as a narrow belt of coral - rock, " with a basin of deep water in the centre, " and deep sea close outside. — bombay shoal appears ( horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 432 ) " to be a basin of smooth water surrounded by breakers. " these three shoals i have coloured blue. — the paraquas shoals are of a circular form, with deep gaps running through them ; not coloured. — a bank, gradually shoaling to the depth of 30 fathoms, extends to a distance of about 20 miles from the northern part of borneo, and to 30 miles from the northern part of palawan. near the land this bank appears tolerably free from danger, but a little further out it is thickly studded with coral shoals, which do not generally rise quite to the surface ; some of them are very steep to, and others have a fringe of shoal - water round them. i should have thought that these shoals had level surfaces, had it not been for the statement made by horsburgh " that most of the shoals hereabouts are formed of a belt of coral. " but, perhaps, that expression was more particularly applied to the shoals further in the offing. if these reefs of coral have a lagoon - like structure, they should have been coloured blue, and they would have formed an imperfect barrier in front of palawan and the northern part of borneo. but, as the water is not very deep, these reefs may have grown up from inequalities on the bank : i have not coloured them. — the coasts of china, tonquin, and cochin - china, forming the western boundary of the china sea, appear to be without reefs : with regard to the two last - mentioned coasts, i speak after examining the charts on a large scale in the atlas of the voyage of the favourite. indian ocean. — south keeling atoll has been specially described : nine miles north of it lies north keeling, a very small atoll, surveyed by the beagle, the lagoon of which is dry at low water. — christmas island, lying to the east, is a high island, without, as i have been informed by a person who passed it, any reefs at all. — ceylon : a space about eighty miles in length of the s. - western and southern shores of these islands has been described by mr. twynam, ( naut. mag. 1836, pp. 365 and 518 ) ; parts


. — ceylon : a space about eighty miles in length of the s. - western and southern shores of these islands has been described by mr. twynam, ( naut. mag. 1836, pp. 365 and 518 ) ; parts of this space appear to be very regularly fringed by coral - reefs, which extend from a quarter to half a mile from the shore. these reefs are in places breached, and afford safe anchorage for the small trading craft. outside, the sea gradually deepens ; there is 40 fathoms about six miles off shore : this part i have coloured red. in the published charts of ceylon there appear to be fringing reefs in several parts of the s. - eastern shores, which i have also coloured red. — at venloos bay the shore is likewise fringed. north of trincomalee there are also reefs of the same kind. the sea off the northern part of ceylon is exceedingly shallow ; and therefore i have not coloured the reefs which fringe portions of its shores, and the adjoining islets, as well as the indian promontory of madura. chagos, maldiva and laccadive archipelagoes. — these three great groups which have already been often noticed, are now well known from the admirable surveys of capt. moresby and lieut. powell. the published charts, which are worthy of the most attentive examination, at once show that the chagos and maldiva groups are entirely formed of great atolls, or lagoon - formed reefs, surmounted by islets. in the laccadive group, this structure is less evident ; the islets are low, not exceeding the usual height of coral formations, ( see lieut. wood ' s account, geograph. journ. vol. vi. p. 29 ) and most of the reefs are circular, as may be seen in the published charts ; and within several of them, as i am informed by capt. moresby, there is deepish water ; these therefore, have been coloured blue. directly north, and almost forming part of this group, there is a long, narrow, slightly - curved bank, rising out of the depths of the ocean, composed of sand, shells, and decayed coral, with from 23 to 30 fathoms on it. i have no doubt that it has had the same origin with the other laccidive banks ; but as it does not deepen towards the centre, i have not coloured it


can make out, there is no deep - water moat within them ; and the sea outside does not deepen very suddenly. the outline, however, of the land appears to be ( life of sir j. makintosh, vol. ii. p. 165. ) hilly and rugged. i am unable to decide whether these reefs belong to the barrier - class, as seems probable from their great extension, or to the fringing - class ; uncoloured. — bourbon. the greater part of the shores of this island, are without reefs ; but capt. carmichael ( hooker ' s bot. misc. ) states that a portion, fifteen miles in length, on the s. e. side, is imperfectly fringed with coral - reefs : i have not thought this sufficient to colour the island. seychelles. — the rocky islands of primary formation, composing this group, rise from a very extensive and tolerably level bank, having a depth between 20 and 40 fathoms. in capt. owen ' s chart, and in that in the atlas of the voyage of the favourite, it appears that the east side of mahe and the adjoining islets of st. anne and cerf, are regularly fringed by coral reefs. a portion of the s. e. part of curieuse isld., the n., and part of the s. w. shore of praslin isld., and the whole west side of digue isld., appear fringed. from a ms. account of these islands by capt. f. moresby, in the admiralty, it appears that silhouette is also fringed ; he states that all these islands are formed of granite and quartz, that they rise abruptly from the sea, and that " coral - reefs have grown round them, and project for some distance. " dr. allan of forres, who visited these islands, informs me that there is no deep water between the reefs and the shore. the above specified points have been coloured red. amirantes islands : the small islands of this neighbouring group, according to the ms. account of them by capt. f. moresby, are situated on an extensive bank ; they consist of the debris of corals and shells ; are only about 20 feet in height, and are environed by reefs, some attached to the shore, and some rather distant from it. — i have taken great pains to procure plans and information regarding the several islands lying between s. e. and s. w


in height, and are environed by reefs, some attached to the shore, and some rather distant from it. — i have taken great pains to procure plans and information regarding the several islands lying between s. e. and s. w. of the amirantes, and the seychelles ; relying chiefly on capt. f. moresby, and dr. allan, it appears that the greater number, namely — platte, alphonse, coetivi, galega, providence, st. pierre, astova, assomption, and glorioso, are low, formed of sand or coral - rock, and irregularly shaped ; they are situated on very extensive banks, and are connected with great coral - reefs. galega is said by dr. allan, to be rather higher than the other islands ; and st. pierre is described by capt. f. moresby, as being cavernous throughout, and as not consisting of either limestone or granite. these islands, as well as the amirantes, certainly are not atoll - formed, and they differ as a group from every other group with which i am acquainted ; i have not coloured them ; but probably the reefs belong to the fringing class. their formation is attributed both by dr. allan and capt. f. moresby, to the action of the currents, here exceedingly violent, on banks, which no doubt have had an independent geological origin. they resemble in many respects some islands and banks in the west indies, which owe their origin to a similar agency, in conjunction with an elevation of the entire area. in close vicinity to these several islands, there are three others of an apparently different nature : first, juan de nova, which appears from some plans and accounts to be an atoll ; but from others does not appear to be so ; not coloured. secondly, cosmoledo ; " this group consists of a ring of coral, ten leagues in circumference, and quarter of a mile broad in some places, inclosing a magnificent lagoon, into which there did not appear a single opening " ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 151 ) ; coloured blue. thirdly, aldabra ; it consists of three islets, about 25 feet in height, with red cliffs ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 176 ), surrounding a very shallow basin or lagoon. the sea is profoundly deep close to the shore. viewing this island in a chart, it would be thought an atoll ; but


with red cliffs ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 176 ), surrounding a very shallow basin or lagoon. the sea is profoundly deep close to the shore. viewing this island in a chart, it would be thought an atoll ; but the foregoing description shows that there is something different in its nature ; dr. allan also states that it is cavernous, and that the coral - rock has a vitrified appearance. is it an upheaved atoll, or the crater of a volcano? — uncoloured. comoro group. — mayotta, according to horsburgh ( vol. i. p. 216, 4th edit. ), is completely surrounded by a reef, which runs at the distance of three, four, and in some places even five miles from the land ; in an old chart, published by dalrymple, a depth in many places of 36 and 38 fathoms is laid down within the reef. in the same chart, the space of open water within the reef in some parts is even more than three miles wide : the land is bold and peaked ; this island, therefore, is encircled by a well - characterized barrier reef, and is coloured pale blue. — johanna ; horsburgh says ( vol. i. p. 217 ), this island from the n. w. to the s. w. point, is bounded by a reef, at the distance of two miles from the shore ; in some parts, however, the reef must be attached, since lieut. boteler ( narr. vol. i. p. 161 ), describes a passage through it, within which there is room only for a few boats. its height, as i am informed by dr. allan, is about 3, 500 feet ; it is very precipitous, and is composed of granite, greenstone, and quartz ; coloured blue. — mohilla ; on the s. side of this island there is anchorage, in from 30 to 45 fathoms, between a reef and the shore ( horsburgh, vol. i. p. 214 ) ; in capt. owen ' s chart of madagascar, this island is represented as encircled ; coloured blue. — great comoro isld. is, as i am informed by dr. allan, about 8, 000 feet high, and apparently volcanic ; it is not regularly encircled ; but reefs of various shapes and dimensions, jut out from every headland on the w., s., and s.


am informed by dr. allan, about 8, 000 feet high, and apparently volcanic ; it is not regularly encircled ; but reefs of various shapes and dimensions, jut out from every headland on the w., s., and s. e. coasts, inside of which reefs there are channels, often parallel with the shore, with deep water. on the n. - western coasts the reefs appear attached to the shores. the land near the coast is in some places bold, but generally speaking it is flat ; horsburgh says, ( vol. i. p. 214, ) the water is profoundly deep close to the shore, from which expression i presume some parts are without reefs. from this description, i apprehend the reef belongs to the barrier class ; but i have not coloured it, as most of the charts which i have seen, represent the reefs round it as very much less extensive than round the other islands in the group. madagascar. — my information is chiefly derived from the published charts by capt. owen, and the accounts given by him and by lieut. boteler. commencing at the s. w. extremity of this island ; towards the northern part of the star bank ( in lat. 25° s. ) the coast for ten miles is fringed by a reef ; coloured red. the shore immediately s. of st. augustin ' s bay appears fringed ; but tullear harbour, directly n. of it, is formed by a narrow reef ten miles long, extending parallel to the shore, with from four to ten fathoms within it. if this reef had been more extensive, it must have been classed as a barrier - reef ; but as the line of coast falls inwards here, a submarine bank perhaps extends parallel to the shore, which has offered a foundation for the growth of the coral ; i have left this part uncoloured. from lat. 22° 16 ' to 21° 37 ', the shore is fringed by coral reefs ( see lieut. boteler ' s narrative, vol. ii. p. 106 ), less than a mile in width, and with shallow water within. there are outlying coral shoals in several parts of the offing, with about ten fathoms between them and the shore, and the depth of the sea one mile and a - half seaward, is about 30 fathoms. the part above specified is engraved on a large scale ; and as in the charts on rather


