decades. once the extraordinary powers of the herb become public information, researchers across the globe have become focused on how to manipulate artemisinin with modern synthetic drugs so they can inexpensively manufacture and mass - produce the remedy all across the world. providing a crucial cure for malaria in rural africa, children suffer from as many as six bouts of malaria a year. in the past, this disease has been poorly treated, and the children affected by this disease die slowly of anemia. those who survive are affected both mentally and developmentally in their growth. the primary reason these children are continually affected is because the current drug treatment chloroquine, used since 1970, is practically useless as resistance is up to 90 percent in some areas and continuing to spread. artemisinin may prove to be the final solution to malaria disease as researchers are looking at the possibility that a patient may never develop resistance to the treatment. according to todd luger, l. ac., director of chinese herb academy, " artemisinin shows promise in the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases as serious as cancer. it appears to affect the life cycle of the malaria parasite as well as the life cycle of cancer cells. " what makes this herb different from past remedies such as the drug chloroquine, is that it kills the parasite before it has time to recognize the drug ' s structures. in order to prevent patients from becoming resistant to artemisinin, researchers are developing multi - drug cocktails. using two drugs in conjunction with one another ensures destruction of the malaria parasite ; therefore, if the virus was resistant to one drug, the other drug should prove to be effective. this has proven to be an effective method in treating other diseases that produce resistant strains such as aids and cancer. artemisinin is particularly effective because it acts like a bomb when introduced into the blood stream. the two main oxygen atoms that break apart in the presence of iron, filter into the red blood cells where the malaria parasite inhabits, and explodes, releasing lethal toxins that destroy the parasite. this process rapidly reduces the number of parasite in the blood to extremely small numbers. in fact, test trials have shown that artemisinin is an effective cure for malaria, killing 99 percent of malaria parasites within 48 hours, but to completely cure the infection the drug must be taken for week. in a large scaled assault on the malaria epidemic, the who has dedicated itself to cutting the number of deaths from malaria over the next decade in half. this campaign will push the who to


the history of information ( iii ) get flash to fully experience pearltrees a waste book was one of the books traditionally used in bookkeeping. it comprised a daily diary of all transactions in chronological order. [ 1 ] it differs from a daybook in that only a single waste book is kept, rather than a separate daybook for each of several categories. the waste book was intended for temporary use only ; the information needed to be transcribed into a journal in order to begin to balance one ' s accounts. [ 2 ] the name of the book derives from the fact that, once its information was transferred to the journal, the waste book was unneeded. [ 3 ] the use of the waste book has declined with the advent of double - entry accounting. why study accounting history? the history of accounting is as old as civilization, key to important phases of history, among the most important professions in economics and business, and fascinating. accountants participated in the development of cities, trade, and the concepts of wealth and numbers. accountants invented writing, participated in the development of money and banking, invented double entry bookkeeping that fueled the italian renaissance, saved many industrial revolution inventors and entrepreneurs from bankruptcy, helped develop the confidence in capital markets necessary for western capitalism, and are central to the information revolution that is transforming the global economy. there are no household names among the accounting innovators ; in fact, virtually no names survive before the italian renaissance. john harrison ( 24 march 1693 – 24 march 1776 ) was a self - educated english carpenter and later a clockmaker. he invented the marine chronometer, a long - sought device in solving the problem of establishing the east - west position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the age of sail. the problem was considered so intractable that the british parliament offered a prize of £ 20, 000 ( comparable to £2. 87 million in modern currency ) for the solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] the calendar ( new style ) act 1750 ( c. 23 ) ( also known as chesterfield ' s act after philip stanhope, 4th earl of chesterfield ) is an act of the parliament of great britain. it reformed the calendar of england and british dominions so that a new year began on 1 january rather than 25 march ( lady day ) and would run according to the gregorian calendar, as used in most of western europe. [ edit ] reasons for change a calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial


year began on 1 january rather than 25 march ( lady day ) and would run according to the gregorian calendar, as used in most of western europe. [ edit ] reasons for change a calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. this is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. a date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. periods in a calendar ( such as years and months ) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs. a calendar is also a physical device ( often paper ). the gregorian calendar, also called the western calendar and the christian calendar, is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] it has been the unofficial global standard for decades, adopted for pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation, and commercial integration, and recognized by international institutions such as the united nations and the universal postal union. [ 4 ] the calendar was a reform in 1582 to the julian calendar. [ 5 ] the motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of easter to the time of the year in which the first council of nicaea had agreed upon in 325. because the spring equinox was tied to the celebration of easter, the roman catholic church considered this steady movement in the date of the equinox undesirable. the reform was adopted initially by the catholic countries of europe. manuel castells ( spanish : manuel castells olivan ; born 1942, hellin, albacete, spain ) is a spanish sociologist especially associated with research on the information society, communication and globalization. the 2000 – 09 research survey of the social sciences citation index ranks him as the world ’ s fifth most - cited social science scholar, and the foremost - cited communication scholar. [ 1 ] he was awarded the 2012 holberg prize, [ 2 ] for having " shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society. " [ 3 ] [ edit ] life the term network society describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies. a number of academics ( see below ) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing


describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies. a number of academics ( see below ) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing definitions exist. the intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists such as georg simmel who analyzed the effect of modernization and industrial capitalism on complex patterns of affiliation, organization, production and experience. [ edit ] origins lady mary wortley montagu ( 15 may 1689 – 21 august 1762 ) was an english aristocrat and writer. montagu is today chiefly remembered for her letters, particularly her letters from turkey, as wife to the british ambassador, which have been described by billie melman as “ the very first example of a secular work by a woman about the muslim orient ”. [ 1 ] [ edit ] early life lady mary pierrepont was born in london on may 15, 1689 ; her baptism took place on may 26 at st. the first issue of the journal des scavans ( title page ) the journal des scavans ( later renamed journal des savants ), established by denis de sallo, was the earliest academic journal published in europe. its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports. [ 1 ] the first issue appeared as a twelve page quarto pamphlet [ 2 ] on monday, 5 january 1665. [ 3 ] this was shortly before the first appearance of the philosophical transactions of the royal society, on 6 march 1665. [ 4 ] the journal ceased publication in 1792, during the french revolution, and, although it very briefly reappeared in 1797 under the updated title journal des savants, it did not re - commence regular publication until 1816. from then on, the journal des savants became more of a literary journal, and ceased to carry significant scientific material. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] joseph moxon ( 8 august 1627 - february 1691 [ 1 ] ), hydrographer to charles ii, was an english printer of mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments, and mathematical lexicographer. he produced the first english language dictionary devoted to mathematics. in november 1678, he became the first tradesman to be elected as a fellow of the royal society. [ edit ] life between the ages of around 9 and 11, moxon accompanied his father, james moxon, to delft and rotterdam where he was printing english bibles. cover of the first


be elected as a fellow of the royal society. [ edit ] life between the ages of around 9 and 11, moxon accompanied his father, james moxon, to delft and rotterdam where he was printing english bibles. cover of the first volume of phil. trans., covering the years 1665 and 1666 the philosophical transactions of the royal society ( phil. trans. ) is a scientific journal published by the royal society of london. it was established in 1665, [ 1 ] making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science, and it has remained in continuous publication ever since, making it the world ' s longest - running scientific journal. john graunt ( 24 april 1620 – 18 april 1674 ) was one of the first demographers, though by profession he was a haberdasher. born in london, the eldest of seven or eight children of henry and mary graunt. his father was a draper who had moved to london from hampshire. in february 1641, graunt married mary scott, with whom he had one son ( henry ) and three daughters. graunt, along with william petty, developed early human statistical and census methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. he is credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age. in the philosophy of science, a protoscience is a new science trying to establish its legitimacy. [ 1 ] protoscience is distinguished from pseudoscience by its standard practices of good science, such as a willingness to be disproven by new evidence, or to be replaced by a more predictive theory. [ citation needed ] compare fringe science, which is considered highly speculative or even strongly refuted. [ 2 ] some protosciences go on to become an accepted part of mainstream science. [ 3 ] all sciences would have qualified as protosciences before the age of enlightenment, since the scientific method still hadn ' t been developed, and there was no structured way to prove legitimacy. a standard example is alchemy, which from the 18th century became chemistry, or pre - modern astrology which from the 17th century became astronomy. [ edit ] definitions robert boyle, frs, ( 25 january 1627 – 31 december 1691 ) was a 17th - century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. he has been variously described as irish, english and anglo - irish, his father having come to ireland from england during the time of the plantations


