prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned in virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as " common law burglary " and " statutory burglary. " common law burglary is defined as : if any person breaks and enters the dwelling of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony or any larceny ( theft < 200 $ ) therein, shall be guilty of burglary, punishable as a class 3 felony ; provided, however, that if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. statutory burglary is defined as : if any person in the nighttime enters without breaking, or in the daytime breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in a dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse, or, in the nighttime enters without breaking or at any time breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in any office, shop, manufactured home, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, church or other house, or any ship, vessel or river craft, or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck, or trailer, if such automobile, truck or trailer is used as a dwelling or place of human habitation, with intent to commit murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of virginia state code section 18. 2 - 77, 18. 2 - 79, or 18. 2 - 80, shall be deemed guilty of statutory burglary, which offense shall be a class 3 felony. however, if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. additionally, if any person commits any of the acts mentioned in the va state code section 18. 2 - 90 with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of va state code section 18. 2 - 77, 18. 2 - 79, or 18. 2 - 80, or if any person commits any acts mentioned in 18. 2 - 89 or 18. 2 - 90 with intent to commit assault and battery, shall be guilty of statutory burglary, punishable by confinement in a state correctional facility for not less than one or more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $ 2, 500, either or both. however,


more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $ 2, 500, either or both. however, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. finally, if any person break and enter a dwelling house while said dwelling is occupied, either in the day or nighttime, with intent to commit any misdemeanor except assault and battery or trespass ( which falls under the previous paragraph ), shall be guilty of a class 6 felony. however, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself / herself during the commission of the burglary. england and wales burglary is defined by section 9 of the theft act 1968 the theft act 1968 is an act of the parliament of the united kingdom. it creates a number of offences against property in england and wales. on 15 january 2007 the fraud act 2006 came into force, redefining most of the offences of deception. - history :... which created two variants : the offence is defined in similar terms to england and wales by the theft act ( northern ireland ) 1969. under scots law scots law is the legal system of scotland. it is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. with english law and northern irish law it forms the legal system of the united kingdom ; it shares with the two other systems some..., the crime of burglary does not exist. instead theft by housebreaking covers theft where the security of the building is overcome. it does not include any other aspect of burglary found in england and wales. it is a crime usually prosecuted under solemn procedure an indictment, in the common - law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. in jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony ; jurisdictions that lack the


prosecuted under solemn procedure an indictment, in the common - law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. in jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony ; jurisdictions that lack the concept of felonies often use that of an indictable offence — an... in a superiour court. another common law crime still used is hamesukin which covers forced entry into a building where a serious assault on the occupant takes place. common law common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... crimes in scotland are gradually being replaced by statutes. in canada, burglary is labelled as " breaking and entering " under section 348 of the criminal code a criminal code is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction ' s criminal law... and is a hybrid offence a hybrid offence, dual offence, crown option offence, dual procedure offence, or wobbler are the special class offences in the common law jurisdictions where the case may be prosecuted either summarily or as indictment.... breaking and entering is defined as trespassing with intent to commit an indictable offence in many common law jurisdictions, an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury.... the crime is commonly referred to in canada as " break and enter " which in turn is often shortened to " b and e ". in sweden, burglary does not exist as an offence in itself, instead there are two available offences. if a person simply breaks into any premise, he is technically guilty of either unlawful intrusion or breach of domiciliary peace ), depending on the premise in question. breach of domiciliary peace is only applicable when a person " unlawfully intrudes or remains where another has his living quarters " the only punishment available for any of these offences is fines, unless the offence is considered gross. in that case, the maximum punishment is two years in prison. however, if the person who has forced himself into a house, steals anything ( literally " takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it " ), he is guilty of ( ordinary ) theft ). however, the section regarding gross theft ( chapter 6, 4s of the penal


forced himself into a house, steals anything ( literally " takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it " ), he is guilty of ( ordinary ) theft ). however, the section regarding gross theft ( chapter 6, 4s of the penal code, grov stold ) states " in assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the unlawful appropriation took place after intrusion into a dwelling. " for theft, the punishment is imprisonment of at most two years, while gross theft carries a punishment of between six months and six years. as in sweden, there is no crime of burglary as such in finland. in the case of breaking and entering, the finnish penal code states that a person who unlawfully ( 1 ) enters domestic premises by force, stealth or deception, or hides or stays in such premises [... ] shall be sentenced for invasion of domestic premises to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months. however, if theft is committed during unlawful entering, then a person is guilty of theft or aggravated theft depending on the circumstances of the felony. ( 1 ) if in the theft the offender breaks into an occupied residence, and the theft is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated theft to imprisonment for at least four months and at most - r v collins r v collins 1973 qb 100 is a case decided by the court of appeal of england and wales which examined the meaning of " enters as a trespasser " in the definition of burglary... trespass is an area of tort law broadly divided into three groups : trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land. trespass to the person, historically involved six separate trespasses : threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem, and maiming... - home invasion home invasion is the fifth solo album by ice - t. released in 1993, the album home invasion is the fifth solo album by ice - t. released in 1993, the album home invasion is the fifth solo album by ice - t. released in 1993, the album ( which was originally set to be released in 1992 under the deal with... - watergate burglaries - " cat burglar " at wiktionary wiktionary is a multilingual, web - based project to create a free content dictionary, available in 158 languages...


ask a question about ' grabow ' start a new discussion about ' grabow ' answer questions from other users ( ˈɡʁaːbo ) is a town in the ludwigslust - parchim ludwigslust - parchim is a district in the west of mecklenburg - vorpommern, germany. it is bounded by the state schleswig - holstein, the district nordwestmecklenburg, the district - free city schwerin, the districts rostock and mecklenburgische seenplatte and the states brandenburg and lower saxony... district, in mecklenburg - western pomerania mecklenburg - vorpommern is a federal state in northern germany. the capital city is schwerin... germany, officially the federal republic of germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in europe. the country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is berlin. germany covers an area of 357, 021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate.... it is situated on the river elde the elde is a river in northern germany, a right tributary of the locknitz. its total length is 220 km. the elde originates near altenhof, south of malchow. it first flows southeast towards the southern end of lake muritz, which it enters at vipperow. it flows out of the muritz at its..., 7 km ( 4. 35 mi ) southeast of ludwigslust ludwigslust is a town in mecklenburg - vorpommern, germany, 40 km south of schwerin. it was the capital of the former district of ludwigslust, and is part of the district ludwigslust - parchim since september 2011. - history :..., and 34 km ( 21. 12 mi ) northwest of wittenberge wittenberge is a town of twenty thousand people on the lower elbe in the district of prignitz, brandenburg, germany. - history :... the historical center of grabow is distinguished by its close core of timber - framed houses timber framing, or half - timbering, also called in north america " post - and - beam " construction, is the method of creating structures using heavy squared off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. it is commonplace in large barns... of the 18th century. otto emil plath, the father of sylvia plath sylvia plath was an american poet, novelist and short story writer. born in


milton ' s first publication, a mask presented at ludlow castle, is examined. milton ' s vision of a poet ' s heaven in " ad patrem, " paired with the letter to charles diodati, with its particular emphasis on the need for chastity in poets, is used as a springboard to a discussion of the depiction of sexual ideals in the masque. revelation 14, 1 corinthians, and the apology for smectymnuus are also discussed at length, as are the poet ' s biography and the history of the masque ' s title. a study of milton ' s poetry, with some attention to his literary sources, his contemporaries, his controversial prose, and his decisive influence on the course of english poetry. as one of the world ' s great universities, yale traces its roots back to the early 1640s when colonial clergyman sought to establish a school in order to continue the tradition of european education within the americas. yale has now grown to educate over 11, 000 students from over 100 countries on a 310 - acre campus in new haven, connecticut. within the school ' s 260 buildings are over 2, 000 undergraduate programs in 65 departments taught by a distinguished faculty. as academic earth ' s first partner school, yale has been a leader within the space of opencourseware by consistently delivering on its esteemed mission to expand access to educational materials for all who wish to learn.


