? could it be, that our lack of knowledge of the true involvement of our ancestors in the fight for freedom, assisted the myth makers and revisionists in creating confederate regiments that never existed? after all, the story was created by hobbyists, reenactors and not by historians. but as we who descend from us colored troops have had so few civil war enthusiasts in our own midst, until recent years, and there was no one for a long time to refute this revised history and newly created myths. i realized that until the past 20 years - - - - there were no monuments to the uscts. african american civil war memorial monument but - - - almost every town large and small in the south has confederate monuments in the town square or on the ground of the local courthouse. and they have had them for decades! monuments such as this one in arkansas are found in hundreds of towns throughout the south. the local and state histories show the photos of the confederate reunions well into the 20th century. but no textbooks or state histories show images of usct reunions. though many gar chapters were integrated, the reunions of black regiments were rare - - - - if any occurred at all. and in the south - - - - did any occur ever? what are the results of this lack of knowledge? did the actions of andrew johnson to restore the secessionists to their status of " first class " status over an oppressed second class, lead to a silencing of the soldiers, denying those men who fought and died, who were of african descent no chance to spread honor and pride to their descendants. were they thus prevented in their expressions of pride and dignity from passing this knowledge to the next generations? did the use of the confederate flag - - - - a flag of the enemy for the us colored troops - - - - did the use of the flag officially flown in front of courthouses and as well as the flag use in terrorist acts, such as lynchings, force these honorable men, into a silence, requiring them to never speak to the next generation about their fight for freedom? is this how and why our stories got lost in our own families? and what was the result of this forced silence? shame? poor self - esteem, powerlessness? the better question - - - - what comes from knowing one ' s history? i can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from tennessee who served in the 111th us colored infantry, were captured, escaped and re - enlisted


- - - what comes from knowing one ' s history? i can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from tennessee who served in the 111th us colored infantry, were captured, escaped and re - enlisted - - - - i can only say that i saw with my own eyes - - - - the changes in body language as the young males heard this story of our uncle sephus, uncle braxton, cousins henry and emmanuel bass. i was asked to tell this story again to a new generation only this past year and once again - - - - the effect was amazing. did they hear it and understand it? i don ' t know - - - - but i know that in order for us to get to the story - - - - we have to learn the facts. * there were 138 regiments of the us colored troops who were volunteers in the union army. * most of these regiments were organized in the south. * there were 7 additional units part of the regular army. they were from mass, conn, and la. * all of these units served and / or saw action in the south. * the us colored troops saw action in 268 different battles / skirmishes between 1863 - 1866. memorize these few facts and pass them on!!! many stories lie untold in the unread pages of the official records of the civil war. as we speak of honoring our ancestors - - - - we have to tell their stories and in order to get to the story - - - - we must learn the facts! unknown soldier, united states colored troops source : library of congress


everybody knows cats don ' t have nine lives and black cats aren ' t a cover for witches. but these types of tall tales have contributed to people ' s incorrect notions about cats. here are often - heard feline health yarns, and what to say to clients to unravel 1. cats are aloof, unsocial creatures dogs wag their tails and bark in delight when you come home. cats show affection by nuzzling your leg. even though they ' re not boisterous, they still want — and need — attention. some cats do shun human affection, but these introverts don ' t represent the whole feline species. in fact, lack of interaction can be an early sign of illness. 2. indoor cats don ' t need preventive medicine a cat doesn ' t have to go outside to get sick, especially if it lives with other pets that do head out. animals that go from the outdoors in might harbor — and pass on — all sorts of infections, from respiratory viruses to internal parasites. and fleas and mosquitoes can easily make their way into the house then jump onto or bite an unsuspecting indoor cat. 3. cats are independent and don ' t need care cats don ' t need to be let out to go to the bathroom, but they can ' t open a can of food. even though putting out extra food might satisfy their physical needs for a weekend alone, it doesn ' t cover their emotional needs. what ' s more, if a cat gets sick — say from ingesting a foreign object — while home by itself, it can be very sick by sunday night. 4. cats go outside the litter box to be spiteful behavior problems aren ' t at the root of inappropriate elimination. instead, missing the box often signals an underlying medical condition, such as urinary tract disease or infection, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. it can also be a sign of arthritis, which makes getting into the litter box difficult. teach clients that when they notice their cats " going " in the wrong place, they should contact you immediately. 5. cats don ' t get heartworms heartworms affect dogs and cats differently, but they do affect cats. cases of feline heartworm disease have been reported in all 50 states. unlike dogs, cats are troubled by heartworm larvae ( juvenile adult heartworms ) rather than mature adult heartworms. when the larvae die in cats ' lungs, they cause lesions that may lead to airway and


find out which foods that promote sleep will give you a good night ’ s rest we all know that sleep and diet are both key to good overall health, but what is less well known is the strong link between the two. good sleep promotes a healthy appetite and foods that promote sleep can make it all happen. those who do not eat well may be causing themselves a bad night of rest, and lack of sleep can cause poor eating habits. this can become a self - perpetuating cycle, with bad habits in one leading to bad habits in the other. the good news is that there are foods that are not only good for you, but that will also actually help you sleep as well. these foods that promote sleep do double duty on the health front, and thus you would do well to consider adding them to your diet. what and when you eat has a great effect on your sleep. beyond the obvious effects of things like caffeine and alcohol on your sleep, regular foods can have great effects as well. eating spicy foods such as peppers before bed is a bad idea because you could be kept up by indigestion or heartburn. eating a full meal close to bed time is also not a good idea as it can cause these same issues as well. drinking lots of fluids before bed is could also affect your sleep by causing you to wake in the middle of the night to take a trip to the bathroom. but besides the foods and eating habits that effect your sleep in obvious ways, what about foods that affect the brain in a more basic way? there are foods that can have effects on the brain at a chemical level that can help promote sleep. foods that contain tryptophan, an amino acid, when eaten along with foods contain simple sugars known as carbohydrates can have a powerful sleep inducing effect on the brain. eating foods that contain calcium along with these other two further improves the effect. tryptophan is a precursor to both melatonin and serotonin serotonin and melatonin are both hormones manufactured in the brain that help it sleep. tryptophan is a building block the brain uses to create these two sleep hormones. there are two ways to increase serotonin and melatonin production in the brain, the first is to eat foods that contain tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. this is where carbohydrates come in. carbohydrates make tryptophan


to eat foods that contain tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. this is where carbohydrates come in. carbohydrates make tryptophan more available to the brain by stimulating the release of insulin into the blood stream. the insulin clears the blood of other amino acids which would otherwise compete with the tryptophan, thus making it more available to the brain. calcium also aids the brain in using tryptophan in producing melatonin. so now that the basics of how these foods promote sleep has been covered, it is important to know which foods and combinations of foods best produce this effect. dairy is a good choice because dairy products contain both tryptophan and calcium. below are some foods that contain tryptophan, calcium, protein, or a mixture of them. oatmeal with milk and walnuts carbohydrates and protein make this combination a great snack to eat before bed. these contain melatonin ; just make sure it is the tart variety, the kind used for making pie. this is a perfect sleep inducing food because it contains half carbohydrates and half protein. bananas are a triple treat as they contain tryptophan, melatonin, and serotonin. add a piece of bread for a carbohydrate. these have both tryptophan and carbohydrates, so they make a good sleep inducing food. so if you are having trouble falling asleep, try someof these foods that promote sleep. you will likely find that you are falling asleep faster and easier.


since 2010, schools across america have been taking part in michelle obama ' s ' let ' s move ' initiative to help fight childhood obesity in america — with parents, principals and teachers trying to promote healthy living in and out of the classroom. so, how well is it working? have schools in walnut creek found ways to keep local children fit and healthy? the mount diablo school district adheres to usda nutrition standards for its school meals, offering unlimited fruits and vegetables and using whole grains. the district hired a chef for the 2012 - 13 school year to " introduce some exciting new healthy recipes " on school menus. the walnut creek school district has a wellness policy that provides nutrition guidelines for school meals and stipulates that students get an hour a day of exercise. but " let ' s move " wants schools to do more than ditch junk food and give p. e. lessons. teachers are encouraged to incorporate nutrition education and physical activity into the curriculum, by making such concepts part of the daily routine. for example, the active schools acceleration program is currently offering grants for schools to take more innovative steps toward getting the kids active. programs include " an academically integrated curriculum of in - class movement breaks, " a before - school group aerobic work - out program, and a " 100 - mile club " where the kids work throughout the school year to run 100 miles. how is your child ' s school helping students stay fit and healthy? what do you think are the most effective methods to fight childhood obesity in school? share your experience in the comments.


