perpetrators punished. vii. government accountability a. in a genuine democracy, those in authority are accountable for their acts to all citizens on whose behalf they exercise power and to their representatives. b. political conditions for the achievement of genuine democracy i. citizen participation 1. participation in public and political life a. genuine democracy presupposes power sharing as well as freedom based on solidarity. b. genuine democracy shall permit and encourage full and equal participation by women and men in the democratic process, including balanced representation at all levels of decision - making in public and political life. c. every citizen has a right to participate in the conduct of public affairs, either directly or through freely chosen representatives, both at european and national level and at local and regional level, as well as to vote and be elected. d. every citizen has a right to participate in the voluntary sector. e. every citizen has a duty to take part in the promotion of and respect for human rights and democratic values. f. genuine democracy shall encourage and recognise work done by non - governmental organisations or any voluntary association, whether national or international, working to protect human rights and democratic institutions. g. every foreign national residing lawfully on the territory of a state has the right to participate in public life and the voluntary sector, at least at local level. 2. free and fair elections a. elections shall be free and fair, in accordance with international and european standards. b. periodic elections to political office are an essential means of enabling the will of the people to be expressed. c. such elections shall be based on universal and equal suffrage and held by secret ballot. they shall take place in circumstances guaranteeing the possibility of a genuine choice for the electorate and respect for its opinion, and ensuring the proper conduct and legality of procedures, as well as the legality of election results. d. the presence of international observers and of the international press shall not be regarded as interference in the internal affairs of the state. 3. political parties a. a genuinely democratic society requires the existence of a multi - party system. b. the right to freedom of association includes the right to establish political parties. the role of these parties is to engage and promote political debate. c. the setting up of political parties or other groupings shall be free in accordance with the law. the setting up of political parties may not be obstructed and political parties may only be banned in the cases mentioned under point a - iii - b of this declaration. in no circumstances may a political party seek the destruction of


with the law. the setting up of political parties may not be obstructed and political parties may only be banned in the cases mentioned under point a - iii - b of this declaration. in no circumstances may a political party seek the destruction of democracy or fundamental rights. d. the funding of political parties shall be regulated by law. 4. associations, non - governmental organisations and trade union organisations a. associations, non - governmental organisations and trade union organisations are necessary for the proper functioning of democracy ; they provide citizens with a means of action and expression. b. they have a specific independent role to promote the values of democracy and human rights and contribute to their effective implementation. c. their activities shall not be limited or forbidden in so far as they are carried out in the framework of the law and the respect for human rights. 5. freedom of expression a. freedoms of thought, opinion, expression, information and communication are essential requirements for the functioning and progress of a democratic society and individual fulfilment. they shall not justify calls to violence, incitement to hatred or any form of discrimination. 6. the role of the media a. the freedom and independence as well as the pluralism and diversity of the media are essential for the functioning of a democratic society. b. the media ’ s responsibility for ensuring respect for all human rights is an essential counterpart of media freedom. the exercise of this freedom shall not be used to incite violence, hatred or any form of discrimination. c. free circulation of information and ideas across borders must be guaranteed as an important factor in promoting understanding between nations, close relations between peoples and the mutual enrichment of cultures. d. the possibilities offered by new information and communication technologies must be taken into consideration to develop a genuine democracy. 7. respect for persons belonging to minorities a. while based on the principle of majority rule, genuine democracy must at the same time secure the respect of all rights of persons belonging to minorities. ii. local and regional governance a. local and regional self - government is an important element of genuine democracy. it must have an institutional and legal basis. b. such a form of government contributes to the strengthening of a democratic europe based on the principle of subsidiarity and decentralisation on all levels at which power is exercised. c. this includes the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population. d. this right shall be exercised by bodies composed


c. this includes the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population. d. this right shall be exercised by bodies composed of members elected by universal suffrage. this provision shall in no way affect recourse to assemblies of citizens, referendums or any other form of direct citizen participation where it is permitted by statute. e. the conditions of office of local elected representatives shall provide for free exercise of their functions. iii. exercise of power in a state governed by the rule of law 1. separation of powers a. democracy requires the separation and independence of the legislature, executive and judiciary. b. the role of the legislature, as the representative of the electorate, is to draw up and pass legislation, to vote taxes and to hold the executive to account. to this end, the legislature must have independent powers of investigation and scrutiny and its representatives must enjoy immunity from executive pressure or coercion in the exercise of their office. c. in implementing and upholding the law, the executive shall be answerable to the people and their representatives. in particular, it must ensure that the law is strictly applied by the agencies entrusted with law enforcement. d. judicial authority shall be exercised independently by the courts and their decisions shall be executed by the competent public authorities in each state. e. the independence of judges shall be safeguarded. they shall be impartial and give their rulings within a reasonable time. judges ’ decisions shall not be influenced by the interests of the executive, the legislature or any other public authority or private group. f. the independence of lawyers shall be recognised and protected, especially with regard to the conditions of their access to the profession and the performance of their duties. 2. impartiality of the state a. in keeping with the principle of non - discrimination, genuine democracy presupposes the impartiality of the state with respect to religions, beliefs and convictions. b. the state must never favour the interests or values of a specific group. 3. effective protection against violations of fundamental rights a. every person alleging a violation of his or her recognised rights and freedoms is entitled to an effective remedy before a competent national body, including when the alleged violation was committed by persons acting in the course of their official duties. b. every democratic state must offer any person within its jurisdiction the opportunity of submitting an individual complaint to an international body in the event of a violation of their fundamental rights.


alleged violation was committed by persons acting in the course of their official duties. b. every democratic state must offer any person within its jurisdiction the opportunity of submitting an individual complaint to an international body in the event of a violation of their fundamental rights. c. every democratic state must provide for setting up the office of ombudspersons, commissioners or other national human rights institutions, with the power to take any measure to ensure effective respect for the rights of all persons living on the territory of the state. 4. derogations from obligations related to respect for rights a. where the life of the nation is threatened, any exceptional measures taken shall be aimed solely at preserving the democratic system, upholding the rule of law and ensuring respect for fundamental rights and freedoms. b. where the executive authorities are legally empowered to take a decision to impose a state of emergency, the decision shall be subject to approval and review by the legislature. the measures taken shall not be exempt from judicial review under ordinary law. c. economic, social and cultural conditions for the achievement of genuine democracy i. economic development a. genuine democracy shall develop economic systems aimed, amongst other things, at achieving social justice, sustainable economic development, well - being, the promotion of employment and the rational use of economic and environmental resources out of respect for future generations. b. genuine democracy must secure access to essential goods and services for all citizens. c. any economic system must promote the development and self - fulfilment of every individual and the social development of the community aimed at global sustainable development. ii. social development 1. a genuine democracy must be a social democracy a. democracy cannot be genuine unless it has a social dimension. lack of respect for fundamental social rights threatens legal and political equality, the foundation of any democracy. b. social debate and collective bargaining are elements of social development. trade unions and other social partners must be able fully to play their role here. 2. protection against marginalisation or exclusion a. democracy can be measured by the way in which it recognises and treats those who are excluded from society. b. any genuine democracy must take concrete measures to eliminate extreme poverty, economic, social and cultural deprivation and marginalisation, in particular : - by giving the means to persons suffering poverty and social exclusion to obtain information and make themselves heard and to take part in decision - making on public policy, in particular when it affects them ; - by facilitating access by such persons to comprehensive services, including appropriate training to enable them to develop their abilities. iii. cultural development 1


and make themselves heard and to take part in decision - making on public policy, in particular when it affects them ; - by facilitating access by such persons to comprehensive services, including appropriate training to enable them to develop their abilities. iii. cultural development 1. right to education a. genuine democracy involves giving effect to the right to education, as an integral part of human rights, with a view to lifelong learning. b. education in human rights, in the values and practice of democracy and in active and responsible citizenship is an essential part of the education system which must be provided not only as part of compulsory general education but also in other forms and at other levels of publicly funded education and lifelong learning. in particular, it concerns members of the judiciary, the police and the armed forces and, in general, those who are expected to ensure respect for the rights of individuals. c. the right of parents to ensure that their children receive an education in keeping with their religious and philosophical convictions must be guaranteed insofar as this is compatible with human rights and respects the right of children to their own development. 2. participation in cultural life a. genuine democracy requires everyone to have access to, and be able to participate actively in, cultural life, information and social communication without any discrimination. b. all cultural communities, including those disadvantaged on account of their size, their specific cultural or religious characteristics or their conditions of existence, shall be entitled to pursue their own cultural policy without prejudice to human rights and the rights of other communities. iv. international dimension of democratic principles a. democratic principles must play an ever - increasing role in the conduct of european and international affairs. every democracy has a duty to support states in the process of transition to democracy, as well as a duty of solidarity with persons who are oppressed or live in conditions harmful to their development. b. every genuine democracy must defend democratic principles. it should promote human rights protection and democratic principles in its international relations. c. the protection of universal human rights is an essential responsibility of the international community and of each of its members and no state may invoke the principle of non - interference in its internal affairs when instances of abuse of human rights are reported. d. preserving and accommodating, on an equal footing and in permanent structures, the democracies which will make europe a vast area of democratic security must remain one of the major objectives of the council of europe. democracies are therefore invited to commit themselves to the principles and values set out in this declaration. a p p e n d


