is it true that ' preterism ' and ' futurism ' were jesuit interpretations of prophecy that were contrived during the counter - reformation? i ' ve read that in a couple of places and wondered what your study has led you to about that. thank you. preterism is the view that the prophecies concerning destruction, especially those found in revelation were fulfilled in the destruction of jerusalem. there are variations of the belief, as you would expect when men are involved. some take the extreme position that all prophesy has been fulfilled. the majority see the prophesies concerning the judgment and heaven are still in the future, but rest have been fulfilled. a few are only interested in revelation itself and see it as mostly a discussion concerning the destruction of jerusalem. futurism is the view that none of the prophecies concerning destruction have been fulfilled yet. everything is seen as pointing to some distant future time just before jesus returns. thus revelation is seen a warning whose time will come, but hasn ' t been reached yet. futurism ' s adherents also display wide variations in their beliefs. premillennialism is actually a form of futurism. continuous historicism is the view that revelation foretells the history of the church from the time of john to the second coming of jesus. various events through history are argued to match certain prophecies in revelation. thus the claim is that john spoke of the rise of the roman catholic church and the papacy, the rise of the muslim religion, the reformation and even major wars. philosophical doesn ' t see specific events being foretold in revelation, but a general story of the war between good and evil. historical sees revelation speaking of specific events in history, though not necessarily the fall of jerusalem, relevant to the people to whom the book was written. in other words it takes place in a specific timeframe that is within the lives of the audience revelation was intended. they find that we who come later can learn the lessons from what happened to apply to our own lives since history tends to repeat itself, just as we can turn to the pages of the old testament and learn lessons from what happened then. advocates of each position claim that their view has been always held by christians. they will pull quotes from early christian writings because the beliefs are general enough that you can find in almost anyone ' s writings something to support your view. what you won ' t find is a detailed advocation of one particular view. it is true that advocacy of preterism and


christian writings because the beliefs are general enough that you can find in almost anyone ' s writings something to support your view. what you won ' t find is a detailed advocation of one particular view. it is true that advocacy of preterism and futurism was championed by jesuits in their early days. during the reformation it was popular to pin the roman catholic church with the label of the great harlot. whether the jesuits actually developed these ideas or found a solution by advocating the ideas, i can ' t say for certain. what we do know is that several jesuit books are the first detailed arguments for both futurism and preterism. futurism arose first. francisco ribera, a jesuit theologian, published a book on revelation in 1590 called in sacrum beati ioannis apostoli, & evangelistiae apocalypsin commentarij. by putting everything in the distant future, then obviously the roman catholic church can ' t be the bad guy. robert bellarmine, a jesuit apologist, also took the futurist view in his work, polemic lectures concerning the disputed points of the christian belief against the heretics of this time. it was published somewhere between 1581 and 1593. futurism “ argues that revelation looks beyond the first century to the period immediately before the end times. thus the book was not written for those who received it, but for those living much later. jesuit scholars after the reformation refined this approach to prove that current attempts to identify the pope as the antichrist could not possibly be true since the antichrist will not be revealed until far into the future, just before the parousia [ the second coming ]. " [ jerry l. walls, the oxford handbook of eschatology, 2007 ]. but the catholic church is a large organization and other jesuits advocated the preterits view. if everything happened before the catholic church developed, then it can ' t be the bad guy. luis de alcazar wrote a commentary, published in 1614, called investigation of the hidden sense of the apocalypse where he claimed that every prophecy was fulfilled in the early years after christ. preterism " is said to have been first promulgated in anything like completeness by the jesuit alcasar, in his vestigatio arcani sensus in apocalypsi ( 1614 ). very nearly, the same plan was adopted by grotius. the next great name among this school of interpreters is that of bossuet the


science museum unwraps a " sweet " exhibition a " tasty " exhibition to reveal the biology, chemistry, physiology and psychology of the world of candy was unwrapped at the hong kong science museum today ( june 26 ) and will run until october 28. " candy unwrapped ", featuring 17 groups of interactive exhibits, will satisfy the mind of visitors even as it tickles their taste buds through looking at, smelling and tasting the exhibits. speaking at the opening ceremony of the exhibition today, the assistant director ( heritage and museums ) of leisure and cultural services, dr louis ng, said the hong kong science museum organised this exhibition to give children an educational and entertaining experience for the summer holidays. " candy is not only for kids. chocolate is also a favourite of ladies. with stories about romantic memories and magical powers of chocolate, visitors will learn about the rich history and culture of candy and other yummy treats from around the world. we believe the exhibition will enable all family members, young and old, to discover the fun and the science and psychology behind the candy, " dr ng said. produced by the ontario science centre in collaboration with ybrick design 3d inc, " candy unwrapped " invites visitors to bring their taste buds for some sensational sugary science. visitors can examine the structure and many uses of sugar, which is more than just a sweet treat and has qualities that are useful in many things. they can see how sugar has been used to preserve food, bind concrete and even heal wounds. they are also invited to walk across the face of an enlarged sugar crystal to learn about the various phases of crystallisation, the beauty of nature ’ s final design, and what sugar crystals have in common with stacks of oranges in a supermarket. visitors can explore how taste and other senses, such as sight and smell, are used by the human body to determine what tastes good. using their taste buds, they can learn the biological point of puckering by experiencing the super sour challenge, and discover the difference between taste and flavour through participating in a jelly bean test. the rich history and cultural diversity of candy and other treats from around the world are featured in the exhibition. visitors can discover the fascinating stories behind treats from a dozen countries, from chinese ginger candies to nigerian puff - puffs. some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times. the exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of


to nigerian puff - puffs. some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times. the exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. visitors can also experience how candies bring back romantic memories, and find out whether chocolate is always associated with romance, or is it simply a psychological effect? visitors can discover more by entering into a boudoir to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate. visitors can jump on the energy burn bike and pedal for one minute to find out the calories of a sugar cube and how many calories they can burn off in 60 seconds. they will learn about the way their body creates and uses energy and which types of food energy work best for them. kids can design and draw their own candy wrapper or jump on the cushy giant tongue and learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. admission to " candy unwrapped " is $ 35 with half - price concession for full - time students, people with disabilities and senior citizens aged 60 or above. " free admission on wednesdays " and the museum weekly pass will not apply to this exhibition. the science museum is located at 2 science museum road, tsim sha tsui east, kowloon. it is open from 1pm to 9pm from monday to friday, and from 10am to 9pm on saturdays, sundays and public holidays. it is closed on thursdays ( except public holidays ). for details of the exhibition and related programmes, visit the science museum ' s website ( hk. science. museum ). for enquiries, please call 2732 3232. ends / friday, june 26, 2009 climbing up an enlarged sugar crystal, the " crystal mountain ", visitors can learn about the various phases of crystallisation and the beauty of nature ' s final design. the exhibit, " delectable delights ", allows visitors to learn about treats from around the world and how some of these treats taste surprisingly like some of our familiar foods. jumping on the " taste bud tango ", a cushy giant tongue, visitors can learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. " a bar is born " details the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. chocolate has long been considered an aphrodisiac. is this


cosmogenic nuclide group humans live on the earth ’ s surface and earth surface processes ( esp ) are cornerstones defining fundamental boundaries for civilization. many of these processes occur so rapidly and unexpectedly that they have daunting consequences. we are poorly equipped to predict their nature and possible impacts due to the lack of scientific understanding. in particular, the impact of current environmental change on the nature of earth surface processes is hardly predictable. it is a high priority challenge for modern earth sciences to better understand such processes. one of the most promising approaches to this task is the quantitative investigation of esp from the past to the present, and to apply the insight to current and future environmental challenges. the leading technique to realize this is the application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide. the ldeo cosmogenic nuclide group develops terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques and applies those as chronometers and tracers in the earth sciences. terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are produced by interactions between secondary cosmic rays and near surface rocks. our research interests cover a wide spectrum of earth scientific disciplines and include timing of ice ages, subglacial erosion rates, uplift rates of pleistocene terraces, and a better understanding of the production systematics of cosmogenic nuclides. we apply the full spectrum of cosmogenic nuclides, including the routine extraction of 10be, 26al, and 36cl. in cooperation with the ldeo noble gas group ( gisela winckler, link ), we also routinely measure cosmogenic 3he. recently, we have pioneered the terrestrial 53mn technique as new monitor of earth surface processes, and we also have established an extraction line for in situ 14c from quartz ( link to 14c line ).