cicadas : superfamily cicadoidea the drone of cicadas is one of sydney ' s most recognisable sounds of summer. cicadas are the loudest insects in the world and there are more than 200 species in australia. it is thought that the sound produced by some communal species can act as a defence against predatory birds and some are even loud enough ( 120 decibels ) to be painful to the human ear. cicadas also often sing in chorus, which makes it more difficult for a predator to locate an individual. cicadas are so conspicuous that many of their common names were initially given to them by children. as a result cicadas probably have the most colourful common names in the insect world. some of these include : black prince ( psaltoda plaga ), double drummer, floury baker, and the green grocer or yellow monday, cyclochila australasiae. - only male cicadas sing. they do this in an attempt to find a mate. - different species have different songs to attract only their own kind. - adult cicadas have short lives, usually only a few weeks. - most of their lives are spent as nymphs underground. for some species this can be up to several years. - cicadas feed only on plant sap using their piercing, sucking mouthparts. - cicadas feed on a huge range of plants, including eucalypts and grasses. - birds, bats, spiders, wasps, ants, mantids and tree crickets all prey on cicadas. what are cicadas? they are classified in the order hemiptera, which includes all insects with piercing and sucking mouth - parts. ( other insects in this order are bugs, aphids and scale insects ). there are more than 200 australian species of cicadas, most of which belong to the one large family, the cicadidae. cicadas are sometimes known as locusts in australia, but that term is more correctly applied to certain migratory species of grasshopper. what do cicadas look like? adult cicadas have stout bodies with two pairs of wings. the wing spans of the different species range from about 2. 5 cm - 15 cm. when not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. the longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. the fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in


15 cm. when not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. the longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. the fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in a few species it is dull and opaque. the wings are strengthened by a number of thin, firm veins. adult cicadas have three pairs of legs all about the same length. the femur ( thigh joint ) of the fore leg is thicker than that of the other legs. cicadas have large compound eyes situated one on each side of the head they also have three very small glistening simple eyes ( ocelli ) on the top of the head. the cicada ' s antennae ( feelers ) are quite small and bristle - like. the mouth parts of the cicada are enclosed in a long, thin, beak - like sheath. the sheath ( labium ) passes backwards from the lower surface of the head between the legs when the insect is not feeding. it contains four fine, needle - like stylets used in feeding. cicadas feed by piercing the surface of plants with their mouth stylets. they then suck up the sap through a tube formed by the concave surfaces of two of the stylets. this piercing and sucking kind of feeding apparatus can be contrasted with the biting and chewing kind found in grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles and caterpillars. cicadas may cause some slowing of the growth of trees from the amount of sap that they consume, but the effects are not very noticeable. they do not bite, though they may cling to the skin with their sharp claws when handled. they are considered harmless to people, despite the fact that their high - pitched call may annoy some people. the adults of larger kinds of cicadas can be found on the trunks or branches of trees in summer. they are often wary and fly away when approached. smaller kinds often live on low shrubs, or even on long grass. cicadas are eaten in large quantities by birds. they are also carried off by wasps as food for their young, and undoubtedly serve as food for many other animals even the nymphs beneath the ground are parasitised by the larvae of feather - horned beetles ( family rhipiceridae ). cicadas are notorious singers. the song is a mating call produced by the males only. each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather


feather - horned beetles ( family rhipiceridae ). cicadas are notorious singers. the song is a mating call produced by the males only. each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather similar species may co - exist. cicadas are the only insects to have developed such an effective and specialised means of producing sound. some large species such as the greengrocer / yellow monday and the double drummer produce a noise intensity in excess of 120 db at close range ( this is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear ). in contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our hearing. the apparatus used by cicadas for singing is complex and research is still continuing on the mechanisms involved. the organs which produce sound are the tymbals, a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the abdomen. contracting the internal tyrnbal muscles causes the tymbals to buckle inwards and produces a pulse of sound. by relaxing these muscles, the tymbals pop back to their original position. in some cicada species, a pulse of sound is produced as each rib buckles. both male and female cicadas have organs for hearing. a pair of large, mirror - like membranes, the tympana, receive the sound. the tympana are connected to an auditory organ by a short tendon. when a male sings, it creases the tympana so that it won ' t be deafened by its own noise. many species of cicada sing during the heat of the day. the loud noise produced by some day - singing cicadas actually repels birds, probably because the noise is painful to the birds ' ears and interferes with their normal communication. the males of many cicada species, including the greengrocer / yellow monday, and the double drummer, tend to group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise and reduces the chances of bird predation. some cicada species only sing at dusk. often these species are weak fliers ( as in the case of the bladder cicada ). they gain some protection from predatory birds by confining their activity to dusk. cicadas spend most of their life underground. it has been suggested that some of the large, common australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6 - 7 years. this would explain why adult cicadas are much


##cadas spend most of their life underground. it has been suggested that some of the large, common australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6 - 7 years. this would explain why adult cicadas are much more abundant during some seasons that others, with peaks occurring every few years. the periodical cicadas of north america spend 13 or 17 years underground. in contrast to that of the nymph, the life of adult cicadas is very short, lasting only a few weeks. after mating, the adult female cicada lays its eggs. it does this by piercing plant stems with its ovipositor ( egg - laying spike at the tip of the abdomen ) and inserting the eggs into the slits it has made. the eggs hatch into small wingless cicadas which are known as nymphs. they fall to the ground and burrow below the surface. here they live on the sap from plant roots for a period which may last several years. they shed their skin at intervals as they grow. when the nymph reaches full size it digs its way to the surface with its front legs, which are specially adapted for digging. it generally surfaces about nightfall in late spring or early summer. the nymph then climbs on to a tree trunk or other object and sheds its skin for the last time. the fully - winged adult cicada which emerges leaves its old empty nymphal skin behind. for enquiries relating to these insects in the australian museum collection please contact the collection manager - moulds, m. s. 1990. australian cicadas. new south wales university press. 217 pp., 24 pls. dr dave britton, collection manager, entomology


| family xv. fringillinae. finches. genus xii. corythus, cuv. pine - finch. | genus | | corythus enucleator, linn. in wilson ' s time, this beautiful bird was rare in pennsylvania ; but since then it has occasionally been seen in considerable numbers, and in the winter of 1836, my young friend j. trudeau, m. d., procured several in the vicinity of philadelphia. that season also they were abundant in the states of new york and massachusetts. some have been procured near the mouth of the big guyandotte on the ohio ; and mr. nuttall has observed it on the lower parts of the missouri. i have ascertained it to be a constant resident in the state of maine, and have met with it on several islands in the bay of fundy, as well as in newfoundland and labrador. dr. richardson mentions it as having been observed by the expedition in the 50th parallel, and as a constant resident at hudson ' s bay. it is indeed the hardiest bird of its tribe yet discovered in north america, where even the rose - breasted grosbeak, though found during summer in newfoundland and labrador, removes in autumn to countries farther south than the texas, where as late as the middle of may i saw many in their richest plumage. the pine grosbeak is a charming songster. well do i remember how delighted i felt, while lying on the moss - clad rocks of newfoundland, near st. george ' s bay, i listened to its continuous lay, so late as the middle of august, particularly about sunset. i was reminded of the pleasure i had formerly enjoyed on the banks of the clear mohawk, under nearly similar circumstances, when lending an attentive ear to the mellow notes of another grosbeak. but, reader, at newfoundland i was still farther removed from my beloved family ; the scenery around was thrice wilder and more magnificent. the stupendous dark granite rocks, fronting the north, as if bidding defiance to the wintry tempests, brought a chillness to my heart, as i thought of the hardships endured by those intrepid travellers who, for the advancement of science, had braved the horrors of the polar winter. the glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer i gazed, the more i wished to