patent no. 1433. filing year 1872. " improvements in sewing machines, " c. raymond. for most of our history, the close relationship between canada and the united states has been conducive to the flow of people and ideas across the border. scottish immigrant alexander graham bell, for example, divided his working life between canada and the u. s., while inventors such as thomas leopold willson and john j. wright developed their ideas south of the border before applying them here. charles raymond of guelph, ontario, could be considered an example of what the canadian media has recently termed the " reverse brain drain. " born in ashburnham, massachusetts, raymond had already invented two types of sewing machines before legal patent disputes with the singer company inspired him to relocate in 1860 to montreal, the hub of canada ' s textile industry. he soon lost money on a sewing - machine business and, in 1862, he and 15 tradesmen relocated to guelph where he established the raymond sewing machine company. here he finally found success, making and selling sewing machines and accessories based on a string of patents, including the one above. patent no. 1433 is of particular interest because it was preceded by a caveat filed by raymond in 1869. a caveat, as it applies to patents, is a legal notification of the intention to file a patent for a concept still under development. raymond ' s caveat claimed the invention of " the application of a check, lever, or spring to a single thread sewing machine, by which the thread is held up to or on the hook or looper, and thus prevented from dropping stitches. " he just wasn ' t sure where to put the lever, but promised to perfect the design " as speedily as possible. " his 1872 patent, above, included the completed lever mechanism. caveats were typically used when the stakes were high. one famous example is american inventor elisha gray ' s caveat for a telephone, filed in the united states patent office just two hours after alexander graham bell filed his telephone patent. the sewing machine business in the 1800s was particularly competitive, and raymond ' s experience with singer in the u. s. may have prompted him to take extra precautions. over the years, raymond ' s business instincts served him well. his canadian base proved advantageous during the u. s. civil war, which hampered his american competitors. later, his emphasis on selling to european markets paid off, while many canadian competitors failed because of their concentration on the domestic market.


him well. his canadian base proved advantageous during the u. s. civil war, which hampered his american competitors. later, his emphasis on selling to european markets paid off, while many canadian competitors failed because of their concentration on the domestic market. in 1870, he employed nearly 80 workers ; ten years later, he owned two factories with a workforce of 200. raymond ' s health problems prompted his semi - retirement in 1877, though he continued to invent. he filed a number of patents unrelated to sewing, including an improvement to skates ( no. 13026 ) and a cash register ( no. 43108 ), and was working on a gasoline engine before his death in 1904. a religious man, raymond was also involved in the local temperance movement, which doubtless would have put him at odds with fellow guelph innovator and industrialist george sleeman. grosvenor, edwin s., and morgan wesson. alexander graham bell : the life and times of the man who invented the telephone. new york : harry s. abrams, 1997. nash - chambers, debra l. " raymond, charles. " dictionary of canadian biography online. ( accessed november 7, 2005 ). van dulken, stephen. inventing the 19th century : 100 inventions that shaped the victorian age, from aspirin to the zeppelin. new york : new york university press, 2001.


this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. before 1980, most of the chinese who came to canada were from countries in the southeast of canton and so the chinese spoken was mainly cantonese. this is just one of the many dialects spoken in china. today, cantonese and mandarin are the two chinese dialects most spoken in canada. although the chinese brought their own religious beliefs with them, about ten percent of chinese immigrants had changed to christianity by 1923. by 1961, close to sixty percent of chinese canadians were christians. buddhism and islam were also important religions for chinese people in canada. the chinese hold many celebrations throughout the year. the most important one is the chinese new year. it usually is celebrated in february and is a time for settling debts and cleaning house. red packets containing small amounts of money are given away, especially to children, and firecrackers are set off. the lantern festival takes place on the 15th day of the new year. lanterns are hung in homes, along with symbols of good fortune, happiness and health. the ching ming festival falls in april and is also known as remembrance of ancestors day. chinese visit the graves of their loved ones and clear away the weeds. one of the best known festivals, the dragon boat festival, is usually celebrated in june. boats from 45 to 120 feet long, and decorated with dragon ' s heads and tails race each other in competition. paddlers keep in stroke to the beat of loud drums. the mid - autumn festival is a time for people to gather and watch the moon. as darkness falls, lanterns are lit and everyone enjoys moon cakes ( a mix of ground lotus, mashed beans, sesame seeds and dates ) while watching the rise of the large autumn moon. the winter soltice festival takes place on the longest night of the year ( december 22 or 23 ). as people look forward to longer days, they visit with family and enjoy a yummy banquet.


some of our most interesting prints were once given away in a magazine. today they comprise an important social history resource for the nineteenth century, illustrating spectacles and other visual devices in use by some of the most significant people of the day. vanity fair was a victorian magazine, founded in 1868 and aimed at the middle and upper sections of society. from the very beginning its illustrations included a distinctive satirical portraiture of a type which was new to english journalism. these portraits were designed to be collectible and many households or clubs enjoyed gathering their own gallery of the most distinguished politicians, clergymen and lawyers of the day. the artists became well - known by their pseudonyms such as ' spy ' and indeed their works are often known by the shorthand label ' spy cartoons '. the caricatures were reproduced by the relatively new colour printing process of chromolithography. many of the vanity fair portraits include spectacles, monocles or pince - nez, often with a neck cord attached. in some cases the depiction is indistinct ; the artist, usually working in watercolour, was interested only in providing an impression of the device. in other portraits however, the optical device is very clearly shown or else exaggerated such that it becomes a defining motif for the person concerned. an example would be the huge monocle filling the socket of mr maguire, the campaigner for irish home rule. the portraits are a useful source for studying the spectacle fashions of the second half of the nineteenth century and the edwardian period. the manner in which a frame is worn, held or suspended is often clearly shown. this may be from a cord, or a coat button. the spectacles may be flourished in the hand or parked out of the way on the forehead. in one instance, the son of the novelist charles dickens is illustrated actually cleaning his spectacle lenses with a cloth. educated victorian readers held contemporary scientists in a level of esteem that would be unfamiliar today. in consequence, certain distinguished names in the fields of optics and ophthalmology are to be found amongst the vanity fair portraits. this includes mr frank crisp, the well - known collector of microscopes, sir george airy, reputedly the first to use a cylindrical lens for his own correction, sir william crookes the chemist ( a former superintendent of the radcliffe observatory ) and r brudenell carter who found fame through his operations on corneal staphyloma. there are so many relevant vanity fair portraits ( the boa museum has 68 for example ) that a comprehensive listing


a former superintendent of the radcliffe observatory ) and r brudenell carter who found fame through his operations on corneal staphyloma. there are so many relevant vanity fair portraits ( the boa museum has 68 for example ) that a comprehensive listing would seem superfluous. below is attached a list of some of the best that an enthusiast might consider including in his collection. it should be noted that many of these prints are available quite cheaply as modern reproductions. wearing pince - nez or nose spectacles wearing a monocle other optical devices the museyeum guide to the pseudonyms of vanity fair cartoonists : | ao | | = l ’ estrange. floruit 1903 - 7. | | ape | | = carlo pellegrini ( 1839 - 1889 ). born capua. came to england 1864. adopted name ‘ ape ’ from 1869. | | f. c. g. | | = sir francis carruthers gould ( 1844 - 1925 ). | | f. t. d. | | = f. t. dalton. floruit 1890. | | guth | | = jean baptiste guth. floruit 1883 - 1921. | | hay | | = floruit 1888 - 1893. | | lib | | = liberio prosperi. floruit 1886 - 1903. | | pal | | = jean de paleogu. born 1855. | | spy | | = sir leslie ward ( 1851 - 1922 ). adopted name ‘ spy ’ from 1873, working 36 years for vanity fair. knighted 1918. | | stuff | | = possibly h. c. sepping wright ( i. e. his name becomes the ‘ wright stuff ’ ). floruit 1894 - 1900. | | t | | = theobald chartran ( 1849 - 1907 ). | | w. a. g. | | = a. g. witherby. floruit 1894 - 1901. |


latino adolescents who share knowledge from the classroom, new media and information technology among immigrant families function as " civic information leaders, " a new study by the university of colorado boulder shows. their role helps family members assimilate to american culture and also represents a powerful channel through which to campaign to immigrant parents, according to journalism associate professor mike mcdevitt, lead author of the study. " there is a reason for optimism, as opposed to despair, in thinking about the prospects for reaching a demographic typically portrayed in social science as chronically disengaged from civic and political life, " said mcdevitt. " schools, news media and campaign strategists should view adolescents as the most effective way to mobilize latino families for active citizenship, " he said. " they should not try to reach parents directly, but instead reach out to teens. this can trigger a trickle - up influence. " the study was conducted primarily with latino participants from centaurus high school in lafayette, colo. surveys completed by 74 students served as the basis of four focus group discussions involving 53 students and parents. in addition, 12 students completed diaries tracking their media and information technology use over 48 hours. the student participants were surveyed on their use of media and information technology for schoolwork, entertainment and social interaction. their consumption of traditional resources - - radio, newspapers, magazines and television - - and newer tools - - the internet, mp3 players, cellular telephones and texting - - was measured. they also were surveyed on their political views, activities and willingness to discuss civic issues in school and in family settings. participants rated their willingness to listen to opponents, initiate discussion and to disagree, among other questions. " latino adolescents ' use of traditional media and particularly new information technology is perhaps more frequent than many would expect, " said mcdevitt. " youth are tapped into general information and issue awareness, which builds confidence in the classroom and serves as a bridge to the home front, where parents are otherwise disconnected and distrusting of mainstream media. " the focus group discussions revealed that latino youth and immigrant parents experience distinct sets of information sources that rarely overlap. school and media efforts aimed at increasing civic participation should strive to increase the overlap, said mcdevitt. immigrant parents commonly face language barriers and the undocumented status of many of them causes fear of societal rejection and marginalization, according to the study. many parents in the focus groups also reported shaky computer skills and a skepticism of english - language news media. however, mcdevitt said there is a