kruptos & phanero posted 09 april 2007 - 11 : 40 am i am studying the words kruptos and phanero. what i am wondering is if any of you know what the best way to translate these words are? my research shows that kruptos is primarily hidden / concealed ; phanero is primarily revealed / known. however, in romans 2. 28 – 2. 29 they has been translated as inward and outward. i have found no other occurrence for this in the english texts. this brings question to the translation. can any of you help me to understand why should be translated inward and outward? within context it can maintain the idea of conceal or revealed and still make plain sense. posted 09 april 2007 - 07 : 22 pm " 28. which is one outwardly ( ho en tosi phanerosi ). ioudaios ( jew ) has to be repeated ( ellipse ) with the article, “ the in the open jew ” ( circumcision, phylacteries, tithes, etc. ). likewise repeat peritomes ( circumcision ). 29. who is one inwardly ( ho en tosi kruptosi ). repeat ioudaios ( jew ) here also, “ the in the inward part jew ” ( circumcision of the heart peritomes kardias and not a mere surgical operation as in col. 2 : 11, in the spirit en pneumati, with which compare 2 cor. 3 : 3, 6 ). this inward or inside jew who lives up to his covenant relation with god is the high standard that paul puts before the merely professional jew described above. whose praise ( hou ho epainos ). the antecedent of the relative hou is ioudaios ( jew ). probably ( gifford ) a reference to the etymology of judah ( praise ) as seen in gal. 49 : 8. " the " gal. 49. 8 " is from the accordance text. it should read gen. 49 : 8. posted 09 april 2007 - 08 : 30 pm it appears to me that this verse should possibly read... [ update : right you were rob! that was an accident of hurried writing. it didn ' t even match my notes ] then not he who [ is ] a revealed jew, neither he who [ is ] revealed circumcised in the flesh. in other words this " jew " is showing off circumcision and jewishness to gain praise


my notes ] then not he who [ is ] a revealed jew, neither he who [ is ] revealed circumcised in the flesh. in other words this " jew " is showing off circumcision and jewishness to gain praise. it ' s not about whether or not he is a real jew. but he who is a hidden jew and his heart is circumcised by the spirit not he who is praised of people but of god. this hidden is connected to jesus ' statement of entering a prayer chamber and not praying in front of other to be thought righteous. because the father who sees in secret ( phaneros ) will reward. i understand the want / need to try to make this an inward and outward issue but there are words for that. why would paul use words that specifically mean concealing or revealing? reading it as an inward issue makes it possible that a jew of birth is not one of heart. this doesn ' t seem to fit within context. nor does it seem to fit with in nt practice. i am willing to read it as inward outward if i can gain a clear reasoning. edited by yetsirah, 16 april 2007 - 05 : 12 am. posted 11 april 2007 - 09 : 30 am it seems paul ' s very point is that jews of birth are not necessarily jews of heart. that would also seem to be his point in romans 9 : 6 - 13. whatever way you interpret paul ' s words in this passage, sufficient weight must be given to the flesh / heart contrast he sets up, which is very common in his epistles, especially romans and galatians. the flesh / heart contrast gives rise to the outward / inward translation so common in english versions. the greek words themselves might not usually mean inward / outward, but the contrast paul establishes is so common in his writings that translators have perhaps seen it as more weighty than the typical word usage. 0 user ( s ) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


agriculture production profile why is agriculture important anyway? aside from the nutritional value of food, agriculture is important to people, the economy, and our heritage. the city of kawartha lakes is home to approximately 1, 500 farms. assuming an average of 4 people per farm, that means approximately 6, 000 people live on farms in the municipality. the 2006 census estimated 8, 387 people in the area are employed year round and 4, 013 seasonal in the agri - food and related industries. agriculture and agri - food sector is a mainstay of the economy. kawartha lakes has the largest number of beef cows in central ontario and the 4th largest number of beef cows in ontario. farm cash receipts for main commodities totaled $ 87. 5 million in 2006. ( source : omafra, census 2006 ) kawartha lakes at a glance ( pdf ) farm cash receipts - main commodities : 2002 - 2006 major farm types kawartha lakes is the fourth largest municipality / county in ontario with respect to beef cow numbers. the fourth in ewe numbers and second largest in goats. with respect to total animal numbers, kawartha lakes has the third largest community pasture in ontario. the largest field crop in acres is hay with 95, 825 acres grown, representing 3. 74 % of the provinces crop. ( source : omafra 2006 ) what else is growing in kawartha lakes? over $ 8 million in floriculture, nursery & sod sales, covering 306, 117 square feet of total greenhouse area. ( source : census 2006 ) this area was originally surveyed and cleared for agriculture in the early 1, 800 ' s. the european settlers established mixed farms on these lands. many of today ' s farmers are descendants of the original settlers to this area. the area has grown to include a world class seed production facility and a large independent family owned dairy processing business. kawartha lakes is a regional center for farm marketing and farm supply with a livestock sale barn, large commercial grain elevators and continues to pursue diverse and value added agricultural opportunities. production profile field crops the largest acreage field crop grown is hay with 95, 824 acres grown, representing 3. 74 % of the provinces crop. fruit & vegetable production comparative acres 2006 beef farming remains the largest type of farming with over 1900 beef cattle in kawartha lakes. farms by industry 2006 livestock types 2006 - 271, 460 hens and chickens ( all types ) - 792 turkeys ( source : 2006 census )


chromosomes are structures found in the center ( nucleus ) of cells that carry long pieces of dna. dna is the material that holds genes. it is the building block of the human body. chromosomes also contain proteins that help dna exist in the proper form. chromosomes come in pairs. normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes ( 46 total chromosomes ). half come from the mother ; the other half come from the father. two of the chromosomes ( the x and the y chromosome ) determine if you are born a boy or a girl ( your gender ). they are called sex chromosomes : females have 2 x chromosomes. males have 1 x and 1 y chromosome. the mother gives an x chromosome to the child. the father may contribute an x or a y. it is the chromosome from the father that determines if the baby is a girl or a boy. the remaining chromosomes are called autosomal chromosomes. they are known as chromosome pairs 1 through 22. stein ck. applications of cytogenetics in modern pathology. in : mcpherson ra, pincus mr, eds. henry ' s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 22nd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 68. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.


chess requires you to think hard, analyze, plan, and execute. problem - solving and learning are become a game! studies conducted over the last 30 years show an increase in student iq ' s, and test scores improve after less than a year of systematic chess study. chess is also valuable due to its intellectual brand attributes : chess is known to be a smart person ' s game, and kids who play chess believe they are smart. why is this important? because what kids believe can be self - fulfilling. what does chess do? - develops self - esteem - builds team spirit - increases concentration. - encourages and promotes pattern recognition - enhances logical deductive reasoning to solve problems chess levels the playing field. age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and spoken language are irrelevant factors when playing chess. why offer chess in schools? by chessmaster jerry meyers - www. youthchess. net chess is a classic game of strategy, invented more than 1500 years ago in india. legend has it that the ruler of india asked his wise men to devise a way to teach the children of the royal family to become better thinkers and better generals on the battlefield. chess was the result. in the centuries since its invention, chess has spread to every country in the world. while countless other games have died out, chess lives on. in the united states, it has received endorsements by many educators, ranging from benjamin franklin to former u. s. secretary of education, terrell bell. in western pennsylvania, more than 70 schools and a dozen libraries offer chess programs, reaching several thousand students each year. 2 ) academic benefits we have brought chess to the schools because we believe it directly contributes to academic performance. chess makes kids smarter. it does so by teaching the following skills : focusing - children are taught the benefits of observing carefully and concentrating. if they don ' t watch what is happening, they can ' t respond to it, no matter how smart they are. visualizing - children are prompted to imagine a sequence of actions before it happens. we actually strengthen the ability to visualize by training them to shift the pieces in their mind, first one, then several moves ahead. thinking ahead - children are taught to think first, then act. we teach them to ask themselves " if i do this, what might happen then, and how can i respond? " over time, chess helps develop patience and thoughtfulness. weighing options - children are taught that they don ' t have to do the first thing that pops into their mind.


i do this, what might happen then, and how can i respond? " over time, chess helps develop patience and thoughtfulness. weighing options - children are taught that they don ' t have to do the first thing that pops into their mind. they learn to identify alternatives and consider the pros and cons of various actions. analyzing concretely - children learn to evaluate the results of specific actions and sequences. does this sequence help me or hurt me? decisions are better when guided by logic, rather than impulse. thinking abstractly - children are taught to step back periodically from details and consider the bigger picture. they also learn to take patterns used in one context and apply them to different, but related situations. planning - children are taught to develop longer range goals and take steps toward bringing them about. they are also taught of the need to reevaluate their plans as new developments change the situation. juggling multiple considerations simultaneously - children are encouraged not to become overly absorbed in any one consideration, but to try to weigh various factors all at once. none of these skills are specific to chess, but they are all part of the game. the beauty of chess as a teaching tool is that it stimulates children ' s minds and helps them to build these skills while enjoying themselves. as a result, children become more critical thinkers, better problem solvers, and more independent decision makers. 3 ) educational research these conclusions have been backed up by educational research. studies have been done in various locations around the united states and canada, showing that chess results in increased scores on standardized tests for both reading and math. a study on a large scale chess program in new york city, which involved more than 100 schools and 3, 000 children, showed higher classroom grades in both english and math for children involved in chess. studies in houston, texas and bradford, pennsylvania showed chess leads to higher scores on the watson glaser critical thinking appraisal and the torrance tests of creative thinking. 4 ) social benefits in the schools, chess often serves as a bridge, bringing together children of different ages, races and genders in an activity they can all enjoy. chess helps build individual friendships and also school spirit when children compete together as teams against other schools. chess also teaches children about sportsmanship - how to win graciously and not give up when encountering defeat. for children with adjustment issues, there are many examples where chess has led to increased motivation, improved behavior, better self - image, and even improved attendance. chess provides a positive social outlet,


