fate. it was apollinaire who first called de chirico ’ s painting ‘ metaphysical ’, referring to works produced in 1910 and 1911 ( l ’ intransigeant, 30 oct 1913 ). de chirico had been influenced by the work of the symbolists and by that of arnold bocklin. by 1917, in ferrara, he was painting in a simplified manner, in which crisp areas of colour outlined in black and a clear, dry modelling complement the disturbing subject - matter. carra met de chirico and savinio for the first time in ferrara in february 1917. a leading futurist, carra had begun to withdraw from the movement in 1915 as he became interested in the combination of simplicity and monumentality in the work of giotto and paolo uccello. paring away superfluous detail in his paintings, he applied the structural lessons of these masters to figures and ordinary objects, attempting to reconcile art and nature. his understanding of giotto ’ s use of a perspective subservient to the pictorial structure prepared him for the destabilizing space used by de chirico. carra ’ s style fluctuated during these investigations, but in the metaphysical style of de chirico he found a solution. the two painters worked closely for some months in 1917 ; while theoretical differences remained, their stylistic solution became known as pittura metafisica, a term that they were happy to apply to their work. the roman periodical valori plastici appeared for the first time in november 1918 and became the proponent of arte metafisica, which had widened its activities in the preceding year. savinio ’ s first book, hermaphrodito, was published in 1918 ; carra held a show in milan ( 1917 – 18 ), which included his ferrarese works. de chirico exhibited in rome in 1918 ( with carra ) and 1919. during world war i the artists in ferrara had been in touch with the periodical la raccolta in nearby bologna. through this connection giorgio morandi absorbed the metaphysical style ; for a time c. 1918 / 19 his works came close to carra ’ s, in the crisp rendering of a limited group of objects. morandi ’ s work was illustrated in valori plastici, and he exhibited with de chirico and carra but soon passed on to other considerations. in 1919 carra published pittura metafisica ; the book understated de chirico ’ s importance in


in valori plastici, and he exhibited with de chirico and carra but soon passed on to other considerations. in 1919 carra published pittura metafisica ; the book understated de chirico ’ s importance in these developments and led to acrimony. a year later filippo de pisis, who had been part of the ferrara group, published his lyrical prose collection about ferrara, la citta dalle 100 meraviglie. although collages survive from 1916, de pisis began to paint seriously only in 1919, using a soft impressionistic style for his vaguely metaphysical still - lifes. at this time the sculptor arturo martini, although dispensing with the characteristic perspective and mannequins, went some way towards reconciling carra ’ s giottesque monumentality with the foreboding of de chirico ’ s paintings by means of his small, clay figures. martini ’ s use of the figure was symptomatic of valori plastici ’ s sympathy towards the so - called post - war ‘ rappel a l ’ ordre ’. in its years of publication ( 1918 – 21 ), when the theoretical background of arte metafisica was being clarified by savinio, de chirico and carra, the style of both painters shifted radically from the position of 1917 to concentrate on the figure. several major artists were attracted by this development : mario sironi ’ s totemic mannequins turned into brooding solitary figures ; and felice casorati used steep perspectives leading to dark interiors as the settings for his models. in germany the impact of the two valori plastici travelling exhibitions ( 1921 and 1924 ) was considerable. featureless mannequins began to appear in the work of george grosz, rudolf schlichter and oskar schlemmer. the effect was felt most profoundly, however, by max ernst. on his arrival in paris in 1922, ernst ’ s painting reflected the admiration of his poet friends for de chirico. at that time only one painter, pierre roy ( a pre - war friend of de chirico ), showed the influence of metaphysical art, but the painters who became surrealists after ernst almost all passed through a period of stylistic debt to de chirico, notably salvador dali and alberto giacometti ( the leading creators of the surrealist object ), rene magritte and paul delvaux. these groups — novecento italiano in italy


reasons to attend a presentation dates and times of presentations how to reserve / schedule a time : 90 minutes content : definitions of rape / sexual assault discussion of rape myths and effects of rape cultural contributors to rape - avoid committing sexual assault - help a friend who has been raped - speak out against rape audience : any men who want to learn more about how to prevent sexual assault. great for male residence halls, fraternities, athletic teams, and other male organizations. presenters : males who are trained in sexual assault prevention and who do not believe that “ every man is a potential rapist. ” requests : requests for presentations can be emailed to firstname. lastname @ example. org or by calling 994 - 5682. reduce the likelihood that the crimes of rape or sexual assault will occur within your organization. in addition to being criminal offenses, rape and sexual assault can bring sanctions from the university as well as national governing bodies, and can ruin the reputations of your members, the organization, the team, or the university. - good public relations when a rape or sexual assault occurs ( or is even rumored to have occurred ) within an organization, word quickly spreads to beware of that group. taking an active part in sexual assault prevention allows the rest of the msu community see your organization in a positive light. depending on your level of involvement, your group can be listed on the msr website as a supporter so that others can see that your organization is committed to preventing sexual violence. - protect and educate your members a large number of men who committed rape or sexual assault didn ’ t know they had committed a crime, even though their actions clearly met legal criteria for these offenses. an msr presentation will teach your members what the laws are and how to look out for yourself and your friends. - help protect females we all have females who are close to us : friends, girlfriends, sisters, and mothers. department of justice statistics show that 1 in 4 women will be a victim of rape. learning about sexual assault, rape, and what you can do to prevent it helps educate others and works towards keeping women safe. presentations for fall have not yet been scheduled. call us to arrange a special presentation for your group, or watch this space for a schedule or presentations. to reserve a spot at one of the presentations, please call 994 - 5682. spaces are limited to 15 - 20 people, so call soon to get the day and time you want! feel free to bring snacks or beverages, but please be prepared to stay


ottawa — hop cultivation, which has been dormant in quebec for more than 60 years, could see a revival, thanks to a $ 400, 000 agriculture and agri - food canada and quebec ministry of agriculture research project in a rural part of the province. the study will help two farmers in pontiac country, near the ontario border, grow 10 varieties of hops to determine which ones grow best and are most disease - resistant. the research project is expected to last three to five years. jacques lance, who has a 364 - hectare farm on grand calumet island, said hop cultivation could help quebec cattle and cash crop farmers diversify their crops and increase their incomes. richard gravel, an agriculture canada spokesman, said scientists suggested the project in 2005 when the price of hops doubled. gravel said almost all quebec microbreweries are interested in the pontiac study because they want locally produced hops. lance said the price of hops — green cone - shaped flowers that give beer a bitter tang — recently increased by more than 400 per cent in one year. he said even though the price has since declined he hopes to receive at least $ 10 a pound for this year ' s crop from a small, experimental plot. an agriculture canada explanation of the project said it would transfer hop - growing techniques to other farms, improve regional economies and meet the needs of microbreweries. lawrence cannon, mp for pontiac and foreign affairs minister, and jean - pierre blackburn, the minister of state for agriculture, announced the government investment in hop production at lance ' s farm about 100 kilometres northwest of ottawa on thursday. lance said a shortage of hops has forced the price up and made it difficult for some microbreweries to find a reliable supply. " the basic plan is to help farmers diversify their incomes and help microbreweries, " lance said. " the quebec microbreweries are looking for a made - in - quebec product because some growers told them they might not be able to supply them with hops any more. " there had been a couple of bad years and that created a shortage. hops had been selling at $ 4 to $ 5 a pound and then they went up to $ 40 or $ 50. some big breweries tried to buy up almost all the hops and that left the microbreweries with a big problem. "


el castillo / temple of kukulcan the most dramatic structure in chichen itza is el castillo ( the castle ), also known as the temple of kukulcan. at 24 meters ( 79 feet ) it ’ s the tallest structure on the site, and certainly the most recognizable. dating to around a. d. 850, the castillo was built according to strict astronomical guidelines. there are nine levels, which, divided by the central staircase, make for 18 platforms, the number of months in the maya calendar. each of the four sides has 91 steps ; together with the platform on top, there are 365 steps, or one for each day of the year. there are 52 inset panels on each face, equal to the number of years in each cycle of the calendar round. on the spring and autumn equinoxes ( march 21 and september 22 ), the afternoon sun lights up a bright zigzag strip on the outside wall of the north staircase and the giant serpent heads at the base, giving the appearance of a serpent slithering down the steps. chichen itza is mobbed during those periods, especially by spiritual - minded folks seeking communion with the ancient mayas. the effect also occurs in the days just before and after the equinox, and there are many fewer people blocking the view. climbing the castillo used to be a given for any visit to chichen itza, and the views from its top level are breathtaking. however, an elderly tourist died in 2005, after tumbling from near the top of the pyramid to the ground. the accident, combined with longtime warnings from archaeologists that the structure was being irreparably eroded by the hundreds of thousands of visitors who climbed it yearly, prompted officials to close it off. pyramids at other sites have been restricted as well, and it ’ s looking more and more like a permanent policy. deep inside the castillo, and accessed by way of a steep, narrow staircase are several chambers. inside one archaeologists discovered a red - painted, jade - studded figure of a jaguar. © gary chandler & liza prado from moon yucatan peninsula, 9th edition