##ented status of many of them causes fear of societal rejection and marginalization, according to the study. many parents in the focus groups also reported shaky computer skills and a skepticism of english - language news media. however, mcdevitt said there is a downside to the dynamic of latino teens serving as information leaders when immigrant parents feel their authority is undermined. " family communication can be thwarted when latino youth act as information leaders, changing the usual structure of authority, " said mcdevitt. " on the other hand, these provocations can promote reciprocal influence in the family because parents want to keep up with their kids and retain a leadership role, particularly about controversial political issues. " the study recommends figuring out ways to preserve family cohesion, cultural identity and parental leadership while taking advantage of latino youth ' s propensity for leadership in accessing and using new media. " for many decades, political scientists have often ignored the family in terms of strategy for promoting political participation, or have viewed the family as a barrier, as a private domain that must be overcome, " said mcdevitt. " the family is not something to overcome ; it ' s not a deficit ; it ' s a resource for political engagement. " mary butler, a graduate of cu - boulder ' s communication department, co - authored the study, which is published in the current issue of interactions : ucla journal of education and information studies. student coaches from public achievement, a service - learning program of cu - boulder ' s institute for ethical and civic engagement, helped to recruit study participants and to facilitate focus groups. collaboration on the study also involved mentors from the i have a dream foundation.


practical and common - sense breast cancer dietary tips 1. avoid trans - fats avoid consumption of processed foods, which is the main source of industrially produced trans - fatty acid. an increased intake of trans - fatty acids may raise the risk of breast cancer by 75 percent, suggest the results from the french part of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. women with breast cancer have higher levels of trans fats in their bodies than other women, suggesting – but not proving – that eating trans may raise the risk of the disease, says a new report from the european community multi - center study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction, and breast cancer. scientists at the national scientific research center at the university of paris in france, discovered the link between trans - fats and breast cancer after carrying out a study of women taking part in a large european cancer trial. the team found that women with the highest blood levels of trans - fats had about twice the risk of breast cancer compared to women with the lowest levels. trans - fats can be found in cooking fats, baked goods, snacks and a variety of other prepared foods. 2. avoid vegetable oils increased consumption of omega - 6 fatty acids, found in corn oil and most of the oils used in bakery products, could be a reason for the rise in incidence of breast cancer in recent years, say many health researchers. omega - 6 fats have been linked to the development of breast cancer, with a spanish team reporting in 2004 that the fats enhanced expression of certain genes that accelerate the disease. omega - 6 fats are found in refined supermarket cooking oils such as soy oil, corn oil, sunflower, safflower oil, in margarine, and in all processed foods that use these. 3. eat omega - 3 fatty acids epidemiological research has clearly identified a significant inverse correlation between a woman ’ s consumption of foods rich in omega - 3 fats and her risk for breast cancer. eat at least three servings a week of cold - water fish such as tuna, wild salmon, halibut, mackerel, haddock, cod, and sardines. if you don ’ t eat fish, you can also take fish oil capsules ( 2 to 10g a day ). 4. eat only organic free - range eggs avoid commercially produced eggs and eat only eggs that come from free - roaming hens fed on organic omega 3 enhanced feed. free - range, cage - free chickens have a greater variety of


a day ). 4. eat only organic free - range eggs avoid commercially produced eggs and eat only eggs that come from free - roaming hens fed on organic omega 3 enhanced feed. free - range, cage - free chickens have a greater variety of diet, producing eggs that contain more omega - 3 fatty acids and vitamin e. omega 3 enhanced eggs are from hens fed a diet flax seed or fish oils. omega 3 enhanced eggs contain more omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin e than the regular eggs. an independent test conducted by the cbc ’ s tv show marketplace found that omega - 3 enhanced eggs contain approximately 7 times more omega 3 fatty acids than regular white eggs. free - range organic eggs have nearly twice the vitamin e, four times the beta carotene ( a precursor to vitamin a ), four times the omega - 3 fatty acids, and half the cholesterol. in addition, the free - range eggs have a significant amount of folic acid. several studies have shown similar results — one even showed free - range organic eggs to have thirteen times the omega - 3 fatty acids! research has confirmed that the essential nutrient choline, which is found in eggs, can significantly reduce the risk of getting breast cancer. in 2003, a harvard university study indicated that subjects who consumed more eggs and fiber than the average girl during adolescence had a smaller risk of developing breast cancer as adults. eating one egg per day was associated with an 18 percent reduction in risk. conclusion : eat only organic / hormone free egg products that are free of residue of estrogenic hormones that have been linked to promoting breast cancer. 5. avoid processed soy products researchers at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign recently announced results of research suggesting that the highly purified soy foods and soy supplements marketed in the united states may promote the growth of some pre - existing breast cancers. 6. eat whole soy products there have been many studies suggesting that eating whole soy products can help to lower the risk of breast cancer. it ’ s been shown for example that oriental women, who have a lower - than - normal incidence of breast cancer, consume much larger amounts of soy products than most american women. when asian women move to the united states, however, their intake of soy products goes down and their incidence of breast cancer goes up.


a brochosopy is a procedure in which a long, lighted scope is inserted into the lungs in order to examine the airways of the lungs and to assess lung function. chest fluoroscopy may be performed when the motion of the lungs, diaphragm, or other structures in the chest need to be evaluated. chest ultrasound is a procedure in which sound wave technology is used alone, or along with other types of diagnostic methods, to examine the organs and structures of the chest. a chest x - ray is used to examine the chest and the lungs and other organs and structures located in the chest. ct / cat scans are more detailed than standard x - rays and are often used to assess the organs of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and esophagus, for injuries, abnormalities, or disease. a lobectomy is a surgical procedure that removes one of the lobes of the lungs. a lung biopsy is a procedure in which tissue samples are removed with a special needle to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present. a lung scan is a procedure that uses nuclear radiology to assess the function and structure of the lungs. it is most often performed when problems with the lungs and respiratory tract are suspected. in a lung transplant, one or both diseased lungs are removed and replaced with a healthy lung from another person. a mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure performed to examine the mediastinum - the space behind the sternum ( breastbone ) in the middle of the chest that separates the two lungs. oximetry is a procedure used to measure the oxygen level — or oxygen saturation — in the blood. peak flow measurement is a procedure that records the amount of air flowing out of your lungs. peak flow can be measured with either a spirometer or a peak flow meter. a pleural biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of the pleura ( the membrane that surrounds the lungs ) is removed with a special biopsy needle or during surgery to determine if disease, infection, or cancer is present. positron emission tomography ( pet ) is a specialized radiology procedure used to examine various body tissues to identify certain conditions. pet may also be used to follow the progress of the treatment of certain conditions. a pulmonary angiogram is aa procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and x - rays to examine the blood vessels in the lungs and evaluate blood flow to the lungs. pulmonary function tests measure how well your lungs are functioning and are used to help diagnose certain


now that the x - 37b space plane is spotted, what is its mission? amateur astronomers say they have found the x - 37b in an orbit that takes it over afghanistan and iraq. a former air force missile officer offers up four possible uses for the space plane – and weapon is least likely. now we know where the x - 37b is. amateur sky - watchers have spotted the air force miniature space plane traveling in low - earth orbit at an inclination that takes it over iraq and afghanistan, among other nations. skip to next paragraph but this big question remains : what the heck is the x - 37b doing up there, anyway? the air force isn ’ t saying. it ’ s secret. “ the actual on - orbit activities we do classify, ” said gary payton, air force undersecretary for space programs, during a conference call with reporters in late april. on april 22 an atlas v rocket roared into the sky from cape canaveral, fla., carrying the x - 37b on its first orbital test flight. at that moment the reusable craft vanished, as far as the general public was concerned. the air force did not say where in space the x - 37b was going. but last week a team of sky - watchers with members who specialize in tracking orbiting objects announced that they ’ ve spotted what they are certain is the x - 37b in space, about 255 miles up, circling the earth every 90 minutes. the x - 37b is traveling in a an area bounded by 40 degrees north latitude ( the mid - atlantic of the us, spain, the middle east ) and 40 degrees south latitude ( argentina, south africa, australia ), according to greg roberts, a south african member of the spotting team. the air force says that the performance of the system itself is the biggest thing this launch is testing. they want to see how the x - 37b performs in orbit, how it flies itself back to the ground, and how quickly they can get it ready to re - launch. the goal is to be able to turn the x - 37b around as fast as the air force could turn around a high - performance spy plane such as the sr - 71 blackbird.