ten fathoms between them and the shore, and the depth of the sea one mile and a - half seaward, is about 30 fathoms. the part above specified is engraved on a large scale ; and as in the charts on rather a smaller scale the same fringe of reef extends as far as lat. 33° 15 ' ; i have coloured the whole of this part of the coast red. the islands of juan de nova ( in lat. 17° s. ) appear in the charts on a large scale to be fringed, but i have not been able to ascertain whether the reefs are of coral ; uncoloured. the main - part of the west coast appears to be low, with outlying sand - banks, which lieut. boteler ( vol. ii. p. 106 ) says, " are faced on the edge of deep water by a line of sharp - pointed coral - rocks. " nevertheless i have not coloured this part, as i cannot make out by the charts that the coast itself is fringed. the headlands of narrenda and passandava bays ( 14° 40 ' ) and the islands in front of radama harbour are represented in the plans as regularly fringed, and have accordingly been coloured red. with respect to the east coast of madagascar, dr. allan informs me in a letter, that the whole line of coast, from tamatave in 18° 12 ' to c. amber at the extreme northern point of the island, is bordered by coral - reefs. the land is low, uneven, and gradually rising from the coast. from capt. owen ' s charts, also, the existence of these reefs, which evidently belong to the fringing class, on some parts, namely, n. of british sound and near ngoncy, of the above line of coast might have been inferred. lieut. boteler ( vol. i. p. 155 ) speaks of " the reef surrounding the island of st. mary ' s at a small distance from the shore. " in a previous chapter i have described, from the information of dr. allan, the manner in which the reefs extend in n. e. lines from the headlands on this coast, thus sometimes forming rather deep channels within them : this seems caused by the action of the currents, and the reefs spring up from the submarine prolongations of the sandy headlands. the above specified portion of the coast is coloured red. the remaining s. e. portions do


channels within them : this seems caused by the action of the currents, and the reefs spring up from the submarine prolongations of the sandy headlands. the above specified portion of the coast is coloured red. the remaining s. e. portions do not appear in any published chart to possess reefs of any kind ; and the rev. w. ellis, whose means of information regarding this side of madagascar have been extensive, informs me he believes there are none. east coast of africa. — proceeding from the northern part, the coast appears, for a considerable space, without reefs. my information, i may here observe, is derived from the survey by capt. owen, together with his narrative ; and that by lieut. boteler. at mukdeesha ( 2° 1 ' n. ) there is a coral - reef extending four or five miles along the shore, ( owen ' s nar. vol. i. p. 357 ) which in the chart lies at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the shore, and has within it from six to ten feet water : this then is a fringing - reef, and is coloured red. from juba a little s. of the equator, to lamoo ( in 2° 20 ' s. ) " the coast and islands are formed of madrepore " ( owen ' s narrative, vol. i. p. 363 ). the chart of this part ( entitled dundas islds. ) presents an extraordinary appearance ; the coast of the mainland is quite straight, and it is fronted at the average distance of two miles, by exceedingly narrow, straight islets, fringed with reefs. within the chain of islets, there are extensive tidal flats and muddy bays, into which many rivers enter : the depth of these spaces varies from one to four fathoms — the latter depth not being common, and about twelve feet the average. outside the chain of islets, the sea, at the distance of a mile, varies in depth from eight to fifteen fathoms. lieut. boteler ( nar. vol. i. p. 369 ) describes the muddy bay of patta, which seems to resemble other parts of this coast, as fronted by small, narrow, level islets formed of decomposing coral, the margin of which is seldom of greater height than twelve feet, overhanging the rocky surface from which the islets rise. knowing that the islets are formed of coral, it is i think


level islets formed of decomposing coral, the margin of which is seldom of greater height than twelve feet, overhanging the rocky surface from which the islets rise. knowing that the islets are formed of coral, it is i think scarcely possible to view the coast, and not at once conclude that we here see a fringing - reef, which has been upraised a few feet : the unusual depth of from two to four fathoms within some of these islets, is probably due to muddy rivers having prevented the growth of coral near the shore. there is, however, one difficulty on this view, namely, that before the elevation took place, which converted the reef into a chain of islets, the water must apparently have been still deeper ; on the other hand it may be supposed that the formation of a nearly perfect barrier in front of so large an extent of coast, would cause the currents ( especially in front of the rivers, ) to deepen their muddy beds. when describing, in the chapter on fringing reefs, those of mauritius, i have given my reasons for believing that the shoal spaces within reefs of this kind, must, in many instances, have been deepened. however this may be, as several parts of this line of coast are undoubtedly fringed by living reefs, i have coloured it red. — maleenda ( 3° 20 ' s. ) in the plan of the harbour, the south headland appears fringed ; and in owen ' s chart on a larger scale, the reefs are seen to extend nearly thirty miles southward ; coloured red. mombas ( 4° 5 ' s. ) the island which forms the harbour, " is surrounded by cliffs of madrepore, capable of being rendered almost impregnable, " ( owen ' s nar. vol. i. p. 412 ). the shore of the main land, n. and s. of the harbour, is most regularly fringed by a coral - reef at a distance from half a mile to one mile and a quarter from the land ; within the reef the depth is from nine to fifteen feet ; outside the reef the depth at rather less than half a mile is thirty fathoms. from the charts it appears that a space about thirty - six miles in length, is here fringed ; coloured red. — pemba ( 5° s. ) is an isld. of coral formation, level, and about 200 feet in height ( owen ' s nar. vol. i.


six miles in length, is here fringed ; coloured red. — pemba ( 5° s. ) is an isld. of coral formation, level, and about 200 feet in height ( owen ' s nar. vol. i. p. 425 ) ; it is 35 miles long, and is separated from the mainland by a deep sea. the outer coast is represented in the charts as regularly fringed ; coloured red. the main land in front of pemba is likewise fringed ; but there also appear to be some outlying reefs with deep water between them and the shore. i do not understand their structure, either from the charts or the description, therefore have not coloured them. — zanzibar resembles pemba in most respects ; its southern half on the western side and the neighbouring islets are fringed ; coloured red. on the main land, a little s. of zanzibar, there are some banks parallel to the coast, which i should have thought had been formed of coral, had it not been said ( boteler ' s nar. vol. ii. p. 39 ) that there were composed of sand ; not coloured. — latham ' s bank is a small island, fringed by coral - reefs ; but being only ten feet high, it has not been coloured. — monfeea is an island of the same character as pemba : its outer shore is fringed, and its southern extremity is connected with keelwa point on the main land by a chain of islands fringed by reefs ; coloured red. the four last - mentioned islands resemble in many respects some of the islands in the red sea, which will presently be described. — keelwa. in a plan of the shore, a space of 20 miles n. and s. of this place is fringed by reefs, apparently of coral : these reefs are prolonged still further southward in owen ' s general chart. the coast in the plans of the rivers lindy and monghow ( 9° 59 ' and 10° 7 ' s. ) has the same structure ; coloured red. — querimba islands ( from 10° 40 ' to 13° s. ) a chart on a large scale is given of these islands : they are low, and of coral formation ( boteler ' s nar. vol. ii. p. 54 ) ; and generally have extensive reefs projecting from them, which are dry at low water, and which on the outside rise abruptly from a deep sea : on their insides they


( boteler ' s nar. vol. ii. p. 54 ) ; and generally have extensive reefs projecting from them, which are dry at low water, and which on the outside rise abruptly from a deep sea : on their insides they are separated from the continent by a channel, or rather a succession of bays, with an average depth of ten fathoms. the small headlands on the continent also have coral - banks attached to them ; and the querimba islands and banks are placed on the lines of prolongation of these headlands, and are separated from them by very shallow channels. it is evident that whatever cause, whether the drifting of sediment or subterranean movements, produced the headlands, likewise produced, as might have been expected, submarine prolongations to them ; and these towards their outer extremities, have since afforded a favourable basis for the growth of coral - reefs, and subsequently for the formation of islets. as these reefs clearly belong to the fringing - class, the querimba islands have been coloured red. — monabila ( 13° 32 ' s. ) in the plan of this harbour, the headlands outside are fringed by reefs apparently of coral ; coloured red. — mozambique ( 15° s. ) the outer part of the island on which the city is built, and the neighbouring islands, are fringed by coral - reefs ; coloured red. from the description given in owen ' s nar. ( vol. i. p. 162 ) the shore from mozambique to delagoa bay appears to be low and sandy : many of the shoals and islets off this line of coast are of coral formation ; but from their small size and lowness, it is not possible, from the charts, to know whether they are truly fringed. hence this portion of coast is left uncoloured, as are likewise those parts more northward, of which no mention has been made in the foregoing pages, from the want of information. persian gulf. — from the charts lately published on a large scale by the east indian company, it appears that several parts, especially the southern shores of this gulf, are fringed by coral - reefs ; but as the water is very shallow, and as there are numerous sand - banks, which are difficult to distinguish on the chart from reefs, i have not coloured the upper part red. towards the mouth, however, where the water is rather deeper, the islands of ormuz and larrack, appear so regularly


- banks, which are difficult to distinguish on the chart from reefs, i have not coloured the upper part red. towards the mouth, however, where the water is rather deeper, the islands of ormuz and larrack, appear so regularly fringed, that i have coloured them red. there are certainly no atolls in the persian gulf. the shores of immaum, and of the promontory forming the southern headland of the persian gulf, seem to be without reefs. the whole s. w. part ( except one or two small patches ) of arabia felix, and the shores of socotra appear from the charts and memoir of capt. haines ( geograph. journ., 1839, p. 125, ) to be without any reefs. i believe there are no extensive coral - reefs on any part of the coasts of india, except on the low promontory of madura ( as already mentioned ) in front of ceylon. red sea. — my information is chiefly derived from the admirable charts published by the east indian company in 1836, from personal communication with capt. moresby, one of the surveyors, and from the excellent memoir, " uber die natur der corallen - banken des rothen meeres, " by ehrenberg. the plains immediately bordering the red sea seem chiefly to consist of a sedimentary formation of the newer tertiary period. the shore is, with the exception of a few parts, fringed by coral - reefs. the water is generally profoundly deep close to the shore ; but this fact, which has attracted the attention of most voyagers, seems to have no necessary connection with the presence of reefs ; for capt. moresby particularly observed to me, that, in lat. 24° 10 ' on the eastern side, there is a piece of coast, with very deep water close to it, without any reefs, but not differing in other respects from the usual nature of the coast - line. the most remarkable feature in the red sea is the chain of submerged banks, reefs, and islands, lying some way from the shore, chiefly on the eastern side ; the space within being deep enough to admit a safe navigation in small vessels. the banks are generally of an oval form, and some miles in width ; but some of them are very long in proportion to their width. capt. moresby informs me that any one, who had not made actual plans of them, would be apt to think that they were much more elongated than they really are.