since the 1960s, washington has clamped a strict trade embargo on cuba in the expectation that economic distress would oust castro or at least moderate his behavior. since 1996 the u. s. embargo has been embodied in law ( heretofore it was an executive order ). here ’ s what uncle sam says the embargo, enacted on february 3, 1962, by president kennedy, is about : the fundamental goal of u. s. policy toward cuba is to promote a peaceful transition to a stable, democratic form of government and respect for human rights. our policy has two fundamental components : maintaining pressure on the cuban government for change through the embargo and the libertad act while providing humanitarian assistance to the cuban people, and working to aid the development of civil society in the country. critics call it a violation of international law that injures and threatens the welfare of cuban people. the united nations general assembly routinely votes to condemn it ( the 2009 vote was 187 - 3, with only palau and israel — which trades with cuba — joining the united states in voting against the resolution ). uncle sam even fines foreign companies doing business with cuba. talk about shooting oneself in the foot! for example, when hilton and sheraton hotels worldwide were banned from accepting cuban trade delegations, european unions and parliamentarians initiated a boycott of the hotel chains, while the mexican government even fined sheraton us $ 100, 000 for expelling cuban guests in violation of international law. meanwhile, the ultimate irony and hypocrisy is that although no cuban goods can be sold to the united states, the u. s. does permit sales of “ agricultural ” and certain other goods to cuba under a waiver that runs from daiquiri mix to rolls of newsprint ( even the communist rag, granma, is printed on paper from alabama ), to the tune of us $ 718 million in 2008! the effects of the embargo ( which castro calls el bloqueo, or blockade ) are much debated. in 1999, cuba filed a claim for us $ 181 billion in reparations. however, in 2000, the international trade commission ( itc ) determined that the embargo has had a minimal impact on the cuban economy, citing domestic policies as the main cause of cuba ’ s economic woes ( for three decades, the effects of the embargo were almost entirely offset by massive subsidies from the soviet union ). as president carter noted during his visit to havana in may


citing domestic policies as the main cause of cuba ’ s economic woes ( for three decades, the effects of the embargo were almost entirely offset by massive subsidies from the soviet union ). as president carter noted during his visit to havana in may 2002 : “ these restraints are not the source of cuba ’ s economic problems. cuba can trade with more than 100 countries, and buy medicines, for example, more cheaply in mexico than in the united states. ” the paradox is that the policy achieves the opposite effect to its stated goals : it provides a wonderful excuse for the communist system ’ s economic failings, and a rationale to suppress dissidents and civil liberties under the aegis of national security for an island under siege. it also permits fidel castro to perform the role of cuba ’ s anti - imperialistic savior that he has cast for himself. although state department officials privately admit that the embargo is the fundamental source of fidel ’ s hold on power, u. s. presidents are wed to what ann louise bardach calls a “ transparently disastrous policy, trading off sensible and enduring solutions for short - term electoral gains [ in florida ] ” in response to fanatically anti - castroite cuban - american interests. u. s. citizens who oppose the embargo and restrictions on u. s. citizens ’ constitutional right to travel can make their views known to representatives in washington. contact your senator or representative in congress ( u. s. congress, washington, dc 20510, tel. 202 / 224 - 3121 or 800 / 839 - 5276, www. house. gov and www. senate. gov ). write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to your representative that makes the argument for ending the travel ban and embargo and requests he / she cosponsor a bill to that effect. write or call the president ( the president, the white house, washington, dc 20500, tel. 202 / 456 - 1414, president [ at ] whitehouse [ dot ] gov ). also call or fax the white house comment line ( 202 / 456 - 1111, fax 202 / 456 - 2461, www. whitehouse. gov ) and the secretary of state ( 202 / 647 - 4000, www. state. gov / secretary ). publicize your concern. write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to the editor of your local newspaper as well as any national newspapers or magazines and make the argument for ending the em


balancing foundational information with a real world approach to inclusion, inclusion : effective practices for all students, 2e equips teachers to create effective inclusive classrooms. the most applied text in the market, this second edition sharpens its focus and its organization to more clearly outline best practices for inclusive classrooms. the book ’ s three part structure opens with the foundational materials you ’ ll need to truly understand inclusive classrooms, followed by brief categorical chapters to give you the information you need to meet the needs of all students. finally, field tested and research based classroom strategies are laid out on perforated pages to make the transition from theory to practice seamless. table of contents inclusion : effective practices for all students, 2e part i : foundations of successful inclusion 1. what is inclusion and why is it important? 2. inclusion : historical trends, current practices, and tomorrow ’ s challenges part 2 : who are the students in an inclusive classroom? 3. students with learning disabilities 4. students with attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder 5. students with intellectual disabilities 6. students with emotional and behavioral disabilities 7. students with autism spectrum disorders 8. students with communication disorders and students with sensory impairments 9. students with physical disabilities, health impairments, and multiple disabilities part 3 : effective practices to meet all students ’ needs chapter 10 collaboration and teaming to support inclusion chapter 11 formal plans and planning for differentiated instruction chapter 12 teaching students from diverse backgrounds chapter 13 effective instruction in core academic areas : teaching reading, writing, and mathematics chapter 14 effective instructionin secondary content areas chapter 15 effective classroom management for all students chapter 16 using technology to support inclusion $ 152. 00 | free ground shipping. mylab and mastering products deliver customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real - time evaluation and diagnostics. mylab and mastering products help move students toward the moment that matters most — the moment of true understanding and learning. $ 88. 00 | isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 13 - 290203 - 8 with coursesmart etextbooks and eresources, you save up to 60 % off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. once you have purchased your etextbooks and added them to your coursesmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. $ 60. 99 | isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 13 - 288900 - 1 books a la carte are less - expensive, loose -


a few days ago, i wrote a post about why the word barrel is abbreviated bbl. i thought i had done my homework. i had checked my sources and it seemed like my post was reliably sourced ( going back as early as 1904 ) when i had attributed the abbreviation bbl to the use of blue colored barrels in the pennsylvania oil industry in the 1860s. thankfully, an anonymous reader wrote in with a tip saying that bbl was in use long before the pennsylvania oil industry. sure enough, i did a little poking around on the internet and found some old cargo manifests from the early days of sail. i found one as early as 1764 that use the bbl abbreviation and it was certainly in use even before this. ( manifest of the brig sally, dated september 11, 1764 - note the bbl abbreviation ) so where did bbl come from? i contacted three reference librarians across the country, and after doing their research, all three came back with the " blue barrel " answer. when after i explained my earlier cargo manifest finds, one librarian from new york still put up a defense saying that " blue barrel " was well researched and had a long history of documented evidence. one site i found took a couple of good guesses stating that the " b " may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural ( 1 bl, 2 bbl ), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. of course these are just guesses. i ' ll keep looking for a satisfactory answer and i ' ll let you know if i find anything. of course if there ' s someone else with more information, feel free to post in the comments.


the military ban on women in combat is coming to an end. defense secretary leon panetta announced the overturning of a 1994 pentagon rule that restricts women from artillery, armor, and infantry jobs. this country has had a storied history of women fighting for the country, despite various forces dissuading them from doing so. as of last year, for example, more than 800 women have been wounded in iraq and afghanistan ( where about 20, 000 women have served ) despite the combat ban. but the story is older than that, as old as the country even. a woman by the name of margaret cochran fought in the revolutionary war, and hundreds of women disguised themselves as men just to take up arms in the civil war. according to the national archives, as many as 400 women fought during the civil war while concealing their gender. mary livermore of the u. s. sanitary commission wrote in 1888 : some one has stated the number of women soldiers known to the service as little less than four hundred. i cannot vouch for the correctness of this estimate, but i am convinced that a larger number of women disguised themselves and enlisted in the service, for one cause or other, than was dreamed of. entrenched in secrecy, and regarded as men, they were sometimes revealed as women, by accident or casualty. some startling histories of these military women were current in the gossip of army life. let ’ s meet some of these women who, in a sense, paved the way for today ' s ban reversal. here are four women who fought, compiled from larry g. eggleston ' s women in the civil war. - loretta janeta velazquez was a total badass. born to a rich cuban aristocrat, velazquez ’ s wealth played a key role in her fighting for the confederate army. when her husband, william, went off to war in 1861, velazquez wanted so badly to be with him that she offered to fight beside him incognito. william wouldn ' t hear it, and went off to war without her. not content with life alone, velazquez decided to use her wealth to finance and equip an infantry battalion, which she would bring to her husband to command. she cut her hair, tanned her skin, and went by the name lt. harry t. buford. she went on to fight in various battles, including bull run and shiloh, but her gender was twice discovered and she was discharged. so, naturally, she