lesson plans and worksheets browse by subject blood teacher resources find teacher approved blood educational resource ideas and activities a series of diagrams and photographs is a vivid tool for delivering a lesson about blood vessels. each slide has notes for the lecturer to use to explain each slide. your young biologists will increase their understanding of the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. the final slide provides a comparison chart for them to copy and complete as a review of the information absorbed. a thorough commentary on blood type is presented in this handout. antigens and antibodies are defined. punnett squares and a pedigree chart help to clarify. human biology or genetics learners then apply their knowledge to two situations : two newborn baby girls being possibly switched in the hospital and a crime scene investigation. this is an engaging activity that ends with a lab activity simulating the blood typing and identification of the perpetrator. although there are vocabulary terms in this powerpoint that use british spelling, the presentation is attractive and educational. the content flows from the general composition of blood, into the different types of blood cells and their functions. the concluding slide has review questions that you can use to assess student retention. in this blood type worksheet, students create a wheel showing blood type, antigens and the genes involved in coding for each blood type. students use the wheel to answer 16 questions about blood type and they complete a chart with the genes, antigens and blood types using what they learned from the wheel. in this simulation activity, young biologists examine blood types to determine whether the death rate in a hospital was caused because of incorrect identification of patient blood types. you will need obtain and follow the procedures of a blood typing kit in order carry out this lab activity in your classroom. using this scenario makes a blood typing or scientific method lesson more interesting, and the provided lab sheet makes it easier for you to implement. there are factors that can be controlled and factors that can ' t be controlled regarding blood pressure. read through these handouts and learn about the different factors. then answer some questions about the information just learned. there is even an activity to determine resting heart rate, and then to make calculations regarding one ' s target heart rate range. discover why all of this information is important. in this blood worksheet, students watch a video called " the epic story of blood " and answer 24 questions about the creation of blood, how it is produced, blood donation, blood banks and transfusions. students take an short quiz about the blood


libralato engine overview the libralato engine - invented by dr. ruggero libralato ; a teacher of electrical engineering by trade, dr. libralato ’ s keen interest in combustion engines from a young age led him to design a new combustion engine at the age of 27. over 25 years, through various design iterations, the profound study of thermodynamics and theory of machines, ruggero libralato has invented a completely new design and a new thermodynamic cycle which deserves to rank alongside the names of otto, diesel and wankel. a proof of concept first prototype was built in 2005. the libralato rotary engine is a potential breakthrough technology – an eco - engine for the 21st century, with an asymmetrical geometry of expansion and compression volumes, which does not need to convert the linear motion of pistons into the rotary motion of the output shaft. the libralato engine is predicted to demonstrate : a power phase in every revolution ( giving it twice the power density of a reciprocating engine ), exceptionally high mechanical and thermal efficiency, beyond euro 6 standards of emissions, high and constant levels of torque, very low vibration, low exhaust gas noise and temperature with no need for valves, pistons, con - rods, crankshafts, cam shafts etc. comparison of libralato engine with piston engine and wankel engine the proof of concept engine mechanism has been rotated at 3, 000 rpm, demonstrating the dynamic balance of the engine and the integrity of its aspiration / expiration mechanism. it has not run as a hot engine yet since without the proper lubrication and cooling systems it would seize very quickly. the engine design is exceptionally compact and robust, approximately half the size and weight of a conventional reciprocating engine. it is ideally suited to a wide range of applications 1kw - 200kw, particularly where space, weight, emissions, noise and vibration restrictions apply ; constant speeds are required and the engine is able to operate in its peak efficiency zone. libralato engine schematic exploded view of libralato engine principal parts the libralato engine design is very different from the wankel engine and avoids the problems of the wankel engine by : large sealing surface areas of the rotors ( equivalent in size to pistons ), short flame paths acting against an acute angle working surface area, good thermal dispersion via fresh air scavenge phase and low bearing wear due to dynamic


engine by : large sealing surface areas of the rotors ( equivalent in size to pistons ), short flame paths acting against an acute angle working surface area, good thermal dispersion via fresh air scavenge phase and low bearing wear due to dynamic balance. the libralato engine has only four principal moving parts : two rotors fixed by their own bearings, connected by a sliding rod and a rotating exhaust. the rotors have different ( overlapping ) diameters of circumference and their motion forms and reforms three separate chambers within the engine each revolution. the engine comprises a unique combination of two rotors, with different rotational diameters and separate centres, fixed by their own bearings and joined by a connecting piece that has a quasi - circular orbit. the motion of the rotors forms and reforms three distinct chambers within the engine each rotation, with asymmetrical expansion and compression volumes, two stage compression and low pressure scavenge. induction air enters at the centre of the engine and compression / expansion occurs at the periphery producing uniform heat flow characteristics as air circulates around the two sides of the engine. new thermodynamic cycle - the engine does not have a traditional otto or diesel cycle. there are two compression phases. the inlet phase is compressed at a low ratio and then controls the later scavenge of the residual exhaust gases. in the second compression phase, the air is compressed at a higher compression ratio where the fuel is added. it is this fuel / air mixture that ignites to form the expansion phase. this all provides for an extremely efficient handling of the gases, with a significant reduction of exhaust emissions and excellent fuel economy. the main advantages of the engine can be summarized as : - mechanically simple design leading to 30 % lower production and maintenance costs - 100 % better power to weight ratio than a reciprocating engine ; due to compact shape - 30 % greater efficiency ( relative ) than conventional 4 - stroke engine - 5 % greater mechanical efficiency ( absolute ) / low vibration due to rotary design - 4 % greater thermal efficiency ( absolute ) due to asymmetrical expansion and compression - exceeding euro 6 emissions standards due to highly turbulent fuel - air mixing and complete scavenge of residual exhaust gases. - very quiet and lower temperature exhaust gases, due to low exhaust pressure - good sealing and thermal dispersion characteristics, avoids problems of wankel engines - geometry easily adaptable for biofuels ( ethanol and biodiesel ) - ideally suited for hevs and phevs - space and weight


from irish druids and old irish religions, 1894 the mistletoe had an early reputation as a guide to the other world. armed with that golden branch, one could pass to pluto ' s realm : — " charon opposed — they showed the branch. they show ' d the bough that lay beneath the vest ; at once his rising wrath was hush ' d to rest. " its connection with health, as the all - heal, is noted by the poet callimachus, under the appellation of panakea, sacred to apollo : — " where ' er the genial panakea falls, health crowns the state, and safety guards the walls. " as the seat of the life of the oak, as then believed, it had special virtues as a healer. the coel - creni, or omen sticks, were made of it, and also divining - rods. it had the merit of revealing treasure, and repelling the unwelcome visits of evil spirits. when cut upon st. john ' s eve, its power for good was greatest. " while the shamrock is emblematic of the equinox, the mistletoe is associated with the solstice, " says st. clair. the ancient persians knew it as the healer. it told of the sun ' s return to earth. farmers in britain used to give a sprig of mistletoe to the first cow calving in the year. forlong points out the recovery of old heathen ideas ; saying, " christian priests forbade the mistletoe to enter their churches ; but yet it not only got in, but found a place over the altars, and was held to betoken good - will to all mankind. " it was mysteriously associated with the dove. the irish called it the uil - iceach : the welsh, uchelwydd. the county magazine for 1792 remarked — " a custom of kissing the women under the mistletoe - bush still prevails in many places, and without doubt the surest way to prove prolific. " pliny considered it good for sterility. it was the only thing that could slay the gentle baldur. in england there are some twenty trees on which the mistletoe may grow. certain plants have at different times been objects of special consideration, and worshipped as having divine qualities, or being possessed by a soul. some were thought to manifest sympathetic feeling with the nation by which they were cherished. the fetish tree


may grow. certain plants have at different times been objects of special consideration, and worshipped as having divine qualities, or being possessed by a soul. some were thought to manifest sympathetic feeling with the nation by which they were cherished. the fetish tree of coomassie fell when wolseley ' s ultimatum reached the king of ashantee. the ruthless cutting of trees was deemed cruel. even if they had no living spirit of their own, the souls of the dead might be there confined ; but perhaps mr. gladstone, the tree - feller, is no believer in that spiritual doctrine. in germany one may still witness the marrying of trees on christmas eve with straw - ropes, that they may yield well. their forefathers ' regard for the world - tree, the ash yggdrasill, may incline germans to spare trees, and raise them, as bismarck loves to do. women there, and elsewhere, found consolation from moving round a sacred tree on the approach of nature ' s trial. the oldest altars stood under trees, as by sacred fountains or wells. but some had to be shunned as demoniac trees. the irish respected the cairthaim, quicken - tree, quick - beam, rowan, or mountain ash, which had magical qualities. in the story of the fairy palace of the quicken - tree, we read of finn the finian leader being held in that tree by enchantment, as was merlin by the fairy lady. maccuill, son of the hazel, one of the last tuath kings, was so - called because he worshipped the hazel. fairies danced beneath the hawthorn. ogham tablets were of yew. lady wilde styled the elder a sacred tree ; and the blackthorn, to which the irishman is said to be still devoted, was a sacred tree. trees of knowledge have been recognized east and west that of india was the kalpa. the celtic tree of life was not unlike that of carthage. the persians, assyrians, and american indians had their trees of life. one egyptian holy tree had seven branches on each side. from the sycamore, the goddess nou provided the liquor of life ; from the persea, the goddess hathor gave fruits of immortality. the date - palm was sacred to osiris six thousand years ago. the tree of life was sometimes depicted on coffins with human arms. the lotus, essentially phallic, self - produced, was an emblem of self - created deity, being