graciously and not give up when encountering defeat. for children with adjustment issues, there are many examples where chess has led to increased motivation, improved behavior, better self - image, and even improved attendance. chess provides a positive social outlet, a wholesome recreational activity that can be easily learned and enjoyed at any age. why does chess have this impact? why did chess players score higher on the torrance tests of creative thinking as well as the watson - glaser critical thinking appraisal? briefly, there appear to be at least seven significant factors : - chess accommodates all modality strengths. - chess provides a far greater quantity of problems for practice. - chess offers immediate punishments and rewards for problem solving. - chess creates a pattern or thinking system that, when used faithfully, breeds success. the chess - playing students had become accustomed to looking for more and different alternatives, which resulted in higher scores in fluency and originality. - competition. competition fosters interest, promotes mental alertness, challenges all students, and elicits the highest levels of achievement ( stephan, 1988 ). - a learning environment organized around games has a positive affect on students ’ attitudes toward learning. this affective dimension acts as a facilitator of cognitive achievement ( allen & main, 1976 ). instructional gaming is one of the most motivational tools in the good teacher ’ s repertoire. children love games. chess motivates them to become willing problem solvers and spend hours quietly immersed in logical thinking. these same young people often cannot sit still for fifteen minutes in the traditional classroom. - chess supplies a variety and quality of problems. as langen ( 1992 ) states : “ the problems that arise in the 70 - 90 positions of the average chess game are, moreover, new. contexts are familiar, themes repeat, but game positions never do. this makes chess good grist for the problem - solving mill. ” first move video see what first move is all about. watch our foundation video to see how chess is used in the classroom as a learning tool.


neolithic man : the first lumberjack? thursday, august 9, 2012 transition from hunting to agricultural society parallels development of woodworking tools, tau research reveals a polished axe from the ppnb period. during the neolithic age ( approximately 10000 – 6000 bce ), early man evolved from hunter - gatherer to farmer and agriculturalist, living in larger, permanent settlements with a variety of domesticated animals and plant life. this transition brought about significant changes in terms of the economy, architecture, man ' s relationship to the environment, and more. now dr. ran barkai of tel aviv university ' s department of archaeology and ancient near eastern civilizations has shed new light on this milestone in human evolution, demonstrating a direct connection between the development of an agricultural society and the development of woodworking tools. " intensive woodworking and tree - felling was a phenomenon that only appeared with the onset of the major changes in human life, including the transition to agriculture and permanent villages, " says dr. barkai, whose research was published in the journal plos one. prior to the neolithic period, there is no evidence of tools that were powerful enough to cut and carve wood, let alone fell trees. but new archaeological evidence suggests that as the neolithic age progressed, sophisticated carpentry developed alongside agriculture. evolution of axes the use of functional tools in relation to woodworking over the course of the neolithic period has not been studied in detail until now. through their work at the archaeological site of motza, a neighbourhood in the judean hills, dr. barkai and his fellow researchers, prof. rick yerkes of ohio state university and dr. hamudi khalaily of the israel antiquity authority, have unearthed evidence that increasing sophistication in terms of carpentry tools corresponds with increased agriculture and permanent settlements. the early part of the neolithic age is divided into two distinct eras — pre - pottery neolithic a ( ppna ) and pre - pottery neolithic b ( ppnb ). agriculture and domesticated plants and animals appear only in ppnb, so the transition between these two periods is a watershed moment in human history. and these changes can be tracked in the woodworking tools which belong to each period, says dr. barkai. within ppna, humans remained gatherers but lived in more permanent settlements for the first time, he says. axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. in ppnb, the tools have evolved to much larger


settlements for the first time, he says. axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. in ppnb, the tools have evolved to much larger and heavier axes, formed by a technique called polishing. the researchers ' in - depth analysis of these tools shows that they were used to cut down trees and complete various building projects. " we can document step by step the transition from the absence of woodworking tools, to delicate woodworking tools, to heavier woodworking tools, " dr. barkai says, and this follows the " actual transition from the hunter - gatherer lifestyle to agriculture. " he also identifies a trial - and - error phase during which humans tried to create an axe strong enough to undertake larger woodworking tasks. eventually, they succeeded in creating a massive ground stone axe in ppnb. whether the transition to an agricultural society led to the development of major carpentry tools or vice versa remains to be determined, says dr. barkai, who characterizes it as a " circular argument. " whatever the answer, the parallel changes led to a revolution in lifestyle. beyond the change from a hunter - gatherer to an agricultural economy, a new form of architecture also emerged. not only did people begin to live in permanent villages, but the buildings in which they lived literally took a different shape. the round and oval structures of earlier domiciles were replaced by rectangular structures in ppnb, explains dr. barkai. " evidence tells that us that for each home, approximately 10 wooden beams were needed. prior to this, there were no homes with wooden beams. " in addition, humans began to produce limestone - based plaster floors for their homes — which also represented a growing use of wood, since plaster is manufactured by heating limestone. these architectural developments, along with building pens and fences for domesticated animals, also necessitated the felling of trees in large quantities. for more archaeology news from tel aviv university, click here.


is seaweed the future of biofuel? monday, march 5, 2012 tau scientist takes the search for alternative energy sources to the sea as scientists continue the hunt for energy sources that are safer, cleaner alternatives to fossil fuel, an ever - increasing amount of valuable farmland is being used to produce bioethanol, a source of transportation fuel. and while land - bound sources are renewable, economists and ecologists fear that diverting crops to produce fuel will limit food resources and drive up costs. now, prof. avigdor abelson of tel aviv university ' s department of zoology and the new renewable energy center, and his colleagues dr. alvaro israel of the israel oceanography institute, prof. aharon gedanken of bar - ilan university, dr. ariel kushmaro of ben - gurion university, and their ph. d. student leor korzen, have gone to the seas in the quest for a renewable energy source that doesn ' t endanger natural habitats, biodiversity, or human food sources. he says that marine macroalgae — common seaweed — can be grown more quickly than land - based crops and harvested as fuel without sacrificing usable land. it ' s a promising source of bioethanol that has remained virtually unexplored until now. the researchers are now developing methods for growing and harvesting seaweed as a source of renewable energy. not only can the macroalgae be grown unobtrusively along coastlines, prof. abelson notes, they can also clear the water of excessive nutrients — caused by human waste or aquaculture — which disturb the marine environment. a man - made " ecosystem " while biomasses grown on land have the potential to inflict damage on the environment, the researchers believe that producing biofuel from seaweed - based sources could even solve problems that already exist within the marine environment. many coastal regions, including the red sea in the south of israel, have suffered from eutrophication — pollution caused by human waste and fish farming, which leads to excessive amounts of nutrients and detrimental algae, ultimately harming endangered coral reefs. encouraging the growth of seaweed for eventual conversion into biofuel could solve these environmental problems. the system that the researchers are developing, called the " combined aquaculture multi - use systems " ( camus ), takes into account the realities of the marine environment and human activity in it. ultimately, all of these factors function together to create a synthetic " man - made ecosystem, " explains prof


" combined aquaculture multi - use systems " ( camus ), takes into account the realities of the marine environment and human activity in it. ultimately, all of these factors function together to create a synthetic " man - made ecosystem, " explains prof. abelson. man - made fish feeders, which produce pollution in the form of excess nutrients and are generally considered harmful to the marine environment, would become a positive link in this chain. used alongside an increased population of filter feeders such as oysters, which suck in extra particles and convert them food that the microalgae can consume, this " pollution " could be used to sustain a much greater yield of seaweed, which is needed for seaweed to become a sustainable source of fuel. " by employing multiple species, camus can turn waste into productive resources such as biofuel, at the same time reducing pollution ' s impact on the local ecosystem, " he says. turning waste into opportunity the researchers are now working to increase the carbohydrate and sugar contents of the seaweed for efficient fermentation into bioethanol, and they believe that macroalgae will be a major source for biofuel in the future. the camus system could turn seaweed into a sustainable bioethanol source that is productive, efficient, and cost - effective. for more environment and ecology news from tel aviv university, click here.