width ; but some of them are very long in proportion to their width. capt. moresby informs me that any one, who had not made actual plans of them, would be apt to think that they were much more elongated than they really are. many of them rise to the surface, but the greater number lie from 5 to 30 fathoms beneath it, with irregular soundings on them. they consist of sand and living coral ; coral on most of them, according to capt. moresby, covering the greater part of their surface. they extend parallel to the shore, and they are not unfrequently connected in their middle parts by short transverse banks with the main land. the sea is generally profoundly deep quite close to them, as it is near most parts of the coast of the main land ; but this is not universally the case, for between lat. 15° and 17° the water deepens quite gradually from the banks, both on the eastern and western shores, towards the middle of the sea. islands in many parts arise from these banks ; they are low, flat - topped, and consist of the same horizontally stratified formation with that forming the plain - like margin of the main land. some of the smaller and lower islands consist of mere sand. capt. moresby informs me, that small masses of rock, the remnants of islands, are left on many banks where there is now no dry land. ehrenberg also asserts that most of the islets, even the lowest, have a flat abraded basis, composed of the same tertiary formation : he believes that as soon as the surf wears down the protuberant parts of a bank, just beneath the level of the sea, the surface becomes protected from further abrasion by the growth of coral, and he thus accounts for the existence of so many banks standing on a level with the surface of this sea. it appears that most of the islands are certainly decreasing in size. the form of the banks and islands is most singular in the part just referred to, namely, from lat. 15° to 17°, where the sea deepens quite gradually : the dhalac group, on the western coast, is surrounded by an intricate archipelago of islets and shoals ; the main island is very irregularly shaped, and it includes a bay seven miles long, by four across, in which no bottom was found with 252 feet : there is only one entrance into this bay, half a mile wide, and with an island in front


island is very irregularly shaped, and it includes a bay seven miles long, by four across, in which no bottom was found with 252 feet : there is only one entrance into this bay, half a mile wide, and with an island in front of it. the submerged banks on the eastern coast, within the same latitudes, round farsan isld., are, likewise, penetrated by many narrow creeks of deep water ; one is twelve miles long, in the form of a hatchet, in which, close to its broad upper end, soundings were not stuck with 360 feet, and its entrance is only half a mile wide : in another creek of the same nature, but even with a more irregular outline, there was no bottom with 480 feet. the island of farsan, itself, has as singular a form as any of its surrounding banks. the bottom of the sea round the dhalac and farsan islands consists chiefly of sand and agglutinated fragments, but, in the deep and narrow creeks, it consists of mud ; the islands themselves consist of thin, horizontally stratified, modern tertiary beds, containing but little broken coral ; * their shores are fringed by living coral - reefs. from the account given by ruppell † of the manner in which dhalac has been rent by fissures, the opposite sides of which have been unequally elevated, ( in one instance to the amount of 50 feet, ) it seems probable that its irregular form, as well as probably that of farsan, may have been partly caused by unequal elevations ; but, considering the general form of the banks, and of the deep - water creeks, together with the composition of the land, i think their configuration is more probably due in great part to strong currents having drifted sediment over an uneven bottom : it is almost certain that their form cannot be attributed to the growth of coral. whatever may have been the precise origin of the dhalac and farsan archipelagoes, the greater number of the banks on the eastern side of the red sea seem to have originated through nearly similar means. i judge of this from their similarity in configuration, ( in proof of which i may instance a bank on the east coast in lat. 22° ; although it is true that the northern banks generally have a less complicated outline, ) and from their similarity in composition, as may be observed in their upraised portions. the depth within the banks northward of lat. 17°, is usually greater, and their


true that the northern banks generally have a less complicated outline, ) and from their similarity in composition, as may be observed in their upraised portions. the depth within the banks northward of lat. 17°, is usually greater, and their outer sides shelve more abruptly ( circumstances which seem to go together ) than in the dhalac and farsan archipelagoes ; but this might easily have been caused by a difference in the action of the currents during their formation : moreover, the greater quantity of living coral, which, according to capt. moresby, exists on the northern banks, would tend to give them steeper margins. from this account, brief and imperfect as it is, we can see that the great chain of banks on the eastern coast, and on the western side in the southern portion, differ greatly from true barrier - reefs wholly formed by the growth of coral. it is indeed the direct conclusion of * ruppell reise in abyssinie, band. i. s. 247. † ibid. s. 245. ehrenberg, ( uber die, & c. pp. 45 and 51, ) that they are connected in their origin quite secondarily with the growth of coral ; and he remarks that the islands off the coast of norway, if worn down level with the sea, and merely coated with living coral, would present a nearly similar appearance. i cannot, however, avoid suspecting, from information given me by dr. malcolmson and capt. moresby, that ehrenberg has rather under - rated the influence of corals, in some places at least, on the formation of the tertiary deposits of the red sea. the west coast of the red sea between lat. 19° and 22°. — there are, in this space, reefs, which, if i had known nothing of those in other parts of the red sea, i should unhesitatingly have considered as barrier - reefs ; and, after deliberation, i have come to the same conclusion. one of these reefs, in 20° 15 ', is twenty miles long, less than a mile in width, ( but expanding at the northern end into a disk, ) slightly sinuous, and extending parallel to the main - land at the distance of five miles from it, with very deep water within ; in one spot soundings were not obtained with 205 fathoms. some leagues further south, there is another linear reef, very narrow, ten miles long, with other small portions of reef


of five miles from it, with very deep water within ; in one spot soundings were not obtained with 205 fathoms. some leagues further south, there is another linear reef, very narrow, ten miles long, with other small portions of reef, north and south, almost connected with it ; and within this line of reefs ( as well as outside ) the water is profoundly deep. there are also some small linear and sickle - formed reefs, lying a little way out at sea. all these reefs are covered, as i am informed by capt. moresby, by living corals. here, then, we have all the characters of reefs of the barrier class ; and in some outlying reefs we have an approach to the structure of atolls. the source of my doubts about the classification of these reefs, arises from having observed in the dhalac and farsan groups the narrowness and straightness of several spits of sand and rock : one of these spits in the dhalac group is nearly fifteen miles long, only two broad, and it is bordered on each side with deep water ; so that, if worn down by the surf, and coated with living corals, it would form a reef nearly similar to those within the space under consideration. there is, also, in this space ( lat. 21° ) a peninsula, bordered by cliffs, with its extremity worn down to the level of the sea, and its basis fringed with reefs : in the line of prolongation of this peninsula, there lies the island of macowa, ( formed, according to capt. moresby, of the usual tertiary deposit, ) and some smaller islands, large parts of which likewise appear to have been worn down, and are now coated with living corals. if the removal of the strata in these several cases had been more complete, the reefs thus formed would have nearly resembled those barrier - like ones now under discussion. notwithstanding these facts, i cannot persuade myself that the many very small, isolated, and sickle - formed reefs and others, long, nearly straight, and very narrow, with the water unfathomably deep close round them, could possibly have been formed by corals merely coating banks of sediment, or the abraded surfaces of irregularly shaped islands. i feel compelled to believe that the foundations of these reefs have subsided, and that the corals, during their upward growth, have given to these reefs their present forms : i may remark that the subsidence of narrow and irregular


reefs along the whole line of coast ; but as the greater number rise from banks not very deeply submerged, ( the formation of which has been shown to be only secondarily connected with the growth of coral, ) their origin may be due simply to the growth of knolls of corals, from an irregular foundation situated within a limited depth. but between lat. 18° and 20°, there are so many linear, elliptic and extremely small reefs, rising abruptly out of profound depths, that the same reasons, which led me to colour blue a portion of the west coast, have induced me to do the same in this part. there exist some small outlying reefs rising from deep water, north of lat. 20°, ( the northern limit coloured blue, ) on the east coast ; but as they are not very numerous, and scarcely any of them are linear, i have thought it right to leave them uncoloured. in the southern parts of the red sea, considerable spaces of the main land, and of some of the dhalac islands, are skirted by reefs, which, as i am informed by capt. moresby, are of living coral, and have all the characters of the fringing class. as in these latitudes, there are no outlying linear or sickle - formed reefs, rising out of unfathomable depths, i have coloured these parts of the coast red. on similar grounds, i have coloured red the northern parts of the western coast, ( north of lat. 24° 30 ' ) and likewise the shores of the chief part of the gulf of suez. in the gulf of acaba, as i am informed by capt. moresby, there are no coral - reefs, and the water is profoundly deep. west indies. — my information regarding the reefs of this area, is derived from various sources, and from an examination of numerous charts ; especially of those lately executed during the survey under capt. owen, r. n. i lie under particular obligation to capt. bird allen, r. n., one of the members of the late survey, for many personal communications on this subject. as in the case of the red sea, it is necessary to make some preliminary remarks on the submerged banks of the west indies, which are in some degree connected with coral - reefs, and cause considerable doubts in their classification. that large accumulations of sediment are in progress on the west indian shores, will be evident to any one who examines the charts of that sea, especially of the


are in some degree connected with coral - reefs, and cause considerable doubts in their classification. that large accumulations of sediment are in progress on the west indian shores, will be evident to any one who examines the charts of that sea, especially of the portion north of a line joining yucutan and florida. the area of deposition seems less intimately connected with the debouchement of the great rivers, than with the course of the sea - currents ; as is evident from the vast extension of the banks from the promontories of yucutan and mosquito. besides the coast - banks, there are many of various dimensions which stand quite isolated ; these closely resemble each other ; they lie from 2 or 3 to 20 or 30 fathoms under water, and are composed of sand, sometimes firmly agglutinated, with little or no coral ; their surfaces are smooth and nearly level, shelving only to the amount of a few fathoms, very gradually all round towards their edges, where they plunge abruptly into the unfathomable sea. this steep inclination of their sides, which is likewise characteristic of the coast - banks, is very remarkable : i may give as an instance, the misteriosa bank, on the edges of which the soundings change in 250 fathoms horizontal distance, from 11 to 210 fathoms ; off the northern point of the bank of old providence, in 200 fathoms horizontal distance, the change is from 19 to 152 fathoms ; off the great bahama bank, in 160 fathoms horizontal distance, the inclination is in many places from 10 fathoms to no bottom with 190 fathoms. on coasts in all parts of the world, where sediment is accumulating, something of this kind may be observed ; the banks shelve very gently far out to sea, and then terminate abruptly. the form and composition of the banks standing in the middle parts of w. indian sea, clearly show that their origin must be chiefly attributed to the accumulation of sediment ; and the only obvious explanation of their isolated position is the presence of a nucleus, round which the currents have collected fine drift matter. any one who will compare the character of the bank surrounding the hilly island of old providence, with those banks in its neighbourhood which stand isolated, will scarcely doubt that they surround submerged mountains. we are led to the same conclusion by examining the bank called thunder knoll, which is separated from the great mosquito bank by a channel only seven miles wide, and 145 fathoms deep.