date - palm was sacred to osiris six thousand years ago. the tree of life was sometimes depicted on coffins with human arms. the lotus, essentially phallic, self - produced, was an emblem of self - created deity, being worshipped as such at least 3000 b. c. homa was the life - tree of zoroaster. the bean was thrown on tombs as a sign of immortality. the banyan and the onion denote a new incarnation. the indian and cingalese bo or asvattha, ficus religiosa, sheltered gautama when he gained what is known as entire sanctification, or perfection. the sacred peepul is the male fig, the female being ficus indica. the fig entwines itself round the palm. the toolsi, ocymum sanctum, and the amrita are also worshipped in india ; so are the lien - wha, or nelumbium, in china ; the cypress in mexico, and the aspen in kirghizland. trees and plants were devoted to gods : as the oak, palm, and ash to jupiter ; the rose, myrtle, and poppy to venus ; the pomegranate to proserpine ; the pine - apple to cybele ; the orange to diana ; the white violet to vesta ; the daisy to alcestis ; the wild thyme to the muses ; the laurel to apollo ; the poplar to hercules ; the alder to pan ; the olive to minerva ; the fig and vine to bacchus ; the lotus to hermes. the leek of wales, like the shamrock of ireland, was an object of worship in the east, and was associated with virgo. the hortus kewensis states that it first came to britain in 1562. the mandrake or love - apple was also sacred. brinton gives a list of seven such sacred plants among the creek indians. the vervain, sacred to druids, was gathered in egypt at the rise of sirius the dogstar. from a sad, comfortless childhood giles truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. for so long they were the only meaning to his existence. but when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had. a story for the genuine booklover, penned by an irish bookseller under the pseudonym of


what is acupuncture? practitioners use acupuncture treatment – a traditional chinese medicine – by inserting thin, sterile needles at specific points on the body to treat pain, facilitate healing and promote physical and mental well - being. acupuncture stimulates energy channels on the body – called qi – that are considered pathways for vital energy. the points where the needles are inserted correspond to these energy channels, also called meridians. the number of meridians is not precisely known – some experts claim there are 14 main channels with 2, 000 acupuncture points, while others claim up to 20 meridians. according to the 2007 national health interview survey, an estimated 3. 1 million adults and 150, 000 children in the united states used acupuncture the previous year. what should i be aware of if i undergo acupuncture? tell your whole team of health care providers – including primary care physicians – if you plan to seek acupuncture treatment or are undergoing acupuncture. this helps achieve safer, coordinated health care. the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) regulates acupuncture needles, requiring they meet certain standards, including being non - toxic, sterile, labeled for single use and used only by qualified practitioners. acupuncturists are highly regulated in the united states by the national certification commission for acupuncture and oriental medicine ( nccaom ). most patients feel no or minimal amounts of pain when the acupuncture needles are inserted. the needles are solid yet hair - thin. some report feeling energized, or relaxed, during treatment sessions. movement or a defective needle can result in pain or soreness. acupuncture treatment sessions usually last between 45 and 90 minutes. a patient may go for acupuncture treatment over the span of several weeks or more. is acupuncture safe? in general it appears to be safe. however, there are reports to the fda of serious adverse events such as pneumothorax, hepatitis, and cardiac trauma, among others. how do i find a qualified acupuncturist? ask your health care provider for referrals to qualified acupuncture practitioners. your regular, conventional medical professional may even offer acupuncture. check credentials – acupuncturists in most states need licenses to practice ; however, standards and education requirements vary by state. a license is a good indicator the acupuncture practitioner meets the state ’


even offer acupuncture. check credentials – acupuncturists in most states need licenses to practice ; however, standards and education requirements vary by state. a license is a good indicator the acupuncture practitioner meets the state ’ s requirements, but it does not always ensure top - quality care. check with your primary care physician whether acupuncture may help your condition – do not rely on an acupuncturist without a conventional medical license to diagnose conditions. what symptoms and conditions are typically treated by an acupuncturist? according to the national center for complementary and alternative medicine, acupuncture is used to treat many types of pain. the most commonly reported use of acupuncture is for back pain, followed by joint pain, neck pain and headache pain. research also suggests it ’ s effective in treating osteoarthritis, particularly knee pain. acupuncture has been studied as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions and pains – including substance withdrawal, postoperative dental pain, menstrual cramps, fibromyalgia, severe migraine pain and more – but it ’ s difficult to draw conclusions as to its effectiveness. due to the many different acupuncture techniques, such as electrical versus manual, and variations in the controls used in studies and measuring outcomes, further research is needed to determine effectiveness. related articles : on pins and needles


what is family practice? a family practitioner is a primary care doctor who provides health services to adults, children and adolescents. family practitioners have a very broad scope of practice, but are usually the patient ’ s first consultation before being referred to other specialists, if necessary. the family practitioner performs annual physical examinations ; ensures up - to - date immunization status ; counsels patients on healthy lifestyles ; monitors patients ’ blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels ; and ensures other baseline tests are within normal levels for the patient ’ s age and gender. when do i see a family practitioner? in the united states, about one in four visits to a doctor are to a family practice doctor. family care physicians care for the poor, indigent and underserved in the community more than any other physician specialty. when a patient is an infant or child, he or she might see a family practitioner specializing in pediatric care. when the young patient transitions from childhood to adulthood during adolescence, he or she can see a family practice doctor specializing in adolescent medicine or a regular family practitioner, also known as adult - care physician. around the ages 18 - 21, patients typically transition to an adult - care physician who is better suited to their health - care needs. what should i expect when i visit a family practitioner? a family practitioner ’ s scope of practice varies, but these specialists typically provide basic diagnoses and non - surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. to arrive at a diagnosis, family doctors will interview and examine the patient. this requires discussing the history of the present illness, including a review of the patient ’ s body systems, medication history, allergies, family history, surgical history and social history. then the physician will perform a physical examination and possibly order basic medical tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms or x - rays. ultimately, all this information is combined to arrive at a diagnosis and possible treatment. tests of a more complex and lengthy nature may be referred to a specialist together with the patient, the family practitioner forms a plan of care that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education, or follow - up treatment. patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self - care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations. what are the most common conditions family practitioners treat? shopping for a new doc decoding your health test results patient types : which one are you


new york ( reuters health ) - teenagers who have irregular periods are more likely to be overweight and obese and to have early warning signs of diabetes and heart disease than those with regular menstrual cycles, suggests a new study. while the link between irregular periods and heart disease and diabetes is well established in older women, the new finding suggests that doctors might be able to identify this risk much earlier - - and try to do something about it. " there may be a misconception in adolescent medicine... that ' it takes a couple of years after menarche to get the engine running ' and hence one might not want to be concerned about irregular adolescent menstrual cycles until much later, " said dr. charles glueck, one of the study ' s authors from the cholesterol and metabolism center at the jewish hospital of cincinnati. " that ' s clearly wrong. " even in young teenagers, very irregular menstrual cycles are not normal, glueck told reuters health, and shouldn ' t be ignored. he and his colleagues followed 370 girls starting at age 14 as part of a larger study initiated by the national heart, lung, and blood institute. once every year, girls were asked how long it had been since their last menstrual cycle. researchers also periodically measured their levels of different sex hormones, glucose and insulin ( markers of diabetes risk ) and blood pressure. they also collected information on girls ' height, weight, and waist circumference. the authors defined irregular menstrual cycles as lasting more than 42 days - - that is, the girl ' s period begins more than 42 days after the first day of the last one - - a criterion that ' s meant to catch the 2 percent of girls with the least regular periods, glueck explained. between age 14 and 19, 269 of the girls reported regular periods at every annual visit. another 74 of them had only one report of an irregular period, 19 girls had two reports, and eight said it had been at least 42 days since their last period at three or more visits. the results, published in fertility and sterility, show that girls with the most reports of irregular periods were already heavier than others at age 14, and gained more weight and inches on their waist during the study. also at age 14, girls with more irregular periods had higher levels of testosterone - - a sex hormone associated with male characteristics. by age 25, those who hadn ' t reported an irregular period had an average body mass index, or


during the study. also at age 14, girls with more irregular periods had higher levels of testosterone - - a sex hormone associated with male characteristics. by age 25, those who hadn ' t reported an irregular period had an average body mass index, or bmi, of 26. 8 - - considered slightly overweight. in comparison, participants who had reported irregular periods at three or more appointments had an average bmi of 37. 8, indicating severe obesity. girls who reported one or two irregular periods had bmis somewhere in the middle. reports of irregular periods were also linked to higher levels of blood sugar and insulin at age 25. the authors couldn ' t be sure what was happening with girls ' menstrual cycles during the rest of each year. also, the findings do not prove that irregular periods cause girls to gain weight or are responsible for the increases in glucose and insulin levels - rather, the irregularity could be a signal of some other problem. one possibility is that the ovaries might respond to changes in metabolism - - such as increased insulin levels, said dr. alice chang, an endocrinologist at ut southwestern medical center. that would suggest some of the diabetes - related risks came before problems with ovulation. what the study results do show is that irregular menstrual cycles might be a warning that the body ' s metabolism isn ' t working as well as it should. " these relationships which we see so clearly in adolescence and see prospectively into young adulthood are the same relationships which two to three decades later spell out in the development of cardiovascular disease, ( heart attack ), and type ii diabetes, " glueck said. irregular periods might be a sign of polycystic ovary syndrome, or pcos - - a hormonal disorder that ' s also linked to infertility and obesity - - glueck added. catching it in adolescence means the condition can be " very successfully treated " - - another reason for doctors to pay attention to irregular periods early. chang, who was not involved in the new research, agreed that the implications for pcos are an important message to take from the study. " when i see women diagnosed with pcos, they often have symptoms all throughout adolescence, but it ' s not put together for them, " she told reuters health. " we need to be more aggressive in adolescents about treating pcos and treating obesity. " glueck said that girls with irregular menstrual cycles should " raise flags " for doctors, who can also step in with early prevention