anyone wanting to comment on the u. s. department of labor ’ s proposed changes to the hazardous occupations orders for agricultural employment has until the end of the month to do so. these changes impact children between the ages of 14 and 16 who are hired to work on farms or other agricultural endeavors not owned or operated by their parents. if implemented, the proposed changes would be the first made to the orders in more than three decades. the six major changes that crop producers need to be aware of are : - 14 - to 16 - year - olds hired to work on farms that are not owned or operated by their parents would be banned from handling pesticides. - the tractor - safety certification requirement for these hired workers would be expanded from the current 24 hours of training to 90 hours, but children enrolled in the program — and in good standing — could work while taking the training. - the height at which these children could work would be lowered from the current 20 feet to six feet. - 14 - to 16 - year - olds would be banned from working in grain elevators. - these kids would not be able to use electronic devices like ipods or cell phones while operating a motor vehicle such as a tractor ( gps is an exception ). - all motor vehicles operated by these workers must have rollover protection. the u. s. department of labor expects the proposed changes to be implemented sometime in 2012. penalties for violations would range between zero for minor infractions and $ 100, 000, the maximum allowed by law, in cases that result in a fatality or severe dismemberment. to read the complete proposal, go to http : / / www. dol. gov / whd /. the " highlights " box has the most recent news on the subject.


technically ssl works as follows : at the " https " your browser recognises that he mentioned server, a certificate request. for the server the browser has returned a certificate, it must be certified by the certification body. then notify the server of this certificate directly to the browser. the browser receives from the directory service of the certification authority information, whether the certificate is valid. based on these data, the browser can now check whether he really is connected to the server, in the url. if so, your browser indicates a secure connection. for internet explorer and firefox, this is done by a closed padlock. the netscape navigator / communicator shows a secure page by the key intact. then the two agree on a balanced computer keys. this understanding is happening in the safe asymmetric encryption. to really on the safe side, your browser sends the server before the start of the actual data exchange some test messages. this can only answer the server when it is actually the server, which he pretends to be. looking even further the three objectives of encryption : does the ssl protocol so that a secure connection : 1st your data is confidential, because the content of your messages only encrypted over the network. 2nd the authenticity of the server. 3rd your data is protected from tampering, as effective algorithms examine whether the data is complete and unaltered their respective recipients. meanwhile, ssl as a standard for encryption established browser. meanwhile, but also transport layer security ( tls ). tls is in place by ssl 3. 0 standardized and expanded the range of use encryption methods to the advanced encryption standard ( aes ). tls is based on the more complex encryption methods triple des ( data encryption standard - datenverschlusselungs standard ) or other algorithms. it supports the encryption of e - mails and the proof of identity for commercial online transactions.


© 2010 gary l. francione, the abolitionist approach there is a great deal of discussion about what “ vegan ” means. “ veganism ” means at the very least not eating any flesh, dairy, or other animal products. in this sense, “ vegan ” means “ vegan diet. ” donald watson, who originally coined the term “ vegan ” used the word in this way when he made statements such as : “ wherever man lives, he can have a vegan diet. ” different people may have different reasons – ethical / spiritual, health, environmental – for eating a vegan diet. those who pursue a vegan diet may also, and for various reasons, eschew the use of other animal products in contexts beyond diet. for example, someone who pursues a vegan diet may also not wear animal products on her skin for health reasons – products applied to the skin get into the body. someone who pursues a vegan diet for environmental reasons may also not wear a particular animal product because of the effect on the environment of the production of the product. those who adopt a vegan diet for ethical / spiritual reasons may also fall into different groups. some see their vegan diet as a way of reducing animal suffering. that is, they do not think that it is wrong in and of itself to kill animals for human use but that it is wrong to inflict suffering on animals and so they avoid eating or using animal products. if there were a painless way to raise and slaughter animals for human use, these ethical vegans would not object to animal use. these people are not necessarily – and usually are not – committed to the abolition of animal exploitation and pursue regulatory reform that they believe, mistakenly in my view, will reduce animal suffering. “ ethical veganism, ” which i use interchangeably with “ abolitionist veganism, ” goes beyond a vegan diet and rejects direct animal consumption or use of any kind. an ethical vegan has a vegan diet and rejects consuming animal products but also does not wear or use any animal products. an ethical vegan rejects the commodification of nonhumans as property. an ethical vegan is committed to the abolition of animal exploitation. moreover, ethical vegans recognize that an animal - based agriculture harms other humans as well as non - humans and sees the connection between human rights and animal rights. ethical veganism is the moral baseline of the animal rights movement. ethical veganism represents a commitment to non - violence in one ’ s daily living. in


other humans as well as non - humans and sees the connection between human rights and animal rights. ethical veganism is the moral baseline of the animal rights movement. ethical veganism represents a commitment to non - violence in one ’ s daily living. in my experience, ethical veganism is the only sort of approach that results in consistent behavior. vegans for health reasons alone often “ cheat ” just as those who are on any diet for heath reasons often do. vegans for environmental reasons may not only lapse but may decide that an animal product has fewer adverse environmental consequences than non - animal products. someone who sees veganism only as a way of reducing animal suffering may eat or use an animal product if she thinks that more suffering will be caused if she does not. for example, some, such as peter singer and others, maintain that we ought to eat animal products if our not doing so will cause others to think that veganism is too difficult and thereby be dissuaded from thinking about veganism. these vegans then become “ flexible ” vegans which, in my view, means that they are not really vegans. an ethical vegan sees veganism as a general approach to life – a philosophy of living – and not as merely a matter of lifestyle. a final ( for now ) comment : health and environmental concerns may have a moral aspect. for example, those who pursue a vegan diet may do so because they believe that inflicting physical damage on their bodies by consuming animal products is a form of violence ( harm to the self ) and is immoral. those who pursue a vegan diet or who eschew the use of animal products for environmental reasons may do so not because of a utilitarian concern to preserve the environment but because they believe that the environmental consequences directly affect humans and nonhumans and violate the rights of these sentient beings. an ethical or abolitionist vegan, who sees any consumption or use of animal products as violative of animal rights, may also shun animal products for reasons of health and environment. in sum, people may be vegans for different reasons. in my view, ethical or abolitionist veganism is the only approach that results in consistent behavior. we should, however, be clear that no form of veganism is consistent with eating any animal products. that is, following a “ vegan diet ” is the minimal meaning of “ vegan. ” in my view, a “ vegan ” is someone who does not eat, use, or wear any animal products. but


science fair project encyclopedia izieu was the site of a jewish orphanage during the second world war. on april 6, 1944, three vehicles pulled up in front of the orphanage. the gestapo, led by the ' butcher of lyon ' klaus barbie, entered the orphanage and forcibly removed the forty - four children and their seven supervisors, throwing the crying and terrified children on to the trucks. as a witness later recalled : ' i was on my way down the stairs when my sister shouted to me : it ' s the germans, save yourself! i jumped out the window. i hid myself in a bush in the garden. i heard the cries of the children that were being kidnapped and i heard the shouts of the nazis who were carrying them away. ' following the raid on their home in izieu, the children were shipped directly to the " collection center " in drancy, then put on the first available train towards the concentration camps in the east. forty - two children and five adults were gassed in the concentration camp of auschwitz. two of the oldest children and miron zlatin, the superintendent, ended up in tallinn a city in estonia and were killed by a firing squad. one survivor of auschwitz revealed during klaus barbie ' s trial what happened to the children : ' i asked myself where were the children who arrived with us? in the camp there wasn ' t a single child to be seen. then those who had been there for a while informed us of the reality. ' you see that chimney, the one smoke never stops coming out of... you smell that odor of burned flesh...? ' the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


science fair project encyclopedia red tory is a nickname given to a political tradition in canada ' s conservative political parties. red tories were traditionally to the left of the rest of the party. originally it referred to the branch of the tory party that was committed to the welfare state. modern red tories, however, define themselves as " fiscally conservative and socially progressive ". the term blue tory has been coined to describe more right wing canadian conservatives. the notion of red toryism was developed by george grant in the 1950s and 1960s who argued that canadian conservatism was strongly influenced by ideals such as collectivism and community responsibility. these tories rejected liberal values such as individualism. red tories were thus socially conservative supporting traditional institutions like religion and the monarchy but fiscally liberal with a strong belief in the welfare state. grant traced red toryism to the beginning of canadian history. the collective nation building policies of sir john a. macdonald are seen as the foundation of the red tory tradition. the origin of the adjective " red " is not known. the reference may be to progressive aspects of red tory principles, since parties of the left have traditionally used the colour red. it may have been a reference to the british roots of the tory old guard. others think it comes from the liberal party of canada. the liberals often used red as their colour, while the conservatives used blue. grant and gad horowitz contrasted canada with the united states which was lacking this collectivist tradition. horowitz argued that canada ' s strong socialist movement grew from red toryism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much success in the united states. in some ways, red tories were thus closer to the ndp than to the liberals. the red tories historically served as the most powerful faction within the progressive conservative party of canada, and most of its leaders have been labeled red tories. these include sir john a. macdonald, john george diefenbaker, and robert stanfield. the heartland of red toryism was the maritimes and ontario and red tories dominated the provincial politics of these regions. the ontario progressive conservative party has held power in that province for most of the time since confederation. the ontario pcs were often labelled red tory, for example under the leadership of william davis from 1971 to 1985. under davis, the tories often ran to the left of the ontario liberal party. some political commentators have suggested that the new leader of the ontario progressive conservatives, john tory, is in the mould of the bill davis red tory tradition