isolated, will scarcely doubt that they surround submerged mountains. we are led to the same conclusion by examining the bank called thunder knoll, which is separated from the great mosquito bank by a channel only seven miles wide, and 145 fathoms deep. there cannot be any doubt that the mosquito bank has been formed by the accumulation of sediment round the promontory of the same name ; and thunder knoll resembles the mosquito bank, in the state of its surface submerged 20 fathoms, in the inclination of its sides, in composition, and in every other respect. i may observe, although the remark is here irrelevant, that geologists should be cautious in concluding that all the outlyers of any formation have once been connected together, for we here see that deposits, doubtless of exactly the same nature, may be deposited with large valley - like spaces between them. linear strips of coral - reefs and small knolls project from many of the isolated, as well as coast - banks ; sometimes they occur quite irregularly placed, as on the mosquito bank, but more generally they form crescents on the windward side, situated some little distance within the outer edge of the banks : — thus on the serranilla bank they form an interrupted chain which ranges between two and three miles within the windward margin : generally they occur, as on roncador, courtown and anegada banks, nearer the line of deep - water. their occurrence on the windward side is conformable to the general rule, of the efficient kinds of corals flourishing best where most exposed ; but their position some way within the line of deep water i cannot explain, without it be, that a depth somewhat less than that close to the outer margin of the banks, is most favourable to their growth. where the corals have formed a nearly continuous rim, close to the windward edge of a bank some fathoms submerged, the reef closely resembles an atoll ; but if the bank surrounds an island ( as in the case of old providence ), the reef resembles an encircling barrier - reef. i should undoubtedly have classed some of these fringed banks as imperfect atolls, or barrier - reefs, if the sedimentary nature of their foundations had not been evident from the presence of other neighbouring banks, of similar forms and of similar composition, but without the crescent - like marginal reef : in the third chapter, i observed that probably some atoll - like reefs did exist, which had originated in the manner here supposed. proofs of elevation within recent


, of similar forms and of similar composition, but without the crescent - like marginal reef : in the third chapter, i observed that probably some atoll - like reefs did exist, which had originated in the manner here supposed. proofs of elevation within recent tertiary periods abound, as referred to in the sixth chapter, over nearly the whole area of the west indies. hence it is easy to understand the origin of the low land on the coasts, where sediment is now accumulating ; for instance, on the northern part of yucutan, and on the n. e. part of mosquito, where the land is low, and where extensive banks appear to be in progressive formation. hence, also, the origin of the great bahama banks, which are bordered on their western and southern edges by very narrow, long, singularly - shaped islands, formed of sand, shells and coral - rock, and some of them about a hundred feet in height, is easily explained by the elevation of banks fringed on their windward ( western and southern ) sides by coral - reefs. on this view, however, we must suppose either that the chief part of the surfaces of the great bahama sand - banks were all originally deeply submerged, and were brought up to their present level by the same elevatory action, which formed the linear islands ; or that during the elevation of the banks, the superficial currents and swell of the waves continued wearing them down and keeping them at a nearly uniform level : the level is not quite uniform ; for, in proceeding from the n. w. end of the bahama group towards the s. e. end, the depth of the banks increases, and the area of land decreases, in a very gradual and remarkable manner. the latter view, namely, that these banks have been worn down by the currents and swell during their elevation, seems to me the most probable one. it is, also, i believe, applicable to many banks, situated in widely distant parts of the west indian sea, which are wholly submerged ; for, on any other view, we must suppose, that the elevatory forces have acted with astonishing uniformity. the shore of the gulf of mexico, for a space of many hundred miles, is formed by a chain of lagoons, from one to twenty miles in breadth, ( columbian navigator, p. 178, & c. ) containing either fresh or salt water, and separated from the sea by linear strips of sand. great spaces of the shores of southern brazil, * and of the united states


twenty miles in breadth, ( columbian navigator, p. 178, & c. ) containing either fresh or salt water, and separated from the sea by linear strips of sand. great spaces of the shores of southern brazil, * and of the united states from long island ( as observed by professor rogers ) to florida, have the same character. professor rogers, in his report to the british association, ( vol. iii. p. 13, ) speculates on the origin of these low, sandy, linear islets : he states that the layers of which they are composed are too homogeneous, and contain too large a proportion of shells, to permit the common supposition of their formation being simply due to matter thrown up, where it now lies, by the surf : he considers these islands as upheaved bars or shoals, which were deposited in lines where opposed currents met. it is evident that these islands and spits of sand parallel to the coast, and separated from it by shallow lagoons, have no necessary connection with coral formations. but in southern florida, from the accounts i have received from persons who have resided there, the upraised islands seem to be formed of strata, containing a good deal of coral, and they are extensively fringed by living reefs ; the channels within these islands are in some places between two and three miles wide, and five or six fathoms deep, though generally † they are less in depth and width. after having seen how frequently banks of sediment in the west indian sea are fringed by reefs, we can readily conceive that bars of sediment might be greatly aided in their formation along a line of coast, by the growth of corals ; and such bars would, in that case, have a deceptive resemblance with true barrier - reefs. having now endeavoured to remove some sources of doubt in * in the london and edinburgh philosophical journal, 1141, p. 257, i have described a singular bar of sandstone lying parallel to the coast off pernambuco in brazil, which probably is an analagous formation. † in the ordinary sea charts, no lagoons appear on the coast of florida, north of 26° ; but major whiting ( silliman ' s journal, vol. xxxv. p. 54 ) says that many are formed by sand thrown up along the whole line of coast from st. augustine ' s to jupiter inlet. classifying the reefs of the west indies, i will give my authorities for colouring such portions of coast as i


54 ) says that many are formed by sand thrown up along the whole line of coast from st. augustine ' s to jupiter inlet. classifying the reefs of the west indies, i will give my authorities for colouring such portions of coast as i have thought myself warranted in doing. capt. bird allen informs me, that most of the islands on the bahama banks are fringed, especially on their windward sides, with living reefs ; and hence i have coloured those, which are thus represented in capt. owen ' s late chart, red. the same officer informs me, that the islets along the southern part of florida are similarly fringed ; coloured red. — cuba : proceeding along the northern coast, at the distance of forty miles from the extreme s. e. point, the shores are fringed by reefs, which extend westward for a space of 160 miles, with only a few breaks. parts of these reefs are represented in the plans of the harbours on this coast by capt. owen ; and an excellent description is given of them by mr. taylor, ( loudon ' s mag. of nat. hist. vol. ix. p. 449 ) ; he states that they enclose a space called the ' baxo, ' from half to three quarters of a mile in width, with a sandy bottom, and a little coral. in most parts people can wade, at low water, to the reef ; but in some parts the depth is between two and three fathoms. close outside the reef, the depth is between six and seven fathoms : these well - characterized fringing reefs are coloured red. — westward of long. 77° 30 ', on the northern side of cuba, a great bank commences, which extends along the coast for nearly four degrees of longitude. in the place of its commencement, in its structure, and in the " cays, " or low islands on its edge, there is a marked correspondence ( as observed by humboldt, pers. narr, vol. vii. p. 88 ) between it and the great bahama and sal banks, which lie directly in front. hence one is led to attribute the same origin to both these sets of banks ; namely, the accumulation of sediment, conjoined with an elevatory movement, and the growth of coral on their outer edges : those parts which appear fringed by living reefs are coloured red. — westward of these banks, there is a portion of coast apparently without reefs, except in


conjoined with an elevatory movement, and the growth of coral on their outer edges : those parts which appear fringed by living reefs are coloured red. — westward of these banks, there is a portion of coast apparently without reefs, except in the harbours, the shores of which seem in the published plans to be fringed. — the colorado shoals, ( see capt. owen ' s charts, ) and the low land at the western end of cuba, correspond as closely in relative position and structure to the banks at the extreme point of florida, as the banks above described on the north side of cuba, do to the bahamas. the depth within the islets and reefs on the outer edge of the colorados, is generally between two and three fathoms, increasing to twelve fathoms in the southern part, where the bank becomes nearly open, without islets or coral - reefs ; the portions which are fringed are coloured red. — the southern shore of cuba is deeply concave, and the included space is filled up with mud and sand banks, low islands, and coral - reefs. between the mountainous isle of pines and the southern shore of cuba, the general depth is only between two and three fathoms ; and in this part, small islands, formed of fragmentary rocks and broken madrepores, ( humboldt, pers. narr. vol. vii. pp. 51, 86 to 90, 291, 309, 320, ) rise abruptly, and just reach the surface of the sea. from some expressions used in the columbian navigator, ( vol. i. pt. ii. p. 94, ) it appears that considerable spaces along the outer coast of southern cuba are bounded by cliffs of coral - rock, formed probably by the upheaval of coral - reefs and sand banks. the charts represent the southern part of the isle of pines as fringed by reefs, which the columb. navig. says extend some way from the coast, but have only from nine to twelve feet water on them ; these are coloured red. — i have not been able to procure any detailed description of the large group of banks and " cays " further eastward on the southern side of cuba ; within them there is a large expanse, with a muddy bottom, from eight to twelve fathoms deep : although some parts on this line of coast are represented in the general charts of the west indies, as fringed, i have not thought it prudent to colour them. the remaining