, tanned her skin, and went by the name lt. harry t. buford. she went on to fight in various battles, including bull run and shiloh, but her gender was twice discovered and she was discharged. so, naturally, she became a spy, with disguises in both the male and female variety. - it must have been hard to hide your gender while serving in the war. take it from lizzie compton, who enlisted at the age of 14. her gender was discovered seven different times. but each time, she packed up her things and moved on to another regimen. compton was wounded twice during her service, the first time by a piece of shrapnel as she charged up a hill at antietam. - louisa hoffman has the distinction of serving for both the union and confederate armies. when the war first started, she left her home in new york to enlist ( as a man, of course ) in the 1st virginia confederate cavalry. but, after fighting at both battles of bull run, she had a change of heart, and headed up north to ohio. - mary seaberry was said to wear a disguise and have a manner that “ never gave anyone in her regiment even the slightest hint that she was not a man. ” unfortunately for her, after being admitted into a hospital with a fever, there was no way she could hide her true identity. she was discharged “ on the basis of sexual incompatibility. ”


spider silk can be scary enough to insects to act as a pest repellant, researchers say. these findings could lead to a new way to naturally help protect crops, scientists added. spiders are among the most common predators on land. although not all spiders weave webs, they all spin silk that may serve other purposes. for instance, many tiny spiders use silk balloons to travel by air. science news from nbcnews. com researchers suspected that insects and other regular prey of spiders might associate silk with the risk of getting eaten. as such, they reasoned silk might scare insects off. the scientists experimented with japanese beetles ( popillia japonica ) and mexican bean beetles ( epilachna varivestis ). these plant - munching pests have spread across eastern north america within the past half - century. [ ewww! nature ' s biggest pests ] the beetles were analyzed near green bean plants ( phaseolus vulgaris ) in both the lab and a tilled field outdoors. the investigators applied two kinds of silk on the plants — one from silkworms ( bombyx mori ) and another from a long - jawed spider ( tetragnatha elongata ), a species common in riverbank forests but not in the region the researchers studied. both spider and silkworm silk reduced insect plant - chewing significantly. in the lab, both eliminated insect damage entirely, while in the field, spider silk had a greater effect — plants enclosed with beetles and spider silk experienced about 50 percent less damage than leaves without spider silk, while silkworm silk only led to about a 10 to 20 percent reduction. experiments with other fibers revealed that only silk had this protective effect. " this work suggests that silk alone is a signal to potential prey that danger is near, " researcher ann rypstra, an evolutionary ecologist at miami university in ohio, told livescience. rypstra was most surprised that the effect occurred even though the species involved do not share any evolutionary history together as predator and prey. this suggests " herbivores are using the silk as some sort of general signal that a spider — any ol ' spider — is around and responding by reducing their activity or leaving the area, " she said. while more work will need to be done before this research might find applied use, the fact that the presence of silk alone reduced damage caused by two economically important pest insects " suggests that there could be applications in agricultural pest management and biological control, " rypstra said. rypstra is also interested


science friday is a national public radio program for kids interested in science. the program menu allows one to listen to the weekly program, read questions related to the program and get suggestions for further study. another good option in the program menu is the sounds like science mentor page. a topic of current interest is chosen each week and material concerning this topic is available. a scientist with expertise in this area is available to answer questions about the current topic. other program menu topics have general information about npr. newton ' s apple is a long - running pbs science show. the site is not very fancy, but surfing through the episodes will yield some excellent home science activities. bill nye the science guy bill nye the science guy is a disney science tv show. one can read today ' s episode and research previous episodes. a current news portion includes science news and science of sports sections. a daily demo safe for kids to do is related to the news or the current episode. film clips and sounds of science involve downloading files. many museum sites are included in top ten links. scientific american frontiers this site offers a forum where you can post your opinion about one of the shows. teachers can get teacher guides to each show and also access on - line activity based on each show. there is a " related links " section which offers hyper text links for each show of the season. students can post questions to the scientists involved in each show. this site includes lesson plans and activities for incorporating pbs programming into classroom curriculum.


##r closener, he has himself been in many cases the authority for later historians. the last chapter of the " chronik " contains an alphabetical list of historical events with dates, forms thus a kind of compendium of history, and was often copied separately. the " chronik " was printed as early as 1474, and later at strasburg in 1698. the best edition is that of hegel in " chroniken der deutschen stadte ", viii - ix ( leipzig, 1870 - 1 ). in addition we possess a latin - german glossary by konigshofen, which may, however, in its essential details be traced to closener. oberlin, de jacobo twingero regiovillano ( strasburg, 1789 ) ; schneegans, notice sur closener et konigshofen ( strasburg, 1842 ) ; potthast, bibliotheca, ii, 1076 - 88. concerning konigshofen as choralist see mathias, phototypische wiedergabe des konigshofenschen tonarius ( graz, 1903 ). apa citation. ( 1910 ). jacob konigshofen. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08689a. htm mla citation. " jacob konigshofen. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 8. new york : robert appleton company, 1910. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 08689a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by czegledi erzsebet. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1910. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


sumatra, erected by a decree of 30 june, 1911, and entrusted to the dutch capuchins. previously it formed part of the vicariate apostolic of batavia, which is under the care of the jesuits of holland. the new prefecture comprises sumatra and the surrounding islands, including bangka ( area, 4888 sq. miles ; population, 78, 000 ) the island of sumatra, referred to as jabadin by ptolemy, and visited by marco polo in 1292, was discovered by the portuguese navigator siqueira in 1508, and occupied by the dutch in 1599. it extends from 95º 16 ' to 106º 3 ' e. long., and from 5º 40 ' n. to 5º 59 ' s. lat., and has an area of about 181, 000 square miles. the natives, of malayan race, number about 5, 500, 000, exclusive of the little known inland tribes. they are indolent and cruel ; their religion is a mixture of fetishism and mahommedanism. at the beginning of 1911 the jesuits had four chief mission centres in sumatra, — at medan, padang, koata radja, and tandjeong - sakti, — and sixteen minor stations. the sisters of charity of tilburg ( holland ) were established at padang. there were two mission schools, and 4600 catholics of whom 3200 were europeans. missiones catholicæ ( rome, 1907 ), 263 - 6 ; pius almanak ( amsterdam, 1912 ) ; zondervan, banka en zijne bewoners ( amsterdam, 1895 ) ; yzerman, dwars door sumatra ( haarlem, 1896 ). apa citation. ( 1912 ). prefecture apostolic of sumatra. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14333b. htm mla citation. " prefecture apostolic of sumatra. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 14. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14333b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the immaculate heart of the blessed virgin mary. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. july 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal


environmental history of georgia : overview native american influences humans arrived in the southeast roughly 12, 000 years ago. over the millennia, native americans interacted with the landscape in numerous ways. fire setting, first used to promote hunting, had perhaps the most significant impact. fire setting was probably common in the piedmont. varying fire - setting regimes would have created a patchy landscape, in which frequently burned, open oak forests adjoined less recently burned areas crowded with saplings, briars, and shrubs or unburned areas with more thin - barked trees. in the coastal plain, lightning perpetuated longleaf pine stands carpeted with diverse herbs or wiregrass and bounded by firebreaks like cypress swamps ; indian - set fires may have supplemented the natural regime. scholarly opinion differs as to the fire regime in the mountains. fires from lightning strikes are rare and low in intensity in most montane sites. native americans certainly supplemented the natural fire regime by burning in the river valleys to promote agriculture and probably burned many dry mountain ridges. moist coves would have burned less often. the settlement of thus, the landscape prior to european arrival was not entirely pristine. rather, in a complex mosaic, human riverine settlements punctuated landscapes of large, fire - fostered pines and oaks abutting unburned areas such as cypress swamps in the coastal plain and huge cove hardwoods in the mountains. european settlement and landscape transformation europeans transformed the forested mosaic promoted by the native americans to a land forged for the production of goods for foreign markets. huge harvests of forest resources in early colonial days were the first to demonstrate the size of the export market. ginseng was collected to scarcity, and animal pelts were taken from southeastern forests in huge quantities. from 1700 to 1715 more than 1 million fox, elk, otter, and other skins were shipped from charleston, south carolina ; from 1739 to 1761 more than 5 million pounds of deerskins alone were exported from the southeast. beavers were nearly extirpated from the state, and buffalo and elk were disappearing by 1760. of the commodities that followed, rice, cotton, and timber spurred perhaps the greatest changes in georgia ' s landscape. rice and cotton in 1750 the prohibition on owning slaves was lifted in georgia, catalyzing large - scale commercial agriculture. rice was the first commodity to transform a portion of georgia ' s landscape. landowners cleared large swaths of forest to construct plantations and rice fields. however, tidal rivers inundated and drained the impounded rice, limiting the most intense human agricultural