in 1900, the prohibition act, sometimes called the " scott act ", and described as " an act prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquor ", was passed by the provincial legislature. this act replaced all previous legislation dealing with liquor and totally prohibited the use or sale of any form of liquor for beverage purposes. it did provide however, for the sale at wholesale, by persons known as " vendors " to physicians, chemists, druggists, and persons engaged in art or trade in which alcohol was used. the physicians, chemists and druggists could in turn sell the liquor so purchased to any person presenting a physician prescription prescribing liquor for medicinal use. the enforcement of the act was in the hands of a chief inspector and such other inspectors as were required. it would appear that these inspectors had very broad powers to arrest, search and prosecute. it is noted in the minutes of the council that there was a fairly large turnover in inspectors. in a number of cases the dismissal would be based on a complaint from the temperance alliance or a petition from a community. during this period also, there were a number of disputes between the alliance and the government as to the advisability of granting vendors licenses to certain persons or in certain places. in 1901, a further source of supply was established by an amendment to the act permitting persons to establish themselves as dealers in liquor and to transact business both within and without the province. as a result of this amendment, several warehouses were established - to sell to the wholesale vendors and to export to other points. although a number of amendments were made to the act in ensuing years, it was not until 1918 that any major changes took place. in that year, the act was completely re - written. it provided for the establishments of a six - member board of commissioners to be appointed for a three year term by the lieutenant - governor - in - council to administer the act. the commission were given the power to license one wholesale vendor and as many retail vendors as were deemed necessary. these retail vendors were to replace the physicians and druggists who, up to this time had filled the role. the vendors were to be paid on a commission basis varying from 10 % to 50 % with the percentage increasing with the volume. the retail vendors could sell to any person presenting a prescription 24 oz of wine or spirits or 12 quarts of ale not oftener than once a day. however, this quantity could be doubled if the person lived more than ten miles from the vendor. in 1919, an


sell to any person presenting a prescription 24 oz of wine or spirits or 12 quarts of ale not oftener than once a day. however, this quantity could be doubled if the person lived more than ten miles from the vendor. in 1919, an amendment to the act introduced what came to be known as " scripts ". these were, in effect, pre - printed prescriptions, to be supplied to the physicians by the prohibited commission. they were serially numbered and it is believed that the number issued to each physician was controlled as previously there had been no limit to the number of prescriptions a physician could write and abuses were creeping in to the system. the 1919 amendment also provided for the holding, in 1920, of a referendum on the whole question of prohibition. however, the government changed before the end of the year, and as the incoming government had campaigned on a prohibition plank, the referendum was never held. in 1920, funds were made available to the commission to be used by the wholesale vendor for the purchase of liquor. salaried retail vendors were established at charlottetown, summerside, montague and alberton selling at prices set by the commission. a list of the six commissioners in 1920, shows them all to be clergymen. the act was again revised in 1928. the six member commission was abolished and in its place, a new commission consisting of a chairman and two members, all salaried, was established. this commission, like the previous one, was appointed by the lieutenant - governor - in - council. this continued until 1937, when in another revision, the entire operation was placed under the direct control of the attorney - general. it was in 1945 however, that an amendment was introduced that marked the beginning of the end of prohibition. this amendment stated that provided a physician felt that the use of liquor over an extended period would benefit the health of a patient, he could prescribe 26 oz of spirits, or 104 oz of wine, or nine full quarts of ale, to be delivered weekly over a six month period. upon receiving such a prescription, the patient could exchange it for a warrant which had coupons on it redeemable weekly for the quantity above. these were not accumulative and had to be redeemed on the due date. this particular amendment was refused royal assent at the conclusion of the session on may 5th, but with the appointment of a new lieutenant governor, received the necessary assent in october, and came into effect. this system prevailed, until a new act, known as the


particular amendment was refused royal assent at the conclusion of the session on may 5th, but with the appointment of a new lieutenant governor, received the necessary assent in october, and came into effect. this system prevailed, until a new act, known as the " temperance act " was introduced in the 1948 session. this act provided for the repeal of the prohibition act and the establishment of a government liquor control system similar to the other provinces, with the rather curious difference that the commission to be established to administer the act, would be known as the " temperance commission ". under the act, residents would require a permit to purchase liquor and a special permit would be available to visitors. the quantity an individual could purchase at any one time remained unchanged. a number of the permits were introduced for other specific uses of liquor. among these was a permit permitting liquor in messes, canteens, legion branches and non - profit clubs. the quantity that could be purchased was specified on the permit as were the hours of consumption. this new act was subject to the approval of the electorate by means of a plebiscite, held on june 28th, 1948. the result was in favour of the new act, and the sale of liquor for beverage purposes became legal on july 6th, 1948. the temperance act received a number of amendments in the next thirteen years. two were of major significance to the public. in 1952, an amendment permitted four weekly rations to be purchased at any one time in the month ; and in 1960, all quantity restrictions were removed. the word " temperance " finally disappeared in 1961, when the act became " the liquor control act ", and the commission, " the liquor control commission ". as the result of a case in 1963, the courts found that the special permits issued to clubs and canteens permitted possession only by the organization and any such liquor could not be re - sold. however, action was withheld until an amendment to the act was passim in the 1964 session providing for the regular licensing of premises as practiced in other provinces. the outstanding special permits were then resigned and applications received and licenses issued to those qualified under the new legislation. the last major amendment was in 1967, when the individual and tourist permits were abolished.


inflammation of the middle ear and external ear canal in dogs otitis externa and otitis media in dogs otitis externa is a chronic inflammation of a dog external ear canal. otitis media, meanwhile, is an inflammation of the dog ' s middle ear. both of these terms are used to describe clinical symptoms and are not diseases in themselves. otitis externa often results when a change in the normal environment of the ear canal causes the glands lining the canal to enlarge and produce excessive wax. gradually, the outer skin ( epidermis ) and the inner skin ( dermis ) produce excessive fibrous tissue ( fibrosis ) and the canal becomes narrowed. it is normally a secondary symptom of another underlying disease, such as an infection. otitis externa causes pain, itching, and redness, and when the condition is chronic, it often results in a ruptured ear drum ( tympanum ) and otitis media. otitis media typically occurs as an extension of otitis externa, causing a ruptured membrane ( tympanum ) that separates the external ear and the middle ear. otitis externa and otitis media affect dogs and cats of any age and breed, but long - eared dogs, such as spaniels and retrievers, and dogs with hairy external canals, such as terriers and poodles, are more susceptible. the two conditions described in this medical article affect both dogs and cats. if you would like to learn more about how they affect cats, please visit this page in the petmd health library. symptoms and types the most common symptoms of otitis externa and otitis media are pain, head shaking, scratching at the external ear flaps, and bad odor. in a physical examination by a veterinarian, a dog with the condition may exhibit redness and swelling of the external ear canal, scaling skin or obstruction of the ear canal. signs such as tilting the head, anorexia, uncoordination, and occasional vomiting may indicate the development of otitis media, or otitis interna, if the infection and inflammation spreads to the inner ear. otitis externa and otitis media can be caused by a variety of things. the primary causes are parasites, food allergies, drug reactions, foreign bodies ( e. g., plant awns ), accumulation of hair, dead skin buildup ( keratinization ), and autoimmune diseases. other


the primary causes are parasites, food allergies, drug reactions, foreign bodies ( e. g., plant awns ), accumulation of hair, dead skin buildup ( keratinization ), and autoimmune diseases. other factors that may contribute to the onset of the inflammatory conditions include bacterial infections, mixed infections caused by bacteria and fungal species, and progressive changes in the environment of the outer ear canal. excessive moisture caused by swimming, or overzealous, abrasive, and improper ear cleaning may also lead to otitis externa and otitis media. these two conditions can be diagnosed in several ways. for instance, x - rays may be used to diagnose otitis media ; an magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) may also be used to identify an accumulation of fluid or soft tissue growth in the middle ear. other ways of diagnosing these conditions include skin scrapings from the dog ' s ear flaps to test for parasites, and skin biopsies to check for autoimmune diseases. however, the single most important tool for diagnosing otitis externa and otitis media is a microscopic examination of the ear discharge ( aural exudate ). inflammation of the external parts of the ear a medical condition in which the ear becomes inflamed inflammation of the inner part of the ear inflammation of the middle parts of the ear a type of fungus that produces buds a bundle of fibers that are used in the process of sending impulses through the body the outside layer of the skin any drug that kills organisms in an animal ' s tissue or prevents the growth of more. referring to the ear. loss of hearing in whole or in part. the skin ; also referred to as the corium used to refer to any drug or medical substance that has the ability to slow down or stop the growth of bacteria and other such organisms. latest in dog nutrition five life - lengthening health tips for your... anyone who has ever had a dog or cat wishes just one thing — that he or she has a... does my senior dog need special dog food? whether or not your senior dog needs special dog food depends, to a large extent,...