a muddy bottom, from eight to twelve fathoms deep : although some parts on this line of coast are represented in the general charts of the west indies, as fringed, i have not thought it prudent to colour them. the remaining portion of the south coast of cuba appears to be without coral - reefs. yucutan. — the n. e. part of the promontory appears, in capt. owen ' s charts to be fringed ; coloured red. the eastern coast, from 20° to 18° is fringed. south of lat. 18°, there commences the most remarkable reef in the west indies : it is about 130 miles in length, ranging in a n. and s. line, at an average distance of 15 miles from the coast. the islets on it are all low, as i have been informed by capt. b. allen ; the water deepens suddenly on the outside the reef, but not more abruptly than off many of the sedimentary banks : within its southern extremity ( off honduras ) the depth is 25 fathoms ; but in the more northern parts, the depth soon decreases to 10 fathoms, and within the northernmost part, for a space of 20 miles, the depth is only from one to two fathoms. in most of these respects we have the characteristics of a barrier reef ; nevertheless, from observing, first, that the channel within the reef is a continuation of a great irregular bay, which penetrates the main land to the depth of 50 miles ; and secondly, that considerable spaces of this barrier - like reef are described in the charts ( for instance, in lat. 16° 45 ' and 16° 12 ' ) as formed of pure sand ; and thirdly, from knowing that sediment is accumulating in many parts of the west indies in banks parallel to the shore ; i have not ventured to colour this reef as a barrier, without further evidence that it has really been formed by the growth of corals, and that it is not merely in parts a spit of sand, and in other parts a worn - down promontory, partially coated and fringed by reefs : i lean, however, to the probability of its being a barrier - reef, produced by subsidence. to add to my doubts, immediately on the outside of this barrier - like reef, turneffe, lighthouse, and glover reefs are situated, and these reefs have so completely the form of atolls, that if they had occurred in the


of the coast appear to be fringed ; but as these are not represented in the charts of the whole island, i have not coloured them. — st. domingo : i have not been able to obtain sufficient information, either from plans of the harbours, or from general charts, to enable me to colour any part of the coast, except 60 miles from port de plata westward, which seems very regularly fringed : many other parts, however, of the coast are probably fringed, especially towards the eastern end of the island. — puerto rico : considerable portions of the southern, western, and eastern coasts, and some parts of the northern coast, appear in the charts to be fringed ; coloured red. some miles in length of the southern side of the island of st. thomas is fringed ; most of the virgin gorda islands, as i am informed by mr. schomburgk, are fringed ; the shores of anegada, as well as the bank on which it stands, are likewise fringed ; these islands have been coloured red. the greater part of the southern side of santa cruz appears in the danish survey to be fringed ( see also prof. hovey ' s account of this island, in silliman ' s journal, vol xxxv. p. 74. ) ; the reefs extend along shore for a considerable space, and project rather more than a mile ; the depth within the reef is three fathoms ; coloured red. — the antilles, as remarked by von buch ( descrip. iles canaries, p. 494, ) may be divided into two linear groups, the western row being volcanic, and the eastern of modern calcareous origin ; my information is very defective on the whole group. of the eastern islands, barbuda and the western coasts of antigua and mariagalante appear to be fringed : this is also the case with barbadoes, as i have been informed by a resident ; these islands are coloured red. on the shores of the western antilles, of volcanic origin, very few coral - reefs appear to exist. the island of martinique, of which there are beautifully - executed french charts, on a very large scale, alone presents any appearance worthy of special notice. the south - western, southern, and eastern coasts, together forming about half the circumference of the island, are skirted by very irregular banks, projecting generally rather less than a mile from the shore, and lying from two to five fathoms submerged


western, southern, and eastern coasts, together forming about half the circumference of the island, are skirted by very irregular banks, projecting generally rather less than a mile from the shore, and lying from two to five fathoms submerged. in front of almost every valley, they are breached by narrow, crooked, steep - sided passages. the french engineers ascertained by boring, that these submerged banks consisted of madreporitic rocks, which were covered in many parts by thin layers of mud or sand. from this fact, and especially from the structure of the narrow breaches, i think there can be little doubt that these banks once formed living reefs, which fringed the shores of the island, and like other reefs probably reached the surface. from some of these submerged banks reefs of living coral rise abruptly, either in small detached patches, or in lines parallel to, but some way within, the outer edges of the banks on which they are based. besides the above banks which skirt the shores of the island, there is on the eastern side a range of linear banks, similarly constituted, 20 miles in length, extending parallel to the coast - line, and separated from it by a space between two and four miles in width, and from five to fifteen fathoms in depth. from this range of detached banks, some linear reefs of living coral likewise rise abruptly ; and if they had been of greater length ( for they do not front more than a sixth part of the circumference of the island, ) they would necessarily from their position have been coloured as barrier - reefs ; as the case stands, they are left uncoloured. i suspect that after a small amount of subsidence, the corals were killed by sand and mud being deposited on them, and the reefs being thus prevented from growing upwards, the banks of madreporitic rock were left in their present submerged condition. the bermuda islands have been carefully described by lieut. nelson, in an excellent memoir in the geol. transactions ( vol. v. part. i. p. 103. ) in the form of the bank or reef, on one side of which the islands stand, there is a close general resemblance to an atoll ; but in the following respects there is a considerable difference, — first, in the margin of the reef not forming ( as i have been informed by mr. chaffers, r. n., ) a flat, solid surface, laid bare at low water, and regularly bounding the internal space


, — first, in the margin of the reef not forming ( as i have been informed by mr. chaffers, r. n., ) a flat, solid surface, laid bare at low water, and regularly bounding the internal space of shallow water or lagoon ; secondly, in the border of gradually shoaling water, nearly a mile and a half in width, which surrounds the entire outside of the reef ( as is laid down in capt. hurd ' s chart ) ; and thirdly, in the size, height, and extraordinary form of the islands, which present little resemblance to the long, narrow, simple islets, seldom exceeding half a mile in breadth, which surmount the annular reefs of almost all the atolls in the indian and pacific oceans. moreover, there are evident proofs ( nelson, ibid. p. 118 ), that islands similar to the existing ones, formerly extended over other parts of the reef. it would, i believe, be difficult to find a true atoll with land exceeding 30 feet in height ; whereas, mr. nelson estimates the highest point of the bermuda islands to be 260 feet ; if, however, mr. nelson ' s view, that the whole of the land consists of sand drifted by the winds, and agglutinated together, were proved correct, this difference would be immaterial ; but, from his own account, ( p. 118 ), there occur in one place, five or six layers of red earth, interstratified with the ordinary calcareous rock, and including stones too heavy for the wind to have moved, without having at the same time utterly dispersed every grain of the accompanying drifted matter. mr. nelson attributes the origin of these several layers, with their embedded stones, to as many violent catastrophes ; but further investigation in such cases has generally succeeded in explaining phenomena of this kind by ordinary and simpler means. finally, i may remark, that these islands have a considerable resemblance in shape to barbuda in the west indies, and to pemba on the eastern coast of africa, which latter island is about 200 feet in height, and consists of coral - rock. i believe that the bermuda islands, from being fringed by living reefs, ought to have been coloured red ; but i have left them uncoloured, on account of their general resemblance in external form to a lagoon - island or atoll. | in the early part of this volume, | | for adm. lutke read lutke. | |


i have left them uncoloured, on account of their general resemblance in external form to a lagoon - island or atoll. | in the early part of this volume, | | for adm. lutke read lutke. | | for mr. stuchbury read stutchbury. | the names in italics are all names of places, and refer exclusively to the appendix : in well - defined archipelagoes, or groups of islands, the name of each separate island is not given. abrolhos, brazil, coated by corals, 58 abrolhos ( australia ), 174 absence of coral - reefs from certain coasts, 61 acaba, gulf of, 196 admiralty group, 168 africa, east coast, fringing reef of, 56 madreporitic, rock of, 136 africa, east coast, 188 age of individual corals, 71, 81 alert reef, 166 alexander grand duke, island, 157 on holuthuriæ feeding on corals, 14 on quick growth of corals at madagascar, 77 on reefs affected by currents, 58 america, west coast, 151 anamouka, description of, 133 andaman islands, 178 appoo reef, 179 arabia felix, 191 great extent of, interspersed with low islands, 91 of subsidence and of elevation, 142 of subsidence appear to be elongated, 143 of subsidence alternating with areas of elevation, 145 arru group, 172 ascidia, depth at which found, 86 atlantic islands, 163 breaches in their reefs, 28, 107 dimensions of, 20 dimensions of groups of, 91 not based on craters, or on banks of sediment, or of rock, 89, 92, 93, 94, 146 of irregular forms, 20, 111 steepness of their flanks, 22 width of their reef and islets, 20 their lowness, 90 general range, 126 with part of their reef submerged, and theory of, 27, 106 their whole reef submerged, and theory of, 28, 106 augustin, st. 162 aurora island, an upraised atoll, 81, 91, 139 austral islands, recently elevated, 132, 139 austral islands, 154 australia, n. w. coast, 174 australian barrier - reef, 46, 125 australian barrier, 166 babuyan group, 180 bahama banks, 198, 200 of australia, 46, 125 of new caledonia, 49 breaches through, 100 not based on worn - down margin of rock, 49 on banks of sediment, 49 on submarine craters, 50 steep


186 composition of coral - formations, 116 coral - rock on keeling atoll, 12 on other atolls, 25 coral rock, 116 cook islds., recently elevated, 132, 139 cook islds., 154 coral - blocks bored by vermiform animals, 14, 117 their distribution and absence from certain areas, 60 destroyed by loose sediment, 65 at keeling atoll, 12 organic remains of, 117 dead but upright in keeling lagoon, 15 depths at which they live, 84 off keeling atoll, 8 killed by a short exposure, 6 living in the lagoon of keeling atoll, 13 quick growth of, in keeling lagoon, 13 merely coating the bottom of the sea, 58 standing exposed in the low arch., 129 corallian sea, 125 corallian sea, 166 alleged proofs of recent elevation of the low arch., 128 on coral - rock at mangaia and aurora isl., 81 on external ledges round coral islands, 104 remarks confirmatory of the author ' s theory, 128 crescent - formed reefs, 110 cuming, mr., on the recent elevation of the phillippines, 135 dangerous or low arch., 152 danger islds., 157 at which reef - building corals live, 80 at mauritius, the red sea, and in the maldiva arch., 83 at which other corals and corallines can live, 85 dhalac group, 192 diego garcia, slow growth of reefs, 69 dimensions of the larger groups of atolls, 91 disseverment of the maldiva atolls, and theory of, 37, 108 distribution of coral - reefs, 60 domingo, st., 202 dory port recently elevated, 134 dory port, 171 duff islds., 165 at keeling atoll, 18 in groups of atolls, 97 in navigator arch., 133 east indian arch. recently elevated, 134 on the banks of the red sea, 58, 191 on depth at which corals live in the red sea, 83 on corals preferring the surf, 64 on the antiquity of certain corals, 71 elevated reef of mauritius, 54 proofs of, 131 immense areas of, 143 elizabeth isld., 73 recently elevated, 132, 140 elizabeth isld., 152 ellice group, 162 their height, 45 their geological composition, 46, 50 eoua, description of, 133 erupted matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral rock, 118 fais recently elevated, 134, 140 farallon


