super - royal 8vo., containing beautifully - finished line engravings, by the most eminent artists, accompanied by highly interesting topographical descriptions, forming altogether one of the most splendid works of the kind which has ever appeared, and may now be had, done up in appropriate and elegant morocco binding, price 32s, 6d. " it seems almost a sin against patriotism, as well as good taste, not to possess oneself of a work so peculiarly national, and so exceedingly beautiful. " — metropolitan. an historical tale, from the prussian and lithuanian annals ; translated from the polish of adam mickiewicz, by h. cattley. in 1 volume demy 8vo., price 7s. ; with illustrations, handsomely bound. " breathes the noble spirit of the original so freely and so forcibly, that it is almost as fresh and true in one language as in the other. " — atlas. the vow of the gileadite, a lyric narrative. by william brown galloway, ma., curate of barnard castle. the profits, if any, will be given to the poor. " the fine flowing style in which it is written, and the pure and hallowed feeling which seems to have dictated every line, are qualities sufficient to ensure for this poem a lasting reputation. " — city chronicle. foolscap 8vo., price 5s. cloth. under the patronage of the highland society of london. a literal translation of the genuine remains of ossian, with a preliminary dissertation, and an appendix. by patrick macgregor, m. a. in 1 volume, post 8vo., price 12s. neatly bound. " those persons who wish to cultivate an acquaintance with the celtic language, will find mr. mcgregor ' s volume a valuable and agreeable assistant. " — times. the progress of creation, considered with reference to the present condition of the earth. an interesting and useful work for young people. by mary roberts, author of " annals of my village, " & c. & c. in small 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 7s. in fancy cloth. " we have seldom met with a work, in which instruction and entertainment are more happily blended. " — times. " this beautiful volume forms an instructive collection of striking facts, interspersed with amiable reflections. " — spectator. the life - book of a labourer. by a working clergyman. contens : — the king ' s heart — links of the past — newnham paddex


. in 8vo., price 3s. 6d. in cloth, gilt leaves. " a very scholarly composition, displaying much research and information respecting the anglo - saxon institutions. " — spectator. prize essay, 1840. the obligations of literature mothers of england. by caroline a. halsted. in 1 volume post 8vo., price 5s., neatly bound in cloth. " the object of the writer has been to show the services rendered by the mothers of england to religion and the state, and to science and learning generally ; and the examples adduced display considerable knowledge and research, and are always happily selected and placed in the most attractive point of view. " — britannia. the life of margaret beaufort, countess of richmond and derby. and mother of king henry the seventh, foundress of christ ' s and of st. john ' s college, oxford ; being the historical memoir for which the honorary premium was awarded by the directors of the gresham commemoration, crosby hall. by caroline a. halsted, author of " investigation, " & c. in 1 vol. demy 8vo., with a portrait, price 12s. " this work cannot fail of success. the subject is deeply interesting, and has been hitherto almost unexplored. the style is chaste and correct, and it has high claims to popularity wide and permanent. on many topics the authoress has accumulated some valuable historical details from sources which have not hitherto been consulted, and has thus compiled a work which, if not entitled to rank amongst the ' curiosities of literature, ' is at least one of the most interesting and instructive books of the season. " — atlas. or, travels in the boudoir. by caroline a. halsted, author of " the life of margaret beaufort, " & c. & c. small 8vo., with highly - finished plates, 7s. in embossed cloth. this is an elegantly - written and highly - instructive work for young people, in which a general knowledge of various interesting topics, connected with every - day life, is presented to the youthful mind in an attractive and amusing form. scenes in the hop gardens. in 1 vol. small 8vo., neatly bound in cloth, with a frontispiece and vignette, price 4s. " there is a tone of unaffected but deep piety throughout this little work ; the peculiar truths of the gospel are kept in view, and reasons


., neatly bound in cloth, with a frontispiece and vignette, price 4s. " there is a tone of unaffected but deep piety throughout this little work ; the peculiar truths of the gospel are kept in view, and reasons for adhering to the national worship of our land are forcibly laid down. " — church of england magazine. " we strongly recommend the little volume before us to the attention of our readers, and would strenuously advise its adoption as a present to the young, and a reward book to the senior classes in sunday and other schools. " — christian guardian. social evils and their remedy : a series of narratives by the rev. c. b. tayler, m. a. the first number, entitled " the mechanic, " was pronounced to be " one of the most useful and interesting publications that had issued from the press. " the following are the contents of the different numbers, price 1s. 6d. each. | ii. the lady and the lady ' s maid. | | vi. live and let live ; or, the manchester weavers. | | iii. the pastor of dronfells. | | iv. the labourer and his wife. | | vii. the soldier. | | v. the country town. | | viii. the leaside farm. | every two consecutive numbers form a volume, which may be procured, neatly bound, price 4s. each. " the design of mr. taylor is praiseworthy ; his object being to counteract, by a series of tales illustrative of the power and necessity of religion in the daily and hourly concerns of life, ' the confusion of error with truth in miss martineau ' s entertaining stories : ' ' — christian remembrancer. works by mrs. ellis. pictures of private life ; containing " an apology for fiction ; " " the hall and the cottage ; " " ellen eskdale ; " " the curate ' s widow ; " and " marriage as it may be. " uniform with the above, the second series, comprising " misanthropy, " and " the pains of pleasing. " the third series, containing a highly interesting narrative, under the title of by sarah stickney, now mrs. ellis. foolscap 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 7s. 6d. each, cloth extra ; or 10s. 6d. elegantly bound in morocco. " sarah stickney is an honour to her sex, and an orname


. foolscap 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 7s. 6d. each, cloth extra ; or 10s. 6d. elegantly bound in morocco. " sarah stickney is an honour to her sex, and an ornament to literature. how rich in experience — how subtle in thought — how deep in knowledge — what pictures of real life she can call up by the magic of her pen! we would place her volumes in an exquisite small library, sacred to sabbath feelings and the heart ' s best moods, when love and charity and hope combine to throw over the mind that soft and tranquil glow only to be compared to the later glories of the day. " — spectator. " the aim of the writer is evidently to instruct as well as amuse, by offering these admirable sketches as beacons to warn the young, especially of her own sex, against the errors which have shipwrecked the happiness of so many. " — gentleman ' s magazine. london : printed by stewart & murray, old bailey. return to homepage citation : john van wyhe, editor. 2002 -. the complete work of charles darwin online. ( http : / / darwin - online. org. uk / ) file last updated 2 july, 2012


farmers ’ markets have figuratively replaced the town square, something we have lost over the last decades due to sprawl and urbanization. in many communities around the country, farmers ’ markets are where we chat with neighbors, make new connections and find out about the issues at play in our communities. according to the united states department of agriculture, there are 7864 farmers ’ markets operating today — a 348 % increase since 1994. clearly they are providing value to the american public. the pace of modern american life is such that we want — maybe even need — to boil complex issues down to essential truths. yet isolating a few specific factors and extrapolating solely from these to proclaim that local food is not eco - friendly, or not a viable solution, is irresponsible. this is not to say that measuring a single issue like carbon emissions as it relates to food production and transportation is not important ; it is vitally important. but, there are many more factors at play — some very tangible, some less so — in evaluating the importance of local food. we are literally losing ground in this country, and the role that local food plays in ensuring we are preserving and protecting that ground — and the communities built on it, the lives lived on it — should no longer be up for debate.


declares a cursor definition. a cursor is declared in accordance with the select - statement or the result set procedure call specified in procedure - call - statement. the select - statement may be specified explicitly in ordinary embedded sql applications or by the name of a prepared select - statement, identified by statement - name, in dynamic sql statements, see the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 11, dynamic sql. the cursor is identified by cursor - name, and may be used in fetch, delete current and update current statements. the cursor must be activated with an open statement before it can be used. a cursor declared as reopenable may be opened several times in succession, and previous cursor states are saved on a stack, see open. saved cursor states are restored when the current state is closed, see close. a cursor declared as scroll will be a scrollable cursor. for a scrollable cursor, records can be fetched using an orientation specification. see the description of fetch for a description of how the orientation can be specified. a cursor will be non - scrollable if no scroll is explicitly specified. the cursor will be non - scrollable and not reopenable by default. select - statement, see select statements. procedure - call - statement, see call. if an execute - statement - command is used, the precompiled statement must be a select or a result - set procedure. if a procedure - call - statement is specified, it must specify a result set procedure. the following restrictions apply to procedural usage : - the cursor cannot be declared as reopenable - the select - statement cannot be in the form of a prepared dynamic sql statement, i. e. specifying statement - name is not allowed - if the cursor declaration contains a select statement, the access - clause for the procedure must be reads sql data or modifies sql data, see create procedure. the declare cursor statement is declarative, not executable. in an embedded usage context, access rights for the current ident are checked when the cursor is opened, not when it is declared. in a procedural usage context, access rights for the current ident are checked when the cursor is declared, i. e. when the procedure containing the declaration is created. the value of cursor - name may not be the same as the name of any other cursor