more slideshows from petmd image : ngo thye aun / via shutterstock image : annette shaff / via shutterstock image : elena stepanova / via shutterstock image : berna namoglu / via shutterstock what ' s new dog cat the cure for achy joints just because your pet has arthritis doesn ' t mean they are necessarily incapable of exercising. staying active actually helps many arthritic pets that suffer from achy bones and joints. it is, however, vital you follow these five exercise tips before you begin an exercise routine with your pet. 1. consult your veterinarian first a veterinarian will be better able to assist you in combining of exercise, diet, and medications or therapies which are targeted for your pet ' s individual needs. a veterinarian can also help monitor your pet ' s progress and identify any serious changes in health. 2. go low - impact light activities such as walking and swimming help strengthen muscles, keep ligaments and tendons flexible, prevent obesity and circulate blood to stiff joints. keep them short but regular — 15 - 30 minutes of activities five days a week is a great start. swimming is especially great for dogs with arthritis because the water supports much of the bodyweight and inhibits sudden excessive movements. cats with arthritis, meanwhile, may not be as keen to get in the water but can participate in short sessions of gentle play. just remember to avoid activities in which your dog or cat has to leap, jump, turn quickly or run. they can cause damage to your pet ' s joints. 3. warm up a minute or two of walking or gentle playing before initiating low - impact exercise activities will help pets with arthritis move easier. it also helps reduce sprains, cramps, and muscle injuries as well as gradually increases their heart rate. if your pet is reluctant to start moving because of aching joints, try a little incentive like a small healthy treat or positive affection ( petting, hugging, etc. ). a positive exercise experience is a happy one. 4. cool down cool down periods are just as important as warming up for exercise. as your pet completes the exercise routine, they may be all wound up — jumping, running, or rough - housing. this is not good and can in fact be harmful. try to calm them down and gradually reduce their heart rate to an optimal resting place. cooling down also reduces stiffness and soreness by assisting the removal of lactic acids in the body. massaging during " cool downs


poisonous to : dogs level of toxicity : generally moderate to severe common signs to watch for : - abnormal drinking or urination grapes, raisins, and even currants ( some currants are actually small, black grapes ) are toxic to your dog! in fact, there have been anecdotal reports of cats and ferrets being affected by these also. ingestion of even a small amount of grapes, raisins, or currants can result in severe, acute kidney failure. all types of grape - or raisin - containing products ( including grape juice, trail mix, bagels, etc. ) can result in this. even organic, pesticide - free, grapes grown in home gardens can result in toxicity. although the mechanism of action is not clearly understood on how grapes, raisins and currants are poisonous at this time, this common fruit can result in anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and potentially severe acute renal failure ( which develops several days later ). the toxicity is not necessarily dose - dependent, and symptoms can occur with even small ingestions. decontamination ( e. g., inducing vomiting, decontaminating with activated charcoal, etc. ), aggressive supportive care, aggressive iv fluid therapy, and kidney function ( e. g., bun / creatinine ) monitoring is recommended. if you suspect your pet ingested grapes, raisins, or currants, call your veterinarian or pet poison helpline for treatment recommendations. poison type : foods alternate names : vitis, raisins, currants, sultanas


s - 1. sunlight & earth s - 1b. global climate s - 3. the magnetic sun s - 4. colors of sunlight optional : doppler effect s - 4a - 1 speed of light s - 4a - 2. frequency shift s - 4a - 3 rotating galaxies and dark matter s - 5. waves & photons optional : quantum physics q3. energy levels q4. radiation from one widely used property of waves is the shift in frequency when the source approaches or recedes. if the engine of a train blows its whistle as it passes by, a listener standing near the track cannot help but notice that the tone of the whistle drops as it passes. actually, the tone is already raised above its normal note as the engine approaches, and then drops below it as it recedes. this shift in frequency, also noted in electromagnetic waves such as light or radio, is named the doppler effect after its discoverer, the austrian christian doppler, born in 1803. earlier, a somewhat similar phenomenon was discovered by the dane ole roemer in 1676. the story deserves to be told because it also led to the first determination of the velocity of light. those were the times when the sailing ships of seafaring nations – especially, france, spain, britain and the netherlands ( holland ) – fought to dominate the oceans and to establish ( and protect ) trade routes and distant bases. in such a struggle, one technology was crucial : commanders of ships had to somehow know at all times their position in mid - ocean, that is, their latitude and longitude. latitude was relatively easy : the elevation of the celestial pole above the horizon ( deduced, for instance, from the position of the pole star ) gave that. or else, the elevation of the sun when it was most distant from the horizon ( " solar noon " ), i. e. made the greatest angle between it and the horizon, gave the latitude ( after being adjusted for the day of the year ). the cross staff, or a later more accurate instrument, the marine sextant ( or the octant ) allowed " shooting the sun, " i. e. finding its elevation above the horizon, and by combining several timed observations, its greatest elevation for that day could be derived. longitude was much harder. it required knowledge of the time at greenwhich ( longitude zero ) when a cross staff or sextant determined that the sun was passing local noon. for example, if the sun passed local noon when it was 1 p.


much harder. it required knowledge of the time at greenwhich ( longitude zero ) when a cross staff or sextant determined that the sun was passing local noon. for example, if the sun passed local noon when it was 1 p. m. at greenwich, the ship was 15° west of greenwich, because to get this information, the captain needed a clock which kept accurate time for a many months : it could be set in greenwich ( or set to greenwich time at a location of known longitude ), and used later to give " greenwich time " of local noon. such clocks ( " chronometers " ) were in fact developed in the 1700s, but clocks of the 1600s were not accurate enough, especially on a ship that rolled and pitched, and their errors accumulated rapidly. a less precise clock may be used, if somehow it can be constantly corrected, reset to the correct " greenwich time " at frequent intervals. in a later era this was done using time signals obtained by radio, but in the 1600s accurately timed celestial phenomena held the greatest promise. one class of such phenomena were the eclipses of the four large moons of jupiter, discovered by galileo and easily seen through even a small telescope. in particular, io, the innermost moon of jupiter, seemed suitable : being closest to jupiter, kepler ' s 3rd law assured that it had the fastest motion, making its entry into eclipses and out of them particularly rapid. with an orbital period of 1. 77 days, io also offered the largest number of eclipses, and every one of its orbits crossed jupiter ' s shadow. ( in the satellite age io was found to have other unique features, such as sulfur volcanoes. ) giovanni domenico cassini, an italian astronomer who headed of the paris observatory, therefore assigned roemer to make a table of the predicted times of io eclipses, allowing sailors at sea to set their clocks ( within a minute or so, deemed accurate enough ). roemer did so, but soon discovered that the period was not constant. when earth ( which moves faster than jupiter ) was approaching jupiter, the observed period was shorter, and when it was receding, longer. he guessed the reason : light did not spread instantly, but ( like sound ) did so at a certain speed. if earth and jupiter maintained a constant distance, the eclipses would have been spaced at regular intervals, equal to the orbital period of io. when earth is approaching, however, the return trip is shortened, compared to the time it would have taken


. if earth and jupiter maintained a constant distance, the eclipses would have been spaced at regular intervals, equal to the orbital period of io. when earth is approaching, however, the return trip is shortened, compared to the time it would have taken if the distance stayed constant. when earth is receding, the return trip is longer, and the time between eclipses is longer too that gave roemer convincing evidence that light spread in space with a certain velocity - - later denoted by the letter c ( lower case, not capital ). however, he and his contemporaries had only a vague idea how big c was, because the dimensions of the solar system were uncertain. about that same time, the french astronomer jean richer used a telescope to estimate of the distance of mars, and gradually, the value of c was obtained with increasing accuracy. today it is known to an accuracy of 9 decimals, and has therefore been used to define the metre, the unit of length, replacing optical wavelengths or scratches on a metal bar kept in a vault ( supposedly derived from the size of our globe ). and the problem of longitude? it turned out that observing the eclipses of io from a constantly moving ship, even in a calm sea, was a difficult task. even a small telescope magnifies all motions tremendously, and early telescopes in particular showed only a small patch of the sky. also, the method required a sky free of clouds. on the other hand, the method proved very useful for determining the longitude of ports, capes, islands and other features on land. consistent determinations of longitude from a moving ship had to wait for sophisticated clocks, using a balance wheel compensated for changes due to variation of temperature. one early model of such a " chronometer " accompanied captain james cook on his journey around the world. ( s - 4a - 2 ) the frequency shift and the expanding universe ( s - 5 ) waves and photons timeline glossary back to the master list author and curator : dr. david p. stern mail to dr. stern : stargaze ( " at " symbol ) phy6. org. last updated : 9 december 2006


mechanics : circular motion and gravitation circular motion and gravitation : audio guided solution a loop de loop track is built for a 938 - kg car. it is a completely circular loop - 14. 2 m tall at its highest point. the driver successfully completes the loop with an entry speed ( at the bottom ) of 22. 1 m / s. a. using energy conservation, determine the speed of the car at the top of the loop. b. determine the acceleration of the car at the top of the loop. c. determine the normal force acting upon the car at the top of the loop. audio guided solution click to show or hide the answer! b. 30. m / s / s c. 1. 9 x 104 n habits of an effective problem solver - read the problem carefully and develop a mental picture of the physical situation. if necessary, sketch a simple diagram of the physical situation to help you visualize it. - identify the known and unknown quantities in an organized manner. equate given values to the symbols used to represent the corresponding quantity - e. g., m = 61. 7 kg, v = 18. 5 m / s, r = 30. 9 m, fnorm =???. - use physics formulas and conceptual reasoning to plot a strategy for solving for the unknown quantity. - identify the appropriate formula ( s ) to use. - perform substitutions and algebraic manipulations in order to solve for the unknown quantity. read about it! get more information on the topic of circular motion and gravitation at the physics classroom tutorial. - mathematics of circular motion - newton ' s second law - revisited - situations involving energy conservation return to problem set return to overview


article archive > > community reflections : why was the hatter mad? why was the hatter mad? by william l. bulla what is a mad hatter? he is not something we experience in our every day life. however, he is something we read about, even as children, in the story of " alice in wonderland ", and again, " through the looking glass. " over the years we have read about both the mad hatter and his partner the march hare. both of these characters have seemed a bit mad. recently my friend sean asked, " why do they say ' mad as a hatter '? " i said i thought it came from lewis carroll ' s " alice in wonderland ". he told me i was wrong. he said it had to do with the mercury used in preserving the furs from which they made the hats. of course, i didn ' t believe him so i decided i should look into the issue. sean was right. it was the chemicals used in preserving the fur used in making hats that caused the hatter ' s to go " mad ". the most famous mad hatter, of course, is the one from the mad tea party in alice in wonderland, the partner of the march hare. both mad, of course. but lewis carroll did not invent the phrase, although he did create the character. the phrases " mad as a hatter " and " mad as a march hare " were common at the time lewis carroll wrote the first publication of alice in wonderland in 1865. the phrase had been in common use in 1837, almost 30 years earlier. carroll frequently used common expressions, songs, nursery rhymes, etc., as the basis for characters in his stories. the origin of the phrase, it ' s believed, is that hatters really did go mad. the chemicals used in hat - making included mercury nitrate, used in curing felt. prolonged exposure to the mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. victims developed severe and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, which became known as " hatter ' s shakes " ; other symptoms included distorted vision and confused speech. advanced cases developed hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms. the victims were the hatters, not the wearers of hats. the hatters were exposed to the mercury fumes, which would have been long dissipated, or of insignificant strength, by the time the hat was worn. this use of mercury is now subject to severe legal restrictions ( if not banned ) in the u. s.