to 1985. under davis, the tories often ran to the left of the ontario liberal party. some political commentators have suggested that the new leader of the ontario progressive conservatives, john tory, is in the mould of the bill davis red tory tradition. throughout the maritimes, red tories are the dominant force in the conservative party. this tends to explain why canadian provinces are often ruled at the provincial level by a party that may be conservative yet at the same time elect liberal members of parliament to the canadian house of commons. outsiders may not understand the large amount of ideological common ground shared by the two nominally different parties. the dominance of red toryism can be seen as a part of the international post - war consensus that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. with the end of the consensus globally in the 1980s canadian conservatism also split. red toryism never held much sway in western canada where small - government and socially conservatism has been dominant. the growing population and power of the west also played an important role in this transformation. eventually the explicitly anti - red tory reform party arose in the west and soon was larger than the progressive conservatives. throughout the federal pc party ' s decline, red tories were generally seen as the most vocal opponents of the unite the right initiative, which proposed merging or co - operating with the competing reform party of canada ( later the canadian alliance ). red tories considered the canadian alliance to be too radically conservative. in recent years, " red tories " clashed with neoconservatives within the progressive conservative party. joe clark ' s leadership was challenged by more conservative blue tory pc party members who endorsed brian mulroney. at the provincial level, albertan red tory supporters of peter lougheed were marginalized following ralph klein ' s assumption of power. as right - wing support for the progressive conservatives bled away to the reform party and then the canadian alliance, red tories increasingly gained control of the federal party. the controversial election of leader peter mackay, however, paved the way for merger with the canadian alliance. when the pcs did ultimately merge in late 2003 with the canadian alliance to form the conservative party of canada, many red tories expressed the view that they were " now without a political home. " notable red tories such as scott brison, john herron and keith martin ( who, although ideologically a red tory, was actually a canadian alliance mp ) defected to the liberal party of canada. some red tories joined the new


. " notable red tories such as scott brison, john herron and keith martin ( who, although ideologically a red tory, was actually a canadian alliance mp ) defected to the liberal party of canada. some red tories joined the new conservative party. some prominent red tories, including joe clark and andre bachand, refused to join the new party, or any other, and sat for the remainder of their terms as independents. a small number formed the fledgling progressive canadian party led by ernie schreiber, while others may have joined other centre or centre - left parties. with the conservative movement ' s drift to the political right, the term red tory is often used today not to refer to those in the traditional red tory tradition of george grant or robert stanfield but simply to blue tory moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace social conservatism such as james moore, gerald keddy and jim prentice. for the most part the unmitigated faith in big government has disappeared from canadian politics with even the ndp approaching the subject with some trepidation. thus, in the 2004 conservative party leadership election, tony clement was sometimes referred to as a red tory even though clement was on the right wing of the mike harris cabinet. clement is a neoconservative, who advocates privatization, tax cuts, the curtailment of social and economic development spending and free trade with the united states. he opposes government intervention in the economy. clement ' s stances are policies that most traditional red tories would reject. david orchard and his supporters have put themselves as the modern inheritors of the red tory tradition, although many red tories would not embrace this strident opponent of free trade with the united states as a red tory. red tories post - merger one of the most important issues facing the newly created conservative party is what will happen with the red tories. many high - profile red tories had opposed the merger and do not support the new party. the union has resulted in a number of red tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to defect to the liberals. the latter group includes members of parliament ( mps ) scott brison, andre bachand, rick borotsik, keith martin, and john herron. joe clark served the balance of his parliamentary term as a progressive conservative, outside of the new conservative party caucus. other high - profile red tories such as sinclair stevens and flora macdonald applied to re - register the old progressive conservative party


john herron. joe clark served the balance of his parliamentary term as a progressive conservative, outside of the new conservative party caucus. other high - profile red tories such as sinclair stevens and flora macdonald applied to re - register the old progressive conservative party name ; however this was refused by elections canada. on march 26, 2004, the progressive canadian party was registered with elections canada. it aims to be perceived as a revival of the " pc party ". it is not clear how successful it will be in this regard, since no prominent former pc tories such as clark, stevens, or macdonald, or any sitting mp or senator, is associated with the new party. finally, some red tories have decided to join the new conservative party. a group of them formed the red tory council, a group constructed to give voice to the red tories, monitor the party and its positions, and to prevent too great a swing to the right. belinda stronach, an instigator of the new party yet relative newcomer to politics who placed second in the first conservative leadership election, spoke up for government intervention to ensure growth in the economy, and generally stood against social conservatism, particularly in her personal support for same - sex marriage rights. stronach ' s positions on these issues are ones that red tories typically support, and she might be considered the most prominent red tory member of the conservative caucus in the 38th parliament. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


community voice project tells stories of the anacostia two rivers run through washington, d. c. the potomac, famous in history, separates the city from virginia. the anacostia, forgotten by history, divides the nation ’ s capital into parallel universes — one monumental and booming, the other unseen and struggling. you could call it a tale of two cities. polluted and degraded, the anacostia became a monument of environmental neglect. but for those who know the river and all its troubles, the anacostia has inspired hopes and dreams, culture and community. and remarkable human stories. stories like rodney stotts ’ s. he grew up in southeast d. c., where, often enough, if you happen to be young and black and male, you learn early about life. and loss. when rodney heard about a group called the earth conservation corps, he signed on as a pioneer member and went to work trying to restore the river and reintroduce wildlife, like the bald eagle. several years into it, four of his coworkers were murdered — strangled, shot, knifed, and bludgeoned to death. rodney learned you don ’ t quit. more than 20 years later, he ’ s still working on the river and paying forward the break he caught to kids coming up behind him, training new recruits how to restore old rivers — and young lives. the story of rodney stotts and seven other “ riverstories, ” captured digitally in words and video and photos, drew a crowd to american university ’ s wechsler theatre for a screening on december 14. ‘ stories from the inside out ’ these eight stories documented pivotal experiences in the lives of people connected with the anacostia. they were produced through a unique collaboration between community members and au students working with nina shapiro - perl in her course, community documentary : stories of transformation. “ stories from the inside out, ” says shapiro - perl, anthropology professor and filmmaker in residence. because they emerged from the inner lives and memories of these individuals, coaxed into the world by one or two students working closely, intimately, with each community member. “ in their own words and in their own voice, with images and music of their own choosing, they tell us about their lives, ” says shapiro - perl. “ they were assisted by anthropology and film students in my class who had just gone through the somewhat frightening, frustrating, and exhilarating experience of producing their own digital story. the students knew firsthand what it


, ” says shapiro - perl. “ they were assisted by anthropology and film students in my class who had just gone through the somewhat frightening, frustrating, and exhilarating experience of producing their own digital story. the students knew firsthand what it felt like to share their own sometimes buried feelings from the past in a story circle with almost perfect strangers. or give feedback on another person ’ s story without overtaking it. or create a first version of their digital story, only to go back again to get at a deeper truth. this is the method behind making digital stories, ” she says. “ this is the process that allows us to listen deeply to each other across the divides of neighborhood, class, race, and culture. ” an ambitious project, it began as a partnership between american university and the anacostia community museum, which wanted to document the stories of people of southeast washington who engage with the river. and as the stories show, many people engage — in many ways. - francis wheeler recalls growing up black and poor in southeast d. c. with all the riches of a clean river and a bounty of fish. - vaughn perry found his passion while volunteering with groundwork anacostia and connecting young people with their environment. - jamaica - born sania rose brings her love of nature to her hands - on efforts to eradicate pollution and restore the river ’ s beauty. - “ river rat ” gabe horchler, law librarian at the library of congress, commutes to work each day — on the river, in his boat. - senegal native kalin williams is working to build sustainable “ transition ” communities through her nonprofit earth ’ s visible energy ( e. v. e. ). - “ ecofeminist ” brenda lee richardson got involved in d. c. politics to clean up the anacostia and her community, finding herself as she rediscovered the river. - bob “ coach ” day, retired foreign service officer, runs the organization for anacostia rowing and sculling ( oars ), a rowing program for at - risk teens. many engaging, all dreaming big. of bridging worlds. of making connections. of changing the conversation. community members each wrote a story about a transformative experience, which they shared with the students. “ we started out going to these story circles and not knowing who we would work with, ” says kady buchanan, mfa film and electronic media student, who partnered with rodney stotts. the students listened. and they asked questions. and