. rice was the first commodity to transform a portion of georgia ' s landscape. landowners cleared large swaths of forest to construct plantations and rice fields. however, tidal rivers inundated and drained the impounded rice, limiting the most intense human agricultural impact to the tidal deltas. upon eli whitney ' s invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton production spurred a landscape transformation across the piedmont and the western and upper coastal plain. following a cascade of land cessions from native americans, farmers rolled across the land, growing cotton for profit and corn for livestock and human consumption. they cleared and farmed a plot of land for a few years, then abandoned the depleted soil and moved on. staggering amounts of soil were eroded off the barren fields ; on average, 7. 5 inches of topsoil were lost. the eroded sediments washed into streams, burying milldams and depositing as much as eight to fifteen feet of silt on some streambeds. the higher streambeds and absence of plants to impede winter storm runoff caused widespread flooding. intense cotton farming and its deleterious effects continued until the 1920s, when the boll weevil, plummeting prices, and depleted soils contributed to a precipitous decline in production. hence, by the 1930s commercial agriculture, industrial logging, and nascent urbanization had created a landscape far different from that first encountered by europeans. the stumps and scraggly trees of cut - over land, silted streams and denuded hillsides of abandoned farms, and growing networks of towns and transportation corridors had replaced much of the forest mosaic. conservation and reforestation in the mid - 1900s two trends changed the tenor of human impact on the georgia landscape. first, soil and timber depletion spurred conservation efforts. second, much of the barren land reverted to trees. an impetus to preserve wild landscapes had gained national momentum in the early twentieth century. following that course, many state and national wildlife refuges, parks, and forests were established in georgia in the 1920s and 1930s, in a movement that continued throughout the century. while many farms adopted better farming practices, others were abandoned. in a trend that peaked in the 1960s, abandoned fields underwent secondary succession, a process in which grasses, shrubs, pines, and hardwoods succeed one another over time. in the 1930s charles herty, a chemist at the university of georgia, revolutionized land use in georgia when he stimulated the pulpwood industry by using young pines to make white paper. many old fields, particularly in the


succeed one another over time. in the 1930s charles herty, a chemist at the university of georgia, revolutionized land use in georgia when he stimulated the pulpwood industry by using young pines to make white paper. many old fields, particularly in the coastal plain, converted to pine plantations. urbanization and regulation in the second half of the twentieth century, human - environment interactions became increasingly complex. by the 1960s a dearth of regulation had permitted severe pollution problems. urbanization accelerated. the population of georgia doubled from roughly 4 million people in 1960 to more than 8 million in 2000, exacerbating pollution problems, straining water resources, and fragmenting the landscape through urban sprawl. at the same time, the science of ecology came of age and fostered an appreciation of biodiversity and an understanding of the links among species extinction, urban sprawl, and invasive exotic species. pollution and water supply regulations in 1960 very few air or water pollution controls existed. industries released more than 400 toxic chemicals into the air, drinking - water quality was not regulated, and 70 percent of the municipal sewage in georgia entered rivers untreated. fossil fuel use spawned high levels of ground - level ozone in large urban areas. construction sediment coated stream bottoms, and water supplies became problematic as demand from the growing population, industry, and agriculture increased. while ozone, water supply, and sediment proved more intractable, state and national regulations successfully addressed many egregious problems, markedly improving the environment. urban sprawl and species conservation several forces countered these trends. in 1973 the federal endangered species act was passed, spurring the protection of species in georgia. land conservation by many groups accelerated, and the georgia community greenspace program was created in 2000 through an act of the georgia legislature. the voluntary program provides funds to encourage counties to preserve 20 percent of their land and water permanently as greenspace for the protection of natural resources and informal recreation. r. harold brown, the greening of georgia : the improvement of the environment in the twentieth century ( macon, ga. : mercer university press, 2002 ). linda g. chafin, a field guide to the rare plants of georgia ( athens : university of georgia press, 2007 ). donald edward davis, where there are mountains : an environmental history of the southern appalachians ( athens : university of georgia press, 2000 ). timothy silver, a new face on the countryside : indians, colonists, and slaves in south atlantic forests, 1500 - 1800 ( cambridge, england ; new york : cambridge university press, 1990


did shrinking guts and high - energy food help us evolve enormous, powerful brains? the latest round in the row over what ' s known as the " expensive tissue hypothesis " says no. but don ' t expect that to settle the debate. the hypothesis has it that in order to grow large brains relative to body size, our ancestors had to free up energy from elsewhere - perhaps by switching to rich foods like nuts and meat, which provide more calories and require less energy to break down, or possibly by learning to cook : cooked food also requires less energy to digest. kari allen and richard kay of duke university in durham, north carolina, turned to new world monkeys to explore the hypothesis. previous studies offer a wealth of data on the monkeys ' diets and show that their brain size varies greatly from species to species. but when the pair controlled for similarities between related species, they found no correlation between large brains and small guts ( proceedings of the royal society b, doi : 10. 1098 / rspb. 2011. 1311 ). as robin dunbar at the university of oxford points out : " it is one thing to say that the hypothesis doesn ' t apply to new world monkeys, and another to extrapolate that to humans. " if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article


the aurora collection returns to the natural history museum a world - class collection of 296 naturally coloured diamonds has been loaned to the natural history museum by diamond collectors alan bronstein and harry rodman. the aurora collection comprises 267. 45 carats of exceptionally rare stones, from the 12 colour varieties, and reveals an enchanting spectrum from emerald green to blood red. ' gems like these were not meant to be imprisoned in a dark vault for the momentary pleasure of a few eyes, ' said alan bronstein, co - owner of the aurora collection. ' the true value of a collection is sharing it with as many people who are interested to experience nature ' s diversity of expression. it ' s thrilling to think that the collection will be seen by the 3. 6 million visitors that come to the natural history museum each year. ' coloured, so called ' fancy ', diamonds have become more desirable than ever. coloured stones were recently worn by actresses halle berry and scarlett johansson. fancy diamonds are very rare : only one in every 10, 000 gem - quality diamonds is coloured. the colour in diamonds results from tiny amounts of elements other than carbon, or from atomic scale defects, in the diamond structure. ' each coloured diamond tells its own story, giving us insight not only into its formation but also to the deep earth processes that took place when the gem was formed, ' said alan hart, curator of minerals at the natural history museum. ' for example, yellow diamonds are due to the presence of nitrogen in the structure and green diamonds owe their colour to natural radiation damage, it ' s an amazing opportunity to be able to display this unique collection of exceptionally rare gems at the museum. ' the aurora collection was displayed for the first time in europe in 2005 as part of the natural history museum ' s diamonds exhibition. this stunning collection of diamonds is now on display at the end of the museum ' s minerals and meteorites gallery. the display highlights a little - known property shared by coloured and white diamonds - some of them glow and change colour when exposed to ultra - violet light. the natural history museum has secured £150, 000 of funding, from the department for culture, media and sport ( dcms ) / wolfson museums and galleries improvement fund, to transform the space that contains the aurora collection into a dazzling gem gallery. redevelopment plans are currently being made and the gallery is set to be finished in december 2007. notes for editors winner of the 2006 independent award for the uk ' s favourite museum, gallery or heritage attraction at the museum and heritage awards for excellence,


thursday november 8 2012 there are more than half a million people with autism in the uk “ genetic mutation discovered in people with autism, ” the daily telegraph reports. the newspaper goes on to say that this mutation “ cuts communication between brain cells to about one - tenth of normal levels ” and offers “ a likely explanation ” for the cognitive and behavioural difficulties experienced by people with autism. this headline is loosely based on recent research into the impact of a previously discovered genetic mutation on the ability of brain cells to transmit signals. the telegraph speculated that misfiring signals could cause the symptoms of autism. the study was conducted using rat brain cells, and did not involve people with autism directly. the researchers described the detailed molecular processes that occur between brain cells when the level of a specific protein is changed. previous research had discovered that mutations to the gene that controls this protein occurred in people with some types of autism. the authors found that varying the level of this protein affected other proteins responsible for communication between the rats ’ brain cells. the research did not, however, examine the impact of this disrupted communication in people with autism, and should not be interpreted as offering “ a likely explanation for their cognitive and behavioural difficulties ” as reported by the telegraph. in addition, many experts think that autism may arise as the result of a combination of factors – not just genetics. viewing autism as a purely genetic disease may well be an over - simplification. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from stanford university, the university of auckland and ulm university in germany. the research was funded by the national institute of neurological disorders, the us national institutes of health and other organisations throughout the us, new zealand and germany. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal of neuroscience. while the telegraph appropriately pointed out that a treatment based on this research is years away, their coverage of the study is flawed. to start with, this research did not discover a genetic mutation in people with autism. that link had been previously established. the telegraph ’ s coverage also fails to mention that the study was conducted in rats, and further misguides readers by picturing a scan of a human brain. what kind of research was this? autism is often referred to by clinicians as autistic spectrum disorders ( asds ) as there is a spectrum of autistic - type symptoms that, while sharing common features, can also vary considerably between individual cases. this was a laboratory study that examined the impact of a genetic mutation on signalling ( neural pathways )


( asds ) as there is a spectrum of autistic - type symptoms that, while sharing common features, can also vary considerably between individual cases. this was a laboratory study that examined the impact of a genetic mutation on signalling ( neural pathways ) between rats ’ brain cells. previous studies have linked several different genes to autism. this study looked specifically at one gene that contains the information used to make a protein called prosap2 / shank3. people who lack one copy of this gene have a syndrome called phelan mcdermid syndrome – a syndrome with autism - like features. other mutations in this gene have also been associated with autism. having three copies of the prosap2 / shank3 gene ( rather than the usual two copies ) has been associated with asperger syndrome. this is a form of asd that is usually associated with unaffected language development skills, but problems with social interaction and behaviour. while spoken language is unaffected in most people with asperger syndrome, they often have difficulty understanding figures of speech ( such as “ it ’ s raining cats and dogs ” ). the authors say that while the prosap2 / shank3 mutation has been linked to asds, scientists have not identified the specific functions of the protein that could account for this relationship. this study sought to characterise the protein ’ s function in sending signals between brain cells. what did the research involve? the researchers report that mutations in multiple genes have been linked to asds, and many of these affect proteins found in the part of nerve cells that make contact with other nerve cells and transmit signals. these connections within the nervous system are referred to as synapses. previous research on genetic mutations linked to asds suggests that these mutations may affect the synapses and how the nerve cells send signals and communicate with each other. this study looked at how the prosap2 / shank3 protein affects other proteins at the synapse and how the nerve cells signal to each other. the researchers used rat brain cells grown in the laboratory and used various different methods to study the protein. what were the basic results? the researchers found that the levels of the prosap2 / shank3 protein affect the levels of other proteins at the synapse that are important in nerve cell signalling, and influence how signals are transmitted between nerve cells. when the researchers looked at the mutated forms of prosap2 / shank3 that are associated with asds, they found that these abnormal forms of the protein


