhoid fever on march 6, 1826, with two - year - old thomas at her bedside. his father also died of a typhoid fever on march 26. jackson ' s mother gave birth to thomas ' s sister laura ann the day after jackson ' s father died. julia jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was left with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4494229707923108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.158937"} {"text": "her bedside. his father also died of a typhoid fever on march 26. jackson ' s mother gave birth to thomas ' s sister laura ann the day after jackson ' s father died. julia jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was left with much debt and three young children ( including the newborn ). she sold the family ' s possessions to pay the debts. she declined family charity and moved into a small rented one - room house. julia took in sewing and taught school to support herself and her three young children for about four years. in 1830, julia neale jackson remarried. her new husband, blake woodson, an attorney, did not like his stepchildren. there were continuing financial problems. the following year, after giving birth to thomas ' s half - brother, julia died of complications, leaving her three older children orphaned. julia was buried in an unmarked grave in a homemade coffin in westlake cemetery along the new river and kanawha turnpike in fayette county within the corporate limits of present - day ansted, west virginia. working and teaching at jackson ' s mill as their mother ' s health continued to fail, jackson and his sister laura ann were sent to live with their uncle, cummins jackson, who owned a grist mill in jackson ' s mill ( near present - day weston in lewis county in central west virginia ). their older brother, warren, went to live with other relatives on his mother ' s side of the family, but he later died of tuberculosis in 1841 at the age of 20. thomas and laura ann returned from jackson ' s mill in november 1831 to be at their dying mother ' s bedside. they spent four years together at the mill before being separated \u2014 laura ann was sent to live with her mother ' s family, thomas to live with his aunt polly ( his father ' s sister ) and her husband, isaac brake, on a farm 4 miles from clarksburg. thomas was treated by brake as an outsider and, having suffered verbal abuse for over a year, ran away from the family. when his cousin in clarksburg besought him to return to aunt polly ' s, he replied, \" maybe i ought to, ma ' am, but i am not going to. \" he walked 18 miles through mountain wilderness to jackson ' s mill, where he was welcomed by his uncles and he remained there for the following seven years. cummins jackson was strict with thomas, who looked up to cummins as a schoolteacher. jackson helped around the farm, tending sheep with the assistance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.394186499266337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.159844"} {"text": "s mill, where he was welcomed by his uncles and he remained there for the following seven years. cummins jackson was strict with thomas, who looked up to cummins as a schoolteacher. jackson helped around the farm, tending sheep with the assistance of a sheepdog, driving teams of oxen and helping harvest wheat and corn. formal education was not easily obtained, but he attended school when and where he could. much of jackson ' s education was self - taught. he once made a deal with one of his uncle ' s slaves to provide him with pine knots in exchange for reading lessons ; thomas would stay up at night reading borrowed books by the light of those burning pine knots. virginia law forbade teaching a slave, free black or mulatto to read or write, as enacted following nat turner ' s slave rebellion in southampton county in 1831. nevertheless, jackson secretly taught the slave to write, as he had promised. once literate, the young slave fled to canada via the underground railroad. in his later years at jackson ' s mill, thomas was a school teacher. early military career west point in 1842, jackson was accepted to the united states military academy at west point, new york. because of his inadequate schooling, he had difficulty with the entrance examinations and began his studies at the bottom of his class. as a student, he had to work harder than most cadets to absorb lessons. displaying a dogged determination that was to characterize his life, however, he became one of the hardest working cadets in the academy, and moved steadily up the academic rankings. jackson graduated 17th out of 59 students in the class of 1846. it was said by his peers that if he had stayed there another year, he would have graduated first. his roommate in his junior year at west point was george stoneman, who later served as a union cavalry general and became the governor of california. u. s. army and the mexican war jackson began his united states army career as a second lieutenant in the 1st u. s. artillery regiment and was sent to fight in the mexican - american war from 1846 to 1848. he served at the siege of veracruz and the battles of contreras, chapultepec, and mexico city, eventually earning two brevet promotions, and the regular army rank of first lieutenant. it was in mexico that thomas jackson first met robert e. lee. during the assault on chapultepec castle, he refused what he felt was a \" bad order \" to withdraw his troops. confronted by his superior,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43275340922145245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.160770"} {"text": "of first lieutenant. it was in mexico that thomas jackson first met robert e. lee. during the assault on chapultepec castle, he refused what he felt was a \" bad order \" to withdraw his troops. confronted by his superior, he explained his rationale, claiming withdrawal was more hazardous than continuing his overmatched artillery duel. his judgment proved correct, and a relieving brigade was able to exploit the advantage jackson had broached. in contrast to this display of strength of character, he obeyed what he also felt was a \" bad order \" when he raked a civilian throng with artillery fire after the mexican authorities failed to surrender mexico city at the hour demanded by the u. s. forces. the former episode, and later aggressive action against the retreating mexican army, earned him field promotion to the brevet rank of major. lexington and the virginia military institute in the spring of 1851, jackson accepted a newly created teaching position at the virginia military institute ( vmi ), in lexington, virginia. he became professor of natural and experimental philosophy and instructor of artillery. parts of jackson ' s curriculum are still taught at vmi, regarded as timeless military essentials : discipline, mobility, assessing the enemy ' s strength and intentions while attempting to conceal your own, and the efficiency of artillery combined with an infantry assault. however, despite the high quality of his work, he was not popular as a teacher, and the students called him \" tom fool. \" he memorized his lectures and then recited them to the class ; any students who came to ask for help were only given the same explanation as before. and if students came to ask again, jackson viewed this as insubordination and likewise punished them. the students mocked his apparently stern, religious nature and his eccentric traits. in 1856, a group of alumni attempted to have jackson removed from his position. little as he was known to the white inhabitants of lexington, jackson was revered by many of the african - americans in town, both slaves and free blacks. he was instrumental in the organization in 1855 of sunday school classes for blacks at the presbyterian church. his second wife, mary anna jackson, taught with jackson, as \" he preferred that my labors should be given to the colored children, believing that it was more important and useful to put the strong hand of the gospel under the ignorant african race, to lift them up. \" the pastor, dr. william spottswood white, described the relationship between jackson and his sunday afternoon students : \" in their religious instruction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42577507526329306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.161721"} {"text": "important and useful to put the strong hand of the gospel under the ignorant african race, to lift them up. \" the pastor, dr. william spottswood white, described the relationship between jackson and his sunday afternoon students : \" in their religious instruction he succeeded wonderfully. his discipline was systematic and firm, but very kind.... his servants reverenced and loved him, as they would have done a brother or father.... he was emphatically the black man ' s friend. \" he addressed his students by name and they in turn referred to him affectionately as \" marse major. \" jackson ' s family owned six slaves in the late 1850s. three ( hetty, cyrus, and george, a mother and two teenage sons ) were received as a wedding present. another, albert, requested that jackson purchase him and allow him to work for his freedom ; he was employed as a waiter in one of the lexington hotels and jackson rented him to vmi. amy also requested that jackson purchase her from a public auction and she served the family as a cook and housekeeper. the sixth, emma, was a four - year - old orphan with a learning disability, accepted by jackson from an aged widow and presented to his second wife, mary anna, as a welcome - home gift. after the american civil war began he appears to have hired out or sold his slaves. mary anna jackson, in her 1895 memoir, said, \" our servants... without the firm guidance and restraint of their master, the excitement of the times proved so demoralizing to them that he deemed it best for me to provide them with good homes among the permanent residents. \" james robertson wrote about jackson ' s view on slavery : jackson neither apologized for nor spoke in favor of the practice of slavery. he probably opposed the institution. yet in his mind the creator had sanctioned slavery, and man had no moral right to challenge its existence. the good christian slaveholder was one who treated his servants fairly and humanely at all times. while an instructor at vmi in 1853, thomas jackson married elinor \" ellie \" junkin, whose father, george junkin, was president of washington college ( later named washington and lee university ) in lexington. an addition was built onto the president ' s residence for the jacksons, and when robert e. lee became president of washington college he lived in the same home, now known as the lee - jackson house. ellie gave birth to a stillborn son on october 22, 1854, experiencing a hemor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43080982705351056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.162648"} {"text": "for the jacksons, and when robert e. lee became president of washington college he lived in the same home, now known as the lee - jackson house. ellie gave birth to a stillborn son on october 22, 1854, experiencing a hemorrhage an hour later that proved fatal. after a tour of europe, jackson married again, in 1857. mary anna morrison was from north carolina, where her father was the first president of davidson college. they had a daughter named mary graham on april 30, 1858, but the baby died less than a month later. another daughter was born in 1862, shortly before her father ' s death. the jacksons named her julia laura, after his mother and sister. jackson purchased the only house he ever owned while in lexington. built in 1801, the brick town house at 8 east washington street was purchased by jackson in 1859. he lived in it for two years before being called to serve in the confederacy. jackson never returned to his home. in november 1859, at the request of the governor of virginia, major william gilham led a contingent of the vmi cadet corps to charles town to provide an additional military presence at the hanging of militant abolitionist john brown on december 2, following his raid on the federal arsenal at harpers ferry on october 16. major jackson was placed in command of the artillery, consisting of two howitzers manned by 21 cadets. civil war in 1861, as the american civil war broke out, jackson became a drill master for some of the many new recruits in the confederate army. on april 27, 1861, virginia governor john letcher ordered colonel jackson to take command at harpers ferry, where he would assemble and command the famous \" stonewall brigade \", consisting of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd virginia infantry regiments. all of these units were from the shenandoah valley region of virginia, where jackson located his headquarters throughout the first two years of the war. jackson became known for his relentless drilling of his troops ; he believed discipline was vital to success on the battlefield. following raids on the b & o railroad on may 24, he was promoted to brigadier general on june 17. first bull run jackson rose to prominence and earned his most famous nickname at the first battle of bull run ( first manassas ) on july 21, 1861. as the confederate lines began to crumble under heavy union assault, jackson ' s brigade provided crucial reinforcements on henry house hill, demonstrating the discipline he instilled in his men. brig. gen. barnard elliott bee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38748307526276793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.163700"} {"text": ") on july 21, 1861. as the confederate lines began to crumble under heavy union assault, jackson ' s brigade provided crucial reinforcements on henry house hill, demonstrating the discipline he instilled in his men. brig. gen. barnard elliott bee, jr., exhorted his own troops to re - form by shouting, \" there is jackson standing like a stone wall. let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. rally behind the virginians! \" there is some controversy over bee ' s statement and intent, which could not be clarified because he was killed almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle. major burnett rhett, chief of staff to general joseph e. johnston, claimed that bee was angry at jackson ' s failure to come immediately to the relief of bee ' s and bartow ' s brigades while they were under heavy pressure. those who subscribe to this opinion believe that bee ' s statement was meant to be pejorative : \" look at jackson standing there like a damned stone wall! \" regardless of the controversy and the delay in relieving bee, jackson ' s brigade, which would thenceforth be known as the stonewall brigade, stopped the union assault and suffered more casualties than any other southern brigade that day ; jackson has since then been generally known as stonewall jackson. during the battle, jackson displayed a gesture common to him and held his left arm skyward with the palm facing forward \u2014 interpreted by his soldiers variously as an eccentricity or an entreaty to god for success in combat. his hand was struck by a bullet or a piece of shrapnel and he suffered a small loss of bone in his middle finger. he refused medical advice to have the finger amputated. after the battle, jackson was promoted to major general ( october 7, 1861 ) and given command of the valley district, with headquarters in winchester. valley campaign in the spring of 1862, union maj. gen. george b. mcclellan ' s army of the potomac approached richmond from the southeast in the peninsula campaign, maj. gen. irvin mcdowell ' s large corps were poised to hit richmond from the north, and maj. gen. nathaniel p. banks ' s army threatened the shenandoah valley. jackson was ordered by richmond to operate in the valley to defeat banks ' threat and prevent mcdowell ' s troops from reinforcing mcclellan. jackson possessed the attributes to succeed against his poorly coordinated and sometimes timid opponents : a combination of great audacity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43536537694306743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.164681"} {"text": "was ordered by richmond to operate in the valley to defeat banks ' threat and prevent mcdowell ' s troops from reinforcing mcclellan. jackson possessed the attributes to succeed against his poorly coordinated and sometimes timid opponents : a combination of great audacity, excellent knowledge and shrewd use of the terrain, and the ability to inspire his troops to great feats of marching and fighting. the campaign started with a tactical defeat at kernstown on march 23, 1862, when faulty intelligence led him to believe he was attacking a small detachment. but it became a strategic victory for the confederacy, because his aggressiveness suggested that he possessed a much larger force, convincing president abraham lincoln to keep banks ' troops in the valley and mcdowell ' s 30, 000 - man corps near fredericksburg, subtracting about 50, 000 soldiers from mcclellan ' s invasion force. as it transpired, it was jackson ' s only defeat in the valley. by adding maj. gen. richard s. ewell ' s large division and maj. gen. edward \" allegheny \" johnson ' s small division, jackson increased his army to 17, 000 men. he was still significantly outnumbered, but attacked portions of his divided enemy individually at mcdowell, defeating both brig. gens. robert h. milroy and robert c. schenck. he defeated banks at front royal and winchester, ejecting him from the valley. lincoln decided that the defeat of jackson was an immediate priority ( though jackson ' s orders were solely to keep union forces occupied away from richmond ). he ordered irvin mcdowell to send 20, 000 men to front royal and maj. gen. john c. fremont to move to harrisonburg. if both forces could converge at strasburg, jackson ' s only escape route up the valley would be cut. it was a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver. jackson pressed his army to travel 646 miles ( 1, 040 km ) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17, 000 against a combined force of 60, 000. stonewall jackson ' s reputation for moving his troops so rapidly earned them the oxymoronic nickname \" foot cavalry \". he became the most celebrated soldier in the confederacy ( until he was eventually eclipsed by lee ) and lifted the morale of the southern public. mcclellan ' s peninsula campaign toward richmond stalled at the battle of seven pines on may 31 and june 1. after the valley campaign ended in mid - june, jackson and his troops were called to join robert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3994438528597604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.165723"} {"text": "and lifted the morale of the southern public. mcclellan ' s peninsula campaign toward richmond stalled at the battle of seven pines on may 31 and june 1. after the valley campaign ended in mid - june, jackson and his troops were called to join robert e. lee ' s army of northern virginia in defense of the capital. by utilizing a railroad tunnel under the blue ridge mountains and then transporting troops to hanover county on the virginia central railroad, jackson and his forces made a surprise appearance in front of mcclellan at mechanicsville. reports had last placed jackson ' s forces in the shenandoah valley ; their presence near richmond added greatly to the union commander ' s overestimation of the strength and numbers of the forces before him. this proved a crucial factor in mcclellan ' s decision to re - establish his base at a point many miles downstream from richmond on the james river at harrison ' s landing, essentially a retreat that ended the peninsula campaign and prolonged the war almost three more years. jackson ' s troops served well under lee in the series of battles known as the seven days battles, but jackson ' s own performance in those battles is generally considered to be poor. he arrived late at mechanicsville and inexplicably ordered his men to bivouac for the night within clear earshot of the battle. he was late and disoriented at gaines ' mill. he was late again at savage ' s station and at white oak swamp he failed to employ fording places to cross white oak swamp creek, attempting for hours to rebuild a bridge, which limited his involvement to an ineffectual artillery duel and a missed opportunity. at malvern hill jackson participated in the futile, piecemeal frontal assaults against entrenched union infantry and massed artillery, and suffered heavy casualties ( but this was a problem for all of lee ' s army in that ill - considered battle ). the reasons for jackson ' s sluggish and poorly - coordinated actions during the seven days are disputed, although a severe lack of sleep after the grueling march and railroad trip from the shenandoah valley was probably a significant factor. both jackson and his troops were completely exhausted. it has also been said by longstreet that, \" general jackson never showed his genius when under the immediate command of general lee. \" second bull run to fredericksburg the military reputations of lee ' s corps commanders are often characterized as stonewall jackson representing the audacious, offensive component of lee ' s army, whereas his counterpart, james longst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4362261462739426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.166796"} {"text": "command of general lee. \" second bull run to fredericksburg the military reputations of lee ' s corps commanders are often characterized as stonewall jackson representing the audacious, offensive component of lee ' s army, whereas his counterpart, james longstreet, more typically advocated and executed defensive strategies and tactics. jackson has been described as the army ' s hammer, longstreet its anvil. in the northern virginia campaign of august 1862 this stereotype did not hold true. longstreet commanded the right wing ( later to become known as the first corps ) and jackson commanded the left wing. jackson started the campaign under lee ' s orders with a sweeping flanking maneuver that placed his corps into the rear of union maj. gen. john pope ' s army of virginia. at manassas junction, jackson was able to capture all of the supplies of the union army depot. then he had his troops destroy all of it, for it was the main depot for the union army. jackson then retreated and then took up a defensive position and effectively invited pope to assault him. on august 28 \u2013 29, the start of the second battle of bull run ( second manassas ), pope launched repeated assaults against jackson as longstreet and the remainder of the army marched north to reach the battlefield. on august 30, pope came to believe that jackson was starting to retreat, and longstreet took advantage of this by launching a massive assault on the union army ' s left with over 25, 000 men. although the union troops put up a furious defense, pope ' s army was forced to retreat in a manner similar to the embarrassing union defeat at first bull run, fought on roughly the same battleground. when lee decided to invade the north in the maryland campaign, jackson took harpers ferry, then hastened to join the rest of the army at sharpsburg, maryland, where they fought mcclellan in the battle of antietam ( sharpsburg ). antietam was primarily a defensive battle against superior odds, although mcclellan failed to exploit his advantage. jackson ' s men bore the brunt of the initial attacks on the northern end of the battlefield and, at the end of the day, successfully resisted a breakthrough on the southern end when jackson ' s subordinate, maj. gen. a. p. hill, arrived at the last minute from harpers ferry. the confederate forces held their position, but the battle was extremely bloody for both sides, and lee withdrew the army of northern virginia back across the potomac river,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40141847400860486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.167799"} {"text": ". gen. a. p. hill, arrived at the last minute from harpers ferry. the confederate forces held their position, but the battle was extremely bloody for both sides, and lee withdrew the army of northern virginia back across the potomac river, ending the invasion. jackson was promoted to lieutenant general. on october 10 his command was redesignated the second corps. before the armies camped for winter, jackson ' s second corps held off a strong union assault against the right flank of the confederate line at the battle of fredericksburg, in what became a decisive confederate victory. just before the battle, jackson was delighted to receive a letter about the birth of his daughter, julia laura jackson, on november 23. also before the battle, maj. gen. j. e. b. stuart, lee ' s dashing and well - dressed cavalry commander, presented to jackson a fine general ' s frock that he had ordered from one of the best tailors in richmond. jackson ' s previous coat was threadbare and colorless from exposure to the elements, its buttons removed by admiring ladies. jackson asked his staff to thank stuart, saying that although the coat was too handsome for him, he would cherish it as a souvenir. his staff insisted that he wear it to dinner, which caused scores of soldiers to rush to see him in uncharacteristic garb. so embarrassed was jackson with the attention that he did not wear the new uniform for months. during the night at fredericksburg, a medic asked would could be done after observing the destruction and looting done to the city. jackson venomously replied, \" kill ' em, sir. kill ' em all. \" at the battle of chancellorsville, the army of northern virginia was faced with a serious threat by the army of the potomac and its new commanding general, major general joseph hooker. general lee decided to employ a risky tactic to take the initiative and offensive away from hooker ' s new southern thrust \u2014 he decided to divide his forces. jackson and his entire corps were sent on an aggressive flanking maneuver to the right of the union lines. this flanking movement would be one of the most successful and dramatic of the war. while riding with his infantry in a wide berth well south and west of the federal line of battle, jackson employed maj. gen. fitzhugh lee ' s cavalry to provide for better reconnaissance in regards to the exact location of the union right and rear. the results were far better than even jackson could have hoped. lee found the entire right side of the federal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41263975314958046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.168808"} {"text": "maj. gen. fitzhugh lee ' s cavalry to provide for better reconnaissance in regards to the exact location of the union right and rear. the results were far better than even jackson could have hoped. lee found the entire right side of the federal lines in the middle of open field, guarded merely by two guns that faced westward, as well as the supplies and rear encampments. the men were eating and playing games in carefree fashion, completely unaware that an entire confederate corps was less than a mile away. what happened next is given in fitzhugh lee ' s own words : so impressed was i with my discovery, that i rode rapidly back to the point on the plank road where i had left my cavalry, and back down the road jackson was moving, until i met \" stonewall \" himself. \" general, \" said i, \" if you will ride with me, halting your column here, out of sight, i will show you the enemy ' s right, and you will perceive the great advantage of attacking down the old turnpike instead of the plank road, the enemy ' s lines being taken in reverse. bring only one courier, as you will be in view from the top of the hill. \" jackson assented, and i rapidly conducted him to the point of observation. there had been no change in the picture. i only knew jackson slightly. i watched him closely as he gazed upon howard ' s troops. it was then about 2 p. m. his eyes burned with a brilliant glow, lighting up a sad face. his expression was one of intense interest, his face was colored slightly with the paint of approaching battle, and radiant at the success of his flank movement. to the remarks made to him while the unconscious line of blue was pointed out, he did not reply once during the five minutes he was on the hill, and yet his lips were moving. from what i have read and heard of jackson since that day, i know now what he was doing then. oh! \" beware of rashness, \" general hooker. stonewall jackson is praying in full view and in rear of your right flank! while talking to the great god of battles, how could he hear what a poor cavalryman was saying. \" tell general rodes, \" said he, suddenly whirling his horse towards the courier, \" to move across the old plank road ; halt when he gets to the old turnpike, and i will join him there. \" one more look upon the federal lines, and then he rode rapidly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4217517148637817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.169837"} {"text": ", suddenly whirling his horse towards the courier, \" to move across the old plank road ; halt when he gets to the old turnpike, and i will join him there. \" one more look upon the federal lines, and then he rode rapidly down the hill, his arms flapping to the motion of his horse, over whose head it seemed, good rider as he was, he would certainly go. i expected to be told i had made a valuable personal reconnaissance \u2014 saving the lives of many soldiers, and that jackson was indebted to me to that amount at least. perhaps i might have been a little chagrined at jackson ' s silence, and hence commented inwardly and adversely upon his horsemanship. alas! i had looked upon him for the last time. \u2014 fitzhugh lee, address to the association of the army of northern virginia, 1879 jackson immediately returned to his corps and arranged his divisions into a line of battle to charge directly into the oblivious federal right. the confederates marched silently until they were merely several hundred feet from the union position, then released a bloodthirsty cry and full charge. many of the federals were captured without a shot fired, the rest were driven into a full rout. jackson pursued relentlessly back toward the center of the federal line until dusk. darkness ended the assault. as jackson and his staff were returning to camp on may 2, they were mistaken for a union cavalry force by the 18th north carolina infantry regiment who shouted, \" halt, who goes there? \", but fired before evaluating the reply. frantic shouts by jackson ' s staff identifying the party were replied to by major john d. barry with the retort, \" it ' s a damned yankee trick! fire! \" a second volley was fired in response ; in all, jackson was hit by three bullets, two in the left arm and one in the right hand. several other men in his staff were killed, in addition to many horses. darkness and confusion prevented jackson from getting immediate care. he was dropped from his stretcher while being evacuated because of incoming artillery rounds. because of his injuries, jackson ' s left arm had to be amputated by dr. hunter mcguire. jackson was moved to thomas c. chandler ' s 740 acres ( 3. 0 km2 ) plantation named fairfield. he was offered chandler ' s home for recovery, but jackson refused and suggested using chandler ' s plantation office building instead. he was thought to be out of harm ' s way ; but unknown to the doctors, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4312849053942005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.170821"} {"text": "km2 ) plantation named fairfield. he was offered chandler ' s home for recovery, but jackson refused and suggested using chandler ' s plantation office building instead. he was thought to be out of harm ' s way ; but unknown to the doctors, he already had classic symptoms of pneumonia, complaining of a sore chest. this soreness was mistakenly thought to be the result of his rough handling in the battlefield evacuation. lee wrote to jackson after learning of his injuries, stating \" could i have directed events, i would have chosen for the good of the country to be disabled in your stead. \" jackson died of complications from pneumonia on may 10, 1863. on his death bed, though he became weaker, he remained spiritually strong, saying towards the end \" it is the lord ' s day ; my wish is fulfilled. i have always desired to die on sunday. \" dr. mcguire wrote an account of his final hours and his last words : a few moments before he died he cried out in his delirium, \" order a. p. hill to prepare for action! pass the infantry to the front rapidly! tell major hawks \" \u2014 then stopped, leaving the sentence unfinished. presently a smile of ineffable sweetness spread itself over his pale face, and he said quietly, and with an expression, as if of relief, \" let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees. \" his body was moved to the governor ' s mansion in richmond for the public to mourn, and he was then moved to be buried in the stonewall jackson memorial cemetery, lexington, virginia. however, the arm that was amputated on may 2 was buried separately by jackson ' s chaplain, at the j. horace lacy house, \" ellwood \", in the wilderness of orange county, near the field hospital. upon hearing of jackson ' s death, robert e. lee mourned the loss of both a friend and a trusted commander. as jackson lay dying, lee sent a message through chaplain lacy, saying \" give general jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him : he has lost his left arm but i my right. \" the night lee learned of jackson ' s death, he told his cook, \" william, i have lost my right arm \" and \" i ' m bleeding at the heart. \" harpers weekly reported jackson ' s death on may 23, 1863, as follows : death of stonewall jackson. - general \" stonewall \" jackson was badly wounded in the arm at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4080810491183454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.172514"} {"text": "arm \" and \" i ' m bleeding at the heart. \" harpers weekly reported jackson ' s death on may 23, 1863, as follows : death of stonewall jackson. - general \" stonewall \" jackson was badly wounded in the arm at the battles of chancellorsville, and had his arm amputated. the operation did not succeed, and pneumonia setting in, he died on the 10th inst., near richmond, virginia. jackson ' s sometimes unusual command style and personality traits, combined with his frequent success in battle, contribute to his legacy as one of the most remarkable characters of the civil war. although martial, stern in attitude, he was profoundly religious and a deacon in the presbyterian church. one of his many nicknames was \" old blue lights, \" a term applied to a military man whose evangelical zeal burned with the intensity of the blue light used for night - time display. he disliked fighting on sunday, although that did not stop him from doing so after much personal debate. he loved his wife very much and sent her tender letters. in direct contrast to lee, jackson was not a striking figure, often wearing old, worn - out clothes rather than a fancy uniform. physical ailments jackson held a lifelong belief that one of his arms was longer than the other, and thus usually held the \" longer \" arm up to equalize his circulation. he was described as a \" champion sleeper \", even falling asleep with food in his mouth occasionally. a paper delivered to the society of clinical psychologists hypothesized that jackson had asperger syndrome, although other possible explanations, such as a herniated diaphragm, exist. indeed jackson suffered a number of ailments, for which he sought relief via contemporary practices of his day including hydrotherapy, popular in america at that time, visiting establishments at oswego, new york ( 1850 ) and round hill, massachusetts ( 1860 ) although with little evidence of success. jackson also suffered a significant hearing loss in both of his ears as a result of his prior service in the u. s. army as an artillery officer. a recurring story concerns jackson ' s love of lemons, which he allegedly gnawed whole to alleviate symptoms of dyspepsia. general richard taylor, son of president zachary taylor, wrote a passage in his war memoirs about jackson eating lemons : \" where jackson got his lemons ' no fellow could find out, ' but he was rarely without one. \" however, recent research by his biographer, james i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4269590438403539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.173536"} {"text": "president zachary taylor, wrote a passage in his war memoirs about jackson eating lemons : \" where jackson got his lemons ' no fellow could find out, ' but he was rarely without one. \" however, recent research by his biographer, james i. robertson, jr., has found that none of his contemporaries, including members of his staff, friends, or his wife, recorded any unusual obsessions with lemons and jackson thought of a lemon as a \" rare treat... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be obtained from the enemy ' s camp \". jackson was fond of all fruits, particularly peaches, \" but he enjoyed with relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, or whatever was available. \" jackson ' s religion has often been discussed. his biographer, robert lewis dabney, suggested that \" it was the fear of god which made him so fearless of all else. \" jackson himself had said, \" my religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed. \" stephen w. sears suggests that \" jackson was fanatical in his presbyterian faith, and it energized his military thought and character. theology was the only subject he genuinely enjoyed discussing. his dispatches invariably credited an ever - kind providence. \" however, according to sears, \" this fanatical religiosity had drawbacks. it warped jackson ' s judgment of men, leading to poor appointments ; it was said he preferred good presbyterians to good soldiers. \" james i. robertson, jr. suggests that jackson was \" a christian soldier in every sense of the word. \" according to robertson, jackson \" thought of the war as a religious crusade, \" and \" viewed himself as an old testament warrior - like david or joshua - who went into battle to slay the philistines. \" jackson encouraged the confederate states army revival that occurred in 1863, although it was probably more of a grass - roots movement than a top - down revival. jackson strictly observed the sunday sabbath. james i. robertson, jr. notes that \" no place existed in his sunday schedule for labor, newspapers, or secular conversation. \" command style in command, jackson was extremely secretive about his plans and extremely meticulous about military discipline. this secretive nature did not stand him in good stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his overall operational intentions until the last minute, and who complained of being left out of key decisions. robert e. lee could trust jackson with deliberately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4506003626472902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.174545"} {"text": "secretive nature did not stand him in good stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his overall operational intentions until the last minute, and who complained of being left out of key decisions. robert e. lee could trust jackson with deliberately non - detailed orders that conveyed lee ' s overall objectives, what modern doctrine calls the \" end state \". this was because jackson had a talent for understanding lee ' s sometimes unstated goals and lee trusted jackson with the ability to take whatever actions were necessary to implement his end state requirements. few of lee ' s subsequent corps commanders had this ability. at gettysburg, this resulted in lost opportunities. thus, after the federals retreated to the heights south of town, lee sent one of his new corps commanders, richard s. ewell, discretionary orders that the heights ( cemetery hill and culp ' s hill ) be taken \" if practicable \". without jackson ' s intuitive grasp of lee ' s orders or the instinct to take advantage of sudden tactical opportunities, ewell chose not to attempt the assault, and this failure is considered by historians to be the greatest missed opportunity of the battle. jackson had a poor reputation as a horseman. one of his soldiers, georgia volunteer william andrews, wrote that jackson was \" a very ordinary looking man of medium size, his uniform badly soiled as though it had seen hard service. he wore a cap pulled down nearly to his nose and was riding a rawboned horse that did not look much like a charger, unless it would be on hay or clover. he certainly made a poor figure on a horseback, with his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees nearly level with his horse ' s back, and his heels turned out with his toes sticking behind his horse ' s foreshoulder. a sorry description of our most famous general, but a correct one. \" his horse was named \" little sorrel \" ( also known as \" old sorrel \" ), a small chestnut gelding. he rode little sorrel throughout the war, and was riding him when he was shot at chancellorsville. little sorrel died at age 36 and is buried near a statue of jackson on the parade grounds of vmi. ( his mounted hide is on display in the vmi museum. ) mourning his death jackson was greatly admired and respected throughout the south, and his death had a profound effect there on civilians and soldiers alike. a poem penned by one of his soldiers soon became a very popular song,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44588057547913124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.175651"} {"text": "display in the vmi museum. ) mourning his death jackson was greatly admired and respected throughout the south, and his death had a profound effect there on civilians and soldiers alike. a poem penned by one of his soldiers soon became a very popular song, \" stonewall jackson ' s way \". many theorists through the years have postulated that if jackson had lived, lee might have prevailed at gettysburg. certainly jackson ' s discipline and tactical sense were sorely missed, and might well have carried an extremely close - fought battle. many southerners tried to put up a brave front following jackson ' s death. as margaret mitchell noted in her historical novel, gone with the wind, \" [ t ] rue, the south had suffered a sickening loss when stonewall jackson had been fatally wounded at chancellorsville. true, georgia had lost one of her bravest and most brilliant sons when general t. r. r. cobb had been killed at fredericksburg. but the yankees just couldn ' t stand any more defeats like fredericksburg and chancellorsville. they ' d have to give in, and then this cruel war would be over. \" remembering jackson after the war, jackson ' s wife and young daughter julia moved from lexington to north carolina. mary anna jackson wrote two books about her husband ' s life, including some of his letters. she never remarried, and was known as the \" widow of the confederacy \", living until 1915. his daughter julia married, and bore children, but she died of typhoid fever at the age of 26 years. a former confederate soldier who admired jackson, captain thomas r. ranson of staunton, virginia, also remembered the tragic life of jackson ' s mother. years after the war, he went to the tiny mountain hamlet of ansted in fayette county, west virginia, and had a marble marker placed over the unmarked grave of julia neale jackson in westlake cemetery, to make sure that the site was not lost forever. west virginia ' s stonewall jackson state park is named in his honor. nearby, at stonewall jackson ' s historical childhood home, his uncle ' s grist mill is the centerpiece of a historical site at the jackson ' s mill center for lifelong learning and state 4 - h camp. the facility, located near weston, serves as a special campus for west virginia university and the wvu extension service. he is memorialized on historic monument avenue in richmond, virginia ; on the grounds of the state capitol in his native west virginia ; and in many other places. at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40138224478825835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.176611"} {"text": ", serves as a special campus for west virginia university and the wvu extension service. he is memorialized on historic monument avenue in richmond, virginia ; on the grounds of the state capitol in his native west virginia ; and in many other places. at vmi, a bronze statue of jackson stands outside the main entrance to the cadet barracks ; first - year cadets exiting the barracks through that archway are required to honor jackson ' s memory by saluting the statue. the lineage of jackson ' s confederate army unit, the stonewall brigade, continues to the present day in form of the 116th infantry brigade of the u. s. army, currently part of the virginia national guard. the unit ' s shoulder sleeve insignia worn until 2008 depicted stonewall jackson mounted on horseback. the united states navy submarine u. s. s. stonewall jackson ( ssbn 634 ), commissioned in 1964, was named for him. the words \" strength \u2014 mobility \" are emblazoned on the ship ' s banner, words taken from letters written by general jackson. it was the third u. s. navy ship named for him. the submarine was decommissioned in 1995. during world war ii, the navy named a liberty ship the ss t. j. jackson in his honor. the commonwealth of virginia honors jackson ' s birthday on lee - jackson day, a state holiday observed as such since 1904. it is currently observed on the friday preceding the third monday in january. jackson also appears prominently in the enormous bas - relief carving on the face of stone mountain riding with jefferson davis and robert e. lee. the carving depicts the three on horseback, appearing to ride in a group from right to left across the mountainside. the lower parts of the horses ' bodies merge into the mountainside at the foot of the carving. the three riders are shown bare - headed and holding their hats to their chests. it is the largest such carving in the world. \" stonewall \" jackson appeared on the csa $ 500 bill ( 7th issue, february 17, 1864 ). the towns of stonewall in virginia, north carolina, alabama, mississippi, louisiana, oklahoma, texas and kentucky are named in his honor as is stonewall county in texas. during a training exercise in virginia by u. s. marines in 1921, the marine commander, general smedley butler was told by a local farmer that stonewall jackson ' s arm was buried nearby under a granite marker, to which butler replied, \" bosh! i will take a squad of marines and dig up that spot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43186601200654173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.178011"} {"text": "marine commander, general smedley butler was told by a local farmer that stonewall jackson ' s arm was buried nearby under a granite marker, to which butler replied, \" bosh! i will take a squad of marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong! \" butler found the arm in a box under the marker. he later replaced the wooden box with a metal one, and reburied the arm. he left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of jackson ' s arm ; the plaque is no longer on the marker but can be viewed at the chancellorsville battlefield visitor ' s center. in popular media - jackson is featured prominently in the novel and film gods and generals. in the film, he is portrayed by stephen lang. - the theater at lime kiln, a local outdoor theater company in lexington, virginia, has performed a country - style musical about the life and times of stonewall jackson entitled stonewall country since 1984. - in the 2012 film abraham lincoln vs. zombies, jackson is portrayed by don mcgraw as one of the heroes of the story, giving his life to save lincoln and the rest of the surviving team. - john dwyer ' s historical novel stonewall covers jackson ' s entire life, from childhood to death, with particular attention paid to the role his presbyterian faith played in his life. - stonewall jackson has appeared in a number of alternative history novels. he is the subject of douglas lee gibboney ' s short novel stonewall jackson at gettsyburg, which dwells on jackson ' s presence on the outcome of the gettysburg campaign. jackson also appears in harry turtledove ' s how few remain, where jackson leads the main army of an independent confederacy in an 1881 war against the united states. stonewall jackson is the protagonist of stonewall goes west by r. e. thomas, where jackson survives his wounding at chancellorsville to replace braxton bragg at the head of the army of tennessee. - in popular culture, the phrase \" stone wall \" has come to mean individuals whose combat styles are defensive, rather than offensive. always mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy, if possible ; and when you strike and overcome him, never let up in the pursuit so long as your men have strength to follow ; for an army routed, if hotly pursued, becomes panic - stricken, and can then be destroyed by half their number. the other rule is, never fight against heavy odds, if by any possible maneuvering you can hurl your own force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4057081580923906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.178972"} {"text": "; for an army routed, if hotly pursued, becomes panic - stricken, and can then be destroyed by half their number. the other rule is, never fight against heavy odds, if by any possible maneuvering you can hurl your own force on only a part, and that the weakest part, of your enemy and crush it. such tactics will win every time, and a small army may thus destroy a large one in detail, and repeated victory will make it invincible. \u2014 jackson to general imboden to move swiftly, strike vigorously, and secure all the fruits of victory, is the secret of successful war. the only true rule for cavalry is to follow the enemy as long as he retreats. \u2014 jackson to colonel munford on june 13, 1862 war means fighting. the business of the soldier is to fight. armies are not called out to dig trenches, to live in camps, but to find the enemy and strike him ; to invade his country, and do him all possible damage in the shortest possible time. this will involve great destruction of life and property while it lasts ; but such a war will of necessity be of brief continuance, and so would be an economy of life and property in the end. let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees. \u2014 jackson, last words the time for war has not yet come, but it will come, and that soon ; and when it does come, my advice is to draw the sword and throw away the scabbard. my religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed. god has fixed the time for my death. i do not concern myself about that, but to be always ready, no matter when it may overtake me.... that is the way all men should live, and then all would be equally brave. see also - list of american civil war generals - george francis robert henderson ( biographer ) and his work stonewall jackson and the american civil war - william b. ebbert, 1st lt., w. virginia infantry, union army. ( 1923 quote recalling battle of winchester, march 1862 ) - stonewall jackson ' s headquarters museum - farwell, p. xi, states that the overwhelmingly common usage of the middle name jonathan was never documented and that jackson did not acknowledge it, instead using the signature form \" t. j. jackson. \" robertson, p. 19, states that a county document on february 28, 1841, was the first recorded instance of jackson using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476619982032204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.179933"} {"text": "jonathan was never documented and that jackson did not acknowledge it, instead using the signature form \" t. j. jackson. \" robertson, p. 19, states that a county document on february 28, 1841, was the first recorded instance of jackson using a middle initial, although \" whether it stood for his father jonathan ' s name is not known. \" all of the other references to this article cite his full name as thomas jonathan jackson. - eicher, high commands, p. 316 ; robertson, p. 7. the physician, dr. james mccally, recalls delivering baby thomas just before midnight on january 20, but the family has insisted since then that he was born in the first minutes of january 21. the later date is the one generally acknowledged in biographies. - jackson biography at civil war home. - wallace hettle, inventing stonewall jackson : a civil war hero in history and memory ( louisiana state university press, 2011 ) - robertson, pp. 1 - 2. - robertson, pp. 2 - 3. - vmi jackson genealogy site ; robertson, p. 4. - robertson, p. 7. - robertson, p. 8. - robertson, p. 10. - robertson, pp. 9 - 16. robertson refers to multiple bachelor uncles in residence at the mill, but does not name them. - robertson, p. 17. - robertson, p. 40. - robertson, p. 69. - robertson, pp. 108 - 10. he left the army on march 21, 1851, but stayed on the rolls, officially on furlough, for nine months. his resignation took effect formally on february 2, 1852, and he joined the vmi faculty in august 1851. - virginia military institute archives : stonewall jackson faq - jackson, mary anna, memoirs of stonewall jackson, by his widow ( louisville, ky, 1895 ), 78. - robertson, p. 169. - robertson, pp. 191 - 92. - jackson, 152. - robertson, p. 191. - isbell, sherman. \" archibald alexander travelogue \". archived from the original on september 14, 2005. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17. \" after 1844, the presidents resided in the neighboring brick house, known as the lee - jackson house. while presbyterian minister george junkin was president, the appendage on the right side of the lee - jackson house was from 1853 the residence of junkin ' s daughter and her husband, thomas \" stonewall \" jackson. after jackson '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36299762273987696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.180815"} {"text": "house. while presbyterian minister george junkin was president, the appendage on the right side of the lee - jackson house was from 1853 the residence of junkin ' s daughter and her husband, thomas \" stonewall \" jackson. after jackson ' s wife died the next year, jackson remained in the house for another three years. robert e. lee, president of the college from 1865 to 1870, resided in the brick house until 1869... \" - robertson, p. 157. - eicher, high commands, p. 316. - freeman, lee ' s lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 82 ; robertson, p. 264. mcpherson, p. 342, reports the quotation after \" stone wall \" as being \" rally around the virginians! \" - see, for instance, goldfield, david, et al., the american journey : a history of the united states, prentice hall, 1999, isbn 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. there are additional controversies about what bee said and whether he said anything at all. see freeman, lee ' s lieutenants, vol. 1, pp. 733 \u2013 34. - mcpherson, p. 342. - robertson, pp. 263, 268. - see, for instance, freeman, r. e. lee, vol. 2, p. 247 : \"... by every test, jackson had failed throughout the seven days. this is in part to being unfamiliar with the area and to following orders which stated he was to wait until he had communicated with the others before starting a battle. \" confederate politician robert toombs wrote that \" stonewall jackson and his troops did little or nothing in these battles of the chickahominy \" ( robertson, p. 504 ). - wert, p. 206. - robertson, p. 645. - robertson, p. 630. - foote, shelby, the civil war : a narrative, vol. 2 - apperson, p. 430. - robertson, p. 739 - mcguire, pp. 162 - 63. - sorensen, james. \" stonewall jackson ' s arm \" american heritage, april / may 2005. - robertson, p. 746. - hall, kenneth. stonewall jackson and religious faith in military command. mcfarland, 2005. - harpers weekly, may 23, 1863 - \" stonewall jackson : popular questions \". virginia military institute. retrieved 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40507655941028603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.181677"} {"text": ". 746. - hall, kenneth. stonewall jackson and religious faith in military command. mcfarland, 2005. - harpers weekly, may 23, 1863 - \" stonewall jackson : popular questions \". virginia military institute. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06. - \" stonewall jackson ' s way \". retrieved december 24, 2011. - gareth atkins, review of evangelicals in the royal navy, 1775 - 1815 : blue lights and psalm - singers by richard blake ( review no. 799 ) accessed dec. 24, 2011 at www. history. ac. uk / reviews / review / 799 - fitzgerald, michael, society of clinical psychologists paper. - schildkrout, enid ( 1997 ). medical diagnosis in psychotherapy patients : identifying medical conditions manifesting as psychiatric disorders. canada : john wiley. isbn 0 - 471 - 16872 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - cartmell, donald ( 2001 ). \" the legend of stonewall \". the civil war book of lists. franklin lakes, new jersey : the career press inc. pp. 187 \u2013 192. isbn 1 - 56414 - 504 - 2 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - samaritan medical center ( september 2008 ). \" stonewall jackson and the henderson hydropath \". in samaritan medical center newsletter. no. 42. retrieved 13 december 2009. - taylor, p. 50 - robertson, p. xi. - dabney, robert l.. \" true courage : a memorial sermon for general thomas j. \" stone - wall jackson \". retrieved 26 february 2013. - selby, john millin ( 2000 ). stonewall jackson as military commander. p. 25. - sears, stephen w. ( 16 march 1997 ). \" onward, christian soldier \". new york times. retrieved 26 february 2013. unknown parameter - white, davin ( 15 october 2010 ). \" stonewall jackson biographer says religion drove civil war general \". the charleston gazette. retrieved 26 february 2013. - duewel, wesley l. ( 2010 ). revival fire. zondervan. p. 128. - summers, mark. \" the great harvest : revival in the confederate army during the civil war \". religion & liberty 21 ( 3 ). retrieved 26 february 2013. - robertson, james i.. \" \" stonewall \" jackson \" : christian soldier \". virginia center for civil war studies. retrieved 26 february 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4659817029331688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.182525"} {"text": "army during the civil war \". religion & liberty 21 ( 3 ). retrieved 26 february 2013. - robertson, james i.. \" \" stonewall \" jackson \" : christian soldier \". virginia center for civil war studies. retrieved 26 february 2013. - robertson, p. xiv. - pfanz, p. 344 ; eicher, longest night, p. 517 ; sears, p. 228 ; trudeau, p. 253. both sears and trudeau record \" if possible \". - robertson, p. 499. - robertson, p. 230. - \" little sorrel buried at vmi july 20, 1997 \" ; robertson, p. 922, n. 16. - see, for instance, sears, gettysburg, pp. 233 - 34. alternative theories about gettysburg are prominent ideas in the literature about the lost cause. - jackson, mary anna ( 1895 ). memoirs of stonewall jackson by his widow. louisville, ky : the prentice press. - vmi article about jackson - farwell, 1993, p. 513 - horwitz, 1999, p. 232 - broadwayworld. com article - \" stone wall \". television tropes & idioms. retrieved october 22, 2012. - underwood and buel, vol. 2, p. 297. - henderson, vol. 2, chapter xxv, p. 481. - henderson, vol. 1, chapter xi, s. 392. - \" stonewall jackson at the battle of bull ' s run \", new york times, may 3, 1885, citing the recollections of john d. imboden. - alexander, bevin. lost victories : the military genius of stonewall jackson. new york : holt, 1992, isbn 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1830 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - apperson, john samuel. repairing the \" march of mars \" : the civil war diaries of john samuel apperson, hospital steward in the stonewall brigade, 1861 - 1865. macon, ga : mercer university press, 2001. isbn 0 - 86554 - 779 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - bryson, bill. a walk in the woods. new york : broadway books, 1998. isbn 0 - 7679 - 0251 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - eicher, david j. the longest night : a military history of the civil war. new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45823001007269715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.183325"} {"text": "york : broadway books, 1998. isbn 0 - 7679 - 0251 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - eicher, david j. the longest night : a military history of the civil war. new york : simon & schuster, 2001. isbn 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - eicher, john h., and david j. eicher. civil war high commands. stanford, ca : stanford university press, 2001. isbn 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - farwell, byron. stonewall : a biography of general thomas j. jackson. new york : w. w. norton and co., 1993. isbn 978 - 0 - 393 - 31086 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - freeman, douglas s. lee ' s lieutenants : a study in command. 3 vols. new york : scribner, 1946. isbn 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - freeman, douglas s. r. e. lee, a biography. 4 vols. new york : charles scribner ' s sons, 1934 \u2013 35. oclc 166632575. - henderson, g. f. r. stonewall jackson and the american civil war. new york : smithmark, 1995. isbn 0 - 8317 - 3288 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. first published in 1898 by longman, greens, and co. ( the 1900 version has an introduction by field marshal viscount wolseley. ) - hettle, wallace. inventing stonewall jackson : a civil war hero in history and memory ( louisiana state university press, 2011 ) - johnson, robert underwood, and clarence c. buel, eds. battles and leaders of the civil war. 4 vols. new york : century co., 1884 - 1888. oclc 2048818. - mcguire, dr. hunter. \" death of stonewall jackson \". southern historical society papers 14 ( 1886 ). - mcpherson, james m. battle cry of freedom : the civil war era. oxford history of the united states. new york : oxford university press, 1988. isbn 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - pfanz, harry w. gettysburg \u2013 the first day. chapel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.402444153022935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.184094"} {"text": "of the united states. new york : oxford university press, 1988. isbn 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - pfanz, harry w. gettysburg \u2013 the first day. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 2001. isbn 0 - 8078 - 2624 - 3 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - robertson, james i., jr. stonewall jackson : the man, the soldier, the legend. new york : macmillan publishing, 1997. isbn 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - sears, stephen w. gettysburg. boston : houghton mifflin, 2003. isbn 0 - 395 - 86761 - 4 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - sharlet, jeff. \" through a glass, darkly : how the christian right is reimagining u. s. history. \" harpers, december 2006. - taylor, richard. destruction and reconstruction : personal experiences of the late war. nashville, tn : j. s. sanders & co., 2001. isbn 1 - 879941 - 21 - x [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. first published 1879 by d. appleton. - trudeau, noah andre. gettysburg : a testing of courage. new york : harpercollins, 2002. isbn 0 - 06 - 019363 - 8 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - wert, jeffry d. general james longstreet : the confederacy ' s most controversial soldier : a biography. new york : simon & schuster, 1993. isbn 0 - 671 - 70921 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - jackson genealogy site at virginia military institute further reading - chambers, lenoir. stonewall jackson. new york : morrow, 1959. oclc 186539122. - cooke, john esten, moses drury hoge, and john william jones. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = dkhfahbx2isc stonewall jackson : a military biography ]. new york : d. appleton and company, 1876. oclc 299589. - cozzens, peter. shenandoah 1862 : stonewall jackson ' s valley campaign. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 2008. isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3200 - 4 [ amazon - us |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43541540962729897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.184885"} {"text": ". - cozzens, peter. shenandoah 1862 : stonewall jackson ' s valley campaign. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 2008. isbn 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3200 - 4 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - dabney, r. l. life of lieut. - gen. thomas j. jackson ( stonewall jackson ). london : james nisbet and co., 1866. oclc 457442354. - douglas, henry kyd. i rode with stonewall : the war experiences of the youngest member of jackson ' s staff. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1940. isbn 0 - 8078 - 0337 - 5 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - robertson, james i., jr. stonewall jackson ' s book of maxims. nashville, tn : cumberland house, 2002. isbn 1 - 58182 - 296 - 0 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - shackel, paul a. archaeology and created memory : public history in a national park. new york : kluwer academic / plenum publishers, 2000. isbn 978 - 0 - 306 - 46177 - 4 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - white, henry a. stonewall jackson. philadelphia : g. w. jacobs and co., 1909. oclc 3911913. - wilkins, j. steven. all things for good : the steadfast fidelity of stonewall jackson. nashville, tn : cumberland house publishing, 2004. isbn 1 - 58182 - 225 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - robertson, james i., jr. stonewall jackson the man, the soldier, the legend. macmillan pub. ; 1 edition ( february 18, 1997 ). # isbn - 10 : 0028646851 - isbn - 13 : 978 - 0028646855 - virginia military institute archives stonewall jackson resources - jackson genealogy site - \" death of ' stonewall ' jackson, southern confederacy, may 12, 1863. atlanta historic newspapers archive. digital library of georgia. - find - a - grave entry for jackson - find - a - grave entry for jackson ' s arm - fitzhugh lee ' s 1879 address on chancellorsville - the stonewall jackson house - animated history of the campaigns of stonewall jackson - details on john jackson ' s larceny trial in the court records of the old bailey -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42235141935373205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.185723"} {"text": "many of us live in older homes, and we may have lead in our old pipes. we are buying fruit juices from the grocery store with arsenic in it. go to this website to find out more information about safe drinking water : cfpub. epa. gov / savewater / ccr young children should not be drinking lots of fruit juice, as it can be full of sugar, causes obesity and even tooth decay. besides some of it has too much arsenic in it. for many years or until the 1980 \u2032 s pesticides were banned. crops were sprayed with pesticides that leaked into the crops, the soil, and the ground water. consequently, arsenic ended up contaminating the water, fertilizer and the soil. even bottled water can have arsenic in it. is that scary or what? all the bottled water we drink in this country could be borderline unsafe. the federal government limits arsenic in bottled water to 10 parts per billion. there are no limits in food and in fruit juices. i remember last year some media about arsenic in apple juice, so i stopped drinking it for awhile. i switched to eating an apple a day. ( thinking an apple a day kept the doctor away. thought i would get you to laugh this morning. ) parents need to think twice about what they have their young children drink. diluting juices could be helpful. don \u2019 t you feel some days like you are darned if you do and darned if you don \u2019 t. i know that sounds like a clique but it is true.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45727591839345305, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.187246"} {"text": "image size is the size of your original digital photo file, measured in pixels and dpi ( dots per inch, sometimes referred to as ppi, pixels per inch ). what is a pixel? a pixel is a small square dot. dpi refers to the number of dots ( pixels ) per inch. why is this important? well, if an image is too small, you might not be able to order a large size print or other photo product. a general rule of thumb for image size versus print size is : the image size should be at least the size of the print you want multiplied by 300, at 300 dpi. for example, if you want to order a 4x6 print, the image size should be 1200 pixels ( 4 x 300 ) by 1800 pixels ( 6 x 300 ) at 300 dpi. if the image size was half of that ( 600 by 900 ), then the 4x6 print would likely come out distorted or pixilated if you were to order a print. camera settings decide in advance what is more important : image quality or room on your memory card. you can set your camera to take photos that are larger or smaller in size. if you know you will only be printing 4x6 photos, then you can reduce the image quality, which allows you to store more photos on your memory card. if you will be printing enlargements or other photo products like photo books, then keep the setting on \" high \" for higher quality images. the image sizes will be larger and you will not be able to store as many on your memory card at one time. also, set the file type as \" jpeg \" if your camera allows you to control that detail. you might have a \" tiff \" option, but it is not necessary to save the photos as \" tiff \" files, and it will only take up more room on your memory card. if you have a point and shoot camera, open your main menu, and find the setting for \" image quality \" ( or something similar ). usually, the options are \" low, \" \" medium, \" and \" high. \" choose \" high \" for higher quality ( larger ) photos. if you have an slr camera, you probably have additional options. just stick to high quality jpeg images, unless you know you will be doing extensive image editing and post - production. in that case, you might want to shoot raw files. resolution the resolution of your photo is directly impacted by the image size. the more pixels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039294189418486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.190994"} {"text": "high quality jpeg images, unless you know you will be doing extensive image editing and post - production. in that case, you might want to shoot raw files. resolution the resolution of your photo is directly impacted by the image size. the more pixels your photos have, the higher their resolution is. when you upload photos to your online account, you are given three upload options : \" regular, \" \" fast, \" and \" fastest. \" when you choose \" fast \" or \" fastest, \" the photos are compressed, so the resolution will be less than the original photo file. so, if you are just uploading to order 4x6 prints, \" fastest \" will be fine. but, if you wish to order enlargements, photo books, calendars, and other photo products, choose the \" regular \" speed, which uploads the photos at their original resolution. once the photos are uploaded, you will notice three bars for each photo in your account. if all three bars are green, that means that the resolution of the photo that is in the account is sufficient enough to order just about anything on the site. if the bars are all red, you have uploaded a low resolution photo. try to find the original photo file and check the size. if the size is sufficient enough to order prints ( based on the rule we mentioned above about multiplying the desired print size by 300 and comparing to the actual image size ), re - upload the photo at \" regular \" upload speed. photos with two or three red bars will generate poor quality prints, especially if you are trying to order anything larger than 4x6 prints. we also will double check the resolution on our end. if we catch a low res file when printing, we always stop and notify you. we want you to be happy with your prints. now that you understand image size and resolution a bit more, and understand why they are important when working in your online photo account, here are a few more extra tips about image size and resolution : - most computer screens display photos at 72 dpi. that means the printed photo will look different than how it appears on your computer screen. - if you crop a photo too much ( zoom in too much ), it will always look pixilated and distorted, no matter how large the image size is. - once you take the photo, you cannot increase the size or resolution by increasing the number of pixels in any photo editing program. if you wish to increase the resolution or file", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45013012436634325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.191889"} {"text": "indian and himalayan art mahakala / bhairava with buddhas, ganesha, karttikeya, achala, and devoteesmade in nepal, asia malla dynasty ( 1200 - 1769 ), late 16th century artist / maker unknown, nepalese colors on cloth currently not on view 1963 - 141 - 1gift of stella kramrisch, 1963 labelnewar religious practice employs a unique mix of buddhist and hindu elements. the five transcendental buddhas at the top of this painting and achala ( the blue - skinned buddhist protector at the bottom center ) are joined by deities more often affiliated with hinduism. these include the elephant - headed ganesha and dancing karttikeya, who flank their father, shiva, in his form as mahakala / bhairava. another important feature of newar art and practice is the depiction and participation of both men and women devotees. in the lower two registers seventeen men ( in white - and - red - striped outfits ) and seven women ( in malla period red skirts with white - and - blue stripes ) offer flowers. also typical of the malla period are the shapes of mahakala ' s triangular eyebrows, his neatly trimmed moustache and beard, and his round, full eyes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49017142763173005, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.193312"} {"text": "the interplay between indigenous indian painting traditions and imported persianate influences invigorated painting on the indian subcontinent for over three hundred years. primary colors, featuring some thirty works from the museum ' s collection, juxtaposes two intriguingly similar groups of paintings, one from seventeenth - century central india and another from eighteenth - century nepal. these works reflect indigenous painting traditions, characterized by expanses of intense red, blue, and yellow as well as figures seen in sharp profile, but they also include imagery of costume and architecture drawn from islamic prototypes. dynamic painting traditions flourished in central india under hindu, jain, and muslim patronage even before mughal rulers imported persian painters in the early sixteenth century. in the seventeenth century, the hindu rulers of malwa ( an area of central india ) developed active workshops that re - emphasized pre - mughal forms. in the eighteenth century, nepalese painting took a surprising turn, leading to forms closely related to those produced in seventeenth - century malwa. the installation explores why patrons and painters, separated by distance and time, chose a closely related aesthetic. among the highlights of the installation are two recently acquired nepalese paintings that will be seen in philadelphia for the first time. the celestial abode of shiva and devi is a great sunburst - like representation of a divine palace surrounded by courtly and ascetic devotees, while pilgrimage to gosainkund \u2014 a fourteen - foot - long scroll \u2014 illuminates a meandering path through cities and towns, peppered by pilgrims and animals, ultimately leading to a sacred lake in the high himalayas. curatorsdarielle mason \u2022 the stella kramrisch curator of indian and himalayan art katherine anne paul \u2022 assistant curator, indian and himalayan art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4944913168147376, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.195235"} {"text": "stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( 2011 ) | abstract | | laws of nature take center stage in philosophy of science. laws are usually believed to stand in a tight conceptual relation to many important key concepts such as causation, explanation, confirmation, determinism, counterfactuals etc. traditionally, philosophers of science have focused on physical laws, which were taken to be at least true, universal statements that support counterfactual claims. but, although this claim about laws might be true with respect to physics, laws in the special sciences ( such as biology, psychology, economics etc. ) appear to have \u2014 maybe not surprisingly \u2014 different features than the laws of physics. special science laws \u2014 for instance, the economic law \u201c under the condition of perfect competition, an increase of demand of a commodity leads to an increase of price, given that the quantity of the supplied commodity remains constant \u201d and, in biology, mendel ' s laws \u2014 are usually taken to \u201c have exceptions \u201d, to be \u201c non - universal \u201d or \u201c to be ceteris paribus laws \u201d. how and whether the laws of physics and the laws of the special sciences differ is one of the crucial questions motivating the debate on ceteris paribus laws. another major, controversial question concerns the determination of the precise meaning of \u201c ceteris paribus \u201d. philosophers have attempted to explicate the meaning of ceteris paribus clauses in different ways. the question of meaning is connected to the problem of empirical content, i. e., the question whether ceteris paribus laws have non - trivial and empirically testable content. since many philosophers have argued that ceteris paribus laws lack empirically testable content, this problem constitutes a major challenge to a theory of ceteris paribus laws. | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles markus schrenk ( 2007 ). can capacities rescue us from ceteris paribus laws? in b. gnassounou & m. kistler ( eds. ), dispositions in philosophy and science. ashgate. john earman & john roberts ( 1999 ). c eteris paribus, there is no problem of provisos. synthese 118 ( 3 ) : 439 - - 478. nancy cartwright ( 2002 ). in favor of laws that are not ceteris paribus after all. erkenntnis 57 ( 3 ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6061039369943401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.198906"} {"text": "of provisos. synthese 118 ( 3 ) : 439 - - 478. nancy cartwright ( 2002 ). in favor of laws that are not ceteris paribus after all. erkenntnis 57 ( 3 ) : 425\u00f0439. marc lange ( 2002 ). who ' s afraid of ceteris - paribus laws? or : how i learned to stop worrying and love them. erkenntnis 57 ( 3 ) : 281\u00f0301. james woodward ( 2002 ). there is no such thing as a ceteris paribus law. erkenntnis 57 ( 3 ) : 303\u00f0328. charles wallis ( 1994 ). ceteris paribus laws and psychological explanations. psa : proceedings of the biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association 1994 : 388 - 397. paul m. pietroski & georges rey ( 1995 ). when other things aren ' t equal : saving ceteris paribus laws from vacuity. british journal for the philosophy of science 46 ( 1 ) : 81 - 110. marcello guarini ( 2000 ). horgan and tienson on ceteris paribus laws. philosophy of science 67 ( 2 ) : 301 - 315. markus schrenk ( 2003 ). real ceteris paribus laws. in r. bluhm & c. nimtz ( eds. ), proceedings of gap. 5, bielefeld 2003. mentis. barry ward ( 2009 ). cartwright, forces, and ceteris paribus laws. southwest philosophy review 25 ( 1 ) : 55 - 62. gerhard schurz ( 2002 ). ceteris paribus laws : classification and deconstruction. erkenntnis 57 ( 3 ) : 351\u00f0372. alice drewery ( 2001 ). dispositions and ceteris paribus laws. british journal for the philosophy of science 52 ( 4 ) : 723 - 733. stephen r. schiffer ( 1991 ). ceteris paribus laws. mind 100 ( 397 ) : 1 - 17. robert klee ( 1992 ). anomalous monism, ceteris paribus, and psychological explanation. british journal for the philosophy of science 43 ( 3 ) : 389 - 403. added to index2011 - 07 - 24 total downloads59 ( # 16, 371 of 548, 972 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5754073104705453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.199703"} {"text": "a wolverine first photographed by a remote - controlled camera on the tahoe national forest in february 2008 is most closely related to rocky mountain populations, according to a team of 10 federal, state and university scientists. their findings are published in the latest edition of northwest science and focus on genetic analysis of hair collected from the first scientifically verified california wolverine in 86 years. the u. s. forest service funded the study, which demonstrated the first evidence of connectivity between wolverine populations living in the rocky and sierra nevada mountains. determining where the male wolverine originated is important because it is a state - threatened species, and california wolverines are genetically unique from other north american populations. last year, scientists collected hair and fecal samples from the photographed animal so that its dna could be examined to help determine whether the wolverine had somehow survived as part of a historic population, escaped or was released from captivity, or dispersed on its own from outside of california. scientists at the agency ' s wildlife genetics laboratory in missoula, mont., later found the animal was not part of a historic population by comparing its genetic samples with specimens found in california museums. these scientists previously used the specimens to learn california wolverines are a distinct north american genotype. further genetic analysis suggested the california wolverine most resembled a population comprised mostly of wolverines from idaho, with a 73 percent confidence level. by comparison, the california wolverine had less than a five percent probability of belonging to most of the other north american wolverine populations evaluated. the scientists also used carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses to support the genetic results in the study, which is titled \" wolverine confirmation in california after nearly a century : native or long - distance immigrant? \" \" we still can ' t be sure how this animal came to the tahoe national forest, \" said bill zielinski, one of the study ' s authors and a research ecologist at the forest service ' s pacific southwest research station. \" but, this peer - reviewed study shows that other scientists agreed with our interpretation that it likely traveled here from the rockies. \" zielinski said the photographed animal would have traveled more than 400 miles to reach the national forest if it naturally dispersed from the nearest rocky mountain population. he said if the wolverine was accidentally or deliberately transplanted, it would have more likely originated from an area where wolverines are more common and legally trapped, such as alaska or the yukon territory. sierra pacific industries wildlife biologists also photographed the wolverine this winter using remote - controlled cameras on land it manages in california. wildlife genetics laboratory scientists determined it to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4586016038438895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.202491"} {"text": "the european society of cardiology welcomes new research published in the new england journal of medicine which quantifies for the first time the annual number of new cases of coronary heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarction that could be prevented by populations reducing daily intakes of salt. the data, says the esc, underline the urgent need for european union public health measures to substantially reduce the population ' s salt intake across europe. \" this study provides excellent ammunition both to convince patients about the benefits of reducing their individual salt intakes and also to persuade the eu of the urgent need to introduce legislation to restrict the salt content of processed foods, \" said esc spokesman professor frank ruschitzka, a cardiologist and hypertension specialist from the university of zurich, switzerland. \" this study represents the evidence that a reduction of salt intake not only lowers blood pressure but also prevents cardiovascular events. the case for population - wide salt reduction is now compelling, \" he added. in the paper, kirsten bibbins - domingo and colleagues, from the university of california, san francisco, usa, undertook a computer simulation showing the effects of population wide reductions of dietary salt intakes in all adults aged 35 to 85 years in the usa. reducing dietary salt intake by 3 g per day ( 1200mg less sodium per day ) could result in 60, 000 to 120, 000 fewer cases of heart disease, 32, 000 to 66, 000 fewer strokes and 54, 000 to 100, 000 fewer heart attacks. a reduction in dietary salt of 3g per day, the authors went on to say, would have approximately the same effect on reducing cardiac events as a 50 % reduction in tobacco use, a 5 % reduction in body mass index among obese adults or the use of statins to treat people at low or intermediate risk for chd events. furthermore, reducing dietary salt intakes by 3g per day would save $ 10 billion to $ 24 billion in annual health care costs. esc spokesperson professor giuseppe mancia, from the university of milano - bicocca, st. gerardo hospital ( milan, italy ), said the annual health cost savings outlined in the study would be likely to prove a persuasive argument for both the eu and individual european governments. recent studies clearly show that salt reduction reduces cardiovascular deaths. 4 epidemiological studies have also firmly established that increased intakes of salt directly increase blood pressure. high salt intakes are believed to exert their detrimental effects by influencing fluid retention, which in turn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4714200272355072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.207807"} {"text": "clearly show that salt reduction reduces cardiovascular deaths. 4 epidemiological studies have also firmly established that increased intakes of salt directly increase blood pressure. high salt intakes are believed to exert their detrimental effects by influencing fluid retention, which in turn increases blood pressure. \" but it ' s important for patients to appreciate that not all cardiovascular problems relating to salt are mediated through hypertension. salt can have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health, even among people with normal blood pressure, \" said ruschitzka. salt intakes across europe are known to vary widely, ranging from 8. 6 g of salt per day in the uk, to around 12 g salt in croatia. even the best intakes, however, are falling widely short of the esc clinical practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension ( 2 ), based on who data, that recommend that only 5g of salt should be consumed per day. this amounts to just one teaspoonful. while individuals may use salt sparingly at home, around 75 % of the salt we eat is already in the food we buy. this, says the esc, underlines the need for legislation to lay down guidelines. \" the reality of international food production in europe means that such public health initiatives need to be tackled on a european wide basis, rather than an individual country basis, \" said ruschitzka. furthermore, added mancia, concerted action is usually more effective. \" it has the advantage of preventing country to country inequalities and furthermore prevents the reinvention of the wheel in each individual country, \" he said. but calls for legislation do not mean that physicians should stop their efforts to persuade patients to introduce individual changes in lifestyle. patients, they stress, need to be taught about the importance of reducing salt in their cooking and also for the need to check food labels. people need to learn to appreciate that the salt contents can vary widely even in the same product. take bread, for example. recent research from consensus action on salt and health ( a charity lobbying food manufacturers in the uk ) has shown that the highest salt content was 3g salt per 100 g of bread, while the lowest was 0. 7 g salt per 100g. to improve cardiovascular health, salt reduction cannot be undertaken in isolation. \" it needs to be remembered that lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation, weight reduction, increased physical exercise, and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables are also important for reducing cardiovascular disease, \" said mancia. salt will again be on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4636032023225677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.208744"} {"text": "isolation. \" it needs to be remembered that lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation, weight reduction, increased physical exercise, and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables are also important for reducing cardiovascular disease, \" said mancia. salt will again be on the agenda with world salt awareness week 2010, which runs from february 1 - 7 ( 3 ). the week is being run by world action on salt and health ( wash ), a global group that works with governments to highlight the need for widespread introduction of population based salt reduction strategies. much can be done to reduce salt intakes through public health policy, say wash. they cite the success of consensus action on salt and health ( cash ), launched in 1996 to encourage food manufacturing companies in the uk to make voluntary reductions in their salt content. since the start of the policy salt intakes among uk adults ( calculated from 24 - hour urine samples ) have fallen from 9. 5 to 8. 6 g per day. in july 2009, wash surveyed over 260 food products available around the world from food manufacturers such as kfc, mcdonalds, kellogg ' s, nestle, burger king and subway, finding surprisingly wide spread variations. for example, kellogg ' s all bran for sale in france, norway, sweden and the netherlands contains 1. 30 g salt per 100 g compared to salt levels of 0. 65 g per 100g for the product in the us. such data underlines the urgent need to eradicate country to country inequalities, and bring everyone up to the highest possible standards. \" the paper by bibbins - domingo and colleagues is an urgent call to action. policy makers in the european community need to implement public health interventions that result in reductions in salt intake now. reducing the salt content of our unneccesarily oversalted, processed food is an inexpensive, yet highly effective public health intervention that we can ' t afford to miss, \" concluded ruschitzka. explore further : new research identifies risks, interventions for children ' s gi health 1. bibbins - domingo k, glenn cc, coxson pg et al. projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. new engl j med. 2010. published on - line january 20. 4. pasquale strazzullo, lanfranco d ' elia, ngianga - bakwin kandala, and francesco p cappuccio. salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease : meta - analysis of prospective studies. bmj 2009 ; 339", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009735278345813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.209718"} {"text": "eliminating diabetes and depression, as well as increasing education and fruit and vegetable consumption, are likely to have the biggest impact on reducing levels of dementia in the coming years, should no effective treatment be found, concludes a study published in the british medical journal today. these findings suggest priorities for future public health interventions. while the exact cause of dementia is still unknown, several modifiable risk factors have already been identified. these include vascular risk factors ( heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol ), a history of depression, diet, alcohol consumption, and education level. based on this knowledge, a team of researchers based in france and the uk estimated which of these risk factors might be most effective in reducing the future burden of dementia, should no effective treatment be found. their analysis involved 1, 433 healthy people aged over 65 years living in the south of france and recruited between 1999 and 2001. participants underwent cognitive testing at the start of the study and again at two, four and seven years. a reading test ( the neale score ) was also used as an indicator of lifetime intelligence. medical history and information on measures such as height, weight, education level, monthly income, mobility, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use was obtained. an individual ' s genetic risk of dementia was also measured : although it ' s not a factor that can be changed it served as a useful benchmark for dementia risk. results showed that eliminating depression and diabetes and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption were estimated to lead to an overall 21 % reduction in new cases of dementia, with depression making the greatest contribution ( just over 10 % ). however, the researchers point out that the direct ( causal ) relationship between depression and dementia remains unclear. increasing education would also lead to an estimated 18 % reduction in new cases of dementia across the general population over the next seven years. by contrast, eliminating the principal known genetic risk factor from the general population would lead only to a 7 % reduction in the number of new cases over the next seven years. given these findings, the authors suggest that public health initiatives should focus on encouraging literacy at all ages irrespective of ability, prompt treatment of depressive symptoms, and early screening for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance ( early stages in the development of diabetes ). while these calculations can only provide a crude estimate of impact on incidence, they do make a significant statement about public health priorities in disease prevention in the face of current knowledge, conclude the authors. further studies including younger adults", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5203535866338929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.212644"} {"text": "as a result of the historic election of barack obama in the u. s., other countries have started wondering whether a similar occurrence would be possible in their nations \u2014 none more so than the obama - worshiping united kingdom. its press, race industry, and political classes are all aflutter about whether or not it would be possible for a minority to become prime minister of the country. britain has, unlike the u. s., already had a female prime minister : margaret thatcher in the \u2019 80s. while bejamin disreali, a conservative prime minister of the late 19th century, was jewish, the debate is whether or not a non - european minority would make it to number 10 downing street in the near future. the head of the commission for racial equality, trevor philips, has clearly stated that he thinks \u201c institutional racism \u201d will prevent a non - white from ever being prime minister of the united kingdom. much navel gazing and self - examination resulted from his comments. philips believes britain \u2019 s governing labor party would not let someone like obama rise to the top. if barack obama had lived here i would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the labor party, \u201d said the head of the equality and human rights commission. he said that there was an \u201c institutional resistance \u201d to selecting black and asian candidates. \u201c the parties and unions and think - tanks are all very happy to sign up to the general idea of advancing the cause of minorities but in practice they would like somebody else to do the business. it \u2019 s institutional racism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44942492957333796, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.214362"} {"text": "this is the first is a 3 part series. part 1 : pagan origins of christmas, part 2 : christian origins of christmas, and part 3 : santa claus and his ilk. in part 1, i discussed the pagan origins of christmas. however, that is not the whole story. christmas, in its current form, did not simply spring up or evolve from just one source, christian, pagan or otherwise. therefore, in the interest of fairness, here are the christian origins of christmas. in the last post, i mentioned how dies natalis solis invicti was the reason that christmas is celebrated on december 25. well, that isn \u2019 t the whole story. while it is true that the celebration of the sun ( or sun god ) was celebrated on this day, and that some early church fathers commented on how appropriate it would be to celebrate jesus \u2019 birth on the day of the unconquered sun, it is also true that the idea of jesus \u2019 birth being on december 25, predated those decisions. hippolytus of rome, a 3rd century theologian, makes it clear that he believes jesus \u2019 birth to have happened on december 25, not because of the sun celebration, but because he believes that jesus \u2019 conception took place during the traditional date of the creation of the world on march 25 ( which also happened to line up with the vernal equinox and often with the jewish passover ), although he also put forth april 2nd as a date of conception in some writings. regardless, hippolytus felt that this proved a date of jesus \u2019 birth at december 25th. still, it could have been an attempt of a christian apologist to retroactively prove jesus \u2019 birth after other \u2019 s had connected the date already to saturnalia or dies natalis solis invicti. except \u2026 that saturnalia was not celebrated on december 25. it was celebrated on december 17, and was lengthened over time to december 23, but never the 25. sorry mythicists. further, while dies natalis solis invicti was indeed celebrated on december 25, there is no mention of this celebration being held on december 25 prior to ad 354, since before this, the celebration was held every 4 years, and not on the 25th of december, and often not in december at all. this is relevant because hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before dies natalis solis invicti was practiced on december 25. in fact, around 200 ad, clement of alexandria gives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4006438396711741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.219133"} {"text": ", and often not in december at all. this is relevant because hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before dies natalis solis invicti was practiced on december 25. in fact, around 200 ad, clement of alexandria gives us an even better clue ( through his consternation ), complaining in frustration that some egyption theologians are celebrating jesus \u2019 birth on december 25 ( stromata 1 : 21 ). so it seems that the december 25 date for christmas is actually a christian tradition, not a lender from a pagan source. note : this does not actually make it true that jesus \u2019 was born on december 25. he almost surely wasn \u2019 t. but it does mean that christians have honored jesus \u2019 birth on that day by our own ( often flawed ) resources, and not as a direct result of other holidays. i did make a mention last time about romans bringing in trees during this time, and even decorating them with 12 candles. however, no christians are ever mentioned as taking on this tradition during the time of the roman empire. while this practice does seem similar to our christmas tree tradition, the practice of bringing trees into homes to celebrate saturnalia ( or other mid - winter holidays ) was long dead ( by a millennium ) by the time christians began to celebrate it during christmas time. while it is also true that many different cultures brought greenery and trees into the home during winter ( from egypt to norway ), it appears that the 16th century german christians were the first to bring evergreen trees into their homes and decorate them for christmas. there is little chance that 16th century germans relied on long forgotten roman practice to initiate theirs. as the story goes, martin luther, the 16th century german reformer, was the first to use candles and light up a christmas tree. and while the tree has not always been accepted as a good thing in all christian circles, it can certainly be said however, that it too, is of christian origin. the name \u201c christmas \u201d of course, it doesn \u2019 t really take a genius to realize that the actual word \u201c christmas \u201d is of christian origin. cristes maesse in old english, it appeared around 1038. christes \u2013 christ, maesse meaning dismissal, or colloquially, the way to refer to a church service, as in \u201c we are dismissed to be about the mission of god. \u201d it came to refer to the service on dec. 25. not much pagan there. the first nativity scene is said to be the work of st. francis of ass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39584079452661247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.220138"} {"text": ", as in \u201c we are dismissed to be about the mission of god. \u201d it came to refer to the service on dec. 25. not much pagan there. the first nativity scene is said to be the work of st. francis of assisi. he was attempting to reverse the tide of materialism encroaching in on christmastime around 1223 ce. imagine if he had been around today \u2026. mercy. he made it up in a cave near greccio and had live animals and people. soon, it spread all around italy, and was soon common practice in most churches. statues soon replaced live people and eventually, homes adopted smaller versions. clearly christian in origin. st. francis is hard to be for sheer christianity. early in the 20th century, electric lights became available for use on christmas trees ( don \u2019 t believe me? watch downton abby ). soon after in the mid - 2oth century, folks began using christmas tree light on the outside of their homes. hmmm \u2026. since this took place mostly in america, i don \u2019 t think we can call this one christian origin \u2026. but it is derivative of a christian practice. well, i don \u2019 t want to spoil next week \u2019 s addition to the conversation on santa claus, so it will have to suffice to say that this practice of hanging stockings on christmas eve is particular to his legend, and not anywhere beforehand. but i won \u2019 t give anymore away, next week \u2019 s will be awesome. so to summarize : december 25 date : of christian origin trees in the house : of christian origin ( and yet attested to in many other cultures in parallel, not dependence ) the word \u201c christmas : \u201d of christian origin nativity scenes : of christian origin christmas lights : of christian origin stockings : of christian origin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47545989110612547, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.220850"} {"text": "this section of the website provides tips and information on how to conserve water inside and outside your home and / or office. you can help the program achieve a 10 % reduction in water use per person within 10 years by saving 10 gallons of water per day or start by saving 1 gallon of water per day every year for 10 years. here are some ways you can accomplish that : - reduce shower time ~ 2. 