. “ we started out going to these story circles and not knowing who we would work with, ” says kady buchanan, mfa film and electronic media student, who partnered with rodney stotts. the students listened. and they asked questions. and then they were matched with a storyteller. “ we wanted to work with sania because she was just really positive and full of hope and we really liked how she expressed that, ” says sean furmage, a second - year doctoral student in cultural anthropology. “ and that ’ s what we wanted to capture. ” the process was dynamic, and intense. “ it was just us two, ” says buchanan. “ we met sometimes weekly, sometimes not. we would just write ideas and write ideas, and go over it and over it. i would work on it in class and then bring it back, and then, ‘ let ’ s try this, and let ’ s try this. ’ ” camille akeju, director of the smithsonian anacostia community museum, says, “ we learn as much from the students as they learn from the process. it ’ s awe - inspiring to see a glow of recognition and appreciation from these students who, through this project, really are having worlds open up to them. it ’ s a facilitated process, but very spontaneous, too. ” the digital stories are part of the community voice project, an interdisciplinary initiative of faculty and students in the school of communication ’ s film and media arts, journalism, and public communication divisions, and the college of arts and sciences ’ anthropology department. “ most students in our film program make films about something, ” says soc dean larry kirkman. “ this is a very different kind of course, and it is quite radical. it ’ s making films with people. and this really changes students ’ relationship to their subjects. ” shapiro - perl says that her students “ document the stories and amplify the voices of marginalized communities to advance a more inclusive and progressive public policy. ” in the process, they cross divides and develop tools to work with others to share common human bonds. and the university “ bridges the sometimes difficult divide between itself and the surrounding community. ” rodney stotts felt the difference. “ of all the documentaries i ’ ve done, this one means the most, ” he says. “ it ’ s beautiful. ”


| | | | | | | | | | | | | | proceedings of symposia in applied mathematics 1998 ; 275 pp ; hardcover list price : us $ 60 member price : us $ 48 order code : psapm / 55 there exists a history of great expectations and large investments involving artificial intelligence ( ai ). there are also notable shortfalls and memorable disappointments. one major controversy regarding ai is just how mathematical a field it is or should be. this text includes contributions that examine the connections between ai and mathematics, demonstrating the potential for mathematical applications and exposing some of the more mathematical areas within ai. the goal is to stimulate interest in people who can contribute to the field or use its results. included is work by m. newborn on the famous deep blue chess match. he discusses highly mathematical techniques involving graph theory, combinatorics and probability and statistics. g. shafer offers his development of probability through probability trees with some of the results appearing here for the first time. m. golumbic treats temporal reasoning with ties to the famous frame problem. his contribution involves logic, combinatorics and graph theory and leads to two chapters with logical themes. h. kirchner explains how ordering techniques in automated reasoning systems make deduction more efficient. constraint logic programming is discussed by c. lassez, who shows its intimate ties to linear programming with crucial theorems going back to fourier. v. nalwa ' s work provides a brief tour of computer vision, tying it to mathematics - - from combinatorics, probability and geometry to partial differential equations. all authors are gifted expositors and are current contributors to the field. the wide scope of the volume includes research problems, research tools and good motivational material for teaching. graduate students and research mathematicians interested in artificial intelligence ; possibly those interested in philosophy. " although this book was written to introduce mathematicians to ai, the book is also likely to be a valuable resource for cognitive scientists and mathematical psychologists. " - - journal of mathematical psychology " seven excellent papers are included, covering important ai topics. " - - mathematical reviews table of contents ams home | © copyright 2012, american mathematical society


romain wacziarg finds link between genetic distance and income differences study provides new perspective on technology adoption why are some countries rich and others poor? much has been written on this question from a historical perspective, says ucla anderson associate professor romain wacziarg. " countries that were colonized and populated by europeans are generally more economically developed than countries that were not colonized, or were colonized but not populated by europeans, " he says. wacziarg thought this might have to do with the links between developed countries and northwestern europe, where the industrial revolution originated. " in particular, " he says, " with the fact that the colonizers who settled in these regions had been close to the industrial breakthroughs of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. " so wacziarg and enrico spolaore of tufts university began looking at the long term determinants of economic performance by countries - - measured by per - capita income. the main hypothesis of their study was that, if a country has a significant population that is genetically related to the population in the country where a major technological innovation took place, the country is more likely to adopt this technology and develop economically. the results are presented in a paper by wacziarg and spolaore entitled, " the diffusion of development. " " the idea is not about being european per se, " says wacziarg. " it ' s about being close to the source of innovation. not just geographically close, but also genetically close. new zealand and australia are not geographically close to europe, but they still got the industrial revolution sooner than papua new guinea in part because they were colonized by europeans. " genetic distance measures the time since two populations had common ancestors. much like siblings are more closely related than cousins since they share parents rather than grandparents, if two populations split apart 2, 000 years ago, they will be genetically closer than two populations that split apart 10, 000 years ago. the mechanism linking genetic distance to income differences can take a variety of forms. people who are genetically close are more likely to trust each other. populations that are genetically close can also communicate more easily, understand each others ' cultural norms and values, and adopt practices conducive to modern development - - such as rapid human capital accumulation, low fertility and better political institutions. one unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. because of this, separation between populations


low fertility and better political institutions. one unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. because of this, separation between populations is associated with a host of differences in skills, culture and language that are potential barriers to development. " we needed a way to measure the distance between populations of different countries, " says wacziarg. it turned out that geneticists have identified genetic markers that enable them to distinguish populations. and since these markers evolve at a steady rate, it is possible to determine the length of time since two populations had a common ancestor. it ' s like a molecular clock, he says. genetic distance is based on blood samples. enzymes and protein markers vary from one population to another. the measure of genetic distance is known as fst genetic distance. " it ' s what geneticists call the measure of heterozygosity, which summarizes how different your genes are, " says wacziarg. in the study, wacziarg and spolaore found that genetic distance is significantly correlated with current per - capita income differences between countries, even controlling statistically for geographic distance and other differences such as climate and resources. the results hold for income differences measured around the world since the year 1500. interestingly, genetic distance correlates with the current differences in income among european countries despite their close geographic proximity. " it ' s really quite simple, " says wacziarg. " the more genetically related people are, the more they will communicate, trust each other, imitate each other and share ideas. closely related populations will exchange practices, values, and modes of production that are conducive to economic development. " " what the paper does not argue, " says wacziarg, " is that a country will never develop if it is really far from the technological frontier. it ultimately might get it, but the time it will take is proportional to its genetic distance from the source of innovation. " the study suggests that anything that fosters the exchange of ideas between populations that are genetically distant might help overcome barriers to development. one example, says wacziarg, was the migration of engineers from india to the silicon valley as the area became a hub for information technology. he notes that this certainly helped make india a leader in software and it services. " you can overcome some genetic distance by bringing people close, " he says. another reason for india ' s


the appalachian hardwood forest the appalachian hardwood region is the mountainous area between new york and north georgia with an approximate boundary at the 1, 000 - foot altitude contour. within this area grow the finest hardwood timber to be found in the world. thousands of years ago this area was bounded on the north by glaciers and on the east, south and west by a shallow sea. when the glaciers receded and the seas subsided, the mountains were the garden spot that seeded the surrounding areas. all species of trees found in the east are also found in these mountains. for nearly 200 years after the settlement of the coastal plains, the appalachian mountains were the " far west. " the first white man to explore the appalachian mountains is reported to have been desoto in about 1540. he made no real settlement and few pioneers attempted to cross the rugged mountain ranges. hunters who ventured into these lush mountains returned with glowing tales of the grandeur of the country. with the discovery of cumberland gap about 1750, a relatively easy route became available across the mountains. however, westward migration did not start until 1779 when daniel boone was commissioned by the virginia legislature to build a road through the gap. he built what became known as the " wilderness road. " from 1779 to 1795 a steady stream of settlers flowed across the mountain trail. few stopped to settle in the rugged mountains to work out a living. most of the people moved on through the mountains into the low rolling hills and river bottom lands of central kentucky and beyond. the results of this migration can be seen in the timber stands of the region today. within the appalachian mountain territory there are vast areas of forest land containing billions of board feet of timber. farther west beyond the mountains in kentucky and tennessee, the forest lands are mostly small tracts and farm wood when steam boat traffic started on the ohio river, travel largely left the overland route, and the mountain section was nearly isolated from the outside world. scattered logging operations were active near the river courses as early as 1825. however, it was not until about ten years after the civil war when deposits of coal and iron were discovered that the railroads pushed into the mountains providing new transportation systems. the coming of the railroads was important to the timber industry because it provided outlets for the forest products so bountiful in the country. the demand for forest products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along the rail junctions. lumbermen from new england and new york and pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved through the