phishing : the basics here ' s how to be on your guard against phishing attacks cso — phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e - mails and websites. pharming also aims to collect personal information from unsuspecting victims by essentially tinkering with the road maps that computers use to navigate the web. you don ' t want either one working its evil genius on you, your employees or your customers. here ' s how to be on your guard against both phishing and pharming. last updated : april 2009 - what is phishing? - can we prevent phishing attacks? - what can my company do to reduce our chances of being targeted? - what plans should my company have in place before a phishing incident occurs? - how can we quickly find out if a phishing attack has been launched using our company ' s name? - how can we help our customers avoid falling for phishing? - if an attack does happen, how should we respond? - any legal / regulatory requirements we should be aware of? - what action can we take against the phishers themselves? - how might phishing attacks evolve in the near future? ( e. g. " spear - phishing ) - how can we guard against pharming attacks? q : what is phishing? a : phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e - mails and websites. typically, a phisher sends an e - mail disguised as a legitimate business request. for example, the phisher may pass himself off as a real bank asking its customers to verify financial data. ( so phishing is a form of " social engineering ". ) the e - mail is often forged so that it appears to come from a real e - mail address used for legitimate company business, and it usually includes a link to a website that looks exactly like the bank ' s website. however, the site is bogus, and when the victim types in passwords or other sensitive information, that data is captured by the phisher. the information may be used to commit various forms of fraud and identity theft, ranging from compromising a single existing bank account to setting up multiple new ones. early phishing attempts were crude, with telltale misspellings and poor grammar. since then, however, phishing e - mails have become remarkably sophisticated. phishers may pull language straight from official company correspondence and take pains to avoid typos. the fake sites


, with telltale misspellings and poor grammar. since then, however, phishing e - mails have become remarkably sophisticated. phishers may pull language straight from official company correspondence and take pains to avoid typos. the fake sites may be near - replicas of the sites phishers are spoofing, containing the company ' s logo and other images and fake status bars that give the site the appearance of security. phishers may register plausible - looking domains like aolaccountupdate. com, mycitibank. net or paypa1. com ( using the number 1 instead of the letter l ). they may even direct their victims to a well - known company ' s actual website and then collect their personal data through a faux pop - up window. can we prevent phishing attacks? companies can reduce the odds of being targeted, and they can reduce the damage that phishers can do ( more details on how below ). but they can ' t really prevent it. one reason phishing e - mails are so convincing is that most of them have forged " from " lines, so that the message looks like it ' s from the spoofed company. there ' s no way for an organization to keep someone from spoofing a " from " line and making it seem as if an e - mail came from the organization. a technology known as sender authentication does hold some promise for limiting phishing attacks, though. the idea is that if e - mail gateways could verify that messages purporting to be from, say, citibank did in fact originate from a legitimate citibank server, messages from spoofed addresses could be automatically tagged as fraudulent and thus weeded out. ( before delivering a message, an isp would compare the ip address of the server sending the message to a list of valid addresses for the sending domain, much the same way an isp looks up the ip address of a domain to send a message. it would be sort of an internet version of caller id and call blocking. ) although the concept is straightforward, implementation has been slow because the major internet players have different ideas about how to tackle the problem. it may be years before different groups iron out the details and implement a standard. even then, there ' s no way of guaranteeing that phishers won ' t find ways around the system ( just as some fraudsters can fake the numbers that appear in caller ids ). that ' s why, in


a standard. even then, there ' s no way of guaranteeing that phishers won ' t find ways around the system ( just as some fraudsters can fake the numbers that appear in caller ids ). that ' s why, in the meantime, so many organizationsand a growing marketplace of service providershave taken matters into their own hands. what can my company do to reduce our chances of being targeted by phishing attacks? in part, the answer has to do with not doing silly or thoughtless things that can increase your vulnerability. now that phishing has become a fact of life, companies need to be careful about how they use e - mail to communicate with customers. for example, in may 2004, wachovia ' s phones started ringing off the hook after the bank sent customers an e - mail instructing them to update their online banking user names and passwords by clicking on a link. although the e - mail was legitimate ( the bank had to migrate customers to a new system following a merger ), a quarter of the recipients questioned it. as wachovia learned, companies need to clearly think through their customer communication protocols. best practices include giving all e - mails and webpages a consistent look and feel, greeting customers by first and last name in e - mails, and never asking for personal or account data through e - mail. if any time - sensitive personal information is sent through e - mail, it has to be encrypted. marketers may wring their hands at the prospect of not sending customers links that would take them directly to targeted offers, but instructing customers to bookmark key pages or linking to special offers from the homepage is a lot more secure. that way, companies are training their customers not to be duped. it also makes sense to revisit what customers are allowed to do on your website. they should not be able to open a new account, sign up for a credit card or change their address online with just a password. at a minimum, companies should acknowledge every online transaction through e - mail and one other method of the customer ' s choosing ( such as calling the phone number on record ) so that customers are aware of all online activity on their accounts. and to make it more difficult for phishers to copy online data - capture forms, organizations should avoid putting them on the website for all to see. instead, organizations should require secured log - in to access e - commerce forms. at the end of the day, though, better


phishers to copy online data - capture forms, organizations should avoid putting them on the website for all to see. instead, organizations should require secured log - in to access e - commerce forms. at the end of the day, though, better authentication is the best way to decrease the likelihood that phishers will target your organization. banks are beginning to experiment with technologies like rsa tokens, biometrics, one - time - use passwords and smart cards, all of which make their customers ' personal information less valuable for phishers. one midsized bank was able to cut its phishing - related atm card losses by changing its authentication process. every atm card has data encoded on its magnetic strip that the customer can ' t see but that most atm machines can read. the bank worked with its network provider to use that hidden information to authenticate atm transactionsan important step that, according to gartner, only about half of u. s. banks had taken by mid - 2005. " since the number isn ' t printed on the back of the card, customers can ' t accidentally disclose it, " the bank ' s ciso explained. the information was already in the cards, so the bank didn ' t have to go through an expensive process of reissuing cards. " it was a very economical solution, and it ' s been very effective, " said the ciso.


little known episode in john bidwell ’ s history : thwarting the 1851 federal indian treaty by michele shover, professor emerita, political science in mid - august of that year, 200 members from mountain and foothill maidu tribelets as well as 100 or so valley maidus gathered on the ranch at bidwell ’ s request to consider a federal treaty. they moved back and forth from their tree - sheltered encampments, scattered to avoid old enemies but close enough to meet with friends. at large campfires, the mechoopda maidus roasted slabs of government beef, which rewarded each arriving group. the amount of beef would later become an issue. while some mountain maidus were reluctant to enter rival maidu turf without protection, their curiosity prevailed. they recalled many tribal “ big times ” there for trade with the mechoopdas. of course, when the best bow maker or other artisan was one of their own, they had held the get - togethers. but when a valley indian was the master builder, the advantage shifted and mountain indians became guests. according to bidwell, such trading events took place at intervals of years, and when they concluded, the mountain and valley tribelets parted as enemies. in bidwell ’ s time, the mountain maidus likely made surreptitious night visits to take a look at bidwell ’ s ranch or for secret meetings with willing mechoopdas. while bidwell understood the land as his property, the tribelets at large still considered it, rightfully at least, as the maidu territory of their mechoopda tribelet. the indians, many of whom had arrived at bidwell ’ s place about three weeks earlier than he expected them, set up camps in heavy groves across from his log house and the long shed, his stable and tack room. the visitors took a keen interest in the ranch ’ s new “ saltbox ” - style store with its “ hotel ” of several rooms above and the clapboard - sided bunkhouse where bidwell housed “ the indian boys ” who joined his vaqueros. their elders had worked for john potter, the area ’ s pioneer who had a substantial cattle operation which ran south from big chico creek along both sides of the oroville - shasta road. from bidwell the young men learned how to work on field and row crops, and they had put in the rancher ’ s first orchards and some grape vines during the previous spring. their elders were posted at the borders of grain fields with


road. from bidwell the young men learned how to work on field and row crops, and they had put in the rancher ’ s first orchards and some grape vines during the previous spring. their elders were posted at the borders of grain fields with orders to keep out the cattle. the young men ’ s bunkhouse not only presented a considerable contrast to the older families ’ bark huts, but it pointed to bidwell ’ s separation of the male laborers from their families. in other respects, he respected their culture. from their tree - shaded campsites, the mountain maidus could also assess the mechoopdas ’ situation. the valley tribelet had agreed to work on bidwell ’ s terms. they had nowhere they could go and they gained access to his resources, including added protection from their mountain rivals. this situation intrigued the more warlike mountain tribe. how could they drive off this rancher or tap his resources or find a way to restore their access to the valley? now that they were at bidwell ’ s headquarters, they also could communicate with the mechoopdas to compare ideas. while the indians ’ activities intrigued onlookers, the drama of treaty commissioner oliver wozencraft ’ s arrival conveyed command. accompanying him were “ gentlemanly and efficient ” army officers and 50 mounted infantry with a train of heavily laden packhorses enveloped in a rolling wall of dust. while wozencraft ’ s mission was difficult, he had reason for confidence because he had negotiated signed treaties with other tribes. while he was at bidwell ’ s rancho, the san francisco alta declared “ the reservations must be made where the indians at present reside … and that has been the course of the commissioners. ” as he slowed to dismount, wozencraft noted the hundreds of indians who took his measure in turn. by contrast to treaty meetings where a few tribesmen had shown up, bidwell had organized an impressive turnout. as wozencraft moved through the crowd with bidwell “ doing the honors, ” he was impressed by the mix of valley headmen or “ captains ” and those of the mountain tribelets. the latter were difficult to assemble, most at risk and most dangerous to settlers. he explained later the mountain and foothill maidus lived in small groups and were “ generally at war with one another. ” hence, “ they were very distrustful when it is attempted to bring them together. ” the treaty commissioner found bidwell had anticipated his needs. because the native people would find it hard to understand the terms of