5 gallons / minute - turn off water while brushing teeth ~ 2 gallons / minute why should we conserve water? water is constantly being recycled through the earth \u2019 s water cycle. however, humans can consume fresh water faster than it is naturally replenished. we all use water, so we should do our part to protect and preserve it. approximately 3 % of the earth \u2019 s water supply is fresh but less than one third of 1 % is available for human use! as water users, we must preserve our water supply so it will be available today and for generations to come. water conservation allows us to use water more efficiently and reduce water waste. making a habit of conservation makes sense. conserving water is beneficial to our community, because it : - helps protect our water supply for the future - protects the environment and natural ecosystems - saves energy - saves money for more information about the water cycle, visit the us geological survey \u2019 s website where does our water come from? the great lakes are the largest system of fresh, surface water on earth, containing roughly 18 % of the world fresh water supply. lake michigan is the second largest of the great lakes. nearly 750, 000 people in dupage county get their water from lake michigan, provided to them by their local water utility. the dwc buys water from the city of chicago and sells it to the local water utilities in dupage county. the people in dupage county who do not get their water from lake michigan are served by ground water sources. the great lakes compact limits how much water can be taken from lake michigan and requires all water utilities to have a water conservation program. source : the great lakes : an environmental atlas and resource book. usepa for more information on the great lakes compact visit the websites for the great lakes commission, council of great lakes governors, or great lakes and saint laurence cities initiative dupage county water usage summary before we can start to preserve every drop, we must first understand how much water we use and for what purposes. water usage in dupage county can be divided up into four main categories as shown in the figure below. did you know? -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44372726607023716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.225101"} {"text": "user interface design is not a pure science, primarily because people ' s preferences are different. however, there are a few principles that we ' ve learned over the years : - the eye naturally gravitates to \" power points \". i. e. in art it is the golden rule, and photography it is simplified to \" the rule of thirds \". in essence if you drew a grid on your screen three cells across and three cells down, the points where the lines intersect are the power points. these are very important real estate, and it also explains why the 1 / 3 - 2 / 3 split works so well. - we ' ve learned that there is an order of importance when we learn to read. in short, the most important column on a the screen is the one that comes first in reading order. for us western hemisphere folks, that means the left ( left - to - right reading order ). for folks in the middle east and some far eastern countries that means the right ( right - to - left reading order ). for other folks in other far eastern countries that means the top ( top - to - bottom, typically right - to - left reading order ). using these two principles, we can organize the screen in a way that users can get the most out of it. the ms visual studio developers surmised that the source code is the most important element, and the other panels support that content. now, if you have a preference to have the navigation on the left, it is because you place a different value on the importance of the navigation than the vs developers. neither position is right or wrong. if you find yourself jumping from file to file often, it can be handy to have the navigation on the left. you ' ll notice that even in this site, the content is on the left and the navigation and support information is on the right. this echoes what the designers felt were the most important aspects of the site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206976404442055, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.227478"} {"text": "wan ali, wan zah and mohd ayub, ahmad fauzi and wong, su luan and king, hasnah yee tang and wan jaafar, wan marzuki ( 2008 ) students teacher attitudes towards computer and online learning : are they a factor in students ' usage? the international journal of learning, 15 ( 6 ). pp. 35 - 41. issn 1447 - 9494 full text not available from this repository. computers and online learning are rapidly becoming important components in fundamental curriculum of malaysian educational systems. in malaysia, the computer and online learning curriculum have been incorporated into all levels of the educational systems. however, the instructional effectiveness of computer and online learning are related to many factors including students \u2019 attitudes towardsthese technologies. hence, positive attitudes towards computers and online learning are important variables to be studied among pre - service teachers. the main purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of pre - service teachers at universiti putra malaysia toward computer and online learning and its relationships. in addition, the relationship between this attitudes and the usage of computer and online learning is also studied. the findings indicate that pre - service teachers have positive attitudes towards computers and online learning. the correlation between students \u2019 attitude towards computers and online learning was significant. | keyword : | | online learning ; attitudes toward computer ; attitudes towards online learning | | subject : | | computer - assisted instruction - malaysia | | subject : | | college teachers - in - service training | | faculty or institute : | | faculty of educational studies | | publisher : | | common ground publishing | | deposited by : | | emelda mohd hamid | | deposited on : | | 25 may 2012 15 : 08 | | last modified : | | 12 nov 2012 14 : 41 | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5106853754085632, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.230467"} {"text": "table of contents \" modeling \" techniques are used when anxiety is related to lack of confidence and the patient looks to the therapist as a model of how to handle anxiety - provoking situations. the relaxation techniques used by hypnotists and behavior therapists may prove helpful to many patients, especially those who are suggestible. in the initial stages, after therapists have instructed their patients in the various methods of relaxation, they should allow the patients to practice the methods in the office. in that way, therapists may add their encouragement and positive suggestion to their patients ' efforts. the ultimate goal is to enable patients to employ the techniques alone in the course of their daily lives. patients should not only follow a regular daily schedule of exercises, but should be encouraged to employ those exercises at any time when they are facing an anxiety - provoking situation or feel their inner tension rising. for those patients with a capacity for hypnotic trance, instruction in the techniques of self - hypnosis may potentiate the effect of the relaxation exercises. simple forms of meditation that do not have religious implications, by reversing the processes that lead to autonomic arousal, may be effective in combating the symptoms arising from autonomic nervous system discharge. a recent study suggests that the symptoms of those individuals who have a capacity for hypnotic trance induction are particularly responsive to the use of meditative techniques. patients can be encouraged to try out new coping skills and emotion regulation with people they meet within support groups. they can be an important part of expanding the individual ' s skill set and develop new, healthier social relationships. copyright 1998 - 2006 psych central. all rights reserved. this text may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written permission from psych central. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 1 jun 2010 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5194798340164827, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.232516"} {"text": "mrsa rates have been increasing worldwide over the past decades write hajo grundman ( national institute for public health and the environment, bilthoven, the netherlands ) and colleagues. even in scandinavian countries and the netherlands, where mrsa rates have been fairly low and stable for many years, the frequency is beginning to rise. \" of the expected 2 billion individuals carrying s aureus worldwide, conservative estimates based on either dutch or us prevalence figures would predict that between 2 million and 52 million carry mrsa, \" states professor grundmann. in their review the authors also warn of the threat of community acquired mrsa. genetic changes in strains of community acquired mrsa have led to the evolution of ' fitter ' strains that can combine antimicrobial resistance with transmissibility and virulence. if these strains are sufficiently fit to maintain a high prevalence in the community, the mrsa situation in hospitals could potentially become explosive, write the authors. they conclude : \" the onus is therefore on health - care authorities to develop not only surveillance systems that are able to monitor the clonal dynamics of mrsa over wide geographical areas but also to provide the resources for early recognition of mrsa carriers through rapid screening. hospital staff have a responsibility to implement, maintain, and adhere to strict contact precautions, should hospitals remain places where citizens can aspire to positive health - care outcomes with confidence. \" contact : dr hajo grundmann, project leader, scientific coordinator, european antimircrobial resistance surveillance system ( earss ), center for infectious disease epidemiology, national institute for public health, antonie van leeuwenhoeklaan 9, po box 1, 3720 ba bilthoven, netherlands. t ) 31 30 274 4239 hajo. grundmann @ rivm. nl / email @ example. com last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45450905304650635, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.234553"} {"text": "( washington, dc \u2022 11 / 6 / 06 ) \u2013 the second of five special sensor ultraviolet limb imager ( ssuli ) remote sensing instruments, developed by the naval research laboratory, was launched on november 4, 2006 on board the dmsp f - 17 satellite. ssuli is the first operational instrument of its kind and provides a new technique for remote sensing of the ionosphere and thermosphere from space. ssuli ' s measurements will provide scientific data supporting military and civil systems and will assist in predicting atmospheric drag effects on satellites and reentry vehicles. a boeing delta 4 vehicle launched the air force ' s defense meteorological satellite program ( dmsp ) f - 17 satellite and the ssuli sensor into low earth orbit from vandenberg air force base, california. ssuli will be powered on and start initial sensor checkout 30 days after launch. \" characterization of the earth ' s upper atmosphere and ionosphere is a critical goal for department of defense ( dod ) and civilian users, \" said andrew nicholas, the ssuli principal investigator at nrl. he discussed the significance of the planned ssuli observations, saying, \" the upper atmosphere affects many systems from global to tactical scales. these systems include gps positioning, hf radio communications, satellite drag and orbit determination, and over - the - horizon radar. both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere are driven by solar and geomagnetic forcing that occur on many timescales ranging from short ( minute, hours ) to medium ( days to months ) to long ( years ). real - time global observations that yield altitude profiles of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, over an extended period of time ( dmsp through the year 2016 ) will fill a critical need. \" ssuli measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules, and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere from low earth orbit aboard the dmsp satellite. it builds on the successes of the nrl high resolution airglow / aurora spectroscopy ( hiraas ) experiment recently flown aboard the space test program ( stp ) advanced research and global observations satellite ( argos ). ssuli makes measurements from the extreme ultraviolet ( euv ) to the far ultraviolet ( fuv ) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm with 2. 4 nm resolution. ssuli also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. ssuli uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5178496496101805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.239692"} {"text": "2. 4 nm resolution. ssuli also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. ssuli uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds. these observations represent a vertical slice of the earth ' s atmosphere from 750 km to 50 km in depth. use of these data enables the development of new techniques for global ionospheric remote sensing and new models of global electron density variation. commenting on the practical application of the instrument, mr. ken weldy, the program manager at nrl said, \" since natural atmospheric phenomena can disrupt day - to - day operations in the military use of space, we look forward to providing ssuli operational products to feed into the global assimilation of ionospheric measurements ( gaim ) model. this will provide an important piece of the characterization of the earth ' s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. \" an extensive data processing suite was developed to support on - orbit observations and flight operations. it includes data reduction software using unique science algorithms developed at nrl, comprehensive data validation techniques, and graphical interfaces for the user community. after launch, the ssuli sensor, software, and derived atmospheric specification will under go an extensive validation. after validation, ssuli products will be distributed by the air force weather agency to support operational dod systems. additional information about the ssuli instrument and its data processing software is available at http : / / www. nrl. navy. mil / tira / projects / ssuli /. the defense meteorological satellite program ( dmsp ) is a department of defense ( dod ) program run by the air force space and missile systems center ( smc ). the program designs, builds, launches, and maintains several near - polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar - terrestrial physics environments. additional information is available at the dmsp web site ( http : / / dmsp. ngdc. noaa. gov / dmsp. html ). nrl is the department of the navy ' s corporate laboratory. nrl conducts a broad program of scientific research, technology, and advanced development. the laboratory, with a total complement of approximately 2, 500 personnel, is located in southwest washington, dc, with other major sites at the stennis space center, ms ; and monterey, ca. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5434708557617516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.240647"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | philosophy index : aesthetics \u00b7 epistemology \u00b7 ethics \u00b7 logic \u00b7 metaphysics \u00b7 consciousness \u00b7 philosophy of language \u00b7 philosophy of mind \u00b7 philosophy of science \u00b7 social and political philosophy \u00b7 philosophies \u00b7 philosophers \u00b7 list of lists skepticism ( or scepticism ) has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude of knowledge, facts, or opinions / beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere. the word may characterise a position on a single matter, as in the case of religious skepticism, which is \" doubt concerning basic religious principles ( such as immortality, providence, and revelation ) \", but philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all new information to be well supported by evidence. skeptics may even doubt the reliability of their own senses. classical philosophical skepticism derives from the ' skeptikoi ', a school who \" asserted nothing \". adherents of pyrrhonism, for instance, suspend judgment in investigations. - ( a ) an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object ; - ( b ) the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain ; or - ( c ) the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics ( merriam \u2013 webster ). in philosophy, skepticism refers more specifically to any one of several propositions. these include propositions about : - ( a ) an inquiry, - ( b ) a method of obtaining knowledge through systematic doubt and continual testing, - ( c ) the arbitrariness, relativity, or subjectivity of moral values, - ( d ) the limitations of knowledge, - ( e ) a method of intellectual caution and suspended judgment. - main article : scientific skepticism a scientific ( or empirical ) skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding. most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation using some form of the scientific method. as a result, a number of claims are considered \" pseudoscience \" if they are found to improperly apply or ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method. scientific skepticism does not address religious beliefs, since these beliefs are, by definition, outside the realm of systematic, empirical testing / knowledge. - main article : philosophical skepticism in philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6161839993778954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.248364"} {"text": "of the scientific method. scientific skepticism does not address religious beliefs, since these beliefs are, by definition, outside the realm of systematic, empirical testing / knowledge. - main article : philosophical skepticism in philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. a philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible ( which would be a truth claim ). the label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science ; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as \" radical empiricism. \" philosophical skepticism originated in ancient greek philosophy. the greek sophists of the 5th century bc were for the most part skeptics. pyrrhonism was a school of skepticism founded by aenesidemus in the first century bc and recorded by sextus empiricus in the late 2nd century or early 3rd century ad. one of its first proponents was pyrrho of elis ( c. 360 - 275 b. c. ), who traveled and studied as far as india and propounded the adoption of \" practical \" skepticism. subsequently, in the \" new academy \" arcesilaus ( c. 315 - 241 b. c. ) and carneades ( c. 213 - 129 b. c. ) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted as uncertain. carneades criticized the views of the dogmatists, especially supporters of stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. sextus empiricus ( c. a. d. 200 ), the main authority for greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge. greek skeptics criticized the stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. for the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. this was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity ( see the five tropes of agrippa the sceptic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5706652282862724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.249371"} {"text": "to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. this was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity ( see the five tropes of agrippa the sceptic ). in addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument ( as p implies q and q implies p ). for the skeptics, such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth and could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth. in islamic philosophy, skepticism was established by al - ghazali ( 1058 \u2013 1111 ), known in the west as \" algazel \", as part of the orthodox ash ' ari school of islamic theology, whose method of skepticism shares many similarities with descartes ' method. rene descartes is credited for developing a global skepticism as a thought experiment in his attempt to find absolute certainty on which to base the foundation of his philosophy. descartes discussed skeptical arguments from dreaming and radical deception. david hume has also been described as a global skeptic. however, descartes was not ostensibly a skeptic and developed his theory of an absolute certainty to disprove other skeptics who argued that there is no certainty. - \u2191 see r. h. popkin, the history of skepticism from erasmus to descartes ( rev. ed. 1968 ) ; c. l. stough, greek skepticism ( 1969 ) ; m. burnyeat, ed., the skeptical tradition ( 1983 ) ; b. stroud, the significance of philosophical skepticism ( 1984 ). encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com - \u2191 \" philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted. \" urm. edu - \u2191 merriam \u2013 webster - \u2191 \" philosophical skepticism should be distinguished from ordinary skepticism, where doubts are raised against certain beliefs or types of beliefs because the evidence for the particular belief or type of belief is weak or lacking... \" skepdic. com - \u2191 \"... the two most influential forms of skepticism have, arguably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5825367182830938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.250287"} {"text": "doubts are raised against certain beliefs or types of beliefs because the evidence for the particular belief or type of belief is weak or lacking... \" skepdic. com - \u2191 \"... the two most influential forms of skepticism have, arguably, been the radical epistemological skepticism of the classical pyrrhonian skeptics and the cartesian form of radical epistemological skepticism \" utm. edu - \u2191 liddell and scott - \u2191 sextus empiricus, outlines of pyrrhonism, translated by r. g. bury, harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts, 1933, p. 21 - \u2191 skeptoid. com : what is skepticism? - \u2191 scepticism \u2013 history of scepticism - \u2191 najm, sami m. ( july \u2013 october 1966 ), \" the place and function of doubt in the philosophies of descartes and al - ghazali \", philosophy east and west ( philosophy east and west, vol. 16, no. 3 / 4 ) 16 ( 3 \u2013 4 ) : 133 \u2013 141, doi : 10. 2307 / 1397536 - a greek - english lexicon, henry george liddell and robert scott, revised and augmented throughout by sir henry stuart jones, with the assistance of roderick mckenzie, clarendon press, oxford, uk, 1940. online, perseus. tufts. edu. - richard honigswald, die skepsis in philosophie und wissenschaft, 1914, new edition ( ed. and introduction by christian benne and thomas schirren ), gottingen : edition ruprecht, 2008, isbn 978 - 7675 - 3056 - 0 - keeton, morris t., \" skepticism \", pp. 277 \u2013 278 in dagobert d. runes ( ed. ), dictionary of philosophy, littlefield, adams, and company, totowa, nj, 1962. - runes, d. d. ( ed. ), dictionary of philosophy, littlefield, adams, and company, totowa, nj, 1962. - webster ' s new international dictionary of the english language, second edition, unabridged, w. a. neilson, t. a. knott, p. w. carhart ( eds. ), g. & c. merriam company, springfield, ma, 1950. - butchvarov, panayot, skepticism about the external world ( oxford university press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.560385601004007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.251114"} {"text": ". a. knott, p. w. carhart ( eds. ), g. & c. merriam company, springfield, ma, 1950. - butchvarov, panayot, skepticism about the external world ( oxford university press, 1998 ). - daniels, m. d., d. ; price, phd, v. ( 2000 ), the essential enneagram, new york : harpercollins - sextus empiricus, outlines of pyrrhonism, r. g. bury ( trans. ), prometheus books, buffalo, ny, 1990. - richard wilson, don ' t get fooled again - the skeptic ' s guide to life, icon books, london, 2008. isbn 978 - 184831014 - 8 - skeptical inquiry at the open directory project - \" most scientific papers are probably wrong \", newscientist, 30 august 2005 - \" in the name of skepticism : martin gardner ' s misrepresentations of general semantics \", by bruce i. kodish, appeared in general semantics bulletin, number 71, 2004. - classical skepticism by peter suber - \" outstanding skeptics of the 20th century \" \u2013 skeptical inquirer magazine - \" csicop and the skeptics \" \u2013 critical essay by paranormal believer george p. hansen - \" nonsense ( and why it ' s so popular ) \" \u2013 course syllabus from the college of wooster. - template : cathency \u2013 a christian ( catholic ) account of scepticism template : template group template : use dmy datesar : \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 an : scepticismo az : skeptisizm br : amgredoni bg : \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u044a\u043c ca : escepticisme cs : skepticismus da : skepticisme de : skeptizismus et : skeptitsism es : escepticismo eo : metodologia dubo eu : eszeptizismo fa : \u0634\u06a9\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc fr : scepticisme ( philosophie ) gl : escepticismo ko : hi : \u0938\u0936\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 hr : skepticizam id : skeptisisme ia : scepticismo is : efahyggjahe : \u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea kk : \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c la : sceptici", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5744738846156835, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.251865"} {"text": "in neuroanatomy, a sulcus ( latin : \" furrow \", pl. sulci ) is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. it surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. large furrows ( sulci ) that divide the brain into lobes are often called fissures. the large furrow that divides the two hemispheres \u2014 the interhemispheric fissure \u2014 is very rarely called a \" sulcus \". the sulcal pattern varies between human individuals, and the most elaborate overview on this variation is probably an atlas by ono, kubick and abernathey : atlas of the cerebral sulci. some of the larger sulci are, however, seen across individuals - and even species - so it is possible to establish a nomenclature. the variation in the amount of fissures in the brain ( gyrification ) between species is related to the size of the animal and the size of the brain. mammals that have smooth - surfaced or nonconvoluted brains are called lissencephalics and those that have folded or convoluted brains gyrencephalics. the division between the two groups occurs when cortical surface area is about 10 cm2 and the brain has a volume of 3 \u2013 4 cm3. large rodents such as beavers ( template : convert / lbtemplate : convert / test / a ) and capybaras ( template : convert / lbtemplate : convert / test / a ) are gyrencephalic and smaller rodents such as rats and mice lissencephalic. in humans, cerebral convolutions appear at about 5 months and take at least into the first year after birth to fully develop. it has been found that the width of cortical sulci not only increases with age, but also with cognitive decline in the elderly. \u2191 2. 02. 1hofman ma. ( 1985 ). size and shape of the cerebral cortex in mammals. i. the cortical surface. brain behav evol. 27 ( 1 ) : 28 - 40. pmid 3836731 \u2191 3. 03. 1hofman ma. ( 1989 ). on the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. prog neurobiol. 32 ( 2 ) : 137 - 58. pmid 2645619 \u2191martin i. sereno, roger b. h. tootell, \" from monkeys", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5370854341307474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.255823"} {"text": "on the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. prog neurobiol. 32 ( 2 ) : 137 - 58. pmid 2645619 \u2191martin i. sereno, roger b. h. tootell, \" from monkeys to humans : what do we now know about brain homologies, \" current opinion in neurobiology15 : 135 - 144, ( 2005 ). caviness vs jr. ( 1975 ). mechanical model of brain convolutional development. science. 189 ( 4196 ) : 18 - 21. pmid 1135626 tao liu, wei wen, wanlin zhu, julian trollor, simone reppermund, john crawford, jesse s jin, suhuai luo, henry brodaty, perminder sachdev ( 2010 ) the effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. neuroimage 51 : 1. 19 - 27 may. pmid 20156569 \u2191 tao liu, wei wen, wanlin zhu, nicole a kochan, julian n trollor, simone reppermund, jesse s jin, suhuai luo, henry brodaty, perminder s sachdev ( 2011 ) the relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. neuroimage 56 : 3. 865 - 873 jun. pmid 21397704 \u2191gerhardt von bonin, percival bailey, the neocortex of macaca mulatta, the university of illinois press, urbana, illinois, 1947", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5644821212534169, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.256342"} {"text": "in order for the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) to respond to evolving national and global priorities, it must periodically reflect on, and optimize, its strategic directions. this report is the first comprehensive science strategy since the early 1990s to examine critically major usgs science goals and priorities. the development of this science strategy comes at a time of global trends and rapidly evolving societal needs that pose important natural - science challenges. the emergence of a global economy affects the demand for all resources. the last decade has witnessed the emergence of a new model for managing federal lands \u2014 ecosystem - based management. the u. s. climate change science program predicts that the next few decades will see rapid changes in the nation \u2019 s and the earth \u2019 s environment. finally, the natural environment continues to pose risks to society in the form of volcanoes, earthquakes, wildland fires, floods, droughts, invasive species, variable and changing climate, and natural and anthropogenic toxins, as well as animal - borne diseases that affect humans. the use of, and competition for, natural resources on the global scale, and natural threats to those resources, has the potential to impact the nation \u2019 s ability to sustain its economy, national security, quality of life, and natural environment. responding to these national priorities and global trends requires a science strategy that not only builds on existing usgs strengths and partnerships but also demands the innovation made possible by integrating the full breadth and depth of usgs capabilities. the usgs chooses to go forward in the science directions proposed here because the societal issues addressed by these science directions represent major challenges for the nation \u2019 s future and for the stewards of federal lands, both onshore and offshore. the six science directions proposed in this science strategy are listed as follows. the ecosystems strategy is listed first because it has a dual nature. it is itself an essential direction for the usgs to pursue to meet a pressing national and global need, but ecosystem - based approaches are also an underpinning of the other five directions, which all require ecosystem perspectives and tools for their execution. the remaining strategic directions are listed in alphabetical order. posted april 2007 u. s. geological survey, 2007, facing tomorrow \u2019 s challenges \u2014 u. s. geological survey science in the decade 2007 \u2013 2017 : u. s. geological survey circular 1309, x + 70 p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4789074356877161, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.258934"} {"text": "to start this off, i wound up with the dangerous book for boys which is a lovely compendium of knowledge targeting young boys ( there is now a similar book for girls ). the page i flipped to was in a section called \u201c 7 poems every boy should know \u201d, and the poem i found on that page was robert frost \u2019 s famous the road not taken. two roads diverged in a wood, and i - i took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. interestingly, as often as the last three lines of this poem are quoted, it is seldom in the intended context. frost wrote this piece about a friend who was in the army, and was deciding between two roads in the field of battle, fully expecting whichever choice he made would be the wrong one and lead to his demise. if you think about that, it really changes the entire meaning of those oft spoken words. today \u2019 s connotative meaning is usually the exact opposite of frost \u2019 s intent for the passage. when people use the phrase today, they are talking about how they are \u201c being their own person \u201d. in this case, the \u201c misuse \u201d is probably a good thing. many an inspiring speech, has been punctuated by these words. their simple ( despite being out of context ) message conveying a strong call to independent adventurous action. but even with its original meaning, the words convey strength and courage. the young trooper could, of course, opted to shrink from the challenge, to cower from the unknown and make no progress at all. however this was not the course or content of our representatives character, nor shall it be ours. i say embrace the adventure of the unknown, be frontiersmen, even within our your community, be dangerous ( whether or not you are a boy! ). whether you take the road less traveled by, or not \u2026 strike out \u2026 and make your life your own adventure story!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4923747572076081, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.260927"} {"text": "boy, born may 1, 2007 this handsome young man, with dark hair and dark eyes, was born with a rare genetic condition called stickler syndrome. his medical records also indicate microcephaly, a common symptom of ss. individuals with stickler syndrome experience a range of signs and symptoms. some people have no signs and symptoms ; others have some or all of the features described below. in addition, each feature of this syndrome may vary from subtle to severe. a characteristic feature of stickler syndrome is a somewhat flattened facial appearance. this is caused by underdeveloped bones in the middle of the face, including the cheekbones and the bridge of the nose. a particular group of physical features, called the pierre robin sequence, is common in children with stickler syndrome. robin sequence includes a u - shaped or sometimes v - shaped cleft palate ( an opening in the roof of the mouth ) with a tongue that is too large for the space formed by the small lower jaw. children with a cleft palate are also prone to ear infections and occasionally swallowing difficulties. many people with stickler syndrome are very nearsighted ( described as having high myopia ) because of the shape of the eye. people with eye involvement are prone to increased pressure within the eye ( ocular hypertension ) which could lead to glaucoma and tearing or detachment of the light - sensitive retina of the eye ( retinal detachment ). cataract may also present as an ocular complication associated with stickler \u2019 s syndrome. the jelly - like substance within the eye ( the vitreous humour ) has a distinctive appearance in the types of stickler syndrome associated with the col2a1 and col11a1 genes. as a result regular appointments to a specialist ophthalmologist are advised. the type of stickler syndrome associated with the col11a2 gene does not affect the eye. people with this syndrome have problems that affect things other than the eyes and ears. arthritis, abnormality to ends of long bones, vertebrae abnormality, curvature of the spine, scoliosis, joint pain, and double jointedness are all problems that can occur in the bones and joints. physical characteristics of people with stickler can include flat cheeks, flat nasal bridge, small upper jaw, pronounced upper lip groove, small lower jaw, and palate abnormalities, these tend to lessen with age and normal growth and palate abnormalities can be treated with routine surgery. another sign of stickler syndrome is mild to severe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4910657111901392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.263737"} {"text": "maria teresa tula photo by eddie adams \" we held a press conference telling the public about the work. \u2026 as a result, a death threat appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of co - madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one. \" maria teresa tula is a leader of the co - madres ( mothers of the disappeared ) of el salvador, a group of impoverished, mostly illiterate women whose husbands or children were kidnapped or killed by death squads and government security forces during el salvador \u2019 s bloody civil war. the 1980s conflict pitted leftist organizations and campesino farmer - based guerrillas against an entrenched alliance of landowners and the military, with each side aided by different cold war backers. in 1992, when a peace accord was signed by the government and the farabundo marti liberation front, the reign of terror that had ruled el salvador for over a decade finally ended. after tula was threatened, abducted, and tortured, she returned to co - madres to continue her work for justice and for women \u2019 s empowerment. a self - described feminist, tula escaped to the united states, crossing the border as an illegal alien. she spent the next several years running the co - madres office in washington, d. c., and fighting deportation for herself and all salvadorans. she now lives in the u. s., fulfilling her dream of providing her children with a safe environment and a good education. i was born on april 23, 1951, in the village of izalco, in the department of sonsonate in el salvador. my father was a bus dispatcher and my mother worked in a factory in santa ana nearby. i had eight brothers and sisters. like most people in the village, we were poor. i received only a first - grade education. after that i began helping my mother in the house until the day i was married. my husband, jose rafael canales guevarra, was killed by the salvadoran military in june 1980. we had five children together. i also have a sixth child, oscar feliciano tula, born on july 5, 1986, while i was being held in prison without charges. until 1978 i was never involved in politics in any way. my husband was working in the central azucarrero de izalco ( izalco sugar company ), owned by one of the richest families in el salvador \u2014 and i was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3808306323743446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.279329"} {"text": ". my husband was working in the central azucarrero de izalco ( izalco sugar company ), owned by one of the richest families in el salvador \u2014 and i was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing. conditions at the company were very bad. there was no job safety, wages were low, and there were no health benefits. the seventeen hundred workers decided to go on strike and refused to leave the plantation. some stayed inside the processing plant. others guarded the gates of the hacienda to make sure no trucks could get in. my husband was very active in the strike. on the second day i went to bring him medicine and food at 10 : 00 a. m., just as the security forces arrived and arrested everyone. many ran into the sugar cane fields to escape. the police beat those who were caught, tied their hands behind their backs and told them to lie face down. all of us family members were there watching and waiting to see what they were going to do with our husbands and sons. they separated twenty - two people and let the rest go. my husband was one of those they kept. he was taken to the national guard headquarters in san salvador and held incommunicado for three days. on the fourth day, a military tribunal sentenced him to six months in prison. the only witnesses were guard members. at first they wouldn \u2019 t even tell me where he was, but i finally found out and visited him in santa tecla prison. he told me how he had been tortured \u2014 beaten in the testicles, then hung from the ceiling and beaten all over, a torture described as \" the airplane. \" then i started working with the co - madres \u2014 an organization of women formed in 1977 to fight for the release of husbands and other family members jailed or disappeared or assassinated and to demand that the government respect human rights. in june 1978, my husband was released from prison. we decided to move to santa ana, since it would have been dangerous for us to remain in izalco. once a person has been in prison they are in even greater danger of being assassinated or disappeared by the security forces or death squads. in santa ana my husband got work as a bricklayer. he was not involved in politics. he worked and spent time at home with our children. i kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with co - madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. during this time there were continual assassinations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43740005240689356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.280516"} {"text": "politics. he worked and spent time at home with our children. i kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with co - madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. during this time there were continual assassinations and disappearances. on the highway from santa ana to san salvador you could see fifteen corpses in different places on any given day : students, workers, peasants, old people, women. the co - madres would call press conferences when people were disappeared, or place ads in the newspaper announcing that someone was being charged and tried. i worked mostly with governmental organizations, international officials, and institutions and churches. i also distributed food to people who visited the office, visited political prisoners in jail and brought them supplies, and solicited food and other donations from international and domestic organizations. like other independent human rights organizations, we came under attack from the right wing. in october 1979 i was in san salvador with a group when we learned that the body of one of these mothers \u2019 sons had been found on the streets ; he had been disappeared. it was 7 p. m. and we were returning with the body in a minibus, when we were stopped by the police. they accused us of carrying arms and made all ten of us, including a child, lie face down with our arms stretched above our heads. the six policemen walked in single file around us, beating us on our backs with rifle butts and stepping on us. we were lying about three hours, while more police arrived, including a commander. meanwhile it kept getting closer to the curfew time \u2014 midnight \u2014 when everyone had to be off the street. if anyone was on the street after midnight they could be machinegunned. so they were detained until then \u2014 many people died this way. around 11 : 40 p. m. they started to let us go. six women were released, but four of us \u2014 including me \u2014 they kept. they asked us questions \u2014 where were we from, our names, the names of our parents, what were we doing. meanwhile, they kept on saying we were carrying arms, a complete lie, and joking that the boy whose corpse we were carrying had died of mosquito bites. finally, at ten minutes to twelve, they told us to put our hands behind our head and start walking. then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. they kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.477587157739157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.281521"} {"text": "put our hands behind our head and start walking. then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. they kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our stomachs. they asked us if we wanted to die. we were silent. i felt complete terror and thought they were surely going to kill me. finally, they told us we could leave. it was two minutes to twelve, which meant we had only two minutes to get off the street. they brought back the chauffeur, who had been taken a short distance away ; he had been badly beaten. we all got into the bus with the corpse. fortunately there was a funeral home nearby and we arrived there before the curfew began. this was my first personal experience of torture and the kind of tactics used by the security forces. i had heard many stories but this was the first time i had experienced it myself. in 1980 i moved with my family to sonsonate, where my husband had gotten a job building big houses. barely a month later he was assassinated. on june 19 four men in civilian clothes, heavily armed, came to our house. they asked for my husband and said they were taking him to the municipal police station because he had been witness to a robbery. when he didn \u2019 t return i inquired at the police station, but he wasn \u2019 t registered there. the following day the newspaper had a picture of him saying he was a guerrilla who died in a confrontation with the armed forces in a clandestine house full of arms. this was a complete lie since he hadn \u2019 t been involved with anything since the strike. when i went to get my husband \u2019 s body, the judge who had identified it told me that it was the armed forces who had killed my husband, that his hands and feet had been bound and there was a bullet hole through his head. at the cemetery in sonsonate, i saw his tied hands and feet and the bullet hole through his head. my neighbors warned me that my house was \" militarizado, \" with soldiers surrounding it and going through all our things. once they kill one member of a family, they often kill others. so i never went back. instead i went to san salvador. i was pregnant at the time with my fifth child. i continued to be very active with co - madres, which was under intense pressure from the right - wing death squads and security forces. in 1980 the co - madres office,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46376498605830563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.282469"} {"text": "salvador. i was pregnant at the time with my fifth child. i continued to be very active with co - madres, which was under intense pressure from the right - wing death squads and security forces. in 1980 the co - madres office, which we shared with the nongovernmental human rights commission ( cdh ), was bombed twice. the first bombing took place on march 13, 1980. afterward the national guard came, supposedly to investigate, but did nothing. the second bombing occurred in september 1980, and several unknown decapitated bodies were left at the front of the office, as a further warning of what would happen to us. several members of the human rights commission were also assassinated during this period. in the beginning of 1982, archbishop rivera y damas recognized the work that we at co - madres were doing and he gave us office space along with the human rights commission, socorro juridico, and tutela legal \u2014 the archdiocese \u2019 s own human rights and legal offices. to announce our move, we held a press conference, telling the public about the work we were doing and where they should come for help. as a result, a death threat from the death squad leader maximiliano hernandez appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of co - madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one. fifteen days after this, a member of co - madres, ophelia, was captured by members of the security forces dressed as civilians, and then taken to the national police station. we started paid advertising to get her released and to force a tribunal to investigate why she had been captured. the police confirmed that she was being held, \" for investigation. \" we later learned that during those days she had been tortured and raped, and eighteen days after she had been captured, she was dumped near the santa ana \u2013 san salvador highway, about fifty kilometers outside of san salvador, early in the morning. some workers called us to say a woman had been found. her hands were still tied behind her and her mouth was gagged. she was so disfigured that we didn \u2019 t even recognize her. her whole face was inflamed ; she couldn \u2019 t talk because her teeth had been broken inside her mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body. when we asked her who she was, and she managed to say \" ophelia, \" we couldn \u2019 t believe it. we took her to a doctor, and after she had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43742616808571083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.283558"} {"text": "mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body. when we asked her who she was, and she managed to say \" ophelia, \" we couldn \u2019 t believe it. we took her to a doctor, and after she had recovered she testified about what had happened to her. she said there were photos of all of us at the national police station, but they were asking her about a few people in particular. i was one of the people they were asking about. it was shortly after this that men dressed as civilians started coming to my house, asking questions. others were constantly watching the house and whenever i left they would come and talk to the children. the children were nervous about what would happen to me. around this time in the street the army and the security forces were also stepping up their street searches. they would make people get off buses and show their registration and they would physically search you and everything you were carrying, including diapers. the terrorization of co - madres continued. in 1982, elena gonzalez was shot and killed by death squads in her home in cuzcatancingo. three co - madres mothers, haydee moran, blanca alvarado, and carmen sorto ruano and her nineteen - year - old daughter, were taken one by one by national police to the famous body dump, \" puerta del diablo, \" where they laid their heads on a stone and told them their heads would be cut off with a machete if they didn \u2019 t talk about co - madres. haydee and blanca were released ; carmen and her daughter were imprisoned until 1983. it was clear to me that my life was in danger. i decided to flee el salvador for mexico. i left on august 4, 1982, taking four of my children, and leaving the eldest in san salvador with my mother. i stayed in mexico until 1984, and worked there with the co - madres office. then my visa expired so i was afraid of being deported back. the united nations committee on refugees recognized me as a refugee and they gave me papers to apply for political asylum in mexico, and though i had a number of interviews i never received any response. this made me even more nervous since i knew other salvadorans whose applications were granted ; i might be on some kind of blacklist. in 1984, after the co - madres received the robert f. kennedy human rights award i decided to return to el salvador as i believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, i would now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43266840804640627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.284598"} {"text": "might be on some kind of blacklist. in 1984, after the co - madres received the robert f. kennedy human rights award i decided to return to el salvador as i believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, i would now be safer. also, napoleon duarte had recently been elected president after a campaign in which he promised to respect human rights and initiate investigations into disappearances and assassinations. but when the four of us applied for our visas to travel to the united states for the rfk award, they were denied. an article appeared in la prensa grafica quoting a u. s. state department declaration saying they were denied since we had communist connections. to have our names printed in the newspaper linked to communists was very dangerous. it was like giving permission for the death squads to come in and assassinate us. a few days after, the u. s. embassy told the public, the kennedy memorial, and a human rights delegation that the visas were denied because we were dangerous and terrorists and we had direct connections to guerrillas. we asked for an audience with the ambassador so he could provide proof, but he wouldn \u2019 t see us. a visiting u. s. delegation also asked for proof, but nothing was forthcoming. from that moment we noticed an increase in surveillance, but luckily, around this same time, three of the four of us were invited for a european tour. we left on january 20, 1985, and spent three months touring spain, holland, switzerland, england, greece, west germany, france, italy, norway, and sweden. we met with mrs. mitterand, mrs. papandreou, and other prominent women ; also with willy brandt in west germany and with united nations representatives in geneva. we hoped this kind of international exposure would give us more protection, and on our return on april 20, 1985, we were accompanied by european parliamentarians. meanwhile, the assassinated body of a co - madres member, isabel, who had disappeared some eleven months earlier, was found in her home. only a few months later, maria ester grande was detained by the treasury police and threatened ; they picked up her son and tortured and interrogated him for fifteen days to get information about his mother and where she lived. ( during this time, those of us who were active in co - madres never lived in one place. we moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces ). finally, he told them and the treasury police went and picked her up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.479665179819583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.285577"} {"text": ", those of us who were active in co - madres never lived in one place. we moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces ). finally, he told them and the treasury police went and picked her up ; then they returned four times to her house, treated her children brutally and threatened to kill their mother and brother if they didn \u2019 t tell where arms were hidden. they never found any arms. but they presented her with her son tied up and beaten, and said if she wanted her son to live she would have to go back to co - madres and get the names of all who worked there and their addresses. then she was dropped off at our office. instead of cooperating with them, she told us what happened. we immediately went to the red cross and finally her son was transferred to mariona prison until 1987. shortly after this, there was a break - in of the co - madres office and everything was taken \u2014 documents, testimony, tapes, photos, and money. as a result they had those lists of everyone involved with co - madres. from this point on, there was constant surveillance and repression. in november 1985, joaquin antonio caceres, of the human rights commission, with whom we worked closely, was captured and held for forty - five days and later brought to prison and accused of being a guerrilla. around the same time, co - madres was awarded the bruno krisky human rights award. i traveled to austria to receive it, visiting other european countries as well. i was away until march, and when i returned, all my movements were monitored by the police. i lived in constant fear. on may 6, 1986, i was grabbed suddenly by a man at a bus stop, a pistol was pressed in my side and i was told to walk and not make any noise. then i was pushed into a white car that was waiting with its doors open. they forced me to lie on the floor with my head down, so that i couldn \u2019 t see outside, and then the car drove around in circles so i wouldn \u2019 t know where i was being taken. finally i was taken to a house with the three men who captured me. they blindfolded me and put me in a chair with my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who i was, what was i doing in the neighborhood, and whether i knew people from co - madres. i was held for three days, during which time i was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4485212553998803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.286519"} {"text": "my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who i was, what was i doing in the neighborhood, and whether i knew people from co - madres. i was held for three days, during which time i was beaten and raped by the three men, all while blindfolded. i was seven months pregnant at the time. there was no way for me to know if it was day or night. they gave me no food and only a little water. later they started carving my belly with a knife. they didn \u2019 t make deep wounds but scrapes which left blood. they questioned me about co - madres and when i continued to tell them i knew nothing, they told me i would die. then they left me for the night, blindfolded, with my hands tied to the chair. the next day they asked me the same questions and again wounded me with the sharp object, but this time the wounds were deeper \u2014 i still have scars. finally, they blindfolded me again, put me in a car, and told me not to look where we were going or they would shoot me in the head. then they dropped me in the cucatlan park. it was nine in the morning. i was bleeding, disoriented, and my clothes were torn since they had sliced them with the sharp, pointed object. i was holding my wound to stop the bleeding. i had no money ; they had taken everything from me. i asked a woman at a bus stop to help me, telling her that i had been robbed. she gave me some money. i didn \u2019 t know if i should go first to the hospital, my home, or the office. i decided the office and told them everything that had happened. several days later we published a \" denuncia \" ( an accusation ). the security forces \u2019 arrests of people connected with human rights organizations intensified. and on friday, may 26, i was arrested again. they were dressed as civilians, heavily armed, but i later learned that they were members of the treasury police. i was tortured for four days, beaten all over, on my head, my back. at one point a towel was put over my head and one of my torturers sat on my head and neck. ten days later i was visited by the international red cross and the human rights commission who told me that i was accused of being a terrorist. though i was never tried or sentenced, i was held in ilopango women \u2019 s prison until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4539630276583555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.287437"} {"text": "neck. ten days later i was visited by the international red cross and the human rights commission who told me that i was accused of being a terrorist. though i was never tried or sentenced, i was held in ilopango women \u2019 s prison until late 1986. i was able to find homes for four of my children. but my six - year - old daughter stayed with me in prison, along with my son, who was born there. on september 22, i was ordered released by president duarte, in a public ceremony. at that ceremony i pointed to a man there who had been one of my torturers. following my release i was terrified to go to the co - madres office, i was scared at bus stops, and if any vehicle stopped, i was afraid someone would jump out and grab me. i was frightened that i would be machine - gunned on the street. my house continued under surveillance and attacks against the human rights commission also continued. i knew that there was no way i could remain in el salvador. i began planning my escape. i learned that i was being invited to the united states in january to talk to members of congress and other groups : this would be a good opportunity to find temporary safety. i was no longer safe in el salvador or mexico, which was no longer accepting salvadorans for asylum. i was forced to leave three of my children in mexico, living with different families. my two youngest children came with me. there is another story to tell about my efforts to get asylum in the united states in the 1980s, when many in the u. s. government were supporting the regime in power, but that is for another time. i rejoice that peace has come to my country at last and that the human rights we fought for during those dark years now seem within our reach, not just in our dreams. speak truth to power ( umbrage, 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4502860897980405, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.288165"} {"text": "before the glory that was greece and rome, even before the first cities of mesopotamia or temples along the nile, there lived in the lower danube valley and the balkan and carpathian foothills people who were ahead of their time in art, technology and long - distance trade. http : / / www. tkinter. smig. net / news / images / nyt2009 - 11 - 30a. jpg rumyana kostadinova ivanova and marius amarie harsova, ( gumelnita culture ) the chalcolitic village - 6, 000 yers old whistle in working condition at : spondylus artifacts in the carpathian land at : the institute for the study of the ancient world will present a series of public programs, accompanying the lost world of old europe exhibition with the goal of furthering the understanding and appreciation of romanian, bulgarian and moldovan culture. public programs will include a romanian film series, music nights, a scholarly lecture series, which will further elucidate topics explored in the exhibition and public tours. for 1, 500 years, starting earlier than 5000 b. c., they farmed and built sizable towns, a few with as many as 2, 000 dwellings. they mastered large - scale copper smelting, the new technology of the age. their graves held an impressive array of exquisite headdresses and necklaces and, in one cemetery, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be found anywhere in the world. the striking designs of their pottery speak of the refinement of the culture \u2019 s visual language. until recent discoveries, the most intriguing artifacts were the ubiquitous terracotta \u201c goddess \u201d figurines, originally interpreted as evidence of the spiritual and political power of women in society. new research, archaeologists and historians say, has broadened understanding of this long overlooked culture, which seemed to have approached the threshold of \u201c civilization \u201d status. writing had yet to be invented, and so no one knows what the people called themselves. to some scholars, the people and the region are simply old europe. the little - known culture is being rescued from obscurity in an exhibition, \u201c the lost world of old europe : the danube valley, 5000 - 3500 b. c., \u201d which opened last month at the institute for the study of the ancient world at new york university. more than 250 artifacts from museums in bulgaria, moldova and romania are on display for the first time in the united states. the show will run through april 25. at its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.443040067175013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.298625"} {"text": "month at the institute for the study of the ancient world at new york university. more than 250 artifacts from museums in bulgaria, moldova and romania are on display for the first time in the united states. the show will run through april 25. at its peak, around 4500 b. c., said david w. anthony, the exhibition \u2019 s guest curator, \u201c old europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world \u201d and was developing \u201c many of the political, technological and ideological signs of civilization. \u201d dr. anthony is a professor of anthropology at hartwick college in oneonta, n. y., and author of \u201c the horse, the wheel, and language : how bronze - age riders from the eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. \u201d historians suggest that the arrival in southeastern europe of people from the steppes may have contributed to the collapse of the old europe culture by 3500 b. c. at the exhibition preview, roger s. bagnall, director of the institute, confessed that until now \u201c a great many archaeologists had not heard of these old europe cultures. \u201d admiring the colorful ceramics, dr. bagnall, a specialist in egyptian archaeology, remarked that at the time \u201c egyptians were certainly not making pottery like this. \u201d a show catalog, published by princeton university press, is the first compendium in english of research on old europe discoveries. the book, edited by dr. anthony, with jennifer y. chi, the institute \u2019 s associate director for exhibitions, includes essays by experts from britain, france, germany, the united states and the countries where the culture existed. dr. chi said the exhibition reflected the institute \u2019 s interest in studying the relationships of well - known cultures and the \u201c underappreciated ones. \u201d although excavations over the last century uncovered traces of ancient settlements and the goddess figurines, it was not until local archaeologists in 1972 discovered a large fifth - millennium b. c. cemetery at varna, bulgaria, that they began to suspect these were not poor people living in unstructured egalitarian societies. even then, confined in cold war isolation behind the iron curtain, bulgarians and romanians were unable to spread their knowledge to the west. the story now emerging is of pioneer farmers after about 6200 b. c. moving north into old europe from greece and macedonia, bringing wheat and barley seeds and domesticated cattle and sheep. they established colonies along the black sea and in the river plains and hills, and these evolved into related but somewhat distinct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4649335168326824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.299703"} {"text": "\u201c council of goddesses. \u201d in her influential books three decades ago, marija gimbutas, an anthropologist at the university of california, los angeles, offered these and other so - called venus figurines as representatives of divinities in cults to a mother goddess that reigned in prehistoric europe. although the late dr. gimbutas still has an ardent following, many scholars hew to more conservative, nondivine explanations. the power of the objects, dr. bailey said, was not in any specific reference to the divine, but in \u201c a shared understanding of group identity. \u201d as dr. bailey wrote in the exhibition catalog, the figurines should perhaps be defined only in terms of their actual appearance : miniature, representational depictions of the human form. he thus \u201c assumed ( as is justified by our knowledge of human evolution ) that the ability to make, use and understand symbolic objects such as figurines is an ability that is shared by all modern humans and thus is a capability that connects you, me, neolithic men, women and children, and the paleolithic painters in caves. \u201d or else the \u201c thinker, \u201d for instance, is the image of you, me, the archaeologists and historians confronted and perplexed by a \u201c lost \u201d culture in southeastern europe that had quite a go with life back before a single word was written or a wheel turned. before the establishment of the first cities in mesopotamia ca. 4500 bc, highly sophisticated societies with advanced technology and complex systems of symbolic representation had emerged in the southeastern part of europe. the neolithic people of the balkans were the first in europe to adopt of a new type of economy, based on agriculture and animal breeding. this happened in the 7th millennium bc and marked a radical shift in the way humans interacted with their environment. after a million of years of nomadic life \u2013 during which little had changed \u2013 people settled in permanent habitations and started developing new skills and modes of social interaction. houses became foci of settled life and people started exploring previously unaddressed material and spiritual needs. they replaced their flimsy basket containers with sturdy vases made of clay. they understood the properties of metals creating new, more effective types of tools. they expressed their beliefs through the manufacture of figurines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. and they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities. by the 5th millennium bc, the thriving cultures of the balkans were among the most advanced in the old world \u2013 featuring densely populated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125139126290598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.302740"} {"text": "##urines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. and they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities. by the 5th millennium bc, the thriving cultures of the balkans were among the most advanced in the old world \u2013 featuring densely populated settlements, a sophisticated system of social hierarchy, highly symbolic cult rituals, complex long - distance exchange networks, and an amazing copper - and gold - working industry. by the mid - 4th millennium, however, this brilliant world came to an abrupt end. the reasons are not clear : invasions? climatic changes? overexploitation of natural resources? international tour of the exhibit : the ashmolean museum of art and archaeology oxford university, england may 20 - august 15, 2010 museum of cycladic art september 30, 2010 - january 11, 2011 ( dates to be confirmed ) please note, the dates are subject to change without notice. for more information on the venues please click on the link and you will be navigated to the exhibiting museum ' s website. in the media : \" dr. jennifer chi, \" television broadcast : sunday arts, wnet, january 27, 2010. \" the lost world of old europe, \" radio broadcast : the leonard lopate show, wnyc, january 14, 2010. mp3 and slideshow of objects from the exhibition. \" ancient artifacts, \" television broadcast : eye on new york, wcbs, 6 december, 2009. andrew moseman, \u201c advanced, overlooked ancient european culture arrives in america, \u201d 80beats | discover magazine, december 1, 2009. john noble wilford, \u201c a lost european culture, pulled from obscurity \u201d the new york times, november 30, 2009. michael balter, \u201c the lost world of old europe : see it in new york \u201d origins : a history of beginnings ( sciencemag. org ), november 25, 2009. christine lin, \u201c lost artifacts of old europe arrive in new york. \u201d epoch times, november 13, 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.485498878231732, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.303454"} {"text": "but for the parents of that teenager, even the most trusting among them, anxiety is often the emotion that clouds all others. warnings are plastered in plain view from fliers on school bulletin boards to public service announcements on tv urging new drivers to make the best decisions regarding their safety on the road. parents and members of the rome and floyd county community are encouraged to attend a free presentation on safe teen driving at darlington school on jan. 22. lauren winborne, founder of the nonprofit organization steersmart, will speak to students in grades 8 - 12 about the topic of teen driving at 2 p. m. in the huffman athletic center. \u201c because teen driving fatalities are usually caused by inexperience and unsafe driving habits, steersmart seeks to educate parents as well as teens. we hope those parents who are able to will join us for this presentation, \u201d said jill pate, director of personal counseling. \u201c car crashes are the number one cause of fatality among teenage drivers, and this program walks through and dissects the anatomy of specific crashes that resulted in fatalities or severely injured youth. \u201d pate said the program will depict examples of severe crashes that happened as a result of speeding, texting, driving with too many passengers, alcohol and drugs, driving without wearing seatbelts, intersection awareness, over correcting, weather related problems and more. the program will offer safe driving tips and solutions for teens who are ready to take on the road. winborne, a mother of six, founded steersmart to encourage schools, associations and communities to help prevent wrecks that take lives and leave survivors impaired for life. the programs she developed arose out of research and interviews with parents who had lost their children to wrecks. according to the organization \u2019 s website, presentations focus on decisions and consequences of decisions made by young drivers. whether a youth is a driver or a passenger, he or she will learn that there are ramifications for every decision made behind the wheel. students learn from their peers in the program who have been killed by making just one fatal decision. they also learn from victims who survived crashes but are wheelchair bound because of decisions made just before their crashes. \u201c the program emphasizes that all students start their day virtually in the same way, \u201d winborne said. \u201c no one begins their day by thinking, \u2018 i could die this afternoon. \u2019 the myth that all kids who get killed or injured in these crashes are wasted kids at 1 a. m. is also dispelled. \u201c the program shows victims", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40926906945458186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.309441"} {"text": "how the short - sword was the easier known when sought for by reason of the notch in the blade. thorstein dromund was a mighty man, and of the greatest account ; and now he heard that thorbiorn angle had got him gone from the land out to micklegarth ; speedy were his doings thereon, he gave over his lands into his kinsmen ' s hands, and betook himself to journeying and to search for angle ; and ever he followed after whereas angle had gone afore, nor was angle ware of his goings. so thorstein dromund came out to micklegarth a little after angle, and was fain above all things. to slay him, but neither knew the other. now had they will to be taken into the company of the varangians, and the matter went well as soon as the varangians knew that they were northmen ; and in those days was michael katalak king over micklegarth. thorstein dromund watched for angle, if in some wise be might know him, but won not the game because of the many people there ; and ever would he lie awake, ill content with his lot, and thinking how great was his loss. now hereupon it befell that the varangians were to go on certain warfare, and free the land from harrying ; and their manner and law it was before they went from home to hold a weapon - show, and so it was now done ; and when the weapon - show was established, then were all varangians to come there, and those withal who were minded to fall into their company, and they were to show forth their weapons. thither came both thorstein and angle ; but thorbiorn angle showed forth his weapons first ; and he had the shorts - word, grettir ' s - loom ; but when he showed it many praised it and said that it was an exceeding good weapon, but that it was a great blemish, that notch in the edge thereof ; and asked him withal what had brought that to pass. angle said it was a thing worthy to be told of, \" for this is the next thing to be said, \" says he, \" that out in iceland i slew that champion who was called grettir the strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest - hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till i came forth for that end ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4115835706043649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.313811"} {"text": "i slew that champion who was called grettir the strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest - hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till i came forth for that end ; and whereas i had the good hap to win him, i took his life ; though indeed he had my strength many times over ; then i drave this short - sword into his head, and thereby was a shard broken from out its edge. \" so those who stood nigh said, that he must have been hard of head then, and each showed the short - sword to the other ; but hereby thorstein deemed he knew now who this man was, and he prayed withal to see the short - sword even as the others ; then angle gave it up with good will, for all were praising his bravery and that daring onset, and even in such wise did he think this one would do ; and in no wise did he misdoubt him that thorstein was there, or that the man was akin to grettir. then dromund took the short - sword, and raised it aloft, and hewed at angle and smote him on the head, and so great was the stroke that it stayed but at the jaw - teeth, and thorbiorn angle fell to earth dead and dishonoured. thereat all men became hushed ; but the chancellor of the town seized thorstein straightway, and asked for what cause he did such an ill - deed there at the hallowed thing. thorstein said that he was the brother of grettir the strong, and that withal he had never been able to bring vengeance to pass till then ; so thereupon many put in their word, and said that the strong man must needs have been of great might and nobleness, in that thorstein had fared so far forth into the world to avenge him : the rulers of the city deemed that like enough ; but whereas there was none there to bear witness in aught to thorstein ' s word, that law of theirs prevailed, that whosoever slew a man should lose nought but his life. so then speedy doom and hard enow did thorstein get ; for in a dark chamber of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. but when thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death ' s door", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4093803271545232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.314965"} {"text": "of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. but when thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death ' s door from misery ; and both foul and cold was that abode ; thorstein spake to that man and said, \" how deemest thou of thy life? \" he answered, \" as of a right evil life, for of nought can i be holpen, nor have i kinsmen to redeem me. \" thorstein said, \" nought is of less avail in such matters than lack of good rede ; let us be merry then, and do somewhat that will be glee and game to us. \" the man said that he might have no glee of aught. \" nay, then, but let us try it, \" said thorstein. and therewithal he fell to singing ; and he was a man of such goodly voice that scarcely might his like be found therefor, nor did he now spare himself. now the highway was but a little way from the dungeon, and thorstein sang so loud and clear that the walls resounded therewith, and great game this seemed to him who had been half - dead erst ; and in such wise did thorstein keep it going till the evening.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4283027697101691, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.315565"} {"text": "ideo byte : jacana class : aves ( birds ) length : males \u2014 6 to 15 inches ( 15 to 39 centimeters ) ; females \u2014 6 to 23 inches ( 15 to 58 centimeters ) weight : males \u2014 1. 4 to 4. 8 ounces ( 41 to 137 grams ) ; females \u2014 1. 4 to 9 ounces ( 41 to 261 grams ) life span : unknown number of eggs laid : 4 eggs incubation : 20 to 26 days age of maturity : 1 year status in the wild : stable when spread out, a jacana \u2019 s toes and claws can cover an area up to 5 by 8 inches ( 12 by 20 centimeters ). \u2022 pheasant - tailed and northern jacana males will pick up the empty shell of their newly hatched chick and fly several yards ( meters ) away before dropping it. this may keep predators away from the nest. \u2022 female jacanas can be almost twice as big as the males. jacanas are colorful birds with long legs and incredibly long toes and claws. the super - long toes spread the bird \u2019 s weight over a large area. this allows them to walk across floating vegetation, especially lily pads. jacanas often appear to be walking on the water itself! they are also very good swimmers and divers, and they can swim through open water from one area of vegetation to another while searching for food or to avoid danger. at home on the pad lily pads and other floating vegetation in swamps and marshes are home to jacanas. they live out much of their lives on these floating islands, foraging for fish and insects to eat and building their nests. jacanas are carnivores that use their bills to turn over lily pads or other aquatic vegetation. they can also grasp the edges of these plants with their toes to partially turn them over in search of food. these waterbirds often send out noisy alarms when they think predators are near. if threatened, young chicks, as well as adults, stay underwater for long periods of time with only the tips of their bills above water. they can also swim underwater to avoid predators. it is not known what types of animals prey on jacanas, as predation has not actually been observed. researchers believe that jacana predators may be other birds, as well as fish or other aquatic life. jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. some species, such as the african jacana actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3794943856726246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.319576"} {"text": "as fish or other aquatic life. jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. some species, such as the african jacana actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time and are unable to fly until their new feathers grow in. some jacana species, such as the northern jacana jacana spinosa and the wattled jacana jacana jacana, have chestnut - to cinnamon - colored bodies, with yellow to greenish yellow flight feathers, dark brown to black neck and head, and a yellow bill. the african jacana also has a chestnut body, but its neck and head are white in front and black in back, with a golden yellow breast. the madagascar jacana actophilornis albinucha has the same colors as the african jacana, but with the neck and head colors exactly reversed. there is even a pheasant - tailed jacana hydrophasianus chirurgus with ( what else! ) a long tail like a pheasant. most jacana species also have what is called a frontal shield, which is a bare, fleshy area that extends from the bill to as far as the top of the head. most of these shields are red, but the african and madagascar jacanas have a bright blue shield. it is thought that the blue color reflects light, or that it allows the bird to blend in with the water, allowing it to escape being seen by predators. jacana eggs are true works of art. they are a deep tan color, with very dark markings that look like dribbled lines of paint, crisscrossing the entire egg in an abstract design that is different on each egg. the eggs are very glossy and shiny and look as though they have been highly polished. this \u201c wet \u201d appearance is nature \u2019 s camouflage, helping the eggs resemble the glossy surface of surrounding vegetation. male jacanas do most of the nest building. after the female has laid a clutch of four eggs, the male takes over the parenting responsibilities. he incubates the eggs and protects them from danger. jacana nests are built on mostly submerged plants. if the nest starts to sink, or the eggs are otherwise endangered, the male may pick them up and carry them under his wings to a new site. meanwhile, the female has left the male to find more males to breed with. she does not participate in raising chicks. if, however, the eggs or chicks are lost, she will return", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4332063102826305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.320532"} {"text": "table o contents chai nat is locatit in the flat river plain o central thailand ' s chao phraya river valley. in the sooth o the province the chao phraya ( umwhile chai nat ) dam impunds the chao phraya river, baith for flood control as well as tae divert water intae the kintra ' s lairgest irrigation seestem for the irrigation o rice paddies in the lawer river valley. the dam, pairt o the greater chao phraya project, wis finished in 1957 an wis the first dam constructit in thailand. oreeginally the ceety wis locatit at sankhaburi. in the reign o keeng mongkut ( rama iv ) the main settlement o the province wis moved tae its present - day location. durin the wars wi the burmese it wis an important military base for confrontin the burmese airmy. as aw these confrontations wur successful the ceety gained the name chai nat, which means place o victory. the slogan o the province is venerable luangpu suk, renouned chao phraya dam, famous bird park an tasty khao taengkwa pomelo. admeenistrative diveesions straw bird fair, chai nat \u2019 s product fair and red cross fair ( ) this annual fair is organized bi makin guid uise o straw, a bi - product in rice farmin. various species o huge straw birds will come perchin on elaborately decoratit floats durin the straw bird procession an the competition is held in front o chai nat ceety hall. the event is held annually durin cheenese new year in februar. chai nat pomelo fair ( ) chai nat is ane o several provinces famous for producin exceptional pomelo. the best kent are o the khao taengkwa variety haein a well - roondit shape, smooth skin, thin peel, sweet - crispy taste an a little sour, but no bitter. the fair is held durin late august - early september in front o chai nat ceety hall an features mony activities such as pomelo contest, varieties o exhibitions bi provincial authorities, an young shoot an pomelo sales.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45191436276626606, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.324202"} {"text": "this depends very much on the type of application you run. if you ' ve got applications which are very trigger - happy wrt syscalls you can expect to see high amounts of context switching. if most of your applications idle around and only wake up when there ' s stuff happening on a socket, you can expect to see low context switch rates. system calls cause context switches by their very own nature. when a process does a system call, it basically tells the kernel to take over from it ' s current point in time and memory to do stuff the process isn ' t privileged to do, and return to the same spot when it ' s done. when we look at the definition of the write ( 2 ) syscall from linux, this becomes very clear : write - write to a file descriptor ssize _ t write ( int fd, const void * buf, size _ t count ) ; write ( ) writes up to count bytes from the buffer pointed buf to the file referred to by the file descriptor fd. [.. ] on success, the number of bytes written is returned ( zero indicates nothing was written ). on error, - 1 is returned, and errno is set this basically tells the kernel to take over operation from the process, move up to count bytes, starting from the memory address pointed at by * buf to file descriptor fd of the current process and then return back to the process and tell him how it went. a nice example to show this is the dedicated game server for valve source based games, hlds. http : / / nopaste. narf. at / f1b22dbc9 shows one second worth of syscalls done by a single instance of a game server which had no players on it. this process takes about 3 % cpu time on a xeon x3220 ( 2. 4ghz ), just to give you a feeling for how expensive this is. another source of context switching might be processes which don ' t do syscalls, but need to get moved off a given cpu to make room for other processes. a nice way to visualize this is cpuburn. cpuburn doesn ' t do any syscalls itself, it just iterates over it ' s own memory, so it shouldn ' t cause any context switching. take an idle machine, start vmstat and then run a burnmmx ( or any different test from the cpuburn package ) for every cpu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5052503377661351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.326746"} {"text": "we live in the age of information. it pours upon us from the pages of newspapers and magazines, radio loudspeakers, tv and computer screens. the main part of this information has the form of natural language texts. even in the area of computers, a larger part of the information they manipulate nowadays has the form of a text. it looks as if a personal computer has mainly turned into a tool to create, proofread, store, manage, and search for text documents. our ancestors invented natural language many thousands of years ago for the needs of a developing human society. modern natural languages are developing according to their own laws, in each epoch being an adequate tool for human communication, for expressing human feelings, thoughts, and actions. for the last two centuries, humanity has successfully coped with the automation of many tasks using mechanical and electrical devices, and these devices faithfully serve people in their everyday life. in the second half of the twentieth century, human attention has turned to the automation of natural language processing. people now want assistance not only in mechanical, but also in intellectual efforts. the most - used language on the internet according to wikipedia is english. although the total number of native english speakers in the world is about 322 millions, which is only around one fifth of the total internet users ; the amount of english web content approaches 80 %. generally speaking, when a language has got the position of a universal language, the position tends to be affirmed and extended by itself. since \" everyone \" knows and uses english, people are almost forced to learn english and use it, and learn it better. besides the importance of the internet grows rapidly in all fields of human life, including not only research and education but also marketing and trade as well as entertainment and hobbies. this implies that it becomes more and more important to know how to use internet services and, as a part of this, to read and write english. but english is changing fast too. there is no area of the culture that collision ' s more intensely than that, for the web has changed english more radically than any invention since paper, and much faster. according to paul payack, who runs the global language monitor, \" there are currently 988, 974 words in the english language, with thousands more emerging every month \". by his calculation, english will adopt its one millionth word in late november. to put that statistic another way, for every french word, there are now ten in english. so far from debasing the language, the rapid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49320541698428344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.330498"} {"text": "greenhouse effect basics : warm earth, cold atmosphere posted on 29 february 2012 by tom curtis heating and heat flow some physics, everyone knows. in our daily lives we encounter the effects of physics all the time, and as a result, we know what physics predicts in those circumstances at a gut level. we may not be able to put it into numbers. we may not be able to apply it in novel situations. but we know it all the same. one example is as simple as putting on a blanket. we know that if we want warm something up, we can increase the supply of heat - or we can reduce the escape of heat. either is effective. if you have a pot that is simmering and you want to bring it to the boil, you can turn the heat up, or you can put on the lid. if we put on the lid, the pot will go nicely from simmering to boiling, and we don ' t need to turn up the heat even slightly. indeed, if we are not careful to turn down the heat, the pot may well boil over. likewise, if you have two identical motors running with an identical load and speed ( revolutions per minute ), one with the water pump working and one without, we are all physicist enough to say that the second one will run hotter. it does not matter that the energy supplied as fuel is identical in both cases. the fact that heat escapes more easilly with water circulating through the radiator will keep the first cooler. the consequence is that stopping the the water from circulating will lead second motor to disaster. nor do we find people who doubt this. suppose somebody told us their water pump was broken, but that the second law of thermodynamics prohibited transfer of heat from a cooler place ( the water ) to a hotter place ( the engine block ), so they ' ld be fine so long as they didn ' t rev any faster than normal, we ' ld look at them in complete disbelief. or we would if we were too polite to burst out laughing. and if they set out cross country confident in their belief, it doesn ' t matter what destination they claim they ' re heading for. rather, as we all know, they ' re really heading for a breakdown! ( image copyright to istock, and not to be reproduced without their permission. ) heat flow to space this physics that everyone knows is not only true of pots and radiators. it is true of the earth as well. the earth is warmed by our remarkably stable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6189046890632678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.337154"} {"text": "istock, and not to be reproduced without their permission. ) heat flow to space this physics that everyone knows is not only true of pots and radiators. it is true of the earth as well. the earth is warmed by our remarkably stable sun. as a result, the earth ' s surface radiates energy to space, and over time the incoming energy balances the outgoing energy. the process is made more complicated, however, by the existence of infra red ( ir ) absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. without those molecules, infra red radiation from the earth ' s surface would travel directly to space, cooling the earth quickly and efficiently. at certain wavelengths of infra red radiation, however, those molecules absorb many, or all, of the photons emitted from the earth ' s surface. that energy is often redistributed among other molecules by collision, but eventually some of the redistributed energy will be reradiated by the infra red absorbing molecules. this process absorption, redistribution and then re - emission may occur many times before the energy escapes the atmosphere, but eventually it will either by being emitted to space, or back to the surface. intuitively, the energy that goes through multiple stages of absorption, redistribution and re - emission will not escape to space as fast that which is emitted directly to space from the surface. this intuition is sound, but it depends essentially on one factor, the temperature of the atmosphere. we can see this by considering a fundamental law that governs the radiation of energy, the stefan - boltzmann law : in words, that is j - star equals epsilon sigma t to the fourth power, but we don ' t need to worry about that. what we need to notice is that j - star, which is the energy radiated over a given time from a given area, is proportional to the fourth power of t, ie, temperature. if the temperature doubles, the energy radiated increases sixteen - fold. if it triples, it increases eighty - one - fold. and so on. so, if the temperature of the atmosphere is different from that of the surface, the absorption, redistribution and re - emission of ir radiation by molecules in the atmosphere will certainly change the rate at which heat escapes to space. higher is colder there is another piece of physics everyone knows. it is that as you go higher in the atmosphere, the atmosphere gets colder. that is the reason why some mountain peaks are snow covered while their bases are still warm. this is not a universal law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6038916774753118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.339578"} {"text": "colder there is another piece of physics everyone knows. it is that as you go higher in the atmosphere, the atmosphere gets colder. that is the reason why some mountain peaks are snow covered while their bases are still warm. this is not a universal law. it is not true, for example, in the stratosphere where the absorption of ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes temperatures to rise with increased height. but eighty percent of the earth ' s atmosphere is in the troposphere ( the lowest layer of the earth ' s atmosphere ), and most radiation leaving the top of the troposphere escapes to space. and in the troposphere, as you get higher, the temperature gets lower. on average, the temperature drops by 6. 5 degrees c for every thousand meters of altitude you climb. that means, for example, that the temperatures fall by about 24. 5 degrees c as you climb to the summit of mount fuji, and by 50 to 100 degrees as you rise to the top of the troposphere. we have already seen that temperature significantly effects the radiation of heat. colder objects radiate less energy, and the infra - red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere are colder than the surface. therefore it is no surprise that the infra - red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the warmer surface. that difference is the essence of the greenhouse effect. no more arm waving it would be helpfull to recapitulate at this point. so far we have noted four simple facts : - that if you reduce the escape of heat, but do not reduce the incoming heat, things warm up ; - that the atmosphere contains molecules that absorb infra - red radiation ; - that radiated energy depends on the temperature of the radiating object ; and - that the atmosphere gets cooler as you get higher, so that the infra - red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the surface. these four facts imply the existence of an atmospheric greenhouse effect, ie, that the presence of infra - red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere results in the surface being warmer than it otherwise would be. in science, however, purely verbal reasoning like this is considered suspect. the reason is that sometimes odd effects occur that render verbal reasoning moot. so in science, there is no substitute for putting the theory into a mathematical form. it gets rid of the arm waving. fortunately for us, scientists have already put this theory into mathematical form, at a very detailed level.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5989674327830388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.340567"} {"text": "verbal reasoning moot. so in science, there is no substitute for putting the theory into a mathematical form. it gets rid of the arm waving. fortunately for us, scientists have already put this theory into mathematical form, at a very detailed level. we can access this work, free of charge, by using the modtran model. the modtran model shows the radiation up or down over a column of atmosphere under particular conditions. by changing the conditions, you can explore the predicted effects of those changes on upward or downward radiation at any level of the atmosphere from 0 to 70 kilometers altitude. setting the altitude to 70 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward to space from the top of the atmosphere, or downward from space at the top of the atmosphere. setting the altituded to 0 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward, or downward at the surface. using modtran, i determined the energy output looking downwards from an altitutude of 70 kilometers using the us standard atmosphere ( 1 ). the result can be seen on the following graph as the green shaded area. i repeated the model run, but this time with the altitude set at 0 km. the result is shown by the outer curve defining the red area in the graph below. that means that the red area itself, which is the upwards radiation from the surface minus the upward radiation to space, is the reduction in energy radiated to space because of the presence of infra - red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. that is, it is the greenhouse effect. we have all heard how inaccurate models can be. therefore the fact that a particular model predicts this difference in radiation only shows what the theory predicts. it does not show what is actually happening. scientists are not happy with theories whose only support is a model. so in 1969, conrath and associates compared the results of model calculations of radiation to space with the actually observed radiation using the iris instrument on the nimbus 3 satellite. the following graph shows the result of their comparison. the dotted line shows the modelled values, while the solid line shows the observed values : the effect of a particular infra - red absorbing molecule, carbon dioxide, is clearly visible. with the publication of this data in 1970, the greenhouse effect ceased to be theoretical. it was an observed fact. ( 1 ) default settings except for adjusting surface temperatures ( ground t offset, c ) to approximately match the earths global mean surface temperature ( about - 10 degrees c offset ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5955024894896672, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.341529"} {"text": "to the people of the ancient world, every bright star had a personality. some stars were welcomed into the dawn sky like a lost child, while some were treated more like a mother - in - law packing a month ' s worth of luggage. and sometimes, a single star could bring both responses. a prime example is sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. it ' s lost in the twilight now, but it ' ll start popping into view before sunrise within a few days or weeks, depending on your location. thousands of years ago, the star made its first morning appearance a little earlier in the year. from ancient greece and rome, it showed up at the start of summer ' s heat - - a time that could bring disease and famine. since sirius is known as the dog star, this time of year was known as the dog days - - a time that hardly brought rejoicing. even earlier, though, the star did bring rejoicing to the people of egypt. sirius first appeared around the time of the annual nile floods, which deposited fertile soil on the fields. this time was so important that the first appearance of sirius marked the beginning of the egyptian year. because of its role in resurrecting the land, the star itself represented the goddess isis. in egyptian lore, she resurrected her husband osiris, and bore their son, horus, who united upper and lower egypt into a single kingdom. so sirius was a welcome presence in the morning sky - - a star with a pleasant personality. script by damond benningfield, copyright 2008 for more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read stardate magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4918595655451773, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.345426"} {"text": "this fascinating documentary presents the details of eric \u2019 s life, who was perhaps best known as an athlete in the 1924 olympics, as depicted in the academy award - winning film, chariots of fire. his story is told by david mccasland, author of eric liddell : pure gold, eric \u2019 s daughter patricia, and rev. john keddie, consultant on chariots of fire, along with fellow prisoners form the internment camp in china. growing up, eric was a gifted athlete, excelling in rugby and later in track. he entered the 1924 olympics in paris and was favored to win the 100 - meter race. but when he learned that he would have to race on sunday, he refused. instead, he competed in other races and still brought home gold for scotland. now a national hero, eric announced his intentions to go to china as a missionary. there he taught chemistry and oversaw the school \u2019 s sports programs, sharing his faith at sporting events. he later married, then left teaching to become an evangelist by 1941, china was becoming more unstable and japan was increasing its control. concerned for his family \u2019 s safety, he sent them off to canada while he remained in china. it wasn \u2019 t long until the japanese began moving people into internment camps. there, eric became friend and mentor to 300 children, many of whom were separated from their missionary parents. fellow prisoners observed as he rose early each day to read and pray. he continued living out his faith in the camp and was admired and respected by all. in 1944, however, he began showing signs of a possible brain tumor and died the following year. eric liddell was a humble man with a simple and personal faith whose life \u2019 s purpose was to glorify god. his life and legacy continue to impact people \u2019 s lives around the world. studio : christian history institutue time : 100 minutes eric liddell : champion of conviction ( dvd ) : - item price : $ 12. 95 - listed on : march 14, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.433733963052957, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.347457"} {"text": "( this post was prepared in collaboration with dan drinkard ) congress now speaks at almost a full grade level lower than it did just seven years ago, with the most conservative members of congress speaking on average at the lowest grade level, according to a new sunlight foundation analysis of the congressional record using capitol words. of course, what some might interpret as a dumbing down of congress, others will see as more effective communications. and lawmakers of both parties still speak above the heads of the average american, who reads at between an 8th and 9th grade level. today \u2019 s congress speaks at about a 10. 6 grade level, down from 11. 5 in 2005. by comparison, the u. s. constitution is written at a 17. 8 grade level, the federalist papers at a 17. 1 grade level, and the declaration of independence at a 15. 1 grade level. the gettysburg address comes in at an 11. 2 grade level and martin luther king \u2019 s \u201c i have a dream \u201d speech is at a 9. 4 grade level. most major newspapers are written at between an 11th and 14th grade level. ( you can find more comparisons here ) all these analyses use the flesch - kincaid test, which produces the ' reads at a n - th grade level ' terminology that is likely familiar to many readers. at its core, flesch - kincaid equates higher grade levels with longer words and longer sentences. it is important to understand the limitations of this metric : it tells us nothing about the clarity or correctness of a passage of text. but although an admittedly crude tool, flesch - kincaid can nonetheless provide insights into how different legislators speak, and how congressional speech has been changing. to see how different legislators rank, click here for a full database of all current members of congress. to see how many top sat words lawmakers speak, click here. overall, the complexity of speech in the congressional record has declined steadily since 2005, with the drop among republicans slightly outpacing that for democrats ( see figure 1 ). through april 25, 2012, this year ' s congressional record clocks in at a 10. 6 grade level, down from 11. 5 in 2005. between 1996 and 2005, republicans overall spoke at consistently 2 / 10ths of a grade level higher than democrats, except for 2001, when a rare moment of national unity also seems to have extended to speaking at the same grade level. but following 2005, something happened, and congressional speech has been on the decline since. for republicans as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46665860279329247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.359656"} {"text": "level higher than democrats, except for 2001, when a rare moment of national unity also seems to have extended to speaking at the same grade level. but following 2005, something happened, and congressional speech has been on the decline since. for republicans as a whole, the decline was from an 11. 6 grade level to a 10. 3 grade level in 2011 ( up slightly to 10. 4 in 2012 so far ). for democrats, it was a decline from 11. 4 to 10. 6 in 2011 ( also up slightly to 10. 8 in 2012 so far. ) figure 1. congressional speech grade level by year ideology and speech complexity to analyze the relationship between ideology and speech level, we took the first dimension dw - nominate scores ( dw1 ) for the current congress, as of april 25, 2012. for the non - political scientists in the audience, dw1 scores take roll call voting data to place members of congress on a liberal - conservative scale. on this scale, - 1 is most liberal and 1 is most conservative. a negative value on the scale implies that the member votes most often with democrats ; a positive value implies that the member votes most often with republicans. turning to figure 2, we can immediately notice that grade level of congressional record speeches declines among republicans as the voting record becomes more conservative. among republicans, the drop from the most moderate to most conservative is, on average, almost three whole grade levels, from 13th to 10th grade. among democrats, the scatterplot does not reveal any relationship between grade level and ideology. however, when we hold all other factors constant in the regression analysis ( see further below ), we find that being on the far left is associated with lower speech grade levels. there is also a clearer correlation between further left voting score and lower grade level among more junior members. figure 2. the relationship of ideology to speech grade level changing members and members \u2019 changes it \u2019 s hard to pinpoint the exact cause of the decline. perhaps it reflects lawmakers speaking more in talking points, and increasingly packaging their floor speeches for youtube. gone, perhaps, are the golden days when legislators spoke to persuade each other, thoughtfully wrestled with complex policy trade - offs, and regularly quoted shakespeare. the data indicate that part of the decline has to do with new junior members speaking at a lower grade level than more senior members, and some of it has to do with individual senior members simplifying their speech over time. figure 3 ( below ) breaks congress into four seniority cohorts and details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48894822349612244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.360743"} {"text": "with new junior members speaking at a lower grade level than more senior members, and some of it has to do with individual senior members simplifying their speech over time. figure 3 ( below ) breaks congress into four seniority cohorts and details the relationship between ideology and grade level for speeches in the 112th congress. here, a telling pattern emerges. among the newest members ( those with 1 - 3 years in their seat ), there is drop off in speech level as we move from the center out to either extreme of the political spectrum, though the pattern is more pronounced on the far right. for the next cohort ( 4 - 10 years of experience ), the same pattern continues on both the political right and left, though the relationship is much stronger among republicans. for the next cohort ( 11 - 20 years in their seat ), the pattern on the right ( more conservative, simpler speech ) remains, but the pattern on the left reverses ( there is a slight correlation between more liberalism and higher speech grade level ). in the most senior cohort ( more than 20 years in their seat ), republicans speak, on average, at a higher level than democrats, with only the slightest relationship between conservatism and more simple speech. figure 3. ideology and seniority at the individual level, prior to the 109th congress ( 2005 - 2006 ), both individual democrats and republicans on average grew more sophisticated in their speech with each passing session of congress. individual democrats gained on average 0. 