for the current ident are checked when the cursor is declared, i. e. when the procedure containing the declaration is created. the value of cursor - name may not be the same as the name of any other cursor declared within the same compound statement ( procedural usage ) or in the same compilation unit ( embedded usage ). the select - statement is evaluated when the cursor is opened, not when it is declared. this applies both to select - statement ' s identified by statement name, and to host variable references used anywhere in the select statement. the execution of the result set procedure specified in a call statement is controlled by the opening of the cursor and subsequent fetches, see the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 12, result set procedures. reopenable cannot be used if evaluation of select - statement uses a work table, or if the cursor declaration occurs within a procedure. if the declared cursor is a dynamic cursor, the declare statement must be placed before the prepare statement. a reopenable cursor can be used to solve the ' parts explosion ' problem. refer to the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 8, the ' parts explosion ' problem for a description. exampledeclare cur1 cursor for execute statement seltaba extended the execute statement command is a mimer sql extension. support for the keyword reopenable is a mimer sql extension. note : see also standard compliance for select. upright database technology ab voice : + 46 18 780 92 00 fax : + 46 18 780 92 40


the earliest of the maps was drawn by thomas kitchen for the reverend dr. robertson ' s history of america and is titled ' mexico or new spain in which the motion of cortes may be traced. " another of the early maps appears as the frontispiece in henderson yoakum ' s history of texas, and shows rivers, location of indian tribes, indian villages, missions, crossings, roads with dates of origin, presidios and trails. texas is listed as " new phillipines. " there is a set of military maps of the texas revolution, which accompanies andrew jackson houston ' s texas independence. the u. s. war department ' s map by w. h. emory is titled ' map of texas and the countries adjacent, ' dated 1844, prior to annexation. the walker map of 1949 and the marcy maps of 1850 and 1853 show additions to knowledge of indian tribes, fortifications, wagon routes, rivers and numerous notes on topography. in 1857 - 60, the united state department of the interior, j. h. clark, commissioner, produced the ' map of the united states and texas - boundary line and adjacent territory determined and surveyed. ' the ' new map of texas as it is in 1874, ' was prepared " expressly for morphis ' history of texas. " robert t. hill produced the ' map of texas and parts of adjoining territories ' for the u. s. geological survey in 1899. many of the map descriptions are found in day ' s maps of texas 1527 - 1900 : the map collection of the texas state archives, austin, 1964.


if you assign a task to the computer. it can only complete the task if it can understand everything you want to say to computer. if your words are signs that you use to deliver the message to computer. the computer will not be able to fulfill the requirement and cannot perform according to your instructions. contextual computing is the source for computer to understand user and to deliver the best services according to the instructions of the users. dictionary definition of context is it is the general situation of an idea that is associated with that idea and helps that idea to be understood by people. in contextual computing the used context enables the computer to understand the user and his situation for a proper output. various contextual computing techniques are working for different fields of life like education, engineering, health - care etc. many applications have no use without contextual computing like gps devices used in cars are useless without proper direction guidelines - top emerging technologiesnew innovative technology moving towards the height of development is called emerging technologies. top 10 disruptive technologies - distributed computing a field of computer sciences being very popular now a day is called distributed computing. - social media networkssocial media network has been very popular during the last few years. - cloud computinga computer based technology that reduces the pain of running a business with a mess of employees. - web mashupsa next step to a largely experimental work in web 2. 0 environment is known as web mashups. - user interfaceinteraction between a computer and a human being is called a user interface. - ubiquitous computinghave you ever thought about an invisible force watching your activities and participating. - contextual computingif you assign a task to the computer. it can only complete the task if it can understand. - augmented realitymost of us can watch cartoons, movies and games which are not actually in real environment. - semanticsa very important area of linguistic study is called semantics. - multicore and hybrid processorsto reduce the consumption of power and increase the performance of a computer.


examples of python source code or interactive sessions are represented as \ verbatim environments. this environment is a standard part of latex. it is important to only use spaces for indentation in code examples since tex drops tabs instead of converting them to spaces. representing an interactive session requires including the prompts and output along with the python code. no special markup is required for interactive sessions. after the last line of input or output presented, there should not be an ` ` unused ' ' primary prompt ; this is an example of what not to do : > > > 1 + 1 2 > > > within the \ verbatim environment, characters special to latex do not need to be specially marked in any way. the entire example will be presented in a monospaced font ; no attempt at ` ` pretty - printing ' ' is made, as the environment must work for non - python code and non - code displays. there should be no blank lines at the top or bottom of any \ verbatim display. longer displays of verbatim text may be included by storing the example text in an external file containing only plain text. the file may be included using the standard \ verbatiminput macro ; this macro takes a single argument naming the file containing the text. for example, to include the python source file example. py, use : use of \ verbatiminput allows easier use of special editing modes for the included file. the file should be placed in the same directory as the latex files for the document. the python documentation special interest group has discussed a number of approaches to creating pretty - printed code displays and interactive sessions ; see the doc - sig area on the python web site for more information on this topic. see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.


phlebitis is the term for the swelling of a vein, most often in one ’ s leg. thrombophlebitis is the term for inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot. the term is often shortened to phlebitis. the condition is easily treatable, though it sometimes leads to more serious health concerns. there are two kinds of phlebitis : superficial phlebitis ( affecting veins near the skin ' s surface ) and deep venous thrombosis ( dvt ). when the clot is embedded into a deep vein, thrombophlebitis can become much more serious. the condition, appropriately named deep vein thrombosis, can cause blood clots in the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ), heart attack, and stroke. phlebitis is often caused by : - prolonged bed rest following an operation - use of estrogen - lack of exercising your legs over an extended period of time ( eg, long airplane trips ) - prior episodes of phlebitis - trauma to the lower extremity - cancer malignancy — certain cancers may put you at risk for a clotting condition. this condition can lead to venous thrombosis. cancers such as pancreatic, stomach, prostate, and colon cancer, as well as acute leukemia are known to increase clots. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. the following factors increase your chance of developing phlebitis : - sitting for long periods of time, such as on an airplane or being confined to bed rest health conditions that increase the risk of blood clots - these include cancers particularly of the pancreas which is associated with recurrent phlebitis blood disorders which increase the clotting potential of blood - these include protein c deficiency due to factor v leiden ( hereditary blood coagulation disorder ) - very visible, cord - like vein that is tender and sensitive to pressure. this cord may develop over several hours to days. - redness and warmth surrounding the vein. - swelling around the vein. - a low - grade fever may be seen, however a high fever and drainage that is purulent ( pus ) indicate infection. - call your physician immediately should you develop a fever, shortness of breath ( which may indicate that the clot may have traveled to the lung ), and severe pain and swelling in the arm or leg. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical


call your physician immediately should you develop a fever, shortness of breath ( which may indicate that the clot may have traveled to the lung ), and severe pain and swelling in the arm or leg. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. tests may include the following : - physical exam - x - ray or ultrasound to check for deeper blood clots - venogram in which dye or contrast is injected - in case of recurrent episodes of phlebitis, screening for blood disorders is done. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : - anti - inflammatory medication — you may be advised to take over - the - counter pain relievers, like aspirin or ibuprofen. - exercise — walking is typically recommended. - compress — another option is applying a warm compress over the inflamed vein. - elevation — elevating the arm or leg with the inflamed vein to a level above the heart may be beneficial. if you are diagnosed with phlebitis, follow your doctor ' s instructions. phlebitis can sometimes be prevented by the following actions : - if you fly for long periods of time, walk around the cabin and stretch your limbs every hour or so. - if you drive for long periods of time, pull over and stretch your limbs ever hour or so. on flights or car rides lasting more than four hours, take additional precautions to reduce your risk of thrombosis. these include : - avoid wearing tight clothing around your waist. - drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 92 / 2012 -


dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. they can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling ’ s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. dragons don ’ t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. young dragons will emit an extremely high - pitched squeal when they are frightened. to communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. dark green dragons, once they mature, appear to become an entirely different species. however, this isn ’ t true. rather, they burrow underground and get nutrients from their vines. these vines are sometimes referred to as dragon grass. these dragons are very violent, and will use their vines to capture, kill, and eat anything that moves, as well as nearby plants. luckily, their range is limited and they cannot use magic. dark green dragons tend to be easy to spot since they usually kill all plants around them and thus are usually surrounded by a large clearing.


this project is a result of cambridge university library being presented with a unique opportunity of rescuing from a bank vault in paris a collection of precious medieval hebrew and arabic documents from the cairo genizah. the aging family who owns it is anxious to make institutional arrangements in the near future and if this does not prove possible will simply sell it off ( or give it away ) as individual items to collectors without any concern for accessibility. in the past hundred years, the documents found in the ben ezra synagogue in cairo, egypt, have revolutionised the study of most aspects of medieval jewish culture in the mediterranean area. some 200, 000 items ( comprising almost a million leaves ), held in various libraries around the world, have not only made possible the reconstruction of many of the best - known hebrew, aramaic and judeo - arabic works of the 10 - 13th centuries but have also brought to light the existence of numerous, previously unknown, literary items. in addition, the genizah materials have also illuminated the daily lives and culture of jews, muslims and christians in the eastern mediterranean during a period that included the crusades and that saw contacts with the western mediterranean and north africa on the one hand and with india on the other. these fragmentary pieces, in vellum and paper, include bills, lists, itineraries, letters and cheques that have fascinated social and economic historians. their linguistic characteristics have furnished specialists with insights into the development of various semitic and a number of european languages ( the latter because of their transcription in hebrew characters ). the genizah texts are undoubtedly as important as the dead sea scrolls for scholarly and popular understanding of cultural history. cambridge university library now has the rare opportunity of obtaining a collection of 5, 000 unconserved fragments that are currently unavailable for consultation and research. much of it dates from the classical genizah period ( 10 - 13th centuries ) but there appears to be a greater preponderance of 16th century items and of less “ standard ” material with magical and mystical content. the current plan is that, as soon as the first batch of 1, 000 fragments is received, work will commence on its conservation. the cost of this part of the work is not included in this project. once each item has been conserved, a digital image of it will be prepared, accompanied by the necessary metadata. a special area within a new wing of the library currently being prepared will be assigned to the mosseri collection. an efficient and expeditious treatment of these items, and an arrangement to make them widely available to