generally at war with one another. ” hence, “ they were very distrustful when it is attempted to bring them together. ” the treaty commissioner found bidwell had anticipated his needs. because the native people would find it hard to understand the terms of a legal document, he had his carpenter build a lectern to draw a common focus. this podium ’ s image entered into the mechoopdas ’ oral history. in addition, bidwell provided interpreters. one, rafael, about 12, was the young boy he had “ adopted ” from a tribelet and trained as his personal assistant. the second interpreter, napani, was about 9. she was a daughter of mechoopda headman luc - a - yan, whom a settler woman described as “ a man of superior ability, dignity and fine disposition. ” she thought he resembled “ a bronze statue. ” the ranch was organized for the meeting, the indians were in place, and wozencraft was ready to lay out the treaty terms. deliberations would follow a rocky course — as would the relationship between wozencraft and bidwell. in 1858 bidwell would testify that commissioner wozencraft had instructed him to offer the indians all the beef they wanted regardless of cost. his statement contradicted wozencraft ’ s explicit instructions, however. in an 1851 letter to bidwell, wozencraft referred to their common understanding that bidwell should distribute beef to “ keep the indians pacified at the least cost to the government ” and that his beef allocations “ should be governed by necessity. ” bidwell also wanted wozencraft to award him the lucrative contract to supply the beef, even though wozencraft had already awarded it to someone else and wouldn ’ t go back on his word. needless to say, bidwell was not happy. there is much more to the treaty story, but the end result was that bidwell worked against the ratification of the treaty, and it failed to pass the california legislature. california is one of the few states that did not establish a treaty with indians. the consequences of this for the california indians, especially the mechoopda maidu, is that many of them are still fighting to be recognized as a tribe, with the incumbent rights and privileges that accompany that recognition. in butte county, the mechoopda maidu are in court to challenge butte county ’ s effort to stop them from building a casino southeast of chico. note : this is an excerpt from a chapter from a manuscript by michele shover


in early october, the military government of guatemala ’ s president otto perez molina massacred a peaceful protest held by indigenous k ’ iche protestors from totonicapan, resulting in the death of seven men and leaving thirty - four others injured. totonicapan, a department in the western highlands of guatemala, holds an indigenous k ’ iche majority population. despite being one of the poorest and most malnourished of the departments in guatemala, it also has been ranked as one of the most peaceful, ranking third to last for rates of violent crime. military and national police arrived to the cumbre de alaska, a stretch of the inter - american highway in the guatemalan highlands, at 9 : 30 the morning of october 4th. there, hundreds of k ’ iches from the department of totonicapan had gathered to protest three issues : elevations in the costs of electricity, changes to the education system, and constitutional reforms that would eliminate government recognition of indigenous ancestral authorities. recounts of what happened that morning vary, but what is confirmed is that three vehicles of military and police personnel approached the scene and eventually fired at least 108 bullets into the crowd of protesters and launched 89 canisters of teargas. initial reactions from the government claimed the police were unarmed. “ i want to be emphatic, ” began interior minister mauricio lopez bonillo. “ the army and police forces that were present were not carrying firearms. they were carrying non - lethal weapons, tear gas and pepper spray. they follow protocol. ” he concluded : “ the community members attacked each other. ” soldier manuel lima vasquez, carrying assault rifle at the cumbre de alaska, october 4th. a very short time later, after photos emerged of military forces carrying assault rifles, they changed the story. this time, the military were carrying weapons, but only shot them in the air to scare protestors who were throwing rocks and sticks. finally, a full investigation of the incident was carried out, concluding that eight soldiers fired weapons directly at protestors, which they did in violation of superior orders. the attorney general of guatemala has charged colonel juan chiroy sal, the commander of the detachment sent to the cumbre de alaska that morning, with extrajudicial murder, along with the eight soldiers who fired their weapons. commissioner dinah shelton, of the inter - american commission on human rights responded : “ the iachr values the actions taken by the office of the attorney general. it is now essential that the judicial inquiry continues until all facts are


who fired their weapons. commissioner dinah shelton, of the inter - american commission on human rights responded : “ the iachr values the actions taken by the office of the attorney general. it is now essential that the judicial inquiry continues until all facts are cleared up, and criminal responsibilities are established. it is also of fundamental importance that the authorities of guatemala adopt mechanisms to avoid excessive use of force by state agents in protests and demonstrations, ” according to their press release. the use of violence and repression by the military has come to a peak in otto perez molina ’ s administration. perez molina, an ex - military general during guatemala ’ s violent armed conflict, campaigned on the promise that he would use a militarized state to combat drug trafficking and violent crime that plagues urban areas. instead, during his first year in office, the country has seen increasing use of military repression against indigenous activists, as was seen in the state of siege imposed in may in the town of barillas, huehuetenango after protests arose over a controversial hydroelectric dam. “ we believe there has been a real return to the use of violence as a response to social demands, ” explained domingo hernandez, part of the board of directors for the mayan grassroots group waqib ’ kej. he continued, “ in guatemala we urgently need to start a process of democratization. in this government it hasn ’ t been possible. a militarized system is vertical, authoritarian, patriarchal, and doesn ’ t allow for citizens – indigenous peoples, women, and youth – to express their opinions. this state, led by ex - military officials, is treating our country as if it were their headquarters. ” the protest was convened by the group 48 cantones, ( 48 villages ) one of the longest standing, and well - respected system of traditional indigenous governance existing in guatemala. the group is an amalgamation of 48 villages around the department of totonicapan, and is organized to defend the cultural and territorial heritage of their ancestors. anthropologists have tied the group to mayan resistance dating back to the arrival of the spanish colonizers in the region. their system of sustainable forest and water management has been an example for communities all over guatemala. in 2010, cultural survival ' s community radio project worked with 48 cantones to produce a radio - novella series on these sustainable practices for broadcast across community radio stations of guatemala. leaders of the movement have called for a deep and transparent investigation of the massacre, questioning the resolution of the government that the soldiers and the colonoal acted


produce a radio - novella series on these sustainable practices for broadcast across community radio stations of guatemala. leaders of the movement have called for a deep and transparent investigation of the massacre, questioning the resolution of the government that the soldiers and the colonoal acted alone, against orders. " hopefully this will lead to trials of those that acted to shoot but also start a process of investigation into the intellectual leaders, ” said juana del carmen tacan, president of the 48 cantones. " someone must have given the order to shoot them ; we want to know who they were. you have to get to the top. " cultural survival deplores this act of violence against the members of 48 cantones and extends our condolences to the community of totonicapan. leaders in guatemala have called the international community to action : “ we ask the international community to be attentive to what is happening in guatemala. we can ’ t permit a return to the past, to new massacres. the people of guatemala want to live in peace and take back our country from the hands of the oligarchy and the military ; to recuperate a democracy that has been taken from us over hundreds of years, ” said domingo hernandez. take action : visit the guatemalan human rights commission to urge the governmentt of guatemala to respect the demands of 48 cantones. the massacre at totonicapan became the forefront issue at the october 12th march of resistance in guatemala city, a national call to action for indigenous people ' s to express their most pressing concerns on the anniversary of columbus ' arrival to the americas. " now a massacre in toto... tomorrow it could be you. join the fight. " wreaths for each of 7 victims shot and killed by guatemalan military on october 4th. " he who shot and killed is as guilty as he who ordered : punishment for the minds behind the massacre. " " no more massacres " cultural survival helps indigenous peoples around the world defend their lands, languages, and cultures as they deal with issues like the one you ’ ve just read about. to read about cultural survival ’ s work around the world, click here. to read more articles on the subject use our search function and explore 40 years of information on indigenous issues. for ways to take action to help indigenous communities, click here. we take on governments and multinational corporations — and they always have more resources than we do — but with the help of people like you, we do win. your contribution is crucial to that effort. click here


teaching materials social studies kits a social history of women [ kit ] by shiela c. robertson and kathleen o ’ brien. ( 1986 ). tkss 700 unit of study on the social history of women, concentrating on women from minnesota. includes general lessons on women ’ s history, and lessons on six " non - famous " historic women : mathilda tolksdorf shillock, linda james benitt, theresa ericksen, mary longley riggs, caroline seabury, and ethel ray nance. for elementary grades. 7 booklets, 6 posters : b & w and col. ; in portfolio, 26 x 39 x 3 cm. my cup runneth over : value game [ kit ]. ( 1973 ). tkss 701 assists players in communicating personal values and interpreting the values of others. black studies [ kit ]. ( 1973 ). tkss 702 examines some of the significant aspects of black american culture. 1. african heritage. 9 cards. - - 2. slavery & civil war. 16 cards. - - 3. reconstruction & jim crowism. 13 cards. - - 4. twentieth century. 32 cards. - - 5. literature & dramatic arts. 14 cards. - - 6. music. 12 cards. - - 7. sports. 6 cards. - - 8. famous black americans. 33 cards. - - 9. bibliography. 7 cards. 142 activity cards, 1 foreword card, 1 table of contents card, 1 title card, and 9 divider cards in container. social studies strategies. [ flash card ] by annette sue hart. ( 1972 ). tkss 703 social studies activities emphasizing student involvement and including dramatic play, role playing, simulation games, map experiences, documents and ancient writing, and making filmstrip. for elementary education. developing understanding of self and others. [ kit ] by don dinkmeyer. ( 1970 ). tkss 704 designed to help children better understand social emotional behavior and may be used by teachers, elementary school counselors, and others as a developmental guidance program. developing understanding of self and others : duso d - 2. [ kit ] ( 1973 ). tkss 705 a program of activities designed for upper primary and grade 4 levels, ages 7 - 10, to help teach concepts of social and emotional behavior. world map in equal area presentation : peters projection. ( 1983 ). tkss 707 " one square inch on the map = 158, 000 square miles. "