06 grade levels per session, and republicans gained on average 0. 12 grade levels per session. then, starting with the 109th congress, the trends reversed. individual democrats began dropping 0. 07 grade levels of speech per session and individual republicans began dropping 0. 12 grade levels per session. table 1. average estimated effect of each passing congress on individual member grade level ( results from regression analysis estimating annual member change with member fixed effects ) the top and bottom lawmakers by grade level table 2 ( below ) shows the 20 members of congress with the lowest grade level score for their congressional record corpus dating back to 1996. of them, 85 % ( 17 of 20 ) are republicans ; 65 % ( 13 / 20 ) are freshmen, and another 15 % ( 3 / 20 ) are sophomores. additionally, 90 % ( 18 / 20 ) are house members. the two senators to make the bottom 20 are rand paul ( r - ky ) and ron johnson ( r - wi ), both tea party - supported freshmen. table 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49772682192406714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.361770"} {"text": "point from the regression analysis is that the more a member speaks overall, the more simply that member is likely to speak, all else being equal. for just the 112th congress, going from least to most talkative is associated with a decrease in almost a grade level and a half. for the historic corpus, going from the least talkative to most talkative member is associated with a decrease in a full grade level. socioeconomic status of member district does not play much of a role, so there is no story to tell of members speaking to their constituents. if anything, the reverse is true. having a higher percentage of high school graduates in the district or state is associated with members speaking at a slightly lower grade level ( though since half of the districts have high school graduation levels between 82 % and 90 %, this doesn \u2019 t add up to all that much ). district median income ( which is closely correlated with education generally ) has no relationship to speech grade level. there is also no statistically significant difference between chambers. members of congress from the northeast speak at a slightly higher grade level than their colleagues from the rest of the country. of course, a fair amount of variation remains unexplained. there are many reasons why members speak at different levels, and these explanations only tell part of the story. table 4. ols regression explaining member speech level ( standard errors in parenthesis, significant variables bolded ) does it matter? earlier this year, the university of minnesota \u2019 s smart politics noted that obama \u2019 s 2012 state of the union address clocked in at an eighth - grade level for the third year in a row, and that obama \u2019 s average grade level of 8. 4 was well below the average of 10. 7 for the previous 67 addresses. fox news ran the story alongside the image of a child in a dunce cap, and right - wing blogs mocked the president \u2019 s intelligence. others pointed out that maybe speaking clearly was a good thing. after all, the sotu speech was pretty much right at the level of the average american \u2019 s reading level. and writing gurus like george orwell ( \u201c if it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out \u201d ) and strunk & white ( \u201c omit needless words \u201d ) famously advise simplicity. but whether you see it as plain speak or you see it as a dumbing down, the data are clear : the overall complexity of speech in the congressional record has dropped almost a full grade level since 2005. and those on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664225933309515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.363938"} {"text": ") famously advise simplicity. but whether you see it as plain speak or you see it as a dumbing down, the data are clear : the overall complexity of speech in the congressional record has dropped almost a full grade level since 2005. and those on the political extremes, especially those on the far right, tend to be associated with the most simple speech patterns. methodology for generating grade level scores ( by dan drinkard ) grade levels were calculated using flesch - kincaid readability tests applied to various facets of text queries against the capitol words api. for example, barbara lee ' s entire corpus of words spoken can be retrieved by paging through the following url : http : / / capitolwords. org / api / text. json? bioguide _ id = l000551 & apikey = # # # #. flesch - kincaid scores can be determined as : 0. 39 * ( words / sentences ) + 11. 8 * ( syllables / words ) - 15. 59. to derive counts : the python natural language toolkit ( nltk ) ' s sentence tokenizer was used to count sentences, the capitol words ngram tokenizer was used to count words, and the carnegie mellon pronouncing dictionary was used to count syllables. for fallback syllable counting when a word wasn ' t present in the dictionary, three different sets of calculations employing different methods were tried \u2014 discarding unknown words, treating unknown words as the average word of 1. 66 syllables, and using a trained fallback syllable counter from nltk _ contrib. we found the results of each method to be nearly indistinguishable from the others. an example f - k calculator ( this one using the aforementioned ' padding with averages ' method ) can be found at https : / / gist. github. com / 2483508.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5048548348656123, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.364642"} {"text": "see here for an explanation of the bengali transliteration scheme used before discussing bengali history, it is useful to define the scope of the investigation. in these pages, bengal, as a historical entity, refers to the land bounded on the north by himalaya and the lands of nepala, sikima, and bhotana ; on the north east by the brahmaputra river and its highlands ; extending to the northwest along the northern plains of bhagirathi upto dvarbhagga ; bounded on the east by the garo, khasia, jaintia, tripura, and cattagrama ranges ; and on the west by mountaineous forests of rajamahala, sa ~ otala pargana, chotanagpura, manabhuma, dhalabhuma, keojjar and mayurabhajja. it thus extends beyond the combined region comprising the present state of west bengal in india and the country of bangladesha ; and is a people united by a common language, bengali, a common social structure, a common religious mixture of hindus and muslims, and a largely shared history. little is known about the prehistory of bengal, or the origin of the name itself. the name may be of austrasiatic or dravidian origin, which form a substratum to the predominantly indoeuropean bengali language. archaelogy shows that parts of this land supported an agricultural culture since at least 1250 b. c. however, the identity of these people can only be guessed from anthropological and linguistic evidence. the historic period of bengal is usually classified into the ancient, medieval and modern periods : as opposed to the custom in indian history, the customary beginning of the medieval period in bengal starts with the period of muslim domination. you are visitor number since i started counting. for other pages discussing bengali history, you can also look at novo ' s page and bongoz ' page about the history of bengal. palash biswas ' s blog often cuts and pastes information about bengal : see this as an example. the official pages of the west bengal government also have a short history section. finally, there is a site giving a timeline of indian history in general. among the various sources, i should especially acknowledge extensive help from the classic work by nihararajjana raya, a book by irfan habib, and the textbooks by ramezacandra majumadara. research by various individuals and / or their views have often been consolidated into my understanding, and that understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5040514440479411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.367365"} {"text": "\" a hologram is a flat surface that, under proper illumination, appears to contain a three - dimensional image. a hologram may also project a three - dimensional image into the air \u2014 a lifelike image that can be photographed although it cannot be touched. because they cannot be copied by ordinary means, holograms are widely used to prevent counterfeiting of documents such as credit cards, driver ' s licenses, and admission tickets. the word hologram comes from the greek roots holos meaning whole and gramma meaning message. the process of making a hologram is called holography. when a hologram is made, light from a laser records an image of the desired object on film or a photographic plate. \" each cell of a hologram contains the whole message - - the entire picture. when light is shined on it, it reaches into a new dimension ( e. g. a two dimensional picture becomes three dimensional ). in a normal photograph, each cell contains a portion of the picture. in a hologram, each cell contains ' the whole message. ' sheep follow the leader. they go unthinkingly where the leader goes. if the leader is bad, the sheep will follow him to their destruction. my people hath been lost sheep : their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains : they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their resting place. only the good shepherd leads the sheep in the paths of righteousness. 1the lord is my shepherd ; i shall not want. 2he maketh me to lie down in green pastures : he leadeth me beside the still waters. 3he restoreth my soul : he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name ' s sake. yet, the object is not to remain sheep but to grow up into the head of christ. the object is for each cell ( person ) to become a complete image of christ, as in a hologram. the object is for each part of the body ( each person ) to become complete and perfected. 2 corinthians 3 : 18 but we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the spirit of the lord. it is my hope that when this happens to enough people ( a critical mass? ), the light of christ will shine on the hologram, showing a picture of christ that will fill the whole earth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6384985144595556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.374157"} {"text": ", even as by the spirit of the lord. it is my hope that when this happens to enough people ( a critical mass? ), the light of christ will shine on the hologram, showing a picture of christ that will fill the whole earth, and our prayer will be answered - - on earth as it is in heaven. it is my hope that truth will fill the whole earth, bringing down the kings of satan whose feet of clay ( lies ) is their fatal flaw. the sons of god will stand for truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. 34thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. 35then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors ; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them : and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth. 44and in the days of these kings shall the god of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed : and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. 45forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold ; the great god hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter : and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5274672254227347, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.374942"} {"text": "cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population. the snow looks pretty, but winter can be a scary season due to increased chances of falling on snow or ice. but there are a few things you can do to help prevent falls besides being homebound or packing up and moving to warmer climate. take a moment to look at your shoes and boots. are they worn smooth? if you can answer \" yes \" to this question, then it is time to purchase a new pair. shoes with better traction will grip the ground better ; you might want to avoid dress shoes as they tend to be quite slippery. remember to wear proper foot wear for the winter, which should include winter boots or similar winter shoes. if you have stairs with a railing leading up to the entrance of your home, have your railing checked to make sure it is sturdy. you may ask yourself this question would it hold you if you were to slip? could the railing catch you? shovel and salt keep your shovel and salt in your home so it is available for you to use. what good is your shovel and salt when it is in your garage away from your home and you have to walk through the snow and ice to get to them? cellphone or emergency response system yes, the older population should have and carry a cellphone. if you do not have a cellphone you may want to consider getting an emergency response system installed. one may slip and fall ; it can sometimes be difficult in getting back up. carrying your cellphone or wearing an emergency response system personal help button, can give you peace of mind, knowing that you can call for assistance. modification of cane if you need a cane to assist you with walking, you can modify your cane by adding a metal grip to the bottom of your cane. the metal grip will help increase stability. in addition, you may want to take a look at the handle grip. if it is worn, take a moment to replace it, this will help you maintain your balance especially if you walk on patches of snow or ice. the weather can change in a matter of a few minutes. if you are walking out of a restaurant, shopping mall, church, etc. and the parking lot has turned into an ice rink, you should ask for a steady arm to help guide you. this could be a friend, a family member, employee or even a passerby walking in your direction. don ' t be afraid to ask for help. what ' s your plan? during the winter months you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.42464227746073135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.387275"} {"text": "steady arm to help guide you. this could be a friend, a family member, employee or even a passerby walking in your direction. don ' t be afraid to ask for help. what ' s your plan? during the winter months you need to think about where you are going and ask yourself, \" if i were to fall, what would i do? did i remember my cellphone? if i ' m close to my home, do i have my personal emergency response help button on me? \" when running behind scheduled you may end up hurrying and sometimes pushing the limits of what you can handle. allow extra time getting to your appointments, especially in inclement weather. if you are a little late it ' s better than rushing and causing a fall and a potentially serious injury. what can you do to help strengthen your leg muscles so you can catch yourself before you hit the ground? exercising your leg muscles regularly should be done to keep them strong. a few simple exercises you can do help strengthen your leg muscles would be to walk up and down the stairs repeatedly and / or getting up out of a chair. the best thing to strengthen your legs is use them other wise you will loose them. remember falls can affect seniors in many ways. if a senior falls and is injured, this can limit their confidence and ability to live independently. my hope for each senior after reviewing these winter safety tips is that they are able to reduce if not avoid their chances of any falls. wayne l. shepard is director of the delaware county office for the aging. ' senior scene ' columns can be found at www. thedailystar. com / seniorscene. cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population. why did you serve? numerous local residents have spent time in service to our country in the military. some joined out of a duty to our county, others were pressed into service through the draft, still others wanted to take advantage of the g. i. bill. in honor of their service and armed forces day on saturday, we asked our readers why they served and what they took away from their service. continued... fitness key during pregnancy women have been having babies since well before time has been recorded by humans. continued... beyond the stacks : local libraries offer everything from history to technology the local libraries within the four county library system still make information available to their patrons in the traditional way - - books. they are also storehouses of local history : old photos, newspapers, genealogy records", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43246665324398614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.389249"} {"text": "stacks : local libraries offer everything from history to technology the local libraries within the four county library system still make information available to their patrons in the traditional way - - books. they are also storehouses of local history : old photos, newspapers, genealogy records, diaries and letters. continued... romantic times at fenimore when one thinks of the romantic, usually one ponders wistfully the early days of a courtship and marriage. continued... prom fashions bright, blingy, different prom night can be one of the biggest events of a high school student ' s life. it is the last bash before college for many, and the memories are often recorded. that is why prom fashion is so important to high school seniors. continued... - why did you serve? - around the arts local programs help children ' s creativity grow i am not a stage mom. but, the other day i ended up in the middle of a discussion with a stage dad who, for many years, has designated a great deal of his time and resources to support his teenage sona\u20ac\u2122s performing career. the cry of the stage parent : chauffeuring from one rehearsal to the next, scouting costumes, building sets, selling tickets and program ads, and, of course, sitting in the audience for the entire production run. then, without a breath, off to the next one! continued... an artist label can be placed on many types of people \" you are such an artist. \" continued... dip your toe in the art world through pinterest i am a magazine ripper. i always have been. i have shoesboxes and file folders filled with decorating ideas, recipes and other miscellaneous projects. no matter how hard i ' ve tried, i can never seem to organize or tame the scraps of inspiration floating around my house. continued... arts encompasses so much more than visual, performing, musical things this column was due when i was in the throes of our season at the glimmerglass festival, when all we are thinking about is the arts - - how to make people more aware of the arts, to engage in the arts. and - - what exactly do \" the arts \" entail? continued... school may be out, but there ' s lots to do to keep kids busy by june dzialo now that school ' s out for the summer, my daughter is proclaiming that we are, \" the most boring family on earth. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602594682294521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.390547"} {"text": ". school may be out, but there ' s lots to do to keep kids busy by june dzialo now that school ' s out for the summer, my daughter is proclaiming that we are, \" the most boring family on earth. \" continued... - local programs help children ' s creativity grow - music beat music industry tips about professional musicians musicians know that every performance they play is an audition for their next engagement. continued... practice really does make perfect for professionals shortly after i was hired at the age of 25 to work in the music department at state university college at oneonta, i played a concert for members of this community. at the end of the concert, a young audience member said to me, a\u20ac\u0153how many years have you been playing the cello and do you still have to practice? a\u20accontinued... stepping on the flag, and other memories if we are to be defined all our lives by our high school mascots, then i suppose i am a viking. but i ' m also a panther, having transferred schools after my freshman year. continued... from suny oneonta to cbs sports some people say the music business is failing, but i don \u2019 t agree with that point of view. neither does joseph miller. continued... - 12 music industry tips from joseph miller - music industry tips about professional musicians - parenting imperfect i ' m relieved it ' s not just me for the last few years, i ' ve been convinced that i ' m just harder on things than other people are. continued... a tactical error in the handoff my kids are lucky enough to have half of their grandparents within a three - hour drive. continued... a potentially quiet afternoon interrupted by a dog and a balloon the kids spent most of martin luther king jr. day bickering. continued... the dog is a getting to be an expert at training this sentence took 20 minutes to type. continued... bad things can happen when trends are no longer trendy when i was a kid, it used to drive me bonkers that my mom didn ' t know anything about the most important things in my world. she had no idea what a friendship pin was or how you ' d make one. she couldn ' t name any good band, i. e., the ones a pre - teen would listen to like duran duran or wham. and she didn ' t find robert downey jr. nearly as dreamy as i did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42701007719757106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.391538"} {"text": "one. she couldn ' t name any good band, i. e., the ones a pre - teen would listen to like duran duran or wham. and she didn ' t find robert downey jr. nearly as dreamy as i did. continued... - i ' m relieved it ' s not just me - senior scene looking back : a sad ending for adorable, sweet taffy - toes another unwanted drop - off? yes and so i must write this. continued... as time goes by : dealing with side effect of pills can really be a pain at age 76, i find myself incontinent. actually the problem started well before that date but now it has gone beyond \" a problem, \" to \" holy smoke the dam broke. \" continued... - from the office : try spring cleaning, organizing for stress release looking back : take your time, think ahead before making decisions a lifetime may seem forever for some, especially when we were young and couldn ' t wait to grow up and get to do all things we saw the adults do. come to think of it, perhaps that wasn ' t too good. continued... as time goes by : getting sick in the southern sun i went and did it - i have heard about southern hospitality so much that i thought i would see if it extended to the hospitals as well. continued... - looking back : a sad ending for adorable, sweet taffy - toes - tech, gp thankful hard - disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings well, i ' m almost ready to let out a cheer. continued... businesses need backups for their computer people, systems in the interest of full disclosure, i want to let you know that i have taken a new position, professionally. i recently joined eastman associates, a local general contractor, to do its it work, as well as taking care of some other functions of the business. continued... windows 8 seems to be made for the good of microsoft, not the user by bruce endries the software company everybody loves to hate, microsoft, recently released what it calls a \" consumer preview \" of their next operating system, windows 8. continued... the granite state got it right on software purchases believe it or not, i have found a bright spot in the political landscape, amid all the vitriolic partisan fighting. continued... visit a construction site and you ' ll probably find an ipad it was just about two years ago now, that the ipad came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45052778839584084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.392538"} {"text": ", i have found a bright spot in the political landscape, amid all the vitriolic partisan fighting. continued... visit a construction site and you ' ll probably find an ipad it was just about two years ago now, that the ipad came out, and i wrote a column about it. at that time, i went out on a limb and said that thought it was a product which would fill certain niches very well, but that it wasn ' t very likely to fill in for what is normally considered a computer. continued... - thankful hard - disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings - teen talk on the go : patriotism doesn ' t mean keeping status quo i ' ve been labeled many things, but when anti - american and unpatriotic came into the picture recently i was surprised. i know i have some controversial opinions, but since when does that equate to not loving america? i ' m a born and raised american kid, and i love america. continued... luhrmann brings gatsby new life sure, you would think that being a college student and having finals rapidly approaching would equate to my growing anticipation for the summer and being done with my first year of college. continued... teenhood today : only you can determine your impact the question i am most often asked is, \" what do you want to do with your life? \" continued... a word of advice : just do something if you ' re not going upward, the only direction you can go is down. to stagnate is to surrender ; to do nothing for yourself ; to give up on a better day completely. if we sit around feeling good enough in all aspects of life, or just too lazy to fix them, well, as albert einstein put it, \" insanity : doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. \" continued... on the go : life is like the cliff walk over spring break, my family and i spent time in newport, r. i. while we were there, we walked a path known as the cliff walk. this walk is nestled between some newport mansions and some cliffs overlooking the ocean. while we were walking, my sister and i noticed how this path was a perfect metaphor for life and the journey it is. continued... - on the go : patriotism doesn ' t mean keeping status quo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48099493168240964, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.393473"} {"text": "by begum burak in the contemporary world, the relations between nations have become much more as borders have become less important in a globalizing world. on the other hand today, people around the world share some common values such as the importance of democracy, human rights, rule of law and freedom in a much more challenging way compared to yesterday. however, despite the existence of such hopeful developments, world politics also witnesses inhumane practices that cause global reactions but cannot be ended immediately, like the esad terror in syria. what is obvious is that global problems today \u2013 be they political, environmental, economic or related to scarce resources such as poverty and hunger \u2013 need the establishment of a global cooperation in order to get solved. that is why charity organizations organize worldwide programs with the aim of helping the needy in different parts of the world, regardless of their nation or ethnic origin. it can be argued that in today \u2019 s world, non - state units such as non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) and other civil society associations, all play an undisputedly major role in the management of global crises and the establishment of global order and stability. the gulen movement is the most reputable and widespread civil society movement in turkey. despite having its roots in anatolia, the movement ( which is also called as the \u2018 hizmet movement \u2019 \u2013 service movement : service for humanity ) has succeeded to have a global outreach thanks to the education activities it has been performing for several decades. the gulen movement and millions of supporters of this movement follow and treasure mr. fethullah gulen \u2019 s principles and values. fethullah gulen is an authoritative mainstream turkish muslim scholar, author, thinker, poet, opinion leader and educational activist who supports interfaith and intercultural dialogue, science, democracy and spirituality while opposing violence and turning religion into a political ideology. the movement is a faith - based movement and it embraces all nations, races, colors, etc. the reason why this is so is that this movement is engaged in education activities all over the world from africa to asia and it inevitably has got an embracing character. some other features of the hizmet movement can be summarized as follows : \u201c first of all, hizmet is a voluntary movement without neatly defined borders, a hierarchy, central organization or membership. it is based on hearts, minds, volunteer work and donations by people from all walks of life. there are of course several organizations, schools, charities and media outlets that are affiliated with the movement, and they employ professional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48996002877822165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.399615"} {"text": ", central organization or membership. it is based on hearts, minds, volunteer work and donations by people from all walks of life. there are of course several organizations, schools, charities and media outlets that are affiliated with the movement, and they employ professional staff, who are salaried. but they can only represent their own institutions if they are in managerial positions. writers, columnists, journalists and academics working in these institutions are not engaged in social, intellectual and political life on behalf of the movement. they only represent themselves. sometimes they may agree on certain points so that one can faintly deduce the stand of the movement, but this is not definitive and binding for the movement as a whole. \u201d on the other hand, the education activities of the movement have been betting stronger and stronger every year. every year turkish olympiads are organized and the number of the participants has been increasing. it is so obvious that the movement treasures education. according to the philosophy of the gulen movement, education is the key to the solution of our main problems which are ignorance, division, and poverty. the educational activities of the movement can be described as follows : \u201c around half of gulen schools are located abroad, and of those the majority are found in turkic central asia and azerbaijan, where there are also half a dozen gulen - sponsored universities and numerous other educational, welfare, and economic institutions and activities. indeed, the movement \u2019 s focus is on turkic communities, including those of the russian federation such as dagestan, karachay - cherkessia, tatarstan, and bashkotorstan, and other former soviet states containing turkic or formerly ottoman muslim minorities such as ukraine, georgia, and moldova, and in the balkans. one can readily see why the movement targeted turkic central asia and azerbaijan for the main thrust of its activities. after all, many in turkey \u2019 s political class made a similar assessment of turkish prospects in the region in the immediate aftermath of the soviet collapse. it shares a linguistic and ethnic root with turkey, and a \u201c folk islam \u201d that, as in turkey, incorporates numerous sufisects and has absorbed pre - islamic traditions, beliefs, and rituals. furthermore, the soviet era left behind a legacy of secular education and a commitment to science and modernity that broadly corresponds with the gulen movement \u2019 s aspirations. \u201d it can be said that the gulen movement contributes to global peace through building interfaith dialogue on the basis of education and this contribution is supposed to go ahead in a much more vibrant way in the following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513632775912527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.400657"} {"text": "the gulen movement \u2019 s aspirations. \u201d it can be said that the gulen movement contributes to global peace through building interfaith dialogue on the basis of education and this contribution is supposed to go ahead in a much more vibrant way in the following years. * i use \u201c the \u201d not \u201c a \u201d in the title. that is because i see the gulen movement as the only real actor in promoting global tolerance and peace. in terms of politics, gulen advises his movement to remain non - partisan and apolitical. unlike other islamic groups, gulen argues that there is no such as thing as a puritan islamic state, and that therefore there can be no ultimate goal to work for its fulfillment. instead, gulen argues that states and governments should follow certain fundamental principles as espoused by islam, see ozcan keles, \u201c promoting human rights values in the muslim world : the case of the gulen movement \u201d, gulen conference, house of lords, soas, lse, october 2007, at http : / / gulenmovement. info / userfiles / file / proceedings / prcd % 20 - % 20keles, % 20o. pdf, [ last access, june 22, 2012 ]. an analysis about m. fethullah gulen and his understanding of tolerance : jane b. schlubach, \u201c tolerance is love : gulen, ghazali, and rumi \u201d, rumi forum, november 12, 2005, at http : / / www. rumiforum. org / gulen - movement / tolerance - is - love - guelen - ghazali - and - rumi. html [ last access, june 22, 2012 ]. a piece about interfaith dialogue and peace - building : fr. thomas michel, \u201c the contribution of interfaith dialogue to peace building \u201d, at http : / / www. thomasmichel. us / interfaith - dialogue. html. fethullah gulen official website, \u201c introducing fethullah gulen \u201d, at http : / / en. fgulen. com / about - fethullah - gulen / introducing - fethullah - gulen, june 22, 2012. for an overview of the movement, see yuksel a. aslandogan, \u201c the gulen movement \u201d, centre for strategic and international studies, june 17, 2009, at http : / / csis. org / files / attachment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48267195094758925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.401509"} {"text": ". for an overview of the movement, see yuksel a. aslandogan, \u201c the gulen movement \u201d, centre for strategic and international studies, june 17, 2009, at http : / / csis. org / files / attachments / 090617 _ overview _ gulen _ movement. pdf, [ last access, june 22, 2012 ]. ihsan yilmaz, \u201c hizmet, forming a party and capturing the state \u201d, today \u2019 s zaman, february 15, 2012, at http : / / www. todayszaman. com / columnist - 271536 - hizmet - forming - a - party - and - capturing - the - state. html, [ last access, june 22, 2012 ]. turkish language olympiads, wikipedia, at http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / turkish _ language _ olympiads, [ last access, 22, 2012 ]. bill park, \u201c the fethullah gulen movement \u201d, the middle east review of international affairs, vol. 12, no. 3, september, 2008, at http : / / www. worldsecuritynetwork. com / documents / movement. pdf. this contribution is highly respected by different groups too : http : / / www. interfaithdialog. org / press - room - main2menu - 29 / 898 - texas - senate - honors - mr - fethullah - gulen - and - the - gulen - movement, june 22, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48091985752597016, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.402044"} {"text": "the lion \u2019 s mane season has arrived, bringing white, cascading icicles from the forest to my plate! i conveniently use the common name \u201c lion \u2019 s mane \u201d to refer to a constellation of fungi of the genus hericium, including the native northeastern representatives h. americanum and h. coralloides, as well as the commonly cultivated h. erinaceus. most mycology texts call these three mushrooms bear \u2019 s - head tooth, comb tooth, and bearded tooth, respectively. distinguishing amongst hericium species can be difficult at first, but this is irrelevant to the forager interested in a good meal. lion \u2019 s mane has no look - a - likes, edible or poisonous, and all forms are edible and delicious in the kitchen. with that said, jenna does prefer the texture of h. erinaceus, which looks like a faceless hedgehog or a truffula tree out of dr. seuss \u2019 the lorax. instead of h. erinaceus \u2019 tight, pom - pom shaped clusters, h. americanum forms looser, interconnected clumps that look like the tufted form of a weeping willow tree. h. coralloides resembles h. americanum, but reminds me of branched brain coral with its shorter teeth. fruiting occasionally in the spring but typically in the fall in the northeast, lion \u2019 s mane is fairly common and easy to spot. this saprophytic fungus is not very discriminating when it comes to log selection, growing on many dead or dying hardwood trees including maple, beech, oak, birch, walnut, and sycamore. it can be cultivated indoors on sawdust or outdoors on logs or totems, though h. erinaceus is the only lion \u2019 s mane species you can readily buy spawn for on the internet. however, jeanne grace, a recent masters student of dr. ken mudge in horticulture at cornell university, cloned several strains of wild h. americanum growing near ithaca and has had great success cultivating it on hardwood totems in its native habitat. the totems, which are created by sandwiching spawn between two large log butts, produced bumper crops both this summer and last, forming much bigger fruits than i have ever seen with h. erinaceus. the wild hericium strains did not perform as well in her indoor experiments on sawdust in \u201c the mushroom, \u201d a grow room in the cornell department of horticulture \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44474072344174165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.407060"} {"text": "fruits than i have ever seen with h. erinaceus. the wild hericium strains did not perform as well in her indoor experiments on sawdust in \u201c the mushroom, \u201d a grow room in the cornell department of horticulture \u2019 s plant science building. in this environment they \u201c pinned, \u201d but were unable to find their way out of the plastic bag to grow as their cultivated relative does. you usually have to wait a year from the inoculation date to enjoy cultivated lion \u2019 s mane, but the impatient mycophile can find lion \u2019 s mane in the woods right now! last fall i stumbled upon a large, rotting log covered in frozen waterfalls of lion \u2019 s mane. i was so transfixed by the sight that it took me a few minutes to notice a hidden pocket in the log, harboring the biggest lion \u2019 s mane i have seen to date. the mushroom was bigger and heavier than a soccer ball! today i returned to the spot, expecting either nothing or another jackpot. i got something in between ; four medium sized lion \u2019 s mane clusters had fruited in the hollowed out portion of the log, all perfectly ripe. two were covered in debris from the eroding ceiling of the log cavity in which they had formed, so i took the cleaner two and walked out of the forest a satisfied man. when not overripe, lion \u2019 s mane has a delicate seafoody flavor and sublime texture that reminds me of scallops. cooking it perfectly takes practice, however. i like it best sauteed in butter and garlic on a medium heat, until it gets just slightly brown and crispy on the tips. today \u2019 s lion \u2019 s mane i sauteed with sliced local apples in ginger, garlic, and butter. yum! all lion \u2019 s mane species are very absorbent, so specimens should be squeezed out like a sponge after washing ( or not washed at all if fairly clean when found ). the mushroom holds up to a good wringing out surprisingly well, whereas sauteing wet lion \u2019 s mane spoils the texture. if you are fairly new to mushroom foraging, lion \u2019 s mane is a great species to start with. in the words of mycologist david fischer, \u201c if it looks like a cluster of white fungal icicles hanging off a decaying log, stump, or dead tree trunk, and it seems very fresh, bake it ( or fry it slowly in a mix of butter and oil ) and enjoy! \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4321192837428246, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.408067"} {"text": "the fifth saying of jesus as he hung on the cross, living up to his name, which was to save his people from their sins was a request in which jesus expressed a need. his saying was \u2018 i thirst \u2019 ( john 19 : 28 ). though cursorily it may seem like an expression of his physical condition, is there more to this than what is evident. one of the dictionary definitions of the word, \u2018 thirst \u2019 is an ardent desire, craving or longing. interestingly, one can go without food for days, but not without water. thirst is a physical condition that can bring the strongest of the strong to their knees, some even to the point of death. samson the strong after killing a thousand warriors in battle cried to the lord when he felt thirsty, questioning, now shall i die of thirst? ( judges 15 : 18 - 20 ). the grumbling israelite pilgrims questioned moses, if he had led them out of egypt to kill them and their children and cattle with thirst ( exodus 17 : 3 ). when no water in the desert of beersheba was found, hagar, unable to bear the possibility of her son, ishmael dying of thirst, goes a bow shot length away until god miraculous opens her eyes and she sees a well ( genesis 21 : 14 - 16 ). so thirst can make the strong weak, and the living dead. and here we hear jesus saying that he thirsted. why did jesus say that he thirsted? the logical human explanation was that he experienced a human physical condition and that is certainly plausible. jesus hungered ( matthew 4 : 2 ), slept ( mark 4 : 38 ), grew ( luke 2 : 42 ), groaned ( john 11 : 33 ), wept ( john 11 : 35 ) and so in his humanity also thirsted ( john 19 : 28 ). now if this was merely a personal physical need to be satisfied, isn \u2019 t it interesting that jesus only asks for being quenched after he accomplished all the things he knew he had to fulfill ( john 19 : 28 ). jesus \u2019 personal needs came only after doing what god wanted him to do. he satisfied god before he prayed to be satisfied himself. we must have the same attitude as well. but the scripture gives us evidence that there is more. jesus said, \u2018 i thirst \u2019 so that the scripture may be fulfilled ( john 19 : 28 ). jesus came to fulfill the scripture and fulfilled it ( psalm 69 : 21 ). jesus, who knew no sin was made sin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46299910052592774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.412335"} {"text": "there is more. jesus said, \u2018 i thirst \u2019 so that the scripture may be fulfilled ( john 19 : 28 ). jesus came to fulfill the scripture and fulfilled it ( psalm 69 : 21 ). jesus, who knew no sin was made sin for us ( 2 corinthians 5 : 21 ) and the imputation of our sins on him made him experience a separation from god the holy father as expressed by the prophet isaiah who said \u201c \u2026 your iniquities have separated between you and your god, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear \u201d ( isaiah 59 : 2 ). so jesus \u2019 relationship with god the father had been broken because of our sins. this is further substantiated by the fact that jesus addressed god, in his previous saying as my god, my god ( eloi, eloi ) and not as father ( which is how he addressed god in the first saying from the cross ). jesus very well could have thirsted for the oneness he had with god the father ( john 10 : 30 ). another explanation as to why jesus thirsted is that he experienced the thirst of hell. acts 2 : 27 and 31 are very explicit that god would not let soul of his holy one ( jesus ) in hell. in matthew 12 : 40, we hear jesus saying that \u201c for as jonas was three days and three nights in the whale \u2019 s belly : so shall the son of man ( jesus ) be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. \u201d revelation refers to hell as the bottomless pit or abyss ( revelation 9 : 1 - 2 ). ephesians 4 : 9 tells us that jesus ascended into heavens, but that he also first descended into the lower parts ( heart ) of the earth. so jesus descended down to hell on our account, but what is the state of affairs in hell? an overbearing need to be quenched. we see this in the parable that jesus told about lazarus and the rich man. the rich man died and was buried and in hell he was tormented by thirst. ( luke 16 : 19 - 31 ). so it is not implausible that when jesus \u2019 soul descended to hell, he thirsted as well. but in hell, the thirst that is to be quenched is not physical as the rich man describes but more in the spiritual realms. jesus spiritually thirsted that his desire to bring many sons unto glory be quenched ( hebrews 2 : 10 ) ; that all are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4392279257926076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.413414"} {"text": "thirst that is to be quenched is not physical as the rich man describes but more in the spiritual realms. jesus spiritually thirsted that his desire to bring many sons unto glory be quenched ( hebrews 2 : 10 ) ; that all are saved and none perish ( 2 peter 3 : 9 ) ; that god \u2019 s eternal wrath would now be quenched as he accomplishes his task of saving all men and women in totality and that all will drink of him ( jesus ) and receive from him living water ( the holy spirit \u2013 john 7 : 38 - 39 ) so that they will no longer be thirsty. finally, when the curtain falls, we can find ourselves in only one of two states \u2013 eternally thirsty or eternally quenched and this depends on whether we agree to drink of ( believe ) him, jesus christ, who with a craving, a longing and an ardent desire said, \u2018 i thirst \u2019 [ for you ]. filed under : christian, seven sayings | tagged : i thirst, jesus in hell, living water, seven last words of jesus christ, seven sayings of jesus from the cross, the power of thirst, the source of living water, the state of affairs in hell, the two states when we die, what did jesus thirst for?, who is the living water?, why did jesus say i thirst? | 2 comments \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47753672120420015, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.413997"} {"text": "the art of ancient civilizations reproduced by thomas baker thomas baker paintings home page reproduction of a theran wall mural \" woman with a necklace \" ( approx. 3600 years old ) by thomas baker 48 x 48 inches, oil on plaster - textured wood panel this painting is available for purchase ; price $ 6500. 00 ( u. s. ) contact thomas baker prints of this painting are available - - click here for info the minoan dress shown in the above fresco was replicated and worn by a model to create a new painting, \" ariadne \" ( see thumbnail below ; click to enlarge ) prints of this painting are available - - click here for prices and ordering info contact thomas baker the theran frescoes : a tantalizing glimpse of atlantis thera was an island colony of the minoan civilization of seafarers that was centered on the island of crete, off the southern coast of greece, and was the forerunner of classical greek culture. located on the island known today as santorini, thera was destroyed and buried when the island exploded in a catastrophic volcanic eruption around 1630 bc., an event that may have ultimately doomed the entire minoan world, and which many scholars now believe gave rise to the legend of atlantis. the buried city of akrotiri was discovered on thera in the early 1970 ' s, and the greek government began excavation. the work continues today, made difficult by overlaying volcanic ash as much as fifty feet deep in places. fragments of beautiful wall murals such as this one, that i have named \" woman with a necklace, \" have been found in many of the houses, and are being painstakingly reassembled in archaeological laboratories like large jigsaw puzzles ( although, as this reconstruction shows, sometimes not all the pieces can be found ). i have recreated some of these murals as they appear today in the athens museum of archaeology. ( for more information on thera, see this website, and there are more links in the text beneath my girl gathering crocus flowers reproduction ). as noted above, i also replicated the clothing shown in this and other theran paintings and used it as the basis of my modern painting \" ariadne. \" unlike egyptian, hittite, and similar art of the time, which usually featured stiff, symbolic representations of humans and military themes, the minoans painted light, natural, airy scenes of everyday life, showing flowers, birds, monkeys, and sea life such as octopi and leaping dolphins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46411225495165304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.416733"} {"text": "- the flight of moses to midian. moses made the first effort to emancipate his enslaved brethren. at the age of forty he forsook the court of pharaoh and attempted to ally himself with the chosen people ( exodus 2 : 11, 12 ; acts 7 : 22 - 25 ; hebrews 11 : 23 - 27 ). his brethren understood him not ; his efforts on their behalf were futile, and he was compelled to flee for midian for his life ( exodus 2 : 11 - 15 ). - sojourn in midian. moses spent forty years in midian ( acts 7 : 29, 30 ). he married zipporah, the daughter of jethro, a descendant of abraham by his wife keturah ( genesis 25 : 1 - 3 ; exodus 2 : 16 - 25 ), and became the father of two sons ( exodus 2 : 22 ; exodus 4 : 20 ; exodus 18 : 1 - 4 ). - moses commission '. while in the land of midian, moses led the quiet and peaceful life of a shepherd ( exodus 3 : 1 ). the angel of the lord appeared to him in the burning bush and commanded him to return to egypt and lead his brethren out of their bitter bondage ( exodus 3 : 2 - 10 acts 7 : 30 - 35 ). moses declined to go because of - his insignificance, ( exodus 3 : 11, 12 ), - the fear that his brethren would not believe him ( exodus 4 : 1 ), - and his inability to speak with fluency ( exodus 4 : 10 - 12 ). - aaron chosen. the lord met every objection urged by moses, but still he persisted in his desire to shrink from the task ( exodus 3 : 2 - 22 ; exodus 4 : 1 - 13 ). aaron was therefore selected to assist him and to be the spokesman ( exodus 4 : 14 - 16 ). - the return to egypt. moses departed from midian, taking his wife and two sons with him. on the way the lord met him and was about to take his life, but this calamity was averted by zipporah, who took a sharp stone and circumcised her son ( exodus 4 : 18 - 26 ). - brothers meet. moses and aaron met at the mount of god. after an affectionate greeting moses communicated to him the word of the lord and showed him the signs that had been given him ( exodus 4 : 27, 28 ). - arrival in egypt. they arrived in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40679436094528626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.429048"} {"text": "and aaron met at the mount of god. after an affectionate greeting moses communicated to him the word of the lord and showed him the signs that had been given him ( exodus 4 : 27, 28 ). - arrival in egypt. they arrived in egypt and informed the elders of israel of the revelation from god, and the people believed and bowed their heads in worship ( exodus 4 : 30, 31 ). - demand on pharaoh. moses and aaron approached the king and in the name of god demanded the release of his children. pharaoh insolently and rebelliously refused the request, and the great contest between the king of heaven and the mighty earthly potentate began ( exodus 5 : 1 - 6 ). - ten plagues. the lord plagued the egyptians in order to multiply his signs and wonders, and that they might known that he is god ( exodus 7 : 1 - 5 ). the first nine plagues were - the waters turned to blood ( exodus 7 : 15 - 25 ), - frogs filled the land ( exodus 8 : 1 - 14 ), - lice afflicted people and beasts ( exodus 8 : 16 - 19 ), - flies filled the land ( exodus 8 : 20 - 24 ), - murrain destroyed the cattle ( exodus 9 : 1 - 7 ), - people afflicted with boils and blains ( exodus 9 : 8 - 14 ), - hail smote the growing crops ( exodus 9 : 13 - 35 ), - locusts filled the land ( exodus 10 : 13 - 15 ), - and darkness covered egypt ( exodus 10 : 21 - 23 ). - special command to moses. the lord commanded moses to tell the people to borrow of their egyptian neighbors jewels of silver and gold ( exodus 11 : 1, 2 ). the justice of this command can be seen in the fact that they had served the egyptians many years without remuneration ( exodus 1 : 6 - 14 ; exodus 5 : 1 - 19 ). - harmony of exodus 9 : 6, 19, 25. it is asserted that all the cattle of egypt died. but is is plain that only the cattle died that remained ( exodus 9 : 3 ) in the field during the murrain. the cattle that were destroyed by the hail - storm were those that were saved from the murrain ( exodus 9 : 17 - 25 ). - explanation of exodus 9 : 16 ; romans 9 : 17. the egyptians were idolaters ( exodus 5 : 1 - 3 ; exodus 9 : 30 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40194456994374145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.429973"} {"text": "those that were saved from the murrain ( exodus 9 : 17 - 25 ). - explanation of exodus 9 : 16 ; romans 9 : 17. the egyptians were idolaters ( exodus 5 : 1 - 3 ; exodus 9 : 30 ; exodus 14 : 18 ). pharaoh was \" raised up \" in order that god might manifest his power and glory. \" raised up \" has no reference to his birth or his elevation to the throne of egypt. it means \" roused up \" or \" made to stand. \" when moses and aaron demanded the release of the hebrews he wickedly, rebelliously, and insolently denied the true god and refused to let them go ( exodus 5 : 1 - 3 ). he had already made himself a vessel of wrath fitted for destruction ( romans 9 : 22 ). god listened to the cries of his people and endured for a while this vessel fitted for destruction, and at last, when the time came, unloosed the burning fires of judgment, roused pharaoh up from his infidelity, and proclaimed his name throughout egypt, and in the ears of israel ( exodus 7 : 5 ; exodus 14 : 17, 18, 31 ). - the passover. the lord commanded moses to speak unto the children of israel and command them to select a lamb for each household on the tenth day of the month, assuring them that this should be to them the first month of the year ( exodus 12 : 1 - 5 ). they were to keep the lamb until the fourteenth day of the month and kill it at the going down of the sun. they were to strike the posts of the doors of their dwellings with the blood. they were to roast the flesh and eat it in haste, with bitter herbs and unleavened bread ( exodus 12 : 6 - 20 ). on that night the lord passed through the land and smote the firstborn of man and beast ( exodus 12 : 21 - 29 ). - the emancipation proclamation. when pharaoh heard the mighty cry he called for moses and aaron and gave them permission to depart and take their property with them ( exodus 12 : 30 - 33 ). - the departure. the children of israel departed from rameses 2513 years after the creation of adam ( genesis 5 : 3 - 32 ; genesis 7 : 6 ; genesis 11 : 10 - 32 ; genesis 12 : 4, 5 genesis 21 : 5 ; genesis 25 : 26 ; genesis 41 : 46, 53, 54 ; genesis 45 : 4 - 6 ; genesis 47 : 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45116628028890143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.430839"} {"text": "32 ; genesis 7 : 6 ; genesis 11 : 10 - 32 ; genesis 12 : 4, 5 genesis 21 : 5 ; genesis 25 : 26 ; genesis 41 : 46, 53, 54 ; genesis 45 : 4 - 6 ; genesis 47 : 9 ; genesis 50 : 26 ; exodus 7 : 7 ; exodus 12 : 40, 41 ; galatians 3 : 17 ). there were six hundred thousand men. allowing one woman to each man, and two children to each family, the population was at least two million four hundred thousand ( exodus 12 : 37 ). - sanctification of the firstborn. in memory of the preservation of the children of israel during the last night in egypt, the lord took unto himself the first born of man and beast ( exodus 13 : 1 - 16 ). - the precious burden. the triumphant host of israel carried the remains of their great benefactor joseph with them ( genesis 50 : 24 - 26 exodus 13 : 19 ). - the great leader. as they departed from egypt the lord went before them in a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night ( exodus 13 : 20 - 22 ). - at the red sea. moses and his mighty host encamped by the red sea. pharaoh and his army drew near. the people were afraid, but moses commanded them to stand still and see the salvation of the lord, assuring them that they would see the egyptians no more, for the lord would fight for them, and they should hold their peace ( exodus 14 : 1 - 18 ). the angel of the lord took his position between the two camps, appearing as darkness to the egyptians and light to the children of god. the lord opened the sea, and the children of israel went forward on dry ground, but the egyptians following were drowned ( exodus 14 : 19 - 31 ). - apostolic endorsement. this mighty historical event was endorsed by the apostle paul ( 1 1 1 corinthians 10 : 1 - 12 ). - salvation of israel. - the lord saved the children of israel by opening up the way for them ; - and they saved themselves by using the means placed within their reach ; god opened the way, and they passed through! of the israelites from egypt. the common chronology places the date of this event at b. c. 1491, deriving it in this way : - - in ( 1 kings 6 : 1 ) it is stated that the building of the temple, in the forth year of solomon, was in the 480th year after the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39416071892120286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.431710"} {"text": "at b. c. 1491, deriving it in this way : - - in ( 1 kings 6 : 1 ) it is stated that the building of the temple, in the forth year of solomon, was in the 480th year after the exodus. the fourth year of solomon was bout b. c. 1012. add the 480 years ( leaving off one years because neither the fourth nor the 480th was a full year ), and we have b. c. 1491 as the date of the exodus. this is probably very nearly correct ; but many egyptologists place it at 215 years later, - - about b. c. 1300. which date is right depends chiefly on the interpretation of the scripture period of 430 years, as denoting the duration of the bondage of the israelites. the period of bondage given in ( genesis 15 : 13, 14 ; exodus 12 : 40, 41 ) and gala 3 : 17 as 430 years has been interpreted to cover different periods. the common chronology makes it extend from the call of abraham to the exodus, one - half of it, or 215 years, being spend in egypt. others make it to cover only the period of bondage spend in egypt. st. paul says in ( galatians 3 : 17 ) that from the covenant with ( or call of ) abraham the giving of the law ( less than a year after the exodus ) was 430 years. but in ( genesis 15 : 13, 14 ) it is said that they should be strangers in a strange land, a nd be afflicted 400 years, and nearly the same is said in ( exodus 12 : 40 ) but, in very truth, the children of israel were strangers in a strange land from the time that abraham left his home for the promised land, and during that whole period of 430 years to the exodus they were nowhere rulers in the land. so in ( exodus 12 : 40 ) it is said that the sojourning of the children of israel who dwelt in egypt was 430 years. but it does not say that the sojourning was all in egypt, but this people who lived in egypt had been sojourners for 430 years. ( a ) this is the simplest way of making the various statements harmonize. ( b ) the chief difficulty is the great increase of the children of israel from 70 to 2, 000, 000 in so short a period as 215 years, while it is very easy in 430 years. but under the circumstances it is perfectly possible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44396726050365914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.432560"} {"text": ". ( b ) the chief difficulty is the great increase of the children of israel from 70 to 2, 000, 000 in so short a period as 215 years, while it is very easy in 430 years. but under the circumstances it is perfectly possible in the shorter period. see on ver. 7 ( c ) if we make the 430 years to include only the bondage in egypt, we must place the whole chronology of abraham and the immigration of jacob into egypt some 200 years earlier, or else the exodus 200 years later, or b. c. 1300. in either case special difficulty is brought into the reckoning. ( d ) therefore, on the whole, it is well to retain the common chronology, though the later dates may yet prove to be correct. the history of the exodus itself commences with the close of that of the ten plagues. [ plagues, the ten, the ten commandments ] in the night in which, at midnight, the firstborn were slain, ( exodus 12 : 29 ) pharaoh urged the departure of the israelites. vs. ( exodus 12 : 31, 32 ) they at once set forth from rameses, vs. ( exodus 12 : 37, 39 ) apparently during the night v. ( exodus 12 : 42 ) but towards morning on the 15th day of the first month. ( numbers 33 : 3 ) they made three journeys, and encamped by the red sea. here pharaoh overtook them, and the great miracle occurred by which they were saved, while the pursuer and his army were destroyed. [ red sea sea, passage of ] 1841. exodos - - a departure... phonetic spelling : ( ex ' - od - os ) short definition : an exit, departure, death definition : ( a ) an exit, going out, departure from a place ; the exodus, ( b ) death.... / / strongsnumbers. com / greek2 / 1841. htm - 6k... exodus.... i. 19 ). it may therefore originally have stood after exodus 34 : 9 or before numbers 10 : 29. ] [ footnote 2 : or rather, the ten words.... / / christianbookshelf. org / mcfadyen / introduction to the old testament / exodus. htm... the exodus. a sermon ( no. 55 ). delivered on sabbath morning, december 9, 1855, by the. rev. ch spurgeon. at new park street chapel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46639167436378864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.433427"} {"text": "/ introduction to the old testament / exodus. htm... the exodus. a sermon ( no. 55 ). delivered on sabbath morning, december 9, 1855, by the. rev. ch spurgeon. at new park street chapel, southwark.... /... / / christianbookshelf. org / spurgeon / spurgeons sermons volume 2 1856 / the exodus. htm exodus iii. 6... lecture xxviii. exodus iii. 6. exodus iii. 6. and moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look upon god. luke 23 : 30. then shall... /... / arnold / the christian life / lecture xxviii exodus iii 6. htm... book i. chapter xxxv. \" the exodus. \" after this, moses, by the command of god, whose providence is over all, led out the people... /... / unknown / recognitions of clement / chapter xxxv the exodus. htm who is on the lord ' s side? exodus 32 : 26.... who is on the lord ' s side? exodus 32 : 26. the question was addressed by moses to the professed people of god, immediately after their... /... / finney / lectures to professing christians / who is on the lords. htm who is on the lord ' s side? exodus 32 : 26.... who is on the lord ' s side? exodus 32 : 26. last friday evening, you will remember, that in discoursing from this text, i mentioned... /... / finney / lectures to professing christians / who is on the lords 2. htm lii. manna. exodus xvi. 4.... lii. manna. exodus xvi. 4. i. \" manna like salvation, because undeserved. the people murmured at the very first difficulty. if they... / / christianbookshelf. org / champness / broken bread / lii manna exodus xvi 4. htm... for the outline study of the bible by books. * * * * chapter ii. exodus. chapter 2. exodus. name. the name exodus means a going out or departure.... /... / gerberding / the way of salvation in the lutheran church / chapter ii exodus. htm it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43837671821936863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.434246"} {"text": "chapter ii. exodus. chapter 2. exodus. name. the name exodus means a going out or departure.... /... / gerberding / the way of salvation in the lutheran church / chapter ii exodus. htm it is proved that jesus was the name of god in the book of exodus.... chapter lxxv. \" it is proved that jesus was the name of god in the book of exodus.... footnotes : exodus 23 : 20, 21. [ numbers 13 : 16. ].... /... / chapter lxxv it is proved that. htm of the old testament, therefore, first of all there have been...... of the old testament, therefore, first of all there have been handed down five books of moses, genesis, exodus, leviticus, numbers, deuteronomy ; then jesus nave... /... / 37 of the old testament. htm the after life the age of accountability the age of earth the alabaster box the amorites amorite the angel of death the angel of light the appearance of evil the ark of covenant the armor of god the babylonish captivity the baptize john the battle is the lords the bermuda triangle the big bang theory the birth of christ the blood covenant the blood of jesus the body of christ the body of the church the book of the book of daniel the book of enoch the book of esther the book of jeremiah the book of judith the book of micah the book of nehemiah the book of numbers the book of proverb the book of psalms the book of the secrets of the book of zechariah the bride of christ the brook besor the brook cherith the brook of the willows the canon of scripture the christian family the christmas tree the city underwater the cliff of ziz the color blue the color purple the color yellow the consequences of sin the cost of discipleship the cost to follow jesus the daniel fast the day of atonement the day of judgement the day of pentecost the earth orbiting the sun the end of days the epistle of james the epistle of paul to philemon the epistle to the colossians the epistle to the ephesians the epistle to the galatians the ethiopian eunuch the feast of tabernacles the first epistle general of john the first resurrection the five senses the fivefold ministry the four seasons the fruit of the spirit the fullers field the garden of uzza", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4698458133908774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.435120"} {"text": "to the galatians the ethiopian eunuch the feast of tabernacles the first epistle general of john the first resurrection the five senses the fivefold ministry the four seasons the fruit of the spirit the fullers field the garden of uzza the general epistle of james the great commission the great synagogue the great tribulation the greek language the hebrew monarchy the hill gareb the hill hachilah the holy land the holy spirit the holy trinity the house of millo the ice age the jews of the dispersion the kingdom or church of christ the land of benjamin the land of canaan the land of shalim the land of shalisha the land of shual the last supper the law of moses the lord of sabaoth the lords brother judas the lords day the man of god moses the moabite stone the new jerusalem the number 10 the number 12 the number 30 the number 5 the number 7 the number one the plain of tabor the pool of siloah the potters field the power of prayer the prodigal son the prophet isaiah the red heifer the rock etam the rock oreb the rose of sharon the salt sea the sea of tiberias the second and third epistles of john the second book of esdras the ten plagues the three taverns the tribe of benjamin the tribe of gad the twelve apostles the two thieves the valley eshcol the valley of charashim the valley of elah the valley of rephaim the valley of zared the waters of shiloah the wife of pharaoh the wisdom of solomon the wood of ephraim the world ending the year 2012 the year of jubilee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46883628102889174, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.435687"} {"text": "the united states supreme court ' s decision to review grutter v. bollinger could have long - term consequences in how our society approaches issues of race, affirmative action, quotas and diversity as we enter this new millennium. the case began when barbara grutter, a 43 - year - old white woman, sued the university of michigan law school for racial discrimination when it denied her admission while accepting many other applicants with objectively inferior academic credentials. the school admitted that it considered the applicant ' s race as one of many factors in its admissions decisions but denied that it used quotas. it sought to justify its consideration of race to promote diversity, which it contended created a better educational environment. the united states district court didn ' t buy the school ' s arguments. while the court didn ' t find that the school was using quotas per se, it did reject the school ' s attempt to downplay race as a factor in its admission decisions. the court found \" the evidence indisputably demonstrates that the law school places a very heavy emphasis on an applicant ' s race in deciding whether to accept or reject. \" such \" racial classifications, \" by a state - funded institution, according to the court, can only be justified under the law if they serve the \" compelling state interest \" of remedying past discrimination committed specifically by that institution. promoting diversity, in other words, was not a \" compelling state interest \" to warrant this \" reverse \" discrimination. since there was no proof that the law school had ever discriminated against the favored groups : african - americans, native - americans or hispanics, the court ruled that the school ' s admissions policy was unconstitutional and in violation of title vi of the 1964 civil rights act. the sixth circuit united states court of appeals reversed the district court, holding that a race - conscious admissions program could be justified for reasons other than to remedy past discrimination and promoting diversity is one of those reasons. the united states supreme court, presumably, will tell us which court is correct. how will the supremes rule? well, there seems to be a consensus that the 1978 bakke case ( regents of the univ. of cal. v. bakke ) outlawed quotas. but what about the use of racial classifications that don ' t quite rise to the level of quotas? can such classifications ever be justified in the absence of evidence of past discrimination by the specific institution involved? the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment has been interpreted to mean that the \" constitution is color - blind,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4816220770335913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.440114"} {"text": "rise to the level of quotas? can such classifications ever be justified in the absence of evidence of past discrimination by the specific institution involved? the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment has been interpreted to mean that the \" constitution is color - blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. \" but the actual decision in this case will turn on the exceptions to that principle. the supreme court will have to decide whether the goal of promoting diversity will become another exception ( along with the goal of remedying past discrimination ) to the rule against racial discrimination. when it ' s all said and done, the court ' s decision will likely be based more on policy than legal considerations. it will involve value judgments having little to do with the law. sure, the decision will be couched in esoteric legalese, but it will ultimately be a question of whether the court determines that diversity is an essential policy. the supreme court in these types of issues, like it or not, often becomes a super legislature. if it were merely an interpreter of the law - - strictly a judicial body as i believe it was intended to be - - it would be hard pressed to carve out exceptions to the constitutional and statutory prescriptions against racial discrimination. it is clearly the court ' s prerogative to decide whether racial classifications violate the equal protection clause in the first place. but once that decision is made, the court crosses the line when it invents exceptions, no matter how socially desirable it deems them to be. but while we ' re talking about these value judgments, i remain firmly convinced that our society is thinking way too much in terms of groups and classes than individuals. this is not only foreign to the american ideal of equal opportunity, but is insulting and destructive to the individuals comprising these favored groups and classes, as well as damaging to race relations overall. america will be a better place in the long run if it resists the temptation to yield to societal pressure to impose politically correct value judgments and musters the courage to adhere to colorblindness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4988351618481736, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.440969"} {"text": "april 12, 2011 5 : 43 am kathryn hobgood ray imagine a future where buildings are smart enough to \u201c talk \u201d \u2014 at least to tell you when you are wasting precious natural resources and need to adjust temperature, water consumption, power or lighting. the tulane university school of architecture has teamed up with ibm to launch a pilot program to do just that, by uniting computer technology with green building practices. richardson memorial hall, the home of the school of architecture, will be the first tulane building to go online in the pilot program, officially called \u201c smart building solutions. \u201d technology is being installed in the building now, with an eye toward a future renovation project. \u201c richardson memorial will undergo a major renovation starting in a few years, \u201d says architecture dean kenneth schwartz. \u201c the challenge for us is to take a structure that \u2019 s over 100 years old and make it smarter, more efficient and effective in the way it operates. \u201d according to schwartz, tulane \u2019 s opportunity to participate in the program came about thanks to randall dalia, an ibm executive who is an alumnus of the architecture school and the a. b. freeman school of business. two tulane departments are involved in the project \u2014 technology services will oversee the computer programming and databases, while facilities services will manage the building. \u201c we \u2019 re operating under the mantra, \u2018 if you can \u2019 t measure it, you can \u2019 t manage it, \u201d \u2019 says charlie mcmahon, tulane \u2019 s chief technology officer. \u201c we \u2019 ll be able to collect data about usage and incorporate what we learn into the renovation project so we can have a more energy efficient building when we are done. \u201d mcmahon says that richardson memorial will serve as a \u201c living laboratory \u201d for the architecture faculty and students to see firsthand the impact of building energy management techniques into a historic structure. says mcmahon, \u201c they \u2019 ll learn about what works and doesn \u2019 t work in energy management in an older building like richardson. \u201d tulane university, new orleans, la 70118 504 - 865 - 5000 firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5149540326900484, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.443214"} {"text": "one hundred years ago, at the beginning of the history of the national art museum of ukraine, which was first called the city museum of antiques and art, there was hardly any concept of ukrainian professional art. ukraine was always famous for its national ethnographical applied art. the founders of the museum \u2019 s collections decided to prove that this opinion was wrong and defined the list of main representatives of ukrainian fine art. these scientists have included in the list not only those who were born and worked in ukraine, but also those national - conscious artists who lived abroad. they thought that foreigners who worked in ukraine have enriched a national culture too. these principles were the basis of their collective work. so works of t. shevchenko, i. repin, v. borovikovskiy, v. tropinin, n. pimonenko, m. vrubel, n. ge, g. narbut, a. murashko and v. krichevskiy became a part of the museum \u2019 s collection. the collectors have found even some older works ranging from medieval icons to cossacks times portraits of military and church leaders and humorous comic pictures \u201c cossack mamay \u201d. things came to collection from different areas ranging from far western galitsia to eastern tchernigovshina areas. they looked for masterpieces of ukrainian art in moscow and saint petersburg and even wrote correspondence to ukrainian artists living in europe and america. though this activity was stopped during the stalin \u2019 s repressions, and a big part of collection was dispersed or hidden, the tradition is still alive. today there are a lot of new works of art coming to museum \u2019 s collections. among these new comings are : unique icon relief \u201c st. george in his lifetime \u201d dating to the 12th century ; works of the founder of international abstractionism kazimir malevitch, who was native ukrainian ; masterpiece of ukrainian rococo \u201c the great martyr \u201d icon, graphics of world famous ukrainian living in the usa, y. gnizdovskiy. now there are thousands of exhibits presented in the museum \u2019 s collection. the 1990s, the first decade of ukrainian independence, were the time when museum came to an international level. for the first time in the museum \u2019 s history its collections were exhibited in famous museums of canada, france, denmark, croatia. the world discovered an advanced culture of the country with 10, 000 years of history. as a result, some previously infamous artists became a part of international art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4756736977997427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.445917"} {"text": "the obvious answer to drought stress on lawns is to apply water. deep, infrequent watering to the depth of the root system is the ideal situation. this should be done when lawns show the first signs of drought stress, such as wilting, darkening color, and footprints remaining after walking across the lawn. a variety of factors, including budgets, site factors, and watering restrictions all might make this impossible. when an organic lawn care program is in place, the organic matter used to topdress and the resulting improved soil structure will likely extend the greening period farther into the summer before the lawn goes dormant. this improved soil structure will also allow the grass plant to take full advantage of the moisture present and food uptake into the grass plant. good soil structure will allow the lawn to return to active growth and recover quickly. once cool - season turfgrasses have gone dormant ( stopped active growth, turned off - color ) it ' s best to leave them in that condition rather than watering heavily to cause the grass to green - up again. breaking dormancy actually drains reserves within the plant, and if conditions remain dry and the weather is hot, the plant is not likely to replace those reserves. in a ' typical ' summer, lawns go dormant and resume active growth when conditions improve. the downside of dormancy is the appearance of the lawn and the risk of problems arising on the inactive lawn, such as weed invasions. the common question is how much water is enough to keep the turf alive? applying 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 inch every two to four weeks should be enough to maintain moisture in the crown and roots so the turf can survive and resume growing when conditions improve. mow lawns higher for the summer. a range of 2. 5 to 3 inches would be suggested for most turf stands where kentucky bluegrass is the primary species. as always, mowing should be on a frequent basis so that no more than one - third of the leaf blade is removed in any one cutting. taller turf allows more shading of the soil, conserving what moisture is in the soil. avoid applying excess nitrogen fertilizer during hot, dry conditions. lawn grasses will respond by putting out excessive growth when they should be going dormant. wait until the early september period for fertilizing most lawns, rather than summer. use fertilizers providing adequate potassium, in addition to nitrogen. when growing using organic materials, nitrogen will be available as needed but never in excess. whenever possible, limit traffic of any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3879218374608159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.448629"} {"text": "enlistment data on soldier from the 27th us colored infantry source : military service record, pvt. jacob thomas, national archives publication m1824 as one who has researched their ancestors ' involvement in the civil war, i have come to understand something about the myths and the realities of who did and did not serve in the civil war. the reasons why some stories are not refuted even when they are purely nonsensical, and downright untrue, is because many of us who descend from enslaved people, have never studied the civil war. for example - - - in a recent genealogy chat, the involvement of black men who enlisted in the union army came up. one member described information about her ancestor who served in a unit from mississippi. another member of the same group - - - a regular to the chat for over 10 years, remarked that it was amazing to him, to hear that her mississippi ancestor enlisted in the union army. soldier is buried in dripping springs cemetery in crawford county arkansas. ( cemetery was documented by tonia holleman ) i asked him why that was so unusual. and he replied that \" well, her ancestor was not from the north, but he lived in the south. \" i wanted to make sure that i understood what he meant, and i wondered if he was going to start talking about the infamous mythical confederate issue, but he did not. he then innocently and sincerely asked the question, \" well - - - - weren ' t most black soldiers in the union army from places in the north, like massachusetts? \" i pointed out to him that a majority of the united states colored troops were units that were organized in the south. he was surprised, amazed and confused! he was truly trying to understand - - - - \" but how could that be? \" he asked. i was stunned by his word. but then i got it - - - - i realized that other than what he had learned from the movie \" glory! \" his knowledge of the role of african american soldiers from the south, in the civil war, was non - existent! he knew nothing! and this is a man in his 60s, who has been dabbling in family history for more than a decade! he was curious and asked honest and innocent questions - - - how could they get up north to enlist? the impression that he had, was that black men had to escape to the north to enlist in the union army. his sense was that all black civil war soldiers were organized in the north like the soldiers of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442072246907635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.454820"} {"text": "could they get up north to enlist? the impression that he had, was that black men had to escape to the north to enlist in the union army. his sense was that all black civil war soldiers were organized in the north like the soldiers of the 54th massachusetts colored infantry. famous image of the 54th massachusetts at ft. wagner. source : library of congress there was no sense of time, nor place - - - - and i pointed out to him that the war was fought in the south, on southern soil, and as federal soldiers came into an area, that provided the opportunity for them to enlist! this was foreign to him. now i must point out, this is a gentleman whom i have respected as being a long lasting researcher, but i was so surprised at how there was almost no concept of how black men entered the civil war, and where and under what circumstances. he did ask good questions - - - - - how did they get a chance when they were still held as slaves? wouldn ' t the slave masters have prevented their leaving to fight? another member then reminded him - - - - this was wartime! the slave masters and the overseers were not there - - - - they had entered the confederate army to fight! when union soldiers came - - they could raid area farms both large estates and small farms, and so many times the white men folk were not present, and slaves had access to the union lines for the first time! recruitment handbill, for soldiers to join union army this small concept had never occurred to him, and he had never read anything about the recruitment of black soldiers - - - and up until that time - - - - he always thought that a majority of black soldiers came from new england!!! it was pointed out that the 130 + regiments of united states colored troops, were organized in the south and he was truly amazed! i too was amazed, but for another reason - - - i had to ask, how many of our own elders in our communities were also under the impression that either we had no role in the war, or that only a few blacks from new england enlisted in the union army to fight? was he alone in his misconception of black participation? is this why the black confederate myth went unchallenged for so long? could it be, that our lack of knowledge of the true involvement of our ancestors in the fight for freedom, assisted the myth makers and revisionists in creating confederate regiments that never existed? after all, the story was created by hobbyists, re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4178142093720031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.455806"} {"text": "? could it be, that our lack of knowledge of the true involvement of our ancestors in the fight for freedom, assisted the myth makers and revisionists in creating confederate regiments that never existed? after all, the story was created by hobbyists, reenactors and not by historians. but as we who descend from us colored troops have had so few civil war enthusiasts in our own midst, until recent years, and there was no one for a long time to refute this revised history and newly created myths. i realized that until the past 20 years - - - - there were no monuments to the uscts. african american civil war memorial monument but - - - almost every town large and small in the south has confederate monuments in the town square or on the ground of the local courthouse. and they have had them for decades! monuments such as this one in arkansas are found in hundreds of towns throughout the south. the local and state histories show the photos of the confederate reunions well into the 20th century. but no textbooks or state histories show images of usct reunions. though many gar chapters were integrated, the reunions of black regiments were rare - - - - if any occurred at all. and in the south - - - - did any occur ever? what are the results of this lack of knowledge? did the actions of andrew johnson to restore the secessionists to their status of \" first class \" status over an oppressed second class, lead to a silencing of the soldiers, denying those men who fought and died, who were of african descent no chance to spread honor and pride to their descendants. were they thus prevented in their expressions of pride and dignity from passing this knowledge to the next generations? did the use of the confederate flag - - - - a flag of the enemy for the us colored troops - - - - did the use of the flag officially flown in front of courthouses and as well as the flag use in terrorist acts, such as lynchings, force these honorable men, into a silence, requiring them to never speak to the next generation about their fight for freedom? is this how and why our stories got lost in our own families? and what was the result of this forced silence? shame? poor self - esteem, powerlessness? the better question - - - - what comes from knowing one ' s history? i can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from tennessee who served in the 111th us colored infantry, were captured, escaped and re - enlisted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45459846159659395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.457285"} {"text": "- - - what comes from knowing one ' s history? i can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from tennessee who served in the 111th us colored infantry, were captured, escaped and re - enlisted - - - - i can only say that i saw with my own eyes - - - - the changes in body language as the young males heard this story of our uncle sephus, uncle braxton, cousins henry and emmanuel bass. i was asked to tell this story again to a new generation only this past year and once again - - - - the effect was amazing. did they hear it and understand it? i don ' t know - - - - but i know that in order for us to get to the story - - - - we have to learn the facts. * there were 138 regiments of the us colored troops who were volunteers in the union army. * most of these regiments were organized in the south. * there were 7 additional units part of the regular army. they were from mass, conn, and la. * all of these units served and / or saw action in the south. * the us colored troops saw action in 268 different battles / skirmishes between 1863 - 1866. memorize these few facts and pass them on!!! many stories lie untold in the unread pages of the official records of the civil war. as we speak of honoring our ancestors - - - - we have to tell their stories and in order to get to the story - - - - we must learn the facts! unknown soldier, united states colored troops source : library of congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44158532199555867, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.458049"} {"text": "everybody knows cats don ' t have nine lives and black cats aren ' t a cover for witches. but these types of tall tales have contributed to people ' s incorrect notions about cats. here are often - heard feline health yarns, and what to say to clients to unravel 1. cats are aloof, unsocial creatures dogs wag their tails and bark in delight when you come home. cats show affection by nuzzling your leg. even though they ' re not boisterous, they still want \u2014 and need \u2014 attention. some cats do shun human affection, but these introverts don ' t represent the whole feline species. in fact, lack of interaction can be an early sign of illness. 2. indoor cats don ' t need preventive medicine a cat doesn ' t have to go outside to get sick, especially if it lives with other pets that do head out. animals that go from the outdoors in might harbor \u2014 and pass on \u2014 all sorts of infections, from respiratory viruses to internal parasites. and fleas and mosquitoes can easily make their way into the house then jump onto or bite an unsuspecting indoor cat. 3. cats are independent and don ' t need care cats don ' t need to be let out to go to the bathroom, but they can ' t open a can of food. even though putting out extra food might satisfy their physical needs for a weekend alone, it doesn ' t cover their emotional needs. what ' s more, if a cat gets sick \u2014 say from ingesting a foreign object \u2014 while home by itself, it can be very sick by sunday night. 4. cats go outside the litter box to be spiteful behavior problems aren ' t at the root of inappropriate elimination. instead, missing the box often signals an underlying medical condition, such as urinary tract disease or infection, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. it can also be a sign of arthritis, which makes getting into the litter box difficult. teach clients that when they notice their cats \" going \" in the wrong place, they should contact you immediately. 5. cats don ' t get heartworms heartworms affect dogs and cats differently, but they do affect cats. cases of feline heartworm disease have been reported in all 50 states. unlike dogs, cats are troubled by heartworm larvae ( juvenile adult heartworms ) rather than mature adult heartworms. when the larvae die in cats ' lungs, they cause lesions that may lead to airway and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.410538104553587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.460673"} {"text": "find out which foods that promote sleep will give you a good night \u2019 s rest we all know that sleep and diet are both key to good overall health, but what is less well known is the strong link between the two. good sleep promotes a healthy appetite and foods that promote sleep can make it all happen. those who do not eat well may be causing themselves a bad night of rest, and lack of sleep can cause poor eating habits. this can become a self - perpetuating cycle, with bad habits in one leading to bad habits in the other. the good news is that there are foods that are not only good for you, but that will also actually help you sleep as well. these foods that promote sleep do double duty on the health front, and thus you would do well to consider adding them to your diet. what and when you eat has a great effect on your sleep. beyond the obvious effects of things like caffeine and alcohol on your sleep, regular foods can have great effects as well. eating spicy foods such as peppers before bed is a bad idea because you could be kept up by indigestion or heartburn. eating a full meal close to bed time is also not a good idea as it can cause these same issues as well. drinking lots of fluids before bed is could also affect your sleep by causing you to wake in the middle of the night to take a trip to the bathroom. but besides the foods and eating habits that effect your sleep in obvious ways, what about foods that affect the brain in a more basic way? there are foods that can have effects on the brain at a chemical level that can help promote sleep. foods that contain tryptophan, an amino acid, when eaten along with foods contain simple sugars known as carbohydrates can have a powerful sleep inducing effect on the brain. eating foods that contain calcium along with these other two further improves the effect. tryptophan is a precursor to both melatonin and serotonin serotonin and melatonin are both hormones manufactured in the brain that help it sleep. tryptophan is a building block the brain uses to create these two sleep hormones. there are two ways to increase serotonin and melatonin production in the brain, the first is to eat foods that contain tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. this is where carbohydrates come in. carbohydrates make tryptophan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43002744768140144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.463734"} {"text": "to eat foods that contain tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. this is where carbohydrates come in. carbohydrates make tryptophan more available to the brain by stimulating the release of insulin into the blood stream. the insulin clears the blood of other amino acids which would otherwise compete with the tryptophan, thus making it more available to the brain. calcium also aids the brain in using tryptophan in producing melatonin. so now that the basics of how these foods promote sleep has been covered, it is important to know which foods and combinations of foods best produce this effect. dairy is a good choice because dairy products contain both tryptophan and calcium. below are some foods that contain tryptophan, calcium, protein, or a mixture of them. oatmeal with milk and walnuts carbohydrates and protein make this combination a great snack to eat before bed. these contain melatonin ; just make sure it is the tart variety, the kind used for making pie. this is a perfect sleep inducing food because it contains half carbohydrates and half protein. bananas are a triple treat as they contain tryptophan, melatonin, and serotonin. add a piece of bread for a carbohydrate. these have both tryptophan and carbohydrates, so they make a good sleep inducing food. so if you are having trouble falling asleep, try someof these foods that promote sleep. you will likely find that you are falling asleep faster and easier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46670172935331766, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.464289"} {"text": "since 2010, schools across america have been taking part in michelle obama ' s ' let ' s move ' initiative to help fight childhood obesity in america \u2014 with parents, principals and teachers trying to promote healthy living in and out of the classroom. so, how well is it working? have schools in walnut creek found ways to keep local children fit and healthy? the mount diablo school district adheres to usda nutrition standards for its school meals, offering unlimited fruits and vegetables and using whole grains. the district hired a chef for the 2012 - 13 school year to \" introduce some exciting new healthy recipes \" on school menus. the walnut creek school district has a wellness policy that provides nutrition guidelines for school meals and stipulates that students get an hour a day of exercise. but \" let ' s move \" wants schools to do more than ditch junk food and give p. e. lessons. teachers are encouraged to incorporate nutrition education and physical activity into the curriculum, by making such concepts part of the daily routine. for example, the active schools acceleration program is currently offering grants for schools to take more innovative steps toward getting the kids active. programs include \" an academically integrated curriculum of in - class movement breaks, \" a before - school group aerobic work - out program, and a \" 100 - mile club \" where the kids work throughout the school year to run 100 miles. how is your child ' s school helping students stay fit and healthy? what do you think are the most effective methods to fight childhood obesity in school? share your experience in the comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45984528593011353, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.465863"} {"text": "cicadas : superfamily cicadoidea the drone of cicadas is one of sydney ' s most recognisable sounds of summer. cicadas are the loudest insects in the world and there are more than 200 species in australia. it is thought that the sound produced by some communal species can act as a defence against predatory birds and some are even loud enough ( 120 decibels ) to be painful to the human ear. cicadas also often sing in chorus, which makes it more difficult for a predator to locate an individual. cicadas are so conspicuous that many of their common names were initially given to them by children. as a result cicadas probably have the most colourful common names in the insect world. some of these include : black prince ( psaltoda plaga ), double drummer, floury baker, and the green grocer or yellow monday, cyclochila australasiae. - only male cicadas sing. they do this in an attempt to find a mate. - different species have different songs to attract only their own kind. - adult cicadas have short lives, usually only a few weeks. - most of their lives are spent as nymphs underground. for some species this can be up to several years. - cicadas feed only on plant sap using their piercing, sucking mouthparts. - cicadas feed on a huge range of plants, including eucalypts and grasses. - birds, bats, spiders, wasps, ants, mantids and tree crickets all prey on cicadas. what are cicadas? they are classified in the order hemiptera, which includes all insects with piercing and sucking mouth - parts. ( other insects in this order are bugs, aphids and scale insects ). there are more than 200 australian species of cicadas, most of which belong to the one large family, the cicadidae. cicadas are sometimes known as locusts in australia, but that term is more correctly applied to certain migratory species of grasshopper. what do cicadas look like? adult cicadas have stout bodies with two pairs of wings. the wing spans of the different species range from about 2. 5 cm - 15 cm. when not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. the longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. the fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42361198247258525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.472901"} {"text": "15 cm. when not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. the longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. the fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in a few species it is dull and opaque. the wings are strengthened by a number of thin, firm veins. adult cicadas have three pairs of legs all about the same length. the femur ( thigh joint ) of the fore leg is thicker than that of the other legs. cicadas have large compound eyes situated one on each side of the head they also have three very small glistening simple eyes ( ocelli ) on the top of the head. the cicada ' s antennae ( feelers ) are quite small and bristle - like. the mouth parts of the cicada are enclosed in a long, thin, beak - like sheath. the sheath ( labium ) passes backwards from the lower surface of the head between the legs when the insect is not feeding. it contains four fine, needle - like stylets used in feeding. cicadas feed by piercing the surface of plants with their mouth stylets. they then suck up the sap through a tube formed by the concave surfaces of two of the stylets. this piercing and sucking kind of feeding apparatus can be contrasted with the biting and chewing kind found in grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles and caterpillars. cicadas may cause some slowing of the growth of trees from the amount of sap that they consume, but the effects are not very noticeable. they do not bite, though they may cling to the skin with their sharp claws when handled. they are considered harmless to people, despite the fact that their high - pitched call may annoy some people. the adults of larger kinds of cicadas can be found on the trunks or branches of trees in summer. they are often wary and fly away when approached. smaller kinds often live on low shrubs, or even on long grass. cicadas are eaten in large quantities by birds. they are also carried off by wasps as food for their young, and undoubtedly serve as food for many other animals even the nymphs beneath the ground are parasitised by the larvae of feather - horned beetles ( family rhipiceridae ). cicadas are notorious singers. the song is a mating call produced by the males only. each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4210348984259328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.473830"} {"text": "feather - horned beetles ( family rhipiceridae ). cicadas are notorious singers. the song is a mating call produced by the males only. each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather similar species may co - exist. cicadas are the only insects to have developed such an effective and specialised means of producing sound. some large species such as the greengrocer / yellow monday and the double drummer produce a noise intensity in excess of 120 db at close range ( this is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear ). in contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our hearing. the apparatus used by cicadas for singing is complex and research is still continuing on the mechanisms involved. the organs which produce sound are the tymbals, a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the abdomen. contracting the internal tyrnbal muscles causes the tymbals to buckle inwards and produces a pulse of sound. by relaxing these muscles, the tymbals pop back to their original position. in some cicada species, a pulse of sound is produced as each rib buckles. both male and female cicadas have organs for hearing. a pair of large, mirror - like membranes, the tympana, receive the sound. the tympana are connected to an auditory organ by a short tendon. when a male sings, it creases the tympana so that it won ' t be deafened by its own noise. many species of cicada sing during the heat of the day. the loud noise produced by some day - singing cicadas actually repels birds, probably because the noise is painful to the birds ' ears and interferes with their normal communication. the males of many cicada species, including the greengrocer / yellow monday, and the double drummer, tend to group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise and reduces the chances of bird predation. some cicada species only sing at dusk. often these species are weak fliers ( as in the case of the bladder cicada ). they gain some protection from predatory birds by confining their activity to dusk. cicadas spend most of their life underground. it has been suggested that some of the large, common australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6 - 7 years. this would explain why adult cicadas are much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.483670295733496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.474927"} {"text": "##cadas spend most of their life underground. it has been suggested that some of the large, common australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6 - 7 years. this would explain why adult cicadas are much more abundant during some seasons that others, with peaks occurring every few years. the periodical cicadas of north america spend 13 or 17 years underground. in contrast to that of the nymph, the life of adult cicadas is very short, lasting only a few weeks. after mating, the adult female cicada lays its eggs. it does this by piercing plant stems with its ovipositor ( egg - laying spike at the tip of the abdomen ) and inserting the eggs into the slits it has made. the eggs hatch into small wingless cicadas which are known as nymphs. they fall to the ground and burrow below the surface. here they live on the sap from plant roots for a period which may last several years. they shed their skin at intervals as they grow. when the nymph reaches full size it digs its way to the surface with its front legs, which are specially adapted for digging. it generally surfaces about nightfall in late spring or early summer. the nymph then climbs on to a tree trunk or other object and sheds its skin for the last time. the fully - winged adult cicada which emerges leaves its old empty nymphal skin behind. for enquiries relating to these insects in the australian museum collection please contact the collection manager - moulds, m. s. 1990. australian cicadas. new south wales university press. 