the horrors of the polar winter. the glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer i gazed, the more i wished to remain ; but darkness was suddenly produced by the advance of a mass of damp fog, the bird ceased its song, and all around seemed transformed into chaos. silently i groped my way to the beach, and soon reached the ripley. the young gentlemen of my party, accompanied by my son john woodhouse, and a newfoundland indian, had gone into the interior in search of rein deer, but returned the following afternoon, having found the flies and musquitoes intolerable. my son brought a number of pine grosbeaks, of different sexes, young and adult, but all the latter in moult, and patched with dark red, ash, black and white. it was curious to see how covered with sores the legs of the old birds of both sexes were. these sores or excrescences are, i believe, produced by the resinous matter of the fir - trees on which they obtain their food. some specimens had the hinder part of the tarsi more than double the usual size, the excrescences could not be removed by the hand, and i was surprised that the birds had not found means of ridding themselves of such an inconvenience. one of the figures in my plate represents the form of these sores. i was assured that during mild winters, the pine grosbeak is found in the forests of newfoundland in considerable numbers, and that some remain during the most severe cold. a lady who had resided there many years, and who was fond of birds, assured me that she had kept several males in cages ; that they soon became familiar, would sing during the night, and fed on all sorts of fruits and berries during the summer, and on seeds of various kinds in winter ; that they were fond of bathing, but liable to cramps ; and that they died of sores produced around their eyes and the base of the upper mandible. i have observed the same to happen to the cardinal and rose - breasted grosbeaks. the flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. they alight frequently during the day, on such trees


the flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. they alight frequently during the day, on such trees as are opening their buds or blossoms. at such times they are extremely gentle, and easily approached, are extremely fond of bathing, and whether on the ground or on branches, move by short leaps. i have been much surprised to see, on my having fired, those that were untouched, fly directly towards me, until within a few feet, and then slide off and alight on the lower branches of the nearest tree, where, standing as erect as little hawks, they gazed upon me as if i were an object quite new, and of whose nature they were ignorant. they are easily caught under snow - shoes put up with a figure of four, around the wood - cutters ' camps in the state of maine, and are said to afford good eating. their food consists of the buds and seeds of almost all sorts of trees. occasionally also they seize a passing insect. i once knew one of these sweet songsters, which, in the evening, as soon as the lamp was lighted in the room where its cage was hung, would instantly tune its voice anew. my kind friend thomas m ' culloch of pictou in nova scotia, has sent me the following notice, which i trust will prove as interesting to you as it has been to me. last winter the snow was exceedingly deep, and the storms so frequent and violent that many birds must have perished in consequence of the scarcity of food. the pine grosbeaks being driven from the woods, collected about the barns in great numbers, and even in the streets of pictou they frequently alighted in search of food. a pair of these birds which had been recently taken were brought me by a friend, but they were in such a poor emaciated condition, that i almost despaired of being able to preserve them alive. being anxious, however, to note for you the changes of their plumage, i determined to make the attempt ; but notwithstanding all my care, they died a few days after they came into my possession. shortly after, i received a male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. by more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear.


male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. by more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear. to reconcile him gradually to confinement, he was permitted to fly about my bedroom, and upon rising in the morning, the first thing i did was to give him a small quantity of seed. but three mornings in succession i happened to lie rather later than usual, and each morning i was aroused by the bird fluttering upon my shoulder, and calling for his usual allowance. the third morning, i allowed him to flutter about me some time before shewing any symptom of being awake, but he no sooner observed that his object was effected than he retired to the window and waited patiently until i arose. as the spring approached, he used to whistle occasionally in the morning, and his notes, like those of his relative the rose - breasted grosbeak, were exceedingly rich and full. about the time, however, when the species began to remove to the north, his former familiarity entirely disappeared. during the day he never rested a moment, but continued to run from one side of the window to the other, seeking a way of escape, and frequently during the night, when the moonlight would fall upon the window, i was awakened by him dashing against the glass. the desire of liberty seemed at last to absorb every other feeling, and during four days i could not detect the least diminution in the quantity of his food, while at the same time he filled the house with a piteous wailing cry, which no person could hear without feeling for the poor captive. unable to resist his appeals, i give him his release ; but when this was attained he seemed very careless of availing himself of it. having perched upon the top of a tree in front of the house, he arranged his feathers, and looked about him for a short time. he then alighted by the door, and i was at last obliged to drive him away, lest some accident should befall him. " these birds are subject to a curious disease, which i have never seen in any other. irregularly shaped whitish masses are formed upon the legs and feet. to the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime ; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey - comb. sometimes, though rarely, i


legs and feet. to the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime ; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey - comb. sometimes, though rarely, i have seen the whole of the legs and feet covered with this substance, and when the crust has broken, the bone was bare, and the sinews seemed almost altogether to have lost the power of moving the feet. an acquaintance of mine kept one of these birds during the summer months. it became quite tame, but at last it lost the power of its legs and died. by this person i was informed that his grosbeak usually sang during a thunder - storm, or when rain was falling on the house. " while in the state of maine, i observed that these birds, when travelling, fly in silence, and at a considerable height above the trees. they alight on the topmost branches, so that it is difficult to obtain them, unless one has a remarkably good gun. but, on waiting a few minutes, you see the flock, usually composed of seven or eight individuals, descend from branch to branch, and betake themselves to the ground, where they pick up gravel, hop towards the nearest pool or streamlet, and bathe by dipping their heads and scattering the water over them, until they are quite wet ; after which they fly to the branches of low bushes, shake themselves with so much vigour as to produce a smart rustling sound, and arrange their plumage. they then search for food among the boughs of the taller trees. male, 8 1 / 2, 14. female, 8 1 / 4, 13 1 / 2. from pennsylvania and new jersey, in winter, eastward to newfoundland. breeds from maine northward. common. migratory. pine grosbeak, loxia enucleator, wils. amer. orn., vol. i. p. 80. pyrrhula enucleator, bonap. syn., p. 119. pyrrhula ( corythus ) enucleator, pine bullfinch, swains. and rich. f. bor. amer. vol. ii. p. 262. pine grosbeak or bullfinch, nutt. man., vol. i. p. 535. pine grosbeak, pyrrhula enucleator, aud. orn. biog., vol


grosbeak or bullfinch, nutt. man., vol. i. p. 535. pine grosbeak, pyrrhula enucleator, aud. orn. biog., vol. iv. p. 414. bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute ; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping ; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected ; the acute decurved tip of the upper mandible extending considerably beyond that of the lower ; the gap - line deflected at the base. head rather large, ovate, flattened above ; neck short ; body full. legs short, of moderate strength ; tarsus short, compressed, with six anterior scutella, and two plates behind, forming a thin edge ; toes short, the first proportionally stout, the third much longer than the two lateral, which are about equal ; their scutella large, their lower surface with large pads covered with prominent papillae. claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, and acute. plumage soft, full, rather blended, the feathers oblong. at the base of the upper mandible are strong bristly feathers directed forwards. the wings of moderate length ; the primaries rounded, the second and third longest, and with the fourth and fifth having their outer webs slightly cut out. tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve strong, broad, obliquely rounded feathers. bill reddish - brown. iris hazel. feet blackish - brown, claws black. the general colour of the plumage is bright carmine, tinged with vermilion ; the feathers of the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish - brown in the centre ; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish - brown ; the middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail - coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak. wings blackish - brown ; the primaries and their coverts narrowly edged with reddish - white, the secondaries more broadly with white ; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish - white, the smaller coverts edged with red. length to end of tail 8 1 / 2 inches, the end of wings 6 1 / 4, to end of claws


; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish - white, the smaller coverts edged with red. length to end of tail 8 1 / 2 inches, the end of wings 6 1 / 4, to end of claws 6 3 / 4 ; extent of wings 14 ; wing from flexure 4 3 / 4 ; tail 4 ; bill along the ridge ( 7 1 / 2 ) / 12, along the edge of lower mandible 7 / 12 ; tarsus ( 9 1 / 2 ) / 12 ; first toe ( 4 1 / 2 ) / 12, its claw 5 / 12 ; middle toe 8 / 12, its claw 5 / 12. the female is scarcely inferior to the male in size. the bill is dusky, the feet as in the male. the upper part of the head and hind neck are yellowish - brown, each feather with a central dusky streak ; the rump brownish - yellow ; the rest of the upper parts light brownish - grey. wings and tail as in the male, the white edgings and the tips tinged with grey ; the cheeks and throat greyish - white or yellowish ; the fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, sides, and abdomen ash - grey, as are the lower tail - coverts. length to end of tail 8 1 / 4 inches, to end of wings 6 1 / 4, to end of claws 6 3 / 4 ; extent of wings 13 1 / 2 ; wing from flexure 4 1 / 2 ; tail 3 10 / 12 ; tarsus ( 9 1 / 2 ) / 12 ; middle toe and claw 1 1 / 12. young fully fledged. the young, when in full plumage, resemble the female, but are more tinged with brown. an adult male from boston examined. the roof of the mouth is moderately concave, its anterior horny part with five prominent ridges ; the lower mandible deeply concave. tongue 4 1 / 2 twelfths long, firm, deflected at the middle, deeper than broad, papillate at the base, with a median groove ; for the distal half of its length, it is cased with a firm horny substance, and is then of an oblong shape, when viewed from above, deeply concave, with two flattened prominences at the base, the point rounded and thin, the back or lower surface convex. this remarkable structure of the tongue appears to be intended for the purpose of enabling the bird, when it has insinuated its bill