, accompanied by the necessary metadata. a special area within a new wing of the library currently being prepared will be assigned to the mosseri collection. an efficient and expeditious treatment of these items, and an arrangement to make them widely available to scholars, will demonstrate just how important this collection and this project are to the world of scholarship. if the pilot project to deal with 1, 000 fragments is successfully completed, it is hoped then to proceed with the treatment of the remaining 4, 000 items. 1000 separate fully - conserved fragments have been identified against existing records with their correct classmark, recto and verso have been assigned, and full and detailed physical and content descriptions have been produced. these descriptions are kept on a unix system as a text - only file to facilitate long - term availability of the information. formatted catalogue entries will be placed online as the images are mounted on cambridge university library ’ s website. all 1000 fragments have been digitally photographed, recto and verso, as 600dpi life - size tiffs. lower - quality jpegs have been prepared of most of the files for mounting online. the 1000 fragments come mainly from the first half of the collection, mosseri “ boxes ” i – vii, with the whole of boxes i and ia completed ( halakhic and documentary material, mostly ). very few fragments come from the end of the collection viii – xa, due to the particular conservation problems that they will pose. the first of the fragments are already available to readers through the university library ’ s manuscripts reading room, with all 1000 to follow as they are bound into hardcover volumes. initial estimates of the collection suggested that it consists of 5000 fragments, whereas the actual total is in excess of 7000.


the white, mottled area in the right - center of this image from nasa ’ s shuttle radar topography mission ( srtm ) is madrid, the capital of spain. located on the meseta central, a vast plateau covering about 40 percent of the country, this city of 3 million is very near the exact geographic center of the iberian peninsula. the meseta is rimmed by mountains and slopes gently to the west and to the series of rivers that form the boundary with portugal. the plateau is mostly covered with dry grasslands, olive groves and forested hills. madrid is situated in the middle of the meseta, and at an elevation of 646 meters ( 2, 119 feet ) above sea level is the highest capital city in europe. to the northwest of madrid, and visible in the upper left of the image, is the sistema central mountain chain that forms the “ dorsal spine ” of the meseta and divides it into northern and southern subregions. rising to about 2, 500 meters ( 8, 200 feet ), these mountains display some glacial features and are snow - capped for most of the year. offering almost year - round winter sports, the mountains are also important to the climate of madrid. three visualization methods were combined to produce this image : shading and color coding of topographic height and radar image intensity. the shade image was derived by computing topographic slope in the northwest - southeast direction. north - facing slopes appear bright and south - facing slopes appear dark. color coding is directly related to topographic height, with green at the lower elevations, rising through yellow and brown to white at the highest elevations. the shade image was combined with the radar intensity image in the flat areas. size : 172 by 138 kilometers ( 107 by 86 miles ) location : 40. 43 degrees north latitude, 3. 70 degrees west longitude orientation : north toward the top image data : shaded and colored srtm elevation model, with srtm radar intensity added original data resolution : srtm 1 arcsecond ( about 30 meters or 98 feet ) date acquired : february 2000 image courtesy srtm team nasa / jpl / nima


activity plan for respect wildlife exploring respect for wildlife this activity should take about 70 minutes. what your group will learn after participating in this activity plan, which calls for participants to observe impacts on wildlife, participants will be able to - describe what activities cause impacts to wildlife. - identify the actions that can be taken to minimize impacts to wildlife. your participants are going on an imaginary hike to a marshland area where they will encounter a flock of ducks, a doe, and a fawn. this activity will help them think about their potential impacts to wildlife and how these impacts can materials and preparation - a garden hose or some other means of marking the marshland - duck decoys, silhouettes, or pictures of ducks - pictures or silhouettes of a doe and fawn deer - read the entire lesson plan and the background on the principles of leave no trace thoroughly. - lay out the garden hose or some other means or marking the - place the duck, doe, and fawn pictures or silhouettes in the grabbing your group ' s attention ( 20 minutes ) explain to participants that they will be hiking along a trail and will come to a marsh area with ducks, a doe, and a fawn. ask them to explain the actions they will take so they do not disturb the ducks and deer. steps for teaching the activity ( 30 minutes ) how wild is wildlife? the participants will demonstrate the techniques they feel will help minimize impact to wildlife in the marshland area. after demonstrating these techniques, group members will move past the marshland. the activity will help them become more aware of their potential effects on wildlife and how they can avoid as they approach the marked marshland, ask group members to demonstrate how they will avoid disturbing the wildlife and how they will be able to tell if they were successful. after participants have passed the marshland, ask them why they used the techniques they did to minimize their impacts to the ducks and deer in the marsh. ask them if there are any other techniques they could use. emphasize that the best means of determining their success is the degree to which the wildlife may have altered their normal behavior. in contrast, if the ducks fly or the deer run away quickly, you know you have gotten too close. quick movement and loud noises are stressful to animals. considerate campers should - observe wildlife from afar to avoid - give animals a wide berth, especially during breeding, nesting, and birthing seasons. - store food securely so wildlife will not be attracted to - keep garbage and food scraps away from animals so they will not


imagine today ' s world without electricity. hard to fathom, isn ' t it? just as hard to comprehend is today ' s electrical industry without the people who built it — the workers who designed the structures, strung the wires, laid the conduit, energized systems, and currently maintain and improve the complex electrical systems we all take for granted. ec & m sought out industry leaders — voices of the industry, we call them — to talk about how the electrical design, construction, and maintenance fields have changed through the years. in the profiles that follow, you ' ll read about electrical workers who got their start during or after world war ii and worked through good times and bad, laying the groundwork for today ' s electrical industry. they saw major changes and improvements not only in the systems they designed and built, but also in the tools and processes they worked with. many talked about changes in electrical training, work processes, and the national electrical code. others commented on the way economic conditions affected their workload, and several noted the growth of specific subsets of the industry such as voice - data - video or the emergence of high technology. their voices represent all segments of the industry, including electric linemen, designers, journeyman electricians, electrical engineers, plant maintenance personnel, and owners of electrical design or construction shops. all were — and definitely still are — dedicated to making the field of electrical construction and maintenance one of the country ' s leading industries. none, it would seem, would have chosen anything other than the challenging, exciting, and rewarding careers they have had in this dynamic field. we also asked our experts to make a few predictions for the future. while none were bold enough to predict what the industry would look like 100 years from now, many had interesting comments about developments to watch over the next five to 10 years. whether they ' re looking back on the great industry they helped build or looking forward to what might be around the next corner, we think you will enjoy hearing what our voices of the industry have to say. founder, curator and volunteer — ken mullen started in industry : 1934 ken mullen did not come to the u. s. electrical industry via the most traditional route. born in germany in 1919, mullen worked as an electrical apprentice in hamburg, germany, from 1934 to 1938. in 1938, mullen, who is jewish, fled nazi germany and ended up in india, where he found work as an electrician and later as a supervisor in a foundry that made ammunition used


apprentice in hamburg, germany, from 1934 to 1938. in 1938, mullen, who is jewish, fled nazi germany and ended up in india, where he found work as an electrician and later as a supervisor in a foundry that made ammunition used against the germans. after wwii, he moved to san francisco and found a city bursting at the seams and in dire need of electricians. “ i walked into the local union office, and they said they could use electricians very badly, ” mullen recalls. despite not knowing much about u. s. electrical work, he landed his first job doing motor repair in 1947. “ in the time since, i have had only five jobs in almost 45 years, all in the electrical field and with some of the finest electrical shops in the san francisco area, ” he says. mullen ' s early jobs were with very large contractors working on what he calls “ enormous ” factories. “ san francisco was a very industrial place then, ” mullen says. “ everything was motors — motors all over. they needed electricians who could wire them up, and for several years i did only motor work. when work slowed at one place, i could simply go to another, because there was so much work to be had. i could go where i wanted and never had to leave san francisco or the surrounding area to find work. ” they had very little machinery, so most work was done by hand. “ we had to bend pipe over tires with 2×4s, ” he says. “ it was unbelievable, we had 2 - or 3 - in. pipe, and it was bent without any mechanical device. we heated it to bend it. it is so much different today, when the computer figures out the bends in the building, and then you get your pipes already bent. when we had to dig a ditch, it was with a shovel and a wheelbarrow. we had no machinery. we had battery - operated things but no way of doing things when the battery was dead. ” health and safety issues have also changed over the years, mullen notes. “ in india, i had to figure it out myself, ” he says of safety and health practices. “ the last two years there i got lead poisoning and stopped working in factories. most of my experience, though, has been in america, and i have never had any bad accidents here. we are much more careful. osha is preventing a lot of bad things from happening, and everyone is more oriented to safety.