217 pp., 24 pls. dr dave britton, collection manager, entomology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3943407470360101, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.475677"} {"text": "| family xv. fringillinae. finches. genus xii. corythus, cuv. pine - finch. | genus | | corythus enucleator, linn. in wilson ' s time, this beautiful bird was rare in pennsylvania ; but since then it has occasionally been seen in considerable numbers, and in the winter of 1836, my young friend j. trudeau, m. d., procured several in the vicinity of philadelphia. that season also they were abundant in the states of new york and massachusetts. some have been procured near the mouth of the big guyandotte on the ohio ; and mr. nuttall has observed it on the lower parts of the missouri. i have ascertained it to be a constant resident in the state of maine, and have met with it on several islands in the bay of fundy, as well as in newfoundland and labrador. dr. richardson mentions it as having been observed by the expedition in the 50th parallel, and as a constant resident at hudson ' s bay. it is indeed the hardiest bird of its tribe yet discovered in north america, where even the rose - breasted grosbeak, though found during summer in newfoundland and labrador, removes in autumn to countries farther south than the texas, where as late as the middle of may i saw many in their richest plumage. the pine grosbeak is a charming songster. well do i remember how delighted i felt, while lying on the moss - clad rocks of newfoundland, near st. george ' s bay, i listened to its continuous lay, so late as the middle of august, particularly about sunset. i was reminded of the pleasure i had formerly enjoyed on the banks of the clear mohawk, under nearly similar circumstances, when lending an attentive ear to the mellow notes of another grosbeak. but, reader, at newfoundland i was still farther removed from my beloved family ; the scenery around was thrice wilder and more magnificent. the stupendous dark granite rocks, fronting the north, as if bidding defiance to the wintry tempests, brought a chillness to my heart, as i thought of the hardships endured by those intrepid travellers who, for the advancement of science, had braved the horrors of the polar winter. the glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer i gazed, the more i wished to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4560316329133525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.489474"} {"text": "the horrors of the polar winter. the glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer i gazed, the more i wished to remain ; but darkness was suddenly produced by the advance of a mass of damp fog, the bird ceased its song, and all around seemed transformed into chaos. silently i groped my way to the beach, and soon reached the ripley. the young gentlemen of my party, accompanied by my son john woodhouse, and a newfoundland indian, had gone into the interior in search of rein deer, but returned the following afternoon, having found the flies and musquitoes intolerable. my son brought a number of pine grosbeaks, of different sexes, young and adult, but all the latter in moult, and patched with dark red, ash, black and white. it was curious to see how covered with sores the legs of the old birds of both sexes were. these sores or excrescences are, i believe, produced by the resinous matter of the fir - trees on which they obtain their food. some specimens had the hinder part of the tarsi more than double the usual size, the excrescences could not be removed by the hand, and i was surprised that the birds had not found means of ridding themselves of such an inconvenience. one of the figures in my plate represents the form of these sores. i was assured that during mild winters, the pine grosbeak is found in the forests of newfoundland in considerable numbers, and that some remain during the most severe cold. a lady who had resided there many years, and who was fond of birds, assured me that she had kept several males in cages ; that they soon became familiar, would sing during the night, and fed on all sorts of fruits and berries during the summer, and on seeds of various kinds in winter ; that they were fond of bathing, but liable to cramps ; and that they died of sores produced around their eyes and the base of the upper mandible. i have observed the same to happen to the cardinal and rose - breasted grosbeaks. the flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. they alight frequently during the day, on such trees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48716378925697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.490487"} {"text": "the flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. they alight frequently during the day, on such trees as are opening their buds or blossoms. at such times they are extremely gentle, and easily approached, are extremely fond of bathing, and whether on the ground or on branches, move by short leaps. i have been much surprised to see, on my having fired, those that were untouched, fly directly towards me, until within a few feet, and then slide off and alight on the lower branches of the nearest tree, where, standing as erect as little hawks, they gazed upon me as if i were an object quite new, and of whose nature they were ignorant. they are easily caught under snow - shoes put up with a figure of four, around the wood - cutters ' camps in the state of maine, and are said to afford good eating. their food consists of the buds and seeds of almost all sorts of trees. occasionally also they seize a passing insect. i once knew one of these sweet songsters, which, in the evening, as soon as the lamp was lighted in the room where its cage was hung, would instantly tune its voice anew. my kind friend thomas m ' culloch of pictou in nova scotia, has sent me the following notice, which i trust will prove as interesting to you as it has been to me. last winter the snow was exceedingly deep, and the storms so frequent and violent that many birds must have perished in consequence of the scarcity of food. the pine grosbeaks being driven from the woods, collected about the barns in great numbers, and even in the streets of pictou they frequently alighted in search of food. a pair of these birds which had been recently taken were brought me by a friend, but they were in such a poor emaciated condition, that i almost despaired of being able to preserve them alive. being anxious, however, to note for you the changes of their plumage, i determined to make the attempt ; but notwithstanding all my care, they died a few days after they came into my possession. shortly after, i received a male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. by more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48420217917180663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.491458"} {"text": "male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. by more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear. to reconcile him gradually to confinement, he was permitted to fly about my bedroom, and upon rising in the morning, the first thing i did was to give him a small quantity of seed. but three mornings in succession i happened to lie rather later than usual, and each morning i was aroused by the bird fluttering upon my shoulder, and calling for his usual allowance. the third morning, i allowed him to flutter about me some time before shewing any symptom of being awake, but he no sooner observed that his object was effected than he retired to the window and waited patiently until i arose. as the spring approached, he used to whistle occasionally in the morning, and his notes, like those of his relative the rose - breasted grosbeak, were exceedingly rich and full. about the time, however, when the species began to remove to the north, his former familiarity entirely disappeared. during the day he never rested a moment, but continued to run from one side of the window to the other, seeking a way of escape, and frequently during the night, when the moonlight would fall upon the window, i was awakened by him dashing against the glass. the desire of liberty seemed at last to absorb every other feeling, and during four days i could not detect the least diminution in the quantity of his food, while at the same time he filled the house with a piteous wailing cry, which no person could hear without feeling for the poor captive. unable to resist his appeals, i give him his release ; but when this was attained he seemed very careless of availing himself of it. having perched upon the top of a tree in front of the house, he arranged his feathers, and looked about him for a short time. he then alighted by the door, and i was at last obliged to drive him away, lest some accident should befall him. \" these birds are subject to a curious disease, which i have never seen in any other. irregularly shaped whitish masses are formed upon the legs and feet. to the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime ; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey - comb. sometimes, though rarely, i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48996891664208575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.492550"} {"text": "legs and feet. to the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime ; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey - comb. sometimes, though rarely, i have seen the whole of the legs and feet covered with this substance, and when the crust has broken, the bone was bare, and the sinews seemed almost altogether to have lost the power of moving the feet. an acquaintance of mine kept one of these birds during the summer months. it became quite tame, but at last it lost the power of its legs and died. by this person i was informed that his grosbeak usually sang during a thunder - storm, or when rain was falling on the house. \" while in the state of maine, i observed that these birds, when travelling, fly in silence, and at a considerable height above the trees. they alight on the topmost branches, so that it is difficult to obtain them, unless one has a remarkably good gun. but, on waiting a few minutes, you see the flock, usually composed of seven or eight individuals, descend from branch to branch, and betake themselves to the ground, where they pick up gravel, hop towards the nearest pool or streamlet, and bathe by dipping their heads and scattering the water over them, until they are quite wet ; after which they fly to the branches of low bushes, shake themselves with so much vigour as to produce a smart rustling sound, and arrange their plumage. they then search for food among the boughs of the taller trees. male, 8 1 / 2, 14. female, 8 1 / 4, 13 1 / 2. from pennsylvania and new jersey, in winter, eastward to newfoundland. breeds from maine northward. common. migratory. pine grosbeak, loxia enucleator, wils. amer. orn., vol. i. p. 80. pyrrhula enucleator, bonap. syn., p. 119. pyrrhula ( corythus ) enucleator, pine bullfinch, swains. and rich. f. bor. amer. vol. ii. p. 262. pine grosbeak or bullfinch, nutt. man., vol. i. p. 535. pine grosbeak, pyrrhula enucleator, aud. orn. biog., vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.452445038563692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.493406"} {"text": "grosbeak or bullfinch, nutt. man., vol. i. p. 535. pine grosbeak, pyrrhula enucleator, aud. orn. biog., vol. iv. p. 414. bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute ; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping ; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected ; the acute decurved tip of the upper mandible extending considerably beyond that of the lower ; the gap - line deflected at the base. head rather large, ovate, flattened above ; neck short ; body full. legs short, of moderate strength ; tarsus short, compressed, with six anterior scutella, and two plates behind, forming a thin edge ; toes short, the first proportionally stout, the third much longer than the two lateral, which are about equal ; their scutella large, their lower surface with large pads covered with prominent papillae. claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, and acute. plumage soft, full, rather blended, the feathers oblong. at the base of the upper mandible are strong bristly feathers directed forwards. the wings of moderate length ; the primaries rounded, the second and third longest, and with the fourth and fifth having their outer webs slightly cut out. tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve strong, broad, obliquely rounded feathers. bill reddish - brown. iris hazel. feet blackish - brown, claws black. the general colour of the plumage is bright carmine, tinged with vermilion ; the feathers of the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish - brown in the centre ; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish - brown ; the middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail - coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak. wings blackish - brown ; the primaries and their coverts narrowly edged with reddish - white, the secondaries more broadly with white ; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish - white, the smaller coverts edged with red. length to end of tail 8 1 / 2 inches, the end of wings 6 1 / 4, to end of claws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4345883909362633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.494300"} {"text": "; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish - white, the smaller coverts edged with red. length to end of tail 8 1 / 2 inches, the end of wings 6 1 / 4, to end of claws 6 3 / 4 ; extent of wings 14 ; wing from flexure 4 3 / 4 ; tail 4 ; bill along the ridge ( 7 1 / 2 ) / 12, along the edge of lower mandible 7 / 12 ; tarsus ( 9 1 / 2 ) / 12 ; first toe ( 4 1 / 2 ) / 12, its claw 5 / 12 ; middle toe 8 / 12, its claw 5 / 12. the female is scarcely inferior to the male in size. the bill is dusky, the feet as in the male. the upper part of the head and hind neck are yellowish - brown, each feather with a central dusky streak ; the rump brownish - yellow ; the rest of the upper parts light brownish - grey. wings and tail as in the male, the white edgings and the tips tinged with grey ; the cheeks and throat greyish - white or yellowish ; the fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, sides, and abdomen ash - grey, as are the lower tail - coverts. length to end of tail 8 1 / 4 inches, to end of wings 6 1 / 4, to end of claws 6 3 / 4 ; extent of wings 13 1 / 2 ; wing from flexure 4 1 / 2 ; tail 3 10 / 12 ; tarsus ( 9 1 / 2 ) / 12 ; middle toe and claw 1 1 / 12. young fully fledged. the young, when in full plumage, resemble the female, but are more tinged with brown. an adult male from boston examined. the roof of the mouth is moderately concave, its anterior horny part with five prominent ridges ; the lower mandible deeply concave. tongue 4 1 / 2 twelfths long, firm, deflected at the middle, deeper than broad, papillate at the base, with a median groove ; for the distal half of its length, it is cased with a firm horny substance, and is then of an oblong shape, when viewed from above, deeply concave, with two flattened prominences at the base, the point rounded and thin, the back or lower surface convex. this remarkable structure of the tongue appears to be intended for the purpose of enabling the bird, when it has insinuated its bill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4533762197452351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.495156"} {"text": "##tum, which is 11 twelfths long. the coeca are 1 1 / 4 twelfths in length and 1 / 4 twelfth in diameter. the entire length of the intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31 1 / 2 inches ( in another male 31 ) ; its greatest breadth in the duodenum 2 1 / 2 twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 1 / 4 twelfths. fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. the oesophagus [ a b c ] ; the gizzard [ d ], turned forwards ; the duodenum, [ e f ] ; the rest of the intestine, [ g h ] ; the coeca, [ i ] ; the rectum, [ i j ], which is much dilated at the end. the trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 1 / 2 twelfths broad, with about 60 rings ; its muscles like those of all the other species of the passerinae or fringillidae. in a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long ; the intestine 31 inches long. in all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds ; and in the oesophagus of one was an oat seed entire. although this bird is in its habits very similar to the crossbills, and feeds on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45335767883479433, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.496710"} {"text": "fundoplication is a surgery on the stomach and esophagus. it is done to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). gerd is also called acid reflux, or heartburn. this occurs when acid from the stomach goes up the esophagus. a hiatal hernia may also be fixed during this procedure. this type of hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach pokes into the chest cavity. this hernia increases the chance and severity of gerd. reasons for procedure the surgery is most often done for the following reasons : - eliminate persistent gerd symptoms that are not relieved by medicine - correct acid reflux that is contributing to asthma symptoms - repair a hiatal hernia, which may be responsible for making gerd symptoms worse - eliminate the source of serious, long - term complications resulting from too much acid in the esophagus if you are planning to have fundoplication, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - anesthesia - related problems - difficulty swallowing - return of reflux symptoms - limited ability to burp or vomit - gas pains - damage to other organs in rare cases, the procedure may need to be repeated. this may happen if the wrap was too tight, the wrap slips, or if a new hernia forms. some factors that may increase the risk of complications include : what to expect prior to procedure your doctor may do the following : - physical exam - x - ray \u2014 a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones - endoscopy \u2014 use of a tube attached to a viewing device ( an endoscope ) to examine the inside of the lining of the esophagus and stomach ; a biopsy may also be taken - manometry \u2014 a test to measure the muscular contractions inside the esophagus and its response to swallowing leading up to the surgery : talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : - anti - inflammatory drugs ( eg, aspirin ) - blood thinners, like warfarin ( coumadin ) - clopidogrel ( plavix ) - arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. also, arrange for help at home. - the night before, eat a light meal. do not eat or drink anything after midnight. general anesthesia will be used. it will block any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4567990136782665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.502419"} {"text": ") - arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. also, arrange for help at home. - the night before, eat a light meal. do not eat or drink anything after midnight. general anesthesia will be used. it will block any pain and keep you asleep through the surgery. description of the procedure the doctor will make a small incision. the laparoscope ( a small tool with a camera on the end ) will be inserted into the abdomen. it will allow the doctor to view the inside of the body on a video screen. gas will be pumped into the abdomen to improve the view. the doctor will make other, small incisions in the skin. small surgical instruments will be inserted. the stomach will then be wrapped around the esophagus. if needed, the hernia will be repaired. in some cases, the doctor may need to switch to an open surgery. he will make a wide incision in the abdomen to do the surgery. how long will it take? how much will it hurt? you will have discomfort during recovery. ask your doctor about medicine to help with the pain. average hospital stay two days or more ( depending on your condition ) - walk with assistance the day after surgery. - keep the incision area clean and dry. - ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. - you will start by eating a liquid diet. you will slowly be able to eat more solid foods. - after a successful fundoplication, you may no longer need to take medicines for gerd. - be sure to follow your doctor ' s instructions. it will take about two weeks to recover. call your doctor after you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - nausea and / or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or which persist for more than two days after discharge from the hospital - increased swelling or pain in the abdomen - difficulty swallowing that does not improve - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given - pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine - cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - any other new symptoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38797282780047726, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.503613"} {"text": "de - 01 historical mining district altenberg n 50\u00b045 ' 51 \", e 13\u00b045 ' 39 \" de - 02 historical mining district freiberg n 50\u00b055 ' 12 \", e 13\u00b020 ' 32 \" de - 03 historical mining district marienberg n 50\u00b039 ' 3 \", e 13\u00b09 ' 53 \" de - 04 historical mining district annaberg n 50\u00b034 ' 46 \", e 13\u00b00 ' 11 \" de - 05 historical mining district schneeberg n 50\u00b035 ' 15 \", e 12\u00b038 ' 2 \" de - 06 historical mining district schwarzenberg n 50\u00b032 ' 14 \", e 12\u00b047 ' 14 \" de - 07 uranium mining n 50\u00b048 ' 33 \", e 12\u00b050 ' 32 \" de - 08 coal mining n 50\u00b043 ' 29 \u201c, e 12\u00b043 ' 46 \" cz - ka - 01 mining landscape jachymov n 50\u00b022 ' 23 \", e 12\u00b053 ' 55 \" cz - ka - 02 mining landscape abertamy \u2013 horni blatna \u2013 bozi dar n 50\u00b025 ' 18 \", e 12\u00b049 ' 57 \" cz - ka - 03 the red tower of death n 50\u00b019 ' 44 \", e 12\u00b057 ' 12 \" cz - us - 01 mining landscape krupka n 50\u00b041 ' 50 \", e 13\u00b050 ' 50 \" cz - us - 02 mining landscape medenec \u2013 kovarska n 50\u00b025 ' 43 \", e 13\u00b04 ' 8 \" the transboundary serial nomination of 13 component parts is a large - scale example of a decentralised mining landscape in a central european mountain region that lies in the southeast of germany and extends to the czech republic \u2013 the erzgebirge ( ore mountains ). the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori illustrates the formative influence of mining and metallurgy on the development of the landscape and its culture in an exceptional way. for more than 800 years, from the 12th to the 21th century, the region was actively shaped by mining activities. first silver and tin ores and later other ores such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. based on mining and metallurgy, the \u201c industrialization \u201d of the region took place in different historical stages. the component parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4804533966208769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.516648"} {"text": ", nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. based on mining and metallurgy, the \u201c industrialization \u201d of the region took place in different historical stages. the component parts of the serial nomination are composed of carefully selected historical witnesses including protected mines and associated over - and underground ensembles, historically distinct landscape features such as pits, heaps, dewatering channels and reservoirs, mining towns and settlements, and other important social buildings related to mining towns and settlements. these witnesses are not limited to work process related issues but particularly include witnesses of the economic, scientific, cultural, and social influences of mining and metallurgy. together the component parts provide a lively comprehensive insight into all aspects of miner \u2019 s world. the component parts reflect also the transboundary nature of the bohemian and saxon erzgebirge. the serial property has to be understood as a geographical, historical and cultural unit illustrating both the mining activities and the interaction between two communities which shared a long common history. mining and metallurgy had formed an important and worldwide recognised trade and economic region which is still today strongly influenced by its mining traditions. especially the developments in the field of mining sciences and technologies contributed to the development of other mining regions in europe and the world. description of the component part ( s ) : in accordance with the spatial distribution of the numerous significant historic mining districts and their specific features, the serial property mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is represented by a selection of 13 significant separate component parts. the saxon part will be represented by 8 individual component parts which are representing the layout of the six historical mining districts of the 19th century and the two historically important districts of uranium and coal mining of the 20th century. the czech republic is represented by 4 large - scale mining landscapes and a single monument. the component parts cover a wide temporal and spatial range to fully illustrate the whole development process of the mining landscape and its culture. each component part features a distinctive character that is composed of three attributes : time depth, diversity of mineral resources, and cultural facets. the cultural facets do not only include work process related issues but also the far - reaching influence of mining activities on seemingly distant areas of life. the individual component parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. the individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5473951533560665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.517767"} {"text": "parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. the individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its global importance and its formative influence from the 12th to the 21st century. they are of exceptional quality and diversity. viewed as a whole, the components bear witness to the extent of the economic, social and cultural development of the entire mining region and its culture. for example : the very beginning of the development of the mining landscape is illustrated by the mining district of freiberg with the mining cities of freiberg and brand - erbisdorf and the surrounding mining landscape. here in 1168, the silver ore was found for the first time in the ore mountains, and the transformation process of the landscape started. the search for silver and other kinds of ore in the rich deposits of the ore mountains led to the colonization of the cross border mountain region from both the saxon and the bohemian side. during the 15th and 16th century this process reached the upper parts of the ore mountains and led to the foundation of a large number of mining cities like schneeberg, marienberg and annaberg in saxony or jachymov in bohemia with their specific buildings and highly valuable architecture. these cities became centres of unique cultural, economic, technological and scientific development of the mining region in the following centuries. many of these developments influenced other mining regions worldwide. the temporarily last mining period of the erzgebirge in the late 20th century \u2013 represented by the nominated properties of the mining district altenberg in the eastern part and in chemnitz, schlema, hartenstein and jachymov in the western part of the region \u2013 was characterized by tin and uranium mining. justification de la valeur universelle exceptionelle the transboundary serial nomination mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is an exceptional testimony of a unique landscape and culture which was influenced and shaped by mining activities and their environmental, economic and social impacts. the nominated series represents a central european economic and cultural unit that has continuously developed since the early middle ages. the outstanding universal value particularly results from the unique combination of three determining attributes : an unprecedented diversity of mineral resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. a coherent series of well - preserved monuments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5038679730337134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.518823"} {"text": "resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. a coherent series of well - preserved monuments, ensembles and landscapes demonstrating different periods of mining, different technological levels as well as different cultural periods represents the development of this central european mining region of worldwide importance. they do not only illustrate the tangible attributes but also the intangible values which together constitute the distinctive character of the landscape. the almost exclusive formation of the entire region by mining and metallurgy led to worldwide important scientific discoveries and subsequent introduction of many technical and technological innovations, which substantially influenced the worldwide development of mining sciences and contributed significantly to the development of other mining regions in europe and the rest of the world. of particular importance and so far unique on the world \u2019 s scale is the transboundary nature of the nominated property. the mining landscape allows a comprehensive insight into cross - border relations between two states since the 12th century and the visible effects of this interrelation. as a whole, the nominated serial property provides comprehensive knowledge about all aspects of a globally significant mining region and its culture. criterion ( ii ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori exhibits an important interchange of human values in the field of mining. as a consequence of more than 800 - years of mining activities, a cross - border cultural area between saxony and bohemia was created, which is characterized by a unprecedented density of systematically established mining cities and their special architecture, by the development of advanced mining and ore processing technologies, by its great influence on the development of mining - and geo - sciences as well as mining education worldwide, and by its contribution to the development of minting as well as of the currency systems in europe and in the whole world. the serial property proves interchange and knowledge transfer from the middle ages till the 21th century. the influence of mining in the ore mountains is provable in a large number of mining centres worldwide. criterion ( iii ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is an outstanding witness of the development of a society which was crucially formed by mining industries. the component parts provide a comprehensive insight into the cultural traditions of a more than 800 - year - old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. they do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5223052324179498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.519903"} {"text": "traditions of a more than 800 - year - old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. they do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the continuous development of mining and the resulting impacts on society till today. criterion ( iv ) : the ore mountains are characterized by a multitude of ore and other deposits containing a wide spectrum of mineral resources. their extraction and processing led in the course of time to the emergence of different mining landscapes with specific types of buildings. these characteristic mining infrastructures illustrate the different ways of exploitation of diverse resources, as well as the development of distinctive technologies and the resulting change of the mining intensity. the technological ensembles and mining landscapes are testimonies of the worldwide important technical and scientific achievements made by mining experts in the ore mountains in different mining periods. criterion ( v ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is the result of a long - term formation of a spacious area by human activities, which were focused on ore mining and ore processing, closely connected with social, economic and administrative factors of mining and the way of dealing with the natural conditions of the region. the geological characteristics of the ore deposits have crucially determined the way of dealing with the nature in the work processes of mining and metallurgy. depending on the level of development of mining technologies in specific time periods, the landscape has changed several times. the traces of these changes can be seen in the landscape till today and represent a source of our present - day knowledge of past mining periods. the component parts reflect the successive stages of the development of mining techniques as well as characteristic forms of mining towns and settlements, the specific land - use shaped by mining, and the evidence of human settlement in specific conditions of upland locations with its direct impacts on landscape and culture. criterion ( vi ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori represents a region which is directly associated with the culture of an old mining territory as it is not only perceived in europe but also elsewhere in the world. the serial property represents a mining region which is in a unique way tied to an identity shaped by long lasting and still ongoing mining. over centuries these mining activities have generated specific artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. the history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. the global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521984447301681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.520964"} {"text": "artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. the history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. the global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in the development of mining and geosciences which are tangibly linked to the founding of the first major international and still existing mining academy in the world \u2013 the bergakademie freiberg ( 1765 ). this university has for long served as a worldwide center of training of mining experts, which substantially increased the international scientific prestige of the region in the field of mining. the early scientific examinations made by scholars of the freiberg bergakademie led to a series of discoveries and developments in mining and metallurgy which were crucial for the development of modern mining sciences and geosciences. the erzgebirge is worldwide considered as the cradle of mineralogy and geology as well as temporarily the leading training place for international mining experts. this is extraordinary illustrated by the work \u201c de re metallica \u201d ( 1556 ) of the renaissance scholar georgius agricola whose work was mainly inspired by the mining culture of the ore mountains. satements of authenticity and / or integrity the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is a continuing cultural landscape in which exceptional evidence of past mining activities has survived in a comprehensive way. it is composed of a series of component parts linked together by a common historical narrative. the component parts of the series including well - preserved remains of mining and mining - related activities were carefully selected so that they bear witness to all important milestones in the history of the nominated serial property and to its outstanding universal value. each part illustrates a different combination of characteristic attributes and thus contributes to the understanding of the whole property. as a living landscape, some areas have experienced new developments, some buildings have been adapted for continued use and some buildings have disappeared in the course of time but the intactness of the landscape and the authenticity of the remaining structures are still outstanding. the areal extent and number of preserved historical mining infrastructure with authentic traces from medieval time onwards is exceptional. the serial property preserved a completely unique and authentic character with clearly evident remains of mining activities. the nominated properties of the series benefit from legal protection. comparison with other similar properties the comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property \u2013 time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets \u2013 and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. it also takes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.545374345510045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.522048"} {"text": "from legal protection. comparison with other similar properties the comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property \u2013 time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets \u2013 and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. it also takes into consideration the specific thematic features of the region like its transboundary nature, which is so far unique in the context of mining world heritage as well as the global influence of the region in the field of mining and geosciences. although there are some sites on the world heritage and national tentative lists directly associated with mining, most of these sites are not comparable with the nominated property because of their completely different time horizon and their belonging to a different geo - cultural area without any correlation to the central european mining landscapes. the majority of the compared sites do not document the transformation of a landscape and the evolution of a culture strongly influenced by mining in such a coherent way like the nominated property. although they document important aspects of mining, they hardly have a comparable range of attributes. the main attribute of most sites is based on a single aspect. only a small selection of sites such as the network of mining installations in goslar, rammelsberg and the upper harz region has an almost similar complex approach with differing components. but they differ either in time - scale or in completeness still allowing only a limited insight into the complexity of a mining region. to summarize, there is no comparable world heritage site or otherwise known property providing such a comprehensive insight into a miner\u00b4s world like the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori. the nominated serial property is not limited to the technological aspects but also covers social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects. the transformation process of a landscape exclusively formed by mining and its impacts on the environment can be traced here from the very beginning in the 12th up to the 21st century. justification of the selection of the component part ( s ) in relation to the future nomination as a whole : the spatial arrangement of deposits and historically significant mining areas in the ore mountains requires a serial approach. the 13 separate component parts are necessary to illustrate all important characteristics of the mining and cultural landscape in space and time. the nominated properties of the component parts reflect a distinctive combination of specific attributes. their selection was made in such a way that they cover all a distinctive combination of these attributes and fulfil the criteria of authenticity and integrity. each component part is telling a peculiar chapter of the origin and development of a coherent mining region. all component parts are culturally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5169481670018232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.523240"} {"text": "this is a brief guide, designed to help you get familiar with using a terminal in linux. by including very detailed instructions here, they should not be necessary in the main body of the wiki. once you have worked through this tutorial, you may find linuxcommand. org a useful next step. in easy mode ( the out - of - the - factory default linux ), press and hold the control ( ctrl ) and alt keys at the same, and then press \u201c t \u201d, then release all keys. this is often written as ctrl + alt + t or ctl + alt + t. this will open up a simple terminal application. also in easy mode you can go work > file manager > tools > open console window ( or work > file manager and ctl + t ). this gives you a more fully featured terminal application. if you already went ahead and installed advanced mode, you can access the run command, but pressing alt and f2 at the same time ( alt + f2 ), and then typing the name of a terminal : and then press \u201c enter \u201d type the command you want to run, along with any options, and finish by pressing \u201c enter \u201d at the end of the line. for example, to check your tcp / ip settings, you would use the command ifconfig. to do so, type : and then press \u201c enter \u201d. you should see an output similar to : ath0 link encap : ethernet hwaddr 00 : 15 : xx : xx : xx : xx ( mac address ) inet addr : 192. 168. 1. xxx bcast : 192. 168. 1. 255 mask : 255. 255. 255. 0 up broadcat running multicast mtu : 1500 metric : 1 rx packets : 33 errors : 0 dropped : 0 overruns : 0 frame : 0 tx packets 125 errors : 0 dropped : 0 overruns : 0 carrier : 0 collisions : 0 txqueuelen : 0 rx bytes : 3402 ( 3. 3 kib ) tx bytes : 14208 ( 13. 8kib ) collisions : 0 txqueuelen : 0 rx bytes : 69453 ( 67. 8 kib ) tx bytes : 69453 ( 67. 8kib ) lo link encap : local loopback inet addr : 127. 0. 0. 1 mask : 255. 0. 0. 0 up loopback running mtu : 16436 metric : 1 r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42956902736463615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.528624"} {"text": "nano is a console - based text editor, which loads very quickly. to use it, type nano, and the path of the file you wish to edit. ( if there is no file in the specified location, nano will create one. as such, you must be accurate in what you type, otherwise you will create unnecessary blank files, rather than opening existing files. ) for the purposes of this tutorial, we will create a new text file in the / home / user directory, add a line of text, save the file, and exit nano. first, create the new text file, named \u201c text \u201d in the / home / user directory : nano will open, with a blank document. type a line of text. press \u201c enter \u201d to start a new line. when you have typed your line of text, you need to save your changes, by writing the file. to do this, press ctl + o together ( that ' s \u201c o \u201d as in \u201c mnop \u201d and not \u201c 0 \u201d as in \u201c 0123 \u201d ). if you want to change the file name, you can change it here. then, once you are happy with the file name, or if you wish to overwrite an existing file which you have opened, press \u201c enter \u201d when you have saved your file, exit nano by pressing ctl + x together. when you have done this, you can open the file to check that your changes have been saved : you should see whatever text you typed. if you wanted to create or open a file with a space in the name, you would need to include the whole path in quotation marks. it is advisable that you do not use spaces in names. nano \" / home / user / text / name with spaces \" if you need to open a text file in nano with root privileges, preface the usual nano command with sudo : sudo nano / home / user / text this is necessary when editing certain restricted system files. for example, to edit the list of repositories available to apt - get / synaptic, you would need to use sudo : sudo nano / etc / apt / sources. list similarly, to edit the configuration of network interfaces on your eee, you would need to use sudo : sudo nano / etc / network / interfaces created by neil. reference to linuxcommand. org thanks to deicidist and marduk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5038385280439928, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.531884"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : loughmiller, campbell and lynn phlox stolonifera sims usda symbol : phst3 usda native status : native to u. s. creeping phlox is a mat - forming perennial with loose mats of semi - evergreen foliage and erect clusters of large flowers. the showy blossoms are lavender, blue or white with an eye of purple - red tinged in white. the leaves of this 6 - 10 in. plant are round or spoon - shaped. plant characteristicsduration : perennial habit : herb fruit : size class : bloom informationbloom color : white, blue, purple bloom time : apr, may al, ga, ky, md, me, nc, ny, oh, pa, sc, tn, va, vt, wv canada : qc native distribution : chiefly mts., also piedmont areas from pa & s. oh, to ga & tn native habitat : woods & wooded stream banks usda native status : l48 ( n ), can ( i ) growing conditionslight requirement : sun, part shade, shade soil moisture : moist soil description : humus - rich soil. conditions comments : creeping phlox will do poorly in full sun, and slugs can be troublesome in very moist soils. in congenial conditions, however, this is a vigorous plant that can become weedy. ground cover benefitconspicuous flowers : yes propagationdescription : propagated by seed, by softwood cuttings taken in late spring and stuck in sand, or by spring division. seed collection : not available seed treatment : seeds should be planted fresh. commercially avail : yes from the national organizations directory according to the species list provided by affiliate organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following : texas discovery gardens - dallas, txdelaware nature society - hockessin, de recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page record modified : 2009 - 01 - 07 research by : twc staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4679046855428639, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.534878"} {"text": "locating thermophiles in other parts of the universe could very well aid in the search for extraterrestrial life. most people have agreed that if life is found among the stars, it will be microbial ( at least in the near - term future ). many individuals have also suggested that intelligent life forms might very well be extinct in other parts of the universe. if scientists could locate thermophile microbes, they could piece together an archaeological picture of once powerful civilizations. taiwan is well known for its hot springs. most tourists that visit the island end up visiting at least one. many people like to take relaxing baths in them. hot springs can be great for people with arthritis. new research is proving that they can also be a great place to find astrobiological data. photosynthetic thermophiles that live in hot springs may potentially be removing significant amounts of industrially produced carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. they \u2019 ve thrived because of fundamental changes to the atmosphere caused by humanity. in fact, there are some scientists who feel that these microbes could play a vital role in regulating the planet \u2019 s climate. that role might become increasingly important in the future. planets that were once inhabited by industrially developed civilizations that have since passed might be teeming with life similar to these. if a planet was sufficiently changed by another race of beings, it could have ultimately favored the development of these tiny beings. they could indicate that intelligent lifeforms once inhabited a planet, and that planet could be different today than it was in the past. while discovering a planet full of microbes would be initially interesting, in the future it could be a relatively common occurrence. therefore, news services of the future might very well pass by such stories after a few weeks \u2013 much like they do today with the discovery of new exoplanets. finding sufficient numbers of photosynthetic thermophiles would be telling about the history of a world, but it would also require a great deal of geological activity. then again, there \u2019 s nothing to say that other civilizations wouldn \u2019 t also have the ability to increase the amount of geological activity on other planets. they might even do it on purpose, as a way of terraforming for instance. for that matter, humans might want to give that a try. venus is superheated because of thermal runaway as a result of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. if water were transported to that very hot world, colonists could use the resulting geysers to grow bacteria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.510629346834219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.539180"} {"text": "today we ask that you take time to ground yourself. there is an enormous amount of energy moving through your reality. and your bodies conduct and absorb it \u2014 particularly your nervous system. the human brain generates and absorbs a vast amount of energy. human brains are a lot like nuclear reactors. in order to function properly, they must be cooled down. otherwise they overheat, and when this happens, things can get quite toxic. what heats the brain? any kind of cogitative thought. strategizing, planning, calculating. imagination heats the brain even more \u2014 visualizing, fantasizing. worry is a negative use of the imagination that heats the brain. all creative work heats the brain. watching tv, or looking at information on a screen heats the brain. computers are very heating for the brain and nervous system. what cools the brain? being outdoors. bathing in water. engaging in activities that minimize cogitative or creative thought and require that you \u201c be in your body. \u201d exercise, yoga, dance, many forms of martial arts. meditation. deep breathing is very cooling for the brain. being around animals or small children cools the brain. caffeine and sugar heat the brain. water and green vegetables cool the brain. it is very important to cool the nervous system. many forms of mental and physical imbalance and illness are really just side effects of nervous system \u201c burnout. \u201d insomnia, anxiety, depression, fatigue and many other stress - related symptoms are a result of nervous overheating and burnout. truly, it is wise to think of your brain as a nuclear reactor. it harnesses a vast amount of energy. it is a great engine of creation and cogitation. but you must keep it cool. do not let it overheat \u2014 or you may well experience a meltdown.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5912539164303581, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.541073"} {"text": "washington - maryland health officials reported the first hypothermia - related death of the winter thursday. the man died in frederick county and was at least 65 years old. the office of the chief medical examiner confirmed the cause of his death during the past week. state health officials released no other details. fifteen hypothermia - related deaths were reported last winter. one death had been reported by this time in december 2011, according to the medical examiner ' s office. with winds gusting thursday and another round of snow headed for the region this weekend, health officials remind marylanders to bundle up before heading outside. \" a few extra moments to prepare could keep you safe as we head into the coldest months, \" said laura herrera, a deputy secretary with the department of health and mental hygiene. hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops below 95 degrees. frostbite destroys frozen body tissue. areas most likely to freeze are toes, fingers, ears, cheeks and the tip of the nose, the health department says. those with poor circulation, the elderly, very young children and anyone who stays outside for prolonged periods of time are at greater risk for these conditions. staying outside while wet increases the danger, the health department says. the health department offers these tips to stay warm in cold weather : - cover your head to retain body heat. - wear several layers of lightweight, loose - fitting clothing. the air between the layers help insulate you from the cold. - cover your mouth with a scarf. also cover your ears and the lower part of your face. - wear mittens instead of gloves as the close contact of fingers keeps your hands warmer. - wear warm leg coverings and heavy socks or two pairs of lightweight socks. - wear waterproof boots or study shoes to keep your feet warm and dry. follow @ wtop on twitter. ( copyright 2012 by wtop. all rights reserved. ) how did a photographer get an inside view of a bear ' s mouth? ( video ) conn. zoo officials don ' t know how this baby came to be born. more cursing happens in maryland than across the potomac river. how much did a painting of a topless \" golden girl \" fetch?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47076168076685954, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.544410"} {"text": "general article categories special article categories the how to ' s... mu ' aadh ibn jabal on knowledge excerpted from works by ibn taymiyyah and abu nu ` aim the prophet sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam said about mu ` aadh ibn jabal : \" verily, when the people of knowledge will be present before their lord, the mighty and sublime, mu ` aadh will be one step ahead of them. \" [ saheeh, ibn sa ` d, aboo nu ` aim, at - tabaraanee ] he, sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam, also said about mu ` aadh : \" \u2026 the most knowledgeable of them [ my ummah ] about the lawful and the prohibited is mu ` aadh bin jabal \u2026 \" [ at - tirmidhee, ibn hibbaan, ibn maajah, al - baihaqee, al - haakim, who declared it saheeh, and adh - dhahabee and al - albaanee agreed with him. ] ibn taymeeyah writes in al - wasiyyah : \" part of mu ` aadh \u2019 s excellence further is that the prophet, sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam, sent him to the people of yemen as a preacher on his behalf, a caller, a teacher of understanding in the deen, a giver of religious verdicts, and a judge. \" this is mu ` aadh, radhiallaahu ta ` aalaa ` anhu, to whom the prophet, sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam, also said : \" o mu ` aadh! by allaah, truly i love you. \" [ aboo daawood, an - nasaa \u2019 ee, ibn hibbaa, aboo nu ` aim, ibn khuzaimah and al - haakim, who declared its isnaad to be saheeh, and adh - dhaabee agreed ] aboo nu ` aim reports some sayings of mu ` aadh himself about the excellence of knowledge, among which we find the following : \" knowledge is a comforting friend in times of loneliness, it is the best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45552092259369803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.547144"} {"text": "best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of comfort, as well as those of hardships. knowledge is your most powerful sword against your enemy, and finally, it is your most dignifying raiment in the company of your close companions. \" \" through knowledge, allah, blessed be his name, raises some people in rank, and he makes them leaders in righteousness and models in morality. the vestige of their faith is avidly sought, their deeds are emulated perceptively, and people will seek and sanction their opinions solicitously and unequivocally. the heavenly angels seek their company and anoint them with their wings, every fresh or withered life they pass by implore almighty allah to forgive them their sins, even the fish in the oceans, the beasts of the lands and every bird of prey and migratory bird pray and solicit the mercy of almighty allah on their behalf. this is because knowledge revives the dead hearts and drives them out of darkness into light, and because knowledge is the light of the inner eyes that cures one \u2019 s blindness and restores his inner sight. \" author : yaser birjas total reads : 1855 author : sheikh muhammed salih al - munajjid category : soul purification total reads : 7915", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5550304158463175, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.547669"} {"text": "a fightbac! \u00ae focus on cook cook to proper temperatures. cooking times vary for meats, poultry and fish. after cooking, keep foods out of the \" danger zone \" ( 4\u00b0c to 60\u00b0c or 40\u00b0f to 140\u00b0f ) by preparing them quickly and serving them immediately. keep it hot, hot, hot! when serving hot food buffet - style, keep it hot ( at 60\u00b0c or 140\u00b0f ) with chafing dishes, crock pots and warming trays. when eating out, return any undercooked food for additional cooking. cook it right : foods are properly cooked when they are heated for a period of time at a high enough temperature to kill harmful bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. keep all soups, chili and hot dips piping hot before serving. if you ' re travelling to a party or to work, keep hot foods hot in an insulated thermal container. sizzling cooking tips : when cooking in a microwave oven, make sure the food is cooked thoroughly. for best results, cover food, stir and rotate for even cooking and follow suggested standing times. use a clean thermometer, which measures the internal temperature of cooked foods, to make sure meat, poultry, egg dishes, casseroles and other foods are cooked all the way through. insert the thermometer in different spots to ensure even cooking. wash your food thermometer with hot, soapy water before using it again. sanitize it for the safest results. cook to safe temperatures : look at the temperature chart or contact your local health authority for safe internal temperatures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45605593386755516, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.549121"} {"text": "santa ' s magic based on science ever wondered how santa claus can travel around the world in just one night on his reindeer - pulled sleigh and deliver toys to all the children? \" he exploits the space - time continuum, \" says larry silverberg, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at north carolina state university. santa ' s magic may go far beyond merely travelling across 322 million square kilometres to visit hundreds of millions of homes of children in just one night, silverberg says. \" he understands that space stretches, he understands that you can stretch time, compress space and therefore he can, in a sense, actually have six santa months to deliver the presents, \" says silverberg. \" in our reference frame it appears as though he does it in the wink of an eye and in fact there have been sightings of santa, quick sightings, and that ' s in our reference frame, but in santa ' s reference frame he really has six months \". building on demand silverberg says his research has established that santa does not, as commonly thought, carry enough presents for each child in his sleigh. \" how could he? \" he says. \" we believe that he uses nanotechnology to grow the presents under the tree and really, what he ' s done, is he ' s figured out how to turn what we call irreversible thermo - dynamic properties into reversible ones and so he really starts with soot, candy, other types of natural materials, he puts them under the tree and he actually grows them in a reverse process to create the presents, wrapping and all. \" and then there ' s the age - old question that santa has to address every year - who ' s been naughty and who ' s been nice? \" we believe, that there are large antennas miles long under the snow up at the north pole and we think the grid - spacing is in the order of millimetres so that you can receive radar - type signals, \" says silverberg. santa ' s trip takes in all continents and all time zones. silverberg says his sleigh is equipped with an onboard sleigh guidance system. he says the reindeer are genetically bred to fly, balance on rooftops and see in the dark. silverberg has been researching santa for more than a decade. \" it ' s certainly a worthy thing to spend time on and it has all sorts of ramifications in everyday life, \" he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5013533011142569, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.551479"} {"text": "( bpt ) - each year, millions of americans seek hospital care to treat a wide range of medical problems - from accidental injuries to chronic or life - threatening illnesses. while the majority of patients have positive outcomes, it is imperative to remember patient safety should be a top priority for everyone. in fact, the world health organization ( who ) notes patient safety is a serious global public health issue. even in developed countries such as the united states, as many as one in 10 patients may be harmed while hospitalized. injury rates are even higher in developing countries, making patient safety a high priority around the world. you can take steps to help ensure your safety whether in the hospital for a planned or unexpected circumstance. here are three things to keep in mind to make your hospital stay as safe as possible : reduce infection risks : hospital infections are a top concern, especially for surgical patients. according to who, hand hygiene is the single most important measure to reduce health - care - related infections. patients should keep hand sanitizer at their bedside and use it often. additionally, the national patient safety foundation ( npsf ) recommends : * reminding your care team about hand - washing before any direct interaction. * keeping an eye on intravenous catheters and wound dressings, and notifying your health care provider right away if something looks wrong. * taking charge of health problems such as diabetes, excess weight and smoking, which can increase infection risk in the hospital. * following doctors ' directions about breathing treatments to avoid lung infections. over the past century, anesthesiologists have advanced patient safety through innovative research, science and technology advancements. whether in the operating room, procedure room, intensive care unit or pain clinic, anesthesiologists are committed to patient safety. today, anesthesia - related fatalities only occur in less than one in every 200, 000 procedures. to help ensure the highest quality and safest care, anesthesiologists lead anesthesia care teams to supervise non - physician providers during the administration of anesthesia to make critical life decisions when there are only seconds to make them. according to the american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ), anesthesiologists have more than 10, 000 hours of related medical training and education to diagnose, treat and respond to any medical complications that may occur. in addition to making sure a physician supervises your anesthesia care, it is important to follow all pre - operative instructions from your doctors and get plenty of rest before surgery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4330354910130776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.555056"} {"text": "diagnose, treat and respond to any medical complications that may occur. in addition to making sure a physician supervises your anesthesia care, it is important to follow all pre - operative instructions from your doctors and get plenty of rest before surgery. also, be sure your anesthesiologist is aware of your prior anesthesia history and any medications you take. for more information about anesthesia and preparing for surgery, please visit lifelinetomodernmedicine. com. be aware of setbacks : while unpredictable progress in recovery is not unusual, it ' s important to minimize the risk of avoidable setbacks such as falls and readmissions. tumbles are a major concern for the elderly, but even younger patients are at risk of falling in the hospital. npsf often points to research indicating more than 500, 000 falls occur in u. s. hospitals each year, causing 150, 000 injuries. muscle weakness, medication - related impairment and age can increase a patient ' s risk of falling. follow your physician ' s directions and the hospital ' s procedures for surer footing. before you leave the hospital, make sure you understand the doctor ' s after - care instructions to reduce your risk of readmission. bring any questions or suspicions of complications to follow - up appointments to help your physician assess your recovery. health care is incredibly intricate and complex, and while medical science has made great strides for patient safety, patients need to play an active role in their care. with diligent research and advocacy for their own health, patients ' collaboration with their care team can make them informed and, most importantly, safe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4604514077183167, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.555721"} {"text": "is a crime crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction..., the essence of which is illicit entry into a building for the purposes of committing an offense. usually that offense will be theft in common usage, theft is the illegal taking of another person ' s property without that person ' s permission or consent. the word is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting and fraud..., but most jurisdictions specify others which fall within the ambit of burglary. to engage in the act of burglary is to burgle ( in british english british english, or english, is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the english language used in the united kingdom from forms used elsewhere... ) or to burglarize ( in american english american english is a set of dialects of the english language used mostly in the united states. approximately two - thirds of the world ' s native speakers of english live in the united states.... common law definition the common law common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... burglary was defined by sir matthew hale sir matthew hale sl was an influential english barrister, judge and jurist most noted for his treatise historia placitorum coron\u00e6, or the history of the pleas of the crown. born to a barrister and his wife, who had both died by the time he was 5, hale was raised by his father ' s relative, a strict... - breaking can be either actual, such as by forcing open a door, or constructive, such as by fraud or threats. breaking does not require that anything be \" broken \" in terms of physical damage occurring. a person who has permission to enter part of a house, but not another part, commits a breaking and entering when they use any means to enter a room where they are not permitted, so long as the room was not open to enter. - entering can involve either physical entry by a person or the insertion of an instrument with which to remove property. insertion of a tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself. note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common law burglary. breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common law burglary. - although rarely listed as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5540138680777228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.575281"} {"text": "tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself. note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common law burglary. breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common law burglary. - although rarely listed as an element, the common law required that entry occur as a consequence of the breaking. for example, if a wrongdoer partially opened a window by using a pry bar and then noticed an open door through which he entered the dwelling, there is no burglary at common law. the use of the pry bar would not constitute an entry even if a portion of the prybar \" entered \" the residence. under the instrumentality rule the use of an instrument to effect a breaking would not constitute an entry. however, if any part of the perpetrator ' s body entered the residence in an attempt to gain entry, the instrumentality rule did not apply. thus, if the perpetrator uses the prybar to pry open the window and then used his hands to lift the partially opened window, an \" entry \" would have taken place when he grasped the bottom of the window with his hands. - house includes a temporarily unoccupied dwelling, but not a building used only occasionally as a habitation - night time is defined as hours between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise - typically this element is expressed as the intent to commit a felony \u201c therein \u201d. the use of the word \u201c therein \u201d adds nothing and certainly does not limit the scope of burglary to those wrongdoers who break and enter a dwelling intending to commit a felony on the premises. the situs of the felony does not matter, and burglary occurs if the wrongdoer intended to commit a felony at the time he broke and entered. the common law elements of burglary often vary between jurisdictions. the common law definition has been expanded in most jurisdictions, such that the building need not be a dwelling or even a building in the conventional sense, physical breaking is not necessary, the entry does not need to occur at night, and the intent may be to commit any felony or theft. etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. for languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during... originates from anglo - saxon anglo - saxon may refer to : * anglo - saxons, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5319624716641962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.576325"} {"text": "a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during... originates from anglo - saxon anglo - saxon may refer to : * anglo - saxons, a group that invaded britain * * old english, their language * * anglo - saxon england, their history, one of various ships * white anglo - saxon protestant, an ethnicity * anglo - saxon economy, modern macroeconomic term... or old english, one of the germanic languages the germanic languages constitute a sub - branch of the indo - european language family. the common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called proto - germanic, which was spoken in approximately the mid - 1st millennium bc in iron age northern europe.... according to one textbook, \" the word burglar comes from the two german german is a west germanic language, related to and classified alongside english and dutch. with an estimated 90 \u2013 98 million native speakers, german is one of the world ' s major languages and is the most widely - spoken first language in the european union...., meaning \" house, \" and laron, meaning \" thief \" ( literally \" house thief \" ). another suggested etymology is from the later latin word burgare, \" to break open \" or \" to commit burglary \", from burgus, meaning \" fortress \" or \" castle \", with the word then passing through french and middle english, with influence from the latin latro, \" thief \". the british verb \" burgle \" is a late back - formation. burglary is prosecuted as a felony a felony is a serious crime in the common law countries. the term originates from english common law where felonies were originally crimes which involved the confiscation of a convicted person ' s land and goods ; other crimes were called misdemeanors... a misdemeanor is a \" lesser \" criminal act in many common law legal systems. misdemeanors are generally punished much less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions and regulatory offences... and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or remaining unlawfully with intent to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft for example, vandalism vandalism is the behaviour attributed originally to the vandals, by the romans, in respect of culture : ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49016235896711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.577367"} {"text": "to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft for example, vandalism vandalism is the behaviour attributed originally to the vandals, by the romans, in respect of culture : ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable.... even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include sheds, barns, and coops ; burglary of boats, aircraft, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person ' s consent. the act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or with a person who is incapable of valid consent. the... arson is the crime of intentionally or maliciously setting fire to structures or wildland areas. it may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires... in criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against that person ' s will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority..., identity theft identity theft is a form of stealing another person ' s identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person ' s identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person ' s name..., or violation of civil rights ; indeed the \" plumbers \" of the watergate scandal the watergate scandal was a political scandal during the 1970s in the united states resulting from the break - in of the democratic national committee headquarters at the watergate office complex in washington, d. c., and the nixon administration ' s attempted cover - up of its involvement... were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u. s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force. technically, a burglary committed during the hours of daylight is not burglary, but housebreaking. in many jurisdictions in the u. s., burglary is punished more severely than housebreaking. in california california is a state located on the west coast of the united states. it is by far the most populous u. s. state, and the third - largest by land area..., for example, burglary was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5577379069221395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.578314"} {"text": "enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term \" railroad car \" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o. c. g. a. \u00a7 16 - 7 - 1 burglary and the intended crime, if carried out, are treated as separate offenses. burglary is a felony, even when the intended crime is a misdemeanor, and the intent to commit the crime can occur when one \" enters or remains unlawfully \" in the building, expanding the common law definition. it has three degrees. third - degree burglary is the broadest, and applies to any building or other premises. second - degree burglary retains the common - law element of a dwelling, and first - degree burglary requires one to be in a dwelling and to be armed with a weapon or to cause injury. a related offense, criminal trespass, covers unlawful entry to buildings or premises without the intent to commit a crime, and is a misdemeanor or, in the third degree, a violation. possession of burglar ' s tools, with the intent to use them to commit burglary or theft, is a misdemeanor. the commonwealth of massachusetts the commonwealth of massachusetts is a state in the new england region of the northeastern united states of america. it is bordered by rhode island and connecticut to the south, new york to the west, and vermont and new hampshire to the north ; at its east lies the atlantic ocean. as of the 2010... uses the term \" burglary \" to refer to a night - time breaking and entering of a dwelling with the intent to commit a felony. burglary is a felony punishable by not more than twenty years ; should the burglar enter with a dangerous weapon, they may be imprisoned for life. unlawful entries of a structure other than a dwelling are labeled \" breaking and entering \" and punishments vary according to structure. in maryland, under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. the first three degrees are felonies, while fourth - degree burglary is a misdemeanor. breaking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5278238334330843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.580380"} {"text": "under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. the first three degrees are felonies, while fourth - degree burglary is a misdemeanor. breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit theft or a crime of violence is first - degree burglary. breaking and entering into a \" storehouse \" ( a structure other than a dwelling, also including watercraft, aircraft, railroad cars, and vessels ) with intent to commit theft, arson, or a crime of violence is second - degree burglary. third - degree burglary is defined as breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit a crime. simple breaking and entering into a dwelling or storehouse without specific intent to commit an additional crime is fourth - degree burglary. this degree also includes two other offenses that do not have breaking and entering as an element : being in or on the yard, garden, or other property of a storehouse or dwelling with the intent to commit theft, or possession of burglar ' s tools with the intent to use them in a burglary offense. in the criminal code of new hampshire new hampshire is a state in the new england region of the northeastern united states of america. the state was named after the southern english county of hampshire. it is bordered by massachusetts to the south, vermont to the west, maine and the atlantic ocean to the east, and the canadian..., \" a person is guilty of burglary if he enters a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied section thereof, with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter. \" under the penal law in the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the state in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs... in new york, burglary is always a felony, even in third degree. it is more serious if the perpetrator uses what appears to be a dangerous weapon, or if he or she enters a dwelling. in pennsylvania, it is a defense to prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned in virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as \" common law burglary \" and \" statutory burglary. \" common law burglary is defined as : if any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5152179831558383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.581286"} {"text": "prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned in virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as \" common law burglary \" and \" statutory burglary. \" common law burglary is defined as : if any person breaks and enters the dwelling of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony or any larceny ( theft < 200 $ ) therein, shall be guilty of burglary, punishable as a class 3 felony ; provided, however, that if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. statutory burglary is defined as : if any person in the nighttime enters without breaking, or in the daytime breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in a dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse, or, in the nighttime enters without breaking or at any time breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in any office, shop, manufactured home, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, church or other house, or any ship, vessel or river craft, or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck, or trailer, if such automobile, truck or trailer is used as a dwelling or place of human habitation, with intent to commit murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of virginia state code section 18. 2 - 77, 18. 2 - 79, or 18. 2 - 80, shall be deemed guilty of statutory burglary, which offense shall be a class 3 felony. however, if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. additionally, if any person commits any of the acts mentioned in the va state code section 18. 2 - 90 with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of va state code section 18. 2 - 77, 18. 2 - 79, or 18. 2 - 80, or if any person commits any acts mentioned in 18. 2 - 89 or 18. 2 - 90 with intent to commit assault and battery, shall be guilty of statutory burglary, punishable by confinement in a state correctional facility for not less than one or more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $ 2, 500, either or both. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5127657657831686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.582158"} {"text": "more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $ 2, 500, either or both. however, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. finally, if any person break and enter a dwelling house while said dwelling is occupied, either in the day or nighttime, with intent to commit any misdemeanor except assault and battery or trespass ( which falls under the previous paragraph ), shall be guilty of a class 6 felony. however, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself / herself during the commission of the burglary. england and wales burglary is defined by section 9 of the theft act 1968 the theft act 1968 is an act of the parliament of the united kingdom. it creates a number of offences against property in england and wales. on 15 january 2007 the fraud act 2006 came into force, redefining most of the offences of deception. - history :... which created two variants : the offence is defined in similar terms to england and wales by the theft act ( northern ireland ) 1969. under scots law scots law is the legal system of scotland. it is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. with english law and northern irish law it forms the legal system of the united kingdom ; it shares with the two other systems some..., the crime of burglary does not exist. instead theft by housebreaking covers theft where the security of the building is overcome. it does not include any other aspect of burglary found in england and wales. it is a crime usually prosecuted under solemn procedure an indictment, in the common - law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. in jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony ; jurisdictions that lack the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5436093133969065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.583063"} {"text": "prosecuted under solemn procedure an indictment, in the common - law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. in jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony ; jurisdictions that lack the concept of felonies often use that of an indictable offence \u2014 an... in a superiour court. another common law crime still used is hamesukin which covers forced entry into a building where a serious assault on the occupant takes place. common law common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... crimes in scotland are gradually being replaced by statutes. in canada, burglary is labelled as \" breaking and entering \" under section 348 of the criminal code a criminal code is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction ' s criminal law... and is a hybrid offence a hybrid offence, dual offence, crown option offence, dual procedure offence, or wobbler are the special class offences in the common law jurisdictions where the case may be prosecuted either summarily or as indictment.... breaking and entering is defined as trespassing with intent to commit an indictable offence in many common law jurisdictions, an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury.... the crime is commonly referred to in canada as \" break and enter \" which in turn is often shortened to \" b and e \". in sweden, burglary does not exist as an offence in itself, instead there are two available offences. if a person simply breaks into any premise, he is technically guilty of either unlawful intrusion or breach of domiciliary peace ), depending on the premise in question. breach of domiciliary peace is only applicable when a person \" unlawfully intrudes or remains where another has his living quarters \" the only punishment available for any of these offences is fines, unless the offence is considered gross. in that case, the maximum punishment is two years in prison. however, if the person who has forced himself into a house, steals anything ( literally \" takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it \" ), he is guilty of ( ordinary ) theft ). however, the section regarding gross theft ( chapter 6, 4s of the penal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5388355103842623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.583979"} {"text": "forced himself into a house, steals anything ( literally \" takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it \" ), he is guilty of ( ordinary ) theft ). however, the section regarding gross theft ( chapter 6, 4s of the penal code, grov stold ) states \" in assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the unlawful appropriation took place after intrusion into a dwelling. \" for theft, the punishment is imprisonment of at most two years, while gross theft carries a punishment of between six months and six years. as in sweden, there is no crime of burglary as such in finland. in the case of breaking and entering, the finnish penal code states that a person who unlawfully ( 1 ) enters domestic premises by force, stealth or deception, or hides or stays in such premises [... ] shall be sentenced for invasion of domestic premises to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months. however, if theft is committed during unlawful entering, then a person is guilty of theft or aggravated theft depending on the circumstances of the felony. ( 1 ) if in the theft the offender breaks into an occupied residence, and the theft is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated theft to imprisonment for at least four months and at most - r v collins r v collins 1973 qb 100 is a case decided by the court of appeal of england and wales which examined the meaning of \" enters as a trespasser \" in the definition of burglary... trespass is an area of tort law broadly divided into three groups : trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land. trespass to the person, historically involved six separate trespasses : threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem, and maiming... - home invasion home invasion is the fifth solo album by ice - t. released in 1993, the album home invasion is the fifth solo album by ice - t. released in 1993, the album home invasion is the fifth solo album by ice - t. released in 1993, the album ( which was originally set to be released in 1992 under the deal with... - watergate burglaries - \" cat burglar \" at wiktionary wiktionary is a multilingual, web - based project to create a free content dictionary, available in 158 languages...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5049947159369931, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.585144"} {"text": "ask a question about ' grabow ' start a new discussion about ' grabow ' answer questions from other users ( \u02c8\u0261\u0281a\u02d0bo ) is a town in the ludwigslust - parchim ludwigslust - parchim is a district in the west of mecklenburg - vorpommern, germany. it is bounded by the state schleswig - holstein, the district nordwestmecklenburg, the district - free city schwerin, the districts rostock and mecklenburgische seenplatte and the states brandenburg and lower saxony... district, in mecklenburg - western pomerania mecklenburg - vorpommern is a federal state in northern germany. the capital city is schwerin... germany, officially the federal republic of germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in europe. the country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is berlin. germany covers an area of 357, 021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate.... it is situated on the river elde the elde is a river in northern germany, a right tributary of the locknitz. its total length is 220 km. the elde originates near altenhof, south of malchow. it first flows southeast towards the southern end of lake muritz, which it enters at vipperow. it flows out of the muritz at its..., 7 km ( 4. 35 mi ) southeast of ludwigslust ludwigslust is a town in mecklenburg - vorpommern, germany, 40 km south of schwerin. it was the capital of the former district of ludwigslust, and is part of the district ludwigslust - parchim since september 2011. - history :..., and 34 km ( 21. 12 mi ) northwest of wittenberge wittenberge is a town of twenty thousand people on the lower elbe in the district of prignitz, brandenburg, germany. - history :... the historical center of grabow is distinguished by its close core of timber - framed houses timber framing, or half - timbering, also called in north america \" post - and - beam \" construction, is the method of creating structures using heavy squared off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. it is commonplace in large barns... of the 18th century. otto emil plath, the father of sylvia plath sylvia plath was an american poet, novelist and short story writer. born in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4028784363843404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.588305"} {"text": "milton ' s first publication, a mask presented at ludlow castle, is examined. milton ' s vision of a poet ' s heaven in \" ad patrem, \" paired with the letter to charles diodati, with its particular emphasis on the need for chastity in poets, is used as a springboard to a discussion of the depiction of sexual ideals in the masque. revelation 14, 1 corinthians, and the apology for smectymnuus are also discussed at length, as are the poet ' s biography and the history of the masque ' s title. a study of milton ' s poetry, with some attention to his literary sources, his contemporaries, his controversial prose, and his decisive influence on the course of english poetry. as one of the world ' s great universities, yale traces its roots back to the early 1640s when colonial clergyman sought to establish a school in order to continue the tradition of european education within the americas. yale has now grown to educate over 11, 000 students from over 100 countries on a 310 - acre campus in new haven, connecticut. within the school ' s 260 buildings are over 2, 000 undergraduate programs in 65 departments taught by a distinguished faculty. as academic earth ' s first partner school, yale has been a leader within the space of opencourseware by consistently delivering on its esteemed mission to expand access to educational materials for all who wish to learn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4891970559230161, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.590900"} {"text": "kruptos & phanero posted 09 april 2007 - 11 : 40 am i am studying the words kruptos and phanero. what i am wondering is if any of you know what the best way to translate these words are? my research shows that kruptos is primarily hidden / concealed ; phanero is primarily revealed / known. however, in romans 2. 28 \u2013 2. 29 they has been translated as inward and outward. i have found no other occurrence for this in the english texts. this brings question to the translation. can any of you help me to understand why should be translated inward and outward? within context it can maintain the idea of conceal or revealed and still make plain sense. posted 09 april 2007 - 07 : 22 pm \" 28. which is one outwardly ( ho en tosi phanerosi ). ioudaios ( jew ) has to be repeated ( ellipse ) with the article, \u201c the in the open jew \u201d ( circumcision, phylacteries, tithes, etc. ). likewise repeat peritomes ( circumcision ). 29. who is one inwardly ( ho en tosi kruptosi ). repeat ioudaios ( jew ) here also, \u201c the in the inward part jew \u201d ( circumcision of the heart peritomes kardias and not a mere surgical operation as in col. 2 : 11, in the spirit en pneumati, with which compare 2 cor. 3 : 3, 6 ). this inward or inside jew who lives up to his covenant relation with god is the high standard that paul puts before the merely professional jew described above. whose praise ( hou ho epainos ). the antecedent of the relative hou is ioudaios ( jew ). probably ( gifford ) a reference to the etymology of judah ( praise ) as seen in gal. 49 : 8. \" the \" gal. 49. 8 \" is from the accordance text. it should read gen. 49 : 8. posted 09 april 2007 - 08 : 30 pm it appears to me that this verse should possibly read... [ update : right you were rob! that was an accident of hurried writing. it didn ' t even match my notes ] then not he who [ is ] a revealed jew, neither he who [ is ] revealed circumcised in the flesh. in other words this \" jew \" is showing off circumcision and jewishness to gain praise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5116374051604073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.594187"} {"text": "my notes ] then not he who [ is ] a revealed jew, neither he who [ is ] revealed circumcised in the flesh. in other words this \" jew \" is showing off circumcision and jewishness to gain praise. it ' s not about whether or not he is a real jew. but he who is a hidden jew and his heart is circumcised by the spirit not he who is praised of people but of god. this hidden is connected to jesus ' statement of entering a prayer chamber and not praying in front of other to be thought righteous. because the father who sees in secret ( phaneros ) will reward. i understand the want / need to try to make this an inward and outward issue but there are words for that. why would paul use words that specifically mean concealing or revealing? reading it as an inward issue makes it possible that a jew of birth is not one of heart. this doesn ' t seem to fit within context. nor does it seem to fit with in nt practice. i am willing to read it as inward outward if i can gain a clear reasoning. edited by yetsirah, 16 april 2007 - 05 : 12 am. posted 11 april 2007 - 09 : 30 am it seems paul ' s very point is that jews of birth are not necessarily jews of heart. that would also seem to be his point in romans 9 : 6 - 13. whatever way you interpret paul ' s words in this passage, sufficient weight must be given to the flesh / heart contrast he sets up, which is very common in his epistles, especially romans and galatians. the flesh / heart contrast gives rise to the outward / inward translation so common in english versions. the greek words themselves might not usually mean inward / outward, but the contrast paul establishes is so common in his writings that translators have perhaps seen it as more weighty than the typical word usage. 0 user ( s ) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47602290845324846, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.594910"} {"text": "agriculture production profile why is agriculture important anyway? aside from the nutritional value of food, agriculture is important to people, the economy, and our heritage. the city of kawartha lakes is home to approximately 1, 500 farms. assuming an average of 4 people per farm, that means approximately 6, 000 people live on farms in the municipality. the 2006 census estimated 8, 387 people in the area are employed year round and 4, 013 seasonal in the agri - food and related industries. agriculture and agri - food sector is a mainstay of the economy. kawartha lakes has the largest number of beef cows in central ontario and the 4th largest number of beef cows in ontario. farm cash receipts for main commodities totaled $ 87. 5 million in 2006. ( source : omafra, census 2006 ) kawartha lakes at a glance ( pdf ) farm cash receipts - main commodities : 2002 - 2006 major farm types kawartha lakes is the fourth largest municipality / county in ontario with respect to beef cow numbers. the fourth in ewe numbers and second largest in goats. with respect to total animal numbers, kawartha lakes has the third largest community pasture in ontario. the largest field crop in acres is hay with 95, 825 acres grown, representing 3. 74 % of the provinces crop. ( source : omafra 2006 ) what else is growing in kawartha lakes? over $ 8 million in floriculture, nursery & sod sales, covering 306, 117 square feet of total greenhouse area. ( source : census 2006 ) this area was originally surveyed and cleared for agriculture in the early 1, 800 ' s. the european settlers established mixed farms on these lands. many of today ' s farmers are descendants of the original settlers to this area. the area has grown to include a world class seed production facility and a large independent family owned dairy processing business. kawartha lakes is a regional center for farm marketing and farm supply with a livestock sale barn, large commercial grain elevators and continues to pursue diverse and value added agricultural opportunities. production profile field crops the largest acreage field crop grown is hay with 95, 824 acres grown, representing 3. 74 % of the provinces crop. fruit & vegetable production comparative acres 2006 beef farming remains the largest type of farming with over 1900 beef cattle in kawartha lakes. farms by industry 2006 livestock types 2006 - 271, 460 hens and chickens ( all types ) - 792 turkeys ( source : 2006 census )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4073437353861645, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.597207"} {"text": "chromosomes are structures found in the center ( nucleus ) of cells that carry long pieces of dna. dna is the material that holds genes. it is the building block of the human body. chromosomes also contain proteins that help dna exist in the proper form. chromosomes come in pairs. normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes ( 46 total chromosomes ). half come from the mother ; the other half come from the father. two of the chromosomes ( the x and the y chromosome ) determine if you are born a boy or a girl ( your gender ). they are called sex chromosomes : females have 2 x chromosomes. males have 1 x and 1 y chromosome. the mother gives an x chromosome to the child. the father may contribute an x or a y. it is the chromosome from the father that determines if the baby is a girl or a boy. the remaining chromosomes are called autosomal chromosomes. they are known as chromosome pairs 1 through 22. stein ck. applications of cytogenetics in modern pathology. in : mcpherson ra, pincus mr, eds. henry ' s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 22nd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 68. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5409182821366649, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.598775"} {"text": "chess requires you to think hard, analyze, plan, and execute. problem - solving and learning are become a game! studies conducted over the last 30 years show an increase in student iq ' s, and test scores improve after less than a year of systematic chess study. chess is also valuable due to its intellectual brand attributes : chess is known to be a smart person ' s game, and kids who play chess believe they are smart. why is this important? because what kids believe can be self - fulfilling. what does chess do? - develops self - esteem - builds team spirit - increases concentration. - encourages and promotes pattern recognition - enhances logical deductive reasoning to solve problems chess levels the playing field. age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and spoken language are irrelevant factors when playing chess. why offer chess in schools? by chessmaster jerry meyers - www. youthchess. net chess is a classic game of strategy, invented more than 1500 years ago in india. legend has it that the ruler of india asked his wise men to devise a way to teach the children of the royal family to become better thinkers and better generals on the battlefield. chess was the result. in the centuries since its invention, chess has spread to every country in the world. while countless other games have died out, chess lives on. in the united states, it has received endorsements by many educators, ranging from benjamin franklin to former u. s. secretary of education, terrell bell. in western pennsylvania, more than 70 schools and a dozen libraries offer chess programs, reaching several thousand students each year. 2 ) academic benefits we have brought chess to the schools because we believe it directly contributes to academic performance. chess makes kids smarter. it does so by teaching the following skills : focusing - children are taught the benefits of observing carefully and concentrating. if they don ' t watch what is happening, they can ' t respond to it, no matter how smart they are. visualizing - children are prompted to imagine a sequence of actions before it happens. we actually strengthen the ability to visualize by training them to shift the pieces in their mind, first one, then several moves ahead. thinking ahead - children are taught to think first, then act. we teach them to ask themselves \" if i do this, what might happen then, and how can i respond? \" over time, chess helps develop patience and thoughtfulness. weighing options - children are taught that they don ' t have to do the first thing that pops into their mind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.545525027609668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.604745"} {"text": "i do this, what might happen then, and how can i respond? \" over time, chess helps develop patience and thoughtfulness. weighing options - children are taught that they don ' t have to do the first thing that pops into their mind. they learn to identify alternatives and consider the pros and cons of various actions. analyzing concretely - children learn to evaluate the results of specific actions and sequences. does this sequence help me or hurt me? decisions are better when guided by logic, rather than impulse. thinking abstractly - children are taught to step back periodically from details and consider the bigger picture. they also learn to take patterns used in one context and apply them to different, but related situations. planning - children are taught to develop longer range goals and take steps toward bringing them about. they are also taught of the need to reevaluate their plans as new developments change the situation. juggling multiple considerations simultaneously - children are encouraged not to become overly absorbed in any one consideration, but to try to weigh various factors all at once. none of these skills are specific to chess, but they are all part of the game. the beauty of chess as a teaching tool is that it stimulates children ' s minds and helps them to build these skills while enjoying themselves. as a result, children become more critical thinkers, better problem solvers, and more independent decision makers. 3 ) educational research these conclusions have been backed up by educational research. studies have been done in various locations around the united states and canada, showing that chess results in increased scores on standardized tests for both reading and math. a study on a large scale chess program in new york city, which involved more than 100 schools and 3, 000 children, showed higher classroom grades in both english and math for children involved in chess. studies in houston, texas and bradford, pennsylvania showed chess leads to higher scores on the watson glaser critical thinking appraisal and the torrance tests of creative thinking. 4 ) social benefits in the schools, chess often serves as a bridge, bringing together children of different ages, races and genders in an activity they can all enjoy. chess helps build individual friendships and also school spirit when children compete together as teams against other schools. chess also teaches children about sportsmanship - how to win graciously and not give up when encountering defeat. for children with adjustment issues, there are many examples where chess has led to increased motivation, improved behavior, better self - image, and even improved attendance. chess provides a positive social outlet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5190237590673441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.607455"} {"text": "graciously and not give up when encountering defeat. for children with adjustment issues, there are many examples where chess has led to increased motivation, improved behavior, better self - image, and even improved attendance. chess provides a positive social outlet, a wholesome recreational activity that can be easily learned and enjoyed at any age. why does chess have this impact? why did chess players score higher on the torrance tests of creative thinking as well as the watson - glaser critical thinking appraisal? briefly, there appear to be at least seven significant factors : - chess accommodates all modality strengths. - chess provides a far greater quantity of problems for practice. - chess offers immediate punishments and rewards for problem solving. - chess creates a pattern or thinking system that, when used faithfully, breeds success. the chess - playing students had become accustomed to looking for more and different alternatives, which resulted in higher scores in fluency and originality. - competition. competition fosters interest, promotes mental alertness, challenges all students, and elicits the highest levels of achievement ( stephan, 1988 ). - a learning environment organized around games has a positive affect on students \u2019 attitudes toward learning. this affective dimension acts as a facilitator of cognitive achievement ( allen & main, 1976 ). instructional gaming is one of the most motivational tools in the good teacher \u2019 s repertoire. children love games. chess motivates them to become willing problem solvers and spend hours quietly immersed in logical thinking. these same young people often cannot sit still for fifteen minutes in the traditional classroom. - chess supplies a variety and quality of problems. as langen ( 1992 ) states : \u201c the problems that arise in the 70 - 90 positions of the average chess game are, moreover, new. contexts are familiar, themes repeat, but game positions never do. this makes chess good grist for the problem - solving mill. \u201d first move video see what first move is all about. watch our foundation video to see how chess is used in the classroom as a learning tool.