important in nerve cell signalling, and influence how signals are transmitted between nerve cells. when the researchers looked at the mutated forms of prosap2 / shank3 that are associated with asds, they found that these abnormal forms of the protein disrupt nerve cell signalling. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that mutations to the prosap2 / shank3 gene affect a major brain cell signalling pathway. they say that : “ it will be of considerable interest to determine whether other asd - associated mutations also converge in this pathway ”. this study provides a target for future research into autistic spectrum disorders. the researchers have characterised the role that one protein plays in the signalling process of certain brain cells. but whether this research ultimately leads to the development of treatments for asds remains to be seen. even if further research reveals that the mutations to the prosap2 / shank3 protein play a causative role in autism, it is unlikely to account for or lead to a treatment for all asds. the various types of asd suggest a complex origin of the disorders and a mutation to a single gene is unlikely to account for all the different disorders on the spectrum. there may also be environmental factors involved. the authors say that as the number of genes found to be linked to asds continues to grow, the scientific community faces the challenge of explaining how mutations in so many genes could influence the development of asds. they suggest that multiple genetic mutations may affect the signalling pathway characterised in this study, and that further research that focuses on this pathway may be useful. this study explored the effect of a genetic mutation on a specific signalling pathway in the brain that may be involved in some forms of autism. contrary to the news headlines it did not discover a genetic mutation in people with autism and should not be interpreted to explain any cognitive or behavioural symptoms associated with autism or autistic spectrum disorders. a greater understanding of the genetics and biology of asd may eventually lead to new treatment options, but as the lead researcher is quoted as saying in the daily telegraph story, such treatments are likely to be years away. analysis by bazian. edited by nhs choices. follow behind the headlines on twitter.


hyperkalemia is higher - than - normal levels of potassium in the blood. the kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. high potassium levels are more likely to occur when the kidneys are not working properly and are less able to get rid of potassium. if your kidneys are not working well enough, taking extra potassium ( for example from using salt substitutes that contain potassium or taking potassium supplements prescribed by your health care provider ) could lead to problems. certain medicines may cause potassium levels to build up because of their effect on the kidneys, including water pills ( diuretics ) and blood pressure medicines. addison ' s disease is a disorder that causes an increase in total potassium. there are often no symptoms with high levels of potassium. symptoms that may occur include : an ecg may show dangerous and abnormal rhythms such as : you will need emergency treatment if your potassium level is very high, or if you have danger signs, such as changes in an ecg. emergency treatment may include : changes in your diet can help both prevent and treat high potassium levels. you may be asked to : your doctor may make the following changes to your medicines : it is important to follow your health care provider ' s directions when taking your medicines : hyperkalemia ; potassium - high seifter jl. potassium disorders. in : goldman l, schafer, ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 119. updated by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1997 - 2013, a. d. a. m., inc. duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by adam health solutions.


invisible learning : : a collaborative book & an online repository invisible learning is a collaborative book & an online repository of ideas for sustainable innovation. invisible learning is a project that is open and distributed publically to share and disseminate innovative learning ideas. the project places special emphasis on learning practices that do not necessarily develop from traditional environments designed for education. these include informal and non - formal modes of education. experimental project oriented toward exploring, exploiting, and exporting innovative knowledge. 21st century skills are relevant, regardless of where or how acquired. explore, exploit and export innovative knowledge. participants will share great ideas about redesigning education to foster sustainable innovation and connect with the people making these changes happen. through the development of : 1 ) a collaborative, printed book ; 2 ) an e - book ; and 3 ) a repository of innovative ideas at www. invisiblelearning. com, we seek to : share experiences and innovative perspectives, focused on rethinking strategies and innovative approaches to learn and unlearn continuously. promote critical thinking of the role of formal, informal and non - formal education at all educational levels. contribute to the creation of a sustainable ( and continuous ) process of learning, innovating and designing new cultures for the global society. this project aims to facilitate the creation of a globally distributed community of thinkers interested on the creation of new futures for the education. sustainable innovation, invisible learning ( informal learning and non - formal learning ) and the development of 21st century skills are some of the core issues that will be analyzed and addressed in this project. the project focuses on many of the ideas related to lifelong learning : the development of skills for the 21st century ( digital and analog ). the importance of knowledge ( tacit and explicit ). new emphases on the creative, purposive applications of knowledge ( innovation ). and, the new means in which we learn, teach, and collaborate ( i. e., utilizing social media ). participation is therefore open to all people : educators, learners, innovators, researchers, the curious, people with interesting experiences, etc. how can you contribute? there are many ways, but the most direct are : • submitting an article • sharing multimedia material • upload a video to youtube ( and sharing by adding the label “ invisiblelearning ” ) • tagging related thoughts on twitter with the tag : invislearning • sharing and disseminating via facebook or other social networks • spreading the word by blogging on the project / topics, insert


label “ invisiblelearning ” ) • tagging related thoughts on twitter with the tag : invislearning • sharing and disseminating via facebook or other social networks • spreading the word by blogging on the project / topics, inserting a banner on your website, etc. how do we disseminate knowledge and materials generated in the project? • we will select the best submitted articles / texts that are strong, creative, and clear to be published in a printed book ( in addition to a freely downloadable e - book ). • creation of a repository of good ideas and successful experiences at www. invisiblelearning. com.... • creation of a space for dialogue amongst global citizens. the official languages of the project are english and spanish. contributions in other languages, however, are always welcome. also, if you are willing and able to help promote the project on your website, you will find our banners at http : / / tiny. cc / nojig... about the book coordinators : john moravec, phd, is an educational futurist in the department of organizational leadership, policy and development and faculty member in the innovation studies and master of liberal studies graduate programs at the university of minnesota. cristobal cobo, phd, is a professor and researcher at latin american faculty of social sciences in mexico ( flacso - mexico ).


pigments in sixteenth - century european painting marika spring, scientific department, national gallery, london making art in tudor britain abstracts from academic workshops ( 2007 - 8 ) funded by the arts and humanities research council over the last few years, as part of the programme for revision of the scholarly catalogues, full technical examinations have been carried out on many of the sixteenth - century german, netherlandish and italian school paintings in the national gallery. the results of analysis give a good overview of the pigments in sixteenth - century european paintings, which could provide a context in which to place the results from the tudor paintings project. many pigments were available all over europe. however, it is interesting to consider whether there are distinct geographical characteristics in the way in which they were used, or whether local materials not available everywhere can be identified. the pattern of use of blue pigments confirmed what had already been established ; for example the more frequent use of high quality ultramarine in italian paintings. it was also used extensively in netherlandish paintings, but only three occurrences were found among the paintings in the german school catalogue. this may be for reasons of cost or availability, but it might also be because german painters had access to extremely good quality azurite. that in saint peter ' s robe in saints peter and dorothy by the master of the saint bartholomew altarpiece ( ng 707, 1505 - 10 ) is of an intense colour that rivals ultramarine. john bourchier, 2nd baron berners attributed to the master of the brandon portrait another new discovery was the extensive use of colourless powdered glass. there are references to the addition of colourless powdered glass to paint in a number of documentary sources, including richard haydocke ' s 1593 translation of lomazzo, which expands on what lomazzo says by specifically mentioning that it was used as a drier. several seventeenth - century documentary sources, many of them english, also suggest it should be added as a drier ( see spring 2004 for references ). the presence of glass was first confirmed in paintings by raphael, mainly mixed with red lake. in every example that has been analysed the glass contains manganese, which is known to be capable of acting as a siccative for oil ; indeed it would be very suitable as a drier for the glazy transparent red paint. further evidence that its purpose was to act a drier is the context in which it was used. it was found in the mordant gilding on the throne in


would be very suitable as a drier for the glazy transparent red paint. further evidence that its purpose was to act a drier is the context in which it was used. it was found in the mordant gilding on the throne in raphael ' s ansidei madonna ( ng1171 ), where it cannot have been included for aesthetic reasons as it is hidden beneath gold leaf. the composition of vessel glass has been extensively studied by archaeologists, and clear geographical distributions, related to the local materials that were used to make the glass, have been established. the composition of the glass in paintings follows the same geographical trends : the italian paintings have all, so far, been found to contain glass of the soda - lime type, while no soda - lime glass has been found in the northern european paintings. instead, high lime or mixed alkali glass was used. it is clear that this is a material which could help to establish the geographical location in which a work was produced, in the same way that a gypsum ground usually indicates a painting from southern europe while a chalk ground is usually found on northern european paintings. as it is widespread in european paintings of this period, it seems likely that it was also used by artists in england in the sixteenth century. l. campbell, s. foister and a. roy eds, compiled and written by r. billinge, l. campbell, j. dunkerton, s. foister, j. kirby, j. pilc, a. roy, m. spring and r. white, early northern european painting, national gallery technical bulletin, vol. 18, 1997. m. spring, ' occurrences of the purple pigment fluorite on paintings in the national gallery ', national gallery technical bulletin, vol. 21, 2000, pp. 2027. m. spring, ' pigments in sixteenth - century painting of the german school ', in the pictorial technique of grunewald and his peers, ed. p. beguerie - de paepe and m. menu, musee d ' unterlinden, colmar and c2rmf - cnrs, 2007, pp. 136144. m. spring, ' raphael ' s materials : some new discoveries and their context within early sixteenth - century painting ', in raphael ' s painting technique : working practices before rome, proceedings of the eu - artech workshop, london november 11th 2004, ed. a. roy and m. spring, quaderni di kermes, 2007