, ages 7 - 10, to help teach concepts of social and emotional behavior. world map in equal area presentation : peters projection. ( 1983 ). tkss 707 " one square inch on the map = 158, 000 square miles. " escapades! [ flash card ]. ( 1996 ). tkss 709 box of 300 different games, challenges, energizers, mind stumpers, tongue twisters, alternate versions to traditional sports and games. for all ages ; 2 or more players. 350 activity cards : b & w ; in box 18 x 10 x 12 cm. + 11 dividers. skillstreaming the elementary school child [ activity card ] : skill cards. ( 1997 ). tkss 710 skill cards list the steps needed to successfully perform each of the 60 prosocial skills outlined in " skillstreaming the elementary school child. 480 cards : col. ; 8 x 13 cm. a visit to colonial williamsburg [ slide ]. ( 1978 ). tkss 713 follows the tourist route through colonial williamsburg in virginia. shows various buildings and gardens in order as they appear along the way. shows the interiors and exteriors of major exhibition buildings. " with lecture notes. revised 3 / 21 / 78. " here ’ s looking at you, demo kit. grades 7 - 9 [ kit ]. ( 2001 ). tks 714 demonstration kit for preview purposes with a sampling of the materials contained in the complete " here ’ s looking at you ". a research - based, mixed - media prevention program focused on the gateway drugs of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana. designed to promote healthy norms, increase protective factors, and reduce risk factors that have been correlated with drug use. developed around three components : giving students current and accurate information, teaching them social skills, and providing opportunities for them to bond with their school, their families, and their community. 3 posters, 1 audiocassette, 3 videocassettes, 1 book, 1 magazine, 1 teacher ’ s guide with cd - rom, 2 inventory / ordering pages ; in container, 31 x 35 x 12 cm. project alert [ videorecording ] : a drug prevention program for middle grades. ( 2003 ). tkss 715 a two year, fourteen lesson plan program for middle school students, which focuses on drugs that adolescents are most likely to use : alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. parent involved homework assignments extend the learning process. project alert - - a guided tour


year, fourteen lesson plan program for middle school students, which focuses on drugs that adolescents are most likely to use : alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. parent involved homework assignments extend the learning process. project alert - - a guided tour - - let ’ s talk about marijuana - - pot : the party crasher - - lindsey ’ s choice - - pot or not? - - clearing the air - - saying no to drugs - - paul ’ s fix - - resisting peer pressure. videotape dates run from 1996 - 2002 ; teacher ’ s guidebook is copyrighted for 2003. grades 6 - 8. 9 videocassettes : sd., col. ; 1 / 2 in. + 1 loose - leaf teacher ’ s guidebook + 12 posters. multimedia vc 4713 pts. 1 - 9 & suppl. & tkss 715 my friends and me. [ kit ] by duane e. davis. ( 1977 ). tkss 716 a carefully balanced program of group activities and materials designed to help teachers and parents assist the healthy personal and social development of young children. for preschool education. mix - n - match cards [ game ]. ( 1995 ). tkss 717 geography term - n - definition - - historical character - n - achievement - - historical event - n - date - - state - n - abbreviation - - state - n - capital - - sports. v. of cards : ill. ; 28 cm. raccoon circles [ kit ] : a handbook for facilitators. ( 2001 ). tkss 718 intended to teach coworkers to work as a team while performing various games. 1 piece of nylon webbing ; 2 books. relocation of japanese americans [ picture ]. ( 197? ). tkss 719 photographs of japanese americans who had to leave their homes and businesses during world war ii. 15 study prints : b & w. ; 28 x 36 cm. + 1 explanatory sheet. just choices [ videorecording ] : exploring social justice today. ( 19?? ). tkss 721 this video complements the just choices program as it teaches students about a modern - day social justice movement. the video documents the journeys of four high school students as they investigate the roles and treatment of animals in society for a class project on social justice. as the students learn about the movement, its victories and struggles, and the role of animals in society, they realize that they can make a


high school students as they investigate the roles and treatment of animals in society for a class project on social justice. as the students learn about the movement, its victories and struggles, and the role of animals in society, they realize that they can make a difference through the choices that they make. 1 videocassette ( 21 min. ) : col. ; 1 / 2 in. + teacher ’ s guide ( 6 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. ) + 1 poster + 5 activity sheets. dr. playwell ’ s don ’ t pick on me game [ game ]. ( 2005 ). tkss 722 designed to help children learn to deal with bullying and teasing in a non - threatening atmosphere. for 2 - 4 players, ages 6 - 12. 1 game ( 1 board, 16 figures, 1 spinner, 72 game cards, 16 stands, 100 chips, 1 assessment card, 1 answer sheet ( two - sided ), 1 booklet of instructions ) ; in box 6. 5 x 29 x 24 cm. dr. playwell ’ s game of social success [ game ]. ( 2004 ). tkss 723 designed to help children get to know one another while playing games and learn social skills that can be used immediately with other players. for 2 - 4 players, ages 6 - 12. 1 game ( 1 board, 4 playing pawns, 1 egg timer, 1 spinner, 48 social success cards, 1 skills assessment card, 1 pad of questionnaires, 1 pad of success certificates, 1 booklet of instructions ) ; in box 6. 5 x 29 x 24 cm. [ positive behavior poster collection ] [ picture ]. ( 2003 ). tkss 724 posters designed to help encourage good behavior in children through positive reinforcement. say it with signs - - caught you being good - - rules & consequences chart. 3 posters : col. ; 60 x 46 cm. + 3 directions sheets, 2 felt markers. coat of arms. by catherine daly - weir ; illustrated by jeff crosby. ( 2000 ). tkss 725 traces the origins of coat of arms and the rules that govern their use and design. includes a stencil to help the reader design their own coat of arms. 31 p. : col. ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 plastic stencil. timetoenrich : grades 7 - 12 activity kit : instruction manual. ( 2002 ). tkss 726 presents activities that educate as well as entertain in the areas of social


ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 plastic stencil. timetoenrich : grades 7 - 12 activity kit : instruction manual. ( 2002 ). tkss 726 presents activities that educate as well as entertain in the areas of social development, healthy living, citizenship, and career awareness. cards present 180 activities and the leader ’ s guide contains a cd - rom with reproducible worksheets, sample letters to parents, praise certificates, and a list of resources. grades 7 - 12. 187 p. ; ill. : 28 cm. + 1 cd - rom ( 4 3 / 4 in. ) + 180 activity cards ( in box 20 x 16 x 9 cm. ) the story grammar marker [ kit ]. ( 2002 ). tkss 727 kit provides methods for organizing the integration of thinking, speaking and writing skills in the classroom. grades k - 5. 1 teacher ’ s marker ( 27 in. ) ; 1 guide ( 195 p. ). harcourt horizons. ( 2003 ). tkss 728 about my community ( grade 2 ) - - people and communities ( grade 3 ) - - states and regions ( grade 4 ) - - united states history ( grade 5 ) - - world regions ( grade 6 ). grades k - 6 / 7. harcourt horizons. ( 2005 ). tkss 729 about my community ( grade 2 ) - - people and communities ( grade 3 ) - - states and regions ( grade 4 ) - - united states history : beginnings ( grade 5 ) - - world history ( grade 6 ). fetal alcohol spectrum disorders [ kit ] : education & prevention curriculum. ( 2006 ). tkss 730 a school - based curriculum for grades k - 12 that provides age - appropriate information about the consequences that alcohol can have on human development. the curriculum also teaches youth to be tolerant and accepting of all individuals regardless of their individual capabilities or disabilities. 5 books, 5 computer optical discs, 1 model of brain with stand and guide card. this is my home [ kit ] : a minnesota human rights education experience. ( 2005 ). tkss 731 the goal of the kit is to integrate and simplify human rights education in k - 12 schools statewide. the objectives are to engage all members of the school community in creating a learning environment in which everyone can grow to their full potential with their human rights and human dignity upheld ; to motivate all members of the school community to take responsibility in promoting and protecting human rights, so that student achievement, development,


in creating a learning environment in which everyone can grow to their full potential with their human rights and human dignity upheld ; to motivate all members of the school community to take responsibility in promoting and protecting human rights, so that student achievement, development, and performance can thrive ; to develop new tools for sharing and monitoring emerging human rights education practices. 2 booklets, 1 computer optical disc, 1 dvd, 1 pamphlet, 5 guide cards. the land of tutankhamen [ chart ] produced by sunday times special projects unit. ( 1972 ). tkss 732 presents egyptian civilization at the time of tutankhamen, 1361 - 1352 b. c. includes descriptions of tutankhamen, egyptian kingship, pyramid construction, hieroglyphics. 1 wall chart : col. ; 98 x 74 cm., folded to 25 x 19 cm. skillstreaming the adolescent [ kit ] by arnold p. goldstein ; ellen mcginnis. tkss 733 program for teaching prosocial skills. skill cards list the steps needed to successfully perform each of the 50 prosocial skills outlined in skillstreaming the adolescent. 337 p. : 23 cm. + 400 skillcards : ( col. ; 8 x 13 cm. ) + 1 program form ( 43 p. ; 28 cm. ) + 1 student manual. ( 60 p. ; 28 cm. ) dr. playwell ’ s game of self - control [ game ]. ( 2005 ). tkss 734 designed to help children learn the importance of self - control at school, in their homes and communities, and in personal habits. for 2 - 4 players, ages 6 - 12. 1 game ( 1 board, 2 dice, 4 pawns, 48 game cards, 100 chips, 1 assessment card, 4 colored circles, 1 booklet of instructions ) ; in box 6. 5 x 29 x 24 cm. turtle puppet [ toy ]. ( 2008 ). tkss 735 turtle plush puppet with western hemisphere on shell, green head, green feet with yellow soles, yellow underbelly and edge of shell, purple mouth, and embroidered eyes. for more information, contact : martha eberhart, reference librarian 416 library drive duluth, mn 55812 revised and updated 11 / 12