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.542438045493659, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.608318"} {"text": "neolithic man : the first lumberjack? thursday, august 9, 2012 transition from hunting to agricultural society parallels development of woodworking tools, tau research reveals a polished axe from the ppnb period. during the neolithic age ( approximately 10000 \u2013 6000 bce ), early man evolved from hunter - gatherer to farmer and agriculturalist, living in larger, permanent settlements with a variety of domesticated animals and plant life. this transition brought about significant changes in terms of the economy, architecture, man ' s relationship to the environment, and more. now dr. ran barkai of tel aviv university ' s department of archaeology and ancient near eastern civilizations has shed new light on this milestone in human evolution, demonstrating a direct connection between the development of an agricultural society and the development of woodworking tools. \" intensive woodworking and tree - felling was a phenomenon that only appeared with the onset of the major changes in human life, including the transition to agriculture and permanent villages, \" says dr. barkai, whose research was published in the journal plos one. prior to the neolithic period, there is no evidence of tools that were powerful enough to cut and carve wood, let alone fell trees. but new archaeological evidence suggests that as the neolithic age progressed, sophisticated carpentry developed alongside agriculture. evolution of axes the use of functional tools in relation to woodworking over the course of the neolithic period has not been studied in detail until now. through their work at the archaeological site of motza, a neighbourhood in the judean hills, dr. barkai and his fellow researchers, prof. rick yerkes of ohio state university and dr. hamudi khalaily of the israel antiquity authority, have unearthed evidence that increasing sophistication in terms of carpentry tools corresponds with increased agriculture and permanent settlements. the early part of the neolithic age is divided into two distinct eras \u2014 pre - pottery neolithic a ( ppna ) and pre - pottery neolithic b ( ppnb ). agriculture and domesticated plants and animals appear only in ppnb, so the transition between these two periods is a watershed moment in human history. and these changes can be tracked in the woodworking tools which belong to each period, says dr. barkai. within ppna, humans remained gatherers but lived in more permanent settlements for the first time, he says. axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. in ppnb, the tools have evolved to much larger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4651094811233645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.611894"} {"text": "settlements for the first time, he says. axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. in ppnb, the tools have evolved to much larger and heavier axes, formed by a technique called polishing. the researchers ' in - depth analysis of these tools shows that they were used to cut down trees and complete various building projects. \" we can document step by step the transition from the absence of woodworking tools, to delicate woodworking tools, to heavier woodworking tools, \" dr. barkai says, and this follows the \" actual transition from the hunter - gatherer lifestyle to agriculture. \" he also identifies a trial - and - error phase during which humans tried to create an axe strong enough to undertake larger woodworking tasks. eventually, they succeeded in creating a massive ground stone axe in ppnb. whether the transition to an agricultural society led to the development of major carpentry tools or vice versa remains to be determined, says dr. barkai, who characterizes it as a \" circular argument. \" whatever the answer, the parallel changes led to a revolution in lifestyle. beyond the change from a hunter - gatherer to an agricultural economy, a new form of architecture also emerged. not only did people begin to live in permanent villages, but the buildings in which they lived literally took a different shape. the round and oval structures of earlier domiciles were replaced by rectangular structures in ppnb, explains dr. barkai. \" evidence tells that us that for each home, approximately 10 wooden beams were needed. prior to this, there were no homes with wooden beams. \" in addition, humans began to produce limestone - based plaster floors for their homes \u2014 which also represented a growing use of wood, since plaster is manufactured by heating limestone. these architectural developments, along with building pens and fences for domesticated animals, also necessitated the felling of trees in large quantities. for more archaeology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47238231208179704, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.612809"} {"text": "is seaweed the future of biofuel? monday, march 5, 2012 tau scientist takes the search for alternative energy sources to the sea as scientists continue the hunt for energy sources that are safer, cleaner alternatives to fossil fuel, an ever - increasing amount of valuable farmland is being used to produce bioethanol, a source of transportation fuel. and while land - bound sources are renewable, economists and ecologists fear that diverting crops to produce fuel will limit food resources and drive up costs. now, prof. avigdor abelson of tel aviv university ' s department of zoology and the new renewable energy center, and his colleagues dr. alvaro israel of the israel oceanography institute, prof. aharon gedanken of bar - ilan university, dr. ariel kushmaro of ben - gurion university, and their ph. d. student leor korzen, have gone to the seas in the quest for a renewable energy source that doesn ' t endanger natural habitats, biodiversity, or human food sources. he says that marine macroalgae \u2014 common seaweed \u2014 can be grown more quickly than land - based crops and harvested as fuel without sacrificing usable land. it ' s a promising source of bioethanol that has remained virtually unexplored until now. the researchers are now developing methods for growing and harvesting seaweed as a source of renewable energy. not only can the macroalgae be grown unobtrusively along coastlines, prof. abelson notes, they can also clear the water of excessive nutrients \u2014 caused by human waste or aquaculture \u2014 which disturb the marine environment. a man - made \" ecosystem \" while biomasses grown on land have the potential to inflict damage on the environment, the researchers believe that producing biofuel from seaweed - based sources could even solve problems that already exist within the marine environment. many coastal regions, including the red sea in the south of israel, have suffered from eutrophication \u2014 pollution caused by human waste and fish farming, which leads to excessive amounts of nutrients and detrimental algae, ultimately harming endangered coral reefs. encouraging the growth of seaweed for eventual conversion into biofuel could solve these environmental problems. the system that the researchers are developing, called the \" combined aquaculture multi - use systems \" ( camus ), takes into account the realities of the marine environment and human activity in it. ultimately, all of these factors function together to create a synthetic \" man - made ecosystem, \" explains prof", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4759810931517103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.616153"} {"text": "\" combined aquaculture multi - use systems \" ( camus ), takes into account the realities of the marine environment and human activity in it. ultimately, all of these factors function together to create a synthetic \" man - made ecosystem, \" explains prof. abelson. man - made fish feeders, which produce pollution in the form of excess nutrients and are generally considered harmful to the marine environment, would become a positive link in this chain. used alongside an increased population of filter feeders such as oysters, which suck in extra particles and convert them food that the microalgae can consume, this \" pollution \" could be used to sustain a much greater yield of seaweed, which is needed for seaweed to become a sustainable source of fuel. \" by employing multiple species, camus can turn waste into productive resources such as biofuel, at the same time reducing pollution ' s impact on the local ecosystem, \" he says. turning waste into opportunity the researchers are now working to increase the carbohydrate and sugar contents of the seaweed for efficient fermentation into bioethanol, and they believe that macroalgae will be a major source for biofuel in the future. the camus system could turn seaweed into a sustainable bioethanol source that is productive, efficient, and cost - effective. for more environment and ecology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506399850337482, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.616666"} {"text": "anyone wanting to comment on the u. s. department of labor \u2019 s proposed changes to the hazardous occupations orders for agricultural employment has until the end of the month to do so. these changes impact children between the ages of 14 and 16 who are hired to work on farms or other agricultural endeavors not owned or operated by their parents. if implemented, the proposed changes would be the first made to the orders in more than three decades. the six major changes that crop producers need to be aware of are : - 14 - to 16 - year - olds hired to work on farms that are not owned or operated by their parents would be banned from handling pesticides. - the tractor - safety certification requirement for these hired workers would be expanded from the current 24 hours of training to 90 hours, but children enrolled in the program \u2014 and in good standing \u2014 could work while taking the training. - the height at which these children could work would be lowered from the current 20 feet to six feet. - 14 - to 16 - year - olds would be banned from working in grain elevators. - these kids would not be able to use electronic devices like ipods or cell phones while operating a motor vehicle such as a tractor ( gps is an exception ). - all motor vehicles operated by these workers must have rollover protection. the u. s. department of labor expects the proposed changes to be implemented sometime in 2012. penalties for violations would range between zero for minor infractions and $ 100, 000, the maximum allowed by law, in cases that result in a fatality or severe dismemberment. to read the complete proposal, go to http : / / www. dol. gov / whd /. the \" highlights \" box has the most recent news on the subject.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43009107231428184, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.618298"} {"text": "technically ssl works as follows : at the \" https \" your browser recognises that he mentioned server, a certificate request. for the server the browser has returned a certificate, it must be certified by the certification body. then notify the server of this certificate directly to the browser. the browser receives from the directory service of the certification authority information, whether the certificate is valid. based on these data, the browser can now check whether he really is connected to the server, in the url. if so, your browser indicates a secure connection. for internet explorer and firefox, this is done by a closed padlock. the netscape navigator / communicator shows a secure page by the key intact. then the two agree on a balanced computer keys. this understanding is happening in the safe asymmetric encryption. to really on the safe side, your browser sends the server before the start of the actual data exchange some test messages. this can only answer the server when it is actually the server, which he pretends to be. looking even further the three objectives of encryption : does the ssl protocol so that a secure connection : 1st your data is confidential, because the content of your messages only encrypted over the network. 2nd the authenticity of the server. 3rd your data is protected from tampering, as effective algorithms examine whether the data is complete and unaltered their respective recipients. meanwhile, ssl as a standard for encryption established browser. meanwhile, but also transport layer security ( tls ). tls is in place by ssl 3. 0 standardized and expanded the range of use encryption methods to the advanced encryption standard ( aes ). tls is based on the more complex encryption methods triple des ( data encryption standard - datenverschlusselungs standard ) or other algorithms. it supports the encryption of e - mails and the proof of identity for commercial online transactions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5625856916939019, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.620852"} {"text": "\u00a9 2010 gary l. francione, the abolitionist approach there is a great deal of discussion about what \u201c vegan \u201d means. \u201c veganism \u201d means at the very least not eating any flesh, dairy, or other animal products. in this sense, \u201c vegan \u201d means \u201c vegan diet. \u201d donald watson, who originally coined the term \u201c vegan \u201d used the word in this way when he made statements such as : \u201c wherever man lives, he can have a vegan diet. \u201d different people may have different reasons \u2013 ethical / spiritual, health, environmental \u2013 for eating a vegan diet. those who pursue a vegan diet may also, and for various reasons, eschew the use of other animal products in contexts beyond diet. for example, someone who pursues a vegan diet may also not wear animal products on her skin for health reasons \u2013 products applied to the skin get into the body. someone who pursues a vegan diet for environmental reasons may also not wear a particular animal product because of the effect on the environment of the production of the product. those who adopt a vegan diet for ethical / spiritual reasons may also fall into different groups. some see their vegan diet as a way of reducing animal suffering. that is, they do not think that it is wrong in and of itself to kill animals for human use but that it is wrong to inflict suffering on animals and so they avoid eating or using animal products. if there were a painless way to raise and slaughter animals for human use, these ethical vegans would not object to animal use. these people are not necessarily \u2013 and usually are not \u2013 committed to the abolition of animal exploitation and pursue regulatory reform that they believe, mistakenly in my view, will reduce animal suffering. \u201c ethical veganism, \u201d which i use interchangeably with \u201c abolitionist veganism, \u201d goes beyond a vegan diet and rejects direct animal consumption or use of any kind. an ethical vegan has a vegan diet and rejects consuming animal products but also does not wear or use any animal products. an ethical vegan rejects the commodification of nonhumans as property. an ethical vegan is committed to the abolition of animal exploitation. moreover, ethical vegans recognize that an animal - based agriculture harms other humans as well as non - humans and sees the connection between human rights and animal rights. ethical veganism is the moral baseline of the animal rights movement. ethical veganism represents a commitment to non - violence in one \u2019 s daily living. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5447762788179303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.627891"} {"text": "other humans as well as non - humans and sees the connection between human rights and animal rights. ethical veganism is the moral baseline of the animal rights movement. ethical veganism represents a commitment to non - violence in one \u2019 s daily living. in my experience, ethical veganism is the only sort of approach that results in consistent behavior. vegans for health reasons alone often \u201c cheat \u201d just as those who are on any diet for heath reasons often do. vegans for environmental reasons may not only lapse but may decide that an animal product has fewer adverse environmental consequences than non - animal products. someone who sees veganism only as a way of reducing animal suffering may eat or use an animal product if she thinks that more suffering will be caused if she does not. for example, some, such as peter singer and others, maintain that we ought to eat animal products if our not doing so will cause others to think that veganism is too difficult and thereby be dissuaded from thinking about veganism. these vegans then become \u201c flexible \u201d vegans which, in my view, means that they are not really vegans. an ethical vegan sees veganism as a general approach to life \u2013 a philosophy of living \u2013 and not as merely a matter of lifestyle. a final ( for now ) comment : health and environmental concerns may have a moral aspect. for example, those who pursue a vegan diet may do so because they believe that inflicting physical damage on their bodies by consuming animal products is a form of violence ( harm to the self ) and is immoral. those who pursue a vegan diet or who eschew the use of animal products for environmental reasons may do so not because of a utilitarian concern to preserve the environment but because they believe that the environmental consequences directly affect humans and nonhumans and violate the rights of these sentient beings. an ethical or abolitionist vegan, who sees any consumption or use of animal products as violative of animal rights, may also shun animal products for reasons of health and environment. in sum, people may be vegans for different reasons. in my view, ethical or abolitionist veganism is the only approach that results in consistent behavior. we should, however, be clear that no form of veganism is consistent with eating any animal products. that is, following a \u201c vegan diet \u201d is the minimal meaning of \u201c vegan. \u201d in my view, a \u201c vegan \u201d is someone who does not eat, use, or wear any animal products. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515557414835744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.628824"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia izieu was the site of a jewish orphanage during the second world war. on april 6, 1944, three vehicles pulled up in front of the orphanage. the gestapo, led by the ' butcher of lyon ' klaus barbie, entered the orphanage and forcibly removed the forty - four children and their seven supervisors, throwing the crying and terrified children on to the trucks. as a witness later recalled : ' i was on my way down the stairs when my sister shouted to me : it ' s the germans, save yourself! i jumped out the window. i hid myself in a bush in the garden. i heard the cries of the children that were being kidnapped and i heard the shouts of the nazis who were carrying them away. ' following the raid on their home in izieu, the children were shipped directly to the \" collection center \" in drancy, then put on the first available train towards the concentration camps in the east. forty - two children and five adults were gassed in the concentration camp of auschwitz. two of the oldest children and miron zlatin, the superintendent, ended up in tallinn a city in estonia and were killed by a firing squad. one survivor of auschwitz revealed during klaus barbie ' s trial what happened to the children : ' i asked myself where were the children who arrived with us? in the camp there wasn ' t a single child to be seen. then those who had been there for a while informed us of the reality. ' you see that chimney, the one smoke never stops coming out of... you smell that odor of burned flesh...? ' the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45243892065521674, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.630590"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia red tory is a nickname given to a political tradition in canada ' s conservative political parties. red tories were traditionally to the left of the rest of the party. originally it referred to the branch of the tory party that was committed to the welfare state. modern red tories, however, define themselves as \" fiscally conservative and socially progressive \". the term blue tory has been coined to describe more right wing canadian conservatives. the notion of red toryism was developed by george grant in the 1950s and 1960s who argued that canadian conservatism was strongly influenced by ideals such as collectivism and community responsibility. these tories rejected liberal values such as individualism. red tories were thus socially conservative supporting traditional institutions like religion and the monarchy but fiscally liberal with a strong belief in the welfare state. grant traced red toryism to the beginning of canadian history. the collective nation building policies of sir john a. macdonald are seen as the foundation of the red tory tradition. the origin of the adjective \" red \" is not known. the reference may be to progressive aspects of red tory principles, since parties of the left have traditionally used the colour red. it may have been a reference to the british roots of the tory old guard. others think it comes from the liberal party of canada. the liberals often used red as their colour, while the conservatives used blue. grant and gad horowitz contrasted canada with the united states which was lacking this collectivist tradition. horowitz argued that canada ' s strong socialist movement grew from red toryism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much success in the united states. in some ways, red tories were thus closer to the ndp than to the liberals. the red tories historically served as the most powerful faction within the progressive conservative party of canada, and most of its leaders have been labeled red tories. these include sir john a. macdonald, john george diefenbaker, and robert stanfield. the heartland of red toryism was the maritimes and ontario and red tories dominated the provincial politics of these regions. the ontario progressive conservative party has held power in that province for most of the time since confederation. the ontario pcs were often labelled red tory, for example under the leadership of william davis from 1971 to 1985. under davis, the tories often ran to the left of the ontario liberal party. some political commentators have suggested that the new leader of the ontario progressive conservatives, john tory, is in the mould of the bill davis red tory tradition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269039102981015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.636594"} {"text": "to 1985. under davis, the tories often ran to the left of the ontario liberal party. some political commentators have suggested that the new leader of the ontario progressive conservatives, john tory, is in the mould of the bill davis red tory tradition. throughout the maritimes, red tories are the dominant force in the conservative party. this tends to explain why canadian provinces are often ruled at the provincial level by a party that may be conservative yet at the same time elect liberal members of parliament to the canadian house of commons. outsiders may not understand the large amount of ideological common ground shared by the two nominally different parties. the dominance of red toryism can be seen as a part of the international post - war consensus that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. with the end of the consensus globally in the 1980s canadian conservatism also split. red toryism never held much sway in western canada where small - government and socially conservatism has been dominant. the growing population and power of the west also played an important role in this transformation. eventually the explicitly anti - red tory reform party arose in the west and soon was larger than the progressive conservatives. throughout the federal pc party ' s decline, red tories were generally seen as the most vocal opponents of the unite the right initiative, which proposed merging or co - operating with the competing reform party of canada ( later the canadian alliance ). red tories considered the canadian alliance to be too radically conservative. in recent years, \" red tories \" clashed with neoconservatives within the progressive conservative party. joe clark ' s leadership was challenged by more conservative blue tory pc party members who endorsed brian mulroney. at the provincial level, albertan red tory supporters of peter lougheed were marginalized following ralph klein ' s assumption of power. as right - wing support for the progressive conservatives bled away to the reform party and then the canadian alliance, red tories increasingly gained control of the federal party. the controversial election of leader peter mackay, however, paved the way for merger with the canadian alliance. when the pcs did ultimately merge in late 2003 with the canadian alliance to form the conservative party of canada, many red tories expressed the view that they were \" now without a political home. \" notable red tories such as scott brison, john herron and keith martin ( who, although ideologically a red tory, was actually a canadian alliance mp ) defected to the liberal party of canada. some red tories joined the new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.460683452518785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.637530"} {"text": ". \" notable red tories such as scott brison, john herron and keith martin ( who, although ideologically a red tory, was actually a canadian alliance mp ) defected to the liberal party of canada. some red tories joined the new conservative party. some prominent red tories, including joe clark and andre bachand, refused to join the new party, or any other, and sat for the remainder of their terms as independents. a small number formed the fledgling progressive canadian party led by ernie schreiber, while others may have joined other centre or centre - left parties. with the conservative movement ' s drift to the political right, the term red tory is often used today not to refer to those in the traditional red tory tradition of george grant or robert stanfield but simply to blue tory moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace social conservatism such as james moore, gerald keddy and jim prentice. for the most part the unmitigated faith in big government has disappeared from canadian politics with even the ndp approaching the subject with some trepidation. thus, in the 2004 conservative party leadership election, tony clement was sometimes referred to as a red tory even though clement was on the right wing of the mike harris cabinet. clement is a neoconservative, who advocates privatization, tax cuts, the curtailment of social and economic development spending and free trade with the united states. he opposes government intervention in the economy. clement ' s stances are policies that most traditional red tories would reject. david orchard and his supporters have put themselves as the modern inheritors of the red tory tradition, although many red tories would not embrace this strident opponent of free trade with the united states as a red tory. red tories post - merger one of the most important issues facing the newly created conservative party is what will happen with the red tories. many high - profile red tories had opposed the merger and do not support the new party. the union has resulted in a number of red tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to defect to the liberals. the latter group includes members of parliament ( mps ) scott brison, andre bachand, rick borotsik, keith martin, and john herron. joe clark served the balance of his parliamentary term as a progressive conservative, outside of the new conservative party caucus. other high - profile red tories such as sinclair stevens and flora macdonald applied to re - register the old progressive conservative party", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41861461446441545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.638850"} {"text": "john herron. joe clark served the balance of his parliamentary term as a progressive conservative, outside of the new conservative party caucus. other high - profile red tories such as sinclair stevens and flora macdonald applied to re - register the old progressive conservative party name ; however this was refused by elections canada. on march 26, 2004, the progressive canadian party was registered with elections canada. it aims to be perceived as a revival of the \" pc party \". it is not clear how successful it will be in this regard, since no prominent former pc tories such as clark, stevens, or macdonald, or any sitting mp or senator, is associated with the new party. finally, some red tories have decided to join the new conservative party. a group of them formed the red tory council, a group constructed to give voice to the red tories, monitor the party and its positions, and to prevent too great a swing to the right. belinda stronach, an instigator of the new party yet relative newcomer to politics who placed second in the first conservative leadership election, spoke up for government intervention to ensure growth in the economy, and generally stood against social conservatism, particularly in her personal support for same - sex marriage rights. stronach ' s positions on these issues are ones that red tories typically support, and she might be considered the most prominent red tory member of the conservative caucus in the 38th parliament. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4096415586020433, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.640347"} {"text": "community voice project tells stories of the anacostia two rivers run through washington, d. c. the potomac, famous in history, separates the city from virginia. the anacostia, forgotten by history, divides the nation \u2019 s capital into parallel universes \u2014 one monumental and booming, the other unseen and struggling. you could call it a tale of two cities. polluted and degraded, the anacostia became a monument of environmental neglect. but for those who know the river and all its troubles, the anacostia has inspired hopes and dreams, culture and community. and remarkable human stories. stories like rodney stotts \u2019 s. he grew up in southeast d. c., where, often enough, if you happen to be young and black and male, you learn early about life. and loss. when rodney heard about a group called the earth conservation corps, he signed on as a pioneer member and went to work trying to restore the river and reintroduce wildlife, like the bald eagle. several years into it, four of his coworkers were murdered \u2014 strangled, shot, knifed, and bludgeoned to death. rodney learned you don \u2019 t quit. more than 20 years later, he \u2019 s still working on the river and paying forward the break he caught to kids coming up behind him, training new recruits how to restore old rivers \u2014 and young lives. the story of rodney stotts and seven other \u201c riverstories, \u201d captured digitally in words and video and photos, drew a crowd to american university \u2019 s wechsler theatre for a screening on december 14. \u2018 stories from the inside out \u2019 these eight stories documented pivotal experiences in the lives of people connected with the anacostia. they were produced through a unique collaboration between community members and au students working with nina shapiro - perl in her course, community documentary : stories of transformation. \u201c stories from the inside out, \u201d says shapiro - perl, anthropology professor and filmmaker in residence. because they emerged from the inner lives and memories of these individuals, coaxed into the world by one or two students working closely, intimately, with each community member. \u201c in their own words and in their own voice, with images and music of their own choosing, they tell us about their lives, \u201d says shapiro - perl. \u201c they were assisted by anthropology and film students in my class who had just gone through the somewhat frightening, frustrating, and exhilarating experience of producing their own digital story. the students knew firsthand what it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38683220994934053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.646339"} {"text": ", \u201d says shapiro - perl. \u201c they were assisted by anthropology and film students in my class who had just gone through the somewhat frightening, frustrating, and exhilarating experience of producing their own digital story. the students knew firsthand what it felt like to share their own sometimes buried feelings from the past in a story circle with almost perfect strangers. or give feedback on another person \u2019 s story without overtaking it. or create a first version of their digital story, only to go back again to get at a deeper truth. this is the method behind making digital stories, \u201d she says. \u201c this is the process that allows us to listen deeply to each other across the divides of neighborhood, class, race, and culture. \u201d an ambitious project, it began as a partnership between american university and the anacostia community museum, which wanted to document the stories of people of southeast washington who engage with the river. and as the stories show, many people engage \u2014 in many ways. - francis wheeler recalls growing up black and poor in southeast d. c. with all the riches of a clean river and a bounty of fish. - vaughn perry found his passion while volunteering with groundwork anacostia and connecting young people with their environment. - jamaica - born sania rose brings her love of nature to her hands - on efforts to eradicate pollution and restore the river \u2019 s beauty. - \u201c river rat \u201d gabe horchler, law librarian at the library of congress, commutes to work each day \u2014 on the river, in his boat. - senegal native kalin williams is working to build sustainable \u201c transition \u201d communities through her nonprofit earth \u2019 s visible energy ( e. v. e. ). - \u201c ecofeminist \u201d brenda lee richardson got involved in d. c. politics to clean up the anacostia and her community, finding herself as she rediscovered the river. - bob \u201c coach \u201d day, retired foreign service officer, runs the organization for anacostia rowing and sculling ( oars ), a rowing program for at - risk teens. many engaging, all dreaming big. of bridging worlds. of making connections. of changing the conversation. community members each wrote a story about a transformative experience, which they shared with the students. \u201c we started out going to these story circles and not knowing who we would work with, \u201d says kady buchanan, mfa film and electronic media student, who partnered with rodney stotts. the students listened. and they asked questions. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4571266198927182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.648347"} {"text": ". \u201c we started out going to these story circles and not knowing who we would work with, \u201d says kady buchanan, mfa film and electronic media student, who partnered with rodney stotts. the students listened. and they asked questions. and then they were matched with a storyteller. \u201c we wanted to work with sania because she was just really positive and full of hope and we really liked how she expressed that, \u201d says sean furmage, a second - year doctoral student in cultural anthropology. \u201c and that \u2019 s what we wanted to capture. \u201d the process was dynamic, and intense. \u201c it was just us two, \u201d says buchanan. \u201c we met sometimes weekly, sometimes not. we would just write ideas and write ideas, and go over it and over it. i would work on it in class and then bring it back, and then, \u2018 let \u2019 s try this, and let \u2019 s try this. \u2019 \u201d camille akeju, director of the smithsonian anacostia community museum, says, \u201c we learn as much from the students as they learn from the process. it \u2019 s awe - inspiring to see a glow of recognition and appreciation from these students who, through this project, really are having worlds open up to them. it \u2019 s a facilitated process, but very spontaneous, too. \u201d the digital stories are part of the community voice project, an interdisciplinary initiative of faculty and students in the school of communication \u2019 s film and media arts, journalism, and public communication divisions, and the college of arts and sciences \u2019 anthropology department. \u201c most students in our film program make films about something, \u201d says soc dean larry kirkman. \u201c this is a very different kind of course, and it is quite radical. it \u2019 s making films with people. and this really changes students \u2019 relationship to their subjects. \u201d shapiro - perl says that her students \u201c document the stories and amplify the voices of marginalized communities to advance a more inclusive and progressive public policy. \u201d in the process, they cross divides and develop tools to work with others to share common human bonds. and the university \u201c bridges the sometimes difficult divide between itself and the surrounding community. \u201d rodney stotts felt the difference. \u201c of all the documentaries i \u2019 ve done, this one means the most, \u201d he says. \u201c it \u2019 s beautiful. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44667488153677115, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.649310"} {"text": "| | | | | | | | | | | | | | proceedings of symposia in applied mathematics 1998 ; 275 pp ; hardcover list price : us $ 60 member price : us $ 48 order code : psapm / 55 there exists a history of great expectations and large investments involving artificial intelligence ( ai ). there are also notable shortfalls and memorable disappointments. one major controversy regarding ai is just how mathematical a field it is or should be. this text includes contributions that examine the connections between ai and mathematics, demonstrating the potential for mathematical applications and exposing some of the more mathematical areas within ai. the goal is to stimulate interest in people who can contribute to the field or use its results. included is work by m. newborn on the famous deep blue chess match. he discusses highly mathematical techniques involving graph theory, combinatorics and probability and statistics. g. shafer offers his development of probability through probability trees with some of the results appearing here for the first time. m. golumbic treats temporal reasoning with ties to the famous frame problem. his contribution involves logic, combinatorics and graph theory and leads to two chapters with logical themes. h. kirchner explains how ordering techniques in automated reasoning systems make deduction more efficient. constraint logic programming is discussed by c. lassez, who shows its intimate ties to linear programming with crucial theorems going back to fourier. v. nalwa ' s work provides a brief tour of computer vision, tying it to mathematics - - from combinatorics, probability and geometry to partial differential equations. all authors are gifted expositors and are current contributors to the field. the wide scope of the volume includes research problems, research tools and good motivational material for teaching. graduate students and research mathematicians interested in artificial intelligence ; possibly those interested in philosophy. \" although this book was written to introduce mathematicians to ai, the book is also likely to be a valuable resource for cognitive scientists and mathematical psychologists. \" - - journal of mathematical psychology \" seven excellent papers are included, covering important ai topics. \" - - mathematical reviews table of contents ams home | \u00a9 copyright 2012, american mathematical society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6101952952540969, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.652829"} {"text": "romain wacziarg finds link between genetic distance and income differences study provides new perspective on technology adoption why are some countries rich and others poor? much has been written on this question from a historical perspective, says ucla anderson associate professor romain wacziarg. \" countries that were colonized and populated by europeans are generally more economically developed than countries that were not colonized, or were colonized but not populated by europeans, \" he says. wacziarg thought this might have to do with the links between developed countries and northwestern europe, where the industrial revolution originated. \" in particular, \" he says, \" with the fact that the colonizers who settled in these regions had been close to the industrial breakthroughs of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. \" so wacziarg and enrico spolaore of tufts university began looking at the long term determinants of economic performance by countries - - measured by per - capita income. the main hypothesis of their study was that, if a country has a significant population that is genetically related to the population in the country where a major technological innovation took place, the country is more likely to adopt this technology and develop economically. the results are presented in a paper by wacziarg and spolaore entitled, \" the diffusion of development. \" \" the idea is not about being european per se, \" says wacziarg. \" it ' s about being close to the source of innovation. not just geographically close, but also genetically close. new zealand and australia are not geographically close to europe, but they still got the industrial revolution sooner than papua new guinea in part because they were colonized by europeans. \" genetic distance measures the time since two populations had common ancestors. much like siblings are more closely related than cousins since they share parents rather than grandparents, if two populations split apart 2, 000 years ago, they will be genetically closer than two populations that split apart 10, 000 years ago. the mechanism linking genetic distance to income differences can take a variety of forms. people who are genetically close are more likely to trust each other. populations that are genetically close can also communicate more easily, understand each others ' cultural norms and values, and adopt practices conducive to modern development - - such as rapid human capital accumulation, low fertility and better political institutions. one unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. because of this, separation between populations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4854696257379598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.658499"} {"text": "low fertility and better political institutions. one unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. because of this, separation between populations is associated with a host of differences in skills, culture and language that are potential barriers to development. \" we needed a way to measure the distance between populations of different countries, \" says wacziarg. it turned out that geneticists have identified genetic markers that enable them to distinguish populations. and since these markers evolve at a steady rate, it is possible to determine the length of time since two populations had a common ancestor. it ' s like a molecular clock, he says. genetic distance is based on blood samples. enzymes and protein markers vary from one population to another. the measure of genetic distance is known as fst genetic distance. \" it ' s what geneticists call the measure of heterozygosity, which summarizes how different your genes are, \" says wacziarg. in the study, wacziarg and spolaore found that genetic distance is significantly correlated with current per - capita income differences between countries, even controlling statistically for geographic distance and other differences such as climate and resources. the results hold for income differences measured around the world since the year 1500. interestingly, genetic distance correlates with the current differences in income among european countries despite their close geographic proximity. \" it ' s really quite simple, \" says wacziarg. \" the more genetically related people are, the more they will communicate, trust each other, imitate each other and share ideas. closely related populations will exchange practices, values, and modes of production that are conducive to economic development. \" \" what the paper does not argue, \" says wacziarg, \" is that a country will never develop if it is really far from the technological frontier. it ultimately might get it, but the time it will take is proportional to its genetic distance from the source of innovation. \" the study suggests that anything that fosters the exchange of ideas between populations that are genetically distant might help overcome barriers to development. one example, says wacziarg, was the migration of engineers from india to the silicon valley as the area became a hub for information technology. he notes that this certainly helped make india a leader in software and it services. \" you can overcome some genetic distance by bringing people close, \" he says. another reason for india ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5271236960308807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.660237"} {"text": "the appalachian hardwood forest the appalachian hardwood region is the mountainous area between new york and north georgia with an approximate boundary at the 1, 000 - foot altitude contour. within this area grow the finest hardwood timber to be found in the world. thousands of years ago this area was bounded on the north by glaciers and on the east, south and west by a shallow sea. when the glaciers receded and the seas subsided, the mountains were the garden spot that seeded the surrounding areas. all species of trees found in the east are also found in these mountains. for nearly 200 years after the settlement of the coastal plains, the appalachian mountains were the \" far west. \" the first white man to explore the appalachian mountains is reported to have been desoto in about 1540. he made no real settlement and few pioneers attempted to cross the rugged mountain ranges. hunters who ventured into these lush mountains returned with glowing tales of the grandeur of the country. with the discovery of cumberland gap about 1750, a relatively easy route became available across the mountains. however, westward migration did not start until 1779 when daniel boone was commissioned by the virginia legislature to build a road through the gap. he built what became known as the \" wilderness road. \" from 1779 to 1795 a steady stream of settlers flowed across the mountain trail. few stopped to settle in the rugged mountains to work out a living. most of the people moved on through the mountains into the low rolling hills and river bottom lands of central kentucky and beyond. the results of this migration can be seen in the timber stands of the region today. within the appalachian mountain territory there are vast areas of forest land containing billions of board feet of timber. farther west beyond the mountains in kentucky and tennessee, the forest lands are mostly small tracts and farm wood when steam boat traffic started on the ohio river, travel largely left the overland route, and the mountain section was nearly isolated from the outside world. scattered logging operations were active near the river courses as early as 1825. however, it was not until about ten years after the civil war when deposits of coal and iron were discovered that the railroads pushed into the mountains providing new transportation systems. the coming of the railroads was important to the timber industry because it provided outlets for the forest products so bountiful in the country. the demand for forest products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along the rail junctions. lumbermen from new england and new york and pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4439184024375532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.670514"} {"text": "products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along the rail junctions. lumbermen from new england and new york and pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved through the virgin forests of the northeast. here was a new area of timber, the grandeur of which they had never seen. great band mills were built throughout the mountains to saw the giant poplar, oak and ash. these appalachian hardwoods found their way into furniture, flooring, wall paneling, railroad ties and hundreds of other products. they matched in elegance and beauty the foreign woods favored by woodworking craftsmen of the day. the area remains primarily a timber - producing region because the rugged nature of the country discouraged extensive land clearing for farming and conditions of soil, climate and topography are nearly perfect for growing trees. the appalachian mountains, which represent about 15 percent of the hardwood forest land area, furnish more than 20 percent of the total hardwood lumber production. the story of early hardwood harvesting in the appalachians is one of popularity for the different species. the first loggers went into the woods and cut white oak and yellow poplar 24 inches and larger in diameter. timber harvest in the mountains continued to rise, with peak production reached in 1909 and 1910. during this period of timber production, the supply seemed infinite. mammoth machines moved through the woods, knocking down what was not harvested and leaving great quantities of wasted wood in their wake. following the harvests, fires often moved through the area, burning not only trees, but the soil as well, causing serious damage to the forest environment. the miracle of nature provided the vitality to recover from the devastating fires and today the forests have regenerated. in the old days of virgin timber, trees were cut for use and to clear the land. now, with our frontier gone and our second growth timber before us, we are growing trees for use and changing our forest practices to meet not only the demands of today but the anticipated demands of generations to come. today, landowners and operators alike have professional foresters in their employ who guide the destiny of our public, private and industrial forests. as our ancestors found wood important to their daily lives, we find it essential today. have you ever wondered what it would be like to live a week without touching anything that required the cutting of a tree. there would be no newspapers, magazines or books. food would be very hard to find. new homes could not be built. railroads could not operate. there would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4172343050762241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.672413"} {"text": "would be like to live a week without touching anything that required the cutting of a tree. there would be no newspapers, magazines or books. food would be very hard to find. new homes could not be built. railroads could not operate. there would be no paper products - - - no toilet tissue, paper napkins, bags, boxes or containers. fortunately for all of us, we will not run out of wood in the immediate future. trees are our only major renewable resource. unlike the oil and mineral resources of this nation, trees can go on forever. if we are intelligent enough as a society to grow, harvest and manage trees scientifically, we can count on a bountiful supply of wood forever. in the harvesting, sawing and processing of logs in the appalachian region, thousands of jobs are created. people are needed to cut the trees, saw them into logs and haul them to sawmills. there the logs are cut into lumber. other manufacturing plants process them into flooring, cabinets, panels, furniture and various finished products. wood industry jobs now require highly skilled people and provide lifetime occupational employment for those who want meaningful productive work. altogether the basic forest industries of the appalachian region employ more than 50, 000 people, with payrolls generating millions of dollars. thus, you can see the forests of this region play and important part in the daily economic lives of forest management practices in the region are making rapid strides. future progress will depend on public cooperation and support. trees were put here to use. remember, timber is our only major natural resource. there is a direct relationship between the quality of timber and the quality of all other forest resources. when trees are maintained in a healthy vigorous condition, all other resources benefit. when trees are \" cultured \" or managed, watershed values, wildlife food and cover, recreational opportunities, and all other enjoyment values for people are the greatest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4710604106452586, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.675816"} {"text": "st. josaphat kuncevyc st. josaphat kuncevyc, a virtuous saint of the ukrainian greek catholic church - saint josaphat on november 12, the church remembers the life and tireless efforts of st. josaphat kuncevyc, the first eastern rite ( byzantine catholic ) saint to be canonized by rome in 1876. this devout man preached and worked to encourage unity within the church and would eventually be martyred at the hands of the schismatic group he had worked to unite to the apostolic see of rome. st. josaphat kuncevyc was born and baptized as johannes in the small lithuanian town of volodymyr in either 1580 or 1584. it was not a happy time for the ruthenian church, inwhich he was raised, and which united itself to rome in 1595. there were, however, members of the church who maintained a schism from rome, and had disdain for the \" uniates, \" which was the term for those who were in full communion with rome. though johannes ' s father was of noble heritage, he was devoted to commercial pursuits, and held the office of town - councilor. both he and johannes ' s mother contributed to the fostering of piety in the future saint. as a child, he didn ' t care much for typical child ' s play, but rather spent time praying and assisting at the liturgy. as a student he was both talented and zealous. while still a youth, he fervently studied ecclesiastical slav, and learned almost the entire casoslov ( breviary ), which he began to pray daily. he was offered a well paying partnership with a successful merchant and the hand of the merchant ' s daughter in marriage. however, johannes declined, discerning instead a calling to religious life. life and works as a religious at the age of 20 or 24 ( recalling the fact that it is unknown for sure whether he was born in 1580 or 1584 ), johannes entered a basilian monastery, the ukrainian order of saint basil at vilna in 1604. here, he lived as a monk and took the name brother josaphat. he was ordained a byzantine rite priest in 1609. at some point not too long after his ordination, josaphat learned of his superiorsamuel ' s dissident views and works. samuel had never accepted unity with rome and sought ways to fight roman catholicism and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36386467644140186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.682162"} {"text": "byzantine rite priest in 1609. at some point not too long after his ordination, josaphat learned of his superiorsamuel ' s dissident views and works. samuel had never accepted unity with rome and sought ways to fight roman catholicism and those who brought about and supported union with rome. fearing the spiritual damage that could be brought about, josaphat brought the matter to the attention of samuel ' s superiors and the archbishop of kiev removed samuel from his post, replacing him with josaphat. josaphat became a famous preacher, working to bring unity with rome among the faithful, and to draw strayed christians back to the church. he believed unity was in the best interest of the church and through teaching, clerical reform, and personal example, josaphat brought many orthodox churches in lithuania into union with rome. he was consecrated bishop of vitebsk in 1617, and became archbishop of polotsk one year later in 1618. for years josaphat worked for unity among the christians in lithuania, and his labors were indeed fruitful. however, his successes only increased the hatred of the schismatic, anti - uniate groups in the area. in 1620, while josaphat was away attending the diet of warsaw, a schismatic group, with the accusation that josaphat had \" gone latin, \" set up anti - uniate bishops to replace the true ordained uniate bishops. against warnings, josaphat returned to his station ; the army, which remained loyal to the union - loyal king, attempted to protect josaphat and his clergy. however, november 12, 1623, an anti - uniate priest shouted insults at josaphat and tried to enter his residence. when the priest was removed, a mob assembled. josaphat, who tried to ensure that his servants were able to flee to safety, was martyred by axe and bullet at the hands of the mob. read more about modern martyrs of the ukrainian greek catholic church here. - adapted from the new catholic encyclopedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3892091782207271, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.683035"} {"text": "cleaner water : north carolina ' s straight - pipe elimination project by fred d. baldwin some years ago, william and elizabeth thomas tried unsuccessfully to install a properly designed septic system that would replace a four - inch pipe draining household wastewater straight into a little creek a few yards behind their home. \" i scrounged up enough money to put one in, \" william thomas says. spreading his hands about two feet apart, he adds, \" but i didn ' t get down this far until we hit water. \" the thomases live on a small hillside lot in a rural area of madison county, north carolina. their situation is similar to that of many rural appalachian families who for one reason or another - money, the lay of the land, or both - live in older homes with inadequate septic systems. by the end of the year, however, they and many other madison county residents will have new septic systems in place, thanks to a county program backed by an impressive team of state, federal, and local partners ranging from area conservation groups to the appalachian regional commission ( arc ). the genesis of the program goes back to 1995, when governor james b. hunt created the year of the mountains commission to assess current and future issues affecting north carolina ' s western mountain communities. to protect and improve water quality, the commission recommended that, in addition to reducing mine drainage and agricultural runoff, the state department of environment and natural resources ( denr ) be directed to \" aggressively pursue a program to eliminate the practice of ' straight - piping. ' \" for years, decades even, it had been politically easier to ignore this issue. the commission pointed out that the 1990 census of housing showed that nearly 50, 000 households in north carolina did not have connections to either municipal sewage systems or adequate septic systems. this was true not only in mountainous areas, but also in low - income communities across the state. some of these households were draining \" black water, \" which includes raw sewage, into creeks or streams ; others were piping toilet wastes to a septic tank but straight - piping soapy and bacteria - laden \" gray water \" from sinks, baths, and dishwashers. still other households were relying on septic systems built before the installation of a dishwasher or a second bathroom ; these older systems were now prone to backups or leaks. as early as 1958, the state took the first of many steps to regulate or eliminate straight - piping. this and subsequent measures were loosely enforced. in 1996, governor hunt established", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43087783282704384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.694336"} {"text": "bathroom ; these older systems were now prone to backups or leaks. as early as 1958, the state took the first of many steps to regulate or eliminate straight - piping. this and subsequent measures were loosely enforced. in 1996, governor hunt established a goal to eliminate straight - piping of untreated wastewater into western north carolina ' s rivers and streams by the end of the decade. \" every child should grow up in a community with clean, safe water, \" hunt says. that same year, in response to the year of the mountains commission report, the north carolina general assembly created the wastewater discharge elimination ( wade ) program, which differed significantly from earlier, essentially punitive measures. the new law provided a temporary \" amnesty \" for households reporting conditions violating state environmental health codes and, more important, provided technical assistance to communities wishing to take advantage of the state ' s clean water management trust fund ( a fund established to finance projects that address water pollution problems ). terrell jones, the wade team leader, praises madison county for being the first county to conduct a wastewater discharge survey under the new law, and he emphasizes that straight - piping, especially of gray water, is a statewide problem. driving around madison county, you see why wastewater problems are costly to correct. roads wind up and down past rocky, fast - flowing streams and creeks that drain into the french broad river, where white - water rafters come for excitement. houses on back roads are far apart but near streams. if there ' s enough land suitable for a septic tank and drainage field downhill from one of those houses, a conventional septic system can be installed for about $ 2, 000. but if wastewater has to be pumped uphill, the cost can easily reach $ 8, 000 or more. this explains why punitive measures against straight - piping have been loosely enforced. local officials know that even $ 2, 000 is beyond the means of many families. who would tell cash - strapped people - more often than not, elderly - that they had to sell or abandon their home or family farmstead because of a housing code violation? a growing list of partners madison county officials decided to take the lead on a positive approach. they first turned to the land - of - sky regional council, an asheville - based local development district that represents 19 governmental units in four appalachian counties, including madison. the land - of - sky staff took advantage of an infrastructure demonstration grant from the north carolina division of community assistance and funds from arc to begin a wastewater survey and community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626662720681319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.695491"} {"text": "based local development district that represents 19 governmental units in four appalachian counties, including madison. the land - of - sky staff took advantage of an infrastructure demonstration grant from the north carolina division of community assistance and funds from arc to begin a wastewater survey and community - planning process. from that point, the list of partners grew rapidly. they included the denr wade program, u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) rural development, the north carolina rural communities assistance project, the state - funded clean water management trust fund, the pigeon river fund, the community foundation of western north carolina, the western north carolina housing partnership, and arc. the madison county health department and land - of - sky took the lead locally, working with a grassroots planning committee representing a broad base of organizations, outdoor sports enthusiasts, environmental groups, and private - property owners ( some of them living in homes with straight - piping ). among the decisions : to test every building in madison county not connected to a municipal system, not just the older units. that way, no one would feel singled out, and all faulty septic systems would be spotted. \" it ' s made the process go slower, \" says heather bullock, the land - of - sky regional planner assisting the project, \" but it ' s made it better. \" not all that much slower, either. by the end of september 1999, health department employees had surveyed 4, 594 of an estimated 10, 000 houses in madison county. where plumbing configurations weren ' t self - evident, the surveyors dropped dye tablets into sinks and toilets ( different colors for each ) to see if colored water emerged into a stream or septic tank area. the survey identified 945 noncompliant systems ( 20 percent of the total ). of these, 258 were straight - piping black water ; 535, gray water. another 116 had failing septic systems, and 36 had only outhouses. the incidence of problems closely tracked household income. a welcome surprise, says kenneth d. ring, health director of the madison county health department, was how well the inspectors were received. \" the cooperation has been overwhelming, \" he says. although most people with poor systems knew they had problems and wanted to correct them, some knew little or nothing about the design of their systems. for example, ronnie ledford, the chief building inspector and environmental health supervisor on the health department staff, recalls a visit with a man living in a mobile home. \" he thought he had a septic system, \" led", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47531653995803835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.696844"} {"text": "design of their systems. for example, ronnie ledford, the chief building inspector and environmental health supervisor on the health department staff, recalls a visit with a man living in a mobile home. \" he thought he had a septic system, \" ledford says. \" he had a 55 - gallon drum. we found a ' black ' pipe draining into a ditch line. he was very shocked. it took him some time to get his money together, but he took care of it himself. \" the problem all along, however, had been that too few people had been able to get the money together to take care of things for themselves. all the agencies involved chipped in to the extent their guidelines permitted. a few septic systems were renovated with community development block grant funds, but that program ' s rules require that any unit being renovated in any way be brought up to code in all respects - prohibitively expensive for people in housing with other problems. the usda provided section 504 loans and grants for eligible elderly, low - income home owners. the largest pool of money came from the clean water management trust fund, which awarded madison county $ 750, 000 for a revolving loan and grant fund, plus funds for administration. even so, setting up a workable program wasn ' t easy. many low - income area residents had poor credit ratings and little collateral with which to guarantee loans. if the program ' s loan requirements were too tight, applicants wouldn ' t qualify for loans, and pollutants would continue to drain into streams ; too loose, and the loan fund itself would soon drain away. help with funding the madison county revolving loan and grant program was established with these concerns in mind. the program includes both grants and loans, the ratios based on household income. in determining credit - worthiness, the program coordinator looks at whether difficulties were caused by circumstances beyond the family ' s control, such as a medical emergency. if a loan still looks too risky, the applicant is referred to an educational program run by the nonprofit consumer credit counseling service of western north carolina, in asheville. when it appeared that madison county might lack the legal flexibility for making the needed loans, the partners turned for help to the center for community self - help, a statewide nonprofit that offers loans as a community development tool. self - help agreed to make the loans from its funds, using the county ' s fund as its collateral. this somewhat complicated arrangement gives everyone involved some freedom to maneuver. the default rate is likely to be substantially higher than a bank could tolerate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4871821031265065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.697855"} {"text": "tool. self - help agreed to make the loans from its funds, using the county ' s fund as its collateral. this somewhat complicated arrangement gives everyone involved some freedom to maneuver. the default rate is likely to be substantially higher than a bank could tolerate, but self - help makes sure applicants take the loan seriously. \" the goal is to clean up the water, \" explains tom barefoot, the usda rural development manager for the area. \" we ' re trying to build on what it takes to get people in [ the program ], not on possible failure. \" \" this is a multi - year program, \" adds marc hunt, a loan officer with self - help ' s western north carolina regional office. \" we say, ' work on your credit and get back on the list in a few months. ' we don ' t want to enable consumers to develop bad habits. \" contracts were let this fall for installing the first batch of new septic systems ( not counting a handful of early projects ). by the end of the year 2000, madison county hopes to have replaced 130 straight - pipes. the benefits will be both tangible and intangible. first of all, the streams of madison county, some of which flow into a river providing drinking water for towns downstream, will be cleaner. that has important health and economic benefits for an area increasingly attractive to both outdoor recreationalists and people planning to build homes away from cities. ironically, in some jurisdictions, worries about \" image \" have been a factor in unwillingness to deal more aggressively with straight - piping. \" madison county recognized an opportunity, \" says barefoot, \" and they had the courage to act. it ' s not always a politically safe decision. \" marc hunt agrees : \" many rural counties have similar situations. any one of them could have done it, but madison county took the lead. \" governor hunt also has praise for the county. \" i am proud of everyone involved in madison county ' s work to find and fix straight - piping problems in a cooperative effort. this will only help our economic development, our public health, and our environment. but most of all, we ' re helping to make sure our children can grow up in a community with clean, safe water. \" the various public and private partners involved hope that madison county ' s experience will become a model for other counties. there have been expressions of interest from county officials inside and outside the appalachian areas of the state. \" it ' s really incredible to me, \" says jody lovelace, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4456469478337437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.698824"} {"text": "hope that madison county ' s experience will become a model for other counties. there have been expressions of interest from county officials inside and outside the appalachian areas of the state. \" it ' s really incredible to me, \" says jody lovelace, a community development specialist with usda rural development, \" how we ' ve been able to pull this together. everyone said, ' let ' s not just clean up the water. let ' s help these folks develop financial responsibility and financial pride. ' \" for the individual households involved, there are direct benefits. some will have a chance to build or improve a credit history. most will benefit at least somewhat from improved property values. all, of course, will be glad to be rid of septic systems that back up or of the unpleasant and potentially dangerous discharge of wastewater of any kind near their homes. \" it ' s a health hazard, \" elizabeth thomas says. the thomases, who were defeated by waterlogged soil when they tried to replace their old system years earlier, this time received help from a neighbor. he agreed to let them install a septic tank on his vacant field, downhill and off to one side of their house. \" he ' s a good neighbor, \" william thomas says. that pretty much sums up what madison county, land - of - sky, and their various partners have accomplished. the straight - pipe elimination project began with a blue - ribbon commission ' s straight talk about an old problem. it ' s grown into a program that gives everyone involved - from agency officials to rural people living in houses built by their grandparents many decades ago - a chance to prove that they can be good neighbors to each other. fred d. baldwin is a freelance writer based in carlisle, pennsylvania.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4214056726707789, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.699575"} {"text": "wednesday 15 may philippine duck ( anas luzonica ) philippine duck fact file - find out more - print factsheet philippine duck description with its rusty - cinnamon head and bluish - grey bill, the philippine duck is a rather distinctive bird. the cinnamon coloured head is boldly decorated with a black crown and a black stripe through the eye, while the rest of the plumage is brownish - grey. when in flight, a well - defined patch of glossy green on the wing can be clearly seen ( 2 ), which is bordered with black and has a narrow white edge ( 3 ), and the underside of the wing is also white ( 2 ). immature philippine ducks have slightly duller plumage than that of adults, while ducklings are olive - brown with a bright yellow face and neck ( 2 ). it calls with a typical duck - like quack ( 3 ). - length : 48 \u2013 58 cm ( 2 ) philippine duck biology this shy and nervous species, which will quickly fly off if approached, may be seen in large flocks outside of the breeding season, but usually occurs in pairs or small groups ( 2 ). the breeding season is thought to extend between march and november, with a peak in activity in july and august, although this may vary throughout the range ( 2 ). the philippine duck constructs a nest obscured from view under a thick cover of aquatic vegetation, such as water bindweed. clutches consist of 8 to 10, sometimes 15 to 16, eggs, which are dull white with a brownish tinge. these are incubated for 25 to 26 days ( 2 ). most active in the early morning, late afternoon, and during moonlit nights, the philippine duck forages in shallow water for plants, molluscs and crustaceans ( 2 ). fish and frogs may also be consumed, as well as insects, rice and the shoots of young plants ; some farmers have complained of the damage this duck had done to newly sown fields and sprouting crops ( 4 ). top philippine duck rangetop philippine duck habitat the philippine duck can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, including small streams in forests, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, tidal creeks, and the open sea ( 2 ) ( 4 ). it prefers areas with marsh vegetation, which offers vital food and cover, and is found up to elevations of 300 to 400 metres ( 2 ). top philippine duck status classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ). top philippine duck threats hunting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42805799841483677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.707828"} {"text": "marsh vegetation, which offers vital food and cover, and is found up to elevations of 300 to 400 metres ( 2 ). top philippine duck status classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ). top philippine duck threats hunting and habitat loss pose the greatest threat to the philippine duck \u2019 s survival, and evidence from the last 20 years suggest that numbers are declining ( 2 ). since the 1960s, high levels of hunting and trapping of this species have been recorded, with thousands allegedly shot each week in certain months in the late 1980s ( 3 ), for both food and sport ( 5 ). many wetland habitats of the philippines have been drained, or converted for aquaculture and shrimp - or fish - ponds ( 3 ) ( 5 ). most devastating to this species was the drainage of candaba marsh in the 1990s, which was once one of the most important sites for the philippine duck, but is now too dry to support a large population ( 5 ). the recent extensive use of pesticides on rice - fields may also have had serious impacts on the philippine duck ( 3 ). top philippine duck conservation the philippine duck receives legal protection at five locations, including lake naujan national park on mindoro and maria aurora memorial natural park on luzon ( 3 ). in addition, hunting of all bird species is illegal in the philippines, with the government banning firearms in 1972, although unfortunately, this law lacks enforcement ( 3 ) ( 5 ). education and awareness programmes are required to enable local people to understand the effects of hunting on birds and the relevant laws ( 5 ). further protection of the philippine \u2019 s wetlands is also essential for this species \u2019 survival ; for example, the protection and restoration of candaba marsh has been recommended ( 3 ). top find out more for further information on the conservation of the philippines \u2019 wetlands see : - society of the conservation of philippine wetlands : for more information on this and other bird species please see : - birdlife international : authenticationthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : email @ example. comtop - the cultivation of marine or freshwater food fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. - diverse group of arthropods ( a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37571547008980644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.709395"} {"text": "phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles ). includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, slaters, woodlice and barnacles. - a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. - a diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following ; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth ( the radula ), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid. - iucn red list ( april, 2008 ) - kear, j. ( 2005 ) ducks, geese and swans. oxford university press, oxford. - birdlife international ( april, 2008 ) - birdlife international. ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. - crosby, m. j. ( 2003 ) saving asia \u2019 s threatened birds : a guide for government and civil society. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5400372345841822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.710471"} {"text": "by the end user. end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - 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profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4796973799118715, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.711260"} {"text": "the 1913 armory show : much ado about everything in the 1940s, modern art came to new york. jackson pollock dripped shimmering skeins of paint onto capacious canvases. mark rothko constructed sublime floating rectangles of diaphanous color while willem de kooning mutilated the female form using frenzied brushstrokes loaded with frighteningly vivid hues. gone were explicit references to the figurative, recognizable perspective, and narrative - in their place were amorphous shapes, splashes, drips, and \u201c zips. \u201d this new art, \u201c abstract expressionism \u201d as it was deemed by a critic, did not spring up in a vacuum ; it was possible because modern art had already come to new york almost thirty years earlier. in 1913, a single exhibition changed the face of american art forever. the international exhibition of modern art, known as the armory show, endeavored to combine the newest and most striking examples of european art with their american counterparts in a magnificent, unparalleled show. it has often attracted general attention and scholarly analysis for its impact on the abstract expressionists of the forties. it was by declaring new york a contender in the modern art milieu, by exposing american artists to the artistic movements of cubism, post - impressionism, and fauvism, and by ultimately legitimating such aesthetic practices that post - wwii artists in america began to subvert, deny, challenge, and transform the prevailing notions of what was considered \u201c good \u201d or \u201c true \u201d art. however, the armory show is also fascinating for its reception in its own day - for how the press and public reacted to the shocking paintings that hung on the walls of the 69th infantry regiment armory. the shocking nature of the show facilitated intense media interest and widespread curiosity ; newspaper accounts and editorials ranged from commending to condemning and varied from tacit approval to virulent disparagement. the press coverage reveals the armory show as a disruption to the predominant aesthetic discourse, but one that was ultimately welcome and necessary. an understanding of the impact of the armory show requires a familiarity with the narrative of american art. the earliest american masters painted luminous, crisp portraits of political leaders and new england families. john singleton copley earned a name for himself by painting the likenesses of paul revere, samuel adams, and the winthrop family. his contemporary benjamin west drew from the european history painting heritage to construct images of grandeur, solemnity, and dignity. as the revolution gave birth to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4490566347294561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.742869"} {"text": "for himself by painting the likenesses of paul revere, samuel adams, and the winthrop family. his contemporary benjamin west drew from the european history painting heritage to construct images of grandeur, solemnity, and dignity. as the revolution gave birth to a republic, charles wilson peale, emmanuel leutze, and gilbert stuart immortalized its leaders with heroicized, romantic portraits and depictions of their wartime exploits. in the 1800s, the country was enthralled with the vast, unexplored lands in the west, promulgating \u201c manifest destiny \u201d to travel, populate, and tame the beguiling wilderness. artists responded accordingly, depicting jagged, monumental mountains, serenely still pools and rushing waters, dense and dark thickets of pines, brilliant sunsets, and astonishing cloud formations. albert bierstadt, thomas cole, frederick church, and asher brown durand exemplified the american adaptation of european romanticism, forever immortalizing the hopes their countrymen had for the unsettled wilderness of the west. new england luminist artists like martin johnson heade, fitz hugh lane, and john frederick kensett placidly depicted the coasts, harbors, isolated dunes, and stately ships that heralded both a vibrant shipping trade and a quiet coastal lifestyle on the shores of the atlantic. as the forests and empty territories disappeared and cities began to achieve prominence, art looked to the urban world. monuments arose in cities, buildings grew taller and grander, and occasionally a brash realism seeped into the canvases of the late 19th century. thomas eakins, john sloan, george luks, and winslow homer shied away from john singer sargent \u2019 s radiant, mildly impressionistic society portraits to illustrate ironworkers, rowing competitions, playing children, and grappling wrestlers. at the turn of the century, the national academy of design ( nad ) was the most influential presence in the american art scene, if the word \u201c scene \u201d can be employed to describe the loose grouping of painters and sculptors. nad was a fundamentally conservative and elitist association of artists that held annual exhibitions of primarily european art. the leaders of nad were exceedingly slow to accept new styles or subjects ; many small organizations tried to challenge its narrow - mindedness but found it impossible to truly construct an alternative to the virtual hegemony of the academy. it was in this context that the first strains of modern art began to subtly seep into the canvases of some american painters. john marin and arthur dove began using sheer washes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43036571740548357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.743951"} {"text": "construct an alternative to the virtual hegemony of the academy. it was in this context that the first strains of modern art began to subtly seep into the canvases of some american painters. john marin and arthur dove began using sheer washes of color in the first decade of the 20th century, the former using watercolors to frenetically paint the brooklyn bridge in cool tones of blue and green and the latter painting abstract, organic shapes in rich fauvist color. most american artists, however, were still grounded in realism ; many had not even seen what their european counterparts had been up to for the past decades. landscapes, society portraits, and city scenes ( like those of the \u201c ashcan \u201d painters ) were commonplace. new york as an art capital lagged far behind paris and berlin with little gallery space, few if any sales for modern painters and sculptors, and the conservative dominating presence of the nad. it should not be surprising, then, that the armory show caused an impact. the state of american art before 1913 was assuredly not modern. the few artists that experimented with such strategies, like marin, dove, and max weber, were subject to derision. the environment was decidedly inhospitable for abstraction and distortion of the traditional hallmarks of successful painting, especially while the nad was presiding atop the art world. something had to be done to bring the vanguard of european art to america and support the few american artists who were discontented with the state of affairs. a group of american painters and sculptors, including henry fitch taylor, walt kuhn, arthur b. davies, walter pach, and william glackens, decided to take action. they formed the association for american painters and sculptors ( aaps ) in 1912 and elected davies president. in a personal letter to his wife, kuhn wrote : my idea about the new society is this : a big broad liberal organization embracing every kind of art, even those which i do not like, one that will interest the public \u2026 the thing must be started so that it can grow and be as big or bigger than the academy within two or three years. almost immediately, ideas for a grand exhibition began germinating in the members \u2019 minds. some had participated in the wildly successful \u201c independents \u201d show in 1910 that sought to combat the nad \u2019 s influence by showcasing the work of early american modernists. the aaps was far more ambitious and began looking abroad to discover the origins, impetus, and current practices of modernism in art. the sonerbund exhibition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4960984369402005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.745152"} {"text": "that sought to combat the nad \u2019 s influence by showcasing the work of early american modernists. the aaps was far more ambitious and began looking abroad to discover the origins, impetus, and current practices of modernism in art. the sonerbund exhibition in cologne was just what the men had been looking for - kuhn immediately flew to germany and caught the exhibition right before it closed. his letters to his wife are characterized by enthusiasm and excitement for his task - he worked feverishly with dealers, collectors, and artists, and traveled extensively. he picked up many of the most significant post - impressionists like cezanne, van gogh, and gauguin, met the nervous but pulchritudinous edvard munch ( unfortunately only one of munch \u2019 s drawings would be featured in the show ), became enthralled with the work of odilon redon, and subsequently traveled to the art capitals of paris and munich. davies met kuhn abroad and the two continued the business of collecting the most striking examples of the european avant - garde for the show. davies, who was more conversant with the developments occurring in european painting, was responsible for the few examples of german expressionism - one kandinsky, one kirchner - that made it into the exhibition. the two also gathered up astonishing examples of cubism, as seen in the work of picasso, braque, and duchamp ; impressionist masters like monet and renoir ; the italian futurist work of brancusi ; and the fauvist canvases of matisse. the trip was extremely successful in amassing most of the remarkable collection that the show would feature. kuhn \u2019 s letters reveal his sentiments on the state of art at home and abroad. he felt both that \u201c we have not been able to judge at home what this thing over here really means. the few imitators we knew, could not do justice to it. you have no idea of the enormity of it \u201d and that \u201c the more i get about the more i feel that new york is the coming place for art and every thing else. \u201d the statements might seem contradictory, but they exemplify the burgeoning discourse concerning contemporary art \u2019 s future. indeed, the best and most avant - garde art was in europe, but new york was beginning to awaken to such currents and would, in time, become the art capital of the world. kuhn \u2019 s words were quite prescient. once back in new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4700824928080152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.746101"} {"text": "most avant - garde art was in europe, but new york was beginning to awaken to such currents and would, in time, become the art capital of the world. kuhn \u2019 s words were quite prescient. once back in new york, the aaps began to confront the logistical elements of setting up their exhibition. along with the help of clara davidge, owner of the madison art gallery, one of the strikingly small number of public galleries that exhibited modern art, they booked the sixty - ninth regiment \u2019 s armory on lexington and 24th / 25th streets and began fundraising. the exhibition space was \u201c a vast, high - ceilinged space, a parade ground without internal walls that paintings could be hung on. so the organizers used screens covered in fireproof burlap, dividing the floor into eighteen octagonal rooms - a maze inside a cavernous hall. \u201d davidge planned the opening reception and used her social ties to ensure that the guest list was dazzling and exhaustive. the more than 1300 works of art were hung in only two days, an extremely impressive feat. the show officially opened on february 17th, 1913 and ran until march 15th when it then traveled to chicago and boston. the show represented more than three hundred artists, with one - third american and the rest foreign. the main european movements were covered - impressionism, post - impressionism, cubism, fauvism, and symbolism. as previously mentioned, only a few german expressionist paintings were exhibited. futurism was represented by brancusi, but eventually the press would ignorantly begin to deem all of the most \u201c confusing \u201d modern works futurist pieces even though they were expressly incongruent with that particular movement. the american artists shown are recognizable names in the present day, but were mostly unknowns in the art world when they were featured in the armory show. they included marsden hartley, john marin, joseph stella, edward hopper, stuart davis, and charles sheeler. the new york ashcan school was well represented, but their individual artistic style was perhaps the most provincial and outdated compared to the european works hanging nearby. at the exhibition \u2019 s formal opening, john quinn presented a speech that deserves to be printed at length, effectively detailing what the aaps was intending to accomplish with the armory show : - the members of this association have shown you that american artists - young american artists, that is - do not dread, and have no need to dread, the idea or culture of europe. they believe that in the domain of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46414115608623374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.747043"} {"text": "with the armory show : - the members of this association have shown you that american artists - young american artists, that is - do not dread, and have no need to dread, the idea or culture of europe. they believe that in the domain of art only the best should rule. this exhibition will be epoch making in the history of american art. tonight will be the red - letter night in the history not only of american but of all modern art. the members of the association felt that it was time the american people had an opportunity to see and judge for themselves concerning the work of the europeans who are creating a new art. now that the exhibition is a fact, we can say with pride that it is the most complete art exhibit that has been held in the world during the last quarter century. now that an overview of american art and the factual basis to the armory show have been discussed, it is necessary to delve into the press accounts of the show to discover how it was received during its day. the newspaper and magazine articles do much to elucidate the surprise, shock, confusion, and excitement felt when the show debuted in new york. almost all of the major newspapers had something to say about it the day it opened, and many devoted space in subsequent weeks to different opinions, new controversies, and further attempts to understand what was being shown. an analysis of the media coverage can begin with looking at first impressions of the show. the new york sun was particularly devoted to covering the armory show. an article was published the sunday before the show opened entitled \u201c notable international art show now ready. \u201d the reviewer eagerly expressed his desire for the show to open, noting that \u201c nothing so ambitious has been attempted before. \u201d he detailed previous exhibitions that were moderately successful and endeavored to bring european art to america, but explained that their overall impact was muted. the 1913 show, by contrast, \u201c will stand alone in its special field for magnitude and importance. \u201d he attempted to capture the reasons for putting on such a show, and succeeded - \u201c the aim of the international show \u2026 is to stimulate our american artists by showing them what the rest of the advanced world is about. \u201d he concluded that the show would no doubt be a remarkable success if the widespread interest that was already surging through new york was any measure. a discerning hypothesis indeed, but the buzz was intense and it was only logical to conclude that it would be a triumphant accomplishment for the aaps. unsurprisingly, two days later the sun had only glowing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470992475869833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.748303"} {"text": "york was any measure. a discerning hypothesis indeed, but the buzz was intense and it was only logical to conclude that it would be a triumphant accomplishment for the aaps. unsurprisingly, two days later the sun had only glowing accolades to offer its readers clamoring for information on the exhibition. the headline announced \u201c international art show a sensation : an extraordinary array. \u201d the reviewer opened his article by proclaiming, \u201c sensational is the only word to apply to the international art show \u201d and the aaps have \u201c wrought something very like a miracle. \u201d he felt that there was a refreshing lack of agenda or desire for controversy, that the organizers merely wanted their viewers to make up their own minds concerning the relative merits of the paintings and sculptures on display. a tour of sorts explained for the readers the various rooms and movements, and at times the writer lapsed into verbal reverie about certain artists. cezanne was an object of his affection - \u201c the still voices of these pictures come to you with something like a thrill. if the exhibition had brought nothing beyond these cezannes to the ken of americans in their own country, it would have been worthwhile. \u201d even the jarring colors of matisse barely offended, and readers of the sun were exhorted that the show \u201c is an event not on any account to be missed. \u201d the chicago tribune focused on the show both the day before and the actual day of opening. on february 16th, the writer, harriet monroe, proclaimed that the \u201c insurgents \u201d - a common word used to describe the more controversial artists - had come to new york and that it was a show to be seen ; it \u201c promises to be worth going miles and miles to see - and hear. \u201d on february 17th, monroe had a lot more to say, wavering between approbation and confusion. she began her article by noting the cosmopolitan nature of the show. she believed that it was \u201c enthusiastic, exuberant ; it offers the glad hand to any one, young or old, who has something to say in modern art. \u201d she was ambivalent about the cubist room, however, and offered tacit criticism mingled with amusement. the cubists along with matisse were likened to children, but monroe was not too hard on them - \u201c we cannot always tell what they mean, but at least they are having a good time. \u201d finally, she observed with triumph that the american works seemed to hold their own against the europeans \u2019. albert pinkham ryder,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4800859948885031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.749318"} {"text": "too hard on them - \u201c we cannot always tell what they mean, but at least they are having a good time. \u201d finally, she observed with triumph that the american works seemed to hold their own against the europeans \u2019. albert pinkham ryder, with his dark, simple, and mysterious scenes of the sea and dusky rural pathways was a notable success. it is thus jarring to realize that monroe \u2019 s headlines read : \u201c art show open to freaks \u2026 american exhibition in new york teems with the bizarre \u2026 all schools welcome \u2026 queer conceptions of \u2018 insurgents \u2019 vie with conservative \u2019 s works. \u201d one can only surmise that she was perhaps shocked by the art that was featured but recognized the significance of its inclusion in such a worldly, modern show of incredible proportions. the new york tribune also mixed notes of derision with praise when it reviewed the show on february 17th. the headline encapsulated such a point of view - \u201c a remarkable affair despite some freakish absurdities. \u201d the writer clearly relished his or her addition of witticisms into the article when it came time to evaluate. one such finely - drawn critique read : \u201c we would counsel the reader to keep his head, to beware of the swooning sophist who, without presenting any intelligible reasons for the faith that is in him, simply declares in rhapsodical fashion that this or that post - impressionist or cubist work is a masterpiece. \u201d many of the paintings look foolish, not terrible, the reviewer wrote, and \u201c with picasso and the rest of the cubists the farce grows wilder. they throw upon the canvas a queer agglomeration of line and color. \u201d there was an evident gross pretension to some of the more extreme artists, who felt they could take all the liberties their hearts desired and distort and destroy \u201c art. \u201d but the tribune \u2019 s piece was not entirely negative. the reviewer found the pictures well hung and many were aesthetically pleasing. the conclusion was that \u201c there is rubbish in this show, but as we have said, it does not preponderate. \u201d the new york world was a little harsher. their headline and following comic on february 17th have since become one of the most famous and amusing lampoons of the show - \u201c nobody who has been drinking is let in to see this show. \u201d the sub - headline continued with - \u201c he \u2019 d have bellevue for next stop after futurist art exhibition, scoffers assert.