kroto is now one of several prestigious individuals, including the groundbreaking chemist linus pauling, who have enriched the linfield community at an oregon nobel laureate symposium. “ the lecture - symposium was scheduled two years ago, ” director of communications mardi mileham. she mentioned that kroto was selected to participate in the symposium by dr. fred ross who retired from linfield last spring. kroto is well - known for the co - discovery of the form of carbon now known as buckminsterfullerene, or, “ buckyballs ” in 1985. this molecule is a spherical arrangement of 60 carbons in a pattern that resembles the stitching on soccer balls. up until its discovery, only two stable forms of carbon, graphite and diamond, were known to exist, professor of chemistry thomas reinert said. he said this third stable form of carbon changed the way chemists thought about carbon and the bonds between atoms. chemists learned that this form of carbon occurs in the universe, naturally. “ it ’ s not just made up in a lab, ” reinert said. kroto discussed the importance of science and scientific education in his lecture that was interspersed with humorous remarks. kroto based his lecture on a quote that says science is the only thing we have to determine the truth to any degree of reliability. “ science, for me, is a way of life, ” kroto said. he applied his scientific philosophy to several matters such as sustainability and indoctrination. kroto stressed the importance of questioning everything and seeking evidence to support claims. he considers the acceptance of facts without evidence dangerous. kroto explained his “ four out of five method. ” he stated if you make an observation, make a hypothesis ; if four out of five observations are in line with the hypothesis, you are “ almost certainly right. ” kroto ’ s current project is to try to teach science globally by using the internet to share educational videos. professor of english lit david sumner commented on kroto ’ s scientific emphasis saying that the sciences and humanities should work hand in hand. “ a combination of the two is essential, ” he said. senior craig geffre praised kroto for his call to the researchers of natural sciences to be mindful of ethics and the outcome of their research. kroto cited atomic bombs as examples of weapons that should not be further researched. “ anthropologists and sociologists are careful in deliberating what the outcome of our research will be. i thought


tree - equal tree - 1 tree - 2 & key test test - not = > generalized - boolean arguments and values : test - - - a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. test - not - - - a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. generalized - boolean - - - a generalized boolean. tree - equal tests whether two trees are of the same shape and have the same leaves. tree - equal returns true if tree - 1 and tree - 2 are both atoms and satisfy the test, or if they are both conses and the car of tree - 1 is tree - equal to the car of tree - 2 and the cdr of tree - 1 is tree - equal to the cdr of tree - 2. otherwise, tree - equal returns false. tree - equal recursively compares conses but not any other objects that have components. the first argument to the : test or : test - not function is tree - 1 or a car or cdr of tree - 1 ; the second argument is tree - 2 or a car or cdr of tree - 2. ( setq tree1 ' ( 1 ( 1 2 ) ) tree2 ' ( 1 ( 1 2 ) ) ) = > ( 1 ( 1 2 ) ) ( tree - equal tree1 tree2 ) = > true ( eql tree1 tree2 ) = > false ( setq tree1 ' ( ' a ( ' b ' c ) ) tree2 ' ( ' a ( ' b ' c ) ) ) = > ( ' a ( ' b ' c ) ) = > ( ( quote a ) ( ( quote b ) ( quote c ) ) ) ( tree - equal tree1 tree2 : test ' eq ) = > true side effects : none. affected by : none. the consequences are undefined if both tree - 1 and tree - 2 are circular. equal, section 3. 6 ( traversal rules and side effects ) the : test - not parameter is deprecated.


jelly mould pavilions 27 march - 6 june 2010 ' jelly mould pavilions ' is a quirky yet thought provoking exhibition by artist lubaina himid. the exhibition explores the challenges of commemorating the ongoing contribution of the people of the african diaspora to the history, culture and fabric of liverpool. ' jelly mould pavilions ' features 30 hand - painted victorian ceramic jelly moulds and 14 prints. the illustrations on the jelly moulds are inspired by influential black figures such as martin luther king, william still and dred scott, all strong and unique figures in the civil rights movement. lubaina ' s inspiration also comes from brightly coloured textile patterns from all over the african continent. although these jelly mould monuments may never be built, their purpose is to encourage visitors to ask questions about the city ' s history, how we can celebrate and commemorate the black community or whether we do this already. lubaina chose victorian jelly moulds as they symbolise the african diaspora ' s link to the sugar industry that used slaves. the jelly moulds are a device to encourage visitors to talk about enslavement, commerce and pleasure. jelly mould interventions! as well as the main exhibition at sudley house there will be jelly mould interventions in the following venues : you can see all the venues on the map below. select a blue pin to find out about each location. you can view a larger version of the map here. more about the artist for more information about lubaina ' s practice including forthcoming and major projects, recent exhibitions, works in collections and key note speeches, visit her website. ' making histories visible ' is an interdisciplinary visual art research project based led by lubaina himid with support from susan walsh. find out more on the making histories visible website. more in depth information about the themes surrounding jelly mould pavilions can be found on lubaina ' s jelly mould pavilions website. this exhibition is part of ' liverpool and the black atlantic ', a series of city - wide exhibitions and events that explore connections between cultures and continents.


did a comet really chill and kill clovis culture? a 130 - foot - meteor created the mile - wide meteor crater in arizona. the comet proposed to have impacted life in north america was significantly larger, but no crater indicating its collision has been found. credit : dan durda a comet crashing into the earth some 13, 000 years ago was thought to have spelled doom to a group of early north american people, and possibly the extinction of ice age beasts in the region. but the space rock was wrongly accused, according to a group of 16 scientists in fields ranging from archaeology to crystallography to physics, who have offered counterevidence to the existence of such a collision. " despite more than four years of trying by many qualified researchers, no unambiguous evidence has been found [ of such an event ], " mark boslough, a physicist at sandia national laboratories in new mexico, told livescience. " that lack of evidence is therefore evidence of absence. " almost 13, 000 years ago, a prehistoric paleo - indian group known as the clovis culture suffered its demise at the same time the region underwent significant climate cooling known as the younger dryas. animals such as ground sloths, camels and mammoths were wiped out in north america around the same period. [ wipe out : the 10 most mysterious extinctions ] in 2007, a team of scientists led by richard firestone of the lawrence berkeley national laboratory in california suggested these changes were the result of a collision or explosion of an enormous comet or asteroid, pointing to a carbon - rich black layer at a number of sites across north america. the theory has remained controversial, with no sign of a crater that would have resulted from such an impact. " if a four - kilometer [ 2. 5 - mile ] comet had broken up over north america only 12. 9 thousand years ago, it is certain that it would have left an unambiguous impact crater or craters, as well as unambiguous shocked materials, " boslough said. boslough, who has spent decades studying the effects of comet and asteroid collisions, was part of a team that predicted the visibility of plumes from the impact of the 1994 shoemaker - levy 9 comet with jupiter. " comet impacts may be low enough in density not to leave craters, " firestone told livescience by email. he also points to independent research by william napier at the university of cardiff in the united kingdom that indicates such explosions could have come from a debris trail created


be low enough in density not to leave craters, " firestone told livescience by email. he also points to independent research by william napier at the university of cardiff in the united kingdom that indicates such explosions could have come from a debris trail created by comet encke, which also would not have left a crater. a large rock plunging into the earth ' s atmosphere may detonate in the air without coming into contact with the ground. such an explosion occurred in siberia in the early 20th century ; the explosive energy of the so - called tunguska event was more than 1, 000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima. " no crater was formed at tunguska, or the recent russian impact, " firestone said. but boslough said this math doesn ' t add up. the object responsible for the tunguska event was very small, about 130 to 160 feet ( 40 to 50 meters ) wide, while the recent explosion over russia was smaller, about 56 feet ( 17 meters ). the proposed north american space rock linked with the clovis demise is estimated to have been closer to 2. 5 miles ( 4 kilometers ) across. " the physics doesn ' t support the idea of something that big exploding in the air, " he said, noting that the original research team doesn ' t provide any explanation or models for how such a breakup might occur. [ the 10 greatest explosions ever ] if such a large object crashed into the earth, the resulting crater would be too large to miss, particularly when it was only a few thousand years old, boslough said. he pointed to meteor crater in arizona, which is three times as old and formed by an object " a million times smaller in terms of explosive energy. " " meteor crater is an unambiguous impact crater with unambiguous shocked minerals, " boslough said. if a 2. 5 - mile comet had broken into pieces, it could have made a million meteor craters, he added. firestone argued that water or ice could have absorbed the impact, possibly leaving behind no crater. boslough disagreed. even if the comet had plunged into the ice sheet covering much of north america, the crater formed beneath it would still be sizable. " we wouldn ' t be able to miss that right now — it would be obvious, " boslough said. the arguments and evidence against the impact were published in the december 2012 american geophysical union monograph. " extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence " powerful impacts are boslough ' s