152 ellice group, 162 their height, 45 their geological composition, 46, 50 eoua, description of, 133 erupted matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral rock, 118 fais recently elevated, 134, 140 farallon de medinilla, 171 farsan group, 192 fidji arch., 161 feeding on corals, 14 killed in keeling lagoon by heavy rain, 19 fissures across coral islds., 97, 193 on a submerged shed at keeling atoll, 17 on an inundation in the low archipelago, 96 florida, 199, 200 forster, theory of coral formations, 94 frederic reef, 166 friendly group recently elevated, 133, 140 friendly arch., 160 absent where coast precipitous, 51 breached in front of streams, 66 described by mm. quoy and gaimard, 131 not closely attached to shelving coasts, 53 of east coast of africa, 56 of cuba, 55 of mauritius, 51 on worn - down banks of rock, 58 on banks of sediment, 58 their appearance when elevated, 54 their growth influenced by currents, 58 by shallowness of sea, 57 galapagos arch., 151 gambier islds. section of, 48 gambier islds., 152 gaspar rico, 163 geological composition of coral - formations, 116 gilbert arch., 162 gloucester isld., 96 glover reef, 202 gran cocal, 162 great chagos bank, description and theory of, 39, 111 grey, capt., on sand - bars, 53 grouping of the different classes of reefs, 124 hall, capt. b., on loo choo, 135 harvey islds. recently elevated, 139 harvey or cook islds., 154 height of encircled islds., 45 holuthuriæ feeding on corals, 14 honden isld., height of, 91 honduras, reef off, 201 houtman abrolhos, 174 huaheine, alleged proofs of its recent elevation, 139 hurricanes, effects of on coral islds., 96 india, west coast, recently elevated, 135 irregular reefs in shallow seas, 57 islets of coral - rock, their formation, 11 islets of coral - rock, their destruction in the maldiva atolls, 37 java recently elevated, 134 johnston isld., 158 juan de nova, 186 juan de nova ( madagascar ), 187 kamtschatka, proofs of its recent elevation, 142


, their destruction in the maldiva atolls, 37 java recently elevated, 134 johnston isld., 158 juan de nova, 186 juan de nova ( madagascar ), 187 kamtschatka, proofs of its recent elevation, 142 keeling atoll, section of reef, 5 south atoll, 183 north atoll, 183 kemin, 156, 157 laccadive group, 184 ladrones or marianas, recently elevated, 134 ladrones arch., 170 lagoon of keeling atoll, 13 bordered by inclined ledges and walls, and theory of their formation, 30, 103 of small atolls filled up with sediment, 31 lagoon - channels within barrier - reefs, 43 lagoon - reefs, all submerged in some atolls, and all rising to the surface in others, 68 lancaster reef, 156 lauglan islds., 166 ledges round certain lagoons, 30, 103 lighthouse reef, 202 lloyd, mr., on corals refixing themselves, 78 loo choo, recently elevated, 135 loo choo, 181 low archipelago, alleged proofs of its recent elevation, 128 low. arch. 152 lowness of coral - islands, 90 loyalty group, 166 lutke, adm., on fissures across coral - islands, 97 luzon recently elevated, 135 on channels into the lagoons of atolls, 29 on the lowness of their leeward sides, 109 on the antiquity of certain corals, 71 on the apparent continuity of distinct coral - islands, 118 on the recently elevated beds of the red sea, 137 on the outline of the areas of subsidence, 143 macassar str., 176 macclesfield bank, 182 quick growth of corals at, 77 madreporitic rock of, 136 madura ( java ), 176 madura ( india ), 183 mahlos mahdoo, theory of formation, 109 malacca recently elevated, 134 on recent elevation of w. coast of india, 135 on recent elevation of camaran isld., 136 maldiva atolls, and theory of their formation, 32, 105, 108 steepness of their flanks, 22 growth of coral at, 77 maldiva arch., 183 mangaia isld., 81 recently elevated, 132, 139 marianas recently elevated, 134 mariana arch., 170 marquesas arch., 154 marshall arch., 163 marshall isld., 171 mary ' s st. in madagascar, harbour made in reefs, 65 mary


recently elevated, 132, 139 marianas recently elevated, 134 mariana arch., 170 marquesas arch., 154 marshall arch., 163 marshall isld., 171 mary ' s st. in madagascar, harbour made in reefs, 65 mary isld., 157 matta or aurora, 152 matilda atoll, 75 fringing reefs of, 51 depths at which corals there live, 81 recently elevated, 136 maurua, section of, 48 menchicoff atoll, 20, 111 mendana arch., 154 mendana isles, 165 mexico, gulf of, 199 millepora complanata at keeling atoll, 7 molucca islands, recently elevated, 134 moresby, capt., on boring through coral - reefs, 73 mosquito coast, 202 musquillo atoll, 111 namourrek group, 110 navigator arch., elevation of, 133 navigator arch., 159 on the consolidation of coral - rocks, under water, 73 theory of coral - formations, 94 on the bermuda islds., 204 new britain, 168 steepness of its reef, 42 barrier - reef of, 49, 103, 110, 125 new caledonia, 166 new guinea ( e. end ), 168 new guinea ( w. end ), 171 new hanover, 167 new hebrides recently elevated, 133 new hebrides, 164 new ireland recently elevated, 133 new ireland, 167 new nantucket, 157 nicobar islds., 178 at keeling atoll, 9 on the reefs of atolls, 24 on barrier reefs, 42 their wide distribution and abundance, 86 objections to the theory of subsidence, 115 ocean islds., 159, 163 oscar group, 162 oscillations of level, 138, 146 oualan, or ualan, 168 ouluthy atoll, 75 outong java, 167. s. w. coast, 178 n. w. coast, 179 western bank, 183 pelew islds., 170 pemba isld., singular form of, 136 pernambuco, bar of sandstone at, 54 persian gulf, recently elevated, 137 persian gulf, 191 peyster group, 162 phillippine arch., recently elevated, 135 phillippine arch., 179 pitt ' s bank, 113 pitt isld., 163 porites, chief coral on margin of keeling atoll, 6 its probable subsidence, 127 pratas shoal, 181 puerto rico, 203 pulo anna, 170 pumice floated to


bank, 113 pitt isld., 163 porites, chief coral on margin of keeling atoll, 6 its probable subsidence, 127 pratas shoal, 181 puerto rico, 203 pulo anna, 170 pumice floated to coral islds., 117 pyrard de laval, astonishment at the atolls in the indian ocean, 2 quoy and gaimard, depths at which corals live, 84 description of reefs applicable only to fringing - reefs, 131 range of atolls, 126 banks of rock coated by reefs, 58 proofs of its recent elevation, 136 supposed subsidence of, 138 red sea, 191 irregular in shallow seas, 57 rising to the surface in some lagoons and all submerged in others, 68 their distribution, 60 their absence from some coasts, 61 ring - formed reefs of the maldiva atolls, and theory of, 33, 105 rose isld. 160 rowley shoals, 175 ruppell, dr. on the recent deposits of red sea, 137 sable, ile de, 184 sahia de malha, 184 st. pierre, 185 salomon arch. 167 samoa, or navigator arch., elevation of, 133 samoa arch. 159 sand - bars parallel to coasts, 53 sandwich arch, recently elevated, 131 sandwich arch. 158 santa - cruz group, 165 savage isld. recently elevated, 73, 132, 139 saya, or sahia de malha, 184 scarborough shoal, 182 scarus feeding on corals, 14 scoriæ floated to coral islds. 117 scott ' s reef, 175 of islands encircled by barrier - reefs, 48, 99 of bolabola, 99 in keeling - lagoon, 14 in other atolls, 26, 34 injurious to corals, 65 sediment transported from coral - islands far seaward, 117 ship - bottom quickly coated with coral, 78 smyth isld. 158 society arch. 124 stationary condition of, 128 alleged proofs of recent elevation, 138 society arch. 152 sooloo islds. recently elevated, 135 sooloo islds. 179 sponge, depths at which found, 86 stones transported in roots of trees, 117 storms, effects of on coral - islds. 96 on the growth of an agaricia, 79 on upraised corals in society arch. 138 of keeling atoll, 17 extreme slowness of, 115, 145 areas of, apparently elongated, 143 areas of, immense, 142 great amount


on the growth of an agaricia, 79 on upraised corals in society arch. 138 of keeling atoll, 17 extreme slowness of, 115, 145 areas of, apparently elongated, 143 areas of, immense, 142 great amount of, 145 suez, gulf of, 196 sulphur islds. 171 sumatra, recently elevated, 135 surf favourable to the growth of massive corals, 63 swallow shoal, 182 sydney isld. 157 tahiti, alleged proofs of its recent elevation, 138 temperature of the sea at the galapagos arch. 61 tenimber isld. 172 theories on coral formations, 88 - 94 theory of subsidence, and objections to, 93, 114 thickness, vertical, of barrier - reefs, 47, 99 thomas, st. 203 timor recently elevated, 134 tokan bessees, 176 tongatabou, description of, 133 traditions of change in coral - islds., 95 embedded in coral - rock, 79 left exposed in the low arch. 129 tubularia, quick growth of, 79 turneffe reef, 202 section of, 48 its state and changes in its reefs, 127 vine reef, 166 virgin gorda, 203 viti arch. 161 islands, with living corals on their shores, 61 matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral - rock, 118 authorities for their position on the map, 120 their presence determined by the movements in progress, 140 absent or extinct in the areas of subsidence, 141 wallis isld. 161 wells ' reef, 166 wellstead, lieut. account of a ship coated with corals, 78 banks of sediment, fringed by reefs, 58 recently elevated, 137 west indies, 196 view of, 2. changes in its state, 96 williams, rev. j. on traditions of the natives regarding coral - islds. 95 williams, rev. j., on antiquity of certain corals, 81 xulla islds. 173 york isld. 157 yucutan, coast of, 201 zones of different kinds of corals outside the same reefs, 67, 74. london : — printed by stewart and murray, old bailey. preparing for publication, by the same author. visited during the voyage of the beagle, ( under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. ; ) some brief notices on the geology of new zealand, and the cape of good hope. on the southern parts voyage of the beagle, ( under the command of captain fitzroy,