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5035969352116307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.750264"} {"text": "amusing lampoons of the show - \u201c nobody who has been drinking is let in to see this show. \u201d the sub - headline continued with - \u201c he \u2019 d have bellevue for next stop after futurist art exhibition, scoffers assert. \u201d the article complained that the futurists ( as mentioned, there were basically no futurists in the show ; this was a blanket term given to the cubists and other advanced modernists ) were untutored and peculiar. the piece also related a humorous and hyperbolic anecdote ( no doubt fallacious ) about an elderly man who approached a john marin painting and was disconcerted that the spectators around him were heaping lavish praise upon the piece and that somehow he had missed its import. the man \u201c became very red in the face. he was certainly disgusted with himself. suddenly he withdrew about a yard, placed his high silk hat on the floor, bent over and surveyed the picture between his legs. the light of understanding was in his eyes when he resumed an erect position. \u201d the comic strip above the article did even more to poke fun at the art of the avant - garde. one small sequence entitled \u201c the unsuspecting art critic does the show \u201d featured a critic in five stages of emotion ranging from contemplation to bewilderment to shock, and in the last depiction, being carted off in an ambulance to bellevue. it was an absurd commentary, but quite representative of the style in which reporters and critics attacked the show. confusion, bewilderment, anger, and stubbornness were ubiquitous in the reports on the armory show. some reviews were vitriolic and derisive in tone, often accompanied by comic strips and little rhymes that mocked and jibed the artwork. critics were almost as innovative in fashioning an aspersion as the artists were in composing the pictures that received them. the criticism flung at the show on its opening day did not abate as the exhibition stretched into march. first impressions of the vastness of scale, the cosmopolitan aura, and the significance of new york as a venue were not denied, but the art itself, particularly the cubists and the rest lumped under the \u201c futurists, \u201d were mercilessly attacked. an editorial in the new york times found the art ugly and juvenile. the jumble of lines and colors and the distortions of perspective resembled \u201c savage \u201d art of the primitives and children, according to bolton brown, the writer. the repulsive art was so backward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48849307483673443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.751209"} {"text": "new york times found the art ugly and juvenile. the jumble of lines and colors and the distortions of perspective resembled \u201c savage \u201d art of the primitives and children, according to bolton brown, the writer. the repulsive art was so backward that \u201c the formula for their production is to compel a painter to use only 2 per cent of either his knowledge or his taste. \u201d the world \u2019 s headline on february 23rd read \u201c cubists and futurists have reached america \u2026 they are to be seen at the sixty - ninth regiment armory - a colossal exhibit of up - to - date art, some of it understandable. \u201d the reviewer, charles henry dorr, opened his piece with some generally flattering comments on the impressive nature of the exhibition and the credible and progressive elements of the american painters \u2019 work. dorr was quick to turn to the fascinatingly ambiguous works by the cubists, however, and noted that that room was the \u201c chief volcanic eruption \u201d of the show. he then delved into the issue of duchamp \u2019 s \u201c nude descending a staircase, \u201d a controversy to be discussed momentarily. on the same day the new york times offered a deeper analysis of the show, delineating the progression of the featured art from the earliest piece of ingres to the most contemporary work by picasso, matisse, and duchamp. the first paragraph equated the sheer force of the post - impressionist and cubist works to a cacophony of bass drums and violins playing simultaneously, succinctly stating that the exhibition \u201c makes a lot of noise. \u201d the critical analysis was relatively straightforward but shifted in tone when matisse was reached. the reviewer concluded that matisse \u2019 s work exhibited many defects, all the more disconcerting because his canvases overwhelmingly relied upon the basic structure of the human form as their subjects. the eschewing of psychology in the paintings was repellant, but the reviewer concluded, perhaps to his chagrin, that matisse had indeed allowed younger artists to become looser and freer with color and planes. harriet monroe, the writer for the chicago tribune, included an anecdote about an indignant american artist at the show, who exclaimed, \u201c i can \u2019 t see why this person is tolerated! \u2026 i believe the critics don \u2019 t dare speak the truth about abominable monstrosities \u2026 he ought to be pilloried! \u201d one of the most ridiculous and colorfully outrageous critical reviews of the armory show was printed in the new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4412148814912429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.752252"} {"text": "\u2026 i believe the critics don \u2019 t dare speak the truth about abominable monstrosities \u2026 he ought to be pilloried! \u201d one of the most ridiculous and colorfully outrageous critical reviews of the armory show was printed in the new york herald, entitled \u201c flying wedge of futurists armed with paint and brush batters line of regulars in terrific art war. \u201d the entire commentary used the analogy of war between the modernists and the conservatives, opening with \u201c general sherman was right. war is all he said it was and then some. \u201d the modern artists - the \u201c futurists \u201d - were against the traditional artists - the \u201c regulars. \u201d j. a. fitzgerald, the writer, equates some of the modern paintings with the sanguinary battlefield scenes of war, stating, \u201c the bleeding pictures that line the walls, every line indicating the awful agony of the artist, are shrieking evidence of the ferocity of the struggle. \u201d the war motif continues - \u201c armed to the teeth with brushes and pencils, the rival factions are attacking each other \u2019 s artistic ideas at every opportunity. \u201d the cubist room was likened to a psychopathic ward because of the violent colors, frenzied brushstrokes, and off - kilter perspective. fitzgerald then ruminated on the hypothetical scenario of an individual asking a futurist to paint their portrait, derisively sneering, \u201c you may not be a prize beauty now, but what a futurist would make of you would be a shock that you couldn \u2019 t possibly survive. \u201d the review ends with fitzgerald \u2019 s adaptation of the everyman, first - person point - of - view to describe a trip through the galleries where the titles of the works contemplated vastly differed from what one \u2019 s eyes thought they glimpsed. when a title was actually illustrated by that which it suggested, the joy of the spectators was unbounded. one painting of a cow with an apposite title caused one man to celebrate for seven minutes. \u201c \u2018 i was afraid it was going to be a bridge or something like that, \u2019 he explained. \u2018 if it hadn \u2019 t turned out to be a cow i was going right down to bellevue to reserve a place in the observation pavilion. \u201d fitzgerald \u2019 s piece was accompanied by comic drawings poking fun at the artwork. comic strips were remarkably popular in the first few decades of the 20th century and were frequently utilized by the critics of the armory show to further illustrate their concern and frustration with the seemingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45366686013020174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.753251"} {"text": "fitzgerald \u2019 s piece was accompanied by comic drawings poking fun at the artwork. comic strips were remarkably popular in the first few decades of the 20th century and were frequently utilized by the critics of the armory show to further illustrate their concern and frustration with the seemingly incomprehensible paintings. one mild - mannered example showed an elderly woman with a large quilt on her lap and was labeled \u201c the original cubist. \u201d another showed a well - dressed couple looking at a drawing by abel faivre with the woman asking, \u201c perhaps it is a map of the balkan mountains? \u201d yet another took familiar scenes of the statue of liberty, the brooklyn bridge, and chambers street and redid them in the style of the newest artists ; the finished scenes are unsurprisingly messy and unappealing. a similar one above the headline \u201c extreme art draws crowd at opening \u201d featured a street scene of new yorkers on their way to the exhibition, depicted in weird, unnatural shapes and in odd situations, as in the horse - drawn carriage actually being pulled by a giraffe - like creature. in one called \u201c the new art, \u201d a painter composed a painting by flinging a hammer at it, using a rapier to spread paint, spraying it with essence of garlic, and using his feet to add detail ; in the final square he stood proudly behind the composition and deemed it \u201c the kneeling woman. \u201d finally, a barnyard scene showed a hen standing proudly above her nest with three eggs in it. they were no ordinary eggs, however - the caption to the comic read \u201c the latest in easter eggs. \u201d the eggs were, in fact, multifaceted cubist shapes. little ditties were also written to disparage the armory show, many of them clever, many painfully unfunny. one lively one read : i called the canvas cow with cud and hung it on the line, altho \u2019 to me \u2018 twas vague as mud, \u2018 twas clear to gertrude stein. another humorous one called \u201c a post impression \u201d went like : awful lack of technique awful lot of paint makes a cubist picture look like what it ain \u2019 t. writers clearly spared no excess of humor or creativity in fashioning responses to the show. the exhibition even attracted notice and elicited a response from theodore roosevelt, the former president. in a lengthy article in the outlook after the show had closed, roosevelt denigrated the pieces of modern art he had seen. he did not dismiss the necessity of bringing european", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592013226341895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.754366"} {"text": "notice and elicited a response from theodore roosevelt, the former president. in a lengthy article in the outlook after the show had closed, roosevelt denigrated the pieces of modern art he had seen. he did not dismiss the necessity of bringing european art to america for her citizens to examine, but heartily disagreed with the aaps on the merits of such art. he felt that the modern aesthetic did not necessarily mean life and progress but that such changes in the visual arts could instead embody death and retrogression. he succinctly averred, \u201c probably we err in treating most of these pictures seriously. \u201d although the lack of banalities in all of the work featured pleased roosevelt, \u201c this does not in the least mean that the extremists whose paintings and pictures were represented are entitled to any praise, save, perhaps, that they have helped to break fetters. \u201d it was not that roosevelt decried forward - thinking artists, but he was quick to turn his nose up at the ones who seemed to be part of a radical fringe. like previously mentioned newspaper critiques, he thought that they exemplified a regression. he marveled at the inability of the artists to portray man in any realistic manner, equating them with the paleolithic artists of caves. he even poked fun at the names \u201c futurists \u201d and \u201c cubists \u201d by writing, \u201c there is no reason that people should not call themselves cubists, or octagonists, parallelopipedonists, or knights of the isosceles triangle, or brothers of the cosine, if they so desire. \u201d his concluded his review in a manner not dissimilar from other critics at the time. the armory show was valuable not for the examples of the european art themselves, but for the influence they had upon american artists, who profited from the exuberant modernist tendencies of the europeans and strove to create work of heightened line, color, and originality. as a sort of side note, roosevelt was not the only critic extremely impressed by american efforts. although it may not immediately appear to be a point worth dissecting with any great analytical effort, the fierce approbation of american artists was in fact oftentimes an insult to the europeans and a subtle denial of the validity of modern art. hindsight and more astute critics in 1913 recognized that the european works were actually far superior to those of the americans, some of whose efforts were indeed brilliant but most whose paintings were vastly inferior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4689860694833957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.756631"} {"text": "and a subtle denial of the validity of modern art. hindsight and more astute critics in 1913 recognized that the european works were actually far superior to those of the americans, some of whose efforts were indeed brilliant but most whose paintings were vastly inferior. the new york times published an article pointing to the influence of the european school and the perceivable preeminence of the americans : - beneath the superficial resemblance lies, so far as we have observed, in almost every instance that spirit of moral reticence which is peculiar to america and differs entirely from the moral anxiety of the english spirit as it is revealed in the arts and, of course, still more from the sincere concerns of the modern european schools with primitive forces. the writer may have been essentially correct in his observation of the psychological concerns that plagued the european artists, but it is precisely those elements of moral contention that elevated their art and made most of the american paintings in the show look timid, tame, and placid. the piece of art that was absolutely the furthest from timorousness and garnered the most virulent criticism, disdain, wonder, and bafflement was marcel duchamp \u2019 s cubist \u201c nude descending a staircase. \u201d after the armory show opened, it was only a short amount of time before that particular work captured new york \u2019 s attention and became a sort of rallying point for those who questioned the legitimacy of the modernist aesthetic. to contemporary eyes, it was an inscrutable, messy composition that was the furthest thing from \u201c real \u201d art that could possibly be imagined. the critics heartily embraced the discourse of disparagement and pulled out all of the stops. in the \u201c topics of the times \u201d section of the new york times, duchamp \u2019 s work was discussed. it \u201c looks like almost anything except a nude descending a staircase, and most - though not much - like an explosion in a shingle mill. \u201d the painting was then compared to the fairy tale of \u201c the emperor \u2019 s new clothes, \u201d with duchamp apparently trying to convince his audience that there was indeed a picture there when there really was not. in charles henry dorr \u2019 s review for the world, \u201c \u2018 nu descendant un escalier, \u2019 by duchamp, is decidedly a puzzle of the cubist variety. it suggests an elevated railroad stairway in ruins after an earthquake. \u201d the world, in the same sarcastic article about the need for bellevue after looking at futurist art, examined duchamp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48578564027323584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.757666"} {"text": "saying, \u201c realism is receiving its death blow and individualism is asserting itself once more. and the new art which is arousing so much discord and opposition is an expression of this self - assertion, of this effort of the individual to emerge from the mass. \u201d a mr. hoeber felt the show had extreme historical significance, while a mr. borglum explained to his audience, \u201c do you know what \u2019 s the matter with american art today? we \u2019 re timid. americans haven \u2019 t any aesthetic courage. \u201d the armory show was a way to release the inhibitions of american artists. the sun noted the intense public appeal of the show : - nothing like this exhibition in point of its appeal to public interest has been seen in the town in way of an art show, according to veterans of the game. not only the 25 cent afternoon and evening hours have been crowded, but the armory has been well filled also in the mornings from 10 to 12 when the admittance fee is $ 1. the sun even contributed another article to the pantheon of armory show press on the day after the show left new york, with the headline \u201c cubists migrate ; thousands mourn. \u201d the title smacked of subtle sarcasm, but the article gave a straightforward account of the show \u2019 s popularity, pointing to impressive sales and attendance and the genuine interest stirred up by the artwork. one media attendee remembered that closing night was the \u201c wildest, maddest, most intensely excited crowd that ever broke decorum in any scene that i have witnessed \u2026 everyone came to witness the close, and the audience created a show equally as phenomenal as the exhibition itself. \u201d a straightforward account of the armory show \u2019 s actual press coverage from 1913 cries out for some sort of explanation, some summary of what it all meant - what the negativity, befuddlement, and delight said about the american and european art worlds and the american public. it is abundantly clear that newspaper reporters and art critics did not always understand the new work and oftentimes refused to even attempt to do so. it was seen as an example of moral degeneracy or capricious absurdity. when viewed in light of the tradition of american art, it was a dramatic break. only a few of the american artists featured in the show, including stuart davis, john marin, and marsden hartley, were involved with the modernist aesthetic. the others like the members of the ashcan school were blatant examples of america \u2019 s realist tendencies and reluctance to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47723036050953116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.760556"} {"text": "american artists featured in the show, including stuart davis, john marin, and marsden hartley, were involved with the modernist aesthetic. the others like the members of the ashcan school were blatant examples of america \u2019 s realist tendencies and reluctance to experiment with color, perception, and theory ; these artists were favored by critics who disliked the avant - garde art. by contrast, the european \u201c isms \u201d were bold forays into uncharted territories, challenging antiquated notions and values. the european artists were demanding that their viewers contemplate the work with a more penetrating eye and open their minds to the heightened optical and theoretical possibilities that their work offered. to have such pieces of art in new york was seen as a great honor and as a sign of new york \u2019 s future importance in the art world. this fact above all else shines through even the most critical and disparaging writings on the armory show - the fact that for an exhibition of this magnitude and popularity and success to come to new york signaled america \u2019 s growing legitimacy as a purveyor of culture. most of the critics grudgingly admitted that the show was impressive and grand despite their dislike for some of the art hung on the walls. the show \u2019 s success with the public was also difficult to ignore. the best estimate is that over 87, 000 people attended the show. it also made a copious amount of money and most of the art sold amazingly well to american galleries and institutions. like most examples of art that seem absurd or frightening or novel, it did not take long for their ideas to seep into the work of american artists and come to be respected by the public. the europeans \u2019 approach to the visual arts inspired american artists to break through the boundaries that previously constricted them. in the two decades that followed the show, artists like georgia o \u2019 keefe and charles demouth emerged, blending colors into abstract compositions of stunning grace and vibrancy. stuart davis and marsden hartley continued their experimentation with modernism ; their canvases of the 1920s and 1930s were eye - poppingly bright, busy, and mesmerizing. and of course, the artists of the 1940s and 1950s who were mentioned much earlier were absolutely indebted to the armory show \u2019 s introduction of cutting - edge examples of avant - garde painting and sculpture. without the path - breaking works of picasso, duchamp, and matisse crossing the atlantic, it is difficult perhaps to imagine the abstract expressionist \u2019 s total engagement with paint, perception, and abstraction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46628922000456957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.761686"} {"text": "1. what is sequestration? a : sequestration is a fiscal policy procedure adopted by congress to deal with the federal budget deficit. simply put, sequestration is the cancellation of previously approved spending \u2014 an automatic form of spending cuts. as modified by the fiscal cliff deal passed by congress january 1, sequestration will take effect march 1, 2013 but impose cuts over a period of nine years, 2013 \u2013 2021. some federal programs are called \u201c mandatory \u201d and are mostly spared from sequestration. however, the rest of the government, the so - called \u201c discretionary \u201d programs, are subject to significant cuts starting in 2013 that will be divided between nondefense spending ( $ 700 billion ) and defense spending ( $ 500 billion ). 2. why is sequestration happening now? a : a law passed by congress and signed by the president in august 2011 created a congressional supercommittee to deal with the federal budget deficit and pass a package of spending cuts by thanksgiving. as an incentive for democrats and republicans to reach agreement, the law contains the threat of the across - the - board cuts ( sequestration ) if the deadline arrived and the deal wasn \u2019 t struck. congress failed to reach agreement, thus triggering sequestration in january 2013. 3. can sequestration be stopped? a : yes. although sequestration is the law right now, congress can pass another law that would repeal it. however, additional spending cuts would most likely be required to replace the automatic cuts. last year, the house and senate proposed legislation that would have replaced the sequester, but would also have imposed dramatically deeper cuts to education and all other nondefense discretionary programs. for example, a house - passed republican bill would have prevented any cuts to defense by increasing the cuts to domestic programs, including education, by $ 19 billion. the president \u2019 s fy13 budget proposal also would have eliminated the need for sequestration by reducing government spending in most areas ( although it proposed a slight increase in education spending ). 4. what can i do? a : send messages to your senators and representative urging them to repeal sequestration. first, use the sequestration effect calculator on the sequestration page to determine the dollar amount of cuts that your school budget or programs will face if sequestration is not repealed. then, go to the action center and use the figure generated by the calculator to customize the e - mail message to your lawmakers. ^", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4844953918586843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.764324"} {"text": "a collective biography of the nine children of queen victoria and prince albert, who included king edward vii ; victoria, princess royal, later empress frederick ; and alfred, duke of edinburgh buy your copy! queen victoria and albert, prince consort, had nine children. despite different characters and temperaments, they always remained a closely - knit, mutually supportive family group. some married into european royal families and experienced the painful division of loyalties inevitable in the ever - changing world of 19th - century political and nationalist feeling. the life of victoria, princess royal, later consort of the german emperor frederick iii, was soured by the merciless opposition of chancellor bismarck and later her son, emperor william ii ( ' kaiser bill ' ). similarly the marriage of alfred, duke of edinburgh, to a russian grand duchess, gave britain a dynastic alliance with a country whom she had defeated in the crimean war, and nearly cause her to take up arms against her old enemy once more. even the prince of wales, later king edward vii, inadvertently provoked german anger by taking a danish princess as his bride. yet their lives were not totally dominated by political controversy. all made their own contributions to public life in britain and europe. alice, grand duchess of hesse, whose children included the last tsarina of russia, worked tirelessly throughout her tragically short life on behalf of welfare and educational services in germany, an example which her younger sisters faithfully followed in england. leopold, duke of albany, was an active patron of the arts, although he died at the early age of 31, while arthur, duke of connaught, served with distinction in the army, and as governor - general of canada. after the death of edward vii in 1910, the four surviving children of queen victoria all lived through the family tragedy of the great war ; all but one witnessed the outbreak of hitler ' s conflict in 1939, it was fortunate for vicky ( the empress frederick ), alice ( grand duchess of hesse ) and affie ( duke of edinburgh and of saxe - coburg gotha ) that they had all died at comparatively early ages, for the heartbreak of being at war with the country of their birth would surely have been too heavy a burden for them to bear. as it was, there would be distressing divisions of loyalty among the next generation. charles, duke of saxe - coburg, and ernest, grand duke of hesse, were sovereign princes in the fatherland. like prince and princess henry of prussia, they were on much more friendly terms with their easy -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43562684764669973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.770138"} {"text": "one summer, bob lehr pushed a videocassette of \u201c rain man \u201d into his vcr. it was a movie he had put off seeing, despite dustin hoffman \u2019 s oscar - winning performance as an autistic man. sitting in the room with lehr was his 16 - year - old son, ben, who at a young age had been classified as autistic. currently, the lehrs were told, he had an i. q. of about 37 and the reasoning ability of a preschooler. although ben attended high school in syracuse, he wasn \u2019 t taking academic classes, and there was no evidence that he could read or understand arithmetic. his vocabulary was limited, and some of the things he said made no sense at all \u2014 they seemed to be random phrases picked up from television and school. over the years ben had gouged himself with knives, ripped electrical sockets out of walls, taken a hatchet to the fiberglass bathtub and used his head to smash most of the windows in the house. in calmer moods, ben liked to stare at objects, like tape - recorder reels, or stand at the kitchen sink, running the water through his fingers for hours. when raymond babbitt, the hoffman character, appeared on the screen, ben rocked back and forth, moaned and hit the side of his neck, until his father grabbed a nearby laptop computer and asked, \u201c is there something you want to say? \u201d with his hand resting on bob \u2019 s for support, ben typed out, \u201c that man is autistic. \u201d ben was using \u201c facilitated communication, \u201d a writing technique introduced to the united states from australia in late 1989 by douglas biklen, director of the division of special education and rehabilitation at syracuse university. as the name suggests, it is not a cure for autism but an aid to communication : a parent or teacher supports the arm of an autistic person as he or she types out messages on a keyboard, using the hunt - and - peck method. in the syracuse area, 45 autistic children and adults using facilitated communication are expressing their feelings and helping explain some of the enigmatic behaviors associated with autism. autism is characterized by, among other things, an inability to feel love or form social attachments, a lack of self - awareness, mental retardation, difficulty understanding speech and an inability to grasp abstract concepts or symbols. biklen \u2019 s researchers, however, are finding that some people who have been labeled unteachable can read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5197264997286493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.779809"} {"text": ", a lack of self - awareness, mental retardation, difficulty understanding speech and an inability to grasp abstract concepts or symbols. biklen \u2019 s researchers, however, are finding that some people who have been labeled unteachable can read, write, calculate and do schoolwork appropriate for their age. preschoolers use facilitation to tattle on classmates, and teen - age boys try to find out if girls are interested in them. at their keyboards, students write poetry, tell lies and even crack jokes. when ben lehr was asked, as part of his biology homework, to name two causes of high blood pressure, he answered, \u201c cholesterol and tests. \u201d at home, ben has been using the keyboard to try to help his family understand his behavior. he attempts to describe the difference between being the gentle, likable young man so fondly regarded by his teachers and many friends, and being capable of such anger that it frightens him. it \u2019 s not \u201c ben \u201d who causes such damage and pain, he has spelled out, but \u201c host, \u201d a term his sister penny guesses came from his biology classes. explaining host seems excruciating for ben ; in one two - hour session he ekes out the typing while screaming, banging his head on the floor, biting himself and hitting his mother, sue, and his sister sherry. facilitation has given ben and others a voice, not a cure. it is therefore profoundly encouraging and profoundly frustrating. \u201c what the students are telling us is that they don \u2019 t want to have autism, and that they want to be able to talk, \u201d biklen says. \u201c and these are things that are probably not going to change. \u201d biklen \u2019 s work in syracuse has already challenged the traditional understanding of autism. if it can be applied to a broader group of autistic people, facilitated communication could upset a half - century of thought about this baffling cluster of disabilities. before 1943, when leo kanner, a child psychiatrist at johns hopkins university, published the first systematic description of the disorder in a medical journal called nervous child, autism was generally regarded as \u201c childhood schizophrenia \u201d or \u201c childhood psychosis. \u201d kanner \u2019 s term, \u201c infantile autism, \u201d pointed to the child \u2019 s apparent preference to dwell in a self - generated world rather than form relationships with other people. and for decades, such withdrawal was blamed on insufficiently nurturing parents, popularly called \u201c refrigerator mothers. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5286988854368331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.781102"} {"text": "powerful muscle spasms and point accurately to her answers. in 1979, mcdonald successfully sued for the right to leave st. nicholas hospital and has lived with crossley ever since. mcdonald went on to college and published journal articles about rights of the disabled. her case generated a white - hot controversy, with australian psychologists and speech therapists accusing crossley of putting words in mcdonald \u2019 s hands, as it were. but the supreme court of the state of victoria decided otherwise, ruling that mcdonald could control her own life and finances. five years ago, the government recognized crossley \u2019 s work with nonverbal people by honoring her as a member of the order of australia. while giving a series of talks in 1985 on integrating the disabled into conventional schools, biklen had dinner at crossley \u2019 s house in melbourne and observed facilitation in action. he had never doubted that such a technique could work for some people with cerebral palsy, many of whom have normal or above - average i. q. \u2019 s. but a year later when he got a letter saying that crossley was using the same technique with an autistic child, he replied perfunctorily. \u201c they were nice people, and i didn \u2019 t want to have to say, \u2018 you \u2019 re crazy, \u2019 \u201d he recalls. \u201c from what i knew about autism, and i knew quite a bit, it just didn \u2019 t make sense to me. \u201d curious nonetheless, he revisited australia twice, briefly in november 1988, and for six weeks in mid - 1989. there he observed crossley \u2019 s work at the deal ( dignity, education and language ) communication center. supported by the government, the center has helped more than 800 people with non - speech communication. some australian professionals warned biklen away from the center, calling it a hoax. but the clients biklen saw communicating through facilitation \u2014 including people labeled autistic \u2014 erased his doubts. among them was the autistic boy crossley had written to biklen about in 1986, who, she says, had been used in australia as a benchmark of the \u201c unteachable, unreachable autistic child with no potential. \u201d in biklen \u2019 s presence, with a staff member \u2019 s hand resting on his shoulder, the boy typed : \u201c i like dougg butt hhe is maad... he talks to me like i \u2019 m human. \u201d on returning to the united states, biklen described", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44400491502531747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.784756"} {"text": "digital painting fundamentals with corel painter 12 : draw what you see - part 2 make a fresh quick clone of the apples in a bowl. sample a warm light brown from the wooden planks or just choose a pleasing neutral color for the paper. use the technique for changing paper color you did earlier, or just \u201c pour \u201d the new color into the clone with the paint bucket. it won \u2019 t matter unless you erase. my motto, incidentally is \u201c life is short [ md ] don \u2019 t erase. \u201d i actually had 500 golf pencils printed up. make a cloner you can turn a variant from any category into a cloner brush instantly. all you do is click the little rubber stamp icon in the color panel. the hue ring and value / saturation triangle will go gray, indicating that your brush is now using clone color. you can toggle regular color control back on by clicking the rubber stamp icon again. instead of working with the chalk cloner this time, turn square hard pastel from the custom palette into a cloner, by enabling clone color. increase its size to about 25 pixels. a hard pastel shows paper grain very boldly, so it \u2019 s important to choose a paper that will enhance the painting. figure 2. 18 shows three possible textures that are available in the paper library. from left to right, they are italian watercolor, coarse cotton canvas, and pebble board. you can adjust the size of the paper grain, as well as its strength, by changing the brightness and / or contrast of the paper element. open the papers panel, shown in figure 2. 19, to make those changes as desired. the challenge at this stage is to keep from getting too \u201c tight \u201d and simply reproducing the original photo. also, it \u2019 s tempting to rely on cloner brushes too much. remember to take control from time to time, using colors that you actually pick yourself! a good drawing will have a focal point or two, with other sections less important. ways to reduce the visual impact of portions of your drawing include blurring, erasing, and altering color or contrast.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.476761014615716, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.788141"} {"text": "rheumatoid arthritis back surgery rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) is not an age - related degenerative form of arthritis of the spine such as spondylosis, but can sometimes be treated through back surgery to relieve patients \u2019 pain and discomfort. this is particularly true of cervical rheumatoid arthritis where nerve problems in the neck may be caused by inflammation and changes in the structure of the joints. decompression back surgery, or cervical spinal surgery, may be able to relieve the pinched nerves and provide stability to the spine. although the usual perception of this condition is of patients having deformities in the hands and feet, rheumatoid arthritis of the spine is evident in around 20 % of ra patients and can cause significant disability and pain. most patients will be given a treatment programme incorporating conservative therapies such as anti - inflammatory medications and analgesics, immuno - suppressant drugs, and physical therapy before surgery is considered for ra. the goal of rheumatoid arthritis back surgery if, however, a patient with rheumatoid arthritis has pain which no longer responds to medication and is suffering neurological dysfunction, or if the cervical spine is unstable, weak, and is causing myelopathy, then it is likely that surgery is required. back surgery for rheumatoid arthritis aims to decompress the structures of the spine and remove the material causing pinched nerves or spinal cord compression ; it also aims to restore or maintain spinal stability. where spinal deformity and instability are present, back surgery for rheumatoid arthritis will usually involve some element of spinal fusion using instrumentation and bone grafts. surgery for rheumatoid arthritis is more effective when done early on in the disease \u2019 s progression in order to decompress the back and remove material causing pinched nerves. as the disease becomes more virulent the chances of back surgery easing a patient \u2019 s pain or relieving their condition become less likely with diseased joints and spinal structures often osteoporotic and degenerated beyond repair. back surgery at this stage may do more harm than good as surgical trauma can increase inflammation, raise stress levels, and affect the immune system in all patients, which can clearly have more damaging consequences for those with an inflammatory autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. patients will usually be given more medication to help with pain management. treating rheumatoid arthritis effectively relies on catching the disease early and using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4478659006239658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.794164"} {"text": "dhaka : calcium supplements may increase the risk of having a heart attack by two - fold and should be \u2018 taken with caution \u2019, researchers say. the findings also indicate that, increasing an overall calcium intake from dietary sources confers no significant advantage in terms of staving off heart disease and stroke. previous research has linked higher calcium intake with a decreased risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, all of which are risk factors for heart disease and stroke. calcium supplements are commonly recommended to older people and women who have gone through the menopause to prevent bone thinning. the authors base their results on almost 24, 000 participants of one of the german arms of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition ( epic ) study in heidelberg. all the participants aged between 35 and 64 when they joined the study in 1994 - 8. normal diet for the preceding 12 months was assessed using food frequency questionnaires and they were enquired about whether they regularly took vitamin or mineral supplements. their health was followed for an average of 11 years, during which time 354 heart attacks, 260 strokes, and 267 associated deaths occurred. after taking account of factors likely to influence the results, those whose diets included a moderate amount ( 820 mg daily ) of calcium from all sources, including supplements, had a 31 percent lower risk of having a heart attack than those in the bottom 25 percent of calcium intake. but those with an intake of more than 1100 mg per day did not have a significantly lower risk. there was no proof that any level of calcium intake either protected against or increased the risk of stroke, which backs up the findings of other research, say the authors. but when the analysis looked at vitamin / mineral supplements, it discovered that those who took calcium supplements regularly were 86 percent more likely to have a heart attack than those who didn \u2019 t use any supplements. and this risk increased further among those who used only calcium supplements. they were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack as those who didn \u2019 t take any supplements. \u201c this study suggests that increasing calcium intake from diet might not confer significant cardiovascular benefits, while calcium supplements, which might raise [ heart attack ] risk, should be taken with caution, \u201d said the authors. in an accompanying editorial, professors ian reid and mark bolland from the faculty of medical and health science at the university of auckland in new zealand said that the safety of calcium supplements \u201c is now coming under increasing scrutiny. \u201d they point to previous research, showing a link between these supplements and kidney stones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40671208463496994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.798155"} {"text": "mark bolland from the faculty of medical and health science at the university of auckland in new zealand said that the safety of calcium supplements \u201c is now coming under increasing scrutiny. \u201d they point to previous research, showing a link between these supplements and kidney stones, and gut and abdominal symptoms, and note that while trial evidence suggests that calcium supplements cut levels of cardiovascular risk factors, this doesn \u2019 t actually turn into fewer heart attacks and strokes. they also suggest that many women taking calcium supplements to ward off brittle bones are already healthier than those who don \u2019 t, and that the overall protective effect is modest - in the order of just 10 %. the authors claim that the evidence that dietary calcium is helpful while calcium supplements are not can be explained by the fact that dietary calcium is taken in small amounts, spread throughout the day, so is absorbed slowly. they suggest that the supplements, on the other hand, cause calcium levels in the blood to soar above the normal range, and it is this flooding effect which might ultimately be harmful. \u201c calcium supplements have been widely embraced by doctors and the public, on the grounds that they are a natural and therefore safe way of preventing osteoporotic fractures, \u201d the authors write. \u201c it is now becoming clear that taking this micronutrient in one or two daily [ doses ] is not natural, in that it does not reproduce the same metabolic effects as calcium in food, \u201d they said. they insist that given the fact that it is neither safe nor effective, boosting calcium intake from supplements should be discouraged. \u201c we should return to seeing calcium as an important component of a balanced diet, and not as a low cost panacea to the universal problem of postmenopausal bone loss, \u201d they add. the study has been published in the online issue of the journal heart. bdst : 0900 hrs, may 28, 2012 edited by : tania afrin, newsroom editor all rights reserved. sale, redistribution or reproduction of information / photos / illustrations / video / audio contents on this website in any form without prior permission from banglanews24. com are strictly prohibited and liable to legal action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45131853675103195, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.799005"} {"text": "timothy acker and drake brannon perform water quality tests. students in james galvin \u2019 s agriculture classes are getting hands on education in fresh water shrimp production. yes, that \u2019 s right fresh water shrimp. the students are involved with the production with five hundred fresh water shrimp. the shrimp that the students are working with are close relatives of the shrimp that swim in the ocean, but these shrimp live in a fresh water environment. achs students are raising their shrimp in a closed recycling tank system. when working with this type of system students are taught that water quality is critical. each day students must test the water for oxygen content, ph, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite levels. the students have discovered that the temperature of the water must be maintained at 80 degrees. students learned that when the water temperature falls below 75 degrees that the shrimp will live, but will not consume feed and grow. students working with the shrimp can clearly see and understand how chemistry, math and biology principles effect and play into everyday life. technology plays a very large role in helping students test the water and maintain the environment for proper water quality and balance. students have developed a strong interest in the shrimp project and look forward to continuing on with its development. the students would like to thank mr. starr for his continued support and enthusiasm for the project. the fresh water shrimp project has partnered with white water aqua farms and they have been providing tremendous amount of technical advice, knowledge and experience to enhance this project. kaleb wright prepares the feed for fresh water shrimp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47537427291381656, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.800627"} {"text": "sugar ' comforts babies during immunisations ' it appears that sugar really may help the medicine go down - studies suggest a few drops can comfort babies who are having their jabs. the cochrane team reviewed 14 studies involving more than 1, 500 infants going for routine childhood immunisations or a heel - prick blood test. babies given a sugary solution to suck as they were about to be injected cried far less than those given water. while sugar may pacify, it is unclear if it also relieves pain. experts say more research is needed to explore this. end quote dr david elliman royal college of paediatrics and child health if you do the usual holding and comforting, i ' m not sure how much sucrose would add \u201d a small study published a couple of years ago in the lancet medical journal looked at the responses of 44 infants given either sugar or water as they had a heel - prick blood test. the sugar did not appear to make a difference to pain - all babies similarly grimaced and had comparable electrical activity measured with eeg readings in areas of the brain that process pain. the lead researcher in the cochrane review, dr manal kassab of the jordan university of science and technology in irib, jordan, said : \" giving babies something sweet to taste before injections may stop them from crying for as long. \" although we can ' t confidently say that sugary solutions reduce needle pain, these results do look promising. \" dr david elliman of the royal college of paediatrics and child health said sugar solution was not used routinely in practice. \" generally, doctors recommend that the mother holds the baby and comforts it while they have their immunisation. if she is breastfeeding still, she might want to breastfeed her baby at the same time. \" with older children we try to distract them. if you do the usual holding and comforting, i ' m not sure how much sucrose would add. \" what we do know is that using a shorter needle tends to be more painful, even though this might seem counterintuitive. that ' s because the injections need to go into the muscle. \" by the time a child has reached its second birthday it should have had around 10 different injections to protect against various infectious diseases, including measles, mumps and rubella.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42263325804384433, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.803275"} {"text": "by john myers even if scientists, regulators, politicians and industry leaders find common ground on how much sulfate is too much for wild rice, the issue of sulfate in minnesota waterways isn \u2019 t going away. scientists studying wetlands in northern minnesota recently published the findings of a study that ties elevated sulfate to elevated toxic mercury levels and shows that, when sulfate stops flowing into a wetland, the level of toxic mercury goes back down. \u201c sulfate is an issue even if and where wild rice is not, \u201d said ed swain, research scientist for the minnesota pollution control agency and a national authority on mercury in the environment. scientists know the same bacteria that convert sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which might damage wild rice, are the same ones that convert benign mercury that falls from the sky into methyl mercury \u2014 the toxic form of mercury that is unsafe for animals and humans in large doses. that means the more sulfate, the more active the bacteria, and the more bacteria, the more mercury turns toxic, at least in areas of low oxygen, such as underwater in wetlands. swain said added sulfate will not stimulate bacterial growth if there is no organic matter such as plants and weeds. wetlands and lakes that have a lot of plant growth would be much more affected by an increase in sulfate than a fast - moving stream that has a gravel bottom and little organic matter, he added. added sulfate from human activity also has more impact in waters that had been low in sulfate naturally. mercury \u201c concentrations in fish may be the result of increased sulfate \u201d in what had been low - sulfate waters, an earlier study by minnesota scientists notes. a study published this summer by minnesota scientists in the journal environmental science & technology confirmed the correlation. scientists are also tracking down a link between sulfate in the water and higher levels of phosphate, a key ingredient in algae blooms. that may be why some lakes that have seen increased levels of sulfate are showing signs of rapid aging, with more weeds and algae growth, a process called eutrophication. when bacteria convert sulfate to sulfide, it releases phosphate from sediment into the water, swain noted, making it available for algae. that \u2019 s because phosphate is usually held in the sediment by iron, but sulfide binds with iron so that it no longer holds onto the phosphate. meanwhile, higher water temperatures from a warming climate may be bolstering the bacteria that make all the conversions possible. the mercury comes from all over the world, going up in smoke from power plants as far away as china, and as close as taconite plants on the iron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4526879902828971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.808746"} {"text": "a warming climate may be bolstering the bacteria that make all the conversions possible. the mercury comes from all over the world, going up in smoke from power plants as far away as china, and as close as taconite plants on the iron range. the sulfate also can come from all over the world, in the form of acid rain, but also originates locally, in the runoff from mining operations. suddenly, sulfate has become a hot topic in minnesota environmental protection. and officials agree that efforts to reduce the flow of sulfate into the environment are only likely to grow. \u201c its time has come, \u201d mark tomasek, the pca \u2019 s supervisor of water quality standards, said of sulfate. in the past, the primary source of human - caused sulfate increases came for acid rain. but rain has been getting less acidic for more than 20 years, thanks to controls on coal - burning power plants and other manufacturing. now, the main sources of sulfate to minnesota streams are municipal and industrial wastewater discharges and diffuse sources such as runoff from waste rock piles on the iron range, swain said. nancy schuldt, water quality coordinator for the fond du lac band \u2019 s environmental program, said the pca is late to the game in addressing the sulfate issue. sulfate should have been a key part of water pollution permits for industry for decades, she said. but the state only recently began raising the issue, prompting vocal resistance from industry and the legislature. \u201c we \u2019 ve been concerned about sulfate for years, \u201d schuldt said. \u201c we \u2019 re hoping this means the state is going to take it seriously. \u201d sulfate naturally leaches from rock and soil. but it is often seen at higher levels in some areas because of human activity, such as mining, mills and treatment plants. some sulfate comes from the sky during rain and snow. and some runs off the land as water flows into local streams and lakes. on the iron range, it \u2019 s coming out of wastewater ponds and old stockpiles of mine rubble left behind by operations long since closed. the st. louis river, for example, appears to have had a natural sulfate level of about 3 parts per million. but below mining areas, the river runs as high as 50 parts per million sulfate. research by department of natural resources scientists, however, notes that the amount of methyl mercury in streams below mining areas is about the same as nearby streams that don \u2019 t see runoff from mining, water where any sulfate would come from air pollution or naturally, hinting that sulfate from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.442865134907816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.809757"} {"text": "want to live longer? eat less. sorry. don \u2019 t kill the messenger. calorie restriction is the only strategy that has been consistently shown to extend life in every species studied so far. feed rats about one - third less than they normally eat, and faster than you can say \u201c methuselah, \u201d they live approximately 50 percent longer than their normal lifespan. it \u2019 s worked in yeast, fruit flies, mice, the aforementioned rats, and \u2014 most recently \u2014 in rhesus monkeys. and though the likelihood of a long - term human trial comparing \u201c free - eating \u201d and \u201c calorie - restricted \u201d subjects over a couple of decades is pretty remote, all indications are that reducing calories would extend life in our own species just as it does in every other one that \u2019 s been studied. so that \u2019 s simple enough, right? just reduce your calories by about 33 percent, and you \u2019 ll have a nice, long, healthy life. ok, class dismissed, lesson learned. yeah, right. as you can imagine, that particular strategy is not winning the popularity sweepstakes. which is why there \u2019 s been so much attention focused on a little plant chemical called resveratrol. to understand exactly how resveratrol exerts its antiaging magic, we have to go back to those calorie - deprived rats. apparently, caloric restriction turns on a set of genes known as the sirtuin genes, which are considered to be major influencers of how long we live. \u201c the sirtuin genes are the holy grail of medicine and nutrition, \u201d says mark houston, md. \u201c these genes turn on or turn off different metabolic pathways that are designed to promote longevity and health. \u201d back in 2003, david sinclair, md, a researcher at harvard medical school, began investigating the sirtuin genes. to everyone \u2019 s delight, sinclair discovered that there was another way to turn on these genes. he and his associates published a now - famous paper reporting that plant compounds known as polyphenols could activate the human sirt1 gene. and the polyphenol that seemed to do this best was resveratrol. resveratrol is found in red wine ; the skin of young, unripe red grapes ; grape seeds ; purple grape juice ; and, to a lesser extent, in peanuts and mulberries. recent research has shown that resveratrol may reduce insulin resistance, a key factor in metabolic syndrome and type 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4722720669020275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.813302"} {"text": "##ripe red grapes ; grape seeds ; purple grape juice ; and, to a lesser extent, in peanuts and mulberries. recent research has shown that resveratrol may reduce insulin resistance, a key factor in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. if resveratrol lives up to its promise, it may not only extend life, but also improve its quality. resveratrol has been shown in studies to inhibit the growth of several cancer cell lines and tumors. it \u2019 s a powerful antioxidant and anti - inflammatory ; it ramps up detoxification enzymes in the liver ; protects the heart through several different mechanisms ; and also protects brain cells. so should you add resveratrol to your daily supplement regimen? i certainly think so, and i \u2019 m not alone. the total amount of resveratrol in a capsule isn \u2019 t as important as the amount of trans - resveratrol \u2014 the bioactive form that seems to have all the benefit. the higher quality resveratrol products on the market are \u201c standardized \u201d for a certain percentage of trans - resveratrol. \u201c no one knows the correct dose in humans, \u201d says houston, \u201c but any amount should have health benefits. \u201d the smart money is betting that 250 milligrams or more of the trans - resveratrol form should have an effect on aging and health. for 500 - milligram capsules standardized to 20 percent trans that would be two - and - a - half capsules per day, three just to be safe! enzymatic therapy resveratrol forte is a high - potency supplement formulated with 100 percent trans - resveratrol, the most absorbable form. reserveage organics world \u2019 s finest resveratrol 250 mg is a potent combination of organic french red wine grapes and wild - crafted natural polygonum cuspidatum root extract. nature \u2019 s way resveratrol synergic formula combines a comprehensive blend of antioxidants, including red wine and grape seed extracts, to protect cells against lipid peroxidation and free radicals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4155437779502349, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.814072"} {"text": "description of the procedure the male, if fertile, refrains from ejaculating for two or three days. he then collects semen through masturbation. penile scar tissue or other conditions may block the natural release of sperm. if this is the case, a sperm aspiration from the testicles may be done. sometimes, the man ' s sperm can be frozen ahead of time. if the male partner is unable to produce viable sperm, donor sperm may be used. if male sperm counts are low, the chance of successful fertilization may be improved by directly injecting the sperm into the egg. this is called intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( icsi ). an ultrasound - guided technique is often used to harvest the eggs. the ultrasound probe has a needle attached to the end. the instruments are inserted into the vagina. the ultrasound uses sound waves to view the ovaries and the developed egg follicles in the ovaries. the needle punctures the egg follicles. fluid and eggs are removed through the needle. the fluid is inspected. it is immediately placed in a clean, nutritive culture material. the fluid will be kept in an incubator. between 50, 000 and 100, 000 of the most mobile, healthy sperm are chosen. they are mixed with the harvested eggs. sometimes, icsi may be done. it may help to increase the chances of fertilization. the culture dish is kept at normal body temperature inside an incubator for 2 - 3 days. during that time, sperm are expected to fertilize 60 % - 80 % of the eggs. once fertilized, early cell division begins and embryos develop. a certain number of the embryos ( usually 1 - 5 ) are placed into your uterus ( womb ). fewer embryos decrease the chance of multiples ( such as twins, triplets ). the other embryos may be frozen. they may be saved for future ivf cycles. you may also choose to donate them to other infertile couples. a catheter tube is inserted into the vagina. it will be threaded through the cervical canal and into the uterus. the embryos are then passed into the uterus. you may be positioned face down with your knees at your chest. a special table that tilts the uterus downward may also be used. these positions allow gravity to help keep the embryos in the uterus for implantation. at the care center following egg harvesting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4798618016291381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.817132"} {"text": "face down with your knees at your chest. a special table that tilts the uterus downward may also be used. these positions allow gravity to help keep the embryos in the uterus for implantation. at the care center following egg harvesting, expect to rest at the center for a few hours before going home. following embryo transfer procedure : - you will probably be able to resume normal activities within a few days. - follow the instructions for any medicine given. - return in 10 - 12 days for a pregnancy test. - if the pregnancy test indicates conception, an ultrasound will be scheduled for a few weeks later. it will be able to see if more than one egg is growing. - if all is going well, you will start your prenatal care. it is important to go to all of your scheduled appointments. it can be difficult to wait two weeks for the results. even if pregnancy occurs, a remains a possibility. if pregnancy did not occur, the next attempt should be at least one month later. success rates for the first three cycles are about the same ( about 10 % per cycle ). the rates then start to decrease. success rates are influenced by both age and the cause of infertility. ivf has a 25 % - 30 % success rate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4306441941045529, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.817683"} {"text": "refine my search brown sugar is a delectable addition to cakes, puddings, and vegetable glazes. it \u2019 s also popular in main - dish sauces and marinades. brown sugars ( light and dark ) are produced from a blending of white sugar and natural or processed molasses. they are made from sugar cane or sugar beets and add a delicate sweet flavor to a wide range of foods. light ( golden ) and dark brown sugars are classified as either sticky or free - flowing. most of the mass - produced products are a blend of purified, or refined, sugar and molasses. raw cane sugars that have a brown coating also fall into this category. piloncillo ( little pylons ) is a mexican unrefined brown sugar with no molasses, but is similar in taste to american versions. the compressed hard cone can be scraped with a serrated knife. it is sold as light or dark. other derivatives of raw brown sugars are labeled \u201c muscavado, \u201d \u201c turbinado, \u201d and \u201c demerera. \u201d these must be refined to some extent for sale in the brown sugar is also available in liquid form. store brown sugar in a cool dry place. place boxes or bags in an airtight container. hardening is a common problem. to restore, spread on a foil - lined cookie sheet and bake for about five minutes in a 250 - degree oven. you can also add a slice of bread or piece of apple \u2013 in a separate unsealed bag - to the container and leave for two days. \u2022 the choice between light and dark is a matter of taste preference, but darker color will have a heavier molasses note. unless a recipe states a specific type, it is acceptable to use either. \u2022 dissolve a little brown sugar in coffee for a pleasantly sweet taste. \u2022 for most recipe measurements, tightly pack brown sugar. \u2022 to replace dark brown sugar, use one cup granulated white plus two tablespoons molasses. \u2022 when a recipe requires brown sugar, using a substitute of any kind may affect texture and flavor. beans, cereal, catsup, fruit, ice cream, mustard, pancakes, tea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44649042119609383, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.821235"} {"text": "many, see text. hummingbirds ( family trochilidae ) are small birds capable of hovering in mid - air due to the rapid flapping of their wings ( 15 to 80 beats per second, depending on the size of the bird ). they are named for the characteristic hum of this rapid wing motion. they are the only birds that can fly backwards. hummingbirds bear the most glittering plumage and some of the most elegant adornments. male hummingbirds are usually brightly coloured, females duller. the males take no part in nesting. the nest is usually a neat cup in a tree. two white eggs are laid, which are quite small, but large relative to the bird ' s size. incubation is typically 14 - 19 days. the names that admiring naturalists have given to hummingbirds suggest exquisite, fairylike grace and gemlike refulgence. fiery - tailed awlbill, ruby - topaz hummingbird, glittering - bellied emerald, brazilian ruby, green - crowned brilliant - - are some of the names applied to the 233 species of the hummingbirds briefly described in meyer de schauensee ' s scientific guide to birds of south america. iridescent colors are common among hummingbirds. by changing position, the direction of the reflected light might give the effect of two completely different colors of the same plumage parts. on the hummingbird ' s glittering throat or crown, the exposed surfaces of the barbules resemble tiny flat mirrors, which send forth their resplendence in the favored direction. this mechanism plays an important role in social interaction and species recognition. all the metallic colours of hummingbirds are caused by interference. source ( skutch, 1973 hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of all animals except insects in flight, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. their heartbeat can reach 500 beats per minute. they also typically consume more than their own weight in food each day, and to do that, they have to visit hundreds of flowers every day. but at any given moment, they ' re hours away from starving. fortunately, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. they enter a hibernation - like state known as torpor. during torpor, the heartrate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically, reducing their need for food. studies of hummingbirds ' metabolism are highly relevant to the question of whether a migrating ruby - throated hummingbird can cross 500 miles of gulf of mexico on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5208733277079475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.828508"} {"text": "the heartrate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically, reducing their need for food. studies of hummingbirds ' metabolism are highly relevant to the question of whether a migrating ruby - throated hummingbird can cross 500 miles of gulf of mexico on a nonstop flight, as field observations suggest it does. the ruby - throated hummingbird like other birds preparing to migrate, stores up fat to serve as fuel, thereby augmenting its weight by as much as 40 to 50 per cent - - this would increase the bird ' s flying time. ( skutch, 1973 ) - - ccson 10 : 06, 18 mar 2005 ( utc ) hummingbirds of the u. s. and canada generally migrate to warmer climates, though some remain in the warmest coastal regions. in addition, there is an increasing trend for rufous hummingbirds to migrate east to winter in the eastern united states, rather than south to central america, this trend being the result of increased survival with the provision of artificial feeders in gardens. in the past, individuals that migrated east would usually die, but now they survive, and their tendency to migrate east is inherited by their offspring. provided sufficient food and shelter is available, they are surprisingly hardy, able to tolerate temperatures down to at least - 20\u00b0c. hummingbirds owe their wide distribution to their great power of flight and wandering habits no less than to their hardiness. hummingbirds and people hummingbirds will use feeders, particularly red ones. a suitable artificial nectar consists of one part sugar to four parts water. it is easiest to dissolve the sugar in boiling water, then cool it completely before putting it out for the birds. sweet foods other than white sugar, such as honey, ferment too quickly and can injure the birds. some commercial hummingbird foods are available, but they contain red dyes which are unnecessary and have been anecdotally reported to poison the birds. they also contain small amounts of nutrients, but hummingbirds apparently get their nutrients from the insects they eat, not from nectar, so the nutrients are also unnecessary. thus plain white sugar and water make the best nectar. the feeder should be rinsed and the water changed weekly, or more often in warm weather. at least once a month, or whenever black mold appears, it should be soaked in a solution of chlorine bleach. hummingbirds tend to avoid feeders that have been cleaned with soap, possibly because they dislike the smell. much more detailed information is available at. hummingbirds sometimes fly into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46131102809912344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.829510"} {"text": ", it should be soaked in a solution of chlorine bleach. hummingbirds tend to avoid feeders that have been cleaned with soap, possibly because they dislike the smell. much more detailed information is available at. hummingbirds sometimes fly into garages and become trapped. it is widely believed that this is because they mistake the hanging ( usually red - colored ) door - release handle for a flower, although hummingbirds can also get trapped in enclosures that do not contain anything red. once inside, they may be unable to escape because their natural instinct when threatened or trapped is to fly upward. this is a life - threatening situation for hummingbirds, as they can become exhausted and die in a relatively short period of time, possibly as little as an hour. if a trapped hummingbird is within reach, it can often be caught gently and released outdoors. it will lie quietly in the space between cupped hands until released. the ohlone tells the story of how a hummingbird brought fire to the world. traditionally hummingbirds were placed in the order apodiformes, which also contains the swifts. in the modern sibley - ahlquist taxonomy, hummingbirds are separated as a new hummingbird order trochiliformes. there are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, divided into two subfamilies, the hermits ( subfamily phaethornithinae, 34 species in six genera ), and the typical hummingbirds ( subfamily trochilinae, all the others ). hummingbirds have been thought by evolutionists to have evolved in south america, and the great majority of the species are found there. all the most familiar north american species are thought to be of relatively recent origin, and are therefore ( following the usual procedure of lists starting with more ' ancestral ' species and ending with the most recent ) listed close to the end of the list. genetic analysis has indicated that hummingbirds diverged from other birds 30 to 40 million years ago, but fossil evidence has proved elusive. fossil hummingbirds have been found as old as a million years, but older fossils had not been securely identifiable as hummingbirds. then, in 2004, dr. gerald mayr of the senkenberg natural history museum in frankfurt - am - main identified two 30 - million - year old german hummingbird fossils and published his results in nature. the fossils of the extinct hummingbird species, eurotrochilus inexpectatus ( \" unexpected european hummingbird \" ) had been sitting in a museum drawer in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43289933222073784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.830519"} {"text": "to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. bionity. com you can always see everything at a glance \u2013 and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter acute renal failure acute renal failure ( arf ), also known as acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury, is a rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys, resulting in retention of nitrogenous ( urea and creatinine ) and non - nitrogenous waste products that are normally excreted by the kidney. depending on the severity and duration of the renal dysfunction, this accumulation is accompanied by metabolic disturbances, such as metabolic acidosis ( acidification of the blood ) and hyperkalaemia ( elevated potassium levels ), changes in body fluid balance, and effects on many other organ systems. it can be characterised by oliguria or anuria ( decrease or cessation of urine production ), although nonoliguric arf may occur. it is a serious disease and treated as a medical emergency. acute renal failure is usually categorised ( as in the flowchart below ) according to pre - renal, renal and post - renal causes. in general, renal failure is diagnosed when either creatinine or blood urea nitrogen tests are markedly elevated in an ill patient, especially when oliguria is present. previous measurements of renal function may offer comparison, which is especially important if a patient is known to have chronic renal failure as well. if the cause is not apparent, a large amount of blood tests and examination of a urine specimen is typically performed to elucidate the cause of acute renal failure, medical ultrasonography of the renal tract is essential to rule out obstruction of the urinary tract. kidney biopsy may be performed in the setting of acute renal failure, to provide a definitive diagnosis and sometimes an idea of the prognosis, unless the cause is clear and appropriate screening investigations are reassuringly negative. acute renal failure may be reversible if treated promptly and appropriately. resuscitation to normotension and a normal cardiac output is key. the main interventions are monitoring fluid intake and output as closely as possible ; insertion of a urinary catheter is useful for monitoring urine output as well as relieving possible bladder outlet obstruction, such as with an enlarged prostate. in the absence of fluid overload, administering intravenous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4861170750097385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.834714"} {"text": "as closely as possible ; insertion of a urinary catheter is useful for monitoring urine output as well as relieving possible bladder outlet obstruction, such as with an enlarged prostate. in the absence of fluid overload, administering intravenous fluids is typically the first step to improve renal function. fluid administration may be monitored with the use of a central venous catheter to avoid over - or under - replacement of fluid. if the cause is obstruction of the urinary tract, relief of the obstruction ( with a nephrostomy or urinary catheter ) may be necessary. metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia, the two most serious biochemical manifestations of acute renal failure, may require medical treatment with sodium bicarbonate administration and antihyperkalemic measures, unless dialysis is required. should hypotension prove a persistent problem in the fluid replete patient, inotropes such as norepinephrine and / or dobutamine may be given to improve cardiac output and hence renal perfusion. while a useful pressor, there is no evidence to suggest that dopamine is of any specific benefit., and at least a suggestion of possible harm. a swan - ganz catheter may be used, to measure pulmonary artery occlusion pressure to provide a guide to left atrial pressure ( and thus left heart function ) as a target for inotropic support. the use of diuretics such as furosemide, while widespread and sometimes convenient in ameliorating fluid overload, does not reduce the risk of complications and death.. in practice, diuretics may simply mask things, making it more difficult to judge the adequacy of resuscitation. lack of improvement with fluid resuscitation, therapy - resistant hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or fluid overload may necessitate artificial support in the form of dialysis or hemofiltration. depending on the cause, a proportion of patients will never regain full renal function, thus having end stage renal failure requiring lifelong dialysis or a kidney transplant. before the advancement of modern medicine, acute renal failure might be referred to as uremic poisoning. uremia was the term used to describe the contamination of the blood with urine. starting around 1847 this term was used to describe reduced urine output, now known as oliguria, which was thought to be caused by the urine ' s mixing with the blood instead of being voided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4747483120489393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.835644"} {"text": "a study by carnegie mellon university researchers in the department of engineering and public policy ( epp ) has found that cell phones and other portable electronic devices, like laptops and game - playing devices, can pose dangers to the normal operation of critical electronics on airplanes. the study will be featured in an article appearing in the march issue of ieee spectrum. the researchers found that on average one to four cell phone calls are typically made from every commercial flight in the northeast united states. some of these calls are made during critical flight stages such as climb - out, or on final approach. this could cause accidents, the investigators report. \u201c we found that the risk posed by these portable devices is higher than previously believed, \u201d said bill strauss, who recently completed his ph. d. in epp at carnegie mellon. \u201c these devices can disrupt normal operation of key cockpit instruments, especially global positioning system ( gps ) receivers, which are increasingly vital for safe landings. \u201d strauss is an expert in aircraft electromagnetic compatibility at the naval air warfare center in patuxent river, md. with support from the federal aviation administration, three major airlines and the transportation security agency, epp researchers crisscrossed the northeast united states on commercial flights, monitoring radio emissions from passenger use of cell phones and other electronic devices. they tracked these radio emissions via a broadband antenna attached to a compact portable spectrum analyzer that fit into an innocuous carry - on bag. \u201c a laptop computer controlled the system and logged the data, \u201d said granger morgan, head of the epp department. \u201c while we looked primarily at wireless phones, we also discovered that emissions from other portable electronic devices were problematic. \u201d both strauss and morgan, along with carnegie mellon researchers jay apt and dan stancil, recommend that the federal communications commission ( fcc ) and the faa begin to coordinate electronic emission standards. at the moment, there is no formal coordination between the two federal agencies. the researchers also recommend routine monitoring of on - board radio emissions by flight data recorders and deploying specially designed tools for flight crews to monitor passenger use of electronic devices during final approach. while the fcc recently suggested that it might be appropriate to allow passengers to use cell phones and other electronic devices on airplanes, morgan disagrees. \u201c we feel that passenger use of portable electronic devices on aircraft should continue to be limited for the safety of all concerned, \u201d morgan said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4960360771394687, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.838455"} {"text": "the rogue river the rogue river is located in southwestern oregon and flows 215 miles from crater lake to the pacific ocean. the 84 mile, congressionally designated \" national wild and scenic \" portion of the rogue begins 7 miles west of grants pass and ends 11 miles east of gold beach. the rogue was one of the original eight rivers included in the wild and scenic rivers act of 1968. the rogue national wild and scenic river is surrounded by forested mountains and rugged boulder and rock - lined banks. check out the rogue river float guide ( pdf ) for more information on the wild and scenic rogue river. steelhead and salmon fishery, challenging whitewater, and extraordinary wildlife viewing opportunities have made the rogue a national treasure. black bear, river otter, black - tail deer, bald eagles, osprey, chinook salmon, great blue heron, water ouzel, and canada geese are common wildlife seen along the rogue river. popular activities include : whitewater rafting, fishing, jet boat tours, scenic driving, hiking, picnicking, and sunbathing. national landscape conservation system the rogue national wild and scenic river is part of the bureau of land management ' s national landscape conservation ( nlcs ). this system includes nearly 27 million acres of national monuments, national conservation areas, wild and scenic rivers, and national scenic and historic trails. the nlcs works to conserve the essential fabric of the west, while offering exceptional opportunities for recreation, solitude, wildlife viewing, exploring history, and scientific research. oregon stream flow the us geological survey hosts real - time water data readings for the state of oregon. types of data available include current water height, stream flow, median flow, etc. view the us geological survey national water information system for the state of oregon. smullin visitor center the visitor center is on the river near the town of galice and is approximately 20 miles from i - 5 on the merlin - galice road. the center is called the smullin visitor center and is located at the rand national historic site ( pdf ). 14335 galice road merlin, oregon 97532 hours of operation - may 5th through october 15th 7 : 00 am to 3 : 00 pm - seven days a week - phone access hours - 8 : 00 am to 3 : 00 pm for directions, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38041615056022604, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.842951"} {"text": "i am not one of those who believe that the voice of the people is, without exception, the voice of god. it was not so at the deluge, but quite the reverse. it was not so when israel clamored for a king \u2014 not in mercy but in anger, god gave them their request. it was not so when absalom stole the hearts of the people, and stirred up rebellion against his father. and yet, when a nation, independent of party, free from the excitements of momentary interest, without the influence of ambitious leaders, under the calm guidance of reason, history, and the spirit of the age, \u2014 rises spontaneously against oppression, against iniquity, and demands just laws ; rights for all ; free thought, free speech, free labor, free worship ; when compacts are not violated ; when moderation is maintained ; when the spirit of humanity is preserved, \u2014 then, i believe, \u201c the voice of the people is the voice of god. \u201d i have no question that, in the great principle, cromwell and his puritan hosts were right in their revolutionary action. i could never doubt that our fathers did a noble, glorious, and christian deed in throwing off the yoke of britain, and proclaiming a new government for themselves and their posterity. it was right to contend and bleed for equal representation, for freedom of conscience, and for an independent nationality in which these high ends could be secured. the first government of which we have account was a theocracy \u2014 that is, \u201c the government of god. \u201d he was the only king. he revealed the law, appointed leaders, gave rules for worship, instruction and warfare. thus in the outset did he set up his claims among men. he established the great precedent, which men ought to have followed, which the world has ignored ; but to which the thoughts and the will of the race shall ultimately return. it is true now that government, as such, is ordained of god. all government, in its elemental authority, is a theocracy. all power is of god ; he ordains law. he originates the idea of civil compact. while, therefore, the principles of governments among men may be defective, and the administration wrong and hurtful, the great fact of government is a divine fact. good government is emphatically god \u2019 s government \u2014 intended to suppress evil, to promote holiness and happiness. \u201c the powers that be are ordained of god. \u201d \u201c whosoever therefore resisteth the power,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48912830759421916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.846841"} {"text": "mid - book test ( up to chapter 7, love ) | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 15 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. where does joey think he is going in life? a ) joey thinks he ' s going to careen out of control. b ) joey thinks he ' s headed toward success. c ) joey doesn ' t think he ' s going anywhere. d ) joey thinks he ' s headed for failure. 2. how does kopydra react when joey tries to engage him in the schoolyard battle? a ) he ignores joey completely. b ) he jumps out the window. c ) he punches joey in the face. d ) he joins the battle. 3. how do the children react when they read pimko ' s notes about their behavior? a ) they are outraged. b ) they are confused. c ) they are apathetic. d ) they are excited. 4. what language does joey ' s... this section contains 555 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4766749025263567, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.848897"} {"text": "saint john iarticle free pass saint john i, ( born, tuscany [ italy ] \u2014 died may 18, 526, ravenna ; feast day may 18 ), pope from 523 to 526. he ended the acacian schism ( 484 \u2013 519 ), thus reuniting the eastern and western churches by restoring peace between the papacy and the byzantine emperor justin i. he also ratified the alexandrian computation of the date of easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the west. unfortunately the reunion ended friendly relations between the papacy and theodoric the great, the ostrogothic ruler at rome. theodoric mistrusted the rapprochement, and his hostility flared when justin took harsh measures against the heretical arian sect in the byzantine empire. theodoric was himself an arian christian, and in 525 he ordered pope john to negotiate a withdrawal of justin \u2019 s edict. john was the first pope to go to constantinople, but his attempt there to obtain a reversal of justin \u2019 s policies was only partly successful. after he returned to ravenna ( 526 ), theodoric had him cast into prison, where he soon died, probably of starvation. he is honoured as a martyr. what made you want to look up \" saint john i \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42892703680176947, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.853342"} {"text": "conservative party of canadaarticle free pass conservative party of canada, french parti conservateur du canada, conservative canadian political party. the party was formed in 2003 by the merger of the canadian alliance and the progressive conservative party. the idea for a merger of canada \u2019 s main conservative parties arose in the 1990s when national support for the progressive conservatives dwindled and the reform party ( later the canadian alliance ) was unable to expand its national support beyond its base in western canada. following the third successive election victory of the liberal party of canada in 2000, support for establishing a united conservative party increased, and in december 2003 more than 90 percent of the members of both the canadian alliance and the progressive conservatives endorsed a merger. the conservative party of canada was officially registered with elections canada ( an independent agency established by the canadian parliament to regulate elections and political parties ) on december 8, 2003. in 2004, in its first federal general election, the party won nearly 30 percent of the vote and 99 seats in the house of commons, emerging as the official opposition to a liberal minority government. in the subsequent election of january 2006, the conservatives were elected to lead a minority government, and their leader, stephen harper, became prime minister. harper proved adept at coalition building, and in november 2006 he co - opted members of the opposition bloc quebecois with a motion that recognized the distinct national identity of the quebecois people while still asserting quebec \u2019 s place in a united canada. hoping to build on those gains, harper called early federal elections for october 2008, but the conservatives failed to gain a parliamentary majority, though they added 19 seats to their to 2006 election results, reaching a total of 143 seats and remaining a minority government. conservative stock rose as canada ably weathered the global economic downturn that began in 2007, but failure to release budgetary information to parliament led to the party \u2019 s being found in contempt in march 2011. in response, liberal opposition leader michael ignatieff sponsored a no - confidence vote that brought down the harper government. in the federal election held on may 2, 2011, however, the conservatives captured 166 seats ( up 23 from 2008 ), enabling harper to win a clear majority for the first time in his prime ministership. the party generally supports conservative social and economic policies, a strong federal system of government, and the use of canada \u2019 s armed forces in international peacekeeping missions. what made you want to look up \" conservative party of canada \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307645236342097, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.858734"} {"text": "in the current era of massive deficits, federal, state and local government agencies are seeking ways to lower expenditures and still maintain essential services. child welfare programs represent an area where significant savings could be achieved while actually improving the life circumstances of the young people affected. the way this could be accomplished is by increasing the number of children and youth who are adopted out of foster care. findings from a recent national survey of child health provide new evidence that adoption can save the public money while improving the life prospects of youngsters who have been maltreated in their early years. public costs of foster care children in foster care are children who were born to substance - abusing or mentally ill women, or youngsters who have been neglected or abused in the homes of their birth parents. they have been legally removed from their birth families and placed under the care and control of state - run child welfare agencies. there are close to a half - million children in the united states who are in foster care at any one time. some are in foster care for only a brief period of days or weeks before being returned to their families. but almost a quarter of a million will remain in foster care for a year or more. nearly 50, 000 will stay in foster care five years or more, while 30, 000 will remain there until they reach adulthood. the public costs of removing all these maltreated children from their birth families and caring for them in foster families, group homes, or institutions are substantial. annual state and federal expenditures for foster care total more than $ 9 billion under title iv - e of the social security act alone. although exact amounts are difficult to disentangle, even more money is spent for publicly - subsidized medical care for foster children and food stamps, cash welfare, and child care payments to the families that care for them. on top of that, there are longer - term costs that society incurs because of the developmental risks associated with child maltreatment and family disruption. although children in long - term foster care represent only a small fraction of the total child population of the united states, they represent a much bigger portion of the young people who go on to create serious disciplinary problems in schools, drop out of high school, become unemployed and homeless, bear children as unmarried teenagers, abuse drugs and alcohol, and commit crimes. a recent study of a midwest sample of young adults aged twenty - three or twenty - four who had aged out of foster care found that they had extremely high rates of arrest and incarceration. 81 percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4411691556296683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.864486"} {"text": "drugs and alcohol, and commit crimes. a recent study of a midwest sample of young adults aged twenty - three or twenty - four who had aged out of foster care found that they had extremely high rates of arrest and incarceration. 81 percent of the long - term foster care males had been arrested at some point, and 59 percent had been convicted of at least one crime. this compares with 17 percent of all young men in the u. s. who had been arrested, and 10 percent who had been convicted of a crime. likewise, 57 percent of the long - term foster care females had been arrested and 28 percent had been convicted of a crime. the comparative figures for all female young adults in the u. s. are 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively. former foster youth are over - represented among inmates of state and federal prisons. in 2004 there were almost 190, 000 inmates of state and federal prisons in the u. s. who had a history of foster care during their childhood or adolescence. these foster care alumni represented nearly 15 percent of the inmates of state prisons and almost 8 percent of the inmates of federal prisons. the cost of incarcerating former foster youth was approximately $ 5. 1 billion per year. adopting from foster care increased adoption from foster care is a way of decreasing the number of young people who must spend much of their youth in unstable and less than ideal living arrangements. it may also be a way of preventing the long - term detrimental consequences of such an upbringing. as things stand now, less than 15 percent of all children in foster care will be adopted. there were 57, 000 children adopted from foster care during fiscal year 2009, but there were twice as many - 115, 000 - waiting to be adopted on september 30, 2009. ( that is, adoption was the agency ' s case goal for the child and the parental rights of the biological parents had been legally terminated. ) adopting children from foster care is a risky proposition for prospective adoptive parents because of possible long - term effects on the child of both the traumatic early experiences they have endured and the detrimental genes they may carry in their dna. despite the risks involved, sizable numbers of middle - class couples are prepared to adopt these maltreated children. however, their efforts to adopt are often frustrated by federal laws and child welfare agency practices that require time - consuming efforts to preserve and reunify biological families and give preference to the placement of foster children with relatives. as a consequence, qualified couples who are eager to adopt an unrelated foster child may find themselves turned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46395572240891025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.865518"} {"text": "and child welfare agency practices that require time - consuming efforts to preserve and reunify biological families and give preference to the placement of foster children with relatives. as a consequence, qualified couples who are eager to adopt an unrelated foster child may find themselves turned down by social workers in favor of a grandmother, aunt, or cousin of the child. this can occur even though the relative is reluctant to adopt and has only meager financial resources. an american couple can often complete an international adoption in less time and with fewer complications than adopting a child from foster care in the u. s. in addition, they have a better chance of obtaining an adoptive daughter or son near the time of the child ' s birth or within the first year or two of the child ' s life. congress has passed a series of laws with provisions aimed at facilitating and encouraging adoption of foster children, such as by providing financial incentives including an income tax credit, subsidized medical care, and regular support payments for less affluent adoptive parents. there was an initial upward jump in the annual number of children adopted from foster care following the passage of the federal adoption and safe families act in 1997, from a base - period level of around 28, 000 children per year to a level of around 51, 000 children per year in 2000. since then, however, the number of children adopted from foster care has fluctuated around 55, 000, with no clear sustained upward trend. likewise, the proportion of foster children waiting to be adopted to those who actually are adopted has hovered around 50 percent. there would be benefits for both the children who await adoption and for u. s. society as a whole if adoption of children in foster care by qualified non - relatives were made easier, faster, and more frequent. yet advocates of family preservation have resisted efforts to make it so. much of the controversy over adoption of children from foster care has gone on without the benefit of statistically reliable comparisons of how children fare if they are adopted from foster care as opposed to remaining in foster care or being reunited with their birth parents. although definitive answers to this question can only be obtained through longitudinal studies and random - assignment experiments, there is useful information to be gleaned from a recent federal survey called the national survey of adoptive parents ( nsap ). a major purpose of this brief is to summarize the results of a special analysis of data from this survey that the author carried out in collaboration with matthew bramlett, a survey statistician at the national center for health statistics ( nchs ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47414271629639215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.866615"} {"text": "musica et scolica enchiriadis the ninth century musica enchiriadis begins by comparing musical notes to letters. latin : patrologia cursus completus, series latina, ed. j p migne, vol 132, p957 the same text also apparently enjoinders uniting the phrasing of words and music. item ut in unum terminentur particulae neumarum atque verborum. likewise, let the particles of neumes and of words end as one. latin : patrologia cursus completus, series latina, ed. j p migne, vol 132, p982 the comparison between music and language is also seen in the treatise de harmonica institutione by hucbald ( c. 850 - 930 ). hucbald states that all chant is performed in distinct and predetermined sounds in ' rational ' quantities, a comment which is more likely to refer to proportional pitch than to proportional rhythm but is anyway characteristic of the ancient belief in the appropriateness of ratio in music. latin : patrologia cursus completus, series latin, ed. j. p. migne, vol 132, p911 english : hucbald, guido and john on music : three medieval treatises, by warren babb ( 1978 ) p20 just as the elementary and indivisible articulated parts of speech are letters, out of which syllables are put together, they in turn make up verbs and nouns, the web of even and accomplished speech ; thus are the phtongi of the melodious voice, which are called soni in latin and the content / restraining of all music ends in their [ but ] only those sounds [ ' voces ' ] which they thought were distinguished and determined by calculable quantities and were serviceable for melody - only those did they set as the sure foundation for all song. these, then, they called \" elements \" or phtongi. just as all the diversity of language is contained in its elements, the letters, and whatever can be said is expressed through them. sicut vocis articulatae elementariae atque individuae partes sunt litterae, ex quibus compositae syllabae rursum componunt verba et nomina, eaquae perfectae orationis textum ; sic canorae vocis phthongi, qui latine dicuntur son", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5168349860338443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.873158"} {"text": "general information about small cell lung cancer small cell lung cancer ( sclc ) accounts for approximately 15 % of bronchogenic carcinomas. at the time of diagnosis, approximately 30 % of patients with sclc will have tumors confined to the hemithorax of origin, the mediastinum, or the supraclavicular lymph nodes. these patients are designated as having limited - stage disease ( ld ). patients with tumors that have spread beyond the supraclavicular areas are said to have extensive - stage disease ( ed ). sclc is more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than other cell types of lung cancer ; however, a cure is difficult to achieve because sclc has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis. incidence and mortality the overall incidence and mortality rates of sclc in the united states have decreased during the past few decades. estimated new cases and deaths from lung cancer ( sclc and non - small cell lung cancer [ nsclc ] combined ) in the united states in 2013 : - new cases : 228, 190. - deaths : 159, 480. lung cancer may present with symptoms or be found incidentally on chest imaging. symptoms and signs may result from the location of the primary local invasion or compression of adjacent thoracic structures, distant metastases, or paraneoplastic phenomena. the most common symptoms at presentation are worsening cough, shortness of breath, and dyspnea. other presenting symptoms include the following : - chest pain. - weight loss. symptoms may result from local invasion or compression of adjacent thoracic structures, such as compression involving the esophagus causing dysphagia, compression involving the laryngeal nerves causing hoarseness, or compression involving the superior vena cava causing facial edema and distension of the superficial veins of the head and neck. symptoms from distant metastases may also be present and include neurological defect or personality change from brain metastases or pain from bone metastases. infrequently, patients with sclc may present with symptoms and signs of one of the following paraneoplastic syndromes : - inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. - cushing syndrome from secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. - paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. - lambert - eaton myasthenic syndrome. physical examination may identify enlarged supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, pleural e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4379659390542381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.882425"} {"text": "1, 6, 8, 9 ] patients diagnosed with ld who smoke should be encouraged to stop smoking before undergoing combined - modality therapy because continued smoking may compromise survival. improved long - term survival in patients with ld has been shown with combined - modality therapy. [ 9, 11 ] [ level of evidence : 1iia ] although long - term survivors have been reported among patients who received either surgery or chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy combined with thoracic radiation therapy ( trt ) is considered the standard of care. adding trt increases absolute survival by approximately 5 % over chemotherapy alone. [ 11, 13 ] the optimal timing of trt relative to chemotherapy has been evaluated in multiple trials and meta - analyses with the weight of evidence suggesting a small benefit to early trt. [ 1, 14, 15 ] [ level of evidence : 1iia ] in patients with ed, median survival of 6 to 12 months is reported with currently available therapy, but long - term disease - free survival is rare. all patients with this type of cancer may appropriately be considered for inclusion in clinical trials at the time of diagnosis. information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci web site. references - murray n, coy p, pater jl, et al. : importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited - stage small - cell lung cancer. the national cancer institute of canada clinical trials group. j clin oncol 11 ( 2 ) : 336 - 44, 1993. [ pubmed abstract ] - govindan r, page n, morgensztern d, et al. : changing epidemiology of small - cell lung cancer in the united states over the last 30 years : analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. j clin oncol 24 ( 28 ) : 4539 - 44, 2006. [ pubmed abstract ] - american cancer society. : cancer facts and figures 2013. atlanta, ga : american cancer society, 2013. available online. last accessed may 2, 2013. - travis wd, colby tv, corrin b, et al. : histological typing of lung and pleural tumours. 3rd ed. berlin : springer - verlag, 1999. - johnson be, grayson j, makuch rw, et al. : ten - year survival of patients with small - cell lung cancer treated with combination chemotherapy with or without irradiation. j clin oncol 8 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352274871317523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.884401"} {"text": ", 1999. - johnson be, grayson j, makuch rw, et al. : ten - year survival of patients with small - cell lung cancer treated with combination chemotherapy with or without irradiation. j clin oncol 8 ( 3 ) : 396 - 401, 1990. [ pubmed abstract ] - fry wa, menck hr, winchester dp : the national cancer data base report on lung cancer. cancer 77 ( 9 ) : 1947 - 55, 1996. [ pubmed abstract ] - lassen u, osterlind k, hansen m, et al. : long - term survival in small - cell lung cancer : posttreatment characteristics in patients surviving 5 to 18 + years - - an analysis of 1, 714 consecutive patients. j clin oncol 13 ( 5 ) : 1215 - 20, 1995. [ pubmed abstract ] - turrisi at 3rd, kim k, blum r, et al. : twice - daily compared with once - daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small - cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. n engl j med 340 ( 4 ) : 265 - 71, 1999. [ pubmed abstract ] - janne pa, freidlin b, saxman s, et al. : twenty - five years of clinical research for patients with limited - stage small cell lung carcinoma in north america. cancer 95 ( 7 ) : 1528 - 38, 2002. [ pubmed abstract ] - videtic gm, stitt lw, dar ar, et al. : continued cigarette smoking by patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy for limited - stage small - cell lung cancer is associated with decreased survival. j clin oncol 21 ( 8 ) : 1544 - 9, 2003. [ pubmed abstract ] - pignon jp, arriagada r, ihde dc, et al. : a meta - analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small - cell lung cancer. n engl j med 327 ( 23 ) : 1618 - 24, 1992. [ pubmed abstract ] - chandra v, allen ms, nichols fc 3rd, et al. : the role of pulmonary resection in small cell lung cancer. mayo clin proc 81 ( 5 ) : 619 - 24, 2006. [ pubmed abstract ] - warde p, payne d : does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited - stage small - cell carcino", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4554818746963417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.885281"} {"text": "clin proc 81 ( 5 ) : 619 - 24, 2006. [ pubmed abstract ] - warde p, payne d : does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited - stage small - cell carcinoma of the lung? a meta - analysis. j clin oncol 10 ( 6 ) : 890 - 5, 1992. [ pubmed abstract ] - perry mc, eaton wl, propert kj, et al. : chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in limited small - cell carcinoma of the lung. n engl j med 316 ( 15 ) : 912 - 8, 1987. [ pubmed abstract ] - takada m, fukuoka m, kawahara m, et al. : phase iii study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited - stage small - cell lung cancer : results of the japan clinical oncology group study 9104. j clin oncol 20 ( 14 ) : 3054 - 60, 2002. [ pubmed abstract ] - auperin a, arriagada r, pignon jp, et al. : prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small - cell lung cancer in complete remission. prophylactic cranial irradiation overview collaborative group. n engl j med 341 ( 7 ) : 476 - 84, 1999. [ pubmed abstract ] - slotman b, faivre - finn c, kramer g, et al. : prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small - cell lung cancer. n engl j med 357 ( 7 ) : 664 - 72, 2007. [ pubmed abstract ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4740612481601768, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.885871"} {"text": "finding the cause of your fever this page has information on finding the cause of fever. you can go straight to sections on to treat a fever, you need to know what is causing it. if you develop a fever, your doctor will want to examine you and ask you a number of questions. this is so they can find out the exact cause of the fever and treat it in the best way. they are likely to ask such things as - when did the fever start? - what symptoms do you have? - what cancer treatments are you having? - how long is it since your last treatment? - do you have any difficulty passing urine or opening your bowels? - what medications are you taking? - do you have any pain? if so, where? - do you have any lines into your veins ( for example a picc line or central line )? - do you have any tubes or catheters? - is the fever there all the time, or does it come and go? - do you have night sweats? - do you have any wounds that have not completely healed? - do you have any other illnesses? your doctor will examine you if they suspect you have an infection. they will closely examine parts of your body where infection is most likely to occur. sometimes your signs and symptoms can give your doctor some idea as to where in your body your infection is. for example, if you have burning and stinging sensations when passing urine, then you may have a bladder infection. the doctor will also check your breathing and you may have a chest x - ray to rule out lung infection. if you have a drip or central line in place, they will carefully examine the entry site for any signs of infection. your doctor will arrange for you to have a blood sample taken. this is to check that your blood cell counts are normal. and to look for infection in your blood. doctors call this test blood cultures. your doctor may also take urine and sputum specimens to check for infection. and perhaps a throat swab, or a swab from around a drip site or from any wound you have. it is not always possible for your doctor to find out exactly what is causing your fever. doctors cannot find the cause of infection in half of those ( 50 % ) with cancer who have an infection. but you can still have treatment with a broad spectrum antibiotic. this is a type of antibiotic that is active against a wide variety of bacteria. choosing antibiotics can be a bit hit and miss if the doctor can ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4548742949640815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.889296"} {"text": "each year u. s. hospitals have 300, 000 admissions for broken hips. falling is often the cause of those fractures. as we age, many physical factors put us at an increased risk of falling such as : hearing loss, vision loss, lack of mobility and loss of muscles mass. the average person will lose about one percent of their muscle mass per year after the age of forty five. the best way to counteract that is to use your muscles by leading an active lifestyle. balance exercises can help you stay independent by helping you avoid the often permanent physical disabilities that may result from falling. and you don \u2019 t have to have fancy equipment to strengthen your muscles and improve your balance. there are many easy exercises you can do at home. stand on one foot. - stand on one foot behind a sturdy chair, holding on for balance. - hold position for up to 10 seconds. - repeat 10 to 15 times. - repeat with opposite leg walk heel to toe. - position the heel of one foot just in front of the toes of the other foot. your heel and toes should touch or almost touch. - choose a spot ahead of you and focus on it to keep you steady as you walk. - take a step. put your heel just in front of the toe of your other foot. - repeat for 20 steps. back leg raises ( strengthens buttocks and low back ) - stand behind a sturdy chair, holding on for balance. - flex your left foot, then slowly lift left leg straight back without bending your knee. try not to lean forward. hold position for 1 second. - keep your right standing leg slightly bent. - repeat 10 to 15 times with each leg side leg raises ( strengthens hips, thighs, and buttocks ) - stand behind a sturdy chair with feet slightly apart, holding on for balance. - flex your left foot and slowly lift your left leg out to the side. keep your back straight and your toes facing forward. - keep your right standing leg slightly bent and hold position for 1 second. - breathe in as you slowly lower your leg. - repeat 10 to 15 times with each leg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42526610612424853, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.893505"} {"text": "from power plants to paper mills, quarries to crematoriums \u2013 every year companies across north carolina pump millions of pounds of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. and no matter where you are in north carolina, one thing remains constant \u2013 you \u2019 ve got to pay to pollute. most air polluters in the state pay for their emissions with permits, and sometimes fines, from the north carolina department of environmental and natural resources division of air quality. but there are three places in the state where air quality isn \u2019 t regulated from agency headquarters in raleigh, and one of those places is buncombe county. in buncombe county, the western north carolina regional air quality agency monitors air quality and enforces state and federal air quality standards. the other two local regulating agencies in north carolina are in mecklenburg and forsyth counties. ashley featherstone, engineering supervisor for wncraqa, said the buncombe county agency actually predates the state division of air quality and federal environmental protection agency. the wncraqa was started as a smoke abatement agency in the 1940s to regulate smoke from coal - fired boilers in the area, featherstone said. at that time, four counties were involved in the agency \u2014 buncombe, haywood, henderson and transylvania. the clean air act of 1970 allowed local governments to establish their own air quality programs, which featherstone said resulted in the formation of the wncraqa. the agency downsized to two counties \u2014 buncombe and haywood \u2014 in 1970 before haywood ultimately left the agency in 1999. today, the agency is governed by a five - member board with three appointees from buncombe county and two from the city of asheville, although the agency operates independently of both governments. buncombe county government administers the agency \u2019 s personnel policy. despite its small size and limited resources in comparison to statewide agencies, kevin lance, enforcement and monitoring supervisor, said he believes the wncraqa \u2019 s size is an advantage. \u201c i think it allows us to be better at enforcement and, you know, better at a lot of things, \u201d he said. the agency issues permits for 70 facilities in buncombe county, and the fees for those permits are its primary source of funding, featherstone said. it also receives an epa star grant and some funding from north carolina \u2019 s gas tax. the wncraqa \u2019 s operating budget for the current fiscal year is $ 1, 009, 526, featherstone said, adding that the budget includes $ 72, 000 for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3859350028760826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.898757"} {"text": "and some funding from north carolina \u2019 s gas tax. the wncraqa \u2019 s operating budget for the current fiscal year is $ 1, 009, 526, featherstone said, adding that the budget includes $ 72, 000 for the one - time purchase of new ozone detection equipment. she said the agency \u2019 s annual budget must be approved by its board and then by buncombe county. the wncraqa uses its funds to monitor air quality in the county, focusing primarily on ozone and particulate matter smaller than 2. 