miss that right now — it would be obvious, " boslough said. the arguments and evidence against the impact were published in the december 2012 american geophysical union monograph. " extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence " powerful impacts are boslough ' s field, but the other 15 scientists working on the paper offered up other sources of counterevidence for the existence of a collision. " we all independently came to the conclusion that the evidence doesn ' t support a younger dryas impact, " boslough said. [ asteroid basics : a space rock quiz ] " we all came to this based on our own very narrow piece of the puzzle. " for instance, the initial team studying the event announced the discovery of a carbon - rich black layer, colloquially known as a " black mat, " at a number of sites in north america. containing charcoal, soot and nanodiamonds, such material could be formed by a violent collision. but this isn ' t the only possible source. " the things they call impact markers are not necessarily indicators of high - pressure shocks, " boslough said. " there are other processes that potentially could have formed them. " speaking of the black mat found in central mexico, firestone said, " boslough is correct that there are other black mats, but these are dated to 12, 900 years ago at the time of impact. " he points to independent research published this fall that located hundreds to thousands of samples. however, radiocarbon dating of one of the sites in gainey, mich., suggested its samples were contaminated. melted rock formations and microscopic diamonds found in a lake in central mexico last year were also suggested as evidence for the collision, but boslough ' s team disagrees with the age of the sediment layer in the region. boslough said the standard for indicating a strong shock occurred is pretty high in the impact community, and the findings by the original team don ' t meet them. nor do they offer up any physical models that propose how an impact or airburst would have occurred — and the ones boslough has run just don ' t pan out. " it ' s really a stretch to claim that there was this large impact event with no crater and no unambiguous shock material, because large impacts are such rare events, " boslough said. " when somebody is making a claim that something extraordinary happened, something out of the ordinary and with a very low probability, and they have ambiguous evidence, then the default is that it didn


livescribe for blind or visually impaired students02 / 22 / 12 limited access to graphical materials is a problem for many blind or visually impaired students. with the livescribe smartpen, creation of these resources is low - cost, portable, and easy to execute. students and teachers can create tactile diagrams, maps, or study guides in or outside of the classroom. the smartpen provides raised - line figures with audio information about the diagram elements by tracking the page position and sound recording. this type of technology allows students to have access to all types of materials. by adding braille characters to their livescribe notebook page, students can read along with their hands while having a full audio description when needed. the smartpen includes all the hardware and software necessary to allow audio playback and tactile graphics can be created by using a raised - line drawing kit or an aph “ tong ” tool. livescribe sound stickers can also add audio to existing materials. for blind or visually impaired students, understanding graphs or visuals can be difficult if not impossible. the livescribe smartpen aims to help make graphics more accessible for the blind and visually impaired. do you know a blind or visually impaired student using the livescribe smartpen? share your story with us below!


according to a research team at the city college of new york ( ccny ), tobacco dependence has a firmer grip on those who are poor or uneducated, making it harder for them to stay off cigarettes. smokers who had participated in a statewide smoking cessation program in arkansas were tracked following the program by researchers from ccny ' s sophie davis school of biomedical education. the participants came from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, and while both rich and poor groups were able to successfully quit at roughly the same rate, the poorer an individual was, the harder it was for that person to overcome cravings and ultimately remain tobacco free. within three months of completing treatment, the poorest participants were 55 percent more likely than the richest to begin smoking again ; at six months, that number jumped to 250 percent. nationwide, americans from households making less than $ 15, 000 a year smoke three times more often than those making $ 50, 000 a year or more. several hypotheses have been offered to explain the wide disparity. smoking provides stress relief in times of hardship, and those of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to experience hardship, facing discrimination, job insecurity, and financial troubles. in addition, lower - paying jobs are less likely to offer the protection of local, state, and federal smoke - free laws. this means that even if a person successfully quits, he will find himself surrounded by smokers at work every day. it is important to included these considerations when developing treatment programs, says the team from ccny. treatment focused on the needs of the middle class will necessarily require revision to fit lower economic status individuals. suggestions include custom programs, but the ccny team says that " booster sessions " after the main sessions are over may improve outcomes. it ' s hard to predict what stresses might drive someone back to cigarettes several months down the road, so it ' s important to continuing offering resources to those who will need them the most. source : city college of new york


wisdom from the grammar goddess : rhetorical commentsby diane sandford, published on july 26, 2004 few people realize how badly they write. — william zinsser, on writing well, 5th ed. ( harper, 1994 ), pag people do not write well because they do not think well. they do not think well because they do not put in the effort. — e. kim nebeuts. faults of literary style are often faults of character. — anonymous. the final quotation above may seem curious. how can literary style be equated with morals or character? writers with little substance to place on paper will occasionally try to expand their thoughts with an abundance of flowery vocabulary. it ’ s easy to spot writers who dabble in puffery : they pepper their writing with adjectives like very, extremely, much, etc. ; and they embroider their ideas with jargon, unnecessary phrases, pretentious language, and cliches ( ugh! ). they focus their analysis on some small point, and write as if its significance has hitherto been unappreciated. we all do this to some extent. but when we find ourselves falling into these traps, we need to get out. so my first rule of rhetoric is to be honest in your writing : get to the point, don ’ t exaggerate, and be accurate. by the way, do you suppose some morally corrupt people may be honest writers, but that some saintly people may tend to puff up their writing? alas, human character is complicated. anyway, here are some of the rules of rhetoric that live in my brain. 1. write honestly. what goes around, comes around. most of our sins catch up with us before we die. 2. proofread, revise, and proofread once again. my father once told me that thinking was the most painful activity in the world. for some reason, most human brains prefer to do no more than superficial thinking unless survival is involved. proofreading and revision, the lowest forms of literary thinking, are chores we all want to avoid. nevertheless, proofreading and revision are keys to improving. here is a striking example of what revision can do : a. in the last sentence of the gettysburg address there is a rallying cry for the continuation of the struggle. b. in the last sentence of the gettysburg address, lincoln rallied his audience to continue the struggle against the south. — from style : toward clarity and grace, by joseph


the gettysburg address there is a rallying cry for the continuation of the struggle. b. in the last sentence of the gettysburg address, lincoln rallied his audience to continue the struggle against the south. — from style : toward clarity and grace, by joseph m. williams ( the university of chicago press, 1990 ), page 28. what intellectual process took place that transformed sentence a into the more powerful sentence b? the answer is that the author examined each sentence in the essay and asked the hard questions : what am i trying to say? can i say this more explicitly? is this even true? a puffed - up writer will fall under the weight of his own bad habits and lack of experience in revising. it is sad but true : inflated writing is the result of laziness, deception, poor attitude, and stupidity. puff is not a magic dragon. 3. avoid affectations and fancy words. for example : the second statement follows mutatis mutandis from the first. the phrase mutatis mutandis ( = " with corresponding changes " ) is, indeed, an impressive phrase, but it is also baffling to most readers. avoid fanciful and pretentious vocabulary. the following extract from an autobiography of the french mathematician andre weil illustrates just how bad affective writing can be : my life, or at least what deserves this name — a singularly happy life, its diverse vicissitudes withal — is bounded by my birth on may 6, 1906, and the death on may 24, 1986, of my wife and companion. it may be argued that clever phrasing and curious words make reading more interesting, and to deny an author their use limits his tools and leads to mundane writing. this is the argument of a novice who confuses poetry and song lyrics with formal prose. both of the previous examples are demonstrations of bad communication, because the words distract from the ideas. writers who choose words and phrases like this are treating writing as an art form much like dancing — as an end unto itself — rather than as a tool to express ideas. samuel johnson once recalled the following remark from a college tutor : “ read over your compositions, and wherever you meet with a passage that you think is particularly fine, strike it out. " this, i think, is one of the great pieces of advice for beginners. whenever a reader begins to notice the writing instead of the ideas carried by the writing, then the reader is being distracted. 4. stick with the action, not the abstraction.


i think, is one of the great pieces of advice for beginners. whenever a reader begins to notice the writing instead of the ideas carried by the writing, then the reader is being distracted. 4. stick with the action, not the abstraction. maybe this will help : after writing each sentence, imagine your boss, red - faced and screaming : “ what are you talking about? i can ’ t understand you! get to the point! ” minimize, and be concise. your writing, like mine, is of interest only for the facts it brings the reader. even most of those who dedicate their lives to the craft of writing don ’ t write particularly well. bear in mind that your perspectives are rarely interesting to anyone else. ( a striking exception, of course, is this article. ) 5. use passive constructions consciously. here is the classic example of the passive voice : the ball was hit by the boy. this is fine if the ball is more important than the boy. if not, then change it : the boy hit the ball. the main objection to the passive is that it takes slightly more effort to parse. notice that ball comes before boy in the passive construction above. in a long sentence, such juxtaposition may force the passive voice. in technical and scholarly writing, the passive is often needed to place emphasis on a process, rather than on an observer or on the initiator of a process. occasionally, the passive construction does work better than the active — e. g., the book was suppressed by its own author. when you use the passive, be aware of it, and know why. a similar problem occurs with abstract verbs. the verbs lift, drop, smash, sever, destroy, for example, create mental images. the be verbs ( be, been, being, am, is, are, was, were ) are more abstract and require more effort to understand. consider these two sentences : original : a need exists for greater candidate selection efficiency. revised : we need to select candidates more efficiently. — from style : style : toward clarity and grace, by joseph m. williams, page 30. the second sentence is simple, concise, and easy to comprehend. this is generally not a problem with short sentences, but readers tire quickly when abstract verbs are used too often in complex sentences. 6. use coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet ) to join parallel structures. for example : success comes from suffering through depression and


tire quickly when abstract verbs are used too often in complex sentences. 6. use coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet ) to join parallel structures. for example : success comes from suffering through depression and insecurity. this should be corrected to read : success comes from suffering through depression and through insecurity. lack of parallelism is a red flag that jars many readers. if only we had grammar police. keep in mind that an intelligent reader is usually an unforgiving reader. 7. state your strongest arguments first. do you think this is obvious? aristotle taught the opposite. he also has been proven wrong through scientific tests of reading retention, but perhaps aristotle was referring to oral debates or to the power of immediate persuasion. some readers tune out early, so it ’ s important to capture their attention quickly. 8. think. on occasion, an author is hard pressed to determine which interpretation of a sentence he or she originally intended. this occurs when writers splash words onto paper with little thought — i. e., they write before they think. writers must constantly ask : what am i trying to say? surprisingly, often they don ’ t know. — william zinsser, on writing well, 5th ed. ( harper, 1994 ), page 12. these rules are no more — and are often considerably less — than guideposts to non - distracting communication. when followed, they do not guarantee intelligibility ; when applied, they do not confer the attribute " fine writing. " even “ acceptable ” writing comes at the price of inordinate effort. nothing is simple. this month ’ s recommended resource is style : toward clarity and grace ( university of chicago press, 1990 ; reprinted in 1995 ), by joseph m. williams. the book is a bit dry, but its ultimate value repays the effort. gleaning insight is never easy. do you have a grammar question? comments? suggestions? please let me know.