factories. most of my experience, though, has been in america, and i have never had any bad accidents here. we are much more careful. osha is preventing a lot of bad things from happening, and everyone is more oriented to safety. i have gotten two shocks in my life, and they were both 200v. i was very fortunate and have never been in a hospital in my life except for hip replacement. ” that ' s not exactly true — mullen did visit hospitals as part of his electrical construction work. in the 1950s, he says the city was teaming with new construction for hospitals, breweries, and apartment buildings. “ i worked in many breweries in the 1950s, ” he recalls. “ hospitals and apartment buildings were very big, too. we always put in pipe and then pulled wire through. it was much slower but did a very good job of protecting the wires. air conditioning started coming about then, too. all of a sudden, everybody started putting in furnaces and air conditioning after 1960. ” mullen says he has always been a strong supporter of electricians ' unions, particularly the ibew. “ i was very strong in the union, ” he says. “ i was never a business representative, as i had too many other things to do, but i found that without the unions, there was no life here in this country. many said why don ' t you go into business on your own, but the unions in my opinion offered a great advantage. ” in his post - retirement life, mullen has partnered with ibew local 6 in san francisco to found the ken mullen electrical museum of san francisco in 1991, where many of the tools he used in his life ' s work are on display. mullen says he sees good times ahead for the electric industry. “ it is still booming, but we still have problems finding people to work, ” he says. “ there is a lot of work building hotels and high - rise office buildings, not as much industrial any more. we don ' t know what will happen in the future, but i am one of those persons who does not bother with politics. i am happy to have had a great life doing electrical work. ” retired lineman and electrician crown point, ind. started in industry : 1946 glenn zieseniss got his start in the electrical industry courtesy of a milkman. “ i lived on a farm, and the milkman quit his job and went to work for the electric line company, ” zieseniss recalls


: 1946 glenn zieseniss got his start in the electrical industry courtesy of a milkman. “ i lived on a farm, and the milkman quit his job and went to work for the electric line company, ” zieseniss recalls of his start in electric work. “ it was 1946, and i had just come home from world war ii, where i met the russians at the elbe [ river ]. [ the milkman ] told me electric work was good work. ” on the milkman ' s suggestion, zieseniss tried it and never looked back. zieseniss started out as a groundman, or “ grunt, ” on utility line crews, but says circumstances soon led him to work as a lineman. “ we were short of workmen then, and there were several of us that started out as apprentice linemen stringing wires, ” he recalls. “ i started doing mostly 7. 2kv line extensions to homes and / or farms in rural areas, and by 1948 was promoted to journeyman lineman, in part because of the shortage of qualified linemen. for the next four years, i worked on increasingly higher voltage lines, and in 1951 and 1952 i worked in an ordnance plant in illinois that produced ammunition for the korean war, where i started in the inside wiring field. ” from 1952 to 1989, zieseniss worked as a journeyman lineman and electrician in the chicago area. zieseniss says he saw major changes in equipment and safety materials. “ i would say the biggest changes in line work were the use of bucket trucks and improvements in safety equipment, ” he says. “ when we worked in the ordnance plants, it was all either rubber gloves or maybe some hot - stick work. i ' ve been bitten by 2300v a couple of times, but never got burned, just got bit heavily. ” from 1947 through 49, zieseniss did a lot of conversion work in hammond and smaller cities. for the most part, the work consisted of burying conduit in concrete. he also worked with 17 different contractors on schools, hospitals, and the occasional odd job. “ in one case an airplane hit a smokestack and that was a specialty job, reconstructing that, ” he says. zieseniss also served as an electrical inspector for the city of crown point, ind., from april 1984 to march 1998. “ on the inspection side, i saw that many contractors were not really keeping abreast of what the


says. zieseniss also served as an electrical inspector for the city of crown point, ind., from april 1984 to march 1998. “ on the inspection side, i saw that many contractors were not really keeping abreast of what the code says for safety, ” zieseniss says. “ they seemed to be fighting that all the way. ” he says safety is a big thing today for most contractors and utilities, and he points to the increased use of flash hazards and low - impedance transformers as steps in the right direction. zieseniss says today ' s emphasis on design - build may be an example of electrical work going in the wrong direction. “ when i was working in the mills, the working prints were excellent, ” zieseniss recalls. “ now you don ' t know what is going on. the engineers have been priced out of the job for detail work. they leave it up to the guy in the field to figure things out. the prints are just not complete when i see them. in the early years, they had a detail for every column for all the electrical. nowadays, you have to fight for your spot on that column or figure out what should go on the column. ” in his long electrical career, zieseniss always enjoyed the freshness of new challenges. “ i was never in the same place for very long, ” zieseniss says. “ i never was much of one for the maintenance jobs, and preferred building new things and moving on. i was a free electrician to go wherever i was sent. i never drove more than 50 miles for day - in and day - out work, and could always find plenty of work in the chicago area. ” zieseniss, who says he has been a faithful reader of ec & m for decades, says something he read in a 1970 editorial has stuck with him through the years. “ it was in a ‘ thoughts from our shop ’ article on page seven of that issue, ” zieseniss recalls. “ it said that the inspector must enforce the letter and spirit of the code that is written, not as the designer or installer would like to see it written. we need to live by laws or else we will have electrical anarchy. ” retired electrical engineer started in industry : 1948 dick porcaro ' s interest in the electrical trades started as a young boy. “ i always had a fascination for electrical things as a kid, starting with radios and crystal sets, ” porcaro says


retired electrical engineer started in industry : 1948 dick porcaro ' s interest in the electrical trades started as a young boy. “ i always had a fascination for electrical things as a kid, starting with radios and crystal sets, ” porcaro says. “ i went to a technical high school and had an electrical course there. then, i was doing part - time electric work and went to city college of new york at night. all that time i was working during the day full - time with engineering and construction companies. i spent some time with mobil, and then wound up with bechtel. ” porcaro says most of his work focused on electrical engineering for chemical and petrochemical plants and notes that one thing he always liked about the electrical industry is that it is constantly changing. “ code changes were always interesting things to keep on top of, ” porcaro says. “ if you look at the way the code looked in the early ’ 40s or ’ 50s, it was a 5×7 brown soft - cover thing a half - inch thick. now it is a heck of a lot bigger, and the changes are mostly around different materials — how you can use new things without compromising safety. ” cabling and installation materials, he says, have changed a lot. “ leaded cables used to be popular. they were always interesting in that they required high - caliber mechanical help to make the splices. new methods have come along to simplify the splices, and no one uses lead anymore due to environmental concerns. ” “ lighting has also changed quite a bit, ” porcaro adds. “ it seemed that equipment was generally a lot more robust in the old days, while today the tendency has been to make things less expensive and still get an adequate amount of light in the facilities. the robust equipment seems to be gone, and everything has been made simpler and lighter. ” in the engineering offices, the major activity used to be making drawings, porcaro adds. “ you made them as clear and simple as possible and error - free. some were so darn good you knew exactly what you had to do. in those days, once the drawing left the designer you could be sure it was right. we have more of a challenge with some drawings today. drawings made by some computer designers are a heck of a lot different. some still are making them clear, but there is so much pressure to get the work done as quickly as possible today. i think people sometimes lose sight of the fact


drawings today. drawings made by some computer designers are a heck of a lot different. some still are making them clear, but there is so much pressure to get the work done as quickly as possible today. i think people sometimes lose sight of the fact that you can build something cheaper by spending more time on engineering and not as much on construction. ” another major change porcaro saw through the years was the increasing use of trays instead of conduit. “ most installations were wiring conduit. then, in the 1950s, people were realizing you could get a pretty good installation by installing cable trays and laying cable in the trays rather than pulling conduit, ” he says. “ that was a major change in terms of wiring technique. ” system grounding changes have also been significant, he says. “ everything used to be either solidly grounded or completely ungrounded, ” porcaro says. “ one thing companies learned really early was the damage that could happen if things were not grounded properly. you started seeing more medium - and low - resistance grounding systems, rather than having things solidly grounded. ” porcaro also has observed changes in the way electricity is used, citing energy conservation as an example. “ we never even thought about it much before — the whole idea of energy conservation using adjustable - speed drives, ” he says. “ that has been a big change, trying to reduce energy requirements. ” concerning the future of the industry, porcaro says he sees the u. s. electric industry getting less and less involved with heavy manufacturing and more involved with power generation. “ we haven ' t necessarily created a lot more generating capacity in the last few years, ” porcaro says. “ i see a continued emphasis in power plant construction. ” rosendin electrical inc., san jose, calif. started in industry : 1950 ray rosendin calls his entry into the electrical - contracting business a “ baptism by fire. ” rosendin ' s father started rosendin electrical in 1919, and by the time ray was 13 he was already working in his father ' s shop, running errands in the summers. when ray graduated from college and came on full - time in 1950, the firm had grown to around 30 employees. “ my father brought me up around electrical work, so by that time i had a fair knowledge of what was happening, ” rosendin recalls. “ but in 1953 he had a heart attack, so i had to take over the business, ready or not.