5 microns, also known as pm2. 5. although ozone hazards are more well - known, particulate matter can have serious health effects due to its ability to lodge deeply into the lungs, according to the epa. the agency monitors ozone levels from a monitoring station at bent creek experimental forest on brevard road and particulate matter smaller than 2. 5 microns from monitoring equipment on top of the buncombe county board of education building. lance said wncraqa and the state poll these monitoring sites every hour. the air - quality information also is available at the government - backed aircompare website. the agency also conducts inspections on each of the facilities in buncombe county that it permits. title v facilities \u2013 the largest polluters \u2013 are inspected yearly to ensure compliance, featherstone said. title v references title v of the federal clean air act. the next largest polluters, designated as \u201c synthetic minor, \u201d also are inspected yearly. small facilities are inspected every other year, featherstone said. based on compliance with permits and air quality standards, featherstone said the agency also has both civil and criminal enforcement authority. most of the violations the agency deals with are due to clerical errors like record - keeping and reporting, featherstone said. criminal enforcement is much more infrequent. \u201c it \u2019 s very hard to do a criminal case because you have to prove intent, \u201d featherstone said. so far this year, the agency has issued six notices of violations, mostly for late reports or failure to conduct audits, which featherstone said is pretty typical. \u201c that \u2019 s the most common type of violation that we have, \u201d she said. overall, lance said he thinks a hardy sense of stewardship in the area is what has kept the agency successful for so many years. \u201c i think this is a good area to protect, \u201d he said. \u201c i think we have some good input in this area, and i think that \u2019 s why we stayed around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4022136528090176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.899876"} {"text": "english revolution of 1688 james ii, having reached the climax of his power after the successful suppression of monmouth ' s rebellion in 1685, then had the tory reaction in his favour, complete control over parliament and the town corporations, a regular army in england, a thoroughly catholic army in process of formation in ireland, and a large revenue granted by parliament for life. his policy was to govern england as absolute monarch and to restore catholics to their full civil and religious rights. unfortunately, both prudence and statesmanship were lacking, with the result that in three years the king lost his throne. the history of the revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill - judged measures which alienated the support of the established church, the tory party, and the nation as a whole. the execution of monmouth ( july, 1685 ) made the revolution possible, for it led to the whig party accepting william of orange as the natural champion of protestantism against the attempts of james. thus the opposition gained a centre round which it consolidated with ever - increasing force. what the catholics as a body desired was freedom of worship and the repeal of the penal laws ; but a small section of them, desirous of political power, aimed chiefly at the repeal of the test act of 1673 and the act of 1678 which excluded catholics from both houses of parliament. unfortunately james fell under the influence of this section, which was directed by the unprincipled earl of sunderland, and he decided on a policy of repeal of the test act. circumstances had caused this question to be closely bound up with that of the army. for james, who placed his chief reliance on his soldiers, had increased the standing army to 30, 000, 13, 000 of whom, partly officered by catholics, were encamped on hounslow heath to the great indignation of london which regarded the camp as a menace to its liberties and a centre of disorder. parliament demanded that the army should be reduced to normal dimensions and the catholic officers dismissed ; but james, realizing that the test would not be repealed, prorogued parliament and proceeded to exercise the \" dispensing and suspending power \". by this he claimed that it was the prerogative of the crown to dispense with the execution of the penal laws in individual cases and to suspend the operation of any law altogether. to obtain the sanction of the law courts for this doctrine a test case, known as hales ' s case, was brought to decide whether the king could allow a catholic to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4287643012023287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.910557"} {"text": "laws in individual cases and to suspend the operation of any law altogether. to obtain the sanction of the law courts for this doctrine a test case, known as hales ' s case, was brought to decide whether the king could allow a catholic to hold office in the army without complying with the test act. after james had replaced some of the judges by more complaisant lawyers, he obtained a decision that \" it was of the king ' s prerogative to dispense. with penal laws in particular instances \". he acted on the decision by appointing catholics to various positions, lord tyrconnel becoming lord lieutenant of ireland, lord arundel lord privy seal, and lord bellasyse lord treasurer in place of the tory minister lord rochester, who was regarded as the chief mainstay of the established church. the church of england, which was rendered uneasy by the dismissal of rochester, was further alienated by the king ' s action in appointing a court of high commission, which suspended the bishop of london for refusing to inhibit one of his clergy from preaching anti - catholic sermons. the feeling was intensified by the liberty which catholics enjoyed in london during 1686. public chapels were opened, including one in the royal palace, the jesuits founded a large school in the savoy, and catholic ecclesiastics appeared openly at court. at this juncture james, desiring to counterbalance the loss of anglican support, offered toleration to the dissenters, who at the beginning of his reign had been severely persecuted. the influence of william penn induced the king to issue on 4 april, 1687, the declaration of indulgence, by which liberty of worship was granted to all, catholic and protestant alike. he also replaced tory churchmen by whig dissenters on the municipal corporations and the commission of the peace, and, having dissolved parliament, hoped to secure a new house of commons which would repeal both the penal laws and the test. but he underestimated two difficulties, the hatred of the dissenters for \" popery \" and their distrust of royal absolutism. his action in promoting catholics to the privy council, the judicial bench, and the offices of lord lieutenant, sheriff, and magistrate, wounded these susceptibilities, while he further offended the anglicans by attempting to restore to catholics some of their ancient foundations in the universities. catholics obtained some footing both at christ church and university college, oxford, and in march 1688, james gave the presidency of magdalen college to bonaventure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44588887328181054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.911482"} {"text": "the anglicans by attempting to restore to catholics some of their ancient foundations in the universities. catholics obtained some footing both at christ church and university college, oxford, and in march 1688, james gave the presidency of magdalen college to bonaventure giffard, the catholic vicar apostolic of the midland district. this restoration of magdalen as a catholic college created the greatest alarm, not only among the holders of benefices throughout the country, but also among the owners of ancient abbey lands. the presence of the papal nuncio, mgr. d ' adda, at court and the public position granted to the four catholic bishops, who had recently been appointed as vicars apostolic, served to increase both the dislike of the dissenters to support a king whose acts, while of doubtful legality, were also subversive of protestant interests, and likewise the difficulty of the anglicans in practicing passive obedience in face of such provocation. surrounded by these complications, james issued his second declaration of indulgence in april, 1688, and ordered that it should be read in all the churches. this strained anglican obedience to the breaking point. the archbishop of canterbury and six of his suffragans presented a petition questioning the dispensing power. the seven bishops were sent to the tower prosecuted, tried, and acquitted. this trial proved to be the immediate occasion of the revolution, for, as halifax said, \" it hath brought all protestants together and bound them up into a knot that cannot easily be untied \". while the bishops were in the tower, another epoch - marking event occurred - - the birth of an heir to the crown ( 10 june, 1688 ). hitherto the hopes of the king ' s opponents had been fixed on the succession of his protestant daughter mary, wife of william of orange, the protestant leader. the birth of prince james now opened up the prospect of a catholic dynasty just at a moment when the ancient anti - catholic bigotry had been aroused by events both in england and france. for besides the ill - advised acts of james, the persecution of the huguenots by louis xiv, consequent on the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685, revived old religious animosities. england was flooded with french protestant refugees bearing everywhere the tale of a catholic king ' s cruelty. unfortunately for james his whole foreign policy had been one of subservience to france, and at this moment of crisis the power of france was a menace to all europe. even catholic austria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43016341685657167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.912446"} {"text": "bearing everywhere the tale of a catholic king ' s cruelty. unfortunately for james his whole foreign policy had been one of subservience to france, and at this moment of crisis the power of france was a menace to all europe. even catholic austria and spain supported the threatened protestant states, and the pope himself, outraged by louis xiv in a succession of wrongs, joined the universal resistance to france and was allied with william of orange and other protestant sovereigns against louis and his single supporter, james. william had long watched the situation in england, and during 1687 had received communications from the opposition in which it was agreed that, whenever revolutionary action should become advisable, it should be carried out under william ' s guidance. as early as the autumn of 1687 the papal secretary of state was aware of the plot to dethrone james and make mary queen, and a french agent dispatched the news to england through france. the duke of norfolk then in rome also learned it, and sent intelligence to the king before 18 dec., 1687 ( letter of d ' estrees to louvois, cited by ranke, ii, 424 ). but james, though early informed, was reluctant to believe that his son - in - law would head an insurrection against him. on the day the seven bishops were acquitted seven english statesmen sent a letter to william inviting him to rescue the religion and liberties of england. but william was threatened by a french army on the belgian frontier, and could not take action. louis xiv made a last effort to save james, and warned the dutch states general that he would regard any attack on england as a declaration of war against france. this was keenly resented by james who regarded it as a slight upon english independence, and he repudiated the charge that he had made a secret treaty with france. thereupon louis left him to his fate, removed the french troops from flanders to begin a campaign against the empire, and thus william was free to move. when it was too late james realized his danger. by hasty concessions granted one after another he tried to undo his work and win back the tory churchmen to his cause. but he did not remove the catholic officers or suggest the restriction of the dispensing power. in october sunderland was dismissed from office, but william was already on the seas, and, though driven back by a storm, he re - embarked and landed at torbay on 5 nov., 1688. james at first prepared to resist. the army was sent to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4528483496755197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.913502"} {"text": "was dismissed from office, but william was already on the seas, and, though driven back by a storm, he re - embarked and landed at torbay on 5 nov., 1688. james at first prepared to resist. the army was sent to intercept william, but by the characteristic treachery of churchill, disaffection was spread, and the king, not knowing in whom he could place confidence, attempted to escape. at sheerness he was stopped and sent back to london, where he might have proved an embarrassing prisoner had not his escape been connived at. on 23 dec., 1688, he left england to take refuge with louis xiv ; the latter received him generously and granted him both palace and pension. on his first departure the mob had risen in london against the catholics, and attacked chapels and houses, plundering and carrying off the contents. even the ambassadors ' houses were not spared, and the spanish and sardinian embassy chapels were destroyed. bishops giffard and leyburn were arrested and committed to the tower. father petre had escaped, and the nuncio disguised himself as a servant at the house of the envoy from savoy, till he was enabled to obtain from william a passport. so far as the english catholics were concerned, the result of the revolution was that their restoration to freedom of worship and liberation from the penal laws was delayed for a century and more. so completely had james lost the confidence of the nation that william experienced no opposition and the revolution ran its course in an almost regular way. a convention parliament met on 22 january, 1689, declared that james \" having withdrawn himself out of the kingdom, had abdicated the government, and that the throne was thereby vacant \", and \" that experience had shown it to be inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince \". the crown was offered to william and mary, who accepted the declaration of right, which laid down the principles of the constitution with regard to the dispensing power, the liberties of parliament, and other matters. after their proclamation as king and queen, the declaration was ratified by the bill of rights, and the work of the revolution was complete. english catholics have indeed had good cause to lament the failure of the king ' s well - meant, if unwise, attempts to restore their liberty, and to regret that he did not act on the wise advice of pope innocent xi and cardinal howard to proceed by slow degrees and obtain first the repeal of the penal laws before going", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42736099527657756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.914438"} {"text": "s well - meant, if unwise, attempts to restore their liberty, and to regret that he did not act on the wise advice of pope innocent xi and cardinal howard to proceed by slow degrees and obtain first the repeal of the penal laws before going on to restore their full civil rights. but on the other hand we can now realize that the revolution had the advantage of finally closing the long struggle between king and parliament that had lasted for nearly a century, and of establishing general principles of religious toleration in which catholics were bound sooner or later to be included. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright \u00a9 catholic online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004372460154287, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.915429"} {"text": "what is intestinal cancer? cancer of the small intestine is a rare form of cancer typically caused by four types of tumors or classifications. the most common type of small intestine cancer is adenocarcinoma. other, less common types are : carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and lymphomas. celiac disease and small intestinal cancer : if a person with celiac had the disease undiagnosed for a long period of time, or fails to maintain a gluten - free lifestyle after diagnosis, the chance of developing small intestinal cancer increases. those with celiac disease are especially more likely to develop lymphomas in the small intestine because of their compromised immune system. in the past the increased risk of celiacs developing lymphomas was quite high, 40 - 100 % more likely. however, more recent studies have shown that the risk of lymphoma is slightly higher than the normal population \u2014 much less than previously believed \u2014 and that this risk reaches unity with the normal population after a gluten - free diet has been maintained for several years. types of intestinal cancers : adenocarcinoma : a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the small intestine, usually the duodenum. adenocarcinomas make up 40 - 50 % of all small intestinal cancers. who gets adenocarcinoma? this type of intestinal cancer occurs most often in men later in life, the average age being 60 years. people with crohns disease and certain other inherited conditions \u2014 such as familial adenomatous polyposis and peuts - jegherssyndrome are at a higher risk of developing adenocarinomas. carcinoid tumors : occurs when neuroendocrine cells grow abnormally, carcinoid tumors may also be refered to as neuroendocrine tumors or less aggressive neuroendocrine cancer. carcinoid tumors often cause symptoms throughout the entire body, rather than just in the affected organ. who gets carcinoid tumors? people with a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia \u2014 a rare inherited disease that causes increased risk of getting tumors in certain glands, or those with a family history of neurofibromatosis. carcinoid tumors are more common in women and among african americans. people with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of stomach acid have an increased risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569268370106902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.921316"} {"text": "certain glands, or those with a family history of neurofibromatosis. carcinoid tumors are more common in women and among african americans. people with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of stomach acid have an increased risk of developing carinoid tumors. gastrointestinal stromal tumors : these are fairly rare tumors that are now believed to start in the interstitial cells of cajal ( iccs ) in the walls of the gi tract. some stromal tumors are benign. who gets stromal tumors? there are very few known risk factors that cause stromal tumors, it is believed that a family history of neurofibromatosis or familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndrome will increase a person ' s risk of getting stromal tumors. lymphomas : cancer of the lymphatic system that begins in the lymphoid tissue. who gets gi lymphomas? most patients have no known risk factors, old age seems to be the greatest factor in developing lymphomas. some genetic risks factors that cause abnormal function of the immune system can also lead to lymphomas, as well as a diet high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables. exposure to radiation and certain chemicals can increase the risk of lymphomas. immune deficiencies \u2014 from organ transplants, etc, autoimmune diseases, and some infections can also increase the likelihood of a lymphoma developing. what are the symptoms of intestinal cancer? symptoms tend to be vague and unspecific. complaints are often for pain throughout the body, not just focused in the digestive tract area. abdominal pain and unexplained weight - loss are the two most common symptoms of intestinal cancer. other symptoms include, but are not limited to, pain or cramping in the middle of the abdomen, a lump in the abdomen, blood in the stool, nausea, bloating, iron deficient anemia and jaundice. screening and diagnosis of intestinal cancer if your doctor suspects intestinal cancer they might order a barium contrast study, an upper gi tract endoscopy, an ultrasound or a colonoscopy depending on what type of cancer is suspected and the likely location. if tumors are found a biopsy will be performed to confirm that the cells are cancerous. treatment of small intestinal cancer the most common method of treatment of small intestinal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4479912190606941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.923088"} {"text": "##copy depending on what type of cancer is suspected and the likely location. if tumors are found a biopsy will be performed to confirm that the cells are cancerous. treatment of small intestinal cancer the most common method of treatment of small intestinal cancer is surgery. the doctor will remove all of the visible tumor and some of the surrounding healthy area to ensure that all cancer has been removed. with lymphomas, the most common treatment is radiation therapy. celiac disease and other malignancies although cancers of the small intestine might seem to be the only related malignancy with celiac, other studies have shown relations with other types of cancer. there is some evidence that patients with celiac have an increased risk of esophageal and pharyngeal carcinomas, a swedish study found celiac 2. 3 times more likely to develop these carcinomas. the same study also found an increased risk for colorectal cancer ( sir = 1. 5 ), however an english study found no patients with celiac disease and colorectal cancer. celiacs also seem to have an increased risk of developing primary liver cancer. breast cancer, on the other hand, is seen at a much lower frequency in celiacs than among the general population. this is possibly related to a lower frequency of smoking or lower body weight in celiacs. the development of malignancies is rare, and although celiac disease does appear to coincide with increased frequencies of certain cancers it is by no means a common occurrence. if you suspect that you might have cancer, or are worried about developing cancer in the future, please discuss your concerns with your physician. coeliac disease and lymphoma, european journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2006 18 : 131 - 2. do you or a family member suffer from this disease? you may have celiac disease, find ouy now, take our celiac disease symptoms checklist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43720474010661153, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.925215"} {"text": "zombies are serious business. just ask the woman who was shot ( non - fatally ) by her boyfriend after they got in a fierce argument over the probability of a real - life zombie apocalypse, a conversation sparked by amc ' s hit drama the walking dead. she thinks it ' s pure fantasy, but he thinks a \" military mishap \" could make the ravenous undead a reality. and so he shot her ( accidentally, he claims ). jeez, overreact much? and as crazy as his actions were, the shooter isn ' t alone in his beliefs. stay with us here. we ' re not condoning his unbalanced response to what should be a rather open - and - shut debate ( e. g. zombies = fiction ). but there ' s a reason why zombies are appealing to many : that tiny, niggling idea that maybe, possibly they could exist ( even when our brainsss tell us otherwise ). that ' s what makes them both scary and intriguing. ' fess up. you either have a zombie preparedness plan or know somebody who does. and even though the centers for disease control and prevention first used zombies as a tongue - in - cheek approach to offer tips to the public, the agency has kept zombies a presence on its website because the response has been so positive. chances are that if you ' re prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you ' ll be prepared for anything. plus, although supernatural or magical reasons were given for the mortally challenged in the past, the trend now ( seen in such projects as the walking dead and 28 days later ) is to offer explanations rooted in science, pathology and ultimately, reality. if the bubonic plague or other similar epidemics have us taught anything, it ' s to not underestimate the rapid, far - reaching effects of insidious viruses or fungi. hey, scientists, can you develop a zombie inoculation ( covered by insurance, of course ) or an over - the - counter preparation z? what ' s your verdict? are zombies purely a fictional, albeit fun, diversion? or is it possible for an unknown disease or experiment gone wrong to create the undead? what ' s your zombie preparedness plan? share your thoughts in the comments below! other links from tvguide. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4536992702301575, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.928662"} {"text": "18 feb 2009 corn starch / water on an audio speaker. there is a very interesting video at this link of oobleck dancing on an audio speaker : subject : university of iowa hydraulics center films on youtube ( six films ) introduction to the study of fluid motion ( 1961, 25 minutes ) http : / / youtu. be / eiuu9q8cgdk the first in a widely used series of films on fluid mechanics, produced at iihr under the direction of hunter rouse. this introductory program, designed to orient engineering students, shows examples of flow phenomena from a host of everyday experiences. empirical solutions by means of scale models are illustrated. the significance of the euler, froude, reynolds, and mach numbers as similitude parameters is illustrated. dr. hunter rouse served as director of iihr from 1944 to 1966. during this time, he was instrumental in strengthening iihrs fundamental research emphasis and in developing teaching programs for hydraulic engineers. through his writings, research, and global travels, he established iihr as an internationally acclaimed innovative research and teaching laboratory. fundamental principles of flow ( 23 min ) second in the series, this video departs from the essential generality of the first by explicitly illustrating, through experi ment and animation, the basic concepts and physical relation ships that are involved in the analysis of fluid motion. the concepts of velocity, acceleration, circulation, and vorticity are introduced, and the use of integral equations of motion is demonstrated by a simple example. fluid motion in a gravitational field ( 24 min ) http : / / youtu. be / - xoylhieous in this third video of the series, which proceeds from the intro ductory and the basic material presented in the first two videos, emphasis is laid upon the action of gravity. principles of wave propagation are illustrated, including aspects of gen eration, celerity, reflection, stability, and reduction to steadiness by relative motion. simulation of comparable phenomena in the atmosphere and the ocean is considered. characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow ( 26 min ) http : / / youtu. be / eihvh3ciuju the fourth video deals with the effect of viscosity. dye, smoke, suspended particles, and hydrogen - bubbles are used to reveal the various combinations of couette and plane poiseuille flow introduce the principles of lubrication. axisymmetric poiseuille flow and development of the flow around an elliptic cylinder are related to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5720228667974621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.932913"} {"text": "and hydrogen - bubbles are used to reveal the various combinations of couette and plane poiseuille flow introduce the principles of lubrication. axisymmetric poiseuille flow and development of the flow around an elliptic cylinder are related to variation in the reynolds number, and the growth of the boundary layer along a flat plate is shown. instability in boundary layers and pipe flow is shown to lead to turbulence. the eddy viscosity and apparent stress are intro duced by hotwire - anemometer indications. the processes of turbulence production, turbulent mixing, and turbulence decay are considered. form, drag, lift, and propulsion ( 24 in the fifth video of the series, emphasis is laid upon the role of boundary - layer separation in modifying the flow pattern and producing longitudinal and lateral components of force on a moving body. various conditions of separation and methods of separation control are first illustrated. attention is then given to the distribution of pressure around typical body profiles and its relation to the resulting drag. the concept of circulation introduced in the second film is developed to explain the forces on rotating bodies and the forced vibration of cylin dri cal bodies. structural failure of unstable sections is effects of fluid compressibility ( 17 the last in the six - video series makes extensive use of the analogy between gravity and sound waves and illustrates, through laboratory demonstrations and animation, the con cepts of wave celerity, shock waves and surges, wave reflec tion and water hammer. two - dimensional waves are produced by flow past a point source at various speeds relative to the wave celerity to illus trate the effect of changing mach number, and the principle is applied to flow at curved and abrupt wall deflections. axisymmetric and three - dimensional wave patterns are then portrayed using color schlieren pictures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5660775336602193, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.933614"} {"text": "latest field news mkomazi : \u2018 born wild \u2019 book tuesday, november 09, 2010 mkomazi national park is a hugely important part of tanzania ' s national black rhino conservation strategy - the park holds 20 % of tanzania ' s black rhino population. chester zoo has supported mkomazi in various ways over the years, presently the focus is support of an environmental education programme - this has seen the purchase of an education bus and materials, plus the salary for an education officer. chester zoo education staff have been key to this project, helping mkomazi set up an education programme for the local community. previous support for mkomazi has included infrastructure improvements, reinforcing the fence of the mkomazi rhino sanctuary and help in funding the translocation of three rhinos to the park in 2009. the success of mkomazi has been due to the dedication and work of tony fitzjohn and the george adamson wildlife preservation trust. tony fitzjohn has recently released his book ' born wild ', telling his personal story from the time he worked at kora in kenya with george adamson ( of ' born free ' fame ) to the success of mkomazi and the newly created national park. photo - courtesy of save the rhino international. back to latest news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4078429895079948, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.934954"} {"text": "pediatric health library : : pediatric health library topics water safety - injury statistics and incidence rates the following statistics are the latest available from the national safe kids campaign and the national safety council : injury and death rates : - approximately 838 children ages 14 and under drowned in 2002 ; more than 60 percent of these children were under age four. - approximately 15 percent of children admitted to hospitals for near - drowning die, while another 20 percent will suffer severe and permanent brain damage. - more than half of drownings among infants occur in bathtubs. - among children ages four and under, there are about 300 residential swimming pool drownings each year. - in 2003, about 200 children ages 14 and under experienced personal watercraft injuries. where and when : - most infants under the age of one drown in bathtubs. other drownings in this age group tend to occur in toilets and buckets. drownings in bathtubs account for 10 percent of all childhood drownings, most often when the child is unsupervised. - since 1984, more than 327 children have drowned in buckets containing water or other liquids. the majority ( 89 percent ) of the children were between the ages of seven and 15 months. - more than half of childhood drownings in pools occur in the child ' s home pool, with one - third of these drownings occurring at the homes of friends, neighbors, or relatives. - most drownings and near - drownings occur on the weekend ( 40 percent ) during late spring and summer ( may through august ). - more fatal drownings occur in the south and west. - more fatal drownings occur in rural areas than suburban or urban areas. - the majority ( more than 85 percent ) of children who drown in swimming pools are between the ages of one to four. - each year, 300 children ages four and under drown in swimming pools, while another 2, 600 children in this age group are treated for near - drowning in hospital emergency rooms. - children ages four and under are two to three times as likely to drown than other age groups and account for 80 percent of home drownings. - boys are two to four times more likely to drown than girls. - girls are twice as likely to drown in bathtubs than boys. - african - american children ages five to nine are four - and - a - half times more likely to drown in swimming pools than caucasian children. - non - swimming pool drownings are more common among low - income children. click here to view the online resources of safety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40398603468324246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.937487"} {"text": "december 15, 2010 contact : john ascenzi, department of public relations, 267 - 426 - 6092 or email @ example. com researchers at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia contributed important pediatric data to the largest - ever genetic study of crohn \u2019 s disease. in this study, the international ibd genetic consortium drew on samples from more than 22, 000 patients and 29, 000 controls from around the world. a chronic, painful inflammation of the digestive tract, inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) includes crohn \u2019 s disease ( affecting any part of the digestive tract ) and ulcerative colitis ( limited to the large intestine ). it affects some 2 million u. s. children and adults. an abnormal overreaction in the body \u2019 s immune system is believed to trigger the inflammation in ibd. like many common disorders, ibd has complex causes, resulting from any of a number of genes that may interact with each other and with environmental factors. hakon hakonarson, md, phd, director of the center for applied genomics ; kai wang, phd, also from that center ; and robert n. baldassano, md, director of the center for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, were co - authors of the current paper, and have collaborated previously with each other on genetic studies of pediatric ibd. the current study appeared online nov. 21, 2010 in nature ; the study leader was miles parkes from the university of cambridge in the uk. the international study consortium identified 30 new locations at which gene variants were associated with a higher risk of having crohn \u2019 s disease. when added to previous studies, a total of 71 gene variants have now been discovered, and the total is expected to grow in the future. currently, more genes have been linked to crohn \u2019 s disease than to any other disease. because the gene variants found in this study are believed not to directly cause ibd, but instead act as signposts to other gene variants more directly involved in causation, further studies are needed to identify causative genes and understand their biological functions. however, many of the candidate genes affect signaling within the immune system and regulate immune responses. many of the gene locations found in the current study have previously been linked to other autoimmune diseases such as asthma, celiac diseases, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. the chop researchers contributed genotype data from more than 1, 600 pediatric patients with croh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993474513827817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.942067"} {"text": "current study have previously been linked to other autoimmune diseases such as asthma, celiac diseases, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. the chop researchers contributed genotype data from more than 1, 600 pediatric patients with crohn \u2019 s disease and 4, 000 controls to the discovery set of the study. when combined with data from adult - onset cases, the joint analysis identified 31 new genetic variants linked to ibd. hakonarson said that genetics tends to play a stronger role in children with ibd than adults with the disease : \u201c in childhood - onset ibd, genetic factors play a stronger role and hence there is early onset of the disease, \u201d said hakonarson. in adult - onset ibd, by contrast, there is a longer period of time for non - genetic effects, such as infections and dietary factors and their interactions, as well as exposures to medications and various environmental toxins to come into play to trigger the disease in subjects who may have weaker genetic susceptibility and hence a later disease onset. \u201d \u201c our goal is to use better understanding of how specific genes contribute to ibd to develop more appropriate and effective treatments for the disease, \u201d said baldassano. \u201c ultimately, personalized medicine will help us to select the best treatment for each patient, based on the patient \u2019 s genetic profile. \u201d visit the center for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease at the children ' s hospital of philadelphia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4342277881405675, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.942646"} {"text": "march 17, 2011 contact : joey mccool ryan, department of public relations, 267 - 426 - 6070, firstname. lastname @ example. org a pilot study in healthy children and adolescents shows that it is feasible to screen for undiagnosed heart conditions that increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest ( sca ). adding a 10 - minute electrocardiogram ( ekg or ecg ) to a history and physical examination identified unsuspected cases of potentially serious heart conditions. although more research is needed, the preliminary results suggest that a relatively low - cost screening might help identify children who are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest, possibly preventing childhood death. \" in the united states, the current american heart association guidelines recommend screening only competitive athletes, not all children, using history and physical examination alone, \" said the study leader, victoria l. vetter, md, mph, a pediatric cardiologist at the children ' s hospital of philadelphia. she noted that in italy and japan, which have compulsory screening of all athletes or schoolchildren, researchers have found that adding an ecg to the history and physical increases the likelihood of detecting children at risk for sca. \" our pilot study evaluated the feasibility of adding an ecg to cardiac screening of healthy school - aged children, \" vetter added. the children ' s hospital research team published their study on march 15 in the american heart journal. in children, sudden cardiac arrest is caused by structural or electrical abnormalities in the heart that frequently cause no symptoms and may go undiagnosed. it results in an estimated 100 to 1, 000 or more annual deaths in childhood in the u. s. the current study evaluated 400 healthy subjects, 5 to 19 years old, recruited from children ' s hospital \u2019 s care network. the researchers screened the subjects using a medical family history questionnaire, a physical examination, an ecg and an echocardiogram. the study team identified previously undiagnosed cardiac abnormalities in 23 subjects, and hypertension in an additional 20. ten of the 400 subjects ( about 2. 5 percent ) had potentially serious cardiac conditions. of those 10 subjects, only one had experienced symptoms, and those had previously been dismissed. none of the 10 subjects had a family history of sca. \" in our study, using ecg outperformed the history and physical examination and found previously unidentified potentially serious abnormalities that would not have been identified by history and physical examination alone, \" the study authors wrote. the authors added that the children in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4885760990736688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.946048"} {"text": "\" in our study, using ecg outperformed the history and physical examination and found previously unidentified potentially serious abnormalities that would not have been identified by history and physical examination alone, \" the study authors wrote. the authors added that the children in the screening were not all high school athletes, and most would not have undergone athletic cardiac screening. regular physical examinations by primary care physicians had not detected the cardiac conditions found in the current study \" performing the ecg and its interpretation added less than 10 minutes to each subject ' s total evaluation, \" said vetter, added that the ecg machines are portable and relatively inexpensive. \" our pilot study showed that adding ecg to the currently recommended guideline of history and physical examination is feasible for screening children and adolescents, and offers the potential to identify serious cardiovascular abnormalities, \" said vetter. \" however, our study was not designed to be generalizable to a larger population of children at risk for sca. larger, more representative studies must be done, as well as cost - effectiveness research. \" she added that larger pediatric studies may establish better standards for ecg measurements, and determine how broad ecg - screening of school - aged children could best be implemented. vetter et al, \" a pilot study of the feasibility of heart screening for sudden cardiac arrest in healthy children, \" american heart journal, published online [ march 15, 2011 ] ; doi : 10. 1016 / j. ahj. 2011. 01. 022 vetter is the medical director of youth heart watch at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia, an affiliate of project adam. the mission of youth heart watch is to prevent sudden cardiac death among children and adolescents by placing automated external defibrillators ( aeds ) in schools, recreation centers and other public places. for more information, visit http : / / www. chop. edu / service / cardiac - center / our - services / youth - heart - watch. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48284239962071923, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.946841"} {"text": "the search for god is never a search in the dark although it is a dangerous business to select a passage from a shakespeare play and hold it up as a mouthpiece of the poet, there are nevertheless a few key passages that seem to express the bard ' s own thoughts on the creative process. in act v, scene i of a midsummer night ' s dream, for example, theseus, king of athens, offers a mini - dissertation on the surprising similarities between lunatics, lovers, and poets. of the poet ' s art in particular, he says : \" such tricks hath strong imagination, / that, if it would but apprehend some joy, / it comprehends some bringer of that joy. \" dictionaries, even the oxford english dictionary, offer little help at understanding shakespeare ' s distinction between apprehend and comprehend. if we read the lines, however, in the context of theseus ' s full speech, the following distinction emerges : to apprehend is to perceive some force or feeling that transcends our ordinary human faculties. to comprehend, by contrast, is to create some rational or artistic framework for making sense of, and thus \" containing, \" the very force or feeling which seems to defy description. thus, in the poet ' s case, an apprehended feeling of unbounded, free - floating joy is comprehended, through the device of poem - writing, into a single, concrete bringer of that joy. in the mystery of god : theology for knowing the unknowable ( baker academic ), steven boyer and christopher hall seem to translate ( unconsciously ) theseus ' s distinction into the realm of theology. too often, they argue, theology attempts to put into concrete words and images an experience that is finally too large for us to take in \u2014 and not just quantitatively ( there is too much of god for us to grasp ), but qualitatively as well ( as uncreated creator, god is wholly other than his creatures and cannot be contained in logical categories ). when we try to force the essence of the eternal, omnipresent creator into our own structures of thought, we often find that we have not so much explained him as explained him away. at this juncture, one might expect boyer and hall either to treat theology as a branch of subjective poetry \u2014 beautiful, perhaps even awe inspiring, but incapable of expressing universal truth \u2014 or to give up on putting into words ( comprehending ) that glory, majesty, and holiness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5428747008192696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.949632"} {"text": "| \u00ab back to article | make a resolution for a sustainable 2013 lindsey cromwell kalkbrenner | december 31, 2012 while world leaders work to hammer out global solutions to climate change, there are many ways individuals can make sustainability a personal new year ' s resolution in 2013. sustainability requires us to more closely examine our relationship with the environment as well as with others around us. here are five simple resolutions you can make to help the planet and save you money and time. 1. spend your time doing things with people instead of buying energy - sucking, landfill - bound gifts. for friends ' and family birthdays this year, give experiences that can be enjoyed together. memories last longer than gadgets, and leave you more fulfilled as a gift giver. rather than spend the weekend indoors in front of a screen ( tv, tablet, gaming console ), volunteer with friends or as a family. the happier we are, the better we get along with others. cooperation and collaboration are essential to solving the climate crisis and many other problems we face. why not approach them from a better frame of mind? 2. eat less meat. you don ' t need to be a vegetarian, but meat is a large contributor to global warming and uses a lot of resources. reduce portion sizes by making veggies the focus of the meal. try meatless mondays. for the meat you do eat, buy locally raised products. you ' ll help the local economy as well as reduce emissions associated with transportation. 3. cook at home and buy organic - for more reasons than you might think. organically grown produce is said to improve our health and reduce chemicals released in the environment, but it is also better for the farmers who grow our produce. conventional farmers frequently are exposed to harmful chemicals via fertilizers and pesticides, so choosing organic produce supports farmer health. that means more efficient use of our health care system. if you can ' t purchase all - organic, be strategic. the environmental working group, a nonprofit that disseminates information to protect public health and the environment, provides a shopping guide to pesticides in produce. their guide calls out a \" dirty dozen \" fruits and vegetables that absorb or retain pesticides more than others. to avoid them, buy organic, the group suggests. this list is available at www. ewg. org / foodnews / summary. cook dinner at home one more night a week than you do now. make it a family affair. you ' ll save money, reduce packaging ( if you tend to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42602793280612755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.953654"} {"text": "list is available at www. ewg. org / foodnews / summary. cook dinner at home one more night a week than you do now. make it a family affair. you ' ll save money, reduce packaging ( if you tend to order takeout ), and spend quality time with the kids while teaching them healthy food habits. consider buying in bulk. you can find healthy food that ' s cheaper and requires less packaging. you ' ll make fewer trips to the store. if you shop in bulk bins for grains and nuts, you can buy only what you need and reduce wasted food. 4. understand your trash. many cities now offer curbside collection of food scraps / compostable waste. dedicate january to learning your city ' s system. starting in february, focus on one type of landfill waste each month and figure out how to avoid it or substitute a reusable / recyclable / compostable alternative. one idea : stop junk mail with catalogchoice. org, a free online tool that contacts mailers on your behalf. this will reduce wasted paper, and save time - yours and your postal worker ' s. ( i noticed a 75 percent decrease in junk mail just a few weeks after signing up. ) 5. use energy efficiently. plugged - in electronics continue to draw electricity even when they are off or in \" sleep mode. \" plug kitchen appliances into a power strip and turn it off when you leave the house or go to bed. that will save you time and money. also, consider turning off your car ' s engine if you plan to idle for more than a minute. idling emissions are really bad for the people near the car. it ' s something to think about while picking up or dropping off kids at school. this year, make the conscious choice to improve your quality of life. build relationships in your community, know that your food choices are fulfilling your body and positively affecting the farmers who grew it. know that your daily decisions have an impact on the world around you. for more information check out these links : top 10 home efficiency tips : sfg. ly / z52m20. do - gooder apps : sfg. ly / tt41dw. lindsey cromwell kalkbrenner is the director of the office of sustainability at santa clara university. santa clara university is on its way to becoming carbon neutral by the end of 2015 and has a stars silver rating. stars is a rating system developed by the association for the advancement of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44183802497854807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.955511"} {"text": "smart buildings for sustainable energy consumption valerie st john : hello i ' m valerie st john. our focus today on bizwisetv smart buildings for sustainable energy consumption. it ' s where climate concerns and the nation ' s economic crisis intersect, this need to seize control of our nation ' s energy consumption. but where to begin? bizwisetv joins you today from washington dc where we check in with the experts. we start with a visit to the urban land institute for a big picture look at what must be done. the obama administration ' s message to the public sector is loud and clear. taking steps to cut down on the emission of greenhouse gases is no longer an option, it ' s a requirement. richard rosan : i think the administration has taken a giant step forward and really acknowledging that the idea of the greenhouse gases have got to be reduced and they are really trying to see how that can be done at all fronts. and we know that one of the big things is that we have to do something about existing buildings. valerie st john : rick rosan of the urban land institute, uli, says existing building emit nearly half of all greenhouse gas carbons, far more even than the much maligned automotive where much of the focus has been. richard rosan : retrofitting existing buildings is one way to save enormous amounts of energy. valerie st john : this is especially the case in some of the nation ' s oldest government structures, beautiful architecturally and from an energy usage perspective incredibly inefficient. so congress has set aside $ 10 billion to assist federal facilities managers in footing the bill for upgrades, improvements to air and heating systems, motion sensors for lighting, whatever high tech tools will do the trick.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49997261833603684, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.957445"} {"text": "as the year comes to a close, once again solar has experienced record growth in the u. s. this comes as new reports show that solar and renewables continue to fall in price and renewables are seen more and more as a mainstream power source. it also comes as some of the largest pv arrays ever conceived of are nearing completion just a few short years after they were first envisioned. more solar was installed by the third quarter of 2012 in the u. s. than in the whole year of 2011 \u2014 which previously was the best year for solar in the country. that \u2019 s according to the latest gtm research and the solar energy industries association \u201c u. s. solar market insight : third quarter 2012. \u201d by the end of third quarter 2012, 1, 992 megawatts of new photovoltaics came online in the u. s. that compares to slightly more than 1, 885 mws installed in all of 2011. in all, the report projected that roughly 3. 2 gigawatts of solar will come online in 2012, with 2013 being even better. the increase in installations is coinciding with a drop in price, according to a new report, \u201c module cost structure update : the path to profitability, \u201d from lux. the report contended that because of overcapacity and other issues the cost of solar photovoltaics is likely to drop to 48 cents per watt by 2017. already, the report said, the price for modules has fallen to roughly 70 cents per watt. while manufacturers have been forced to reduce their costs, the costs for the raw materials that go into solar have not declined at the same rate, which means that to compete, some pv manufacturers are losing money to sell their products. with news like that, perhaps it \u2019 s apropos that another recent study predicted that adding in significant amounts of wind and solar could halve the cost of electricity by 2030. a new study released by the university of delaware predicted that if 90 percent of the electric grid was powered with solar and wind and other renewables, it would drastically cut the cost of electricity. in developing the study researchers tested 28 billion combinations of renewable energy sources and storage mechanisms using data from the pjm interconnection. the report contended that the best way to use renewables in such a manner is to create an oversupply of renewables on the grid that could produce more energy than needed during peak hours. in terms of large - scale solar deployments, two made the news last week", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43755618308619937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.962556"} {"text": "best way to use renewables in such a manner is to create an oversupply of renewables on the grid that could produce more energy than needed during peak hours. in terms of large - scale solar deployments, two made the news last week. first off, the first large utility - scale solar project on native american lands got a big nod last week when los angeles mayor antonio villaraigosa announced that the city would get solar power through long - term contracts from a number of new providers, including a 250 megawatt contract with the moapa band of paiutes in nevada, who plan to build a 350 megawatt solar farm on their tribal lands. it \u2019 s the majority of the 460 megawatts of solar the contracts the mayor announced the los angeles department of water and power totaling 460 megawatts of clean solar power for ladwp customers. another one of the giant solar projects in california, sunpower corp. \u2019 s california valley solar ranch, expects to have 130 megawatts of the 250 megawatt project operational by the end of 2012. the project will supply power to pacific gas & electric ( pg & e ) customers. to help make sure solar continues to spread worldwide, the u. s. department of energy \u2019 s sunshot initiative has partnered with the australia solar institute ( asi ) to create the united states - australia solar energy collaboration ( usasec ) in an effort to fund the next generation of solar technologies. under the partnership, the countries have already promised to fund $ 83 million in collaborative projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44137773816806725, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.963301"} {"text": "| the wisdom tooth | | friday, 20 april 2012 11 : 09 | more than 75 % of americans experience gingivitis at some level! gingivitis, simply speaking, is gum disease in its mild form. gingivitis is when the gums become inflamed and change color from the normal pink to red. the change of color is accompanied by bleeding, swelling, tenderness of the gums, and persistent bad breath or bad taste in the mouth. these symptoms occur when bacteria or plaque accumulate along the gum line. plaque is a sticky substance that consists of bacteria, food debris and mucous. this material develops on the surfaces of our teeth that are exposed. if the plaque accumulates, it will mineralize and turn into tartar, a hard white substance that will form around the base of the teeth. the plaque and tartar inflame the gums causing gingivitis. if you are experiencing any of these symptoms, please consult your dentist immediately! mild gingivitis, can progress into moderate, and severe gingivitis, which can result in periodontitis. brush regularly, at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. brush with a soft bristle toothbrush. move the brush in small circular movements along the gum line and chewing surfaces of your teeth. a power toothbrush may make brushing easier and more efficient. flossing every day is also an important part of your dental hygiene. visit your dentist every three to six months for professional cleanings and checkups. if you are diagnosed with gingivitis, your dentist may prescribe antibiotics as well as an oral rinse, in addition to treating you in the office. dr. sharon robinson, dds may be reached at 954 - 792 - 1857. the dental place is located at 6738 w sunrise blvd, # 105, plantation, fl. 33313. you may also visit her website at www. dentalplace4u. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471201799561014, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.966198"} {"text": "we at codecademy think everyone should be exposed to programming and computer science \u2014 especially kids. this back - to - school season, codecademy wants to help every school to start an after - school programming club \u2014 an easy way for kids to start learning the programming skills that formal education doesn ' t yet provide. programming is a fun and rewarding way to learn about the technology that surrounds us, and anyone can learn it. programming will change the way kids think, fostering solid algorithmic thinking skills that will help them in a myriad of pursuits going forward. millions of students will go back to school this year to institutions that don ' t have computer science programs. great organizations like the computer science teachers association are working hard to make cs a part of high school and middle school curricula. since launching codecademy, we ' ve seen teachers take things into their own hands, with hundreds of them using codecademy in their classroom and starting clubs after school to expose their students to programming. based on their feedback, we put together a simple kit for teachers ( or students! ) who want to start an after - school programming club at their school. we wanted to make it as easy as possible for anyone to get started so we ' ve included everything you need. no installing, no downloading, and no background in programming necessary ( the kit comes with curriculum ). best of all, it ' s completely free. we worked with teachers across the world to put together a whole year of learning, starting students at the beginning and showing them the magic of programming through real projects in real programming languages. kids love creating and customizing their code through our interactive interface. and when they ' re done, they with web pages and projects that they have built themselves. exposing students to programming is one of the most important things we can do \u2014 and we can ' t do it without teachers. that ' s why we ' re also launching the \" teachers ' lounge \" for teachers to share stories, ideas, and support among themselves. we ' re excited to learn even more from the great teachers who are using codecademy! read more and get started at after - school programming. if you sign up and give us your address, we ' ll mail you a kit with flyers, the curriculum book, letters to parents, and more. if you ' d prefer to get them online, it ' s all there as well. have a wonderful start to the school year!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5147011333594096, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.968732"} {"text": "it \u2019 s the one thing every u. s. taxpayer dreads : to receive an audit notice from the internal revenue service. because auditing is typically a stressful process, people who receive such a notice often exude a sour disposition for weeks afterward. whenever someone asks them what is wrong, they respond grouchily, \u201c i \u2019 m being audited by the irs. \u201d but who or what is the irs? is the irs the computer that identified the tax accounting error and requested the audit? is it the organization \u2019 s director? is it the person that mailed the audit notice? or is it the laws that established the irs and describe proper tax accounting methods? according to a concept called actor - network theory ( ant ), it \u2019 s all of the above. scientists proposed ant to explain how people, objects and ideas ( i. e., actors ) work together to form structured entities, or networks. actors create networks by adapting resources, taking on defined roles, forming interdependent relationships and repeating predetermined behaviors to solve problems or accomplish goals. for example, the irs exists because every year its agents receive millions of tax forms, feed them into computers for analysis, check for errors in the paperwork and then respond to taxpayers by mailing tax refunds, collection bills, or audit notices. if the agents and computers suddenly failed to engage in these actions, or if the laws upholding the actions were repealed, the irs would cease to function as a viable organization. scholars in the field of science and technology proposed actor - network theory in the 1980s to debunk claims that heroism or advanced innovation was responsible for the development of useful inventions. instead, scientists stated that the process of scientific invention could be explained more accurately and rationally by taking into account all of the factors involved : the knowledge of the inventor, the tools or technology used, history, societal pressures, the influence of institutions or other networks, and the ideas that inspired the invention. with ant, scientists wanted to show that scientific production does not result from a higher form of thought, but is naturally translated from the complex interactions between actors and networks. for the purposes of actor - network theory, anything can be an actor within a network : a law, a text, a person, an idea, an inanimate object and even another network. even more interestingly, however, is that each of these elements receives equal consideration in ant. for example, the irs agent who enters data into a computer may be more complex or contribute more to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5708719234922571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.982203"} {"text": ", an inanimate object and even another network. even more interestingly, however, is that each of these elements receives equal consideration in ant. for example, the irs agent who enters data into a computer may be more complex or contribute more to the organization than the computer, but both the computer and the agent function as actors within the irs and derive their role and purpose from that network. since agents and computers ( theoretically ) came together to form the irs, the organization cannot ( theoretically ) operate or exist without them both, implying a basic equality shared among actors. to form a network, human actors first identify a problem that the network will attempt to solve. this is known as problematisation. during problematisation, leaders are selected to represent actors and establish roles within the network. next, actors negotiate the terms of their assigned roles, a process called interessement. enrollment occurs when actors accept their roles. finally, actors mobilize their allies and resources to support the network. ant, unlike other sociological theories, functions on the principle that scholars should view all actors within the same theoretical framework regardless of their status, and that all assumptions concerning the nature of networks or actors should be abandoned prior to study. in other words, ant demands total impartiality when describing actors and networks. the terminology used must be consistently applied to every actor, and conclusions drawn must be based on what is actually observed, not on the scholar \u2019 s presuppositions. even an actor \u2019 s non - network purpose or behavior is excluded from the methodology. this allows networks to be described accurately, in concrete terms, taking into account all of their various elements. because of its strong sociological implications, actor - network theory has been used in sociology to examine how humans organize through interaction. ant does not attempt to explain why networks are formed, but how. it is primarily concerned with how networks grow stronger and stabilize ; attract, enroll and motivate actors ; organize actors and resources ; and maintain actor loyalty. for this reason, ant is a useful tool for observing and evaluating human behavior, resource adaptation and object utility. consequently, the theory has been applied to economics, business, geography and health studies, among other fields. of course, no theory is without its critics. some scholars say that evaluating both human and non - human actors through the same theoretical lens is ridiculous because humans, unlike objects, possess intent, and intentionality can influence networks. others have accused ant of being amoral and overly managerial. because ant only describes networks and does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5341802547733316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.986378"} {"text": "two - year - old emma was born with anthrogryposis ( amc ), a rare congenital disease that affects muscle strength. at a family conference, emma ' s mother learned about the wilmington robotic exoskeleton ( wrex ), an assistive device made of hinged metal bars and resistance bands that enables people with underdeveloped arms to play and feed themselves. tariq rahman and whitney sample of the nemours / alfred i. dupont hospital for children had created an early prototype of the wrex, that worked for children as young as six. but the device was attached to a wheelchair and some children with amc, including emma, had use of their legs. the early version of the wrex was just too large and heavy for a child of emma ' s size. rahman and sample found that, with the use of 3d printers, they were able to create a lightweight and flexible working prosthetic for emma, that is customizable with easily replicated broken parts. the custom exoskeletons are printed in abs plastic and attached to a plastic vest. because of the ease of manufacturing, the exoskeleton can grow with the child which makes 3d printing especially exciting for those working in pediatric care. currently, fifteen children now use a custom 3d printed wrex device. watch the full video of emma ' s story after the jump.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47399544112994724, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.991149"} {"text": "saturday, may 18, 2013 fun in the sun : summer safety tips to avoid injuries summertime outdoor activities can be fun, but it \u2019 s important to follow good summer safety habits to avoid injuries. swimming pools are a perfect way to cool off from the hot sun, but safety comes first when enjoying the water. according to national safe kids, drowning is : keep the following safety precautions in mind : adult supervision is key. an adult should always be able to see and hear children who are swimming and be close enough to intervene in case of an emergency. the pool environment is important. separate home pools from the rest of the property to prevent children from walking directly into the pool area. if possible, use a fence or other barrier at least 4 feet high with openings no more than 4 inches apart and extend it completely around the pool. teach children to swim. parents should enroll children before the age of eight in swimming lessons with a certified instructor. outdoor cooking is popular during the summer months. unfortunately, grilling can be dangerous. according to the most recent statistics from the national fire protection association, the improper use of grills causes : to keep families and their homes out of harm \u2019 s way, the home safety council recommends the following safe grilling techniques : be cautious of nearby tree branches or other items which could catch on fire. know how to use a fire extinguisher and keep one handy. keep your grill at least 10 feet from a home or building. leave a grill unattended, especially when small children and pets are present. attempt to restart a charcoal flame by adding additional lighter fluid. keep filled propane tanks in a hot car or truck. prolonged unprotected exposure to the sun \u2019 s ultraviolet ( uv ) rays damages skin and eyes. according to the american cancer society : a majority of the more than 2 million cases of non - melanoma skin cancer diagnosed annually are sun related. an estimated 68, 130 new melanomas are diagnosed each year. to lower the risk of skin cancer practice the following sun safety tips recommended by the american cancer society : avoid intense sunlight for long periods of time seek shade between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. when the sun \u2019 s rays are strongest. wear a shirt to guard against excessive sun exposure. apply sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( spf ) of 30 or higher. wear a hat to shade your face, ears and neck. wear sunglasses to protect your eyes and surrounding skin from uv ray damage. relaxing in the pool, grilling outdoors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412913755262695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:52.999874"} {"text": "in 2005, a woman showed up at emory university ' s sleep center in atlanta complaining of being sleepy just about every moment of every day. she slept for 14, then 16, then 18 hours a night, but still woke up feeling drowsy. doctors had prescribed her stimulants, which worked for a bit. but when they wore off, she would go on a sleeping binge, becoming unarousable for days at a time. her diagnosis? hypersomnia, a rare and debilitating condition in which people sleep excessively, are extremely drowsy while awake, and respond poorly to existing anti - sleep treatments. the condition can make people unable to work or maintain relationships. when the woman showed up at the sleep center, researchers did a range of tests and finally took samples of her cerebrospinal fluid. they discovered it had some unusual properties. namely, something in it caused gaba, the main neurotransmitter molecule responsible for reducing the activity of brain cells, to have an outsized effect. in essence, a mystery molecule appeared to be working with gaba to tamp down brain activity, acting as a sort of constant sleeping pill. there ' s another class of molecules that has a similar effect on gaba \u2019 s action in the brain. they are called benzodiazepines, which include valium and ambien. the research team wondered whether something similar was at work in this patient, so they checked to see whether a drug used to counteract benzodiazepines, called flumazenil, would neutralize the effect of whatever was floating around in her cerebrospinal fluid. and it worked - - at least in a dish : applying flumazenil to the woman ' s cerebrospinal fluid eliminated that strange effect of gaba. but would it work in people? that ' s what the team, led by sleep expert dr. david rye, has been investigating since their discovery. and according to a study published wednesday in the journal science translational medicine, the answer is yes. for the study, rye and his team recruited seven people with various forms of hypersomnia and analyzed their cerebrospinal fluid. all had the same gaba - enhancing effect as the initial patient. and when the researchers treated the study subjects with flumazenil, they all became more alert. according to an article on the project \u2019 s early days in emory \u2019 s alumni magazine, that first atlanta patient turned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4983383289106562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.009311"} {"text": "2 hailstone sequences [ 12 marks ] a hailstone sequence is a sequence of integers found by applying the following rule : hailstone iteration : for an integer n in a hailstone sequence, the next item in the sequence is 3n + 1 if n is odd, or n / 2 if n is even. for example, the... a. what are some limitations of the present windows 2000 and windows xp computers for use in the context of this library, compared to the more modern operating systems? in what way would library patrons and staff benefit from using more modern operating systems? a solid sphere of radius 40. 0 cm has a total positive charge of 26. 0 c uniformly distributed throughout its volume. calculate the magnitude of the electric field ( a ) 0 cm, ( b ) 10. 0 cm, ( c ) 40. 0 cm, and ( d ) 60. 0 cm from the center of the sphere an aerosol spray can with a volume of 441 ml contains 3. 09 g of propane gas as a propellant. what volume would propane occupy at stp? refrigerators are usually kept at about 5 ^ c, while room temperature is about 20 ^ c. if you were to take an \" empty \" sealed 2 - liter soda bottle at room temperature and place it in the fridge, would you expect it to contract to one - fourth its original volume? suppose you accidently add too much naoh during the titration. you then add a volume of hcl exactly equal to the volume of naoh actually used in the titration. what effect does this have on the ka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5067245826794651, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.012150"} {"text": "the holly genus, ilex, offers a variety of plants from which to choose. there are about 700 species worldwide, some horticulturists estimate. and there is a great number of cultivated varieties. not all hollies have spiny leaves. many of the japanese hollies ( ilex crenata ) have spineless leaves. they are often mistaken for boxwoods with their small, shiny leaves. but boxwoods ( buxus ) leaves are attached directly opposite one another on the stem, while holly leaves have an alternate leaf arrangement along the stem. holly plants range from 2 to more than 60 feet tall. some dwarf types are great choices for foundation plantings. these include helleri holly, carissa holly, dwarf yaupon holly and stokes dwarf, thought to be the same cultivar as shilling dwarf. don \u2019 t let the word dwarf fool you. many hollies in this category may reach 3 to 5 feet tall. and dwarf burford may grow 8 feet or taller. some \u201c tree form \u201d hollies can reach heights approaching 60 feet. these can stand alone as specimen plants or may provide a tall hedge. a few hollies that form large shrubs or small trees include many of the american holly cultivars such as miss helen, hedgeholly and savannah. hollies respond well to pruning if needed, but it \u2019 s best to know the mature height before planting to avoid future problems of overgrown plants and unnecessary pruning. other tree - form holly hybrids develop by crossing two or more plant species within a given genus. a few include foster, east palatka, nellie r. stevens and mary nell. hollies with multicolored leaves include variegated english holly. and there are a few hollies that shed annually such as ambiguous winterberry and possumhaw holly. there are hollies that produce bright red berries. but berry color varies from red, orange and yellow to even black or white, depending on variety. only female plants produce berries. hollies are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are located on separate plants. male flowers produce pollen required, in most cases, to pollinate female flowers. many dwarf types of holly don \u2019 t produce berries because they come from male plants. to ensure that your plants produce berries, ask for female plants when purchasing. if the plant already has berries on it, you know it is a female. you should consider other characteristics when selecting hollies. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4421662211692627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.017390"} {"text": "\u00a9 paul p. reuben chapter 7 : william faulkner ( 1897 - 1962 ) outside links : | film adaptions of faulkner ' s fiction | nobel prize acceptance speech | page links : | primary works | selected bibliography 1980 - 1999 | selected bibliography 2000 - present | study questions | mla style citation of this web page | | a brief biography | site links : | chap. 7 : index | alphabetical list | table of contents | home page | october 31, 2011 source : william faulkner on the web \" the past is never dead ; it ' s not even - gavin stevens to temple drake stevens, requiem for a nun, act i scene iii \" [ i ] discovered that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that i would never live long enough to exhaust it, and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal i would have complete liberty to use whatever talent i might have to its absolute top. it opened up a gold mine of other people, so i created a cosmos of my own. \" - wf winner of the 1949 nobel prize for literature, faulkner ' s recognition as a writer came years after he had written his best work. today he is regarded as an important interpreter of the universal theme of \" the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself. \" he grew up in oxford, mississippi, which became the prototype of jefferson, in the mythical county of yoknapatawpha, the setting of many of his works. sometimes difficult to read, faulkner experimented in the use of stream - of - consciousness technique and in the dislocation of narrative time. his fiction discusses issues of sex, class, race relations, and relations with nature. the marble faun, 1924 ; soldier ' s pay, 1926 ; mosquitoes, 1927 ; sartoris, 1929 ; the sound and the fury, 1929 ; as i lay dying, 1930 ; sanctuary, 1931 ; these 13, 1931 ; light in august, 1932 ; doctor martino and other stories, 1934 ; pylon, 1935 ; absalom, absalom!, 1936 ; the unvanquished, 1938 ; the wild palms, 1939 ; the hamlet, 1940 ; go down, moses, 1942 ; intruder in the dust, 1948 ; knight ' s gambit, 1949 ; collected stories of william faulkner, 1950 ; requiem for a nun, 1951 ; a fable, 1954 ; big woods, 1955 ; the town, 1957 ; the mansion, 1959 ; the reivers, 1962. william faulkner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42592912262848825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.063064"} {"text": "' s gambit, 1949 ; collected stories of william faulkner, 1950 ; requiem for a nun, 1951 ; a fable, 1954 ; big woods, 1955 ; the town, 1957 ; the mansion, 1959 ; the reivers, 1962. william faulkner : new orleans sketches. collins, carvel ( ed. and preface ). jackson : up of mississippi, 2002. | top | selected bibliography 1980 - 1999 abadie, ann, and doreen fowler. eds. faulkner and the short story : faulkner and yoknapatawpha, 1990. jackson : up of mississippi, 1992. cox, leland h. william faulkner : biographical and reference guide. detroit : gale research co., 1982. ps3511. a86 z773 brodhead, richard h. faulkner, new perspectives. englewood cliffs, n. j. : prentice - hall, 1983. ps3511. a86 z7832124 ferguson, james. faulkner ' s short fiction. knoxville : u of tennessee p, 1991. friedman, alan w. william faulkner. new york : f. ungar pub. co., 1984. ps3511. a86 z783265 goldberg, wendy fay. faulkner ' s haunted house : the figure of the recluse in ' light in august ' and ' absolom, absolom! ' ann arbor : mi 1996. kinney, arthur f., ed. critical essays on william faulkner - - the sartoris family. boston : g. k. hall, 1985. ps3511. a86 z778 matthews, john t. the play of faulkner ' s language. ithaca : cornell up, 1982. ps3511. a86 z8916 mckee, patricia. producing american races : henry james, william faulkner, toni morrison. durham : duke up, 1999. minter, david l. william faulkner : his life and work. baltimore : johns hopkins up, 1980. ps3511. a86 z913. mortimer, gail l. faulkner ' s rhetoric of loss : a study in perception and meaning. austin : u of texas p, 1983. ps3511. a86 z914 phillips, gene. fiction, film and faulkner : the art of adaptation. knoxville : u of tennessee p, 1988. pikoulis, john, 1941 - the art of william faulkner. london : macmillan, 1982. ps3511. a86 z9462 pilkington, john. the heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40322329406311197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.065344"} {"text": "of adaptation. knoxville : u of tennessee p, 1988. pikoulis, john, 1941 - the art of william faulkner. london : macmillan, 1982. ps3511. a86 z9462 pilkington, john. the heart of yoknapatawpha. jackson : up of mississippi, 1981. ps3511. a86 z9463 railey, kevin. natural aristocracy : history, ideology, and the production of william faulkner. tuscaloosa : u of alabama p, 1999. singal, daniel j. william faulkner : the making of a modernist. chapel hill : u of north carolina p, 1997. sundquist, eric j. faulkner : the house divided. baltimore : johns hopkins up, 1983. ps3511. a86 z9735 vanderwerken, david l. faulkner ' s literary children : patterns of development. ny : peter lang, 1997. wagner - martin, linda. ed. new essays on go down, moses. ny : cambridge up, 1996. yarup, robert l. faulkner ' s the sound and the fury. washington. 1996 | top | selected bibliography 2000 to present abernathy, jeff. to hell and back : race and betrayal in the southern novel. athens : u of georgia p, 2003. aiken, charles s. william faulkner and the southern landscape. athens : u of georgia p, 2009. atkinson, ted. faulkner and the great depression : aesthetics, ideology, and cultural politics. athens : u of georgia p, 2006. baker, charles. william faulkner ' s postcolonial south. ny : peter lang, 2000. bassett, john e. william faulkner : an annotated bibliography of criticism since 1988. lanham, md : scarecrow, 2009. bauer, margaret d. william faulkner ' s legacy : \" what shadow, what stain, what mark. \" gainesville : up of florida, 2005. brivic, sheldon. tears of rage : the racial interface of modern american fiction : faulkner, wright, pynchon, morrison. baton rouge : louisiana state up, 2008. davis, thadious m. games of property : law, race, gender and faulkner ' s go down, moses. durham : duke up, 2003. doyle, don h. faulkner ' s county : the historical roots of yoknapatawpha. chapel hill : u of north carolina p, 2001. duvall, john n. race and white identity in southern fiction :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47687797279533745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.067739"} {"text": ", 2003. doyle, don h. faulkner ' s county : the historical roots of yoknapatawpha. chapel hill : u of north carolina p, 2001. duvall, john n. race and white identity in southern fiction : from faulkner to morrison. ny : palgrave macmillan, 2008. evans, david h. william faulkner, william james, and the american pragmatic tradition. baton rouge : louisiana state up, 2008. fant, joseph l., iii. and others. eds. faulkner at west point. jackson : up of mississippi, 2002. fulton, lorie w. william faulkner, gavin stevens, and the cavalier tradition. ny : peter lang, 2011. godden, richard. william faulkner : an economy of complex words. princeton, nj : princeton up, 2007. koloze, jeff, and anne b. gardiner. an ethical analysis of the portrayal of abortion in american fiction : dreiser, hemingway, faulkner, dos passos, brautigan, and irving. lewiston : mellen, 2005. labatt, blair. faulkner the storyteller. tuscaloosa : u of alabama p, 2005. lurie, peter. vision ' s immanence : faulkner, film, and the popular imagination. baltimore : johns hopkins up, 2004. minter, david. faulkner ' s questioning narratives : fictions of his major phase, 1929 - 42. urbana : u of illinois p, 2001. parini, jay. one matchless time : a life of william faulkner. ny : harpercollins, 2004. polk, noel. faulkner and welty and the southern literary tradition. jackson : up of mississippi, 2008. rio - jelliffe, r. obscurity ' s myriad components : the theory and practice of william faulkner. lewisburg : bucknell up, 2001. rovit, earl, and arthur waldhorn. eds. hemingway and faulkner in their time. ny : continuum, 2005. rueckert, william h. faulkner from within : destructive and generative being in the novels of william faulkner. west lafayette : parlor, 2004. sensibar, judith l. faulkner and love : the women who shaped his art. new haven, ct : yale up, 2009. skaggs, merrill m. axes : willa cather and william faulkner. lincoln : u of nebraska p, 2007. stewart, george c. yoknapatawpha, images and voices : a photographic study of faulkner ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47920064005064394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.068724"} {"text": ". skaggs, merrill m. axes : willa cather and william faulkner. lincoln : u of nebraska p, 2007. stewart, george c. yoknapatawpha, images and voices : a photographic study of faulkner ' s county. columbia : u of south carolina p, 2009. stringer, dorothy. ' not even past ' : race, historical trauma, and subjectivity in faulkner, larsen, and van vechten. ny : fordham up, 2010. towner, theresa m. faulkner on the color line : the later novels. jackson : up of mississippi, 2000. volpe, edmond l. a reader ' s guide to william faulkner : the novels. syracuse : syracuse up, 2003. - - -. a reader ' s guide to william faulkner : the short stories. syracuse : syracuse up, 2004. wainswright, michael. darwin and faulkner ' s novels : evolution and southern fiction. ny : palgrave macmillan, 2008. watson, james g. william faulkner : self - presentation and performance. austin : u of texas p, 2000. weinstein, arnold. recovering your story : proust, joyce, woolf, faulkner, morrison. ny : random house, 2006. wells, dean f. every day by the sun : a memoir of the faulkners of mississippi. ny : crown, 2011. wells, jeremy. romances of the white man ' s burden : race, empire, and the plantation in american literature, 1880 - 1936. nashville, tn : vanderbilt up, 2011. welty, eudora, hunter cole, and noel polk. on william faulkner. jackson : up of mississippi, 2003. wolff, sally. ledgers of history : william faulkner, and almost forgotten friendship, and an antebellum plantation diary : memories of dr. edgar wiggin francisco iii. baton rouge : louisiana state up, 2010. zender, karl f. faulkner and the politics of reading. baton rouge : louisiana state up, 2002. a student project by christa pollex william faulkner was born september 25, 1897, in new albany, mississippi to murry and maud falkner. his baptized name is william cuthbert falkner. murry and maud had four boys ; william, murry jr., john, and dean. william was the oldest of all the children. shortly after faulkner ' s fourth birthday william and murry jr., were nearly lost to scarlet fever. on september 22, 1902, the falkner family moved to oxford, mississippi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.453422147066597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.069771"} {"text": "and dean. william was the oldest of all the children. shortly after faulkner ' s fourth birthday william and murry jr., were nearly lost to scarlet fever. on september 22, 1902, the falkner family moved to oxford, mississippi. just two months after their arrival in oxford twelve people were killed due to the yellow fever. all white residents had been evacuated. faulkner started to show his technique through drawing and writing poetry at an early age. during this time, faulkner met his childhood sweetheart, estelle oldham, and his lifetime friend phil stone ; estelle lived in the neighborhood. to faulkner ' s surprise estelle ' s parents sent her away to school the following year. upon her last return home from school estelle accepted a proposal of marriage from cornell franklin. in 1914, faulkner met phil stone. one day stone became curious about faulkner ' s writing and read his poems with excitement. his reply to these works was \" anybody could have seen that he had a real talent. it was perfectly obvious. \" ( blotner 162 ) phil stone encouraged faulkner to write and thus started their long friendship. faulkner was denied acceptance into the u. s. air force so he turned to the canadian royal air force. on his application he had to change a few details like the spelling of his last name and for his place of birth he wrote finchley, in the county of middlesex, england. he also changed his birth date to may 25, 1898, and stated that his civil occupation was a student. july 9, 1918, he reported to the recruit ' s depot, in toronto, for active service. in december, faulkner was discharged from the raf ( royal air force ) and returned to oxford. faulkner ' s return brought him back to school where he entered the university of mississippi as a special student in september, 1919. this is where he began to publish poems in \" the mississippian \" and the \" oxford eagle. \" during his time at the university, faulkner founded the \" marionettes, \" a drama club, in the fall of 1920. he tried his hand at play writing. he wrote a one act play called the marionettes, but it never made it to the stage. only after three semesters he dropped out of school, but he accepted a job as a postmaster at the university of mississippi post office. also, in november of 1920, faulkner received a commission as honorable 2nd lieutenant. phil stone sends the marble faun to the four seas co. and it agrees to publish the book for $ 400 and publishes it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4113675791812744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.070755"} {"text": "at the university of mississippi post office. also, in november of 1920, faulkner received a commission as honorable 2nd lieutenant. phil stone sends the marble faun to the four seas co. and it agrees to publish the book for $ 400 and publishes it on december 15, 1924. in the same year, faulkner resigns as postmaster at the university because of charges brought up by the postal inspector. february 25, 1926, soldiers pay was published. this was the start when many of faulkner ' s works began to be published. between the years of 1927 and 1934, he had a book published every year. in 1931, sanctuary and these 13, two of his works were published. \" sanctuary is a brilliant novel, one of his best. \" ( kawin 31 ) in 1929, faulkner ' s childhood sweetheart, estelle divorced franklin and william and estelle marry on june 20. in 1931, a daughter was born but dies nine days later and two years later, jill, their second daughter was born. in 1932, faulkner goes to culver city, california on a mgm contract writer. he also worked for 20th century fox and universal studios. he co - wrote for many screenplays. a couple of the screenplays he worked on were \" to have and have not \" written by hemingway in 1944 for warner brothers, and \" barn burning \" that he wrote and a. i. bezzerides helped with the screenplay. in 1948, faulkner was elected to the american academy of arts and letters. in november of 1950, the announcement that faulkner had received the nobel prize was made. he also received the national book award for a fable in march and the pulitzer in may of 1955. one month before his death the reivers was published and the following year he received another pulitzer for this book. faulkner died on july 6, 1962, of a heart attack, in oxford. blotner, joseph faulkner : a biography. new york : random house, 1974. kawin, bruce f. faulkner and film. new york : frederick ungar publishing co, 1977. warren, robert penn faulkner : a collection of critical essays. new jersey : prentice - hall, inc, 1966. 1. how does the setting in a faraway age contribute to the mood of the story \" a courtship \"? how do we know that we are dealing with an indian narrator? why is this an important aspect of the story and its total effect? 2. how does the location in a hunting camp function as an appropriate setting for the themes manifest in the story \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39651113215053124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.072572"} {"text": "how do we know that we are dealing with an indian narrator? why is this an important aspect of the story and its total effect? 2. how does the location in a hunting camp function as an appropriate setting for the themes manifest in the story \" delta autumn \"? in what ways is roth edmonds meant to function as a representative of contemporary man? how is uncle ike different from his kinsman? 3. examine as i lay dying from the point of view of family dynamics or social process. is \" bundren \" an identity these family members all share? what is the ontology, the way of being a bundren? to what extent is faulkner commenting on the american, especially the southern, family? evaluate the perspectives with which the outsiders in the novel view the bundrens. which is reality? how does faulkner demonstrate his characters constructing it? 1. how does one establish individual independence as a teenager? do you remember any crucial moment in your own life when you realized that you had to make a choice between what your parent ( s ) and / or family believed and your own values? 2. is the destruction of another person ' s property ever something we can justify? explain. 3. does it matter that this story is rendered through sarty ' s consciousness? what were faulkner ' s options, and how would the story be different if he had exercised them? 4. what are the key symbols in the story, and how do they serve the thematic purposes faulkner had in mind? 5. do the class issues the story raises have any parallels today? 6. what is the tone of the story and how is it established? 7. critics often associate faulkner ' s portrait of the snopeses with his perception that the \" new south \" following reconstruction had lost its agrarian values. analyze the particular \" snopesism \" in \" barn burning. \" \" a rose for emily \" 1. discuss the ways in which faulkner uses miss emily ' s house as an appropriate setting and as a metaphor for both her and the themes established by the narrative. 2. what are the different uses of the themes of \" love, \" \" honor, \" and \" respectability \" in the story? 3. why does faulkner use this particular narrator? what do you know about him? can you list his \" values, \" and if so, are they shared by the town? is this narrator reliable? does the fact he is male matter? 4. many critics have read miss emily as a symbol of the post - civil -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46638179399791224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.073781"} {"text": "scientists can look to tree rings to supplement the history of an area, but for david milarch, the entire tree is significant. milarch founded the champion tree project with his sons, jared and jake, 20 years ago to create living libraries of the 846 species of trees in the united states. in 2009, the three men decided to give their organization a new name, archangel ancient tree archive, and to expand it globally. based in traverse city, mich., the archangel ancient tree archive ' s mission is to archive the genetics of ancient trees in living libraries around the world by propagating old - growth trees and using their offspring to reforest. \" we need to archive the genetics of the remaining old - growth trees that are growing on earth, \" said david milarch. \" here in the united states, 98 percent of all the old - growth trees have been cut down. in california, about 96 percent of all coast redwoods have been cut down. \" why is that a tragedy? because we never even studied them before we cut them down, we didn ' t know what roles they played in the ecosystem. \" milarch believes that the genetics of long - living trees should be studied to understand how they have managed to survive and thrive. one reason may be due to better immune systems, which would make their genetics vital to successful reforestation. working with a range of sources, from professional tree finders to big - tree lists, when planting, archangel recommends that no more than 10 percent cloned trees are used for reforestation to maintain genetic diversity and to also allow their genes to mix with the existing trees. the goal is to strengthen the forest overall. care is given to the selection of the site where the trees are to be planted and why. sites may be selected in order to aid in phytoremediation, erosion control, runoff management and habitat settings. volunteers with the milarchs ' nonprofit organization give their time to assist in all areas of the process, from gathering samples for archangel ' s nurseries to planting new trees. schoolchildren in new york, michigan and northern california have also become part of the organization ' s outreach, helping to plant trees in the thousands. david milarch ' s great - grandfather was a nurseryman, and his passion became a family business. traverse city is known for its large cherry production, so the milarch family began growing shade trees for the fruit trees in the area. milarch ' s grandchildren mark the sixth generation living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45119115693547346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.080259"} {"text": "nurseryman, and his passion became a family business. traverse city is known for its large cherry production, so the milarch family began growing shade trees for the fruit trees in the area. milarch ' s grandchildren mark the sixth generation living on the same land. \" we ' re tuned into nature, \" milarch said. \" with that many generations, you have a pretty good grasp of what makes trees tick. \" milarch and his tree archive caught the attention of new york times science writer jim robbins 11 years ago. after his first story about the project, robbins continued to follow and write about milarch ' s efforts. last april, \" the man who planted trees : lost groves, champion trees and an urgent plan to save the planet \" ( spiegel & grau, $ 25 ) was published. it includes information robbins has gained from his talks with many scientists about trees. \" people are amazed at some of the latest science on what trees really do. most people don ' t know that trees communicate with each other. trees feel pain and when a tree feels pain, it puts out signals and other trees in the area go into a protection mode. trees emit aerosols out of their leaves and out of their roots that are natural antibiotics and natural disinfectants, \" milarch said. milarch credits robbins ' book to helping raise awareness about archangel, which in turn has helped with getting funding. most recently, the organization planted an old - redwood forest in oregon from cloned trees. it is looking for sites to plant two old - growth groves in california, in an arboretum or on a large parcel of unused land. the group is also seeking donations to create a living archive in ireland. milarch hopes that the work archangel is doing can serve as a model for others around the world to follow and lead to more reforestation. \" all is not lost. we can put the trees back for our children and grandchildren, \" he said. a clone of a 3, 000 - year - old tree can be cloned again and again, \" and with the science and with our work, the great trees and the genetic lineage of those trees never has to die. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4255384305963193, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.081164"} {"text": "\" we, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths - that all of us are created equal - is the star that guides us still ; just as it guided our forebears through seneca falls and selma and stonewall, \" obama said. the statement was the strongest that the president has made in support of the rights of gays during his presidency. in contrast, in his 2009 inaugural address, obama did not mention gays and lesbians at all. obama ' s words also represented the first time a president discussed gay rights during an inauguration speech. \" it is now our generation ' s task to carry on what those pioneers began. for our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers, and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts, \" obama said. \" our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law - for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. \" gay rights activists throughout the region, such as the rev. don crail, a retired presbyterian minister living in claremont, commended obama for his framing the struggle for equality. \" he put it in the context of civil rights and it is, i think : it ' s the next chapter in equality in this country. i think instead of being \" i think gay marriage will become a reality in many more states in this next four years. he ' s also instructed his attorney general to not defend the defense of marriage act. i think he ' s been prophetic on that issue. \" obama supported same - sex marriage in 2012 and pushed for the 2011 repeal of \" don ' t ask, don ' t tell, \" which curtailed gays ability to serve openly in the military. crail was also pleased by the participation of gay poet richard blanco, who recited a poem during obama ' s inauguration ceremonies. \" the fact that it ' s martin luther king ' s special day, i think it ' s very right and appropriate for him to let the world know how he feels, \" said patti loitz, president of the pasadena chapter of parents, families and friends of lesbians and gays. loitz said she doesn ' t think obama ' s comments will necessarily translate into legal changes. \" we know how he feels, but he doesn ' t make the laws, \" she said. \" it ' s just a matter of whether can they get the cooperation from all the parties involved. \" loitz wasn ' t surprised he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37112472605013325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.085636"} {"text": "changes. \" we know how he feels, but he doesn ' t make the laws, \" she said. \" it ' s just a matter of whether can they get the cooperation from all the parties involved. \" loitz wasn ' t surprised he would address gay rights during his speech : pflag had a float in monday ' s inauguration parade - the first time the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community was represented in the parade. \" it fits right in with the message of equality for women, blacks and gays, \" she said. \" it ' s at the forefront now. \" obama ' s evolving views on gay marriage accompany a shift in the views of many americans : in the most recent survey on gay marriage by the pew research center, 47 percent of the 3, 008 adults surveyed in april supported gay marriage, 43 percent opposed it and 11 percent of those surveyed didn ' t know. four years ago, only 39 percent of those surveyed supported it and 51 percent opposed it. and in 2004, shortly before george w. bush won his second term in office, only 31 percent of those surveyed supported it and 60 percent opposed it. members of the long beach and signal hill ' s gay community also reacted positively to obama ' s speech and found his words - spoken in front of the public as well as some u. s. supreme court justices - meaningful at a time when landmark judicial issues such the defense of marriage act and proposition 8 are being examined. the defense of marriage act forbids federal officials from recognizing same - sex marriage and prop. 8 is california ' s ban on same - sex marriage. \" the idea that he said that love should be shared by all - he was spectacular, \" signal hill councilman larry forester said. forester said the president has come a long way from his initial views on gay marriage, which obama did not favor until recently despite supporting gay rights. \" over time, he finally decided that love is love and love between two people of the same sex is love between two people of the opposite sex, \" forester said. \" he said it to the public and i could not be more elated. \" long beach vice mayor robert garcia also applauded obama ' s speech and its emphasis on civil rights for not only the lgbt community but for women and minorities. \" he talked about america being at its best when it ' s equal and that ' s what came across for a lot of people, \" he said. obama ' s words may help further marriage equality, garcia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40309141957797856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.086561"} {"text": "acne affects nearly 100 % of the population at some point. for some, acne is mild and transient ; for others, it can be severe and long lasting. scarring from severe acne can be permanent and disfiguring ( see section on acne scars ). acne usually begins around the time of puberty. acne may improve after puberty, but for many, acne persists into and during middle age. acne lesions form when the opening of oil glands ( called sebaceous glands ) in the skin become blocked. trapped oil builds up within the gland, causing inflammation. the swelling within the oil gland can become so intense that the oil gland ( and associated hair follicle ) can rupture, leading to further inflammation. while the surge of hormones during puberty likely triggers this process, other factors such as stress, diet, and the influence of other hormones may also play a role. a bacterium called propionibacterium acnes that is normally present on the skin likely plays a role in acne, but the precise link is still unclear. any person with moderate or worse acne should be seen by a physician to discuss treatment options, because of the risk of permanent scarring. treatment for acne has improved dramatically in the last 2 decades. effective over - the - counter medications include salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide preparations. first line prescription acne treatment usually involves a combination of topical treatments, such as one of the retinoids ( such as retin a ) and a topical antibiotic ( such as benzoyl peroxide mixed with clindamycin ). common side effects are irritation and redness and you and your doctor will decide what is best for your individual needs. for acne that resists topical treatment, or for more severe acne, systemic treatments may be necessary. the tetracycline antibiotics are effective in many people. erythromycin, bactrim, and other antibiotics are second - line antibiotic therapies. however, long term antibiotic use can cause bacterial resistance in those who use them and should be used with caution. there are other side effects that must be discussed with your doctor. for women, oral contraceptives ( \u201c the pill \u201d ) may also improve acne. for adult woman with acne, other hormonal therapies may be considered. for severe acne that is associated with scarring, isotretinoin ( accutane ) is prescribed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.453561629653667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.094050"} {"text": "pill \u201d ) may also improve acne. for adult woman with acne, other hormonal therapies may be considered. for severe acne that is associated with scarring, isotretinoin ( accutane ) is prescribed. this drug is very effective and can cure acne but must be used very cautiously because of the risk of severe birth defects when taken during pregnancy. there are other common side effects ( dry lips, peeling skin, etc ) of isotretinoin that may limit its use as well. some people believe that isotretinoin can lead to suicidal symptoms. this is controversial and should be discussed with your doctor. because of the risks of systemic medications, newer, less invasive treatments have been sought. with the development of new cosmetic treatment modalities such as lasers and light therapy, new acne treatments have also been developed. in general, because these methods are new, they are not as well tested. in the early studies, most of the new treatments have proven to be mildly to moderately effective. the side effect profiles are usually minimal. the specific treatment modalities are discussed below. you and your doctor can discuss the best treatment to suit your individual needs. other acne treatment options : \u2022 light therapy blue light therapy takes advantage of the fact that bacteria in the skin produce a product called porphyrin. porphyrin can absorb blue light, leading to a chemical reaction in the skin that destroys the bacteria. red light therapy can reduce inflammation in the skin which in turn improves acne. acne lesions treated with light therapy tend to reoccur over 3 - 12 months. in one study, patients who had severe acne had no improvement compared to patients who had moderate acne who did improve. there have been no reported side effects. \u2022 laser therapy although there are many different lasers available, only a few of them have successfully been used in the treatment of acne. for example, the pulsed - dye laser was tested in a randomized, double blinded controlled trial ( the best kind of trial available ) and was shown to significantly reduce acne after a single treatment with no serious side effects. the 1450 nm infrared laser has been used in one uncontrolled study and decreased lesion counts by 83 % after three treatments. temporary pain, redness, and swelling was reported in most patients. in patients with darker skin tones, hyperpigmentation ( darkening of the skin ) was reported. \u2022 photodynamic therapy ( pdt ) this therapy combines a drug (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4543823148774603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.095408"} {"text": "temporary pain, redness, and swelling was reported in most patients. in patients with darker skin tones, hyperpigmentation ( darkening of the skin ) was reported. \u2022 photodynamic therapy ( pdt ) this therapy combines a drug ( called a photosensitizer ) that is preferentially absorbed by certain kinds of cells and a special light source. when used together, the photosensitizer and the light destroy the targeted cells. for acne, the hyperactive sebaceous glands are targeted. the photosensitizer, called amino - levulinic acid, is applied to the skin and is left on for a variable period of time. the skin is exposed to the light source ( blue, red, or laser light ) and the photosensitizer is then removed. side effects include pain during the procedure and discoloration afterwards. \u2022 radiofrequency therapy a few studies have evaluated the effect of radiofrequency energy in the treatment of acne. one uncontrolled study reported a 75 % improvement in 81 % of the patients. elamax, a topical anesthetic was used during the procedure for pain control. \u2022 chemical peels chemical peels have long been used for facial rejuvenation and to reverse the signs of aging. more recently, they have been used for the treatment of acne. in one study of asian patients, salicylic acid peels performed twice a week for 12 weeks significantly improved acne. in a few preliminary studies, microdermabrasion treatments have reduced acne lesions and improved the texture of the skin in the majority of patients. \u00bb find an acne treatment specialist all photos courtesy of s. zimmet, md and p. bitter jr., md dermanetwork. org featured acne treatment providers in the following locations : beverly hills, ca | dallas, tx | denver, co | los angeles, ca | miami, fl | new york, ny | phoenix, az | washington, dc local acne treatment specialists near ashburn, va age defy dermatology and wellness age defy dermatology & wellness welcome to age defy dermatology and wellness\u2122, a complete dermatology and integrative health center located in campbell, california. we offer medically supervised services that promote health and span all aspects of the care of the skin, hair, and nails to help our patients achieve healthy skin and physical well being.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5095718960922084, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.096461"} {"text": "a strong stain and fade resistant fiber made from a synthetic polymer consisting of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units. a striped fabric woven with shades of the same color from light to dark. powdered pigment mixed to a thick consistency with linseed, poppy or nut oil which remains wet for long periods. gradual oxidization causes the paint to harden and a full cure can take many months. soft gradations of one color blending into another. the level of opaqueness of a paint. any paint that is not transparent or translucent. it completely covers fabric and other paints. optical color mixing an optical illusion produced when small amounts of two different colors are put next to each other, appearing to create a different color. after scouring and bleaching, optical brightening agents ( oba ), are applied to make the textile material to appear more brilliant whites. these oba are available in different tints such as blue, violet and red. a dyeing technique used to change a color by re - dyeing it a new shade. the over - dyed shade is always darker than the original color and is altered by the original color. a group of cotton fabrics, including pinpoint, made with a modified plain or basket weave. used primarily for shirting. used in marbling as an agent that helps the paints float on the surface of the solution. it is made from an animal product and some books recommend it. an excellent alternative is versatex dispersant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5864727431342852, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.098178"} {"text": "nitrate vs nitrite both nitrate and nitrite are oxy anions of nitrogen. although they both seem to look alike, there are differences between them. these differences can be with respect to their structure, bonding, geometrical shape, oxidation state of nitrogen, chemical reactivity, uses of them and etc. these differences are mainly discussed here. no3 - ion is the conjugate base of hno3 ( nitric v acid ) which is a strong acid. it is a planer molecule with sp3 hybridization in nitrogen atom. all three oxygen atoms are equivalent. there are 24 electrons in the valence shells. no3 - ion has the molecular weight of 62. 004 g mol - 1. no2 - ion is the conjugate base of hno2 ( nitric iii acid ) which is a weak acid ( pka = 3. 5 ). it is also a planer molecule with sp2 hybridization. in the valence shells, there are only 18 electrons. no2 - ion has the molecular weight of 46. 006 g mol - 1. when the bonding in both the ions are considered, in no3 - ion the pi bonding involves four 2pz atomic orbitals ( one orbitla from n and three orbitals from 3 oxygen atoms ). these four atomic orbitals form 4, four - centred pi molecular orbitals. the molecular orbital with the lowest energy is the bonding orbital. the orbital with the largest energy is the anti - bonding orbital. other two orbitals are degenerate ( equal in energy ) which are non - bonding orbitals. in the case of no2 - ion, the pi bonding involves only three 2pz atomic orbitals. here, the orbital with the lowest energy is the bonding orbital, the middle one is the non - bonding orbital, and the other one is the anti - bonding orbital. in both the ions, the bonding orbitals involve in making the \u03c3 - bond ( sigma - bond ) and non - bonding orbitals involve in making \u03c0 - bonds ( pi - bonds ). therefore, in no3 - ion each bond has a bond order of 11 / 3. 1 from \u03c3 - bond and 1 / 3 from the \u03c0 - bonds. in no2 - ion, the bond order is 11 / 2. 1 from \u03c3 - bond and 1 / 2 from the \u03c0 - bonds. although, both the ions are from the same electronic geometry, as the bond order is different, their geometrical shapes are also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49733587496927445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.102394"} {"text": "ion, the bond order is 11 / 2. 1 from \u03c3 - bond and 1 / 2 from the \u03c0 - bonds. although, both the ions are from the same electronic geometry, as the bond order is different, their geometrical shapes are also different. the no3 - ion has a shape of planer triangular and the no2 - ion has an angular shape ( or v shape ). the bond angles are also different. ono bond angle of no3 - ion and no2 - ion are 1200 and 1150 respectively. the oxidation state of nitrogen in both no3 - ion and no2 - ion are + 5 and + 3 respectively. because of these reasons ( especially the difference in bonding ), the chemical reactivity ( such as basicity, oxidizing / reducing ability, products of thermal decomposition of the compounds consist of these ions ) is also different. in practice, no2 - ion is a weaker base while no3 - ion is a very weaker base. when the oxidation state of nitrogen atom in these ions is taken in to consideration, no2 - ion can act as a reducing agent as well as an oxidizing agent while no3 - ion can only act as an oxidizing agent. the examples for products obtained from thermal decomposition of no3 - and no2 - ions containing compounds are given below to show the difference in reactivity. even, when they form complexes with metal ions they behave in a dissimilar manner. that is, no2 - ion acts as a monodentate ligand while no3 - ion acts as a bidentate ligand. these differences in chemical reactivity help us to differentiate the uses of them. for example, nitrites are generally used in the processing of meat ( sometimes nitrates are also used ), and nitrates are used for producing of explosives. nitrates are naturally occurring and are cancerous. but nitrites are not cancerous.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5212310702772408, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.103157"} {"text": "columbus installed on international space station astronauts have attached the european space agency \u2019 s ( esa ) columbus laboratory to the international space stations ( iss ). the space shuttle atlantis ferried columbus to the iss along with two esa astronauts yesterday. the laboratory is the esa \u2019 s main contribution to the iss. it is 27 - foot ( 7 - meter ) long by 14. 7 - feet ( 4. 5 - meters ) wide and weighs 12. 8 tonnes. it adds 2, 648 cubic feet ( 75 cubic meters ) of space to the iss. columbus was installed during the first spacewalk of the sts - 122 mission. from outside the iss, astronauts rex walheim and stanley love prepared the module for installation before the station ' s robotic arm was used to lift columbus into position. esa astronaut leopold eyharts, who was at the controls of the station ' s robotic arm for the final capture and initial berthing of columbus, reported to mission control, \" the european columbus module is now part of the iss \" at 22 : 44 cet. columbus will allow astronauts to carry out scientific experiments in a weightless, shirtsleeve environment. it presently carries 2. 5 tonnes of science payloads, consisting of five equipment racks. other payloads will be delivered later. it will eventually hold 16 racks, 10 of which will be used for scientific research. columbus was inspected earlier today and will be officially opened at 2 : 55 p. m. est ( 1955 gmt ). catch it live on nasa tv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44100639252973517, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.106109"} {"text": "| \u2014 municipality and town \u2014 | | \u2022 mayor | | zivorad smiljanic | | \u2022 municipality | | 333 km2 ( 129 sq mi ) | | population ( 2011 census ) | | time zone | | cet ( utc + 1 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | cest ( utc + 2 ) | | area code | | + 381 25 | apatin ( serbian cyrillic : \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d ) is a town and municipality in the vojvodina administrative region of serbia, located in the west backa district, at. the town of apatin is the administrative, economic, cultural, educational and tourist centre of the municipality of apatin ( 333 km\u00b2 ). the population of the town is 17, 411, while the municipality has 28, 929 inhabitants. in serbian, the town is known as apatin ( \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d ), while the same name is also used in german, romanian, croatian ( sokac ), and hungarian. according to some claims, the name apatin is derived from the old form opaty, by which the town was first mentioned in the 11th century. the municipality of apatin is located on the left bank of the danube river ( natural border with croatia ), between the municipality of sombor ( in the northeast ) and municipality of odzaci ( in the southeast ). the favourable geographic position, proximity to the danube, and natural wealth of this area ( fruitful ground, woods next to the river, abundance of fish in swampy regions and backwaters, and game in woods ) attracted people through all ages and made them settle here. because of these reasons, even in pre - historic times, cultures such as the sarmatians, the celts, the goths and many others were replacing each other within this region, one by one. in the 1st century, during the roman conquest, the settlement was turned into a military trench with fortifications, and played an important role in the defense of the pannonia province. subsequently, the area came under control of the huns, gepids and avars. in the 6th century the slavs settled, and in the 9th century, the area was included into the bulgarian empire. bulgarian duke salan who had residence in titel ruled over region of backa. in the 10th century the hungarians came to central europe, thereby establishing a state, which was populated by both, hungarians and slavs. the first mentioning of apatin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37970492408768447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.119828"} {"text": "bulgarian duke salan who had residence in titel ruled over region of backa. in the 10th century the hungarians came to central europe, thereby establishing a state, which was populated by both, hungarians and slavs. the first mentioning of apatin in any written script was in the year 1011, by the abbey of kalocsa bishopric. according to other source, apatin was firstly mentioned in 1407. during this time, settlement was part of the bodrogiensis county within the medieval kingdom of hungary. during the 14th and 15th centuries, the area became feudalistic, and in exchange for lands, the vassals would need to complete military service to the lord of the property. many fishermen, hunters, and millers then began to settle down in this area. in 1417, apatin is mentioned as a property of stefan lazarevic, who was crowned as the despot of serbia in 1402. in 1526 - 1527 it belonged to the short - lived serb state of emperor jovan nenad, and soon after ( in 1541 ) this area became part of the ottoman empire. during the ottoman administration apatin was part of the sanjak of segedin and was mainly populated by ethnic serbs. in the end of the 17th century it became part of the habsburg monarchy. many of the refugees during the massive migration of serbs led by arsenije carnojevic in 1690, came to apatin, sombor and prigrevica, thus the serb population in this area increased. a new wave of colonisation occurred in 1748 when many german colonists settled in apatin, pushing out the serbs mostly by force, who then evacuated towards stapar. the german colonists came from many different regions. the gathering centre was in ulm, germany and from that point they were transported by the danube to apatin, which became the main base of the german expansion in vojvodina. the church was built near the port and the city square was also built at this time. the real estate value of buildings, such as schools, fishermen \u2019 s station, hand craft \u2019 s workshops, began to rise. the chamber of court decided to put forth economic objectives to better the economy, and in 1756 the brewery and distillery were built. in 1764 a large textiles factory was built. in 1760 apatin was officially proclaimed a town and a main trade centre with a special status. at the end of the 18th century, a catastrophic flood destroyed the old town square, and ruined half of the settlement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3719421128113989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.120748"} {"text": "a large textiles factory was built. in 1760 apatin was officially proclaimed a town and a main trade centre with a special status. at the end of the 18th century, a catastrophic flood destroyed the old town square, and ruined half of the settlement. the new square was built north - westward from the brewery. the town as seen today, began to take shape. during the 18th and in the early part of 19th century, apatin had prospered economically, mostly because of developed trade, handcraft and shipbuilding. during the initial years of the habsburg administration, apatin was administratively a part of the batsch county within the habsburg kingdom of hungary. subsequently it was included into the newly formed batsch - bodrog county. in 1848 - 1849 apatin was part of the serbian voivodship, a serb autonomous region within austrian empire, and between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the voivodeship of serbia and banat of temeschwar, a separate austrian province. after abolishment of the voivodeship, in 1860 it was again included into batsch - bodrog county within the habsburg kingdom of hungary, which became one of two autonomous parts of the monarchy after 1867. in the year of 1869 numerous banks and saving - banks were established, and that opened the door to industrial development. a great number of brickyards produced brick and tile, which were used to construct many buildings in vienna and almost all in pest. in 1912 apatin was connected to sombor and sonta by the railroad, and the following year, a shipyard was founded. today, the shipyard has been modernized as it the only shipyard on the whole danube which has a special lift for quickly drawing boats out onto the docks. according to 1910 census, most of the inhabitants of apatin spoke the german language. in 1918, as part of banat, backa and baranja, apatin became part of the kingdom of serbia, which later together with the kingdom of montenegro and the state of slovenes, croats and serbs formed the kingdom of serbs, croats and slovenes ( renamed to yugoslavia in 1929 ). in 1918 - 1919, apatin was part of the banat, backa and baranja region and also ( from 1918 to 1922 ) part of the novi sad district. between 1922 and 1929, the town was part of the backa oblast and between 1929 and 1941, part of the danube banovina, one of the provinces of the kingdom of yugoslavia. when axis powers invaded, occupied and partitioned yugoslavia in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3982950433443001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.123286"} {"text": ". between 1922 and 1929, the town was part of the backa oblast and between 1929 and 1941, part of the danube banovina, one of the provinces of the kingdom of yugoslavia. when axis powers invaded, occupied and partitioned yugoslavia in 1941, apatin was included into bacs - bodrog county within the horthy ' s hungary. the town remained under axis control until 1944. during the battle of batina, the front was stretched all the way to apatin and bogojevo, and these places became military bases overnight. yugoslav partisans entered apatin on october 24, 1944, and since then apatin was part of the yugoslav autonomous province of vojvodina, which ( from 1945 ) was part of the people ' s republic of serbia within new socialist yugoslavia. in 1944, as a consequence of world war ii events in yugoslavia, one part of yugoslav citizens of german ethnicity left from the area, together with defeated german army. the antifascist council for deliberation of yugoslavia ( avnoj ) declared the remaining german population as public enemies and sent them to communist prison camps, where one part of them died from disease, cold and malnutrition. the death toll among the german population of apatin amounts to 2, 074 people known by name. this figure includes the victims of deportation to the ussr. after prison camps were dissolved ( in 1948 ), most of the remaining german population left yugoslavia in subsequent decades, mainly because of economic reasons. after the war, apatin was populated by ( mainly serb ) settlers from other parts of yugoslavia, largely from lika. population censuses conducted after world war ii recorded serbs as the largest ethnic group in the town. between 1992 and 2003, apatin was part of the federal republic of yugoslavia, between 2003 and 2006 part of the state union of serbia and montenegro, and since 2006 it is part of an independent serbia. inhabited places apatin municipality includes the city of apatin and the following villages : demographics ( 2011 census ) ethnic groups in the municipality - serbs = 18, 164 ( 62. 79 % ) - hungarians = 3, 102 ( 10. 72 % ) - croats = 3, 015 ( 10. 42 % ) - romanians = 1, 148 ( 3. 97 % ) - roma = 654 ( 2. 26 % ) - others ( including montenegrins, macedonians, muslims, albanians, germans, slovaks, etc. ). settlements by ethnic majority ethnic groups in the town - serbs = 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3623392622747764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.125168"} {"text": "97 % ) - roma = 654 ( 2. 26 % ) - others ( including montenegrins, macedonians, muslims, albanians, germans, slovaks, etc. ). settlements by ethnic majority ethnic groups in the town - serbs = 13, 990 ( 72. 41 % ) - romanians = 967 ( 5. 01 % ) - hungarians = 848 ( 4. 39 % ) - croats = 658 ( 3. 41 % ) - yugoslavs = 612 ( 3. 17 % ) - roma = 369 ( 1. 91 % ) - germans = 142 ( 0. 74 % ) - montenegrins = 100 ( 0. 52 % ) near the city of apatin lies the junakovic spa. it is a modern and well - equipped rehabilitation and recreation centre with sports fields, outdoor pools, indoor therapy, and saunas. the largest companies in apatin today are the apatinska pivara ad ( brewery, built in 1756 ), rapid ( silicate bricks factory ), jedinstvo ( agricultural company ) and apatin shipyard ( formerly known as \" boris kidric \" ). free port apatin the free port apatin is a free customs zone, cargo - transportation center and port with wharf, which will form an economic unit known under the name \" slobodna zona apatin \" ( and will cover 160 hectares of ground next to river danube ). it will also represent one of the potentially largest economical undertakings in the region. tourist attraction apatin has popular tourist location, and because of its proximity to the danube river and the forests, it is gathering place for fishermen and hunters. there is also an annual gathering called \" apatinske ribarske veceri \" ( apatin fishermen nights ), which has taken place for the last forty some years. \" ribarske veceri \" usually starts on july 1, and lasts five or seven days. apatin has a rich history in sports. zeljko rebraca is by far the most famous athlete from this area, but in the past, apatin has had athletes represent yugoslavia ( and now serbia ) on the international stage. today, some of the well known professional sports clubs are : - fk mladost - member of the serbia first league soccer association - rk apatin - member of the serbia second league handball association notable natives and residents - paul abraham ( 1892 \u2013 1960 ), a jewish composer, born in apatin. - frank dancevic ( born 1984 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40156281372964886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.126278"} {"text": "serbia first league soccer association - rk apatin - member of the serbia second league handball association notable natives and residents - paul abraham ( 1892 \u2013 1960 ), a jewish composer, born in apatin. - frank dancevic ( born 1984 ), a croatian - canadian tennis player whose father hails from apatin. - mirko \u0111uric ( born in 1960 ), a famous classical guitarist. - jovan lakatos ( born in 1944 ), ornitologist of hungarian origin, born in apatin. - pavle marcetic ( born in 1957 ), a writer and ethnic serb, born in apatin. - nenad medic ( born 1983 ), poker player. - gyula partos ( 1845 \u2013 1916 ), an architect and ethnic hungarian, born in apatin. - zeljko rebraca ( born in 1972 ), a professional basketball player, and ethnic serb, playing in the nba with the l. a. clippers. he was born in 1972 in the village of prigrevica near apatin. - josef sayer ( born 1941 ), german roman catholic priest, theologian and development aid official. - ervin sinko ( 1898 \u2013 1967 ), a writer and ethnic hungarian, born in apatin. see also - \" municipalities of serbia, 2006 \". statistical office of serbia. retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28. - \" 2011 census of population, households and dwellings in the republic of serbia : ethnicity - data by municipalities and cities \". statistical office of republic of serbia, belgrade. 2012. isbn 978 - 86 - 6161 - 023 - 3. retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. - datanet. rs galerija meander / gallery meander - arbeitskreis dokumentation : verbrechen an den deutschen in jugoslawien 1944 - 1948, die stationen eines volkermordes, 2000, munich - \" population by ethnicity \u2013 apatin \". statistical office of the republic of serbia ( sors ). retrieved 23 february 2013. | wikimedia commons has media related to : apatin |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265802736158171, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.127370"} {"text": "- uploaded : feb 12, 2013 - hits : 93 with the news that benedict the 16th is stepping down, thoughts are now turning to who his replacement might be. a new pope is expected to be elected by the end of march, ahead of the feast of easter. some of the most likely successors come from africa and latin america. al jazeera ' s rory challands reports. source, credit to aljazeera - http : / / www. aljazeera. com / video fair use notice : this video has been posted to further advance our understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, technological, democratic, scientific, and social justice issues which constitutes a \" fair use \" of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law. in accordance with title 17 u. s. c. section 107 for research and educational purposes. benedict xvi was elected pope at the age of 78. he is the oldest person to have been elected pope since pope clement xii ( 1730 - - 40 ). he had served longer as a cardinal than any pope since benedict xiii ( 1724 - - 30 ). he is the ninth german pope, the eighth having been the dutch - german pope adrian vi ( 1522 - - 23 ) from utrecht. the last pope named benedict was benedict xv, an italian who reigned from 1914 to 1922, during world war i ( 1914 - - 18 ). born in 1927 in marktl, bavaria, germany, ratzinger had a distinguished career as a university theologian before being appointed archbishop of munich and freising by pope paul vi ( 1963 - - 78 ). shortly afterwards, he was made a cardinal in the consistory of 27 june 1977. he was appointed prefect of the congregation for the doctrine of the faith by pope john paul ii in 1981 and was also assigned the honorific title of the cardinal bishop of velletri - segni on 5 april 1993. in 1998, he was elected sub - dean of the college of cardinals. on 30 november 2002, he was elected dean, taking, as is customary, the title of cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of ostia. he was the first dean of the college elected pope since paul iv ( 1555 - - 59 ) and the first cardinal bishop elected pope since pius viii ( 1829 - - 30 ). even before becoming pope, ratzinger was one of the most influential men in the roman curia, and was a close associate of john paul ii. as dean of the college", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39766693144297927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.134480"} {"text": "cardinal bishop elected pope since pius viii ( 1829 - - 30 ). even before becoming pope, ratzinger was one of the most influential men in the roman curia, and was a close associate of john paul ii. as dean of the college of cardinals, he presided over the funeral of john paul ii and over the mass immediately preceding the 2005 conclave in which he was elected. during the service, he called on the assembled cardinals to hold fast to the doctrine of the faith. he was the public face of the church in the sede vacante period, although, technically, he ranked below the camerlengo in administrative authority during that time. like his predecessor, benedict xvi affirms traditional catholic doctrine. in addition to his native german, benedict speaks french and italian fluently. he also has a very good command of latin and speaks english and spanish adequately. furthermore, he has some knowledge of portuguese. he can read ancient greek and biblical hebrew. he has stated that his first foreign language is french. he is a member of several scientific academies, such as the french academie des sciences morales et politiques. he plays the piano and has a preference for mozart and bach. read more here http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / pope _ benedict _ xvi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3754033147212291, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.135895"} {"text": "whether you are taking the holiday challenge for the first time or you are a veteran nutritarian, rich holiday foods packed with oils, animal products, white flour, and sugar may look tempting to you. maybe tempting enough for you to say to yourself \u201c it \u2019 s just for today, just this one meal. i \u2019 ll go back to my healthy nutritarian diet tomorrow \u2013 one unhealthy meal can \u2019 t possibly harm me. \u201d is that true? aside from the fact that a single low - nutrient meal may awaken old addictive drives that could then lead to many more low - nutrient meals, a single meal is enough to cause damage to your cardiovascular system. as dr. fuhrman mentioned in his recent twitter chat, there are more cardiac deaths on december 25, 26, and january 1 than any other days of the year. 1 this sobering observation suggests that overindulging at a holiday meal can be extremely hazardous to your heart. first, i \u2019 d like to define the phrase \u201c endothelial function, \u201d which will be used frequently in this post : the endothelium is a specialized layer of cells that forms the inner lining of all blood vessels. endothelial cells produce nitric oxide and other substances that regulate blood pressure, maintain balance between pro - thrombotic ( blood clotting ) and anti - thrombotic mechanisms, and act as a selective barrier between the blood and surrounding tissues. the functions of the endothelium are crucial ; endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherosclerotic plaque development and cardiovascular disease. 2 now let \u2019 s take a look at the traditional components of a holiday meal, and how they affect our cardiovascular system \u2026 meat, cheese, and oils. fifteen years ago, a study reported that eating a high saturated fat, high animal product meal impaired endothelial function for four hours following the meal, and this effect has been confirmed in the literature over and over. 3, 4 for example, a study presented earlier this year reported the detrimental effects of a sausage, egg and cheese breakfast sandwich on endothelial function. 5 in addition to impaired endothelial function, single low - nutrient, high fat meals have been reported to induce insulin resistance, increase circulating adhesion molecules ( which allows excess ldl and inflammatory cells to enter the vessel wall \u2013 a contributor to atherosclerosis ), induce oxidative stress, and deplete the body \u2019 s circulating antioxidants. 6 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47186397285966786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.151678"} {"text": "adhesion molecules ( which allows excess ldl and inflammatory cells to enter the vessel wall \u2013 a contributor to atherosclerosis ), induce oxidative stress, and deplete the body \u2019 s circulating antioxidants. 6 - 8 the detrimental effects of a high saturated fat meal on endothelial function are believed to occur via oxidative stress and activation of pro - inflammatory pathways. 4, 9 although most of the studies have focused on high saturated fat meals, there is also evidence that animal protein and excess oils ( high in omega - 6 fatty acids ) may also negatively affect the endothelium and induce oxidative stress. 10, 11 bread, pasta, and sugary desserts. for a refresher on some of the harms of added sugar, revisit dr. klaper \u2019 s post from last year \u2019 s holiday challenge. in addition to those effects, refined carbohydrate is just as harmful to endothelial function as saturated fat. refined carbohydrates cause dangerous spikes in blood glucose \u2013 repeated spikes over time promote diabetes and other chronic diseases, but what about a single high glycemic meal? acute hyperglycemia ( short term elevated blood glucose after a single refined carbohydrate - rich meal ) has been shown to impair endothelial function, promote blood clotting ( which increases heart attack risk ), induce oxidative stress and deplete circulating antioxidants, increase blood pressure, increase circulating adhesion molecules, impair the body \u2019 s ability to fight infection, and decrease blood flow to the heart. 7, 12 - 17 salty snacks, beer, and wine. a single high salt meal impairs endothelial function, just like high saturated fat or high sugar meals, and alcohol magnifies the increase in blood glucose from a refined carbohydrate - rich meal. 18, 19 the point : a single unhealthy holiday meal inflicts damage on the cardiovascular system, contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, and in susceptible individuals may even provoke a cardiac event. when i see a fatty, sugary dessert, i try to think up some scary images to deter myself from indulging \u2013 here are some examples : - sugar crystals floating around in my bloodstream, scratching up the delicate surface of my endothelium. - all the circulating antioxidants from my previous nutritarian meals being used up and destroyed. - my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4660565099408338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.152904"} {"text": "here are some examples : - sugar crystals floating around in my bloodstream, scratching up the delicate surface of my endothelium. - all the circulating antioxidants from my previous nutritarian meals being used up and destroyed. - my vessels constricting, failing to deliver adequate blood to my heart muscle. - my blood pressure rising, and my heart becoming fatigued from pumping against that extra pressure. - ldl cholesterol and inflammatory cells pouring through the gaps in my compromised endothelial barrier and building the beginnings of atherosclerotic plaque. \u2026 and i stick with my g - bombs. but that doesn \u2019 t mean that i have to choose between excellent health and tasty food. i get the best of both worlds - i enjoy preparing and serving a special dish for the holidays, while sharing health - promoting foods with my friends and family. and if i bring a nutritarian dessert, i don \u2019 t have to conjure up scary images of what an unhealthy dessert will do to my body ; the nutritarian option is always far more appetizing! for the past few family holidays, i \u2019 ve made apple pie, key lime pie, raw chocolate pudding pie, and pumpkin chai ice cream. trust me \u2013 no one missed the sugar, oil, or white flour! this year i \u2019 m excited to share a new main dish recipe i created : layered sweet potatoes with rosemary cream sauce. seasonal winter squash and rosemary make it perfect for the holidays! layered sweet potatoes with rosemary cream sauce 1 medium sweet potato 1 small winter squash, such as butternut or dumpling 1 large red onion 16 ounces cremini mushrooms 1. 5 cups cooked white beans 2 tablespoons raw tahini or cashew butter 5 cloves garlic 1 / 3 cup nutritional yeast 1 cup water 2 teaspoons dried rosemary ( or 1 - 2 tablespoons fresh rosemary ) 1 / 2 teaspoon dried sage 1 / 4 teaspoon black pepper 1. preheat oven to 350 f 2. slice the sweet potato, squash, red onion, and mushrooms thinly ( preferably with a mandoline ). 3. combine the remaining ingredients in a high - power blender and blend until creamy. 4. spread a thin layer of rosemary cream sauce on the bottom of a 9x13 pan. 5. layer one - third of each ingredient, and repeat to make three layers. 6. bake at 350 for 40 minutes, then turn down heat to 300 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4736342335235121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.155347"} {"text": "thin layer of rosemary cream sauce on the bottom of a 9x13 pan. 5. layer one - third of each ingredient, and repeat to make three layers. 6. bake at 350 for 40 minutes, then turn down heat to 300 and bake an additional 30 minutes. 1. kloner ra. the \" merry christmas coronary \" and \" happy new year heart attack \" phenomenon. circulation 2004 ; 110 : 3744 - 3745. 2. higashi y, noma k, yoshizumi m, et al. endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. circ j 2009 ; 73 : 411 - 418. 3. vogel ra, corretti mc, plotnick gd. effect of a single high - fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. am j cardiol 1997 ; 79 : 350 - 354. 4. hall wl. dietary saturated and unsaturated fats as determinants of blood pressure and vascular function. nutr res rev 2009 ; 22 : 18 - 38. 5. lacroix s, des rosiers c, gayda m, et al : abstract 752 : baseline triglyceridemia influences postprandial endothelial response to a single mixed mediterranean - type meal compared to a high - saturated fat meal. in canadian cardiovascular congress. toronto, canada ; 2012. 6. ramirez - velez r. [ postprandial lipemia induces endothelial dysfunction and higher insulin resistance in healthy subjects ]. endocrinol nutr 2011 ; 58 : 529 - 535. 7. ceriello a, quagliaro l, piconi l, et al. effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. diabetes 2004 ; 53 : 701 - 710. 8. tsai wc, li yh, lin cc, et al. effects of oxidative stress on endothelial function after a high - fat meal. clin sci ( lond ) 2004 ; 106 : 315 - 319. 9. lacroix s, rosiers cd, tardif jc, et al. the role of oxidative stress in postprandial endothelial dysfunction. nutr res rev 2012 ; 25 : 288 - 301. 10. mohanty p, ghanim h, hamouda w,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4850368007776155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.157116"} {"text": "jc, et al. the role of oxidative stress in postprandial endothelial dysfunction. nutr res rev 2012 ; 25 : 288 - 301. 10. mohanty p, ghanim h, hamouda w, et al. both lipid and protein intakes stimulate increased generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. am j clin nutr 2002 ; 75 : 767 - 772. 11. hennig b, toborek m, mcclain cj. high - energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function : implications for atherosclerosis. j am coll nutr 2001 ; 20 : 97 - 105. 12. lemkes ba, hermanides j, devries jh, et al. hyperglycemia : a prothrombotic factor? j thromb haemost 2010 ; 8 : 1663 - 1669. 13. mohanty p, hamouda w, garg r, et al. glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species ( ros ) generation by leucocytes. j clin endocrinol metab 2000 ; 85 : 2970 - 2973. 14. turina m, fry de, polk hc, jr. acute hyperglycemia and the innate immune system : clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects. crit care med 2005 ; 33 : 1624 - 1633. 15. fujimoto k, hozumi t, watanabe h, et al. acute hyperglycemia induced by oral glucose loading suppresses coronary microcirculation on transthoracic doppler echocardiography in healthy young adults. echocardiography 2006 ; 23 : 829 - 834. 16. rammos g, peppes v, zakopoulos n. transient insulin resistance in normal subjects : acute hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial - dependent vasodilatation in normal subjects. metab syndr relat disord 2008 ; 6 : 159 - 170. 17. lee ik, kim hs, bae jh. endothelial dysfunction : its relationship with acute hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. int j clin pract suppl 2002 : 59 - 64. 18. hatonen ka, virtamo j, eriksson jg, et al. modifying effects of alcohol on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects. am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48198403727644373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.158744"} {"text": "become an editor the entire directory only in pacific / pearl _ harbor by time period wars and conflicts world war ii theaters of operations open directory - society : history : by time period : twentieth century : wars and conflicts : world war ii : theaters of operations : pacific : pearl harbor uss west virginia arts : movies : titles : p : pearl harbor arts : movies : titles : t : tora tora tora games : video games : action : p : pearl harbor - zero hour kids and teens : school time : social studies : history : by time period : twentieth century : world war ii : pearl harbor society : history : by region : north america : united states : presidents : roosevelt, franklin delano : scandals : pearl harbor conspiracy after the day of infamy - collection of audio recordings documents public reaction to the bombing of pearl harbor. attack on pearl harbor - find history, pictures, eyewitness accounts, casualty lists, ship info, forum, plus museum shop, posters, travel info. attack on pearl harbor - photo galleries documenting the japanese raid on hawaii that brought the united states into the war. includes before and after images, as well as maps. - biography and photos of this purple heart recipient. - another view on pearl harbor by bob fink, 1992 and wartime crimes of big business, excerpts from a 1943 pamphlet. day of infamy exhibit - online collection of pearl harbor documents from east carolina university. includes telegrams, photographs, letters, and interview transcripts. franco ' s map of pearl harbor - historical account of the day of infamy, december 7, 1941. full pearl harbor casualty list - simple alphabetical list of all individuals injured during the attack on pearl harbor. name, rank, and assignment of military personnel ; age and location, if civilian. marines at pearl harbor - detailed accounts of actions of united states marines during the attack on pearl harbor, with photographs. my story : pearl harbor - timeline, photos, and interview. - pearl harbor photos, letters, time line, map, and information on ships involved. - images of pearl harbor before, during, and after the air raid. pearl harbor after 25 years - harry elmer barnes recaps findings of the official investigations and reconstructs the events in washington and tokyo that made the japanese raid on oahu in 1941 not only successful, but inevitable. pearl harbor attacked - message board ; photographs and recollections of the fate of uss arizona ; quiz on pearl harbor facts ; links to other pearl harbor sites. pearl harbor operations :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4331110215753536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.165122"} {"text": "a huge study of millions of kids revealed for the first time the true measure of type 2 diabetes in children in the united states. the results appeared in the june 27, 2007 journal of the american medical association. in the recent past, type 2 diabetes was called adult - onset diabetes because this obesity - related condition was a problem of the middle - aged and the elderly. it usually takes years of unhealthy eating to tip someone into this type of diabetes. it was rarely seen before age 30 or even 40. sadly, today we do see type 2 diabetes in children. a family i saw yesterday had a 10 - year - old who already had it. pediatricians across the country are having similar experiences. but until this significant study none of us knew exactly how large the problem had become. stunningly, 22 percent of all diabetes diagnosed in us children was type 2. and in kids aged 10 - 19, type 2 diabetes was more common than the autoimmune type 1 ( previously called juvenile diabetes ) \u2013 even though type 1 has also been increasing over the last 2 decades around the world. the consequences of overfed, undernourished, inactive lifestyles have reached from middle age into childhood. the message is clear : it \u2019 s time to feed our kids healthy amounts of healthy foods and to ensure that they get a liberal dose of active play every day. the writing group for the search for diabetes in youth study group. \u201c incidence of diabetes in youth in the united states. \u201d jama 2007, 297, pp. 2716 - 2724.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44976499622957794, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.168782"} {"text": "the cardinal is probably one of the most recognizable and popular backyard birds because of its brilliant red color and crested head. it is a great bird to admire year - round. the color contrast of the brilliant red against fresh white snow really is a high point during the winter months. early settlers were said to have named this bird after the cardinals of the catholic church who wore red robes. both sexes are accomplished songsters and may be heard at any time of year. cardinals will mate for life and remain together throughout the entire year. that ' s why you will usually see a male and female together at your feeding station. | | they can be found across the eastern u. s. from lower canada south to the gulf coast and west to arizona and parts of southern california. the cardinal ' s range has expanded dramatically since 1886 when it was rarely seen north of the ohio river. habitat is typically dense thickets along fields, hedges, swamps, and parks and gardens. | | cardinals are not migratory. their bright plumage brings color to our yards during the winter when many other species have flown south. in winter, most cardinals flock and roost together but, at other times of the year, they are quite territorial. in flocks, males dominate females when feeding. it is also nice to hear a pair calling to each other in late winter or early spring. | | a cardinal ' s nesting season lasts from march to august. they usually raise 2 - 3 broods a year. the female builds a nest of small twigs and grasses in a shrub or dense bush. she lays about 3 - 4 white to greenish eggs that average about one inch in length. the female usually incubates the eggs, which takes 12 - 13 days. however, after the eggs hatch, the male tends to the chicks while the female incubates her next brood. young leave the nest after 9 - 10 days. male cardinals often feed the females while courting and when they ' re nesting. | | about 90 % of the cardinal ' s food consists of weed seeds, grains, insects, fruits, and sunflower seeds. they prefer seeds that are easily husked. cardinals are less selective during winter in the colder climates. cardinals also drink maple sap from holes made by sapsuckers. | size and color : | | cardinals range from 8 to 9 inches long, with a wingspread of 10 - 1 / 4 to 12 inches across. the adult male is bright red with a black face and red bill. the adult female is buff - brown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43519341223290786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.176095"} {"text": "color : | | cardinals range from 8 to 9 inches long, with a wingspread of 10 - 1 / 4 to 12 inches across. the adult male is bright red with a black face and red bill. the adult female is buff - brown with a red tinge to the crest, wings, and tail. like the male, the face is black and the bill orange. | | male and female cardinals both sing. songs are loud, beautiful whistled phrases. some songs you may hear sound like \" whoit whoit whoit \" and \" whacheer whacheer. \" these songs are used in forming territories and in courtship. male and female cardinals use \" chirps \" as contact calls and alarms. they also have many visual displays such as \" tail - flicks \" to signal alarm. the crest may be raised and lowered. strongly territorial, males will fight other males, along with their own reflection in windows! | | create a dense hedge or thicket around your backyard. cardinals are especially fond of roosting and nesting in honeysuckle thickets. provide open areas with trees and berry producing shrubs such as mulberry, blueberry, grape, and dogwood. at feeding stations, they prefer unhulled black - oil sunflower seeds over all other foods. they will also eat white proso millet, bread, nutmeats and peanut butter mixes. offer a source of water for drinking and bathing. | | up to 15 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3743342359351654, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.177105"} {"text": "create a continuous binding strip for your quilt when making bias strips for your quilt, you can either create one long strip or cut individual strips and then sew them together to get the length you need. you can use either of these methods to produce different types of bias binding. to end up with a continuous binding strip, follow these steps : cut a 44 \" x 44 \" square of fabric ( with selvages removed ) in half diagonally to make two large triangles ( see a in the following figure ). the square is cut on - grain at this point. making a continuous bias strip. you now have a trapezoid shape with two bias edges ( upper and lower ). decide how wide you need the binding to be, and mark lines on the wrong side of the fabric using a ruler ( refer to c in the preceding figure ). stitch the short ends of the fabric together ( right sides facing ), off - setting the lines by one strip line to form a funny - looking tube ( refer to d in the preceding figure ). carefully press the seam allowance open. with scissors, cut the binding in one continuous strip, starting at the offset overhang and cutting along the marked lines. a symbol ( asterisk ) in a written stitch pattern indicating that whatever follows gets repeated. a symbol ( bullet ) in a written stitch pattern indicating that whatever follows gets repeated. a synthetic fiber used to make yarn that mimics the look and feel of natural materials. 1. the afghan crochet stitch produces a rather solid fabric that closely resembles a knitted fabric. 2. an afghan ( lowercase a ) is a soft blanket or shawl, crocheted or knitted, often in a geometric design abbreviation for approximately. to knit or crochet stitches at an angle on the back ( or wrong ) side of a fabric, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap. a type of crochet stitch in which you insert your hook around the post of a stitch that ' s one or more rows below the current row, creating raised patterns that appear to recede on the side of the fabric facing you. a stitch used to assemble knitted pieces by using a tapestry needle, going in and out of the stitches in knitted fabrics. yarn wound around a cardboard center or an open hole. a knitted border on a piece of knitted fabric that keeps the center edge from stretching ; adds a neat trim to an otherwise rough - looking edge ; and creates a place for fastenings such as buttons. most often appears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5021955344013062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.206632"} {"text": "an open hole. a knitted border on a piece of knitted fabric that keeps the center edge from stretching ; adds a neat trim to an otherwise rough - looking edge ; and creates a place for fastenings such as buttons. most often appears on cardigan sweaters. 1. a type of knitting increase that leaves a horizontal bar under the increased stitch. 2. in filet crochet, a long space that crosses over the two blocks or spaces, or the one lacet, below it. a knitting stitch pattern that creates a fabric that looks like a woven basket. knitting pattern abbreviation for beginning. crochet pattern abbreviation for between. to make a finished edge by securing the knitted stitches in the last row worked, which prevents unraveling. a crochet stitch used to assemble crocheted pieces, adding some stability to the backside of a seam made with long stitches, such as triple crochet. 1. ( verb ) to wet down or steam a piece of knitting or crochet in order to coax it into its final shape. the moisture and / or heat smoothes out uneven stitches and straightens out wavy, rolling edges. 2. ( noun ) the actual crocheted substance of a filet crochet design. wooden sock - or mitten - shaped template with biscuit - type holes cut out to aid air circulation when blocking a knitted or crocheted piece. a flat surface made from a material that you can stick a pin into, often marked with a 1 - inch grid to aid in blocking a knitted or crocheted piece. long, slightly flexible stainless steel wires in various lengths that you thread through the edges of your knitted pieces so that you can pin a knitted or crocheted piece into place for blocking without the edges becoming scalloped at the pin sites. crochet pattern abbreviation for back loop only. a piece of shaped plastic used to keep colored yarns separate while knitting or crocheting with multiple colors and strands of yarn. you wrap one color of yarn per bobbin. commonly used in fair isle and intarsia knitting. a highly bumpy, textured yarn composed of loops. a knitting stitch that has the same look and feel as seed stitch, but on a larger scale. a thick, heavy fabric into which raised patterns have been woven. knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 back, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches from behind your work. knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 front, meaning a cable worked over 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5864193123487705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.208037"} {"text": "larger scale. a thick, heavy fabric into which raised patterns have been woven. knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 back, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches from behind your work. knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 front, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches in front of your work. knit pattern abbreviation for cable 6 back, meaning a cable worked over 6 stitches from behind your work. knit pattern abbreviation for cable 6 front, meaning a cable worked over 6 stitches in front of your work. a knit pattern in which you cross one group of stitches over another by knitting them out of order. a short knitting needle that ' s point at both ends, has a divot or curve toward the middle, and is used to hold stitches temporarily while you work on their neighbors. when knitting or crocheting with different colors, the process of moving yarn not in use to the next position it will be used by working it into the stitches being made in another color, rather than fastening off and rejoining the yarn with each color change. create a series of loops on one needle as a knitted starting row. the opposite is to bind off or cast off. crocheting or knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for contrasting color. a simple, common crocheting stitch used to make a crochet piece ' s foundation and to start new rows. a type of yarn material ( usually made of rayon or cotton ) with an attractive appearance and velvety texture. knitting pattern that makes the fabric form arrow - like shapes. a crocheting or knitting technique that works the stitches in a continuous, spiral - like fashion without turning the piece ; also called crocheting or knitting in the round. a knitting needle designed especially for circular knitting, made up of one long double - pointed needle in a circular shape. a set of crochet stitches that you work across an equal number of stitches and join together at the top, forming a triangle shape that resembles an upside - down shell stitch. knitting style in which you hold the yarn in your left hand and pick the stitches through each loop. a soft, white natural fiber from plants, often made into yarn. worked like a single crochet stitch, but from left to right, rather than right to left. a style of embroidery that ' s worked with any type of yarn, rather than thread. a kind of needlework in which loops of a yarn are interwoven by means of a single hooked needle, or crochet hook. a specialized needle with a hook at one end used to create cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.606346988122682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.209560"} {"text": "type of yarn, rather than thread. a kind of needlework in which loops of a yarn are interwoven by means of a single hooked needle, or crochet hook. a specialized needle with a hook at one end used to create crochetwork. to knit or crochet stitches at an angle, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap ; crosses can be in the back or front of a stitched fabric. a type of needlework, usually done with thread, in which stitches are crossed in the form of an x on some surface. a band or fold at the end of a sleeve. removing stitches from a crocheted or knitted row to create a piece with sophisticated shaping ; abbreviated dec. one of the most common crochet stitches, it ' s about twice as tall as a single crochet ; abbreviated dc. compare with single crochet. decreasing 2 stitches at the same time ; abbreviated dbl dec. increasing 2 stitch in the same place ; abbreviated dbl inc. a long space in filet crochet that crosses over the two blocks or spaces, or the one lacet, below it. a tall crochet stitch that creates a loose and holey fabric. knitting needle that has a point at each end. how a knitted or crocheted fabric falls, including how much movement the fabric allows. adding loops to your crochet hook by crocheting a row onto a foundation chain. a knit stitch or purl stitch that has fallen off the knitting needle, leaving that stitch unworked. a simple way of adding an additional color to your knitting without actually knitting with that color ; instead, you embroider the additional color on the fabric, mimicking the stitch it covers. the batch of dye with which a certain yarn was colored. the quality or condition of being elastic, meaning springy, flexible, and resilient. to decorate a fabric with a design in needlework, usually by using embroidery floss. a style of knitting in which the knitter holds the yarn in his or her right hand and wraps it around the right - hand ( rh ) needle as he or she creates stitches. 1. a small hole through which you pass something, such as a button. 2. a type of lace pattern characterized by small openwork motifs distributed over a solid fabric. a liquid medium that you apply to a worked piece during blocking, which dries invisible and makes your fabric rigid. a kind of knitted lace pattern composed of nothing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6009313431451118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.212142"} {"text": "a type of lace pattern characterized by small openwork motifs distributed over a solid fabric. a liquid medium that you apply to a worked piece during blocking, which dries invisible and makes your fabric rigid. a kind of knitted lace pattern composed of nothing but the simplest lace - making unit \u2014 a yarn over followed ( or preceded ) by a decrease. knitting technique, also called stranding, that involves color patterns using more than one color in a row. you can work with two strands of yarn, carrying them along the back of your work, and picking up and dropping them as needed. a filet crochet stitch that looks somewhat like a v and is worked across five stitches or the width of two spaces. to cut the yarn in a crocheted piece and then draw it through a loop on the crochet hook at the end of the design or the end of that particular yarn ' s use in the design. to transform knitting or crochetwork into a dense, sturdy fabric by running the finished piece through the washing machine. a crochet technique that imitates a 17th - century form of lace worked on mesh netting stretched across a frame, which has evolved into a series of blocks and spaces that form a design. wool from a sheep or similar animal. the strand on the wrong side of loose stitches that connects those stitches. a soft, loosely twisted thread or yarn used in embroidery. a crochet stitch pattern abbreviation for front loop only. a crochet or knitting stitch pattern abbreviation meaning follows or following. a series of chain stitches that creates your first row of crochet. a border or trimming of cords or threads, hanging loose or tied in bunches. to knit or crochet stitches at an angle on the front ( or right ) side of a fabric, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap. a type of crochet stitch in which you insert your hook around the post of a stitch that ' s one or more rows below the current row, creating raised patterns on the surface of the fabric facing you. a knitting stitch that you create by simply knitting ( or purling ) every row. the number of knitted or crocheted stitches and rows there are to an inch of fabric. a way to join two knitted pieces that mock knits by using a tapestry needle, creating a very stretchy and almost invisible join. a crochet stitch in between a single crochet and a double crochet in height, which you work by drawing the yarn through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6380408354219248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.214464"} {"text": "pieces that mock knits by using a tapestry needle, creating a very stretchy and almost invisible join. a crochet stitch in between a single crochet and a double crochet in height, which you work by drawing the yarn through three loops on the crochet hook. a knitting stitch that creates a fabric that looks and feels like a woven fabric. a technique used to make combination stitches, such as the puff or cluster. the stitch is worked only partway, and then finished at the end of the combination. a large circle of yarn twisted into a figure - 8 shape. a type of yarn that has been blended from a number of different - colored or - dyed fleeces, and then spun ; muted in color. a border on a garment or piece of cloth, usually made by folding the edge and sewing it down. a technique used to knit a cord that curls in on itself. to add stitches to a row so that the row has more stitches than the previous row. a knitting technique that works with different colors without using floats ; instead, each color area has its own strand of yarn, and you intertwine the yarns when it ' s time to work in another color. to connect separate pieces of knitting or crochet by using one of a variety of techniques. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit 2 stitches together. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit in stitch below an explanation of symbols used in a stitch chart. 1. ( verb ) to make cloth by interconnecting loops of yarn or thread in rows of stitches by using a pair of special needles. 2. ( noun ) a particular stitch in knitting that goes into the stitch from front to back. a crochet stitch that looks like rows of vs nesting in the row below, much like a knitting knit stitch. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit stitch through the back of the loop. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knitwise ( as if to knit ). a fabric knitted or crocheted in ornamental designs with various - sized holes. a fancy crochet stitch that looks somewhat like a v and is worked across five stitches or the width of two spaces. left - hand needle ; the knitting needle that you hold in your left hand. a slick, smooth strand of floss or yarn that you thread with a tapestry needle through the last row of stitches below a mistake you ' ve made in knitted lace, which allows you to put stitches back on your needle if you rip out too many when correcting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6007351366516834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.217020"} {"text": "of floss or yarn that you thread with a tapestry needle through the last row of stitches below a mistake you ' ve made in knitted lace, which allows you to put stitches back on your needle if you rip out too many when correcting the mistake. a yarn, cloth, or thread made of flax, a plant fiber. description of a stitch that ' s still on the knitting needle. a single crochet stitch that you work into either the tops of stitches or spaces between stitches one or more rows below the current row, creating a vertical spike of yarn that extends over several rows of stitches. 1. the section of yarn wrapped around your crochet hook or knitting needle with which you work to form new stitches. 2. three or more crochet chain stitches worked in a row. a knitting increase in which you create a new, separate stitch between 2 stitches that are already on the needle. a type of plied yarn in which the plies are different colors. a type of knitting stitch that creates a practically invisible and nicely flexible seam for joining pieces side by side. a crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for main color, used in multicolored patterns. a fuzzy yarn made from the long, silky hair of the angora goat, often mixed with other fibers. a knitting pattern of repeating geometric shapes. a knitting stitch that ' s an elongated version of seed stitch, in which you work 2 rows of the same sequence of knits and purls, then alternate them. a crocheting or knitting design with a repeating figure or shape. a knitting needle ; an eyeless, usually long, needle of metal or plastic that has a blunt point at one or both ends, used in pairs when knitting by hand. a synthetic fiber with great strength and elasticity. a lace pattern that has more openings than solid spaces in its composition. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for purl 2 stitches together. the sequence of crochet or knit stitches that, when repeated, create a certain fabric ; either written out with abbreviations or presented in a chart. abbreviated as pat. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for purl in the stitch below. 1. to use knitting needles and yarn to pull up new loops along a knitted edge and knit a border on that edge. 2. to fix a dropped stitch. a little round - shaped crochet stitch that add a decorative touch to an edging or fill an empty space in a mesh design. 1 ( noun ) a small, thin piece of rust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5955349906515253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.218722"} {"text": "that edge. 2. to fix a dropped stitch. a little round - shaped crochet stitch that add a decorative touch to an edging or fill an empty space in a mesh design. 1 ( noun ) a small, thin piece of rustproof metal, often t - shaped. 2. ( verb ) to secure a knitted or crocheted fabric to the blocking board by using rustproof, non - plastic pins. a finished slit on a garment that has a fastener, such as on the collar of a shirt, to make it easy to put on and take off. the number of smaller strands twisted together to form the larger single strand of yarn. a type of synthetic compound, such as nylon. a fabric made from synthetic material also used in making plastics. an ornamental ball or tuft of yarn often attached to garments and curtains. a crochet stitch that forms a rounded, compact oval that stands out from the fabric. a crochet stitch made by inserting your hook around the post of a stitch that ' s one or more rows below the current row ; can be worked in the front or back of the post. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for pass slipped stitch over ; used for decreasing. a crochet stitch that gently puffs up into an oval shape. a knitting stitch that you create by working a knit stitch backwards, going into the stitch from back to front. a crochet stitch that looks like rows of rounded bumps, much like a knitting purl stitch. a synthetically produced textile fiber produced by pressing a cellulose solution through small holes and solidifying it into filaments. a crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for remains or remaining. a given stitch sequence or combination. stitch patterns are based on stitch repeats and row repeats. a given stitch sequence repeats horizontally across a row. a series of rows of given stitch sequences repeats vertically. together they make up a stitch pattern that makes the fabric smooth, bumpy, cabled, or striped. right - hand needle ; the knitting needle that you hold in your right hand. a crochet or knit stitch pattern that creates textured vertical stripes. to undo knitted stitches by removing the loops from the needle and pulling the yarn to unravel the stitches. a knitting stitch pattern in whcih purl stitches make wavy lines. a single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in the round ; abbreviated rnd. a single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in a flat pattern. a cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5799287766869923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.220073"} {"text": "stitch pattern in whcih purl stitches make wavy lines. a single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in the round ; abbreviated rnd. a single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in a flat pattern. a crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for right side, meaning the side that will be displayed when used / worn. the horizontal strand of yarn that connects the first stitch on each needle when working a make 1 increase. a small outline drawing of each piece of a knitted or crocheted project pattern. 1. ( verb ) joining two pieces of material with a line of stitches. 2. ( noun ) the line along which two pieces of material are joined. a knitting stitch that has a regular texture of little bumps that look a bit like seeds. an extra stitch at the edge of your knitted fabric that ( in combination with others ) serves to create an even, stable border. also spelled selvage. to join or fasten with stitches using a sewing needle and thread. the portion of a crochet hook that holds the loops you ' re working with ; its diameter largely determines the size of the stitches. a projection, such as a ring, on the back of a button by which you sew it onto a fabric. a crochet stitch that involves working from 3 to 5 double crochet stitches all in the same stitch ; the pattern looks like a seashell. a yarn material made from the soft, shiny fiber produced by silkworms from their cocoons. a long crocheted strip of very short vertical single crochet rows. a compact, fundamental crochet stitch that creates a tight, dense fabric. compare with double crochet. the most common form of yarn packaging ; an oblong, machine - wound bundle of yarn. to move a stitch from one knitting needle to the other without working that stitch. the first stitch you form on your knitting needle or crochet hook to begin a project. a flat or small knitting or crochet stitch that you use mostly as a utility stitch or a technique for activities like making a seam or joining a new ball of yarn. the opening in a piece of crochetwork created by working 1 or more chain stitches in between other stitches. a process to block your crochetwork or knitting by spraying the fabric with water to dampen it, then laying the fabric in the intended shape. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for slip, slip, knit the slip stitches together, which creates a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5909991713835616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.222804"} {"text": "a process to block your crochetwork or knitting by spraying the fabric with water to dampen it, then laying the fabric in the intended shape. a knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for slip, slip, knit the slip stitches together, which creates a left - slanting decrease. a tasteless, odorless substance used to stiffen and shape fabrics. using a steam iron to block the shape of a knitted or crocheted piece. a shortcut used to open up a knitted tube in which you sew or crochet two vertical lines of stitches an inch or so apart, then cut the stitches that fall between those lines. a small ring that you add to your knitting or crochet work to remind you where you need to make a change to your needlework, such as the beginning of a round or the spot to work an increase. a single loop of yarn worked off a needle in knitting or crocheting. a knitting stitch which you create by alternating a knit row with a purl row. to crochet, generally with yarn, onto a crocheted background ; resembles embroidery. 1. ( verb ) to make a sample of knitted fabric for various reasons, including measuring gauge and practice. 2. ( noun ) the knitted fabric sample created by swatching. a tool that looks like a wooden umbrella, which is specially designed to help untwist a hank of yarn. the loose bit of yarn left after you finish knitting or crocheting your pattern. a large - eye needle with a blunt point that you use to sew knitted pieces together. an ornamental tuft of threads of equal length, hanging loosely from a knob or from the knot by which they ' re tied together. 1. ( noun ) a light, fine, string - like length of material made up of two or more spun fibers. 2. ( verb ) to put a thread through the eye of a sewing or tapestry needle, or to work that threaded needle through a fabric. the part of a crochet hook that does the actual hooking of the yarn and pulls that yarn through a stitch. a crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for together. a type of closure that has a ring on one end and bar on the other ; the bar slides through the ring vertically and then lays on the ring horizontally to keep it from coming back through. a crochet stitch which is slightly longer than the double crochet and which creates longer openings between the stitches, producing a very loose fabric.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6010823350120869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.224557"} {"text": "slides through the ring vertically and then lays on the ring horizontally to keep it from coming back through. a crochet stitch which is slightly longer than the double crochet and which creates longer openings between the stitches, producing a very loose fabric. a crochet stitch that involves creating a length equivalent to 5 chain stitches by using a yarn over 4 times. reversing your crochet work so that you can start a new row of stitches. the 1 or more chain stitches that you crochet after you ' ve turned your work and are about to begin your next row so that your yarn is at the height necessary to work the first stitch of the next row or round. a wool yarn with a background color flecked with bits of fiber in different colors. a smaller version of a knit cable that consists of 2 stitches, 1 crossing over its neighbor. dyed in several different colors or shades, such as yarn. a synthetic material often used to make rayon and other synthetic yarns. a crochet stitch made up of a double crochet, chain, and double crochet stitch all in the same stitch, forming a v shape. to work the remaining bit of yarn into already - created stitches to hide the tail. the thickness of a yarn. an ancient name for a knitted horizontal stripe. getting a piece of knitting or crochetwork completely wet in a sink or basin of water before laying it out to shape it. a stitch used to join crocheted rows of short stitches, such as single crochet, worked with a tapestry or sewing needle and yarn or thread. a machine with a crank that turns a spindle, which can wind and unwind a skein of yarn attached to the winder. yarn spun from the fibers of sheep, goat, llama, or other animal hair. an adjustable wooden frame with arms that you can dress with your wet, knitted or crocheted garment to block that garment. crochet a designated stitch or stitches across the whole length of a row. a smooth, firmly twisted thread or yarn made from long - staple wool combed to make the fibers lie in the same direction. a crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for wrong side, meaning the side that will be hidden when used / worn. any fiber, such as wool or nylon, spun into strands for knitting or crocheting. the hand that ' s feeding the yarn from the ball or skein. in crochet, the hand not holding the hook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5604894378801883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.226678"} {"text": "famous women in astronomy part of the astronomy for dummies cheat sheet when you \u2019 re studying astronomy don \u2019 t forget the women that made an impact in the field. check out this list of amazing achievements by women astronomers and astrophysicists : caroline herschel ( 1750 \u2013 1848 ) discovered eight comets. annie jump cannon ( 1863 \u2013 1941 ) devised the basic method for classifying the stars. henrietta swan leavitt ( 1868 \u2013 1921 ) discovered the first accurate method for measuring great distances in space. sally ride ( 1951 \u2013 2012 ) a trained astrophysicist, she is the first american woman in space. jocelyn bell burnell discovered pulsars in her work as a graduate student. e. margaret burbidge pioneered modern studies of galaxies and quasars. wendy freedman leader in measuring the expansion rate of the universe. carolyn c. porco leads the cassini imaging science team in the study of saturn and its moons and rings. nancy g. roman as nasa \u2019 s first chief astronomer, she led the development of telescopes in space. vera c. rubin investigated the rotation of galaxies and detected the existence of dark matter. carolyn shoemaker discovered many comets, including one that smashed into jupiter. jill tarter leader in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45364576166901843, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.229159"} {"text": "how to enter basic formulas in excel 2007 as entries go in excel 2007, formulas are the real workhorses of the worksheet. if you set up a formula properly, it computes the right answer when you first enter it into a cell. from then on, it keeps itself up to date, recalculating the results whenever you change any of the values that the formula uses. you let excel know that you \u2019 re about to enter a formula in the current cell by starting the formula with the equal sign ( = ). some formulas follow the equal sign with a built - in function, such as sum or average. many simple formulas use a series of values or cell references that contain values separated by one or more of the following mathematical operators : + ( plus sign ) for addition - ( minus sign or hyphen ) for subtraction * ( asterisk ) for multiplication / ( slash ) for division ^ ( caret ) for raising a number to an exponential power for example, to create a formula in cell c2 that multiplies a value entered in cell a2 by a value in cell b2, enter the following formula in cell c2 : = a2 * b2 to enter this formula in cell c2, follow these steps : select cell c2. type the entire formula = a2 * b2 in the cell. select cell c2. type = ( equal sign ). select cell a2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the keyboard. this action places the cell reference a2 in the formula in the cell. to start the formula, type = and then select cell a2. type * ( shift + 8 on the top row of the keyboard ). the asterisk is used for multiplication in excel. select cell b2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the keyboard. this action places the cell reference b2 in the formula. to complete the second part of the formula, type * and select cell b2. click the enter box ( the check mark in the formula bar ) to complete the formula entry, while at the same time keeping the cell cursor in cell c2. excel displays the calculated answer in cell c2 and the formula = a2 * b2 in the formula bar. click the enter box, and excel displays the answer in cell c2 while the formula appears in the formula bar above. if you select the cell you want to use in a formula, either by clicking it or moving the cell pointer to it, you have less chance of entering the wrong cell reference. after creating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4354669424789227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.233135"} {"text": "in 1990, the u. s. set the example for protection of the rights of people with disabilities in its americans with disabilities act. the ada became the template for many nationsi laws on disability rights and was recently the model used to design the united nationsi treaty on disabilities rights. knowing this, it is difficult to understand why the u. s. senate recently failed to pass that very treaty. the u. n. treaty on disabilities, first adopted in december 2006, sets a standard for all nations in assuring full human rights for people with disabilities. the guiding principles include such ideals as respect for inherent dignity ; individual autonomy ; the independence of all people ; nondiscrimination ; full and effective participation and inclusion in society ; equality of opportunity ; accessibility ; and respect for difference and acceptance of people with disabilities as part of human diversity. the u. n. treaty sets forth a set of articles that specify for every nation the benchmarks for protecting the human rights of people with disabilities. anyone familiar with the ada will recognize the origins of these articles, which address such issues as reasonable accommodations, equal recognition under the law and the right to vote, access to the justice system, free and public education, the right to fair employment practices, the right to habilitation and rehabilitation. as with any rights, it is the responsibility of the governmental body to protect these rights and the choice of each individual whether to exercise them. u. s. citizens with disabilities who have travelled internationally attest to the need for many other nations to come to the standards of our country when it comes to accessibility for people with disabilities. the u. n. treaty establishes those standards. it does not change any nationis laws or constitutions. a variety of nations have specified their own application of the treatyis principles and excluded any clause that appeared to be in conflict with their own constitution or practices. yet it was not because of this flexibility in interpretation that the u. s. senate voted against ratification of the u. n. treaty on disabilities. those who opposed it claimed to do so because of their fear that the treaty would affect the ability of american people with disabilities and their parents to make their own choices about how to live and educate their children. a particular fear was the fear of some parents that the treaty would prevent them from choosing to home - school their children. the u. n. has no such powers, nor do the rights afforded through the treaty compel any person with a disability to exercise those rights. on dec. 4, 38 senators opposed ratification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48094286811450937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.239215"} {"text": "the alarm went off at 7 a. m. the morning my wife and i were leaving for hawaii some years ago \u2013 but i was already awake. i had been hit early in the evening with severe nausea and stomach cramps. the ride to the airport was pretty rough, but the eight - hour flight to the island paradise was near misery. i spent most of my time at cruising altitude out of my seat and, shall we say, indisposed. pretty soon, i knew that i had been struck by the dreaded norovirus. in retrospect, i recalled a similar illness among co - workers the previous week. noroviruses are actually a whole family of viruses, which collectively are responsible for more than 20 million cases of gastroenteritis in the united states each year. gastroenteritis is a viral infection of the stomach and intestines. the main symptoms include nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and frequent watery diarrhea. norovirus is extremely infectious. it is passed along in fecal matter ( yes, that means poop ), typically on the hands of infected persons or on the inanimate objects they touch ( think doorknobs, phones and countertops ), where it can survive for many hours. once the virus reaches the hand of a new victim, it takes only a little itch to bring it to the mouth, and then there \u2019 s no going back. nearly everyone who becomes infected gets sick \u2013 unlike other viruses. for most otherwise healthy people, norovirus is only an inconvenience. its symptoms typically last only a couple of days and resolve as quickly as they start. it does contribute to lost workdays and, as in my case, has ruined many a vacation. cruise ship outbreaks are the stuff of legend. however, for infants, the elderly and those with chronic illness, norovirus can lead to dangerous levels of dehydration. norovirus accounts for 70, 000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths each year in the united states. previous infection does not confer much protective immunity because norovirus constantly mutates into new forms. perhaps you have heard reports of a new norovirus strain from australia, which is circulating this season. it seems especially potent and difficult to kill. because it \u2019 s new, most people do not have immunity. infected people should avoid food preparation for at least three days and up to two weeks after resolution of symptoms. in all cases, food preparation surfaces should be thoroughly cleansed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44581087320869994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.243518"} {"text": "ten steps to better student engagement project - learning teaching strategies can also improve your everyday classroom experience. tristan de frondeville credit : courtesy of pbl associates as a teacher, my goal was to go home at the end of each day with more energy than i had at the beginning of the day. seriously. now, as i travel the country coaching teachers on how to successfully use project learning, my goal remains the same. and i try to teach educators the strategies they need to achieve this goal in their own classrooms. a teacher in one of my workshops said, \" when my students and i are in the flow, then i don ' t feel like i have to work as hard. \" i heartily agree. when 90 to 100 percent of my students are excitedly engaged in their tasks and asking deep and interesting questions, i experience joy, and joy is a lot less tiring than the frustration that comes with student apathy. project - based classrooms with an active - learning environment make such in - the - flow moments more common. yet these same classrooms require many teacher and student skills to work well. as teachers, we can feel overwhelmed when we try something new and experience chaos instead of flow. the good news is that the strategies for creating and managing high - quality project - learning environments are productive in any classroom, whether project learning is a central part of the curriculum or not. here are ten ideas that you can start practicing in your classroom today to help you create more moments of flow. create an emotionally safe classroom students who have been shamed or belittled by the teacher or another student will not effectively engage in challenging tasks. consider having a rule such as \" we do not put others downs, tell others to shut up, or laugh at people. \" apply it to yourself as well as your students. this is the foundation of a supportive, collaborative learning environment. to learn and grow, one must take risks, but most people will not take risks in an emotionally unsafe environment. create an intellectually safe classroom begin every activity with a task that 95 percent of the class can do without your help. get your students used to the fact that when you say, \" please begin, \" they should pick up a pencil and start working successfully. this gets everyone on the bus. then make sure your students know that these initial easy tasks will always be followed by increasingly challenging ones. create rich and complex tasks so that various students have a chance to excel and take on the role of helping others. cultivate your engagement meter be acutely aware of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4464867106155776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.261485"} {"text": "your students know that these initial easy tasks will always be followed by increasingly challenging ones. create rich and complex tasks so that various students have a chance to excel and take on the role of helping others. cultivate your engagement meter be acutely aware of when your students are paying strong attention or are deeply engaged in their tasks. master teachers create an active - learning environment in which students are on task in their thinking and speaking or are collaboratively working close to 100 percent of the time. such teachers notice and measure not only when students are on task but also the quality of their engagement. although it may take years to develop the repertoire of skills and lessons that enable you to permanently create this active - learning environment, you can begin by discerning which activities truly engage your students. the more brutally honest you are with yourself, the faster you will get there. create appropriate intermediate steps the first question i ask educators when i coach them on project learning is how many of their students say, \" we can ' t wait to do another project, \" versus \" oh, no! not another project. \" teachers tend to get the first response when they scaffold challenging tasks so that all students are successful. for example, take the typical task of interviewing an adult outside the classroom. some teachers assign the task on monday and expect it to be done the following monday, confident that by including the weekend, they are providing sufficient support. other teachers realize that finding, cold calling, and interviewing an adult are challenging tasks for most young people, so they create intermediate steps - - such as brainstorming, searching online for phone numbers, crafting high - quality interview questions, and role - playing the interview - - that train all students for success. practice journal or blog writing to communicate with students japanese teachers highly value the last five minutes of class as a time for summarizing, sharing, and reflecting. a nice way to change the pace of your class is to have students write regular reflections on the work they have done. encourage and focus their writing with a prompt, such as \" the muddiest point and the clearest point : what was most confusing about the work you did today, and what new thing was the most clear? \" use this approach to guide future lessons and activities. consider writing responses to student journal entries in order to carry on a conversation with students about their work. create a culture of explanation instead of a culture of the right answer you know you have created a rich learning event when all students are engaged in arguing about the best approach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4581063780134187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.262538"} {"text": "to student journal entries in order to carry on a conversation with students about their work. create a culture of explanation instead of a culture of the right answer you know you have created a rich learning event when all students are engaged in arguing about the best approach to the assignment. when you use questions and problems that allow for multiple strategies to reach a successful outcome, you give students the opportunity to make choices and then compare their approaches. this strategy challenges them to operate at a higher level of thinking than when they can share only the \" correct \" answer. avidly collect problems and tasks that have multiple paths to a solution. as a math teacher, i create problems that have a lot of numbers instead of the usual two. for example, i can present this problem : 5 + 13 + 24 - 8 + 47 - 12 + 59 - 31 - 5 + 9 - 46 - 23 + 32 - 60 then i can say, \" there are at least three fundamentally different strategies for doing the following problem. can you find them all? \" teach self - awareness about knowledge all subjects build on prior knowledge and increase in complexity at each successive level of mastery. effective learning requires that certain skills and processes be available for quick recall. many students let too much of their knowledge float in a sea of confusion and develop a habit of guessing, sometimes without even knowing that they are guessing. credit : courtesy of tristan de frondeville to help students break this habit, paste the graphic at right next to each question on your assessments. after the students answer a question, have them place an x on the line to represent how sure they are that their answer is correct. this approach encourages them to check their answer and reflect on their confidence level. it is informative when they get it wrong but marked \" for sure \" or when they do the opposite and mark \" confused \" yet get the answer right. use questioning strategies that make all students think and answer pay a visit to many classrooms and you ' ll see a familiar scene : the teacher asks questions and, always, the same reliable hands raise up. this pattern lends itself to student inattention. every day, include some questions you require every student to answer. find a question you know everyone can answer simply, and have the class respond all at once. you can ask students to put a finger up when they ' re ready to answer, and once they all do, ask them to whisper the answer at the count of three. they can answer yes, no, or maybe with a thumbs - up, thumbs - down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.502624437644354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.263554"} {"text": "students to put a finger up when they ' re ready to answer, and once they all do, ask them to whisper the answer at the count of three. they can answer yes, no, or maybe with a thumbs - up, thumbs - down, or thumbs - sideways gesture. that also works for \" i agree, \" \" i disagree, \" or \" i ' m not sure. \" numerical answers under ten are easy to show with fingers, but don ' t limit yourself to math questions. for instance, if you ' re teaching time management, have students let you know what their progress is halfway through the class by putting up one or more fingers to show whether they are one -, two -, or three - quarters done with the assignment, or finished. do these exercises at least two or three times per class. practice using the design process to increase the quality of work students in school get used to doing work at a consistent level of quality. unfortunately, low - performing students get used to doing poor - quality work. to help them break the habit, use a draft - and - revision process. many professionals use such a design process to increase the quality of their work. engineers build prototypes, respond to critical feedback, and refine their design before going into production. artists make sketches of big works and revise their ideas before creating their final piece. use the design process to drive your students to produce higher - quality work than they are used to doing when they create only a first effort. include peer evaluation as part of the feedback they receive. market your projects when your students ask, \" why do we need to know this? \" you must be ready with the best answer possible. great projects incorporate authentic tasks that will help students in their lives, jobs, or relationships. engage students by developing an inventory of big ideas to help you make the connections between your assignments and important life skills, expertise, high - quality work, and craftsmanship. the partnership for 21st century skills provides a good starter list. also, search out the powerful processes and ideas experts in your own subject use repeatedly. ( in math, for instance, my list includes generalizing and parts and wholes. ) keep a journal of the big ideas you ' ve discovered simply by teaching your subject. by continually referring to these big ideas, you will encourage students to think and act like subject - matter experts and develop skills they will use throughout their lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47841390507444564, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.264497"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. risk factors are habits and conditions that make heart disease more likely. the more you have, the higher your chances of heart attack, also known as acute myocardial infarction, or ami, and other problems. most risk factors can be managed to help make your heart healthier. below are factors that increase your risk for having heart disease. this is the biggest of all the risk factors you can change. smoking damages the lining of the blood vessels and raises blood pressure. research shows that smoking makes women up to 6 times more likely to have a heart attack. also avoid secondhand smoke ( smoke from other people \u2019 s tobacco products ). diabetes causes high blood sugar, which can damage blood vessels if not kept under control. having diabetes also makes you more likely to have a silent heart attack \u2014 one without any symptoms. you \u2019 re at risk if your blood sugar level is above 100 mg / dl. lipids are fatty substances in the blood. ldl cholesterol and triglycerides ( both bad lipids ) can build up in artery walls, narrowing the arteries. hdl cholesterol ( a good lipid ) helps clear bad lipids away. you \u2019 re at risk if you have : hdl cholesterol 50 mg / dl or lower ; ldl cholesterol 100 mg / dl or higher ; triglycerides of 150 mg / dl or higher. high blood pressure occurs when blood pushes too hard against artery walls as it travels through the arteries. this damages the lining of the blood vessels making them narrow and stiff. you \u2019 re at risk if your blood pressure is 120 / 80 or higher. excess weight makes your heart work harder. this raises your risk of a heart attack. being overweight also puts you at risk of developing diabetes. excess weight around the waist or stomach increases your risk the most. being obese puts you at risk for developing heart disease. without regular exercise, you \u2019 re more likely to develop other risk factors, such as being overweight and developing diabetes. high blood pressure and unhealthy lipid levels are also more likely. emotions such as stress and pent - up anger have been linked to heart disease. over time, these emotions could raise your heart disease risk. if you have heart disease, emotion such as anxiety and depression can make it worse. this is caused by a combination of certain risk factors. it puts you at extra high risk of heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46681637588198055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.267422"} {"text": "fungal nail infections what is a fungal nail infection? a fungal nail infection occurs when a fungus attacks a fingernail, a toenail, or the skin under the nail, called the nail bed. fungi ( plural of fungus ) can attack your nails through small cuts in the skin around your nail or through the opening between your nail and nail bed. see a picture of a fungal nail infection. if you are healthy, a fungal nail infection probably won ' t cause serious problems. but it may look bad, hurt, or damage your nail or nail bed. a fungal nail infection could lead to more serious problems if you have diabetes or a weak immune system. talk to your doctor about the best way to treat a nail infection if you have one of these problems. what causes a fungal nail infection? yeasts, molds, and different kinds of fungi can cause fungal nail infections. most are caused by the same type of fungus that causes athlete ' s foot. fungi grow best in warm, moist places, and they can spread from person to person. you can get a fungal nail infection from walking barefoot in public showers or pools or by sharing personal items, such as towels and nail clippers. if you have athlete ' s foot, the fungus can spread from your skin to your nails. you are more likely to get a nail infection if you : what are the symptoms? a nail with a fungal infection may : when you have a fungal nail infection, it can be uncomfortable or even painful to wear shoes, walk, or stand for a long time. the fungus could also spread to other nails or your skin. over time, the infection can cause permanent damage to your nail or nail bed. how is a fungal nail infection diagnosed? your doctor will diagnose a fungal nail infection by looking at the nail, asking about your symptoms and past health, and possibly doing tests to look for fungi. finding out what is causing the infection can help you get the best treatment. how is it treated? whether to treat a fungal nail infection is up to you. if it is not treated, it won ' t go away, and it might get worse. but fungal infections can be hard to treat. if you do treat it, you could spend a lot of money, and the treatment might not work. if you decide to treat a fungal nail infection, you can try an antifungal cream, lotion, or nail polish. you can buy some types without a prescription, or your doctor can prescribe a stronger one. you may need to use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44574124438865576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T21:56:53.270073"}