- nietzsche on tragedy by m. s. silk and j. p. stern cambridge, 441 pp, £27. 50, march 1981, isbn 0 521 23262 7 - nietzsche : a critical life by ronald hayman weidenfeld, 424 pp, £18. 50, march 1980, isbn 0 297 77636 3 - nietzsche. vol. 1 : the will to power as art by martin heidegger, translated by david farrell krell routledge, 263 pp, £11. 50, march 1981, isbn 0 7100 0744 2 nietzsche ’ s first book, the birth of tragedy, was published in 1872, when he was 27, and while he was a professor of classics at basel. it had the unusual effect, for him, of attracting some attention at the time of its appearance : after that, nietzsche ’ s writings virtually ceased to be noticed until the 1890s, by which time he was, for the last 11 years of his life, insane, virtually without speech, and out of touch with the world. nietzsche said to his sister that this book was a ‘ centaur ’, a description which emphasises its oddness, underestimates its beauty, and misleads about the number of its components, since it is a blend not only of scholarship and literary prose, but of philosophy and assertive aesthetic judgment. it makes some historical claims in answer to an old question, the origin of tragedy among the greeks ; more importantly, it tries to characterise the nature of the greek view of the world, how that is expressed in greek tragedy, and what significance both that view and those plays can now have. according to nietzsche, two contrasting spirits stand over greek, and over all genuine, art – apollo and dionysus. apollo represents order, civilisation and the determinate image ; dionysus represents nature, fertility, rapture, and the dissolution of individuation into collective expression. greek tragedy was a highly stylised and formal art which arose nevertheless from the cult of dionysus, and at its highest, in nietzsche ’ s view, it represents a peculiar moment at which the forces of apollo and dionysus were balanced – a balance which expresses a heroic understanding and acceptance of the destructive horror of things, a ‘ pessimism of strength ’. these elements, the dionysiac and the apollonian ( a term surely preferable to silk and stern ’ s ‘ apolline ’ ), by no means merely represent, as they are often taken to do


pessimism of strength ’. these elements, the dionysiac and the apollonian ( a term surely preferable to silk and stern ’ s ‘ apolline ’ ), by no means merely represent, as they are often taken to do, a dichotomy of passion and reason, or of emotion and form. the basic element of the dionysiac is indeed rausch – ‘ rapture ’ in krell ’ s translation of heidegger, ‘ ecstasy ’ in silk and stern – but the corresponding idea of the apollonian is dream, and the order which classical art can set upon things itself has roots in a realm of illusion. the balance between these forces, and the consciousness which the tragic outlook involves, of the unity of destructive and creative forces, was embodied only in the earlier period of the greek classical age – above all, in the tragedians aeschylus and sophocles. of these, nietzsche tends to emphasise aeschylus, who was indeed the earlier, but ( as silk and stern point out ) it is certainly sophocles who most clearly and unpityingly embodies what nietzsche had in mind. the third great tragedian, euripides, destroyed tragedy, according to nietzsche, or rather helped it to destroy itself, in association with the spirit of socrates, that spirit of ‘ alexandrian optimism ’ which trusted in reason to make the most basic questions of living into matters of discursive knowledge. that same rationalistic optimism led inevitably to a depreciation of art, including plato ’ s celebrated rejection of it. the platonic consciousness, and the later forms of moralism which in various ways nietzsche assimilated to it, could not stand the power of tragedy, nor the metaphysical conclusion which, in the birth of tragedy, nietzsche saw as implicit in tragedy : that ‘ only as an aesthetic phenomenon can existence and the world be eternally justified. ’


umesh deshmukh, phd university of virginia, charlottesville, va approximately one - third of people with lupus develop nephritis, a complication that can cause kidney failure and sometimes requires chronic dialysis or transplantation. most research suggests that antibodies in the kidney play a role in the development of kidney failure in lupus, but exactly how this occurs is unclear. “ it starts with antibodies, there ' s no doubt about it, ” dr. deshmukh says. “ but antibody alone is not sufficient, you have to have t cells going into the kidney, ” he says. t cells regulate immune responses in lupus. using carefully selected mouse models, deshmukh and colleagues investigated whether it is antibodies alone that form the basis for kidney disease in lupus as well as where, when, and how t cells come into play. through the course of their research, dr. deshmukh and colleagues not only gathered substantial evidence to support their original hypothesis, but went on to work on a new mouse model of lupus in which they can test new approaches to target drugs to the kidney ( immunoliposomes ). their findings “ change the perceived role of autoantibodies in the disease ” he says. “ if we find antibodies in the kidney, we jump to the conclusion that it ' s lupus nephritis, but our study will show that you can have antibodies in kidney and still be healthy because the damage starts with t cells. ” and while not included in the current grant, dr. deshmukh and colleagues have already started looking at drugs that can prevent t - cell mediated damage of the kidneys. with a co - investigator, dr. deshmukh now has funding to explore the development of targeted drug delivery system using immunoliposome nanoparticles. genetic complementation results in augmented autoantibody responses to lupus - associated antigens. sim dl, bagavant h, scindia ym, ge y, gaskin f, fu sm, deshmukh us. j immunol. 2009 sep 1 ; 183 ( 5 ) : 3505 - 11 smd peptide induces better antibody responses to other proteins within the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex than to smd protein via intermolecular epitope spreading. deshmukh us, bagavant h, sim d, pidiyar v, fu sm. j. immunol. 2007


##ucleoprotein complex than to smd protein via intermolecular epitope spreading. deshmukh us, bagavant h, sim d, pidiyar v, fu sm. j. immunol. 2007 feb 15 ; 178 ( 4 ) : 2565 - 71 role for nephritogenic t cells in lupus glomerulonephritis : progression to renal failure is accompanied by t cell activation and expansion in regional lymph nodes. bagavant h, deshmukh us, wang h, ly t, fu sm. j. immunol. 2006 dec 1 ; 177 ( 11 ) : 8258 - 65. new insights from murine lupus : disassociation of autoimmunity and end organ damage and the role of t cells. bagavant, h. and fu, s. m. deshmukh, u. s, bagavant, h., lewis, j., gaskin, f., fu, s. m. curr. opin. rheumatol 2005 17 : 523 - 528. role of anti - dna antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. deshmukh us, bagavant h, fu sm. autoimmun rev. 2006 jul ; 5 ( 6 ) : 414 - 8. epub 2005 dec 7. in 2006, dr. deshmukh won a $ 1. 65 million nih grant continue this work, and in 2009 received a two - year alliance for lupus research ( alr ) award of $ 499, 780 to futher explore ‘ modulating renal responses : a novel therapeutic approach to lupus nephritis ” ( as co - investigator ). rev. july 2010 on the go? text info to 50555 and opt - in to receive breaking news about lupus on your mobile phone. message and data rates may apply. text stop to 50555 to stop. text help to 50555 for help. full terms - b cells - cardiovascular system - cell signaling - central nervous system - dendritic cells - environmental triggers - gender matters - general immune system function - human lupus biology - lupus pregnancy - new to lupus - new treatments - t cells - target identification - why the lupus immune system reacts to its own dna


click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word a light meal will be served during the flight. all dishes are served with a salad. a complimentary afternoon tea is served to all guests. dinner is served between 7 and 10 pm. the waiter served them both with salmon poached in white wine. carolyn served them tea and cake in the garden. the cheese is best served at room temperature. he served more than 20 years in the army. frank has served this company his whole working life. mr russell served as president of the association for fifteen years. henry served on numerous committees and commissions. i met my wife, rachel, while serving in the royal navy. sylvie served her apprenticeship with a top paris designer. their spare room also serves as an office. the decision should serve as a warning to companies that pollute the environment. his death serves to remind us just how dangerous using drugs can be. that ' s a stupid rule. what purpose is it supposed to serve? they voted for a chairman who might better serve their interests. his ability to get on with people served him well in setting up his own business. this is the british english definition of serve. view american english definition of serve. mixed together in a way that is not planned, organized, or tidy