, ( under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. ; ) some brief notices on the geology of new zealand, and the cape of good hope. on the southern parts voyage of the beagle, ( under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. ) edited and superintended by charles darwin, m. a., f. r. s., f. g. s., naturalist to the expedition. parts now complete. part i. — fossil mammalia. by richard owen, esq. f. r. s., corres. memb. of the institute of france. with a geological introduction by mr. darwin, price 1l. 10s. part ii. — mammalia. by george r. waterhouse, esq., curator to the zoological society. with notices of their habits and ranges, by mr. darwin. price 1l 18s. part iii. — birds. by john gould, esq., f. l. s. with notices of their habits and ranges, by mr. darwin. price 2l. 15s. part iv. — fish. by the rev. leonard jenyns, m. a., f. l. s. price 1l. 14s. two more numbers, on reptiles and amphibia, by thomas esq., f. r. s., f. l. s., will complete this work. in the press or recently published by smith, elder and co. 65, cornhill, london. preparing for publication. observations in the southern hemisphere, made during a recent residence at the cape of good hope. by sir john herschel, bart., f. r. s., & c. to be illustrated by numerous plates. nearly ready, in two volumes demy 8vo., with plates. notes and observations on the ionian islands and malta, with some remarks on constantinople and turkey ; and on the system of quarantine, as at present conducted. by john davy, m. d., f. r. s. the modern history and condition of egypt. its climate, diseases, and capabilities ; comprising the proceedings of mahommed ali pascha, from 1829 to 1842, with illustrations of scripture history, the fulfilment of prophecy, and the progress of civilization in the east. by w. holt yates, m. d., & c. & c. in two volumes 8vo., with illustrations. preparing for publication. with the approval of


and worsted manufactures, and the natural and commercial history of sheep, with the various breeds, and modes of management in different countries. by james bischoff, esq. in two large volumes, 8vo., price 1l. 6s. cloth. a comprehensive history of the iron trade, throughout the world, from the earliest records to the present time. with an appendix, containing official tables, and other public documents. by harry scrivenor, esq., blaenavon. in one volume demy 8vo. price 15s. cloth. " mr. scrivenor ' s history is written with elaborate research and anxious care, and goes into and exhausts the entire subject ; it contains numerous facts full of interest to common readers. " — tait ' s magazine. a familiar explanation of the nature, advantages, and importance of assurances upon lives, and the various purposes to which they may be usefully applied : including also a particular account of the routine required for effecting a policy ; and of the different systems of life assurance now in use, the principles, terms, and tables of seventy london assurance offices, & c. by lewis pocock, f. s. a. in post 8vo., price 7s. cloth. " there are no technicalities in mr. pocock ' s work to prevent its being useful to all ; and those, therefore, who are likely to have recourse to life insurance will do wisely in consulting this familiar explanation of its nature and advantages. " — globe. the history of the republic of texas, from the discovery of the country up to the present time ; with a description of the soil, climate, general resources, & c., and a new map. by n. doran maillard, esq. demy 8vo., price 15s. cloth. " a picture of texas and the texans, no doubt a faithful one. there is much too, in this volume, which we should recommend to the careful perusal of lord aberdeen. " new monthly magazine. companion to southey ' s life of nelson. the life of admiral viscount exmouth ; drawn up from official and other authentic documents supplied by his family and friends. by edward osler, esq. new edition, fcp. 8vo., price 6s. cloth, with a portrait and five other plates. " here is a valuable addition to our naval biography ; a book not to be read by englishmen without pride of heart. the name of


, fcp. 8vo., price 6s. cloth, with a portrait and five other plates. " here is a valuable addition to our naval biography ; a book not to be read by englishmen without pride of heart. the name of exmouth occupies on honourable place beside those of nelson and collingwood ; his services were hardly less numerous or brilliant than theirs. " — athenæum. laughter from year to year : being former runnings of his comic vein, with an infusion of new blood for general circulation. " this volume contains all the choice bits of the comic annuals : every page sparkles with wit and genuine humour ; while the abundant illustrations would provoke mirth from the most cynical philosopher. " it comprises 570 closely printed pages, demy 8vo., with nearly 300 wood cuts, and a portrait of the author, handsomely bound, price 13s, cloth gilt. mr. hood ' s last work. up the rhine. the second edition, illustrated by numerous characteristic cuts. " one of the very best guide books for travellers on the rhine, and withal irresistibly diverting. " price 12s. cloth gilt. madeira, lisbon, & c. the invalid ' s guide to madeira ; with a description of teneriffe, lisbon, cintra, and mafra, and a vocabulary of the portuguese and english languages. by william white cooper, m. r. c. s., surgeon to the hon. artillery company. in 1 vol., fcp. 8vo., price 4s. cloth gilt. " there has recently been published a small work by mr. cooper, which may be consulted with advantage. " — sir james clark on climate. the bengal and agra guide and gazetteer ; containing a geographical and statistical account of india, regulations of the indian government, history, the indian calendar, complete army and civil official list ; the whole comprising a classified body of information concerning india of an extent and variety hitherto unattempted. in two large 8vo. volumes, price 2l. cloth. by william carmichael smyth, esq. late of the hon. e. i. company ' s bengal civil service. the hindoostanee interpreter : containing the rudiments of hindoostanee grammar ; an extensive vocabulary, english and hindoostanee ; and a useful collection of dialogues. 1 vol. 8vo., price 8s. boards. the hindoostanee jest book : containing a choice


of hindoostanee grammar ; an extensive vocabulary, english and hindoostanee ; and a useful collection of dialogues. 1 vol. 8vo., price 8s. boards. the hindoostanee jest book : containing a choice collection of humorous stories in arabic and roman characters ; to which is added a hindoostanee poem, by meer moohummud tugee. second edition, 8vo., price 10s. 6d. the persian moonshee : containing a copious grammar, and a series of entertaining stories ; also the pund - namu of shykh - sadee, being a compendium of ethics, in verse, by that celebrated poet ; to which is added, forms of addresses, petitions, citations, bonds, & c. the whole in the arabic and roman characters ; together with an english translation. second edition, revised, corrected, and translated into the roman character. vol. i., price 12s. a dictionary, hindoostanee and english. abridged from the quarto edition of major joseph taylor, as edited by the late w. hunter, m. d. ; with the appendix. complete in 1 thick 8vo. vol., price 3l. 3s. boards. in a neat portfolio, containing 5 engravings, 15 inches by 10, with descriptive letterpress. dedicated, by permission, to her majesty. the oriental portfolio : being a series of illustrations of the scenery, antiquities, architecture, manners, costumes, & c. of the east. from original sketches in the collections of lord william bentinck, k. c. b., captain r. m. grindley, lady wilmot horton, sir henry willock, k. l. s., thomas bacon, esq., james baillie fraser, esq., and other travellers. the literary department of the work under the superintendence of horace h. wilson, esq., m. a. f. r. s. & c. & c. in parts, price 1l. 1s. each. the object of this undertaking is to supply what has long been felt to be a desideratum ; namely, graphic illustrations of the scenery, antiquities, architecture, manners, costumes, & c. of the east, which, as the theatre of so many brilliant military achievements, and such extensive commercial enterprize, is daily increasing in interesting with the british public. the drawings for the work are made by the


manners, costumes, & c. of the east, which, as the theatre of so many brilliant military achievements, and such extensive commercial enterprize, is daily increasing in interesting with the british public. the drawings for the work are made by the first artists in the kingdom, from the original sketches taken on the spot. a dictionary english and hindoostanee ; with a grammatical introduction. by john borthwick gilchrist, ll. d. hindoostanee professor in the college of fort william. quarto boards, price 2l. 2s. the manners and customs of society in india ; including scenes at the mofussil stations, interspersed with characteristic tales and anecdotes : to which is added a guide to cadets and other young gentlemen, during their first years ' residence in india. by mrs. major clemons. in 1 vol., post 8vo., price 9s. cloth lettered. " we need not recommend this book ; the space we have given to it is an ample proof of the pleasure we have enjoyed in its perusal. we earnestly advise every person interested in india to read it. " — atlas. mrs. postans ' cutch ; taken during a residence in one of the northern provinces of western india ; interspersed with legends and traditions. by mrs. postans. in 1 vol. 8vo., with numerous coloured engravings and woodcuts, price 14s. cloth boards. " a more instructive or entertaining volume than this it has not been our fortune to meet with for a long time. " — athenæum. the tropical agriculturist : a practical treatise on the cultivation and management of various productions suited to tropical climates, and capable of advantageous production in our colonies, & c. by george richardson porter. in demy 8vo., with 45 botanical plates, price 21s. by the same author, the nature and properties of the sugar cane ; with practical directions for the improvement of its culture, and the manufacture of its products. second edition. with plates. " these valuable volumes open to colonial residents such a mine of hitherto concealed wealth, that every proprietor, emigrant, or person interested in the success of an emigrant friend, ought to procure a copy as their surest guide to fortune. " the only complete and uniform edition of the works of sir humphry davy. the life and collected of sir humphry davy, bart. foreign associate of the institute of france &