were exposed to the mercury fumes, which would have been long dissipated, or of insignificant strength, by the time the hat was worn. this use of mercury is now subject to severe legal restrictions ( if not banned ) in the u. s. and europe. the march hare and the hatter make a brief reappearance in alice through the looking glass as the king ' s messengers, " haigha " and " hatta. " these names are the only hint as to their identities other than the illustrations from the book published in 1871. " in that direction, " the cat said, waving its right paw round, " lives a hatter : and in that direction, " waving the other paw, " lives a march hare. visit either you like : they ' re both mad. " " but i don ' t want to go among mad people, " alice remarked. " oh, you can ' t help that, " said the cat : " we ' re all mad here. i ' m mad. you ' re mad. " " how do you know i ' m mad? " said alice. " you must be, said the cat, " or you wouldn ' t have come here. " so, who knows for sure? maybe we all become a bit mad in march. william l. bulla is a freelance writer residing in washington county. < < back to articles on community < < back to all articles


| sat august 11, 2012 08 : 59pm ( pdt ) | a map displaying historical seismicity within 50 km of a queried earthquake. historic map legend the sizes of symbols scale with earthquake magnitude, and their color with either the age of the earthquake relative to the one starred or its depth, as shown in the legend below, and selected in the panel to the right of the map. clicking on an earthquake symbol shows its basic information and a link to a page with more details about the individual earthquake. probable surface explosions ( usually due to quarrying or road building ) are shown as stars. historic eqs map panel using the tools in this panel you can control the earthquakes shown on the map. the minimum magnitude to plot is selected by the slider. the " time " and " depth " determines whether earthquake age or depth are used to color the symbol. - 1 ) to begin, click the " draw " button - 2 ) click a point on the map, this will be the left side of the cross - section. - 3 ) click a second point on the map, this will be the right side of the cross - section. - 4 ) drag square on line to include events to plot. - 5 ) select plot type and depth constraint if any. - 6 ) click " plot " events on map | mag | | time ( local ) | | depth ( km ) |


malcolm x ( may 19, 1925 – february 21, 1965 ), born malcolm little and also known as el - hajj malik el - shabazz, was an african - american muslim minister and human rights activist. to his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white america in the harshest terms for its crimes against black americans. detractors accused him of preaching racism, black... more » click here to add this poet to your my favorite poets. quotationsmore quotations » the day that the black man takes an uncompromising step and realizes that he is within his rights, when his own freedom is being jeopardized, to use any means necessary to bring about his freedom or p... malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. african - american leader. oxford union society debate, dec. 3, 1964. malcolm x talks to young people, ed. steve clark ( 1991... if violence is wrong in america, violence is wrong abroad. if it is wrong to be violent defending black women and black children and black babies and black men, then it is wrong for america to draft u... malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. african - american leader. speech, nov. 1963, new york city. ' ' the negro revolution is controlled by foxy white liberals, by the government itself. but the black revolution is controlled only by god. ' ' malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. black leader. speech, dec. 1, 1963, new york city. if you ' re born in america with a black skin, you ' re born in prison, and the masses of black people in america today are beginning to regard our plight or predicament in this society as one of a prison... malcolm x ( 1925 - 1965 ), u. s. african - american leader. interview june 1963. malcolm x : the man and his times, pt. 3, " malcolm x talks with kenneth b. cl... comments about malcolm x happy birthday naim frasheri! ( 1846 - 1900 ) albanian poet and writer world day for cultural diversity for dialogue and development celebrated on may 21st every year your favorite poets ’ favorite books of poetry daily rituals of famous authors writers seem to be the most prone to unshakeable routines and elaborate superstitions.


what is ipecac syrup? ipecac syrup is a medicine that causes vomiting. in the past it was used to partially empty a person ’ s stomach after a poison. it is now rarely recommended. it is not necessary to keep ipecac syrup in your home. in case of poisoning, call the poison center right away at....... what happened to ipecac syrup? for years, parents were told to keep ipecac syrup at home. this medicine could be used to make a child vomit after swallowing poison. now, your doctor doesn ’ t tell you to keep it. the poison center doesn ’ t tell you to use it. you can ’ t even buy ipecac in the what happened? and now what should the short story : call the poison center right away at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222 if you think someone has been poisoned. if the poison was swallowed, breathed in, or splashed on someone ’ s skin or eyes, the poison center experts will tell you what to do right away. local experts will answer your phone call, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. most of the time, you can stay safely at home with the poison center ’ s advice. but, be prepared : click here to order phone stickers and magnets with the poison center ’ s emergency number. click here for first aid instructions for poisoning. the longer story : it seemed to make sense. if someone swallowed poison and then threw up, they shouldn ’ t get sick. this treatment approach was used for decades. at first, people who swallowed poison were given many ineffective remedies : - raw egg white ; - the " universal antidote " of burnt toast, tannic acid and milk of magnesia ; - salt water ; - tickling the back of the throat. sometimes, these remedies did cause vomiting. but they often caused problems of their own. for example, too much salt caused sodium poisoning, seizures and even death. gagging someone often caused throat bleeding and swelling. also, these home remedies were never reliable enough to be used to treat poisoning. and complicated charts about what remedy went with what poisoning were confusing. small brown bottles of ipecac syrup seemed to solve these problems. when given to children or adults, ipecac made most of them throw up within 20 - 30 minutes. since at least the 1960 ’ s, standard parenting advice included keeping a bottle of ipecac syrup at home. in fact, many pediatricians and


to children or adults, ipecac made most of them throw up within 20 - 30 minutes. since at least the 1960 ’ s, standard parenting advice included keeping a bottle of ipecac syrup at home. in fact, many pediatricians and health clinics gave ipecac to parents, “ just what we know now : it turns out that a big piece of the picture was missing. yes, ipecac made people throw up, whether or not they swallowed poison. but did throwing up keep them from actually getting sick from the poison? recently, researchers looked at all of the evidence about ipecac syrup. they agreed that ipecac syrup reliably caused vomiting. they also agreed that this didn ’ t make any difference! in other words, there was little research to show that people who swallowed ipecac after poisoning did any better than others. in addition, this review highlighted some problems with ipecac : - there are times when ipecac is unsafe. it shouldn ' t be given to someone who swallowed chemicals that cause burns on contact or medicines that can cause seizures very quickly. it can be dangerous to people with some types of medical problems. when such poisoning victims got ipecac anyway, they developed serious complications or even died. - more and more people with eating disorders were using ipecac to make themselves throw up. regular use of ipecac syrup is dangerous ; for example, chronic users have died from heart - sometimes people vomiting after ipecac could not keep down other drugs they needed to treat their poisonings. based on these facts, pediatricians, poison centers, and federal regulators have re - evaluated the use of ipecac. follow the links at the end for the fine print. should you keep ipecac at home? - the american academy of pediatrics recommends that ipecac syrup not be stocked at home. - likewise, the american association of poison control centers no longer recommends that parents keep ipecac syrup at - the u. s. food and drug administration is considering a recommendation from one of its expert panels to make ipecac syrup a prescription - only drug. to date, fda has not acted on the panel recommendation. - in the washington, dc metropolitan area, the national capital poison center does not recommend that parents stock ipecac syrup at home. in fact, most pharmacies no longer stock ipecac i hear about activated charcoal … activated charcoal is a medicine that is used to treat some serious poisonings. it is often given in emergency departments


parents stock ipecac syrup at home. in fact, most pharmacies no longer stock ipecac i hear about activated charcoal … activated charcoal is a medicine that is used to treat some serious poisonings. it is often given in emergency departments and sometimes, but rarely, at home. the national capital poison center does not recommend that parents keep activated charcoal at home. it goes back to research. most studies do not show a benefit to keeping and giving activated charcoal at home. the bottom line : parents, child care providers, and everyone who spends time with children should post the poison center phone number on or near every phone. call 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222 right away for a possible poisoning. trained experts will guide you : if treatment is needed, they ’ ll tell you what to do. they will call you back to be sure that everything is all right. for more information : - in 2003, the u. s. food and drug administration fda nonprescription drug advisory council held a hearing about the over - the - counter status of ipecac syrup. the advisory panel then recommended to fda that ipecac syrup no longer be available as a non - prescription drug. fda has not made a decision ( as of 12 / 05 ), but documents from the hearing are available on the web site. go to www. fda. gov and enter the search term " ipecac ". you will find the regulatory history of ipecac and presentations and submissions for and against the over - the - counter availability of ipecac syrup. - in 2003, the american academy of pediatrics issued a policy statement " poison treatment in the home " which concluded that ipecac syrup should no longer be routinely used in the home. instead, they recommended that the first action of a caregiver of a child who may have swallowed a poison is to call the local poison control center at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222. - in 2004, an expert panel of toxicologists issued on the use of ipecac syrup in the out - of - hospital management of ingested poisons. " panel members from the american association of poison control centers, the american academy of clinical toxicology and the american college of medical toxicology concluded that ipecac is rarely useful in treating childhood poisoning.