freebsd man pages : readlink ( 2 ) readlink ( 2 ) freebsd system calls manual readlink ( 2 ) readlink - read value of a symbolic link standard c library ( libc, - lc ) readlink ( const char * path, char * buf, int bufsiz ) ; readlink ( ) places the contents of the symbolic link path in the buffer buf, which has size bufsiz. the readlink ( ) function does not append a nul character to buf. the call returns the count of characters placed in the buffer if it suc - ceeds, or a - 1 if an error occurs, placing the error code in the global readlink ( ) will fail if : [ enotdir ] a component of the path prefix is not a directory. [ enametoolong ] a component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire path name exceeded 1023 characters. [ enoent ] the named file does not exist. [ eacces ] search permission is denied for a component of the [ eloop ] too many symbolic links were encountered in translat - ing the pathname. [ einval ] the named file is not a symbolic link. [ eio ] an i / o error occurred while reading from the file sys - [ efault ] buf extends outside the process ' s allocated address lstat ( 2 ), stat ( 2 ), symlink ( 2 ), symlink ( 7 ) the readlink ( ) function call appeared in 4. 2bsd. freebsd 4. 8 june 4, 1993 freebsd 4. 8


carl friedrich gauss ( 1777 - 1855 ) is considered to be the greatest german mathematician of the nineteenth century. his discoveries and writings influenced and left a lasting mark in the areas of number theory, astronomy, geodesy, and physics, particularly the study of electromagnetism. gauss was born in brunswick, germany, on april 30, 1777, to poor, working - class parents. his father labored as a gardner and brick - layer and was regarded as an upright, honest man. however, he was a harsh parent who discouraged his young son from attending school, with expectations that he would follow one of the family trades. luckily, gauss ' mother and uncle, friedrich, recognized carl ' s genius early on and knew that he must develop this gifted intelligence with education. while in arithmetic class, at the age of ten, gauss exhibited his skills as a math prodigy when the stern schoolmaster gave the following assignment : " write down all the whole numbers from 1 to 100 and add up their sum. " when each student finished, he was to bring his slate forward and place it on the schoolmaster ' s desk, one on top of the other. the teacher expected the beginner ' s class to take a good while to finish this exercise. but in a few seconds, to his teacher ' s surprise, carl proceeded to the front of the room and placed his slate on the desk. much later the other students handed in their slates. at the end of the classtime, the results were examined, with most of them wrong. but when the schoolmaster looked at carl ' s slate, he was astounded to see only one number : 5, 050. carl then had to explain to his teacher that he found the result because he could see that, 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, so that he could find 50 pairs of numbers that each add up to 101. thus, 50 times 101 will equal 5, 050. at the age of fourteen, gauss was able to continue his education with the help of carl wilhelm ferdinand, duke of brunswick. after meeting gauss, the duke was so impressed by the gifted student with the photographic memory that he pledged his financial support to help him continue his studies at caroline college. at the end of his college years, gauss made a tremendous discovery that, up to this time, mathematicians had believed was impossible. he found that a regular polygon with 17 sides could be drawn using just a compass and straight


at caroline college. at the end of his college years, gauss made a tremendous discovery that, up to this time, mathematicians had believed was impossible. he found that a regular polygon with 17 sides could be drawn using just a compass and straight edge. gauss was so happy about and proud of his discovery that he gave up his intention to study languages and turned to mathematics. duke ferdinand continued to financially support his young friend as gauss pursued his studies at the university of gottingen. while there he submitted a proof that every algebraic equation has at least one root or solution. this theorem had challenged mathematicians for centuries and is called " the fundamental theorem of algebra ". gauss ' next discovery was in a totally different area of mathematics. in 1801, astronomers had discovered what they thought was a planet, which they named ceres. they eventually lost sight of ceres but their observations were communicated to gauss. he then calculated its exact position, so that it was easily rediscovered. he also worked on a new method for determining the orbits of new asteroids. eventually these discoveries led to gauss ' appointment as professor of mathematics and director of the observatory at gottingen, where he remained in his official position until his death on february 23, 1855. carl friedrich gauss, though he devoted his life to mathematics, kept his ideas, problems, and solutions in private diaries. he refused to publish theories that were not finished and perfect. still, he is considered, along with archimedes and newton, to be one of the three greatest mathematicians who ever lived. | contributed by karolee weller | | permission was requested by michael sirola in tampere, finland to translate this biography into finnish for his blog. to read the finnish translation goto http : / / www. designcontest. com / show / twsu - math - fi |


in the medical realm and other areas ( e. g., automotive, networking ), architects often ask themselves at the time a new product has to be designed if they can afford application - specific integrated circuits ( asics ). in past years, a lot has been published about the pros and con of using asics. these reports always speak about power consumption, size, and capabilities, but in the end there is a prohibitive factor : the price. in the past year, the price of masks has increased considerably, and it is expected to increase even more. prices above $ 5 million for masks are not so uncommon anymore. who can actually afford such costs!? this problem can be more acute for some high - performance, demanding applications such as medical imaging. in such applications we need to have significant processing capabilities and good power consumption performances … sure, a well - designed asic would work wonders here. for an oem, a dream come true would be to convince a semiconductor company to take an asic, pack it with some arm and / or other cores and add some peripheries ( e. g., lvds, usb ) and produce a chip. that sounds good in theory, but in practice it is not so easy. semiconductor companies are reluctant to produce chips that can be sold only to one customer, except in cases where the money is right. in the consumer market the sales volume is significant, but in a medical environment the number of sold parts is small so there has to be a special deal between the oem and the semiconductor company. one can imagine that only a big enough oem can afford to consider such a direction. for example, if we would produce at this moment a vscan - ( ge ) or p10 - ( siemens ) like device ( small, handheld ultrasound scanners ) with a mask cost of $ 5 million, we would have to sell around 600 such devices for the amortization of only the mask cost. one has to sell 5000 – 6000 such devices to obtain a decent margin. these cost problems will be reflected ultimately in the cost of care, in the amount of money each of us is contributing to the system. so, what is the solution to this cost problem? one solution would be to use off - the - shelf hardware that is widely used in other applications. sure, nothing can be more power efficient than a well - designed asic, but the price tag attached is a little prohibitive. since i am more or less active in the medical imaging area


- shelf hardware that is widely used in other applications. sure, nothing can be more power efficient than a well - designed asic, but the price tag attached is a little prohibitive. since i am more or less active in the medical imaging area, let ' s see what off - the - shelf hardware we can use there. for the signal processing part : for the display and user interface part : gpus nowadays are very sophisticated and powerful, and it is definitely worth it to consider them for some bigger sized devices. fpgas and dsps are common solutions for signal processing applications, and the figure 1 summarizes the capabilities and costs of each ( in a medical ultrasound application ). figure 1. the capabilities and costs of fpgas and dsps. atom and arm cores are proven architectures in the consumer area, so it is only natural to be present in the selection of display and interface section. power architecture – based devices are used more in the networking domain, and as such, they might be a little off limits due to possible on - chip accelerators, lack of connectivity, etc. regarding the off - the - shelf asics, samplify systems, for instance, designs frontends for the medical ultrasound. the user has some degree of freedom to bring some of his ip inside, but not much. because the frontend characteristics are practically the parts that will determine in the end the image quality, this is a sensitive area. it is very difficult to sell such a product to many oems because there will be no real differentiation between products and because many of the oems already have patented and tested solutions of their own. in my next posts i will speak about some of the off the shelf hardware available nowadays, and we can debate the suitablily of these architecutres. robert krutsch is a dsp software engineer at freescale semiconductor. he received a bachelors degree specializing in automatics and computer science from the polytechnic university of timisoara, a bachelors degree from the automation institute at the university of bremen, and a doctorate degree in automatic control from polytechnic university of bucharest.


the lacrimal or tear gland, located at the top outer edge of the eye, produces the watery portion of tears. the nasolacrimal duct system allows tears to drain from each eye into the nose. disorders of these structures can lead to either eyes that water excessively or dry eyes. they may be congenital ( present at birth ) or caused by infection, foreign objects in the eye, or trauma. disorders of the nasal cavity and tear ducts are not as common in cats as they are in dogs. however, a few disorders occasionally are seen in this species. blockage of the nasal duct ( epiphora ) occasionally cats will experience a chronic overflow of tears due to an obstruction of the nasal duct called epiphora. this is more common in persian and himalayan breeds. in most cases, there is no reason for concern when this occurs, as it does not lead to any medical problems. however, if appearance is an issue, the condition can be corrected surgically. inflammation of the tear sac ( dacryocystitis ) inflammation of the tear sac is rare in cats. it is usually caused by obstruction of the tear sac and the attached nasolacrimal tear duct by inflammatory debris, foreign objects, or masses pressing on the duct. it results in watering eyes, conjunctivitis that is resistant to treatment, and occasionally a draining opening in the middle of the lower eyelid. if your veterinarian suspects an obstruction of the duct, he or she may attempt to unblock it by flushing it with sterile water or a saline solution. x ‑ rays of the skull after injection of a dye into the duct may be necessary to determine the site, cause, and outlook of longterm obstructions. the usual therapy consists of keeping the duct unblocked and using eyedrops containing antibiotics. when the tear duct has been irreversibly damaged, surgery may be necessary to create a new drainage pathway to empty tears into the nasal cavity, sinus, or mouth. dry eye ( keratoconjunctivitis sicca ) the condition known as dry eye results from inadequate tear production. it often causes persistent mucus and pus - filled conjunctivitis and slow - healing sores ( ulcers ) and scarring on the cornea. dry eye is not common in cats but has been associated with longterm feline herpesvirus - 1 infections. topical therapy consists of artificial tear solutions, ointments, and, if there are no