go out and have unprotected sex, you ' ll be happier! say what?! that ' s what researchers from suny albany are saying in a new study. they claim that certain chemicals found in semen can have a positive effect on the physical and mental health of women who frequently engage in unprotected sex. according to the study, " semen is known to contain such " mood - altering chemicals " as estrone and oxytocin, which elevate mood ; cortisol, which promotes affection ; serotonin, which acts as an antidepressant ; and melatonin, which induces sleep. " they determined through an anonymous survey of 293 women on campus, that women who have oral sex or unprotected sex on a regular basis were " happier than those who practiced safe sex. " to measure the mood of survey participants, researchers had the women complete the beck depression inventory, which is a standard clinical test used to assess depressive symptoms. of all their findings, perhaps the most interesting was the discovery that sexually active women who usually or always used condoms were on par in their unhappiness with women who abstained from sex altogether. we ' ll see how " happy " they are after they get an std. according to statistics an estimated 65 million americans are living with an std. there are 19 million new cases of stds every year. and women are even more at risk for some stds. for instance 75 % of women have chlamydia and don ' t even know it. 1 in 4 women have hpv. not to mention women account for one in four new hiv diagnoses and deaths caused by aids. why don ' t they just start selling medicinal sperm at sperm banks, it ' d be safer. what do you think about this study? get in on the dish. send me your tweets : twitter. com / maggiesworld or emails : firstname. lastname @ example. org or comment on the online dish facebook fan page. and that ' s today ' s helping of online dish.


prairie dogs enjoy a snack in their habitat at the detroit zoo. ( joe ballor / daily tribune ) species : prairie dogs ( cynomus lodovicianus ) home : north america ’ s prairies and open grassland. the detroit zoo is home to over 70 black - tailed prairie dogs. the zoo ’ s prairie dog habitat features three clear observation areas where children under 4 - feet tall can observe the animals from inside the habitat. “ the kids love it, ” said betsie meister, assistant curator of mammals at the detroit zoo. “ they can ’ t believe they can get right up close and look eye - to - eye with the prairie dog. it ’ s really unique. ” average life span : 3 - 4 years in the wild ; up to 8 years in captivity height : head and body, 12 - 15 inches ; tail, 3 - 4 inches weight : 2 - 4 pounds going to town : prairie dogs live in towns that typically cover less than a half - square mile. some prairie dog towns are enormous, with one in texas reportedly covering 25, 000 square miles with an estimated 400 million individuals. birth : reproduce once per year, with 3 - 4 pups now you know : there are five species of prairie dogs, rodents that are considered ground squirrels. they live in underground burrows, an extensive tunnel system with front and back doors and separate rooms for sleeping, defecating, nurseries, etc. there are also listening rooms near the surface, so they can detect predators. a prairie dog family consists of a male, several females and the youngsters. they are highly sociable and grooming is a regular pastime. they even “ kiss ” and hug each other. family members share food and work together to chase off other prairie dogs. they have a complex communication system that helps warn of predators. protection status : because they eat crops and their burrows are a tripping danger to horses, prairie dogs have been targeted by extermination campaigns. several species dependent on the prairie dog, such as the black - footed ferret, are endangered or threatened. detroit zoo information : ( 248 ) 541 - 5717, www. detroitzoo. org. — joe ballor, daily tribune note : animals of the zoo is a weekly series. next : tigers.


calendar reform and eclipses : the place of edzna high noon among the maya although both the 260 - day sacred almanac and the 365 - day secular calendar predated the maya by well over a millennium, and the " principle " of using key calendar dates to define urban locations and the long count itself had likewise been developed by the olmecs several centuries before the maya emerged as a civilized society, it was the latter who seized upon these intellectual tools and honed them to the highest level of sophistication of any of the native peoples of mesoamerica. ironically, they did so in one of the most difficult environments in the entire region ; yet, this same environment may ultimately have been responsible for their failure to survive as an advanced and vigorous culture until the arrival of the europeans. having largely been displaced from their initial homeland in the gulf coastal plain of mexico by the migration of the zoques in the thirteenth century b. c., most of the mayan - speaking peoples ended up moving toward the east. ( it will be remembered that only one group of maya moved northward as a result of the zoque advance, becoming in the process the huastecs. ) the area into which the maya moved can be subdivided into three rather distinct geographic regions. the first of these was the peten region of northern guatemala and southern yucatan : an area of relatively heavy precipitation mantled in dense tropical rain forest, developed on a deeply weathered base of flat - lying limestone, pocked with solution valleys - - many of which contain lakes of some size - - and laced by numerous rivers. the second region was the yucatan peninsula itself : an area of drier climate developed on a low and almost featureless limestone plateau with no surface drainage and supporting a vegetation cover of short, deciduous, tropical scrub forest. and the third region comprised the highlands of guatemala : an area of subtropical to temperate mixed forest developed on a base of folded limestone ridges in the north that give way to lofty volcanic peaks in the south. the climatic station of flores is located in the heart of the region of peten, now a part of northern guatemala. it is representative of tikal and the core area of the so - called " old empire " of the maya. although its water need ( i. e., temperature ) curve is somewhat more variable than those of soconusco or the olmec region, its precipitation curve demonstrates both a monsoonal peak during the warmest months of the year and a very marked hurricane peak in early autumn


. e., temperature ) curve is somewhat more variable than those of soconusco or the olmec region, its precipitation curve demonstrates both a monsoonal peak during the warmest months of the year and a very marked hurricane peak in early autumn. its warmth and moisture indices insure its classification as a tropical humid climate, which supports a native vegetation of heavy rain forest. merida, the capital and largest city of yucatan, is located in the northwestern quadrant of the peninsula, away from the trade winds which blow in constantly from the caribbean sea. its water budget diagram is typical of the region which constituted the so - called " new empire " of the maya, represented by such sites as uxmal, mayapan, and chichen itza. its relatively uniform water need ( i. e., temperature ) curve is unfortunately not matched by its precipitation curve, so much of the year the area experiences a moisture deficit. monsoonal rains in the high - sun period seasonally provide enough moisture for a corn harvest, and a small surplus is usually recorded with the passage of an autumn hurricane. while the station ' s warmth index indicates that it is clearly tropical, the fact that merida only receives about 60 percent of the moisture it actually needs means that the native vegetation of the northern yucatan is scrub forest. ( data from secretaria de recursos hidraulicos. ) as was pointed out earlier, the maya seem to have founded their earliest major ceremonial center in what has to have been the most favored geographic setting in all of the yucatan - - on the edge on the largest aguada or alluvial depression, in the entire peninsula. located in what today is the interior of campeche state, this vast soil - filled depression provided the agricultural support system for the incipient " city " we now know as edzna. dating to about 150 b. c., edzna was a bustling urban node for more than 20, 000 persons at the peak of its existence in the early centuries of the christian era. figure 34. the climatic station of quezaltenango is located in the western highlands of guatemala, just over the sierra madre from soconusco. its low latitude and high elevation combine to produce a very even water need curve which in no month exceeds 75 mm ( 3 in. ). although the station enjoys a 12 - month growing season ( delimited by the straight line near the bottom of the graph ),, an occasional frost can pose a risk to crops. its extreme precipitation


month exceeds 75 mm ( 3 in. ). although the station enjoys a 12 - month growing season ( delimited by the straight line near the bottom of the graph ),, an occasional frost can pose a risk to crops. its extreme precipitation curve, with a low - sun deficit and a high - sun surplus, exemplifies a typical monsoonal climate. however, with a warmth index of less than 4. 0, it qualifies as a warm - temperate humid climate which supports a native vegetation of mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest. although the layout of edzna mimicked that of teotihuacan, its contemporary on the mexican plateau, by being oriented to the setting sun on the " day the world began, " the maya priests were no doubt quick to realize that august 13 was a date that had no real meaning to the peasant farmers of the yucatan. the priests were certainly aware of the practice of using the zenithal passage of the sun to herald the beginning of a new year, but at edzna the sun passed overhead at noon no less than 18 days earlier than the date that the olmecs had established as " the beginning of time. " obviously, while the maya couldn ' t change the facts of history, they could amend the calendar to accord more closely with the realities of their own physical setting. not only did the priests of edzna appreciate the need for such a calendar reform, but their reckoning also told them that an auspicious time for such a change was drawing nigh. the long count was nearing the completion of baktun 7, and baktun 8 was soon about to begin. what more appropriate a time could they have contemplated for " turning over a new leaf "? yet, as baktun 8 neared and the zenithal sun passed overhead, it was as if the maya ' s own auguries obliged them to postpone the calendar reform. forty - five days before the dawn of baktun 8, they recorded the passage of the zenithal sun, which fell in that year ( a. d. 41 ) on the maya date 3 men 3 uayeb. it was the latter aspect of this date which must have given them pause, because the " month " of uayeb was the five - day unlucky period at the end of the maya year. during these five inauspicious days, the people were wont to keep as low a profile as possible, engaging in only a minimum of activities, as