father brought me up around electrical work, so by that time i had a fair knowledge of what was happening, ” rosendin recalls. “ but in 1953 he had a heart attack, so i had to take over the business, ready or not. ” “ they did business on the back of an envelope in those days, ” rosendin says. “ if someone didn ' t have integrity, you just didn ' t do business with them. then when i got out of school and into the business you saw more paperwork. ” rosendin says in the 1950s schools and residential work made up the bulk of his business, followed a bit later by industrial growth in and around the san francisco bay area. “ industry started coming into the bay area in the middle 1950s, ” rosendin says. “ that was when lockheed and ibm came here. ” next, rosendin says, came the electronics boom of the mid - 1960s, spearheaded by companies like fairchild industries and hewlett - packard. that boom, he says, was nothing like the silicon valley explosion that took place a few decades later, but the big electronics companies formed the base from which the area ' s current “ dot - com ” economy could mushroom, he says. rosendin says one major change in the way the electrical industry has developed is that more contractors are now including designers and engineers on their staffs. “ we have a complete engineering department, ” he says. “ we have seen that evolve into pretty much of a science and seen the inherent benefit in having our own engineers. ” another way the industry has changed, he says, is that training and staff development is more crucial than ever. “ we have always wanted to maintain as strong and knowledgeable a work force as we could, ” rosendin says. “ we started attending trade shows in the 1950s. we attend all the new shows, and we demo new tools here whenever we can. we have always had good apprenticeship programs, but in addition to that, contractors now supplement apprenticeship with their own programs to bring additional knowledge to employees. people in the field need to know a lot more now to solve some of the complex problems that come up. we also have our regular meetings with our people to talk about safety and new procedures. ” rosendin says silicon valley itself has changed a great deal over the past 20 years, with computers and the internet becoming a part of everyday life. “ power requirements are growing exponentially from what we used to know, while people are more concerned than ever about their backup power systems, ” he says


great deal over the past 20 years, with computers and the internet becoming a part of everyday life. “ power requirements are growing exponentially from what we used to know, while people are more concerned than ever about their backup power systems, ” he says. this summer in particular should be interesting for california consumers, rosendin says, as the state tries to work its way through high demand and tight power supplies. as for the future of the industry, rosendin says he sees strong growth well into the future. president — neca, consultant former part owner, motor city electric, started in industry : 1953 dick martin started in the electrical industry in detroit in the early 1950s, and is now in his sixth decade in the electrical trade as the current president of neca and a consultant and former owner of motor city electric. the son of an electrical contractor, martin started as an apprentice in 1953, became an estimator in 1967, and became part owner of motor city electric in 1992. “ the 1950s was kind of a tough period, with a lot of unemployment, ” martin says. “ i never got laid off, though, because there were lots of schools and hospitals to be built, plus new auto plants. by the end of the decade, we were also starting to put in a lot of central air conditioning. they were also starting to build a lot of expressways, and so the 1960s were really pretty good times. ” however, as imported japanese and german cars became more popular in the u. s., the big three american automakers suffered sales losses, and business tapered off. work in and around detroit became a bit slower, he says, but much of the slack was taken up by hospital and school construction, particularly in the suburbs. those building booms went on, martin says, until the late 1970s and early 1980s, when higher interest rates froze construction and the local economy slowed. by the 1990s, electrical workers in the area were busy again, with automakers upgrading plants and factories. another booming business, he says, was the construction of casinos. martin says the tools and technologies of the electric construction trades have changed in several important ways over the years. “ flex wiring made our productivity go up immensely, ” he says. “ we now use mobile rigs in all our work, and electric scaffolds are a big thing today. all the tools are so much more sophisticated, like for instance one - shot benders. today, you dial the bend you want, and it ' s done. all the


our work, and electric scaffolds are a big thing today. all the tools are so much more sophisticated, like for instance one - shot benders. today, you dial the bend you want, and it ' s done. all the cordless tools today make a big difference, and the use of pvc conduit became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s because it is easier to install and work with. the use of computers in our estimating has been fabulous. years ago, you did it by hand. an estimate would take you two weeks. today it ' s done in three days. ” as befits the current president of neca, martin says he and his companies have always been very active with unions and industry associations. he estimates about 65 % of detroit - area contractors belong to neca, and says unionization is “ on the upswing ” in michigan and elsewhere around the country. among the reasons, he says, is the unions ' and union shops ' tendency to offer some of the best training. not only that, electrical workers today understand that comprehensive and ongoing training is critical to their success. martin has been in his local for 48 years. looking toward the future, martin says a big change in the industry may be a move toward distributed generation, particularly in fuel cells that will sit on - site and produce power for local use. “ we will need some training for that, ” he says, predicting that fuel cells could “ revolutionize our industry. ” president and owner electrical corp. of america, started in industry : 1961 jim lacy is closing in on his 40th anniversary in the electrical contracting industry — all in and around the kansas city metropolitan area. he started in the industry as part of an electrical apprenticeship program at a junior college in the kansas city area in 1961. for the first six months, he worked for a contractor doing strictly residential work. in january 1962, lacy went to work for great northern, which focused on petrochemical and refinery work, and he stayed with that company until december 1978, working his way up the ladder from apprentice to journeyman, then foreman, estimator, vice president, and eventually president. today, he is president and owner of electrical corp. of america in raytown, mo. “ the work i did back then was heavy industrial work, ” lacy recalls of the 1960s. “ the scaffolding was all hand - built on wheels, and we had a man on the ground pushing the scaffold from place to place. there was no


i did back then was heavy industrial work, ” lacy recalls of the 1960s. “ the scaffolding was all hand - built on wheels, and we had a man on the ground pushing the scaffold from place to place. there was no such thing as a rotohammer or rotodrills. drilling was done with a drill or an impact hammer — a mini - jackhammer — and when the rotohammer came out with a drill and hammer all at once we thought that was the end of the world. most of the anchoring was done with lead anchors, and now so much is done with epoxy. cable and wire has also changed considerably. the wires you see today are much smaller, and the insulation is much thinner. ” lacy says the increasing importance of electrical work in the construction industry has been a major change over the last several decades. electric work, he argues, has grown and changed considerably more than most of the other building industries. “ it has become a larger portion of any building or home, ” lacy says. “ if you go back to a house built 40 years ago that hadn ' t been modernized, you will see how much the electric industry has changed — with a lot more outlets and many more things running off electricity. it is no longer a question whether every home will have a refrigerator, television, and a lot of other electrical appliances running all or most of the time. ” looking toward the future, lacy says he sees the telecom or voice - data - video ( vdv ) segment of the business growing larger and larger. “ that area is growing more technical, and the people that are in the business are receiving more and better training than ever. we are going to see more and more time out of every employee ' s year spent in training. if 25 years ago someone went to a three - day seminar that was a big deal, but today my technicians are spending six to nine weeks per year staying up with the changes — that will be a trend hitting every employer in the future. ” another trend lacy sees is a move toward private generating facilities. “ we are going to see all kinds of energy growth requirements, and people doing private investment rather than generation being done strictly by utilities, ” lacy predicts. retired plant engineer started in industry : 1964 george house is an electric maintenance guru — at least that ' s what they called him at amoco in houston, where he was a plant manager for 22 of his 30 years in the business. his knowledge of the maintenance field


started in industry : 1964 george house is an electric maintenance guru — at least that ' s what they called him at amoco in houston, where he was a plant manager for 22 of his 30 years in the business. his knowledge of the maintenance field was what took him so far, but his entry into the field, he says, was due to one overriding personality trait — curiosity. “ i started, like everyone else, in the engineering department doing projects, ” house explains. “ it really interested me to figure out what was causing equipment to fail. outages were a big cost factor. not only that but when we had outages there were safety concerns like loss of cooling water or loss of power to the safety systems themselves. ” house calls the evolution of equipment during his electrical maintenance career extraordinary. “ when i first started, a 23kv switchgear was an open device with long arc shoots, and many were encased in oil, ” he says. “ even for 480kv stuff, we were using oil - encased gear. it was big and bulky. that was before the development of metal - enclosed switchgear, which has been a huge improvement. metal - enclosed gear is easier to keep clean, and in the event that there is a problem, it doesn ' t migrate and you don ' t burn the whole switch room down. ” electrical meters were very different too, house adds. “ the meters were all analog, ” he says. “ the old simpson 260 was the mainstay, and it was nothing like the digital meters we have today. i don ' t see the day - to - day fix - it type of tools having changed that much, but the way we go about our work has really changed. house notes a big change has been trying to figure out how to spend your maintenance money. “ so much today is based on signature analysis, while it used to be that you would take a breaker down and put it back together and that was maintenance. half the time, we didn ' t put it back together right, so we caused many of our own problems. today, everyone has some type of advanced, computerized diagnostics to make sure things are functionally adequate. you can figure out what is going to go wrong before it is going wrong, and do something about it before you have a bunch of damage to fix, ” he says. “ the reliability of the equipment has improved so much over the years that it does not take as many people to maintain that equipment, ”