standing bear in his formal attire national anthropological archives, smithsonian institution on their journey westward in 1804, lewis and clark learned about the ponca, a small tribe living on the west bank of the missouri river and along what are now the lower niobrara river and ponca creek in northeast nebraska. the two did not meet as the tribe was on a hunting trip to the west. early life and movement to reservation standing bear was born around 1829 in the traditional ponca homeland near the confluence of the niobrara and missouri rivers. about thirty years later, the tribe sold its homeland to the united states, retaining a 58, 000 - acre reservation between ponca creek and the niobrara river. on this reservation the poncas lived a life of hardscrabble farming and fear - the united states did little to protect them from attacks from the brule sioux. when the federal government created the great sioux reservation in 1868, the ponca reservation was included within its boundaries, depriving them of title to their remaining lands. eviction and removal in 1877, the federal government decided to remove the poncas to indian territory. standing bear, a tribal leader, protested his tribe ' s eviction. federal troops enforced the removal orders, with the result that the poncas arrived in indian territory in the summer of 1878. discouraged, homesick and forlorn, the poncas found themselves on the lands of strangers, in the middle of a hot summer, with no crops or prospects for any as the time for planting was long past. since the tribe had left nebraska, one - third had died and nearly all of the survivors were sick or disabled. talk around the campfire revolved around the " old home " in the north. the death of chief standing bear ' s sixteen - year old son in late december 1878 set in motion the event which was to bring a measure of justice and worldwide fame to the chief and his small band of followers. honoring a son ' s wish wanting to honor his son ' s last wish to be buried in the land of his birth and not in a strange country where his spirit would wander forever, standing bear gathered a few members of his tribe - mostly women and children - and started for the ponca homeland in the north. they left in early january 1879 and trekked through the great plains winter, reaching the reservation of their relatives, the omahas, about two months later. standing bear carried with him the bones of his son to be buried in the familiar earth along


. they left in early january 1879 and trekked through the great plains winter, reaching the reservation of their relatives, the omahas, about two months later. standing bear carried with him the bones of his son to be buried in the familiar earth along the niobrara river. the court case - standing bear v. crook because indians were not allowed to leave their reservation without permission, standing bear and his followers were labeled a renegade band. the army, on the order of the secretary of the interior, arrested them and took them to fort omaha, the intention being to return them to indian territory. general george crook, however, sympathized with standing bear and his followers and asked thomas henry tibbles, an omaha newspaperman, for help. tibbles took up the cause and secured two prominent omaha attorneys to represent standing bear. the lawyers filed a federal court application for a writ of habeas corpus to test the legality of the detention, basing their case on the 14th amendment to the constitution. the government disputed the right of standing bear to obtain a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that an indian was not a " person " under the meaning of the law. death and commemoration the case of standing bear v. crook began on may 1, 1879 before judge elmer s. dundy in u. s. district court in omaha and continued into the evening of the following day. on may 12, judge dundy ruled in favor of standing bear, reasoning that he and his band were indeed " persons " under the law, entitled to sever tribal connections and were free to enjoy the rights of any other person in the land. the government appealed dundy ' s decision, but the supreme court of the united states refused to hear the case, leaving standing bear and his followers free in the eyes of the law. standing bear died in 1908 and was buried alongside his ancestors in the ponca homeland. at the eastern end of the 39 - mile reach of the missouri national recreational river is a relatively new bridge. it links the communities of niobrara, nebraska, and running water, south dakota. the official name of the structure is the chief standing bear memorial bridge. click here for more details on standing bear and the ponca tribe, with a list of suggested additional reading. ( pdf file )


virginia tech ' s bill hopkins holds a female wood duck, as part of the studies he and his colleagues are conducting to determine how the physiology and behavior of female amphibians, turtles and birds affect their offspring, and the consequences these interactions may have for population health. see more images and read more about wood ducks. credit : photo by kate hasapes ; courtesy bill hopkins, virginia tech gail patricelli, an animal behaviorist at the university of california, davis studies animal communication and sexual selection, with a focus on understanding the amazing diversity and complexity in animal signals. check out the story in this science nation video. credit : science nation, nsf research conducted by biologists at the university of maryland, college park shows that when two neighboring termite families meet within the same log, one or both families ' kings and queens are killed and a new, merged, cooperative colony results. check out the story in this audio slideshow and news release. credit : zina deretsky, national science foundation according to a study by scientists at the university of arizona, female house finches are able to change their hormonal makeup to ensure male birds hatch later, grow faster and spend less time in the nest than their sisters. read more in this news release. credit : alex badyaev the integrative organismal systems division ( ios ) in nsf ' s directorate for biological sciences supports research aimed at an integrative understanding of organisms. the goal is to predict why organisms are structured the way they are and function as they do. the division particularly encourages research projects that innovatively apply systems biology approaches and that lead to new conceptual and theoretical insights and predictions about integrated organismal properties that may be experimentally verified. scientists studying the relationship between testosterone and natural selection in an american songbird, the dark - eyed junco, reported that extreme testosterone production puts male dark - eyed juncos at a disadvantage. a university of california, san diego study shows that increased environmental variation causes birds to lay more eggs at a time. in addition, increased predation pressure experienced by open - nesting birds causes them to lay smaller clutches than cavity - nesting birds, literally having fewer eggs in one basket to spread the risk. august 23, 2010 make way for ducklings what wood ducks are revealing about threats to our fine feathered friends parent birds know best when it comes to taking care of their babies. but, when food gets scarce and they are forced to fly longer distances to grab a bite, " egg sitting " time drops off. what impact does this


our fine feathered friends parent birds know best when it comes to taking care of their babies. but, when food gets scarce and they are forced to fly longer distances to grab a bite, " egg sitting " time drops off. what impact does this have on their brood? " i guess everybody, from a human health perspective, knows that what a mother does during pregnancy can have all sorts of effects on her babies, " says bill hopkins, an associate professor in the department of fisheries and wildlife sciences at virginia tech. he is holding a duckling in his hand. it ' s one of many he and his team are studying. " we study how these little guys can be affected by the things that mom does. " a member of his research team, sarah durant, examines an egg. " if you look really closely, " she says, " you can see the embryo moving. " with the support of the national science foundation ( nsf ), ecologists hopkins and durant are studying wood ducks to better understand the impact of mom ' s nesting behavior on her ducklings and their ability to survive. " how much time a female spends on her nest is going to influence the temperature that the nest is at, " notes durant. the researchers incubate eggs at different temperatures to simulate warmer and cooler nesting conditions. " what we ' re interested in are very, very subtle changes in temperature, maybe a degree celsius at most, " adds hopkins. durant says they already see differences in the developing embryo. " our embryos in the lowest temperature are going to develop a little bit slower than embryos in our higher temperatures, " she says. and once the ducklings are hatched, researchers are finding that just a slightly cooler nest can dramatically alter the health and vitality of an individual. " they may look healthy, but if you actually dig a little deeper, we see a number of physiological deficits. their immune systems aren ' t developing as rapidly. they appear to be almost developmentally stunted, " explains hopkins. " we see that they have changes in terms of endocrine function ; in terms of stress hormones. we see changes in thermoregulatory capacity and locomotor performance. they swim slower than the same individuals from the same clutch. swimming is a critical part of their early survival. they ' ve got to avoid predators. " this research is not just about wood ducks. it has implications for many birds living in conditions where their nesting behaviors and habitats are disrupted. " if


| extracts from scn news ( unsscn, 1991, 8 p. ) | the photograph on our cover is horrifying. another baby girl dies unnecessarily. the department of child development, government of india, with assistance from unicef, has produced a compelling account of the plight of " the lesser child ". " in a culture that idolizes sons and dreads the birth of a daughter, to be born female comes perilously close of being born less than human. today the rejection of the unwanted girl can begin even before her birth : prenatal sex determination tests followed by quick abortions eliminate thousands of female foetuses before they can become daughters. those girls who manage to survive till birth and beyond find that the dice is heavily loaded against them in a world that denies them equal access to food, health, care, education, employment and simple human dignity. " born into indifference and reared on neglect, the girl child is caught in a web of cultural practices and prejudices that divest her of her individuality and mould her into a submissive self - sacrificing daughter and wife. her labour ensures the survival and well - being of her family but robs her not only of her childhood but also of her right to be free of hunger, ignorance, disease and poverty. " we expect tommorrow ' s woman to become the pivot of social change and development. yet today we deprive her of her rightful share of food, schooling, health care and employment, then marvel that she does not come running to get her children immunized, or when she refuses to send them to school or practice good nutrition, hygiene and birth control... unless the girl becomes a priority in health, nutrition and education policies, can there be health for all by 2000, or universal elementary education, or social justice and equality? it is already late. but perhaps not too late. " a number of key statistics are used to illustrate the problem. the sex ratio ( females per thousand males ) is shown to have declined during this century, for example from 972 in 1901, 950 in 1931, and down to 933 in 1981 ; variation in the sex ratio between states is also illustrated, with a high value of 1032 in kerala, dropping to below 800 even in some states ( although migration may account for some of this, it clearly does not account for all ). anthropometric data also tell a sad tale : data quoted from one area show, for example,