liquid armor has been shown to stop bullets more effectively than plain kevlar, according to british firm bae systems. the material could be used to make thinner, lighter armor for military personnel and police officers, the bbc reports. materials scientists combined a shear - thickening liquid with traditional kevlar to make a bulletproof material that absorbs the force of a bullet strike by becoming thicker and stickier. its molecules lock together more tightly when it is struck, the scientists explained - - they described it as " bulletproof custard, " the bbc reports. shear - thickening liquids are composed of hard nanoparticles suspended in a liquid, which turns rigid after being struck with a bullet or shrapnel. bae says their tests provide the first clear evidence that it can actually protect people. in the tests, bae scientists used a gas gun to fire ball - bearing bullets at nearly 1, 000 feet per second at two test materials - - 31 layers of regular kevlar and 10 layers of kevlar combined with the shear - thickening liquid. the shear - thickening liquid stopped the bullets more quickly and prevented them from penetrating as deeply, the bbc says. british media got a preview of the materials at a bae facility in bristol, england. the u. s. army research laboratory has studied using liquid armor to replace traditional kevlar armor, which is heavy and bulky. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.


for a few short weeks last september, the northwest and northeast passages through the arctic ocean were simultaneously ice - free from end to end, the first such clearing in the time that satellites have monitored the region. merchants have long sought routes through the ice packed waters that link the pacific and atlantic. but researchers at the naval postgraduate school in monterey, california, say that we could now see an entire arctic ocean, not just passages along the coasts, with icefree summers, as soon as 2016. that is a bleak environmental scenario. but it also means that cargo ships could shave thousands of miles off their journeys. already, russia is touting the northeast passage ( a. k. a. the northern sea route ), which hugs its arctic coast, as a shorter, safer alternative to the pirate - infested waters near egypt ’ s suez canal. the country ’ s fleet of for - hire, icebreaker escorts are on duty, and more are on order. although the major container shipping lines have yet to test the icy waters, more local cargo ships and tankers have been traversing the passage recently. equally desired is a shipping lane through the less - developed northwest passage on the canadian side of the arctic. although a labyrinth of frozen islands makes transit more challenging, china could get goods to the east coast of the u. s. without a lengthy detour through the panama canal or an overland trip by railroad. similarly, travel between the northwest u. s. and europe would be 2, 300 miles shorter. many climate scientists say the northwest could become passable on a regular basis by 2020. designers such as aker arctic, a finnish firm, are developing ships that could travel the new routes even in the off - season, including icebreakers that can move sideways to blast channels for big cargo ships, and container ships with reinforced sterns that plow through ice rearend first so they don ’ t need an icebreaker to accompany them. meanwhile, the arctic regional hydrographic commission, formed last october, is coordinating efforts to map the more than 90 percent of arctic waters for which nautical charts are decades out of date or nonexistent. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.


causes of spotting at 26th week of pregnancy | december 1, 2011 it is only natural for a woman to get highly concerned on noticing spots of blood on tissue or her underwear during the course of pregnancy. this is because spotting could be a sign that something is wrong with the baby or the pregnancy. fortunately, since the 26th week of pregnancy falls in the second trimester, the risks of losing the baby are considerably lower. spotting in the 26th week of pregnancy could occur because of several reasons, some of which include vaginal exams, physical exertion or sexual intercourse. however, at times, spotting at 26 weeks pregnant could also be an indication of a problem with the placenta, or an infection. therefore, it is always advisable to speak to a health care provider about it and preferably undergo a checkup. in case the spotting is accompanied by cramps, or turns to light or heavy bleeding, it needs to be checked by a doctor immediately. brown discharge at 26 weeks pregnant the appearance of brown discharge could occur at any time during the course of pregnancy. brown discharge usually means that the body is getting rid of old blood, which is rarely a cause for concern. in case it happens during the first few weeks, it is a sign of implantation, which is the fertilized egg attaching itself to the wall of the uterus. however, in the second trimester, brown vaginal discharge can be seen after engaging in sex or undertaking any other form of strenuous physical activity. however, a doctor should be informed in case of spotting at any time of during the pregnancy. if the discharge is heavy or pinkish in appearance, it is a cause for concern and should be checked by a doctor immediately. cramping at 26 weeks pregnant it is a well - known fact that abdominal cramps are a common occurrence during the first trimester of pregnancy. however, most women are not sure if cramps during the 26th week are a normal occurrence or not. mild and occasional cramping in the second trimester is not a cause for concern, as long as it is not accompanied by spotting, bleeding, vaginal discharge or diarrhea. however, in case the cramping is persistent, severe or goes on for a long time ( more than a couple of hours ), consult a doctor without any delay. implantation bleeding at 26 weeks pregnant implantation bleeding occurs during the initial stages of pregnancy, when an egg that has been fertilized gets implanted into the uterine wall lining. this


sometimes bread machines can be tricky. we were trying to help a customer whose bread did not rise enough. it seemed that he did everything right. come to find out, he had an older model and a brand that we were not familiar with. ( bread machines are becoming more standardized but there are still different requirements for different machines. ) so we tried to help him fine tune his mix to work perfectly with his machine. fine tuning may be required either because the mix does not perfectly match the machine or because of environmental conditions in your kitchen — humidity, temperature, or altitude. ( since temperature is a variable, make sure that both the mix and machine are at room temperature before beginning. ) bread machines work on a timer. they mix, allow time for the bread to rise, and then bake. if the dough does not rise fast enough, then the loaf is dense with poor volume. if the dough rises too fast, it collapses with a depression in the middle. to fine tune a mix, we want to adjust the rising so that it is at peak height when the baking cycle begins. in fine tuning, there are two variables to work with. the first is hydration, the ratio of water to dry ingredients. a more hydrated dough is softer and will rise easier. if it is too firm, it won ' t rise enough and will be dense. if it is too soft, it will rise too quickly and collapse as baking begins. a little difference in the amount of water added will change the loaf so measure carefully with a reliable measuring cup designed for liquids. check the dough ball at the end of the kneading cycle. poke it with your finger. it should be soft but not too sticky. if you think it is too soft or too firm, pull it out of the machine, form a loaf, let it rise, and bake it in the oven. then next time, add or subtract water. usually a one tablespoon adjustment is all that is needed. the other method for fine tuning is adjusting the temperature of the water. all of our bread machine mixes are developed with water at 80 degrees and a specified water temperature range of 75 to 85 degrees. as a rule of thumb, if your kitchen is chilly, use water at 85 degrees. if hot, use water at 75 degrees. increasing or decreasing the water temperature will change the rate of the yeast growth substantially. so if the dough ball indicates the right consistency, then you can speed or retard the rising of the bread quite handily


hot, use water at 75 degrees. increasing or decreasing the water temperature will change the rate of the yeast growth substantially. so if the dough ball indicates the right consistency, then you can speed or retard the rising of the bread quite handily by adjusting the water temperature - - warmer water will speed the rising and cooler water will slow the rising. usually an adjustment of ten degrees is adequate. we hope this helps you fine tune any mix for your bread machine and the conditions in your kitchen. what works for one mix, should work for all mixes of that same brand. once you find what works, stick with it. consistently turning out perfect loaves is usually no more difficult than carefully measuring the water and controlling water temperature. copyright © the prepared pantry, llc | 1 - 866 - 745 - 7892 | 2 north landmark lane, rigby, idaho 83442 baking mixes | ingredients & supplies | gourmet food | kitchen tools | gifts | gift registries | specials free how to bake book | free baking lessons | free ebooks | free newsletter | recipes | how - to articles | cooking videos | more baking info free local classes | your account | employment | about us | contact us | free recipe newsletter home | recipes | the baker ' s library | contact us bread mixes category | the pancake mix shoppe | cookie mixes category | free food newsletter | past newsletters | bakers ' library | free recipes | free articles browse all products | browse all info | free baking book | free baking lessons | site map mixes | site map tools | site map recipes