procure a copy as their surest guide to fortune. " the only complete and uniform edition of the works of sir humphry davy. the life and collected of sir humphry davy, bart. foreign associate of the institute of france & c. edited by his brother, john davy, m. d. f. r. s. now complete, in 9 vols. post 8vo., price 10s. 6d. each, in cloth binding. contents of the volumes ; — sold separately. the life of sir h. davy, with a portrait. ' this biography is admirably written — correct details, full of instruction, and amusing throughout. " — london review. the whole of sir h. davy ' s early miscellaneous papers, from 1799 to 1805 ; with an introductory lecture, and outlines of lectures on chemistry delivered in 1802 and 1804. researches on nitrous oxide, and the combination of oxygen and azote, and on the respiration of nitrous oxide and other gases. elements of chemical philosophy. with twelve plates of chemical apparatus. vols. v. and vi. and other papers in philosophical transactions, and journal of the royal institution. with numerous engravings. vols. vii. and viii. elements of agricultural chemistry. discourses delivered before the royal society, miscellaneous lectures, and extracts from lectures. with many plates. salmonia, and consolation in travel. * * * this new and uniform edition of the writings of sir humphry davy embraces the whole of his works, during the space of thirty years ( 1799 to 1829 ), a period memorable in the history of chemistry, and made so in no small degree by his own discoveries. researches, physiological and anatomical. by john davy, m. d. f. r. s. & c. illustrated by numerous engravings. the principal subjects treated of are animal electricity ; — animal heat ; — the temperature of different animals ; — pneumothorax in connexion with the absorption of gases by serous and mucous membranes ; — the properties of the blood in health and disease ; — the properties of different animal textures ; — the putrefactive process ; — the preservation of anatomical preparations ; — the effects of the poison of certain serpents ; — the structure of the heart of batrachian animals, & c. & c. in 2 vols. 8vo., price 30s. bound in cloth. " the subjects treated by the author are extremely numerous and interesting ; several new facts in the physiology


of the heart of batrachian animals, & c. & c. in 2 vols. 8vo., price 30s. bound in cloth. " the subjects treated by the author are extremely numerous and interesting ; several new facts in the physiology of animals are brought forward, and some curious and instructive experiments are explained and illustrated with remarkable felicity. " " this work is written with a clearness and simplicity which renders its scientific details readily comprehensible. " — herald. new work on geological study, uniform with the bridgewater treatises. the certainties of geology. by w. sidney gibson, esq., f. g. s. price 10s. 6d. cloth. " an able and elaborate treatise, to demonstrate that the science of geology is not inconsistent with christian belief. " — literary gazette. " a work calculated to arrest the serious attention of every christian reader. " " the clearest and most comprehensive introduction to the science of geology which has yet fallen under our notice. the principles of geology are moreover explained with a perspicuity and a completeness which we may look for in vain in other works professing the same object. " — united service gazette. the first volume of the transactions of the meteorological society of london. illustrated by a synoptical chart and numerous diagrams. royal 8vo., price 2l. 2s. the first paper in the volume, entitled directions for making meteorological observations on land or at sea, by r. c. woods, esq. may be purchased separately, price 2s. 6d. important scientific works, now publishing, under the authority of government. in royal 4to. parts, price 10s. and 12s. each, containing on an average ten coloured engravings, with descriptive letterpress, the zoology of south africa : comprising figures of all the new species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and fishes, obtained during the expedition fitted out by " the cape of good hope association for exploring central africa, " in the years 1834, 1835, and 1836, with letterpress descriptions, and a summary of african zoology. by andrew smith, m. d., surgeon to the forces, and director of the expedition. * * * the whole of the plates are engraved in the highest style of art, from the original drawings taken expressly for this work, and beautifully coloured after nature. 15 parts are now published. uniform with the above. the zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. beagle


engraved in the highest style of art, from the original drawings taken expressly for this work, and beautifully coloured after nature. 15 parts are now published. uniform with the above. the zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. beagle, under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. during the years 1832 to 1836. edited and superintended by charles darwin, esq., m. a. sec. g. s. naturalist to the expedition. comprising highly - finished representations of the most novel and interesting objects in natural history, collected during the voyage of the beagle, with descriptive letterpress, and a general sketch of the zoology of the southern part of south america. figures are given of many species of animals hitherto unknown or but imperfectly described, together with an account of their habits, ranges, and places of habitation. the collections were chiefly made in the provinces bordering on the rio plata, in patagonia, the falkland islands, tierra del fuego, chili, and the galapagos archipelago in the pacific. 17 parts are now published, and 2 more will complete the work. * * * in order to secure to science the full advantage of discoveries in natural history, the lords commissioners of her majesty ' s treasury have been pleased to make a liberal grant of money towards defraying part of the expenses of these two important publications. they have, in consequence, been undertaken on a scale worthy of the high patronage thus received, and are offered to the public at a much lower price than would otherwise have been possible. outlines of naval routine ; being a concise and complete manual in fitting, re - fitting, quartering, stationing, making and shortening sail, heaving down, rigging shears, and, in short, performing all the ordinary duties of a man - of - war, according to the best practice. by lieutenant alexander d. fordyce, r. n. in royal 8vo., price 10s. 6d. boards. the anglo - saxon language. a grammar of the anglo - saxon tongue, with a praxis by erasmus rask, of the university of copenhagen. translated by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in 1 vol. 8vo, price 12s. boards. a selection, in prose and verse, anglo - saxon authors, of various ages : with a glossary. designed chiefly as a first book for students. by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in 8vo., price 20s.


. a selection, in prose and verse, anglo - saxon authors, of various ages : with a glossary. designed chiefly as a first book for students. by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in 8vo., price 20s. bds. the anglo - saxon version story of apollonius of tyre, upon which is founded the play of " pericles, " attributed to shakspeare. from a ms. in the library of c. c. c., cambridge ; with a literal translation, & c. by benjamin thorpe, f. s. a. in small 8vo., price 6s. bds. or, a display of the topography, history, customs, manners, arts, manufactures, commerce, literature, religion, jurisprudence, & c. of the chinese empire. by the rev. charles gutzlaff. revised by the rev. andrew reed, d. d. in 2 vols., post 8vo., with a new map of the chinese empire, price 1l 4s. cloth boards. " we obtain from these volumes more information of a practical kind than from any other publication ; a closer view of the domestic life of the chinese — of the public institutions — the manufactories — natural resources — and literature. the work in fact is full of information, gathered with diligence, and fairly leaves the english reader without any excuse for ignorance on the subject. " — atlas. " this is by far the most interesting, complete, and valuable account of the chinese empire that has yet been published. " — sun. a history of upper and lower california, from their first discovery to the present time ; comprising an account of the climate, soil, natural productions, agriculture, commerce, & c. ; a full view of the missionary establishments, and condition of the free and domesticated indians. by alexander forbes, esq. with an appendix relating to steam navigation in the pacific. in 1 volume, demy 8vo., with a new map by arrowsmith, plans of the harbour, and numerous engravings, price 14s. " this is a very interesting and important work, and will make the public well acquainted with an extensive country known to europe nearly three hundred years, yet its history, till the appearance of this volume, has been nearly a blank. " — sunday times. a narrative of two expeditions into the interior of australia, undertaken by captain charles sturt, of the 39th regiment, by order of the colonial government to ascertain the


appearance of this volume, has been nearly a blank. " — sunday times. a narrative of two expeditions into the interior of australia, undertaken by captain charles sturt, of the 39th regiment, by order of the colonial government to ascertain the nature of the country to the west and north - west of the colony of new south wales. second edition, 2 volumes 8vo., price 28s. illustrated with a large map of australia, by arrowsmith ; charts, fossils, landscapes, and beautifully coloured plates of birds, & c. " we heartily recommend these volumes to public notice. they are full of interest, well and modestly written, carefully illustrated, and, on the whole, make us better acquainted with the interior of australia and its native tribes, than any other work we have met with. " — athenæum. an account of the settlements of the new zealand company, from personal observations during a residence there. by the hon. henry william petre. " this is a valuable contribution to our sources of information respecting new zealand, and the best proof of the author ' s very favourable opinion of the country, is his making immediate arrangements to return there as a colonist. " in demy 8vo., with a map and plates. fourth edition. price 3s. cloth. new zealand, south australia, and new south wales : a record of recent travels in these colonies, with especial reference to emigration, and the advantageous employment of labour and capital. by r. g. jameson, esq. " mr. jameson is an intelligent and unprejudiced observer, and has made good use of his faculties. " — spectator. post 8vo., price 8s. cloth, with maps and plates. a practical treatise on brewing, based on chemical and economical principles ; with formulæ for public brewers, and instructions for private families. by william black. second edition, much enlarged and improved, in small 8vo. ( revised by dr. birkbeck. ) price 12s. in neat cloth binding. " this very useful work re - appears with many valuable additions to its former instructions and information. and the art of brewing can no longer be a mystery or a matter of difficulty ; and neither the wholesale nor the private brewer should be without it. " medical guide for mothers, in pregnancy, accouchement, suckling, weaning, & c., and in some of the more important diseases of infancy. with an appendix on the successful


the private brewer should be without it. " medical guide for mothers, in pregnancy, accouchement, suckling, weaning, & c., and in some of the more important diseases of infancy. with an appendix on the successful cure of consumption, by a new remedy. by j. r. hancorn, member of the royal college of surgeons, & c. foolscap 8vo., price 5s. cloth. the last of the plantagenets : an historical narrative, illustrating some of the public events and domestic and ecclesiastical manners of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. third edition, in 1 vol. fcp. 8vo., price 7s. 6d. cloth boards. " this is a work that must make its way into a permanent place in our literature. the quaintness of its language, the touching simplicity of its descriptions and dialogues, and the reverential spirit of love which breathes through it, will insure it a welcome reception amongst all readers of refined taste and discernment. " — atlas. the byron gallery : a series of 36 historical embellishments to illustrate the poetical works of lord byron ; beautifully engraved from drawings and paintings by the most celebrated artists, and adapted by their size and excellence to bind up with and embellish every edition published in england of lord byron ' s works, and also the various sizes and editions published in france, germany, and america ; ample directions being given for placing them in the respective editions. elegantly bound in morocco, price 1l. 15s., forming a splendid ornament for the drawing - room table. " adequately to describe the delicate beauty of these splendid plates does not appear to lie within the power of language. there is not an admirer of the works of the departed noble poet who can feel satisfied that he has a perfect edition of them, unless the ' byron gallery ' be attached to it. there is no instance in which excellence in poetry and the arts are so admirably combined. " — imperial magazine. stanfield ' s coast scenery ; a series of 40 picturesque views in the british channel. from original drawings taken expressly for this publication, by clarkson stanfield, esq., r. a. this work is published in super - royal 8vo., containing beautifully - finished line engravings, by the most eminent artists, accompanied by highly interesting topographical descriptions, forming altogether one of the most splendid works of the kind which has ever appeared, and may now be had,