adam health illustrated encyclopedia multimedia - testsearch health information creatine phosphokinase test creatine phosphokinase ( cpk ) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. this article discusses the test to measure the amount of cpk in the blood. cpk test ; creatine kinase ; ck test how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. this may be taken from a vein. the procedure is called a venipuncture. this test may be repeated over 2 or 3 days for if you are a patient in the hospital. how to prepare for the test usually, no special preparation is necessary. tell your doctor about any medications you are taking. drugs that can increase cpk measurements include amphotericin b, certain anesthetics, statins, fibrates, dexamethasone, alcohol, and cocaine. how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed when the total cpk level is very high, it usually means there has been injury or stress to muscle tissue, the heart, or the brain. muscle tissue injury is most likely. when a muscle is damaged, cpk leaks into the bloodstream. determining which specific form of cpk is high helps doctors determine which tissue has been damaged. this test may be used to : - diagnose heart attack - evaluate cause of chest pain - determine if or how badly a muscle is damaged - detect dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and other muscle diseases - tell the difference between malignant hyperthermia and postoperative infection the pattern and timing of a rise or fall in cpk levels can be diagnostically significant, particularly if a heart attack is suspected. except in unusual cases, other tests are used to diagnose a heart attack. total cpk normal values : - 10 - 120 micrograms per liter ( mcg / l ) normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. some labs use different measurements or test different samples. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. what abnormal results mean high cpk levels may be seen in patients who have : - brain injury or stroke - delirium tremens - dermatomyositis or polymyositis - electric shock - heart attack - inflammation of the heart muscle ( myocarditis


##k levels may be seen in patients who have : - brain injury or stroke - delirium tremens - dermatomyositis or polymyositis - electric shock - heart attack - inflammation of the heart muscle ( myocarditis ) - lung tissue death ( pulmonary infarction ) - muscular dystrophies additional conditions may give positive test results : what the risks are there is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : - excessive bleeding - fainting or feeling light - headed - hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin ) - infection ( a slight risk any time the skin is broken ) other tests should be done to determine the exact location of muscle damage. factors that may affect test results include cardiac catheterization, intramuscular injections, trauma to muscles, recent surgery, and heavy exercise. anderson jl. st segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 73. chinnery pf. muscle diseases. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 429. reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.


watch a video to find out. stay logged in go to navigation go to content go to search back to browse highlights doorway from abbey of notre - dame at nevers seated virgin and child browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. this artwork is currently on display in gallery 001 according to tradition, the monastery of moutiers - saint - jean was founded by the first christian kings of france, clovis i and his son clothar i. they are almost certainly depicted in the standing figures presenting their charters, now installed in the embrasures on either side of the portal. the small seated figures in the flanking niches represent biblical personages believed to prefigure or foretell christ ' s crucifixion. the tympanum above the doorway depicts christ crowning the virgin as the queen of heaven. this portal, probably from the north aisle of the cloister, would have led from the monastic precinct into the abbey church. the portal suffered severe damage during the sixteenth - century wars of religion ; the heads of the two kings may have been repaired in the seventeenth century. from the abbey of moutiers - saint - jean, near dijon, francemlle. cambillarc, moutiers - st. - jean, france ; jean peslier, vezelay, france ; [ brummer gallery, paris and new york ( sold 1932 ) ] © 2000 – 2013 the metropolitan museum of art. all rights reserved.


benjamin franklin was born to a poor soap boiler on january 17, 1706 in boston, massachusetts. he was one of many children in his family, and he learned to appreciate the rewards of hard work at age twelve as an apprentice at his brother james ' printing shop. by the age of seventeen, franklin ' s skills as a printer had become so strong that at twenty - two he left boston to open his own printing shop in pennsylvania. this is where he developed his two most famous publications, the pennsylvania gazette, the most popular newspaper in the colonies, and the annual poor richard ' s almanac. franklin was one of the first printers to use cartoons in his publications in order to accommodate the people who had not learned to read. he believed that his publications were a way to get information to every person, not just those who could read. in pennsylvania, franklin founded organizations, became involved in the community, and assembled a vast collection of inventions that would allow people to live better lives. he started the first circulatory library known as the american philosophical society and founded an academy that would soon become the university of pennsylvania. as a journalist, franklin was constantly putting on and taking off his reading glasses. he became frustrated with the repetition of this task, so he cut the bottom half of his reading classes and put them in the frames of another pair of spectacles. he had given birth to the bifocals, which many of us still use today. his scientific mind was always looking for ways to make life easier. this led him to invent the lightning rod, the franklin stove, the odometer, and a variety of devices like the wooden " long arm. " he also created the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live safer lives. in 1748, franklin retired from printing in order to focus his attention on electricity. franklin developed many electrical theories and often found innovative, and sometimes quite dangerous, ways to test them. one of his most well known theories was that lightning is a form of electricity. discovering evidence to support this notion at first seemed to be a very difficult endeavor to achieve. how was he going to actually access lightning, a phenomenon that had mystified humans for thousands of years? franklinis letters indicate that he initially planned a scheme that would involve a spire that was being built on a church in philadelphia. he soon decided, however, that the spire would not be nearly tall enough to provide him adequate access to the clouds where lightning forms during a storm. a kite, he


scheme that would involve a spire that was being built on a church in philadelphia. he soon decided, however, that the spire would not be nearly tall enough to provide him adequate access to the clouds where lightning forms during a storm. a kite, he realized, could be flown to great heights, leading to the famous kite and key experiment. reportedly in june of 1752, franklin and his son ( who was twenty - one at the time, rather than a young boy as often appears in illustrations of the famous experiment ) ventured into an open field as a thunderstorm approached. there they sent up a kite franklin had constructed from silk. because he knew that metal was a conductor of electricity, franklin attached a metal rod to the top of the kite and a large metal key near the bottom of the string by which he held the kite. he thought that if lightning really were electricity, then it would charge the metal rod and would travel down the string to the key, electrifying it as well. the experiment worked exactly as he hoped. after flying the kite in the thunderclouds for some time, he noticed that the key gave off sparks when he touched it, a clear sign that it was electrified. an educated franklin brought his intellectual ideas and superior communication skills to the politics of a forming nation. in 1757, franklin was sent to england as a representative of the colonies in the quarrel between england and the colonies, and he returned as an advocate of independence. he served as a member of the continental congress where he helped thomas jefferson draft the declaration of independence in 1776. franklin then became the ambassador to france, where he persuaded the french to aid the americans in the revolutionary war. he continued to serve the young nation in assisting the creation of the compromises developed at the constitutional convention in philadelphia. as a journalist, scientist, inventor, statesmen, philosopher, musician, and economist, benjamin franklin can be thought of as a colonial renaissance man. through hard work and great ideas, franklin helped shaped a young nation with the aid of his many hard - earned skills. benjamin franklin was a pivotal player in the foundation of the united states of america. back to pioneers in optics questions or comments? send us an email. © 1995 - 2013 by michael w. davidson and the florida state university. all rights reserved. no images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. use of this website means you agree to all of the legal terms and conditions set forth by the owners. last


term applied to the work of giorgio de chirico and carlo carra before and during world war i and thereafter to the works produced by the italian artists who grouped around them. pittura metafisica was characterized by a recognizable iconography : a fictive space was created in the painting, modelled on illusionistic one - point perspective but deliberately subverted. in de chirico ’ s paintings this established disturbingly deep city squares, bordered by receding arcades and distant brick walls ; or claustrophobic interiors, with steeply rising floors. within these spaces classical statues and, most typically, metaphysical mannequins ( derived from tailors ’ dummies ) provided a featureless and expressionless, surrogate human presence. balls, coloured toys and unidentifiable solids, plaster moulds, geometrical instruments, military regalia and small realistic paintings were juxtaposed on exterior platforms or in crowded interiors and, particularly in carra ’ s work, included alongside the mannequins. in the best paintings these elements were combined to give a disconcerting image of reality and to capture the disquieting nature of the everyday. the thinking behind this approach derived from the melancholic personalities of de chirico and his brother, the writer and composer alberto savinio. it was encouraged by their reading ( c. 1910 ) of the german philosophers friedrich nietzsche, arthur schopenhauer and otto weininger. they became interested in nietzche ’ s notion of the eternal return and the circularity of time, which supported their own views about the re - enactment of myth. their central concern was true reality ( where the past recurs ), which is hidden behind the reality of appearances and visible only to the ‘ clearsighted ’ at enigmatic moments. in his paintings de chirico sought to unmask reality and reveal its mysterious truth. the modification of perspective and depiction of mundane objects provided the appropriate context. in paris ( 1911 – 15 ), de chirico and savinio became close friends of guillaume apollinaire, finding parallels to their understanding of nietzsche in his conviction that the unifying element in contemporary painting was the idea of ‘ surprise ’, suggesting the inevitability of fate. it was apollinaire who first called de chirico ’ s painting ‘ metaphysical ’, referring to works produced in 1910 and 1911 ( l ’ intransigeant, 30 oct 1913 ). de chirico had been influenced