##tum, which is 11 twelfths long. the coeca are 1 1 / 4 twelfths in length and 1 / 4 twelfth in diameter. the entire length of the intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31 1 / 2 inches ( in another male 31 ) ; its greatest breadth in the duodenum 2 1 / 2 twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 1 / 4 twelfths. fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. the oesophagus [ a b c ] ; the gizzard [ d ], turned forwards ; the duodenum, [ e f ] ; the rest of the intestine, [ g h ] ; the coeca, [ i ] ; the rectum, [ i j ], which is much dilated at the end. the trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 1 / 2 twelfths broad, with about 60 rings ; its muscles like those of all the other species of the passerinae or fringillidae. in a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long ; the intestine 31 inches long. in all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds ; and in the oesophagus of one was an oat seed entire. although this bird is in its habits very similar to the crossbills, and feeds on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird.


fundoplication is a surgery on the stomach and esophagus. it is done to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). gerd is also called acid reflux, or heartburn. this occurs when acid from the stomach goes up the esophagus. a hiatal hernia may also be fixed during this procedure. this type of hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach pokes into the chest cavity. this hernia increases the chance and severity of gerd. reasons for procedure the surgery is most often done for the following reasons : - eliminate persistent gerd symptoms that are not relieved by medicine - correct acid reflux that is contributing to asthma symptoms - repair a hiatal hernia, which may be responsible for making gerd symptoms worse - eliminate the source of serious, long - term complications resulting from too much acid in the esophagus if you are planning to have fundoplication, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - anesthesia - related problems - difficulty swallowing - return of reflux symptoms - limited ability to burp or vomit - gas pains - damage to other organs in rare cases, the procedure may need to be repeated. this may happen if the wrap was too tight, the wrap slips, or if a new hernia forms. some factors that may increase the risk of complications include : what to expect prior to procedure your doctor may do the following : - physical exam - x - ray — a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones - endoscopy — use of a tube attached to a viewing device ( an endoscope ) to examine the inside of the lining of the esophagus and stomach ; a biopsy may also be taken - manometry — a test to measure the muscular contractions inside the esophagus and its response to swallowing leading up to the surgery : talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : - anti - inflammatory drugs ( eg, aspirin ) - blood thinners, like warfarin ( coumadin ) - clopidogrel ( plavix ) - arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. also, arrange for help at home. - the night before, eat a light meal. do not eat or drink anything after midnight. general anesthesia will be used. it will block any


) - arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. also, arrange for help at home. - the night before, eat a light meal. do not eat or drink anything after midnight. general anesthesia will be used. it will block any pain and keep you asleep through the surgery. description of the procedure the doctor will make a small incision. the laparoscope ( a small tool with a camera on the end ) will be inserted into the abdomen. it will allow the doctor to view the inside of the body on a video screen. gas will be pumped into the abdomen to improve the view. the doctor will make other, small incisions in the skin. small surgical instruments will be inserted. the stomach will then be wrapped around the esophagus. if needed, the hernia will be repaired. in some cases, the doctor may need to switch to an open surgery. he will make a wide incision in the abdomen to do the surgery. how long will it take? how much will it hurt? you will have discomfort during recovery. ask your doctor about medicine to help with the pain. average hospital stay two days or more ( depending on your condition ) - walk with assistance the day after surgery. - keep the incision area clean and dry. - ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. - you will start by eating a liquid diet. you will slowly be able to eat more solid foods. - after a successful fundoplication, you may no longer need to take medicines for gerd. - be sure to follow your doctor ' s instructions. it will take about two weeks to recover. call your doctor after you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - nausea and / or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or which persist for more than two days after discharge from the hospital - increased swelling or pain in the abdomen - difficulty swallowing that does not improve - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given - pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine - cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - any other new symptoms


de - 01 historical mining district altenberg n 50°45 ' 51 ", e 13°45 ' 39 " de - 02 historical mining district freiberg n 50°55 ' 12 ", e 13°20 ' 32 " de - 03 historical mining district marienberg n 50°39 ' 3 ", e 13°9 ' 53 " de - 04 historical mining district annaberg n 50°34 ' 46 ", e 13°0 ' 11 " de - 05 historical mining district schneeberg n 50°35 ' 15 ", e 12°38 ' 2 " de - 06 historical mining district schwarzenberg n 50°32 ' 14 ", e 12°47 ' 14 " de - 07 uranium mining n 50°48 ' 33 ", e 12°50 ' 32 " de - 08 coal mining n 50°43 ' 29 “, e 12°43 ' 46 " cz - ka - 01 mining landscape jachymov n 50°22 ' 23 ", e 12°53 ' 55 " cz - ka - 02 mining landscape abertamy – horni blatna – bozi dar n 50°25 ' 18 ", e 12°49 ' 57 " cz - ka - 03 the red tower of death n 50°19 ' 44 ", e 12°57 ' 12 " cz - us - 01 mining landscape krupka n 50°41 ' 50 ", e 13°50 ' 50 " cz - us - 02 mining landscape medenec – kovarska n 50°25 ' 43 ", e 13°4 ' 8 " the transboundary serial nomination of 13 component parts is a large - scale example of a decentralised mining landscape in a central european mountain region that lies in the southeast of germany and extends to the czech republic – the erzgebirge ( ore mountains ). the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori illustrates the formative influence of mining and metallurgy on the development of the landscape and its culture in an exceptional way. for more than 800 years, from the 12th to the 21th century, the region was actively shaped by mining activities. first silver and tin ores and later other ores such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. based on mining and metallurgy, the “ industrialization ” of the region took place in different historical stages. the component parts


, nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. based on mining and metallurgy, the “ industrialization ” of the region took place in different historical stages. the component parts of the serial nomination are composed of carefully selected historical witnesses including protected mines and associated over - and underground ensembles, historically distinct landscape features such as pits, heaps, dewatering channels and reservoirs, mining towns and settlements, and other important social buildings related to mining towns and settlements. these witnesses are not limited to work process related issues but particularly include witnesses of the economic, scientific, cultural, and social influences of mining and metallurgy. together the component parts provide a lively comprehensive insight into all aspects of miner ’ s world. the component parts reflect also the transboundary nature of the bohemian and saxon erzgebirge. the serial property has to be understood as a geographical, historical and cultural unit illustrating both the mining activities and the interaction between two communities which shared a long common history. mining and metallurgy had formed an important and worldwide recognised trade and economic region which is still today strongly influenced by its mining traditions. especially the developments in the field of mining sciences and technologies contributed to the development of other mining regions in europe and the world. description of the component part ( s ) : in accordance with the spatial distribution of the numerous significant historic mining districts and their specific features, the serial property mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is represented by a selection of 13 significant separate component parts. the saxon part will be represented by 8 individual component parts which are representing the layout of the six historical mining districts of the 19th century and the two historically important districts of uranium and coal mining of the 20th century. the czech republic is represented by 4 large - scale mining landscapes and a single monument. the component parts cover a wide temporal and spatial range to fully illustrate the whole development process of the mining landscape and its culture. each component part features a distinctive character that is composed of three attributes : time depth, diversity of mineral resources, and cultural facets. the cultural facets do not only include work process related issues but also the far - reaching influence of mining activities on seemingly distant areas of life. the individual component parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. the individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its


parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. the individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its global importance and its formative influence from the 12th to the 21st century. they are of exceptional quality and diversity. viewed as a whole, the components bear witness to the extent of the economic, social and cultural development of the entire mining region and its culture. for example : the very beginning of the development of the mining landscape is illustrated by the mining district of freiberg with the mining cities of freiberg and brand - erbisdorf and the surrounding mining landscape. here in 1168, the silver ore was found for the first time in the ore mountains, and the transformation process of the landscape started. the search for silver and other kinds of ore in the rich deposits of the ore mountains led to the colonization of the cross border mountain region from both the saxon and the bohemian side. during the 15th and 16th century this process reached the upper parts of the ore mountains and led to the foundation of a large number of mining cities like schneeberg, marienberg and annaberg in saxony or jachymov in bohemia with their specific buildings and highly valuable architecture. these cities became centres of unique cultural, economic, technological and scientific development of the mining region in the following centuries. many of these developments influenced other mining regions worldwide. the temporarily last mining period of the erzgebirge in the late 20th century – represented by the nominated properties of the mining district altenberg in the eastern part and in chemnitz, schlema, hartenstein and jachymov in the western part of the region – was characterized by tin and uranium mining. justification de la valeur universelle exceptionelle the transboundary serial nomination mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is an exceptional testimony of a unique landscape and culture which was influenced and shaped by mining activities and their environmental, economic and social impacts. the nominated series represents a central european economic and cultural unit that has continuously developed since the early middle ages. the outstanding universal value particularly results from the unique combination of three determining attributes : an unprecedented diversity of mineral resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. a coherent series of well - preserved monuments


resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. a coherent series of well - preserved monuments, ensembles and landscapes demonstrating different periods of mining, different technological levels as well as different cultural periods represents the development of this central european mining region of worldwide importance. they do not only illustrate the tangible attributes but also the intangible values which together constitute the distinctive character of the landscape. the almost exclusive formation of the entire region by mining and metallurgy led to worldwide important scientific discoveries and subsequent introduction of many technical and technological innovations, which substantially influenced the worldwide development of mining sciences and contributed significantly to the development of other mining regions in europe and the rest of the world. of particular importance and so far unique on the world ’ s scale is the transboundary nature of the nominated property. the mining landscape allows a comprehensive insight into cross - border relations between two states since the 12th century and the visible effects of this interrelation. as a whole, the nominated serial property provides comprehensive knowledge about all aspects of a globally significant mining region and its culture. criterion ( ii ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori exhibits an important interchange of human values in the field of mining. as a consequence of more than 800 - years of mining activities, a cross - border cultural area between saxony and bohemia was created, which is characterized by a unprecedented density of systematically established mining cities and their special architecture, by the development of advanced mining and ore processing technologies, by its great influence on the development of mining - and geo - sciences as well as mining education worldwide, and by its contribution to the development of minting as well as of the currency systems in europe and in the whole world. the serial property proves interchange and knowledge transfer from the middle ages till the 21th century. the influence of mining in the ore mountains is provable in a large number of mining centres worldwide. criterion ( iii ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is an outstanding witness of the development of a society which was crucially formed by mining industries. the component parts provide a comprehensive insight into the cultural traditions of a more than 800 - year - old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. they do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the


traditions of a more than 800 - year - old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. they do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the continuous development of mining and the resulting impacts on society till today. criterion ( iv ) : the ore mountains are characterized by a multitude of ore and other deposits containing a wide spectrum of mineral resources. their extraction and processing led in the course of time to the emergence of different mining landscapes with specific types of buildings. these characteristic mining infrastructures illustrate the different ways of exploitation of diverse resources, as well as the development of distinctive technologies and the resulting change of the mining intensity. the technological ensembles and mining landscapes are testimonies of the worldwide important technical and scientific achievements made by mining experts in the ore mountains in different mining periods. criterion ( v ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is the result of a long - term formation of a spacious area by human activities, which were focused on ore mining and ore processing, closely connected with social, economic and administrative factors of mining and the way of dealing with the natural conditions of the region. the geological characteristics of the ore deposits have crucially determined the way of dealing with the nature in the work processes of mining and metallurgy. depending on the level of development of mining technologies in specific time periods, the landscape has changed several times. the traces of these changes can be seen in the landscape till today and represent a source of our present - day knowledge of past mining periods. the component parts reflect the successive stages of the development of mining techniques as well as characteristic forms of mining towns and settlements, the specific land - use shaped by mining, and the evidence of human settlement in specific conditions of upland locations with its direct impacts on landscape and culture. criterion ( vi ) : the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori represents a region which is directly associated with the culture of an old mining territory as it is not only perceived in europe but also elsewhere in the world. the serial property represents a mining region which is in a unique way tied to an identity shaped by long lasting and still ongoing mining. over centuries these mining activities have generated specific artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. the history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. the global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in


artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. the history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. the global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in the development of mining and geosciences which are tangibly linked to the founding of the first major international and still existing mining academy in the world – the bergakademie freiberg ( 1765 ). this university has for long served as a worldwide center of training of mining experts, which substantially increased the international scientific prestige of the region in the field of mining. the early scientific examinations made by scholars of the freiberg bergakademie led to a series of discoveries and developments in mining and metallurgy which were crucial for the development of modern mining sciences and geosciences. the erzgebirge is worldwide considered as the cradle of mineralogy and geology as well as temporarily the leading training place for international mining experts. this is extraordinary illustrated by the work “ de re metallica ” ( 1556 ) of the renaissance scholar georgius agricola whose work was mainly inspired by the mining culture of the ore mountains. satements of authenticity and / or integrity the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori is a continuing cultural landscape in which exceptional evidence of past mining activities has survived in a comprehensive way. it is composed of a series of component parts linked together by a common historical narrative. the component parts of the series including well - preserved remains of mining and mining - related activities were carefully selected so that they bear witness to all important milestones in the history of the nominated serial property and to its outstanding universal value. each part illustrates a different combination of characteristic attributes and thus contributes to the understanding of the whole property. as a living landscape, some areas have experienced new developments, some buildings have been adapted for continued use and some buildings have disappeared in the course of time but the intactness of the landscape and the authenticity of the remaining structures are still outstanding. the areal extent and number of preserved historical mining infrastructure with authentic traces from medieval time onwards is exceptional. the serial property preserved a completely unique and authentic character with clearly evident remains of mining activities. the nominated properties of the series benefit from legal protection. comparison with other similar properties the comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property – time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets – and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. it also takes


from legal protection. comparison with other similar properties the comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property – time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets – and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. it also takes into consideration the specific thematic features of the region like its transboundary nature, which is so far unique in the context of mining world heritage as well as the global influence of the region in the field of mining and geosciences. although there are some sites on the world heritage and national tentative lists directly associated with mining, most of these sites are not comparable with the nominated property because of their completely different time horizon and their belonging to a different geo - cultural area without any correlation to the central european mining landscapes. the majority of the compared sites do not document the transformation of a landscape and the evolution of a culture strongly influenced by mining in such a coherent way like the nominated property. although they document important aspects of mining, they hardly have a comparable range of attributes. the main attribute of most sites is based on a single aspect. only a small selection of sites such as the network of mining installations in goslar, rammelsberg and the upper harz region has an almost similar complex approach with differing components. but they differ either in time - scale or in completeness still allowing only a limited insight into the complexity of a mining region. to summarize, there is no comparable world heritage site or otherwise known property providing such a comprehensive insight into a miner´s world like the mining cultural landscape erzgebirge / krusnohori. the nominated serial property is not limited to the technological aspects but also covers social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects. the transformation process of a landscape exclusively formed by mining and its impacts on the environment can be traced here from the very beginning in the 12th up to the 21st century. justification of the selection of the component part ( s ) in relation to the future nomination as a whole : the spatial arrangement of deposits and historically significant mining areas in the ore mountains requires a serial approach. the 13 separate component parts are necessary to illustrate all important characteristics of the mining and cultural landscape in space and time. the nominated properties of the component parts reflect a distinctive combination of specific attributes. their selection was made in such a way that they cover all a distinctive combination of these attributes and fulfil the criteria of authenticity and integrity. each component part is telling a peculiar chapter of the origin and development of a coherent mining region. all component parts are culturally,