the number of people aged 65 and over living with cancer in the uk is set to treble by 2040, macmillan cancer support is warning today. according to new research funded by macmillan and carried out by king ’ s college london, the number of older people with cancer will increase to 4. 1 million by 2040, up from 1. 3 million in 2010, due to a number of factors including the ageing population and increasing survival rates. the figures are almost four times higher than for people in the 45 - 64 age bracket. the greatest increase in incidence is expected to be seen in lung cancer in older women. this is forecast to more than double between 2010 and 2040, from 319 people per 100, 000 to 831. on the other hand, lung cancer prevalence in older men is expected to fall, due to a dramatic decline in smoking among men since the 1970s. professor henrik møller, one of the study ’ s authors at king ’ s college london, said the large increases expected to be seen in the oldest age groups in the coming decades will bring with them increasing pressures upon health services. ciaran devane, chief executive at macmillan cancer support, described the care of older cancer patients as a “ ticking time bomb ” for society. he said : “ these stark predictions should act as a warning to the nhs and social care providers of the problems ahead if older cancer patients are not offered the best treatment and support. “ we have a moral duty to give people the best chance of beating cancer, regardless of their age. for cancer survival to improve, older people must be given the right treatment at the correct level of intensity, together with the practical support to enable them to take it up. ” macmillan says that older cancer patients currently face a multitude of barriers to getting the best care and treatment, which include a lack of practical support at home and poor management of non - cancer related health problems. macmillan is calling for a more effective way of assessing older people for treatment, more short - term practical support to enable them to take up recommended treatment and training for professionals working with older people within the nhs to promote age equality. macmillan, in partnership with age uk and the department of health, has set up five pilots to test new models of older people ’ s care. they will report in december 2012. would you like to know more about affordable cashplans including worldwide cover without obligation? contact private healthcare bureau now


anxiety, panic and phobias health : have you been affected by the recession? we would welcome your views. anxiety is a feeling we all get in a situation that is threatening or difficult. the anxiety stops when you get used to the situation, when the situation changes, or if you just leave. but if you feel anxious all the time, or for no obvious reason, it can make life difficult. this leaflet deals with three particular kinds of anxiety : - general anxiety disorder - panic attacks we hope it will be helpful for anyone who finds their anxiety is a problem - but also for any friends and relatives who want to understand more about it. what is anxiety? anxiety feels like fear. when it ' s there a lot of the time, caused by a problem in our life that can ' t be solved, like money difficulties, we call it worry. if is a sudden reaction to a threat, like looking over a cliff or being confronted by an angry dog, we call it fear. although worry, fear and anxiety are unpleasant, they can all be - psychologically - they keep us alert and give us the ' get up and go ' to deal with problems - physically - they make our body ready for action - to run away from danger or to attack it - the ' fight or flight ' these feelings become a problem when they are too strong or when they carry on even when we don ' t need them anymore. they can make you uncomfortable, stop you from doing the things you want to - and can generally make life difficult. isn ' t anxiety just ' stress '? in english, ' stress ' can mean two different things : - the things that make us anxious - " my work is stressful " - our anxious reaction to them - " i feel really stressed this can make things confusing, so we don ' t use this term much in this leaflet. isn ' t anxiety / stress bad for you? some anxiety is good for you. it keeps you alert and can help you to perform well. but only some. if it gets too intense, or goes on for too long, it can make you feel bad and interfere with your life. it can make you depressed and damage your physical what does anxiety feel like? - feeling worried all the time - fast or irregular heartbeats ( palpitations ) - numbness or tingling in fingers, toes or lips it ' s easy to worry that these feelings are the signs of a serious physical illness - and this can make the symptoms even worse. when anxiety and panic go


heartbeats ( palpitations ) - numbness or tingling in fingers, toes or lips it ' s easy to worry that these feelings are the signs of a serious physical illness - and this can make the symptoms even worse. when anxiety and panic go on for a while, it ' s easy to start to feel depressed - you start to feel down, lose your appetite and see the future as bleak and hopeless. anxiety seems to take three main forms, but they overlap and most people will probably experience more than one type. - generalised anxiety disorder ( gad ) you have the symptoms of anxiety most of the time. you get unpredictable, sudden and intense attacks of anxiety - often in a situation that is likely to make you anxious. the feelings come on suddenly and reach a peak in 10 minutes or less. you may also feel : - that you are going to die - frightened or ' going crazy ' or losing control - short of breath and that you are choking. about a quarter of people who go to an emergency department with chest pain thinking that they may be having a heart attack are actually having a panic attack. although the symptoms are much the same as those for gad, they are much more powerful and only last a you feel really frightened of something that is not actually dangerous and which most people do not find troublesome. the nearer you get to the thing that makes you anxious, the more anxious you get... and so you tend to avoid it. away from it you feel common phobias include : - agoraphobia - a fear of going where there are other people - which can stop you from leaving the house - social phobias - a fear of being with other people - which can make it hard to talk to other people. are these problems common? about 1 in every 10 people will have troublesome anxiety or phobias at some point in their lives. however, most people with these problems never ask for treatment. what causes these kinds of anxiety? some of us seem to be born a bit anxious - research suggests that it can be inherited through our genes. however, even if you aren ' t naturally anxious, you can become anxious if you are under enough pressure. a psychological explanation suggests that, for some people, it is because they start to believe that the physical symptoms of mild anxiety are symptoms of serious physical disease. this makes them worry more, so the symptoms get worse, so they worry more... and sometimes it is obvious what is causing anxiety. when the problem disappears, so


believe that the physical symptoms of mild anxiety are symptoms of serious physical disease. this makes them worry more, so the symptoms get worse, so they worry more... and sometimes it is obvious what is causing anxiety. when the problem disappears, so does the anxiety. however, there are some circumstances that are so upsetting and threatening that the anxiety they cause can go on long after the event. these are often life threatening situations like car crashes, train crashes or fires. if this happens to you, you can feel nervous for months or years after the event, even if you weren ' t physically it can also happen : - if you have been neglected or abused in childhood - if you have been abused, persistently mistreated or tortured as this is part of post - traumatic stress street drugs like amphetamines, lsd or ecstasy don ' t help. even the caffeine in coffee can be enough to make some of us feel many mental health problems can make you anxious. about half the people with depression get panic attacks at some some physical problems, like thyroid disease, can make you feel - some or all the above... on the other hand, it may not be clear at all why you feel anxious. it ' s a mixture of your personality, the things that have happened to you, or big changes in your life. anxiety is very common and many of us overcome it or cope with it without professional help. however, if it is severe or goes on for a long time, anxiety can affect your physical health, and stop you doing the things you want to do. the good news is that there are ways to help yourself. - talk about it. this can help when the anxiety comes from recent knocks, like a partner leaving, a child becoming ill or losing a job. who should you talk to? try a friend or relative who you trust and respect, and who is a good listener. they may have had the same problem themselves, or know someone else - self - help groups. these are a good way of getting in touch with people who have similar problems. they can understand what you are going through. as well as having the chance to talk, you may be able to find out how other people have coped. some of these groups are specifically about anxieties and phobias. others may be for people who have been through similar experiences - women ' s groups, bereaved parents ' groups, survivors of abuse. - learning to relax. it sounds too obvious - surely everyone can


about anxieties and phobias. others may be for people who have been through similar experiences - women ' s groups, bereaved parents ' groups, survivors of abuse. - learning to relax. it sounds too obvious - surely everyone can relax? but if your anxiety just won ' t go away, it can be really helpful to learn some special ways of relaxing, to be a bit more in control of your anxiety and tension. you can learn these through groups, with professionals, but there are several books and self - help materials you can use to teach yourself. it ' s a good idea to practice relaxation regularly, not just at times of crisis. - using a self - help book. this works well for many people. most of the books use the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy ( cbt ) - see below. family and friends someone with troublesome anxiety or a phobia may not talk about their feelings, even with family or close friends. even so, it is usually obvious that things are not right. the sufferer will tend to look pale and tense, and may easily be startled by normal sounds such as a door - bell ringing or a car ' s horn. they may be irritable and this can cause arguments with those around them, especially if they don ' t understand why the person feels that they cannot do certain things. although friends and family can understand the distress of an anxious person, they can find them difficult to live with, especially if the fear seems if you have an anxiety problem which just won ' t go away, you may not ask for help because you worry that people might think that you are " mad ". they won ' t. it ' s a common problems and it ' s much better to get help rather than suffer in silence. - cognitive behavioural therapy this is a talking treatment which can help you to understand how some of your ' habits of thinking ' can make anxiety worse - or even cause it - and to come to terms with reasons for your anxieties that you may not have recognised yourself. the treatment can take place in groups or individually, and is usually weekly for several weeks or months. there are now a number of computer programmes which you can use to give yourself cbt. the national institute for health and care excellence ( nice ) recommend a programme called for panic or phobia. you can get this through your gp. if this is not enough, there are several different kinds of professionals who may be able to help - the gp, psychiatrist, psychologist


care excellence ( nice ) recommend a programme called for panic or phobia. you can get this through your gp. if this is not enough, there are several different kinds of professionals who may be able to help - the gp, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, nurse or counsellor. psychotherapists may or may not be medically qualified. medication can play a part in the treatment of some people with anxiety or phobias, the most common tranquillisers are the valium - like drugs, the benzodiazepines ( most sleeping tablets also belong to this class of drug ). they are very effective in relieving anxiety, but they are also very addictive after four weeks regular use. when people try to stop taking them, they may experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms which can go on for some time. these drugs should only be used for short periods, usually up to 2 weeks, perhaps to help during a crisis. - they should not be used for longer - term treatment - they should not be used at all in panic disorder. antidepressants can help to relieve anxiety, as well as the depression for which they are usually prescribed. they usually take 2 to 4 weeks and have to be taken regularly to work properly. one of the newer ssri antidepressants would usually be tried first - if that is not helpful, one of the older tricyclic antidepressants can be tried or a newer antidepressant called venlafaxine. beta - blockers in low doses can sometimes control the physical shaking of anxiety. they can be taken shortly before meeting people or before speaking in public, or having to studies suggest that valeriana officinalis ( valerian ) does not seem to be helpful in anxiety, although matricaria recutitat ( german chamomile ) and melissa officinalis ( lemon balm ) ' show promise '. piper methysticum ( kava ) does seem to be effective, but is currently banned in the uk because of worries that it can cause liver which treatments work best? the treatments that seem to work for the longest time are, in - psychological therapy ( cbt ) - pharmacological therapy ( an ssri ) - self - help ( books based on cbt principles ). anxiety and phobias in children most children go through times when they feel very frightened about things. it ' s a normal part of growing up. for instance, a toddler will be very attached to