kerala, dropping to below 800 even in some states ( although migration may account for some of this, it clearly does not account for all ). anthropometric data also tell a sad tale : data quoted from one area show, for example, these differentials for growth retardation ( adding mild, moderate, and severe ). in infants, the prevalence among females was estimated at 79 %, versus 43 % in males - almost double ; in one to two year olds, these figures became 86 % compared with 63 % ; and preschoolers 72 % against 65 %. this also illustrates that the effects are particularly severe in the first year of life, and suggests that girls become relatively better able to look after themselves as they grow older. the morbidity patterns quoted, from rural tamil nadu, show much higher incidence of diseases such as respiratory infections among young girls ; poignantly, the only condition in which boys are more affected than girls is dental caries, perhaps resulting from the observation made in " the lesser child " that " although there are great variations in feeding practices across the country, it is generally true that boys eat better than girls even in privileged families. sons are more likely to be given milk, eggs, meat and fruit in their diet. as they grow older, boys spend part of their earnings on food and snacks while girls continue to eat the same unvaried diet at home. " " through a haze of heat and pain, sushma hears the dai mutter ' another daughter ' and bursts into uncontrollable sobs. throughout her third pregnancy she has fasted and prayed for a son. burdened by the guilt of having two daughters, she has supplicated every deity she knows, praying to shiva, to santoshi mata, even walking to the outskirts of the village to prostrate herself at the grave of the pir baba. now the sound of her mother - in - law ' s wailing fills the air... " source : " the lesser child ", p. 4. the book, though short, makes the compelling point very clearly and repeatedly. but it continues to suggest that not only long term changes must be brought about, particularly through education, but that there are also programmes that can be effective now. " the glaring disparity between male and female infant mortality rates, if plotted on a map, shows a clear belt running across the north - western part of the country, with a few pockets elsewhere, and this is where immediate health and nutrition interventions must now


glaring disparity between male and female infant mortality rates, if plotted on a map, shows a clear belt running across the north - western part of the country, with a few pockets elsewhere, and this is where immediate health and nutrition interventions must now focussed. " " the icds ( integrated child development services ) network is clearly one effective response to the problem of early neglect of young children. through its immunization, nutritional supplementation and pre - school education components ( which now reach ten million children ) it can offset the discrimination a girl faces at home and can lay the foundation for healthy physical and mental development. but an urgent answer has to be found for meeting the needs of girls in the 6 - 14 year age - group, for this is when they have either dropped out of school or are too old for icds and are nobody ' s concern. they have to wait until they are 15, which is when they become another target group that the health system recognizes - " women in the reproductive age - group ". perhaps it is time to enlarge the scope of icds projects so that they can include girls between the ages of 6 and 14 years. this is an important period in a girl ' s life, when major biological, psychological and social changes take place.... repeated adolescent pregnancies, common in many parts of rural india, arrest this growth spurt and prevent full physical maturation of the girl, affecting not only her own health, but also the survival and development of her offspring. " although the book is specific to india, the issue extends far wider. indeed, the same thoughts are exactly right for many other places, whatever the child ' s gender. the book finishes like this. " an integrated and holistic approach to the girl - child ' s development is essential for the creation of a new environment in which she can be valued and nurtured. our search for brave new efforts to give the girl - child her due, to allow her to evolve to her full potential, involves a process of social mobilization that will make her everyone ' s concern : the media, the family and the community, as well as government and voluntary agencies. by supplementing formal schooling with non - formal education that conforms to local needs and constraints ; by enlarging the ambit of child development programmes with the creation of new channels to reach adolescent and pre - adolescent girls ; by reinforcing constitutional mandates through widespread awareness of the rights of girls : these are only some of the ways in which we can


u. s. sees increase in shark attacks published : monday, february 11, 2013 at 9 : 37 p. m. last modified : monday, february 11, 2013 at 9 : 37 p. m. shark attacks in the u. s. increased last year, and florida led the way, claiming nearly half of those attacks. but don ' t panic — that could actually be a good sign, said scientists who released a report monday on worldwide shark attacks. according to the university of florida ' s international shark attack file, out of 80 shark attacks worldwide last year, 53 occurred in the u. s. — the most since 2000. florida had 26 of them, with most in volusia and brevard counties because of the high surfing activity there. george burgess, the director of the florida program for shark research at the florida museum of natural history, said these numbers follow a typical pattern. " florida, with this extremely long coastline, warm to subtropical climate, large population, and of course a massive tourism base, means that we put lots of people into the water year - round, " burgess said. " the opportunities for a human and shark to get together have gotten greater. " and so, the actual shark attack rate has not increased, but human activity has. shark preservation efforts — to stave off the overall decline in sharks ' populations since the 1970s — have also improved in the u. s., increasing both the shark population and sharks ' contact with humans, said christopher lowe, a professor of marine biology at california state university at long beach and director of the shark lab there. " my personal feeling is that i wouldn ' t be surprised to see things creep up over time … overall we are getting more sharks back because of better fishing management, " lowe said. " but at the same time we are putting more people in the water … increasing the potential for an encounter. " burgess said that sharks like to hang out close to points of entry for surfers, at water depths as shallow as 5 or 6 feet. they also like the same fishing - rich environments as humans. " every time we go to the beach, we are invading a natural world that is already occupied by animals and plants in that area, " burgess said. " we need to remember that when we enter the sea it ' s not the equivalent of going to the ymca pools here in gainesville. it ' s a wild world out there. " most shark attacks, however, are relatively benign — and not the kind of terror - inducing episodes inspired by


the sea it ' s not the equivalent of going to the ymca pools here in gainesville. it ' s a wild world out there. " most shark attacks, however, are relatively benign — and not the kind of terror - inducing episodes inspired by the movie jaws. there are more than 400 species of sharks, and most have teeth designed to hold and swallow fish whole — not sheer and bite things like humans, especially if the sharks are smaller than humans, which many are, lowe said. " the amazing thing is surfers are bitten 200 yards offshore, and they manage to paddle to the beach. if sharks were intent on eating humans, ( surfers ) would not ever be able to make it back to the beach. for whatever reason, sharks give up. " lowe added that the chances of a shark attack are also very low. " your chances of dying driving to the beach are so much greater that it ' s just unbelievable, and we don ' t think twice about jumping in our car and going someplace, " lowe said. " i know a lot of surfers and their philosophy is, ‘ i love surfing and i ' m going to keep doing it. ' " one person in the u. s. died last year due to a white shark attack — in california. white sharks also killed three people in south africa and two in australia ; and bull sharks killed two people in the island of reunion. " as a rich nation, we are blessed with the ability to take care of our victims on the beach very quickly, " burgess said. the u. s. also leads in efforts to counter the decline of sharks because of overfishing them — mostly for their valuable fins, said sonja fordham, the president of shark advocates international, a project of the ocean foundation in d. c. and regulatory efforts aim to preserve the important role that sharks play in the sea. " we think their disappearance would have negative cascading consequences for the ecosystem, " fordham said, adding, " there ' s also growing interest in a decent number of sharks for eco - tourism such as whale sharks and hammerheads … which brings significant revenue to coastal communities. " contact kristine crane at 338 - 3119 or email @ example. com. reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. all rights reserved. this copyrighted material may not be re - published without permission. links are encouraged.


the coastal cactus wren builds its nests in patches of old - growth prickly pear cactus, providing itself protection from predators. however, recent fires and past land uses have eliminated most of the mature cactus, which in turn threatens local cactus wren populations. irvine ranch conservancy docent lynda armbruster plants a cactus bulb during a restoration project. jeffrey antenore, for the orange county register organizations such as the non - profit nature reserve of orange county, the city of irvine and the irvine ranch conservancy are working together to expand the wren ' s habitat, by connecting isolated patches of prickly pear cactus with each other to over time create a larger, contiguous habitat for the coastal cactus wren. but why go to all this effort? it ' s just one bird, and one plant. " if you think of a strong, bio - diverse ecosystem as a building and individual species as bricks, each brick you remove makes the building weaker, " said michael o ' connell, executive director of irvine ranch conservancy. " if enough bricks disappear, the building crumbles. this is what happens in ecosystems too. " the conservancy works with landowners such as oc parks and the city of irvine and other partners to help them manage their lands and obligations under the natural community conservation plan. one such project underway in the shady canyon area of irvine is the mule deer restoration project, named for its proximity to the mule deer trail in the city of irvine ' s open space preserve. the conservancy is restoring more than two acres of habitat, including a number of cactus plantings. the area was grazed by cattle until the end of the last century, leaving non - native grasses and other weeds that inhibit re - growth of native plants. the coastal cactus wren is not a strong flier, so young birds looking for their own place to live don ' t really fly too far from the nest. patches of cactus have to be relatively close to each other for wrens to move among them. this restoration project is part of an overall plan for " habitat linkages, " which will eventually connect patches of existing coastal cactus wren habitat in the james dilley reserve off laguna canyon road to these in shady canyon. in addition to native grasses and shrubs, planting plans include 4, 500 prickly pear cactus " pads " ( oval flat segments of the cactus sometimes called " nopales " ), along with 20 large, mature cactus plants to anchor the cactus islands. by incorporating mature plants, the con


trees are amazing organisms. they are tall, massive, mighty and upright. but trees can be really really unusual. from deadly trees that throw exploding fruits, to those with rainbow branches and trunks, here are some of the strangest trees which will change the way you looked at these beautiful creatures. animals have always accompanied men at war. they have carried our soldiers and pulled our cannons. if you think that ' s all, then check out these stories of some of the craziest uses of animals in war. this is one of the worst examples of war brutality. anti tank dogs were first developed by the soviet union to take down german tanks during world war ii. the idea was simple yet effective. dogs were trained to find food under tanks and then starved before a battle. the dogs were then released in battle, jumping under tanks hoping for food. each dog carried a 10 - 12 kg bomb which had a lever that detonated the bomb when the dog dived under the tank. anti tank dogs socotra is a collection of 4 islands cut away from the rest of the world about 6 million years ago. it is one of the most isolated places on earth. socotra ' s long isolation and fierce climate has given birth to a unique variety of endemic flora, giving socotra the distinction of being ' the most alien looking place on earth '.