this is a brief guide, designed to help you get familiar with using a terminal in linux. by including very detailed instructions here, they should not be necessary in the main body of the wiki. once you have worked through this tutorial, you may find linuxcommand. org a useful next step. in easy mode ( the out - of - the - factory default linux ), press and hold the control ( ctrl ) and alt keys at the same, and then press “ t ”, then release all keys. this is often written as ctrl + alt + t or ctl + alt + t. this will open up a simple terminal application. also in easy mode you can go work > file manager > tools > open console window ( or work > file manager and ctl + t ). this gives you a more fully featured terminal application. if you already went ahead and installed advanced mode, you can access the run command, but pressing alt and f2 at the same time ( alt + f2 ), and then typing the name of a terminal : and then press “ enter ” type the command you want to run, along with any options, and finish by pressing “ enter ” at the end of the line. for example, to check your tcp / ip settings, you would use the command ifconfig. to do so, type : and then press “ enter ”. you should see an output similar to : ath0 link encap : ethernet hwaddr 00 : 15 : xx : xx : xx : xx ( mac address ) inet addr : 192. 168. 1. xxx bcast : 192. 168. 1. 255 mask : 255. 255. 255. 0 up broadcat running multicast mtu : 1500 metric : 1 rx packets : 33 errors : 0 dropped : 0 overruns : 0 frame : 0 tx packets 125 errors : 0 dropped : 0 overruns : 0 carrier : 0 collisions : 0 txqueuelen : 0 rx bytes : 3402 ( 3. 3 kib ) tx bytes : 14208 ( 13. 8kib ) collisions : 0 txqueuelen : 0 rx bytes : 69453 ( 67. 8 kib ) tx bytes : 69453 ( 67. 8kib ) lo link encap : local loopback inet addr : 127. 0. 0. 1 mask : 255. 0. 0. 0 up loopback running mtu : 16436 metric : 1 r


nano is a console - based text editor, which loads very quickly. to use it, type nano, and the path of the file you wish to edit. ( if there is no file in the specified location, nano will create one. as such, you must be accurate in what you type, otherwise you will create unnecessary blank files, rather than opening existing files. ) for the purposes of this tutorial, we will create a new text file in the / home / user directory, add a line of text, save the file, and exit nano. first, create the new text file, named “ text ” in the / home / user directory : nano will open, with a blank document. type a line of text. press “ enter ” to start a new line. when you have typed your line of text, you need to save your changes, by writing the file. to do this, press ctl + o together ( that ' s “ o ” as in “ mnop ” and not “ 0 ” as in “ 0123 ” ). if you want to change the file name, you can change it here. then, once you are happy with the file name, or if you wish to overwrite an existing file which you have opened, press “ enter ” when you have saved your file, exit nano by pressing ctl + x together. when you have done this, you can open the file to check that your changes have been saved : you should see whatever text you typed. if you wanted to create or open a file with a space in the name, you would need to include the whole path in quotation marks. it is advisable that you do not use spaces in names. nano " / home / user / text / name with spaces " if you need to open a text file in nano with root privileges, preface the usual nano command with sudo : sudo nano / home / user / text this is necessary when editing certain restricted system files. for example, to edit the list of repositories available to apt - get / synaptic, you would need to use sudo : sudo nano / etc / apt / sources. list similarly, to edit the configuration of network interfaces on your eee, you would need to use sudo : sudo nano / etc / network / interfaces created by neil. reference to linuxcommand. org thanks to deicidist and marduk.


search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : loughmiller, campbell and lynn phlox stolonifera sims usda symbol : phst3 usda native status : native to u. s. creeping phlox is a mat - forming perennial with loose mats of semi - evergreen foliage and erect clusters of large flowers. the showy blossoms are lavender, blue or white with an eye of purple - red tinged in white. the leaves of this 6 - 10 in. plant are round or spoon - shaped. plant characteristicsduration : perennial habit : herb fruit : size class : bloom informationbloom color : white, blue, purple bloom time : apr, may al, ga, ky, md, me, nc, ny, oh, pa, sc, tn, va, vt, wv canada : qc native distribution : chiefly mts., also piedmont areas from pa & s. oh, to ga & tn native habitat : woods & wooded stream banks usda native status : l48 ( n ), can ( i ) growing conditionslight requirement : sun, part shade, shade soil moisture : moist soil description : humus - rich soil. conditions comments : creeping phlox will do poorly in full sun, and slugs can be troublesome in very moist soils. in congenial conditions, however, this is a vigorous plant that can become weedy. ground cover benefitconspicuous flowers : yes propagationdescription : propagated by seed, by softwood cuttings taken in late spring and stuck in sand, or by spring division. seed collection : not available seed treatment : seeds should be planted fresh. commercially avail : yes from the national organizations directory according to the species list provided by affiliate organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following : texas discovery gardens - dallas, txdelaware nature society - hockessin, de recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page record modified : 2009 - 01 - 07 research by : twc staff


locating thermophiles in other parts of the universe could very well aid in the search for extraterrestrial life. most people have agreed that if life is found among the stars, it will be microbial ( at least in the near - term future ). many individuals have also suggested that intelligent life forms might very well be extinct in other parts of the universe. if scientists could locate thermophile microbes, they could piece together an archaeological picture of once powerful civilizations. taiwan is well known for its hot springs. most tourists that visit the island end up visiting at least one. many people like to take relaxing baths in them. hot springs can be great for people with arthritis. new research is proving that they can also be a great place to find astrobiological data. photosynthetic thermophiles that live in hot springs may potentially be removing significant amounts of industrially produced carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. they ’ ve thrived because of fundamental changes to the atmosphere caused by humanity. in fact, there are some scientists who feel that these microbes could play a vital role in regulating the planet ’ s climate. that role might become increasingly important in the future. planets that were once inhabited by industrially developed civilizations that have since passed might be teeming with life similar to these. if a planet was sufficiently changed by another race of beings, it could have ultimately favored the development of these tiny beings. they could indicate that intelligent lifeforms once inhabited a planet, and that planet could be different today than it was in the past. while discovering a planet full of microbes would be initially interesting, in the future it could be a relatively common occurrence. therefore, news services of the future might very well pass by such stories after a few weeks – much like they do today with the discovery of new exoplanets. finding sufficient numbers of photosynthetic thermophiles would be telling about the history of a world, but it would also require a great deal of geological activity. then again, there ’ s nothing to say that other civilizations wouldn ’ t also have the ability to increase the amount of geological activity on other planets. they might even do it on purpose, as a way of terraforming for instance. for that matter, humans might want to give that a try. venus is superheated because of thermal runaway as a result of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. if water were transported to that very hot world, colonists could use the resulting geysers to grow bacteria


today we ask that you take time to ground yourself. there is an enormous amount of energy moving through your reality. and your bodies conduct and absorb it — particularly your nervous system. the human brain generates and absorbs a vast amount of energy. human brains are a lot like nuclear reactors. in order to function properly, they must be cooled down. otherwise they overheat, and when this happens, things can get quite toxic. what heats the brain? any kind of cogitative thought. strategizing, planning, calculating. imagination heats the brain even more — visualizing, fantasizing. worry is a negative use of the imagination that heats the brain. all creative work heats the brain. watching tv, or looking at information on a screen heats the brain. computers are very heating for the brain and nervous system. what cools the brain? being outdoors. bathing in water. engaging in activities that minimize cogitative or creative thought and require that you “ be in your body. ” exercise, yoga, dance, many forms of martial arts. meditation. deep breathing is very cooling for the brain. being around animals or small children cools the brain. caffeine and sugar heat the brain. water and green vegetables cool the brain. it is very important to cool the nervous system. many forms of mental and physical imbalance and illness are really just side effects of nervous system “ burnout. ” insomnia, anxiety, depression, fatigue and many other stress - related symptoms are a result of nervous overheating and burnout. truly, it is wise to think of your brain as a nuclear reactor. it harnesses a vast amount of energy. it is a great engine of creation and cogitation. but you must keep it cool. do not let it overheat — or you may well experience a meltdown.


washington - maryland health officials reported the first hypothermia - related death of the winter thursday. the man died in frederick county and was at least 65 years old. the office of the chief medical examiner confirmed the cause of his death during the past week. state health officials released no other details. fifteen hypothermia - related deaths were reported last winter. one death had been reported by this time in december 2011, according to the medical examiner ' s office. with winds gusting thursday and another round of snow headed for the region this weekend, health officials remind marylanders to bundle up before heading outside. " a few extra moments to prepare could keep you safe as we head into the coldest months, " said laura herrera, a deputy secretary with the department of health and mental hygiene. hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops below 95 degrees. frostbite destroys frozen body tissue. areas most likely to freeze are toes, fingers, ears, cheeks and the tip of the nose, the health department says. those with poor circulation, the elderly, very young children and anyone who stays outside for prolonged periods of time are at greater risk for these conditions. staying outside while wet increases the danger, the health department says. the health department offers these tips to stay warm in cold weather : - cover your head to retain body heat. - wear several layers of lightweight, loose - fitting clothing. the air between the layers help insulate you from the cold. - cover your mouth with a scarf. also cover your ears and the lower part of your face. - wear mittens instead of gloves as the close contact of fingers keeps your hands warmer. - wear warm leg coverings and heavy socks or two pairs of lightweight socks. - wear waterproof boots or study shoes to keep your feet warm and dry. follow @ wtop on twitter. ( copyright 2012 by wtop. all rights reserved. ) how did a photographer get an inside view of a bear ' s mouth? ( video ) conn. zoo officials don ' t know how this baby came to be born. more cursing happens in maryland than across the potomac river. how much did a painting of a topless " golden girl " fetch?