( books based on cbt principles ). anxiety and phobias in children most children go through times when they feel very frightened about things. it ' s a normal part of growing up. for instance, a toddler will be very attached to their parents or the people who look after them. separation from them, for any reason, can make them very anxious and upset. many children are scared of the dark or of imaginary monsters. these fears usually disappear as the child grows older, but they do not usually spoil the child ' s life or interfere with their development. most will feel anxious about important events like their first day at school. once it is over, the child stops being frightened and is able to get on and enjoy the new teenagers often feel anxious. they tend to be worried about how they look, what other people think of them, how they get on with people in general, but especially about forming close relationships. these worries can usually be helped by talking about them. however, if they are too strong, other people may notice that they are doing badly at school, behaving differently, or feeling physically unwell. if a child or teenager feels so anxious or fearful that it is spoiling their life, it ' s a good thing to ask your gp for helpline : 08444 775 774. charity formed 30 years ago by a sufferer of agoraphobia for those affected by anxiety disorders. british association for behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies ( babcp ) has a uk register of accredited helpline : 0800 138 8889. national organisation for phobias, anxiety, neurosis, information and care. support for sufferers of panic attacks, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and tranquilliser withdrawal. - overcoming anxiety by helen kennerley, constable & robinson - overcoming anxiety, stress and panic : a five areas approach by chris williams, crc press - feel the fear and do it anyway by susan jeffers, - overcoming panic and agoraphobia by derrick silove and vijaya manicavasagar, constable & robinson - panic attacks : what they are, why they happen and what you can do about them by christine ingram, harpercollins - an introduction to coping with phobias by brenda hogan, constable & robinson. free online cbt resources life to the full : free online life skills course for people feeling distressed and their carers. helps you understand why you feel


harpercollins - an introduction to coping with phobias by brenda hogan, constable & robinson. free online cbt resources life to the full : free online life skills course for people feeling distressed and their carers. helps you understand why you feel as you do and make changes in your thinking, activities, sleep and relationships. - fearfighter : ( free access can only be prescribed by your doctor in england and - barr taylor, c. ( 2006 ) panic disorder. bmj : 332 : - cohen, a. ( 2008 ) the primary care management of anxiety and depression : a gp ’ s perspective. advances in psychiatric treatment, 14 : 98 - 105. - ernst, e. ( 2007 ) herbal remedies for depression and anxiety. advances in psychiatric treatment, 13, 312 – 316. ( january 2011 ) generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder ( with or without agoraphobia ) : management in primary, secondary and community care : quick reference guide. ( 2008 ) computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety. review of technology appraisal 51. national institute for health and clinical excellence : london. - sareen, j. et al ( 2006 ) disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions. archives of internal medicine, 166, - scott, a., davidson, a. & palmer, k. ( 2001 ) antidepressant drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders. advances in psychiatric treatment, 7, 275 – 282. this leaflet was produced by the royal college of psychiatrists ' public education editorial board. series editor : dr philip timms expert review : dr paul illustration by lo cole ; www. locole. co. uk this leaflet reflects the best available evidence available at the time of writing. © april 2013. due for review april 2015. or review. royal college of psychiatrists. this leaflet may be downloaded, printed out, photocopied and distributed free of charge as long as the royal college of psychiatrists is properly credited and no profit gained from its use. permission to reproduce it in any other way must be obtained from the head of publications. does not allow reposting of its leaflets on other sites, but allows them to be linked directly. for a catalogue of public education materials or copies of our leaflets contact : leaflets department royal college of psychiatrists, 17 belgrave square, london sw1x 8pg, telephone : 020 7235 2351 x charity registration number ( england and wales ) 228636


if you look back on your own days as a student, you can recall with ease teachers who made learning fun. you wanted to be in their classes. best of all, you were certain that those teachers liked you and missed you on those days when you had to be absent. if you succeed at nothing else in your career, you should aim to create that same effect on your students. what makes certain teachers gifted? charisma. according to a standard definition, charisma is " a unique personal power belonging to those individuals who secure the allegiance of large numbers of people. " fortunately, classroom charisma is a learned trait. it is something that you should begin working on the first day you teach to your last. how do you rate your classroom charisma? how do you create an environment in your classroom in which your students are made to feel that they are accepted and necessary to the proper functioning of the class? how do you create a nurturing, and positive climate in your classroom? be specific. for example, i smile and greet students as they come into the classroom. i use questioning techniques that engage all students. my lessons are packed with a variety of interesting activities. i dress professionally. i use techniques that appeal to all of my students ' learning styles. i establish procedures and routines and stick to them.


pakistan ’ s national mammal is making a comeback the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) announced today that the markhor – a majestic wild goat species – is making a remarkable comeback in pakistan due to conservation efforts. wcs - led community surveys have revealed that markhor populations in northern pakistan ’ s kargah region in gilgit - baltistan have increased from a low of approximately 40 - 50 individuals in 1991 to roughly 300 this year. these community surveys suggest that the total markhor population where wcs works in gilgit - baltistan may now be as high as 1, 500 animals, a dramatic increase since the last government estimate of less than 1, 000 in 1999. pakistan ’ s national mammal, markhor are known for their spectacular, corkscrew horns that can reach nearly five feet in length. they are an important prey species for large carnivores such as wolves and snow leopards. markhor have been listed as endangered by iucn since 1994, with a 2008 global population estimate of less than 2, 500 animals across five countries : pakistan, afghanistan, tajikistan, uzbekistan, and india. they are threatened by illegal hunting, habitat destruction, and competition from domestic goats and sheep. “ we are thrilled that markhor conservation efforts in pakistan are paying off, ” said peter zahler, wcs deputy director of asia programs. “ markhor are part of pakistan ’ s natural heritage, and we are proud to be assisting the communities of gilgit - baltistan and the government of pakistan to safeguard this iconic species. ” wcs, led by program manager mayoor khan, has developed a conservation program that helps create community conservation committees and trains wildlife rangers throughout gilgit - baltistan. rangers focus on monitoring wildlife and enforcing both local and national laws and regulations related to hunting and other resource use. illegal hunting and logging have stopped in most of the valleys where the community rangers are active. wcs has been the only conservation organization working in diamer district of gb since the program ’ s inception in 1997. altogether, there are now 53 community conservation committees within the wcs pakistan program covering four districts. wcs has helped many of these committees form a larger conservation institution, the mountain conservation and development programme, which brings together members from each committee with government officials to help co - manage the region ’ s wildlife and forests. wcs has recently developed a new management structure called “ markhor conservancies ” that use markhor herd home ranges to link different village resource committees together for coordinated monitoring and protection. this


abstract - deliverable 196 report on the restoration success of two lowland streams following re - meandering projects lowland streams are characterised by a gentle slope of terrain ( zero to five per mill ) and sandy soil. they occur in the flat lowland areas of the western european plain. lowland streams are fed by rainwater ; they often lack a well - defined source. thus, their discharge shows a smoothed relation with the amount and frequency of precipitation in the various seasons. lowland streams occur in the eastern and southern part of the netherlands. their current velocity varies from 5 - 30 cm s - 1 in summer and early autumn and from 30 - 60 cm s - 1 in late autumn to spring. often the rainwater fed upper courses dry up in summer, though sometimes they are fed by a helocrene spring and then show a more constant discharge pattern ( verdonschot, 1990 ). after a long period of adapting lowland streams and their catchments to agricultural, domestic, drinking water and industrial needs, awareness of the damages of these alterations has increased. in the netherlands, only about 4 % of the streams still have a natural hydro - morphology. on the last ten years, the ecological importance of streams has become more and more apparent. currently, stream restoration is one of the answers to the lowland stream deterioration. in order to make the proper choices in stream restoration ; one firstly has to understand the complex spatial and temporal interactions between physical, chemical and biological components. the success of restoration depends on steering the appropriate key factor ( s ). whichever factor this is, differs for each stream and each site. to provide a more detailed idea of the status of the ecological effects of lowland stream restoration projects a pragmatic approach is to analyse current project. this means learning by doing!. the examples analysed examples represent an average overview of stream restoration in the netherlands. they make clear what can be expected looking more in detail at the positive and negative aspects from an ecological point of view. download deliverable report [ 82 kb ]