quarrel with the king : the story of an english family on the high road to civil war : quarrel with the king tells the story of the first four earls of pembroke, their wives, children, estates, tenants, and allies, following their high and glamorous trajectory from the 1520s through 1650 - the most turbulent and dramatic years of english history - across three generations of change, ambition, resistance, and war. the pembrokes were at the heart of it all : the richest family in england, with old blood and new drive, led as much by a succession of extraordinary women as by their husbands and sons. it is also the story of a power struggle, over a long century, between the family and the growing strength of the english crown. for decades, questions of loyalty simmered : was government about agreement and respect, or authority and compulsion? what status did traditional rights have in a changing world? did a national emergency mean those rights could be ignored or overturned? these were the issues that in 1642 would lead to a brutal civil war, the bloodiest conflict england has ever experienced, in which the earl of pembroke - who had been loyal till then - had no choice but to rebel against a king who he felt had betrayed both him and his country. at other times, the pembrokes both threatened the crown and acted as its bruisingly efficient and violent agents. they were ambivalent figures : flag bearers for an ancient england and time servers in some of the most corrupt courts england has ever known ; fawning courtiers and indulgent landlords ; puritanical aristocrats and rebel grandees. nicolson ' s book amounts to a study in all the ambiguities involved in the exercise and maintenance of power and status. | history & geography | | modern |


avery coonley gardens the coonley estate was built by frank lloyd wright and originally included the house, the stable, the gardener ’ s cottage and extensive gardens. jens jensen designed and implemented a landscape plan in 1913 for the property which utilized wright ’ s hardscape plan. today the landscape contains a number of oak trees predating the house and hawthorns planted by jensen. the restored landscapes of the main part of the coonley house and the stable ( coach house ) include jensen ’ s landmark features : hawthorns, oaks, red bud, sumac, blackberries and mature shrubs, flowers, ferns and grasses. a grove of birch trees and ferns has been recreated on the front grounds of the house. the living room unit and its walled garden are the center of the house. the garden features a terrace with 10 planters, a pergola and a reflecting pool. nasturtiums grow in the planters and native water lilies bloom in the pool in summer. wright created a walled sunken garden to unify the coonley house and the stable. the walled garden was restored in 2007. wright ’ s original sidewalk garden plan and concrete hotbeds were recovered by removal of extensive invasive species trees and shrubs, construction debris, and incorrect patio tile and dirt. the entire original sidewalk system was restored or, in places, recreated. jensen ’ s design for a pool with eight surrounding iris beds was implemented. other beds in the sunken garden and the stable yard and front yard were planted with native plants. the prairie school represented here by both wright and jensen was an important part of the american arts and crafts movement of the early 20th century.


the storyline of the operetta follows that of wilde ' s brilliant play. the plot hinges on two young men - john ( jack ) worthing and algernon moncrieff - who both use the name " ernest " to woo two young ladies - gwendolyn and cecily - who have made up their minds they can only marry men by the name " ernest ". the hidden identity plot is the source of much comic confusion for the young couples and much laughter for audiences. to further complicate matters ( and add to the comedy ), the consent of the formidable lady bracknell ( algernon ' s aunt ) must be obtained before the young couples can marry. in the process jack discovers his parentage - that his true name is ernest, that algernon is his brother, and the lady bracknell is his aunt. naturally, she consents to the marriage of jack / ernest to gwendolyn and the two young couples will now live happily ever after. courtesy of mr. davies and mr. benson | character list ( major ) : lady bracknell ( low mz ) gwendolyn ( high mz ) cecily ( high s ) a chamber version of this opera for just these 5 characters is available under the title the importance of being earnest | character list ( minor ) : miss prism ( lyr s ) dr. chasuble ( high bar ) lane, man servant ( b - bar ) merryman, butler ( b - bar ) toronto star, john terauds, 02 - 21 - 2008 ; whole note magazine, 02 - 2008 ; greek press, james karas ; globe and mail, ken winters, 2 - 25 - 2008 ; classical963fm. com, paula citron


malaria is a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes and is estimated to kill one person every 30 seconds, according to the world health organization. the majority victimized by this disease are children under the age of five, living in impoverished conditions throughout africa. yet, as the epidemic continues to escalate, more than 1. 5 million people die from malaria disease each year, and more than 300 million cases are reported in over 90 countries worldwide. in spite of these staggering statistics, an ancient chinese herb known as artemisinin ( also called ginghaosu ) is proving to be a new weapon in the fight against this deadly disease. in recent test trials performed by the who, artemisinin - based drugs quickly reduced fevers and rapidly lowered blood - parasite levels, which can keep small outbreaks in mosquito - infested areas from becoming epidemics. additional research findings showed the use of artemisinin was a cure for malaria in more than 90 percent of cases in certain countries. it is estimated by the who that 40 percent of the world ' s population is at risk for malaria disease each year. while westernized countries eradicated malaria back in the 1940 ' s, third world countries constantly battle infections, primarily because they lack the medical resources to properly fight epidemic outbreaks. countries where malaria disease can be predominately found include parts of mexico, central and south america, dominican republic, haiti, middle east, africa, southeast asia, indian subcontinent, china, and oceana. in the indigent areas where the disease runs rampant, malaria is easily transmitted from person to person by a simple mosquito bite. once bitten by a mosquito carrying the malaria infection, the iron rich blood cells in the host are attacked by the parasite through the bloodstream. the parasite then multiplies and causes the red blood cells in the human host to rupture, thus instigating immediate malaria symptom such as extreme exhaustion, high fever, shaking, chills, and severe sweating. additional malaria symptom can include : fatigue, dizziness, headache, dry cough, nausea / vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and body aches. however, artemisinin is not only a treatment for the disease, but a viable solution to the epidemic, as each patient treated with artemisinin then contains a sterile form of malaria disease, reducing the diseases intensity. according to jack miller, licensed acupuncturist and president of pacific college of oriental medicine, " this is another example of science


as each patient treated with artemisinin then contains a sterile form of malaria disease, reducing the diseases intensity. according to jack miller, licensed acupuncturist and president of pacific college of oriental medicine, " this is another example of science confirming the tremendous value of chinese herbal medicine. it is very important that we make other herbs a part of mainstream treatments, for example antibiotic herbs. as more bacterial strains become resistant to pharmaceutical antibiotics, some reliance on herbs will become very important. " discovery of the healing chinese herb the chinese first extracted artemisinin from the sweet wormwood plant for medicinal use more than 2, 000 years ago. in 340 ad a taoist scribe finely grinded the wormwood plant, in order to extract the purifying agents to create an herb remedy for treating a high fever. over a thousand years later, a chinese sage known as li shizen discovered elements of the herb helped to ameliorate malaria symptom. since this time, artemisinin ' s beneficial agents have continually been used by those practicing traditional chinese medicine, applying the chinese herb remedy to a variety of ailments including hemorrhoids, coughs and fevers as well as malaria. however, western medicine did not discover the healing properties of the herb until the 1960 ' s. chinese scientists became interested in the plant ' s reputed qualities and started to look at ancient chinese herb remedies, only after testing traditional medicines had failed to produce an effective cure for malaria disease. once scientists discovered artemisinin was used as an herb remedy for fever, they set about distilling the herb into a tea, and then added chemicals trying to isolate the active compound in the plant. next, the herb was manufactured in drug form and used to conduct tests on malaria patients in the 1980 ' s. their water - soluble form of artemisinin, called artesunate, was found to clear malaria parasites from patient ' s bodies faster than any drug in history. before the chinese launched their massive antimalarial drive, several million chinese were infected with the disease each year. now fewer than 100, 000 fall victim to the disease. despite the success the chinese had with transforming the herb into drug form, their accomplishments were not published outside of the country for more than two decades. once the extraordinary powers of the herb become public information, researchers across the globe have become focused on how to manipulate artemisinin with modern synthetic drugs so they can inexpensively manufacture and mass - produce the remedy all across the world. providing a