general article categories special article categories the how to ' s... mu ' aadh ibn jabal on knowledge excerpted from works by ibn taymiyyah and abu nu ` aim the prophet sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam said about mu ` aadh ibn jabal : " verily, when the people of knowledge will be present before their lord, the mighty and sublime, mu ` aadh will be one step ahead of them. " [ saheeh, ibn sa ` d, aboo nu ` aim, at - tabaraanee ] he, sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam, also said about mu ` aadh : " … the most knowledgeable of them [ my ummah ] about the lawful and the prohibited is mu ` aadh bin jabal … " [ at - tirmidhee, ibn hibbaan, ibn maajah, al - baihaqee, al - haakim, who declared it saheeh, and adh - dhahabee and al - albaanee agreed with him. ] ibn taymeeyah writes in al - wasiyyah : " part of mu ` aadh ’ s excellence further is that the prophet, sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam, sent him to the people of yemen as a preacher on his behalf, a caller, a teacher of understanding in the deen, a giver of religious verdicts, and a judge. " this is mu ` aadh, radhiallaahu ta ` aalaa ` anhu, to whom the prophet, sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam, also said : " o mu ` aadh! by allaah, truly i love you. " [ aboo daawood, an - nasaa ’ ee, ibn hibbaa, aboo nu ` aim, ibn khuzaimah and al - haakim, who declared its isnaad to be saheeh, and adh - dhaabee agreed ] aboo nu ` aim reports some sayings of mu ` aadh himself about the excellence of knowledge, among which we find the following : " knowledge is a comforting friend in times of loneliness, it is the best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of


best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of comfort, as well as those of hardships. knowledge is your most powerful sword against your enemy, and finally, it is your most dignifying raiment in the company of your close companions. " " through knowledge, allah, blessed be his name, raises some people in rank, and he makes them leaders in righteousness and models in morality. the vestige of their faith is avidly sought, their deeds are emulated perceptively, and people will seek and sanction their opinions solicitously and unequivocally. the heavenly angels seek their company and anoint them with their wings, every fresh or withered life they pass by implore almighty allah to forgive them their sins, even the fish in the oceans, the beasts of the lands and every bird of prey and migratory bird pray and solicit the mercy of almighty allah on their behalf. this is because knowledge revives the dead hearts and drives them out of darkness into light, and because knowledge is the light of the inner eyes that cures one ’ s blindness and restores his inner sight. " author : yaser birjas total reads : 1855 author : sheikh muhammed salih al - munajjid category : soul purification total reads : 7915


a fightbac! ® focus on cook cook to proper temperatures. cooking times vary for meats, poultry and fish. after cooking, keep foods out of the " danger zone " ( 4°c to 60°c or 40°f to 140°f ) by preparing them quickly and serving them immediately. keep it hot, hot, hot! when serving hot food buffet - style, keep it hot ( at 60°c or 140°f ) with chafing dishes, crock pots and warming trays. when eating out, return any undercooked food for additional cooking. cook it right : foods are properly cooked when they are heated for a period of time at a high enough temperature to kill harmful bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. keep all soups, chili and hot dips piping hot before serving. if you ' re travelling to a party or to work, keep hot foods hot in an insulated thermal container. sizzling cooking tips : when cooking in a microwave oven, make sure the food is cooked thoroughly. for best results, cover food, stir and rotate for even cooking and follow suggested standing times. use a clean thermometer, which measures the internal temperature of cooked foods, to make sure meat, poultry, egg dishes, casseroles and other foods are cooked all the way through. insert the thermometer in different spots to ensure even cooking. wash your food thermometer with hot, soapy water before using it again. sanitize it for the safest results. cook to safe temperatures : look at the temperature chart or contact your local health authority for safe internal temperatures.


santa ' s magic based on science ever wondered how santa claus can travel around the world in just one night on his reindeer - pulled sleigh and deliver toys to all the children? " he exploits the space - time continuum, " says larry silverberg, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at north carolina state university. santa ' s magic may go far beyond merely travelling across 322 million square kilometres to visit hundreds of millions of homes of children in just one night, silverberg says. " he understands that space stretches, he understands that you can stretch time, compress space and therefore he can, in a sense, actually have six santa months to deliver the presents, " says silverberg. " in our reference frame it appears as though he does it in the wink of an eye and in fact there have been sightings of santa, quick sightings, and that ' s in our reference frame, but in santa ' s reference frame he really has six months ". building on demand silverberg says his research has established that santa does not, as commonly thought, carry enough presents for each child in his sleigh. " how could he? " he says. " we believe that he uses nanotechnology to grow the presents under the tree and really, what he ' s done, is he ' s figured out how to turn what we call irreversible thermo - dynamic properties into reversible ones and so he really starts with soot, candy, other types of natural materials, he puts them under the tree and he actually grows them in a reverse process to create the presents, wrapping and all. " and then there ' s the age - old question that santa has to address every year - who ' s been naughty and who ' s been nice? " we believe, that there are large antennas miles long under the snow up at the north pole and we think the grid - spacing is in the order of millimetres so that you can receive radar - type signals, " says silverberg. santa ' s trip takes in all continents and all time zones. silverberg says his sleigh is equipped with an onboard sleigh guidance system. he says the reindeer are genetically bred to fly, balance on rooftops and see in the dark. silverberg has been researching santa for more than a decade. " it ' s certainly a worthy thing to spend time on and it has all sorts of ramifications in everyday life, " he says.


( bpt ) - each year, millions of americans seek hospital care to treat a wide range of medical problems - from accidental injuries to chronic or life - threatening illnesses. while the majority of patients have positive outcomes, it is imperative to remember patient safety should be a top priority for everyone. in fact, the world health organization ( who ) notes patient safety is a serious global public health issue. even in developed countries such as the united states, as many as one in 10 patients may be harmed while hospitalized. injury rates are even higher in developing countries, making patient safety a high priority around the world. you can take steps to help ensure your safety whether in the hospital for a planned or unexpected circumstance. here are three things to keep in mind to make your hospital stay as safe as possible : reduce infection risks : hospital infections are a top concern, especially for surgical patients. according to who, hand hygiene is the single most important measure to reduce health - care - related infections. patients should keep hand sanitizer at their bedside and use it often. additionally, the national patient safety foundation ( npsf ) recommends : * reminding your care team about hand - washing before any direct interaction. * keeping an eye on intravenous catheters and wound dressings, and notifying your health care provider right away if something looks wrong. * taking charge of health problems such as diabetes, excess weight and smoking, which can increase infection risk in the hospital. * following doctors ' directions about breathing treatments to avoid lung infections. over the past century, anesthesiologists have advanced patient safety through innovative research, science and technology advancements. whether in the operating room, procedure room, intensive care unit or pain clinic, anesthesiologists are committed to patient safety. today, anesthesia - related fatalities only occur in less than one in every 200, 000 procedures. to help ensure the highest quality and safest care, anesthesiologists lead anesthesia care teams to supervise non - physician providers during the administration of anesthesia to make critical life decisions when there are only seconds to make them. according to the american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ), anesthesiologists have more than 10, 000 hours of related medical training and education to diagnose, treat and respond to any medical complications that may occur. in addition to making sure a physician supervises your anesthesia care, it is important to follow all pre - operative instructions from your doctors and get plenty of rest before surgery.


diagnose, treat and respond to any medical complications that may occur. in addition to making sure a physician supervises your anesthesia care, it is important to follow all pre - operative instructions from your doctors and get plenty of rest before surgery. also, be sure your anesthesiologist is aware of your prior anesthesia history and any medications you take. for more information about anesthesia and preparing for surgery, please visit lifelinetomodernmedicine. com. be aware of setbacks : while unpredictable progress in recovery is not unusual, it ' s important to minimize the risk of avoidable setbacks such as falls and readmissions. tumbles are a major concern for the elderly, but even younger patients are at risk of falling in the hospital. npsf often points to research indicating more than 500, 000 falls occur in u. s. hospitals each year, causing 150, 000 injuries. muscle weakness, medication - related impairment and age can increase a patient ' s risk of falling. follow your physician ' s directions and the hospital ' s procedures for surer footing. before you leave the hospital, make sure you understand the doctor ' s after - care instructions to reduce your risk of readmission. bring any questions or suspicions of complications to follow - up appointments to help your physician assess your recovery. health care is incredibly intricate and complex, and while medical science has made great strides for patient safety, patients need to play an active role in their care. with diligent research and advocacy for their own health, patients ' collaboration with their care team can make them informed and, most importantly, safe.