the ban on anti - personnel landmines are an insidious weapon of war. they are simple and cheap to produce, costing only about $ 30. 00 u. s. to manufacture. they either maim or kill anyone who steps on one. they remain active for decades. they keep on injuring and killing people long after the war has ended. they are usually buried underground or left above ground, camouflaged. when tripped, the resultant explosion will often either slice off the victims limbs or cause sufficient injury to require the amputation of one or more limbs. some facts about landmines : | the u. s. campaign to eliminate landmines estimates that there are up to 70 million landmines scattered throughout 68 countries. | | about 26, 000 people are killed or maimed each year. this is one injury or death every 20 | children under the age of 15 form about 30 to 40 % of the casualties. | | countries with significant numbers of uncleared mines include : afghanistan, angola, cambodia, costa rica, croatia, cyprus, el salvador, ethiopia, germany, guatemala, honduras, jordan, lebanon, nicaragua, somalia, sudan, and zimbabwe. | | hurricane mitch in late 1998 flooded much of the land in nicaragua. this has moved landmines left over from the contra wars in the 1980 ' s from their original locations and scattered them around the countryside. often, they have become covered with mud and are now very difficult to detect. | | china and russia are the main manufacturers of landmines. | | the process of de - mining will take many decades. signing of the landmine treaty : the united nations general assembly passed a resolution in 1996 calling for vigorous pursuit of negotiations on a ban treaty " as soon as possible. " the landmine treaty, popularly known as " the ottawa treaty " was drawn up in 1997 - dec. it bans the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti - personnel landmines. " the 1997 mine ban treaty... comprehensively bans all antipersonnel mines, requires destruction of stockpiled mines within four years, requires destruction of mines already in the ground within ten years and urges extensive programs to assist the victims of landmines. " 3 by the end of 1999 - feb, 134 nations had signed the treaty. this includes most of the countries of the world, including canada, france, germany, nicaragua, south africa, the united kingdom, and vatican city. the few nations that have not signed the treaty include china


feb, 134 nations had signed the treaty. this includes most of the countries of the world, including canada, france, germany, nicaragua, south africa, the united kingdom, and vatican city. the few nations that have not signed the treaty include china, iran, south korea, pakistan, turkey, the united states and yugoslavia. all of the countries in nato except for the u. s. and turkey have signed the treaty. 67 nations had ratified the treaty by 1999 - feb - 28. 1998 - dec - 30 was chosen to be a national call - in day to persuade president clinton to sign the treaty. 1 marissa vitagliano, is the coordinator of the u. s. campaign to ban landmines, a coalition of over 300 groups. he asked that people : " put calls into the president. demonstrate that we haven ' t forgotten the issue. say that we want him to sign now. " although the national call - in day has passed, interested individuals can still call the white house comment line at ( 202 ) 456 - 1111 or send e - mails to firstname. lastname @ example. org implementation of the landmine treaty : the ottawa mine ban treaty came into effect throughout most of the world on 1999 - mar - 1. the biggest bell - ringing event in history occurred at noon on that day, as churches around the world ring their bells. 2 churches in brazil, france, italy, switzerland, and the united kingdom had agreed to celebrate. the international campaign to ban landmines brought on - line churches from other countries. rebecca larson, secretary for research and development education at the lutheran world federation ' s ( lwf ) headquarters in geneva, commented on 1999 - feb - 17 : " there ' s a very active campaign in the u. s., and on march 1 there will be pressure on president [ bill ] clinton for the us to sign... throughout the past five years there has been a significant spiritual element in the campaign, and at the intergovernmental meetings regarding the treaty there has been ecumenical and interfaith prayer for the ban on land - mines, for the de - miners, and for the victims and survivors of land - mines. " over 1, 000 non - governmental organizations have formed the international campaign. more than a third of these are faith groups. u. s. reluctance to sign : landmines currently provide the only feasible way of preventing passage through the buffer zone that separates north and south korea. president clinton believes that it would be ir


. more than a third of these are faith groups. u. s. reluctance to sign : landmines currently provide the only feasible way of preventing passage through the buffer zone that separates north and south korea. president clinton believes that it would be irresponsible of him to sign the treaty at this time. he has suggested the date of 2006. by that time, alternatice weapon systems should have been developed. president clinton ' s proposed goal of the year 2006 is conditional on the development of a substitute defensive system. in them meantime, the pentagon is seeking nearly $ 50 million from congress in 1999 to develop a new landmine system called stephen goose, program director for the arms division of human rights watch commented : " the goal of 2006 is already unconscionably distant... radam is the latest of a growing number of indicators that the pentagon is not serious about the 2006 deadline, and that it is very unlikely to be met. " on 2001 - dec - 3, the fourth anniversary of the opening for signature of the mine ban treaty, human rights watch issued a press release which revealed that " 45 percent of the 1. 2 million long - lasting " dumb " ( non - self - destructing ) antipersonnel mines retained for use in korea are stored at depots in the continental u. s. another 50 percent are in korea, but at the onset of conflict will be handed over to south korean troops for their use. the u. s. earmarks only the remaining 5 percent of the mines for immediate use by u. s. troops in south korea. " 4 steve goose, program director of human rights watch ' s arms division commented : " this new information seriously calls into question the major rationale put forth by the pentagon for not banning anti - personnel mines. the u. s. has repeatedly said that these mines are needed to stop a massive surprise attack by north korea. obviously, they are not needed for that if they are sitting in warehouses in the u. s. " 4 human rights watch has issued a memorandum for u. s. policymakers o landmines, dated 2001 - nov. 5 - alexa smith, " call - in day set to push for landmine ban, " pcusa news, - edmund doogue, " churches are asked to ring bells on march 1 for land - mine ban, " pcusa news, # 99069, 1999 - feb - 17 - news release, " historic land mine ban treaty takes effect : u. s. plans for


everyone has heard of coccidia at some point or another or have been the owners of reptiles with this bothersome parasite. for those who don ' t know, coccidia is a protozoan parasite that affects reptiles of all species and tends to cause a bad runny diarrhea usually of yellow coloration. the parasite attaches to the intestinal mucosa and prevents the proper absorption of nutrients by the reptile host, thus causing weight loss, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia and eventually death. it is highly contagious and can be passed by contact with infected reptiles. treatment is possible and involves thorough cleaning and disinfection of the habitat as well as proper medications that are only legally available through a licensed veterinarian. holistic medications are rumored to be effective against coccidia but it has been my personal experience that this isn ' t always the case. the good news is that the holistic meds rarely, if ever, harm the reptile so you can ' t go wrong trying them if you wish to. however, if money is tight, you might want to consider the benefits of spending $ 30 on a product that may help vs. using the money towards paying for a consult and medications that will help. so with all that said, let me introduce you to coccidia : this species is likely in the genus eimeria. this sample was taken from a leopard gecko. for the following pics, let ' s count from 1 - 4 : one two three four you have just seen the development of another species of coccidia, likely isospora sp., from a panther chameleon. the 4 celled oocyst ( or " egg " ) seen in the last pic is the more common form we see in full blown infections but this particular guy had an infection so severe that all stages of development of the oocysts were seen. this chameleon has already been through a trial of holistic medications for 21 days according to the owner. we treated the chameleon with traditional medications and the recovery was successful. he was weak and almost didn ' t make it but the owner did a great job nursing him back to health during the treatment. despite what has been said in many forums on the internet, coccidia is quite easy to acquire and can be quite prevalent in many species, such as bearded dragons. it can be transmitted via feeder insects and reptiles that appear fat and healthy can be infected with coccidia as well


egypt ' s mubarak - - from presidency to prison reuters - here is a look at hosni mubarak from the start of his presidency to when he was sentenced to life imprisonment on saturday for his role in killing protesters involved in a uprising that toppled him from power last year : october 6, 1981 - vice - president mubarak is thrust into office when islamist radicals gun down president anwar sadat at a military parade. he is approved as president in a referendum in november. june 26, 1995 - gunmen attack mubarak ' s car as he arrives at an african summit in ethiopia ' s capital addis ababa. he escapes unhurt and returns to egypt. november 17, 1997 - islamist militant group al - gama ' a al - islamiya ( islamic group ) kills 58 tourists and four egyptians at an ancient temple near luxor. it is the most dramatic act in a 1990s rebellion by islamists seeking to establish an islamic state. the revolt is eventually crushed by state security. march 2005 - street protests by the kefaya ( enough ) movement draw hundreds across egypt to oppose a fifth six - year term for mubarak or any attempt to install his son gamal in his place. may 11, 2005 - parliament votes to change the constitution to allow contested presidential elections, dismissing opposition complaints that strict rules would prevent genuine competition. september 27, 2005 - mubarak is sworn in for a fifth consecutive term after winning the first multi - candidate presidential vote on september 7. rights groups say the vote was marred by abuses. his closest rival, ayman nour, comes a distant second and is later jailed on charges he says are politically motivated. december 8, 2005 - the muslim brotherhood wins 20 percent of the seats in parliament, its best showing. rights groups say the vote was vitiated by irregularities to ensure mubarak ' s ruling party retains a big majority. april 2008 - riots erupt in a number of cities over wages, rising prices and shortages of subsidised bread. march 27, 2010 - mubarak reassumes presidential powers after three weeks recovering from gallbladder surgery in germany. november 29, 2010 - a parliamentary election virtually eliminates opposition to mubarak ' s ruling party in the assembly before a 2011 presidential vote. the brotherhood and several other opposition groups boycott the parliamentary election. january 25, 2011 - anti - government protests begin across egypt, driven by discontent over poverty, repression and corruption. january 28 - mubarak orders troops and tanks into cities