products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along the rail junctions. lumbermen from new england and new york and pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved through the virgin forests of the northeast. here was a new area of timber, the grandeur of which they had never seen. great band mills were built throughout the mountains to saw the giant poplar, oak and ash. these appalachian hardwoods found their way into furniture, flooring, wall paneling, railroad ties and hundreds of other products. they matched in elegance and beauty the foreign woods favored by woodworking craftsmen of the day. the area remains primarily a timber - producing region because the rugged nature of the country discouraged extensive land clearing for farming and conditions of soil, climate and topography are nearly perfect for growing trees. the appalachian mountains, which represent about 15 percent of the hardwood forest land area, furnish more than 20 percent of the total hardwood lumber production. the story of early hardwood harvesting in the appalachians is one of popularity for the different species. the first loggers went into the woods and cut white oak and yellow poplar 24 inches and larger in diameter. timber harvest in the mountains continued to rise, with peak production reached in 1909 and 1910. during this period of timber production, the supply seemed infinite. mammoth machines moved through the woods, knocking down what was not harvested and leaving great quantities of wasted wood in their wake. following the harvests, fires often moved through the area, burning not only trees, but the soil as well, causing serious damage to the forest environment. the miracle of nature provided the vitality to recover from the devastating fires and today the forests have regenerated. in the old days of virgin timber, trees were cut for use and to clear the land. now, with our frontier gone and our second growth timber before us, we are growing trees for use and changing our forest practices to meet not only the demands of today but the anticipated demands of generations to come. today, landowners and operators alike have professional foresters in their employ who guide the destiny of our public, private and industrial forests. as our ancestors found wood important to their daily lives, we find it essential today. have you ever wondered what it would be like to live a week without touching anything that required the cutting of a tree. there would be no newspapers, magazines or books. food would be very hard to find. new homes could not be built. railroads could not operate. there would


would be like to live a week without touching anything that required the cutting of a tree. there would be no newspapers, magazines or books. food would be very hard to find. new homes could not be built. railroads could not operate. there would be no paper products - - - no toilet tissue, paper napkins, bags, boxes or containers. fortunately for all of us, we will not run out of wood in the immediate future. trees are our only major renewable resource. unlike the oil and mineral resources of this nation, trees can go on forever. if we are intelligent enough as a society to grow, harvest and manage trees scientifically, we can count on a bountiful supply of wood forever. in the harvesting, sawing and processing of logs in the appalachian region, thousands of jobs are created. people are needed to cut the trees, saw them into logs and haul them to sawmills. there the logs are cut into lumber. other manufacturing plants process them into flooring, cabinets, panels, furniture and various finished products. wood industry jobs now require highly skilled people and provide lifetime occupational employment for those who want meaningful productive work. altogether the basic forest industries of the appalachian region employ more than 50, 000 people, with payrolls generating millions of dollars. thus, you can see the forests of this region play and important part in the daily economic lives of forest management practices in the region are making rapid strides. future progress will depend on public cooperation and support. trees were put here to use. remember, timber is our only major natural resource. there is a direct relationship between the quality of timber and the quality of all other forest resources. when trees are maintained in a healthy vigorous condition, all other resources benefit. when trees are " cultured " or managed, watershed values, wildlife food and cover, recreational opportunities, and all other enjoyment values for people are the greatest.


st. josaphat kuncevyc st. josaphat kuncevyc, a virtuous saint of the ukrainian greek catholic church - saint josaphat on november 12, the church remembers the life and tireless efforts of st. josaphat kuncevyc, the first eastern rite ( byzantine catholic ) saint to be canonized by rome in 1876. this devout man preached and worked to encourage unity within the church and would eventually be martyred at the hands of the schismatic group he had worked to unite to the apostolic see of rome. st. josaphat kuncevyc was born and baptized as johannes in the small lithuanian town of volodymyr in either 1580 or 1584. it was not a happy time for the ruthenian church, inwhich he was raised, and which united itself to rome in 1595. there were, however, members of the church who maintained a schism from rome, and had disdain for the " uniates, " which was the term for those who were in full communion with rome. though johannes ' s father was of noble heritage, he was devoted to commercial pursuits, and held the office of town - councilor. both he and johannes ' s mother contributed to the fostering of piety in the future saint. as a child, he didn ' t care much for typical child ' s play, but rather spent time praying and assisting at the liturgy. as a student he was both talented and zealous. while still a youth, he fervently studied ecclesiastical slav, and learned almost the entire casoslov ( breviary ), which he began to pray daily. he was offered a well paying partnership with a successful merchant and the hand of the merchant ' s daughter in marriage. however, johannes declined, discerning instead a calling to religious life. life and works as a religious at the age of 20 or 24 ( recalling the fact that it is unknown for sure whether he was born in 1580 or 1584 ), johannes entered a basilian monastery, the ukrainian order of saint basil at vilna in 1604. here, he lived as a monk and took the name brother josaphat. he was ordained a byzantine rite priest in 1609. at some point not too long after his ordination, josaphat learned of his superiorsamuel ' s dissident views and works. samuel had never accepted unity with rome and sought ways to fight roman catholicism and


byzantine rite priest in 1609. at some point not too long after his ordination, josaphat learned of his superiorsamuel ' s dissident views and works. samuel had never accepted unity with rome and sought ways to fight roman catholicism and those who brought about and supported union with rome. fearing the spiritual damage that could be brought about, josaphat brought the matter to the attention of samuel ' s superiors and the archbishop of kiev removed samuel from his post, replacing him with josaphat. josaphat became a famous preacher, working to bring unity with rome among the faithful, and to draw strayed christians back to the church. he believed unity was in the best interest of the church and through teaching, clerical reform, and personal example, josaphat brought many orthodox churches in lithuania into union with rome. he was consecrated bishop of vitebsk in 1617, and became archbishop of polotsk one year later in 1618. for years josaphat worked for unity among the christians in lithuania, and his labors were indeed fruitful. however, his successes only increased the hatred of the schismatic, anti - uniate groups in the area. in 1620, while josaphat was away attending the diet of warsaw, a schismatic group, with the accusation that josaphat had " gone latin, " set up anti - uniate bishops to replace the true ordained uniate bishops. against warnings, josaphat returned to his station ; the army, which remained loyal to the union - loyal king, attempted to protect josaphat and his clergy. however, november 12, 1623, an anti - uniate priest shouted insults at josaphat and tried to enter his residence. when the priest was removed, a mob assembled. josaphat, who tried to ensure that his servants were able to flee to safety, was martyred by axe and bullet at the hands of the mob. read more about modern martyrs of the ukrainian greek catholic church here. - adapted from the new catholic encyclopedia


cleaner water : north carolina ' s straight - pipe elimination project by fred d. baldwin some years ago, william and elizabeth thomas tried unsuccessfully to install a properly designed septic system that would replace a four - inch pipe draining household wastewater straight into a little creek a few yards behind their home. " i scrounged up enough money to put one in, " william thomas says. spreading his hands about two feet apart, he adds, " but i didn ' t get down this far until we hit water. " the thomases live on a small hillside lot in a rural area of madison county, north carolina. their situation is similar to that of many rural appalachian families who for one reason or another - money, the lay of the land, or both - live in older homes with inadequate septic systems. by the end of the year, however, they and many other madison county residents will have new septic systems in place, thanks to a county program backed by an impressive team of state, federal, and local partners ranging from area conservation groups to the appalachian regional commission ( arc ). the genesis of the program goes back to 1995, when governor james b. hunt created the year of the mountains commission to assess current and future issues affecting north carolina ' s western mountain communities. to protect and improve water quality, the commission recommended that, in addition to reducing mine drainage and agricultural runoff, the state department of environment and natural resources ( denr ) be directed to " aggressively pursue a program to eliminate the practice of ' straight - piping. ' " for years, decades even, it had been politically easier to ignore this issue. the commission pointed out that the 1990 census of housing showed that nearly 50, 000 households in north carolina did not have connections to either municipal sewage systems or adequate septic systems. this was true not only in mountainous areas, but also in low - income communities across the state. some of these households were draining " black water, " which includes raw sewage, into creeks or streams ; others were piping toilet wastes to a septic tank but straight - piping soapy and bacteria - laden " gray water " from sinks, baths, and dishwashers. still other households were relying on septic systems built before the installation of a dishwasher or a second bathroom ; these older systems were now prone to backups or leaks. as early as 1958, the state took the first of many steps to regulate or eliminate straight - piping. this and subsequent measures were loosely enforced. in 1996, governor hunt established