unaware earlier. they were well aware, of course, that every time one of their " vague years " of 365 days was completed, the date in the 260 - day sacred almanac had advanced by another 105 days. but, because the least common divisor between the two counts was 5 and there were 20 day - names in the sacred almanac, there would only be 4 day - names that would repeatedly coincide with the beginning of the 365 - day year. thus, because their calendar reform was initiated on a day called 12 eb in the sacred almanac, in the following year the maya new year fell on 13 caban ( 105 days later in the sacred almanac ). however, in the year after that - - because the sacred almanac used only 13 numerals - - the new year fell on 1 ik ( another advance of 105 days ). and in the fourth year, the maya new year ' s day was celebrated on 2 manik ( 105 days farther along in the almanac ). by the beginning of the fifth year, the cycle of 20 day - names started over, so that the following four years began on 3 eb, 4 caban, 5 ik, and 6 manik, respectively - - each year being identified with the next higher numeral but always with one of the same 4 day - names. from this realization, the maya developed the notion that these four days of the sacred almanac - - eb, caban, ik, and manik - - were " the bearers of the years " ; that is, they " carried " the year along until it was passed on to the next " bearer, " much as athletes run a relay race. this idea of " year bearers " gives us an insight into how the maya envisioned time ; each day was a " burden " to be carried by the deity who presided over it until his leg of the relay was complete, at which time he transferred it to the next deity, and so it went. reassuring as the notion of regular " year bearers " must have been to the maya, they were still troubled by the fact that the beginning of their new year soon failed to coincide with the zenithal passage of the vertical sun. naturally, this was because their " vague year " was 365 days long, rather than 365 days plus a fraction, so that in four years their secular calendar slipped a full day. thus, when the zenithal sun passed over edzna for the fifth time, it did so on 1 pop


" was 365 days long, rather than 365 days plus a fraction, so that in four years their secular calendar slipped a full day. thus, when the zenithal sun passed over edzna for the fifth time, it did so on 1 pop rather than 0 pop ; by the ninth time, new year ' s day fell on 2 pop ; by the thirteenth time, its passage took place on 3 pop, and so forth. ironically, by measuring the passage of the zenithal sun over edzna so precisely, the maya priests came to realize as never before how imprecise their time - count really was. ( in this same connection, it is interesting to note that bishop landa records that the maya had, by the sixteenth century, shifted over to using the days kan, muluc, ix, and cauac as their year bearers. ) on the other hand, the decision by the priests of edzna to make the beginning of their year accord with the zenithal passage of the sun over their city - - an event which occurs on july 26 in our own calendar - - left a lasting mark on maya timekeeping. as it turned out, the parallel of 19º. 5 n latitude on which edzna is located neatly bisects the yucatan peninsula, which means that throughout the maya heartland the zenithal passage of the sun was an event that had meaning and relevance to everyone. it appears, therefore, that edzna, through the combined " accidents " of geography and history came to serve as the " greenwich of the maya, " for nowhere else within the region they occupied could the july 26 zenithal passage be calibrated except there. in other words, no other ceremonial center within the maya area is situated at precisely this latitude, so only at edzna could the new year ' s date be pinpointed. in fact, writing about edzna, thompson observes that its priests seem to have exercised something akin to a " veto power " in calendrical matters, for he mentions a possible one - day correction to the calendar having been made there in the year 671, after which all the other maya ceremonial centers appear to have fallen into line ( thompson, 1950 ). one of the early spanish prelates of the yucatan, bishop landa, reported that the maya marked the beginning of their new year with the zenithal passage of the sun on the equivalent of july 26 in our calendar. such an event takes place along the parallel of 19º. 5 n,


yucatan, bishop landa, reported that the maya marked the beginning of their new year with the zenithal passage of the sun on the equivalent of july 26 in our calendar. such an event takes place along the parallel of 19º. 5 n, a line which neatly bisects the peninsula but intersects only one major site in doing so - - edzna. because the first day of the maya new year, 0 pop, initially coincided with july 26 around the year a. d. 48, this would appear to mark the beginning of their " reformed " calendar. some researchers have assumed that each maya ceremonial center had its own calendar, but the observation by thompson cited above suggests otherwise. so, too, does the historical record, because bishop diego de landa, the third spanish prelate of the yucatan, specifically records that the maya began their new year with the passage of the zenithal sun, and that the day this occurred was the equivalent of july 26 in the gregorian calendar. it is of further interest to note that in the interval between the time the maya priests undertook the calendar reform in the year a. d. 48 and the time that landa wrote, one entire sothic cycle of 1460 years had passed, and astronomical events which were in phase in the year 48 were again in phase in the year 1508. ( the word sothic comes from the egyptian name for the star sirius. because the ancient egyptian calendar also had 365 days, rather than 365. 25 days, the rising of sirius, which marked the egyptian new year, was likewise found to get out of phase with the movements of the sun. however, by careful measurement the egyptians found that after 1460 full solar years had passed - - the equivalent of 1461 of their " imperfect " years - - the sun and the stars would once more be back in harmony with each other. ) thus, the zenithal sun passage once again coincided with the day 0 pop in the maya secular calendar in that year and during the three following years. all attempts to understand maya civilization have been made immensely more difficult because bishop landa, in his religious zeal, managed to consign all but a handful of the maya ' s books and records to his bonfires. the rather straightforward description of the astronomical importance of edzna which i have sketched out above was by no means as direct and uncomplicated as it might sound. but it did begin with the two clues which landa bequeathed to us - - namely, that the maya new year coincided with the


were back in the period a. d. 48 - 51. in view of the antiquity of this date as opposed to the relative " lateness " of edzna ' s supposed founding, in my 1978 article reporting the findings of my computer study i decided to make no mention of the " maya calendar reform " which i had hypothesized had taken place there. ( the deductions which had led me to izapa had embroiled me in enough conflict with the archaeologists, i felt. ) ironically, as my article was going to press in the winter of 1978, 1 chanced to meet prof. matheny, who had recently excavated edzna, in the field. when i cautiously mentioned to him how my deductions had suggested a calendar reform having taken place there " about 600 years before the place was founded, " he laughed and replied, " well, cinco pisos may have been a late classic construction but our radiocarbon data show us that edzna itself was a thriving concern already about 150 b. c. " encouraged by both my computer findings and prof matheny, i then went on to edzna to make the further discoveries reported in these pages. making sense of the moon pinning down the movement of the sun, irregular as it was with respect to the long count, was like child ' s play for the maya compared to their struggle to understand the movements of the moon. once again their failure to recognize the concept of fractions obliged them to undertake lengthy counts of cycles in the hope of eventually finding two periods which coincided in nice, whole integers. a case in point is the length of a lunation, the period of time between two successive new moons. the maya obviously realized that it was not 29 days, but it also was not 30 days. attempting to describe a time period which was actually 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 2. 8 seconds in length was for them a philosophical impossibility. yet, after they had counted 149 " moons " in a row they realized that exactly 12 tuns and 4 uinals had elapsed, or a total of 4400 days ; they were then confident that the cycle would begin over again, with the moon occupying the same position it had had relative to the sun when the cycle began. that they could do so with reasonable assurance is demonstrated by the fact that 4400 days divided by 149 lunations yields an average of 29. 5302 days per lunation - - a value less than 0


relative to the sun when the cycle began. that they could do so with reasonable assurance is demonstrated by the fact that 4400 days divided by 149 lunations yields an average of 29. 5302 days per lunation - - a value less than 0. 0004 at variance with that used by modern astronomers! more difficult yet, however, was trying to find some regular pattern in the moon ' s seemingly erratic bouncing around the sky. unlike the sun, which moves progressively farther north or south each day until it finally reaches its " stopping place " and then turns around, the moon rises and sets at such different times of the day or night in such widely differing places along the horizon that it might seem " illogical, " " crazy, " or " drunken " in its behavior. indeed, if it were not for the fact that on occasion the moon suddenly became dark, or, even worse, that the sun itself was sometimes " devoured " by darkness without warning, perhaps there would have been no real reason to try to make sense out of the moon ' s motions. initially, the priests may have shared the layman ' s terror of the disappearing sun or moon, but not too many eclipses would have occurred before they may have suspected some functional relationship between the orderly path of the sun and the seemingly disorderly path of the moon. yet, not until the " crazy " ricocheting of the latter could be understood would they be able to predict the occurrence of eclipses, and only after they had mastered that skill would they be in a position to exercise the full power of that knowledge over their untutored subjects. stela c from tres zapotes now reposes in the national museum of anthropology and history in mexico city. the missing baktun value of its long count inscription was found in 1969, confirming the carving ' s 32 b. c. date. the lower edge of the stela is ruptured through the middle of the glyphs that give the number and name of the day in the sacred calendar. the preoccupation of the early mesoamericans with this matter of eclipses can probably be detected in one of the oldest long count inscriptions yet discovered, namely, stela c from tres zapotes found by matthew stirling in 1939. although the controversy over whether its missing baktun value was a " 7 " or an " 8 " was conclusively settled with the discovery of the detached fragment in 1969, no real attempt has been made to ascertain what its