is going wrong, and do something about it before you have a bunch of damage to fix, ” he says. “ the reliability of the equipment has improved so much over the years that it does not take as many people to maintain that equipment, ” house continues, “ so there has been a steady decline in the number of people needed for maintenance. also, a motor that we might have rewound a few years ago five or six times, now we just buy another one. ” computers have also changed the electrical maintenance field, house says. “ this is certainly true in terms of process control, ” he says. “ the idea today is to use computerized analysis to wring every bit you can out of the process and make it more efficient. we have also gone away from the individual controller and more to the controllers where we use a computer to turn them on and off. reliability, though, is more important than efficiency. you can ' t even afford one failure today. ” house says his fondest memories of working in electrical maintenance are of the people he has worked with. “ the things i remember most are the people, ” he says. “ i hear so many times that people have changed, that the old guys had the work ethic and the young people don ' t have it. i ' d love to think us old dogs were that good, but i think the young people today are pretty good, too — maybe even better than some of us were then. ” director of building facilities started in industry : 1976 john weber is director of building facilities for lego systems in enfield, conn., the u. s. headquarters of the danish toy giant. before working in plant management, he spent eight years at allen bradley inc., of milwaukee, now the industrial control and automation products division of rockwell automation. weber says he has seen major advances in electrical industry safety. terminal strips and terminations, he says, are inherently safer today, with a “ dead front ” design. he says he remembers working as an electrician ' s helper in the 1970s with terminations that had exposed or protruding screw heads, leaving little room for mistakes — if a screwdriver made contact with a termination screw, it could arc and destroy equipment. most, if not all, equipment today features recessed screw heads, he says, reducing that particular safety risk. another example, he says, is the development of ground fault circuit interrupter ( gfci ) equipment. “ it used to be two - pronged plugs for


today features recessed screw heads, he says, reducing that particular safety risk. another example, he says, is the development of ground fault circuit interrupter ( gfci ) equipment. “ it used to be two - pronged plugs for everything, ” weber says. “ you would buy a refrigerator and it was just floating electrically. now even if there is a leakage of current, it will trip a breaker at 3ma to 5ma. ” weber also credits osha standards for lockout / tagout, fall protection, and cord inspections that contribute to greater on - the - job safety. “ when i worked my first electrical job there was not nearly as much safety training, ” he says. “ today it is a federal law to make sure i know all the lockout / tagout training. ” a major technological advancement, weber says, was the introduction and use of electronics for controls and relays. “ i remember opening up panels that were as big as a closet, with rows and rows of relays, ” he says. “ those were complex control panels and just to get logic you were expending so much energy. they also threw off enough heat that the control rooms needed huge air conditioners. ” today, he says, companies can take advantage of compact electronic programmable logic controllers that offer dense packaging and a lot more input / output in a small space. weber notes, though, “ electronics had a slow acceptance by the field. electricians resisted it, because they did not like the fact that they could not see what was happening within a circuit. the industry wanted to promote the high - tech aspect, but it fell on deaf ears on the part of the electricians, until they finally had to accept it as the way things were going to go anyway. ” another important change, weber says, comes in the form of increased power - metering capabilities. “ i can remember standing in front of the old electro - mechanical, very maintenance - prone equipment, ” weber says. “ at the end of the month, someone had to replace the paper. if you forgot to do that, the pen ended up writing through the paper and onto the metal drum. the pens would also run out of ink or get stuck. they were a nightmare to clean or maintain. today we have electronic meters that collect information and send it back to where i am sitting now. i can do archiving and look at very complex electrical measurements that weren ' t available before. metering can be integrated into the it functions of


presented by lars - erik jonsson and roger saljo from gothenburg university, sweden. students attending seminars can sometimes leave the seminar either annoyed that they were not able to make a full contribution or relieved they were not found out! online seminars can help both groups of students. the project tried to encourage useful participation by structuring the online experience : - sharing an experience - friendly atmosphere - synchronising activities - aiming for dialogue rather than monologue participants must be prepared. in a face to face - to - face seminar, students can hide. online, you have to contribute or effectively you are not there. to contribute, you have to prepare. harder to hide your lack of preparation. writing is a powerful tool for the development of thinking. asynchronous contributions allow thinking time more or less eliminates plagiarism - difficult to see how you could get someone else to write all your contributions for you. also, during the discussions, you get to know the students and listen to their written " voice ". see jonsson and saljo ' s chapter in institutional transformation through best practices in virtual campus development : advancing e - learning policies question and answer : it is of course possible for a participant ' s post is ignored. partly this is the job of the tutor to ensure students are not overlooked. student moderators may not be necessary but makes students active and is valuable. however you cannot expect students to have a productive discussion on their own. you need a tutor asking difficult questions and pushing for better discussion. social chat is encouraged but shouldn ' t be allowed to dominate. do some students benefit more than others from these seminars than others. [ to be fair, this is true of any seminar - probably any form of learning! - dm ] some students will feel more of an outsider and as tutors we must be aware of this. is there a problem in using elearning to learn about elearning? the reponse was along the lines of, " well that ' s what we do! " : - ) learning about learning is almost inherently circular in nature!


the and gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output ( 1 ) only if all its inputs are high. a dot (. ) is used to show the and operation i. e. a. b. bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i. e. ab. " if both inputs are true the output will be true " 3 input and gate truth table : ttl and gate : ttl logic gates are constructed by transistor - transistor logic. fig - 2 shows a rtl - resistor transistor logic. the ttl based and gate ics are as below : - 74ls08 quad 2 - input - 74ls11 triple 3 - input - 74ls21 dual 4 - input cmos and gate : three ( 3 ) p - type and three ( 3 ) n - type mosfets constructs a 2 input and gate logic. the first 2 p - type and 2 n - type mosfet construct a nand gate logic and the rest two p - type and n - type construct an inverter logic. so the first portion gives nand output and the second part getting that output gives and output doing the not logic operation ( inverting ) see the fig - 3. the cmos type and gates are shown below : - cd4081 quad 2 - input - cd4073 triple 3 - input - cd4082 dual 4 - input and gate analogy : fig - 4 shows an analogy of and logic gate. which constructed by a battery, 2 - switches ( spst ) and a electric bulb ; where 2 switches are indicates and inputs and the electric bulb as the and output. if the switch a is closed and b is open the bulb will not light. if again switch a is opened and b is closed the output will be the same as previous, the bulb will not light. but if the both switches ( a and b ) are closed the bulb will give light. that means this circuit follows the truth table of an and logic gate.


professional and technical writing / about professional writing this is a wikibook created by students and teachers of technical and professional writing. it is intended to be used as a guide for anything from writing a resume and cover letter to a company memo, report, or proposal once you are on the job. when exploring this wikibook you will discover details and tips that you will find helpful when composing various writing structures common in today ' s work place. this book begins with the rhetorical nature of technical and professional writing and ends with an appendix. the following gives insight to each area discussed in the book in addition to displaying an outline of the wiki book. the rhetorical nature of technical and professional writing the goal of rhetorical writing is to effectively communicate information to a group or an audience. it can be used for general or professional communication. the main focus here is the communication with your co - workers or the boss. the rhetorical nature of technical and professional writing ethics and technical communication this section covers legal and ethical issues associated with the managing of communication between different cultures. ethics and technical communication this section offers guidelines as well as tips in constructing documents such as resumes and cover letters. these two documents are critical for obtaining a desired job. an excellent resume and cover letter will make you stand out among other competitors and help you get the job you want. career documents business communications are the tools that would be used in the workplace. they teach us how to create a communication between coworkers. this includes having a main point to your writing, as well as something to attract your readers attention. this section offers a " how to " of writing a business letter, to composing business worthy e - mails, and memos. in addition, there is also a focus on website design, which is an essential tool in today ' s business world. business communications this is the nitty gritty of document design. subjects discussed in this section include the details of front matter ( i. e. table of content ) and back matter ( i. e appendix ), how to organize a document, and usability testing. having the ability to properly create, display, and organize the front and back matter of your document places you at a distinct advantage. the front matter is where most readers get the most interested and those who wish to look further into your document can view the appendix. these two sections are very important because of their effect on the reader. designing documents composing business reports and proposals this section starts by giving the reader the 3 p ' s of reports and


sl psychology / intro to research methods the following items should be included in this section : the hypothetico - deductive ( scientific ) method, types of psychological research methods, research designs, sampling, reliability, validity, and triangulation. research into mind can be traced back to ancient greece. however, empirical psychological research has its roots in investigations into cognitive functions such as introspection and memory. while early psychological researchers attempted to bring the same standards of rigor and control to their investigations as physical scientists enjoy, psychological research poses unique obstacles. psychological research investigates mind. only recently the contents of the mind become observable since the advent of neuro - imaging technologies such as eegs, pet scans, and fmris, thus early psychological research was focused on disagreements between different schools or generations of researchers that used varied approaches toward their investigations into the invisible mind. for example, cognitive researchers rely on inferences made from activities aimed at employing cognitive functions such as memory as opposed to examining how or where actual memories are laid down. conversely behaviorist researchers employed a more empirically rigorous method seeking only to make generalizations about phenomena that were directly observable and replicable in controlled settings. contemporary psychological research is derived from these disparate traditions and perspectives. it utilizes the hypothetico - deductive or scientific method : 1. observation and data gathering 2. inference of generalizations 3. construction of explanatory theories 4. deduction of hypothesis to test theories 5. hypothesis testing 6. support or challenges to existing theories and commensurate adjustments. theories and hypothesis two key steps, theory construction and hypothesis deduction / testing pose special problems for researchers. theories are sets of related generalizations explaining a specific mental phenomena e. g. schema and memory organization and hypotheses are specific predictions for research investigations. these steps are derived from empirical data, but are heavily influenced by an individual researcher ’ s perspective. thus, researchers seek to clearly articulate operational definitions in an effort to make their research easily replicable. additionally, controls are implemented to ensure credibility of results and subsequent conclusions. finally, published research contributing to knowledge in the discipline is peer reviewed and usually rigorously scrutinized. psychological research can take many forms ranging from : controlled laboratory true experiments ( involving the manipulation of independent variables and controls for confounding variables ) to field research ( involving deliberate manipulation of independent variables in natural uncontrolled environments ) to naturalistic / quasi experimental method ( involving observation and analysis of independent variables