bathroom ; these older systems were now prone to backups or leaks. as early as 1958, the state took the first of many steps to regulate or eliminate straight - piping. this and subsequent measures were loosely enforced. in 1996, governor hunt established a goal to eliminate straight - piping of untreated wastewater into western north carolina ' s rivers and streams by the end of the decade. " every child should grow up in a community with clean, safe water, " hunt says. that same year, in response to the year of the mountains commission report, the north carolina general assembly created the wastewater discharge elimination ( wade ) program, which differed significantly from earlier, essentially punitive measures. the new law provided a temporary " amnesty " for households reporting conditions violating state environmental health codes and, more important, provided technical assistance to communities wishing to take advantage of the state ' s clean water management trust fund ( a fund established to finance projects that address water pollution problems ). terrell jones, the wade team leader, praises madison county for being the first county to conduct a wastewater discharge survey under the new law, and he emphasizes that straight - piping, especially of gray water, is a statewide problem. driving around madison county, you see why wastewater problems are costly to correct. roads wind up and down past rocky, fast - flowing streams and creeks that drain into the french broad river, where white - water rafters come for excitement. houses on back roads are far apart but near streams. if there ' s enough land suitable for a septic tank and drainage field downhill from one of those houses, a conventional septic system can be installed for about $ 2, 000. but if wastewater has to be pumped uphill, the cost can easily reach $ 8, 000 or more. this explains why punitive measures against straight - piping have been loosely enforced. local officials know that even $ 2, 000 is beyond the means of many families. who would tell cash - strapped people - more often than not, elderly - that they had to sell or abandon their home or family farmstead because of a housing code violation? a growing list of partners madison county officials decided to take the lead on a positive approach. they first turned to the land - of - sky regional council, an asheville - based local development district that represents 19 governmental units in four appalachian counties, including madison. the land - of - sky staff took advantage of an infrastructure demonstration grant from the north carolina division of community assistance and funds from arc to begin a wastewater survey and community


based local development district that represents 19 governmental units in four appalachian counties, including madison. the land - of - sky staff took advantage of an infrastructure demonstration grant from the north carolina division of community assistance and funds from arc to begin a wastewater survey and community - planning process. from that point, the list of partners grew rapidly. they included the denr wade program, u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) rural development, the north carolina rural communities assistance project, the state - funded clean water management trust fund, the pigeon river fund, the community foundation of western north carolina, the western north carolina housing partnership, and arc. the madison county health department and land - of - sky took the lead locally, working with a grassroots planning committee representing a broad base of organizations, outdoor sports enthusiasts, environmental groups, and private - property owners ( some of them living in homes with straight - piping ). among the decisions : to test every building in madison county not connected to a municipal system, not just the older units. that way, no one would feel singled out, and all faulty septic systems would be spotted. " it ' s made the process go slower, " says heather bullock, the land - of - sky regional planner assisting the project, " but it ' s made it better. " not all that much slower, either. by the end of september 1999, health department employees had surveyed 4, 594 of an estimated 10, 000 houses in madison county. where plumbing configurations weren ' t self - evident, the surveyors dropped dye tablets into sinks and toilets ( different colors for each ) to see if colored water emerged into a stream or septic tank area. the survey identified 945 noncompliant systems ( 20 percent of the total ). of these, 258 were straight - piping black water ; 535, gray water. another 116 had failing septic systems, and 36 had only outhouses. the incidence of problems closely tracked household income. a welcome surprise, says kenneth d. ring, health director of the madison county health department, was how well the inspectors were received. " the cooperation has been overwhelming, " he says. although most people with poor systems knew they had problems and wanted to correct them, some knew little or nothing about the design of their systems. for example, ronnie ledford, the chief building inspector and environmental health supervisor on the health department staff, recalls a visit with a man living in a mobile home. " he thought he had a septic system, " led


design of their systems. for example, ronnie ledford, the chief building inspector and environmental health supervisor on the health department staff, recalls a visit with a man living in a mobile home. " he thought he had a septic system, " ledford says. " he had a 55 - gallon drum. we found a ' black ' pipe draining into a ditch line. he was very shocked. it took him some time to get his money together, but he took care of it himself. " the problem all along, however, had been that too few people had been able to get the money together to take care of things for themselves. all the agencies involved chipped in to the extent their guidelines permitted. a few septic systems were renovated with community development block grant funds, but that program ' s rules require that any unit being renovated in any way be brought up to code in all respects - prohibitively expensive for people in housing with other problems. the usda provided section 504 loans and grants for eligible elderly, low - income home owners. the largest pool of money came from the clean water management trust fund, which awarded madison county $ 750, 000 for a revolving loan and grant fund, plus funds for administration. even so, setting up a workable program wasn ' t easy. many low - income area residents had poor credit ratings and little collateral with which to guarantee loans. if the program ' s loan requirements were too tight, applicants wouldn ' t qualify for loans, and pollutants would continue to drain into streams ; too loose, and the loan fund itself would soon drain away. help with funding the madison county revolving loan and grant program was established with these concerns in mind. the program includes both grants and loans, the ratios based on household income. in determining credit - worthiness, the program coordinator looks at whether difficulties were caused by circumstances beyond the family ' s control, such as a medical emergency. if a loan still looks too risky, the applicant is referred to an educational program run by the nonprofit consumer credit counseling service of western north carolina, in asheville. when it appeared that madison county might lack the legal flexibility for making the needed loans, the partners turned for help to the center for community self - help, a statewide nonprofit that offers loans as a community development tool. self - help agreed to make the loans from its funds, using the county ' s fund as its collateral. this somewhat complicated arrangement gives everyone involved some freedom to maneuver. the default rate is likely to be substantially higher than a bank could tolerate


tool. self - help agreed to make the loans from its funds, using the county ' s fund as its collateral. this somewhat complicated arrangement gives everyone involved some freedom to maneuver. the default rate is likely to be substantially higher than a bank could tolerate, but self - help makes sure applicants take the loan seriously. " the goal is to clean up the water, " explains tom barefoot, the usda rural development manager for the area. " we ' re trying to build on what it takes to get people in [ the program ], not on possible failure. " " this is a multi - year program, " adds marc hunt, a loan officer with self - help ' s western north carolina regional office. " we say, ' work on your credit and get back on the list in a few months. ' we don ' t want to enable consumers to develop bad habits. " contracts were let this fall for installing the first batch of new septic systems ( not counting a handful of early projects ). by the end of the year 2000, madison county hopes to have replaced 130 straight - pipes. the benefits will be both tangible and intangible. first of all, the streams of madison county, some of which flow into a river providing drinking water for towns downstream, will be cleaner. that has important health and economic benefits for an area increasingly attractive to both outdoor recreationalists and people planning to build homes away from cities. ironically, in some jurisdictions, worries about " image " have been a factor in unwillingness to deal more aggressively with straight - piping. " madison county recognized an opportunity, " says barefoot, " and they had the courage to act. it ' s not always a politically safe decision. " marc hunt agrees : " many rural counties have similar situations. any one of them could have done it, but madison county took the lead. " governor hunt also has praise for the county. " i am proud of everyone involved in madison county ' s work to find and fix straight - piping problems in a cooperative effort. this will only help our economic development, our public health, and our environment. but most of all, we ' re helping to make sure our children can grow up in a community with clean, safe water. " the various public and private partners involved hope that madison county ' s experience will become a model for other counties. there have been expressions of interest from county officials inside and outside the appalachian areas of the state. " it ' s really incredible to me, " says jody lovelace, a


hope that madison county ' s experience will become a model for other counties. there have been expressions of interest from county officials inside and outside the appalachian areas of the state. " it ' s really incredible to me, " says jody lovelace, a community development specialist with usda rural development, " how we ' ve been able to pull this together. everyone said, ' let ' s not just clean up the water. let ' s help these folks develop financial responsibility and financial pride. ' " for the individual households involved, there are direct benefits. some will have a chance to build or improve a credit history. most will benefit at least somewhat from improved property values. all, of course, will be glad to be rid of septic systems that back up or of the unpleasant and potentially dangerous discharge of wastewater of any kind near their homes. " it ' s a health hazard, " elizabeth thomas says. the thomases, who were defeated by waterlogged soil when they tried to replace their old system years earlier, this time received help from a neighbor. he agreed to let them install a septic tank on his vacant field, downhill and off to one side of their house. " he ' s a good neighbor, " william thomas says. that pretty much sums up what madison county, land - of - sky, and their various partners have accomplished. the straight - pipe elimination project began with a blue - ribbon commission ' s straight talk about an old problem. it ' s grown into a program that gives everyone involved - from agency officials to rural people living in houses built by their grandparents many decades ago - a chance to prove that they can be good neighbors to each other. fred d. baldwin is a freelance writer based in carlisle, pennsylvania.