is a crime crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction..., the essence of which is illicit entry into a building for the purposes of committing an offense. usually that offense will be theft in common usage, theft is the illegal taking of another person ' s property without that person ' s permission or consent. the word is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting and fraud..., but most jurisdictions specify others which fall within the ambit of burglary. to engage in the act of burglary is to burgle ( in british english british english, or english, is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the english language used in the united kingdom from forms used elsewhere... ) or to burglarize ( in american english american english is a set of dialects of the english language used mostly in the united states. approximately two - thirds of the world ' s native speakers of english live in the united states.... common law definition the common law common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... burglary was defined by sir matthew hale sir matthew hale sl was an influential english barrister, judge and jurist most noted for his treatise historia placitorum coronæ, or the history of the pleas of the crown. born to a barrister and his wife, who had both died by the time he was 5, hale was raised by his father ' s relative, a strict... - breaking can be either actual, such as by forcing open a door, or constructive, such as by fraud or threats. breaking does not require that anything be " broken " in terms of physical damage occurring. a person who has permission to enter part of a house, but not another part, commits a breaking and entering when they use any means to enter a room where they are not permitted, so long as the room was not open to enter. - entering can involve either physical entry by a person or the insertion of an instrument with which to remove property. insertion of a tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself. note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common law burglary. breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common law burglary. - although rarely listed as


tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself. note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common law burglary. breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common law burglary. - although rarely listed as an element, the common law required that entry occur as a consequence of the breaking. for example, if a wrongdoer partially opened a window by using a pry bar and then noticed an open door through which he entered the dwelling, there is no burglary at common law. the use of the pry bar would not constitute an entry even if a portion of the prybar " entered " the residence. under the instrumentality rule the use of an instrument to effect a breaking would not constitute an entry. however, if any part of the perpetrator ' s body entered the residence in an attempt to gain entry, the instrumentality rule did not apply. thus, if the perpetrator uses the prybar to pry open the window and then used his hands to lift the partially opened window, an " entry " would have taken place when he grasped the bottom of the window with his hands. - house includes a temporarily unoccupied dwelling, but not a building used only occasionally as a habitation - night time is defined as hours between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise - typically this element is expressed as the intent to commit a felony “ therein ”. the use of the word “ therein ” adds nothing and certainly does not limit the scope of burglary to those wrongdoers who break and enter a dwelling intending to commit a felony on the premises. the situs of the felony does not matter, and burglary occurs if the wrongdoer intended to commit a felony at the time he broke and entered. the common law elements of burglary often vary between jurisdictions. the common law definition has been expanded in most jurisdictions, such that the building need not be a dwelling or even a building in the conventional sense, physical breaking is not necessary, the entry does not need to occur at night, and the intent may be to commit any felony or theft. etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. for languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during... originates from anglo - saxon anglo - saxon may refer to : * anglo - saxons, a


a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during... originates from anglo - saxon anglo - saxon may refer to : * anglo - saxons, a group that invaded britain * * old english, their language * * anglo - saxon england, their history, one of various ships * white anglo - saxon protestant, an ethnicity * anglo - saxon economy, modern macroeconomic term... or old english, one of the germanic languages the germanic languages constitute a sub - branch of the indo - european language family. the common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called proto - germanic, which was spoken in approximately the mid - 1st millennium bc in iron age northern europe.... according to one textbook, " the word burglar comes from the two german german is a west germanic language, related to and classified alongside english and dutch. with an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, german is one of the world ' s major languages and is the most widely - spoken first language in the european union...., meaning " house, " and laron, meaning " thief " ( literally " house thief " ). another suggested etymology is from the later latin word burgare, " to break open " or " to commit burglary ", from burgus, meaning " fortress " or " castle ", with the word then passing through french and middle english, with influence from the latin latro, " thief ". the british verb " burgle " is a late back - formation. burglary is prosecuted as a felony a felony is a serious crime in the common law countries. the term originates from english common law where felonies were originally crimes which involved the confiscation of a convicted person ' s land and goods ; other crimes were called misdemeanors... a misdemeanor is a " lesser " criminal act in many common law legal systems. misdemeanors are generally punished much less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions and regulatory offences... and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or remaining unlawfully with intent to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft for example, vandalism vandalism is the behaviour attributed originally to the vandals, by the romans, in respect of culture : ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable


to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft for example, vandalism vandalism is the behaviour attributed originally to the vandals, by the romans, in respect of culture : ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable.... even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include sheds, barns, and coops ; burglary of boats, aircraft, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person ' s consent. the act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or with a person who is incapable of valid consent. the... arson is the crime of intentionally or maliciously setting fire to structures or wildland areas. it may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires... in criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against that person ' s will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority..., identity theft identity theft is a form of stealing another person ' s identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person ' s identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person ' s name..., or violation of civil rights ; indeed the " plumbers " of the watergate scandal the watergate scandal was a political scandal during the 1970s in the united states resulting from the break - in of the democratic national committee headquarters at the watergate office complex in washington, d. c., and the nixon administration ' s attempted cover - up of its involvement... were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u. s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force. technically, a burglary committed during the hours of daylight is not burglary, but housebreaking. in many jurisdictions in the u. s., burglary is punished more severely than housebreaking. in california california is a state located on the west coast of the united states. it is by far the most populous u. s. state, and the third - largest by land area..., for example, burglary was


enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term " railroad car " shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o. c. g. a. § 16 - 7 - 1 burglary and the intended crime, if carried out, are treated as separate offenses. burglary is a felony, even when the intended crime is a misdemeanor, and the intent to commit the crime can occur when one " enters or remains unlawfully " in the building, expanding the common law definition. it has three degrees. third - degree burglary is the broadest, and applies to any building or other premises. second - degree burglary retains the common - law element of a dwelling, and first - degree burglary requires one to be in a dwelling and to be armed with a weapon or to cause injury. a related offense, criminal trespass, covers unlawful entry to buildings or premises without the intent to commit a crime, and is a misdemeanor or, in the third degree, a violation. possession of burglar ' s tools, with the intent to use them to commit burglary or theft, is a misdemeanor. the commonwealth of massachusetts the commonwealth of massachusetts is a state in the new england region of the northeastern united states of america. it is bordered by rhode island and connecticut to the south, new york to the west, and vermont and new hampshire to the north ; at its east lies the atlantic ocean. as of the 2010... uses the term " burglary " to refer to a night - time breaking and entering of a dwelling with the intent to commit a felony. burglary is a felony punishable by not more than twenty years ; should the burglar enter with a dangerous weapon, they may be imprisoned for life. unlawful entries of a structure other than a dwelling are labeled " breaking and entering " and punishments vary according to structure. in maryland, under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. the first three degrees are felonies, while fourth - degree burglary is a misdemeanor. breaking


under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. the first three degrees are felonies, while fourth - degree burglary is a misdemeanor. breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit theft or a crime of violence is first - degree burglary. breaking and entering into a " storehouse " ( a structure other than a dwelling, also including watercraft, aircraft, railroad cars, and vessels ) with intent to commit theft, arson, or a crime of violence is second - degree burglary. third - degree burglary is defined as breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit a crime. simple breaking and entering into a dwelling or storehouse without specific intent to commit an additional crime is fourth - degree burglary. this degree also includes two other offenses that do not have breaking and entering as an element : being in or on the yard, garden, or other property of a storehouse or dwelling with the intent to commit theft, or possession of burglar ' s tools with the intent to use them in a burglary offense. in the criminal code of new hampshire new hampshire is a state in the new england region of the northeastern united states of america. the state was named after the southern english county of hampshire. it is bordered by massachusetts to the south, vermont to the west, maine and the atlantic ocean to the east, and the canadian..., " a person is guilty of burglary if he enters a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied section thereof, with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter. " under the penal law in the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the state in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs... in new york, burglary is always a felony, even in third degree. it is more serious if the perpetrator uses what appears to be a dangerous weapon, or if he or she enters a dwelling. in pennsylvania, it is a defense to prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned in virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as " common law burglary " and " statutory burglary. " common law burglary is defined as : if any