experiments ( involving the manipulation of independent variables and controls for confounding variables ) to field research ( involving deliberate manipulation of independent variables in natural uncontrolled environments ) to naturalistic / quasi experimental method ( involving observation and analysis of independent variables changed by natural incidence ). no matter which research method is employed, controls are carefully implemented to ensure the credibility of research. key issues surrounding controls are : research design, sampling, reliability and validity. the underlying structure of an investigation. it involves how psychologists use subjects / participants in their experiments. the three most common designs are : 1. repeated measures : using the same subjects in the experimental and control conditions 2. independent measures : using different subjects / participants in the experimental and control conditions 3. matched pairs : using different subjects / participants in the experimental and control conditions with each sample having similar characteristics. the process of selecting participants / subjects to examine derived from a target population ( a specified subpopulation of all humans ). the results of a study are inferred from examination of the sample ’ s performance on a given measure, thus the sample is key in the line of reasoning from initial design to examination of results. several methods can be employed when choosing a sample : random, stratified and convenience. random sampling provides the best chance for the sample group to be representative of the target population. stratified samples reflect similar proportions of various sub - groups within a sample. convenience sampling involves choosing participants / subjects that are available at the time of data collection. convenience samples do not control for possible biases that may within certain subgroups of a population and thus the results and conclusions from a convenience sample must be analyzed with caution and triangulated. a study is reliable if it is replicable and the same results are achieved repeatedly. there are four types of reliability in regard to psychological study : - test - retest reliability ( also called stability reliability ) - interrater reliability - parallel forms reliability - internal consistency reliability to judge for reliability in this case, the test is administered two different times to the exact same or similar subjects. this judges for consistency of results across time, and to make sure the results were not affected by context of the time. reliability is higher if the retest is close in chronological proximity to the original test. research psychologists tend to replicate older studies to generate theories or to amend findings to account for reliability. in attention for example, treisman consistently retested findings to amend the attention models. two or more judges score the test. the scores are then compared to determine


tend to replicate older studies to generate theories or to amend findings to account for reliability. in attention for example, treisman consistently retested findings to amend the attention models. two or more judges score the test. the scores are then compared to determine how much the two raters agree on the consistency on a rating system. an example of interrater reliability would be that of teachers grading essays for an ap or ib exam. if a scale from 1 to 5 was used ( where 1 is the worst and 5 is the best ), and one teacher gave an essay a score of 2 and another gave a score of 5, then the reliability would be inconsistent. through training, practice, and discussion, the individual raters can reach a consistent level of assessing an experiment, test, or result. often, the raters are moderated by a higher rater who will assist in reaching consistency. parallel forms reliability a large set of questions that are related to the same construct are generated and then divided into two sets. the two different sets are given to the same sample of people at the same time. therefore, the two tests that study the same content are judged against each other for consistency. an example would be a pretest - posttest, where the two groups would either receive form 1 or form 2, and in the posttest situation, the groups would be switched. internal consistency reliability in this case, the tool is used as the tool to determine reliability. thus would be a test situation in which the items on the test measure the same content. often, questions can be strikingly similar, which shows that the test is also a measure for internal consistency reliability. therefore, the similar questions should be answered in the same way. there are different ways to measure internal consistency reliability : - average inter - item correlation - average itemtotal correlation - split - half reliability - cronbach ' s alpha ( a ) quantitative versus qualitative measures coolican, h. ( 2004 ). research methods and statistics in psychology. cambridge university press. 1. in what ways has new technology changed the science of psychology? provide three examples. 2. how does the importance of validity and reliability change depending on the type of study? 3. in what ways will the different aspects of an experiment ( sampling, methods, reliabilty, and validity ) affect the results and conclusions of an psychology study?


anatolian weights and measures the use of metal in anatolia increased significantly towards the end of the chalcolithic period, reflecting the development of trade relations in the region, and from commercial documents that have been deciphered, we know that units of weight originating in mesopotamia were used in anatolia. although there is no firm evidence about the use of weights and measures in anatolia prior to the assyrian colonies period, finds made of valuable metals with graduated markings are thought to have been used for measuring or for exchange in trade. for example, at troy small gold bars and in particular graduated rods seem beyond doubt to show the existence of trade based on measurement. the hittites, like the other tribes of the near east, used silver as a medium of exchange, in the form of rings or rods of specific size and weight. as in earlier times, hematite weights continued to be used to measure shekels and manas, units of weight that originated in babylon. anatolian weights and measures in the hellenic period the laws of solon implemented around athens in the greek period are also thought to have been used in anatolia. solon ruled that the talent of weight ( greek talanton ) should be 3 manas heavier than the monetary talent, distributing the difference between the constituent parts of the weight talent. this unit was the stater ( 873. 2 g ), equivalent to the old currency unit, the didrachmon. fractions of this unit were also used. the main greek units of weight were the talent and mana, but these were not identical everywhere. for example, in athens after the introduction of the solonian standard this was equivalent to 36. 39 kg when weighing commodities. as a monetary unit it was equivalent to metal weighing 25. 92 kg. one sixtieth of a talent was a mna or mana. the principal liquid measures were the katule ( 0. 27 litres ) and the amphora ( 1. 27 litres ), while dry measures were the khonix ( 1. 08 litres ) and medimnos ( 51. 84 litres ). in the famous history by herodotus of halicarnassus we find almost all the measurements of length used in anatolia during the ancient greek period : foot : 0. 296 cm ( the modern foot is 30. 48 cm ) finger : one sixteenth of a foot, 0. 0185 metres cubit : 1. 5 feet, 0. 444 metres fathom : 6 feet, 4 cubits, 1. 776 metres plethron :


octet : selected works from the school of visual arts, new york relational aesthetics, a term coined in 2002 by nicolas bourriaud refers to a kind of art that interacts with its onlookers. not based on formal concerns of aesthetic experience, audience participation is a necessary and required aspect of this type of work. like the situationists before them, practitioners in this field aim towards developing collective social experiences, and endeavors to fuse art with life. word as image to conceive of words as flesh, or breath or abstract signs, integrating words with the visual arts has had a cross - cultural history. from the rosetta stone to oracle bones, from bark cloth paintings, to illuminated manuscripts, words turn sounds into a concrete script. simple lines and dots, dabs and flows, arabesques and undulating rhythms displace the articulating voice in the external world. identity and identity politics what does it mean to be human? what does it mean to be part of a marginalized social group? how do race, religion, and / or gender, constitute an identity? the manner in which the self is defined is expressed through physical attributes, shared social values or political persuasions. in heterogeneous societies, such as america, a melting pot of citizens from italian, irish, jewish, arab, african, chinese, hispanic and turkish descent among others, form distinct communities. assimilating variegated cultural identities into the larger fabric of american life creates a multi - racial, multi - ethnic composite population. what does it mean to be an asian - american or a latino in the usa? although we all share the primary structure of dna, making us human, we each are also distinctly unique.


chancellor of austria | federal chancellor of the republic of austria state flag of austria as president of austria | term length | | no term limit | | inaugural holder | | karl renner, as state chancellor 30 october 1918 | formation | | first republic of austria 10 november 1920 | this article is part of the series : politics and government of the federal chancellor ( german : bundeskanzler, sometimes shortened to kanzler ) is the head of government of austria. in his capacity as chairman of the austrian federal government, the chancellor represents the supreme federal authority of the executive branch. though formally an equal member of the cabinet, the chancellor is considered to be the most powerful position in austrian politics, and as such is the nation ' s de facto chief executive. his official seat is in the federal chancellery. the use of the term chancellor ( kanzler, derived from latin : cancellarius ) as head of the chancery writing office can be traced back as far as the ninth century, when under king louis the german the office of the archchancellor ( erzkanzler ), later imperial chancellor ( reichserzkanzler ), was created as a high office on the service of the holy roman emperor. the task was usually fulfilled by the prince - archbishops of mainz as archchancellors of the german lands. in the course of the imperial reform, the habsburg emperor maximilian i in 1498 attempted to counter the spiritual power of the reichserzkanzler with a more secular position of an imperial court chancellor ( hofkanzler ), but the two became merged. these were also the times when attempts were made to balance imperial absolutism by the creation of imperial governments ( reichsregiment ), ultimately a failure. habsburg monarchy nevertheless, when maximilian ' s grandson ferdinand i succeeded him as archduke of austria in 1521, his elder brother emperor emperor charles v ( 1519 – 1556 ) appointed mercurino gattinara as " grand chancellor of all the realms and kingdoms of the king " ( großkanzler aller lander und konigreiche ). the separate position of an austrian court chancellor appeared as a osterreichische hofkanzlei around 1526, when the habsburg monarchy arose with the bohemian and hungarian inheritance ; it was however once again merged with the equivalent reichshofkanzlei office of the holy roman empire in 1559. upon the 1620 battle of white mountain and the suppression of the


, when the habsburg monarchy arose with the bohemian and hungarian inheritance ; it was however once again merged with the equivalent reichshofkanzlei office of the holy roman empire in 1559. upon the 1620 battle of white mountain and the suppression of the bohemian revolt, emperor ferdinand ii had separate court chancelleries established in order to strengthen the unity of the habsburg hereditary lands. beside a bohemian and hungarian chancellery, he created the office of an austrian chancellor in vienna, responsible for the archduchy of austria proper ( i. e. upper and lower austria ) with the inner austrian territories and tyrol. under emperor leopold i ( 1658 – 1705 ) the term again became hofkanzler with johann paul freiherr von hocher ( 1667 – 1683 ), and theodor von strattman ( 1683 – 1693 ). the eighteenth century was dominated by prince wenzel anton of kaunitz - rietberg ( 1753 - 1792 ), who was chancellor to four habsburg emperors from maria theresa to francis ii, with the titles of both hofkanzler and staatskanzler. he was succeeded by johann philipp von cobenzl ( 1792 – 1793 ), who was dismissed by emperor francis ii over the partition of poland and was succeeded by johann amadeus francis de paula ( baron thugot ) ( 1793 – 1800 ). thugot ' s chancellorship did not survive the austrian defeats by the french at the battles of marengo and hohenlinden in 1800 and he was replaced by johan ludwig joseph cobenzl ( 1800 – 1805 ), his predecessor ' s cousin, but who in turn was dismissed following the austrian defeat at austerlitz in 1805. austrian empire with the consequent dissolution of the holy roman empire and founding of the austrian empire, francis ii abdicated the former imperial throne, but remained emperor francis i of austria in 1806. he had replaced cobenzl with johan philip charles stadion ( 1805 – 1809 ) the previous year, but his career was in turn cut short in 1809 following yet another austrian defeat by napoleon at the battle of wagram and subsequent humiliation at the treaty of schonbrunn. prince klemens von metternich was appointed by francis i to the positions of hofkanzler and staatskanzler ( 1821 - 1848 ). however there is some opinion that the chancellor title was not used between prince kaunitz - rietberg ' s resignation in 1792 and 1821. as the metternich system had become a


staatskanzler ( 1821 - 1848 ). however there is some opinion that the chancellor title was not used between prince kaunitz - rietberg ' s resignation in 1792 and 1821. as the metternich system had become a synonym for his reactionary politics, the title of a state chancellor was abolished upon the 1848 revolutions. the position became that of a minister - president of austria, equivalent to prime minister, with the exception of count friedrich ferdinand von beust ( 1867 – 1871 ) the title only re - emerging at the birth of german austria after world war i in 1918, when karl renner was appointed staatskanzler. with the enactment of the constitution of austria on 10 november 1920, the actual term bundeskanzler was implemented as head of the executive branch of the first austrian republic. since a 1929 constitutional reform, the chancellor is appointed by the president of austria. in theory, the president can select anyone he wishes to be chancellor. de facto however, the national council parliament has the right to pass a motion of no confidence in the government as a whole or individual cabinet members at any time. also, it would be all but impossible for a cabinet to govern without adequate support in parliament. the chancellor assumes his office immediately and nominates the federal ministers for appointment by the president. appointments and dismissals are made by the president at the chancellor ' s recommendation. however, it has become strong constitutional convention for the president to act on the chancellor ' s advice. once sworn in, the government is capable of acting, without further confirmation by the national council. the chancellor ' s term of office is not limited and in no way affiliated with the legislative session, though he usually declares the resignation of his government to the presient upon a parliamentary election. if not, he would have to cope with the authority of the president to dismiss the cabinet or with the possibility of a vote of no confidence by the newly elected national council. the chancellor is normally entrusted by the president with the continuation of his offical duties until a new government is sworn in. role and powers as primus inter pares ( " first among equals " ) in the austrian government, the chancellor chairs the weekly cabinet meetings ( ministerrat ) coordinating the government ' s policies, but — unlike the chancellor of germany — does not possess the power to direct the federal ministers ; nor could he appoint or dismiss the cabinet members, though the president would normally act at his suggestion. thus, although considered as the most powerful political position by the public


unlike the chancellor of germany — does not possess the power to direct the federal ministers ; nor could he appoint or dismiss the cabinet members, though the president would normally act at his suggestion. thus, although considered as the most powerful political position by the public opinion in austria, he has a considerably weaker standing than the us president or the uk prime minister. bills adopted by the national council and certified by the president need the countersignature by the chancellor to obtain legal force. as a result of government formation process, the chancellor could also conduct affairs of a federal ministry in his own responsibility. according to the protocol, the chancellor ranks 3rd after the austrian president and the president of the national council. the chancellor normally chairs the largest political party in the austrian parliament. his political power is devolved from within the party, and can vary depending on his personality and whether there is a coalition government. especially his relationship with the federal minister of finance has proven vital in the last decades. the long - lasting proporz constellation of two approxiamtely equipollent coalition parties has led to some incrustations in austrian politics. the chancellor ' s authority is much stronger in a single - party cabinet, which only josef klaus and bruno kreisky have achieved so far. on the other hand, in 2000 wolfgang schussel was appointed chancellor of a highly controversial coalition government with the far - right freedom party ( fpo ), although his austrian people ' s party ( ovp ) then had only been third in the previous parliamentary election. list of chancellors of austria see also - politics of austria - constitution of austria - austrian federal government - vice - chancellor of austria - federal chancellery of austria - president of austria - interdisziplinarer arbeitskreis kurmainz und der erzkanzler des reiches - cambridge modern history vol xiii 1911. books. google. ca. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20. - kaisergruft : metternich - osterreich lexikon 1966, band 1 - official site ( german )


hummus with olive oil | place of origin | | egypt, levant | | main ingredient ( s ) | | chickpeas, tahini | hummus ( arabic : حمص ) is a middle eastern and arabic food dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic. today, it is popular throughout the middle east, turkey, north africa, morocco, and in middle eastern cuisine around the globe. hummus is an arabic word ( حمص hummus ) meaning " chickpeas, " and the complete name of the prepared spread in arabic is حمص بطحينة hummus bi tahina, which means " chickpeas with tahini ". spellings of the word in english can be inconsistent. " houmous " is the standard spelling in british english. among other spellings are hummus, hummous, hommos, humos, hommus and hoummos. many cuisine - related sources describe hummus as an ancient food, or connect it to famous historical figures such as saladin. indeed, its basic ingredients — chickpeas, sesame, lemon, and garlic — have been eaten in the region for millennia. but in fact, there is no specific evidence for this purported ancient history of hummus bi tahini. though chickpeas were widely eaten in the region, and they were often cooked in stews and other hot dishes, pureed chickpeas eaten cold with tahini do not appear before the abbasid period in egypt and the levant. the earliest known recipes for a dish similar to hummus bi tahini are recorded in cookbooks published in cairo in the 13th century. a cold puree of chickpeas with vinegar and pickled lemons with herbs, spices, and oil, but no tahini or garlic, appears in the kitab al - wusla ila l - habib fi wasf al - tayyibat wa - l - tib ; and a puree of chickpeas and tahini called hummus kasa appears in the kitab wasf al - atima al - mutada : it is based on pureed chickpeas and tahini, and acidulated with vinegar ( though not lemon ), but it also contains many spices, herbs, and nuts, and no garlic. it is also served by rolling it out and letting it sit overnight, which presumably gives it a very different texture from hum


acidulated with vinegar ( though not lemon ), but it also contains many spices, herbs, and nuts, and no garlic. it is also served by rolling it out and letting it sit overnight, which presumably gives it a very different texture from hummus bi tahini. | nutritional value per 100 g ( 3. 5 oz ) | | energy | | 695 kj ( 166 kcal ) | | percentages are relative to us recommendations for adults. source : usda nutrient database hummus is high in iron and vitamin c and also has significant amounts of folate and vitamin b6. the chickpeas are a good source of protein and dietary fiber ; the tahini consists mostly of sesame seeds, which are an excellent source of the amino acid methionine, complementing the proteins in the chickpeas. depending on the recipe, hummus carries varying amounts of monounsaturated fat. hummus is useful in vegetarian and vegan diets ; like other combinations of grains and pulses, it serves as a complete protein when eaten with bread. as an appetizer and dip, hummus is scooped with flatbread, such as pita. it is also served as part of a meze or as an accompaniment to falafel, grilled chicken, fish or eggplant. garnishes include chopped tomato, cucumber, coriander, parsley, caramelized onions, sauteed mushrooms, whole chickpeas, olive oil, hard - boiled eggs, paprika, sumac, ful, olives, pickles and pine nuts ( as photographed in the " history " section ). outside the middle east, it is sometimes served with tortilla chips or crackers. in vegetarian dishes from the middle east, arto der haroutunian calls hummus, " one of the most popular and best - known of all syrian dishes " and a " must on any mezzeh table. " syrians in canada ' s arab diaspora prepare and consume hummus along with other dishes like falafel, kibbe and tabouleh, even among the third and fourth - generation offspring of the original immigrants. hummus is a common part of everyday meals in israel. a significant reason for the popularity of hummus in israel is the fact that it is made from ingredients that, following kashrut ( jewish dietary laws ), can be combined with both meat and dairy meals. few other foods can be combined with a wide variety