the book ’ s role as propaganda is not particularly surprising ; more startling are its occasional deviations from predictability. there is a heroic depiction of an implicitly homosexual — or at least feminized — character ( “ he possessed a manner that some would have termed ‘ sissy ’ ” ). there are occasional philosophical tangents about the madness of war ( “ in times of peace we regard the murder of one person as something over which to get up a vast deal of excitement and much indignation, but in warfare we plan for the killing of thousands as a business matter and read of it often with actual elation. ” ) and the pitfalls of stereotyping the enemy ( “ it is all wrong, unfair and a little small to consider all the people in any land unworthy ; don ’ t you think so? ” ). and while the book at one point suggests that it is best “ to draw the mantle of delicacy over those details of horror that follow a close conflict ” it still offers some surprisingly disturbing details, as in this passage : “ they ’ re both gone! wiped out! shell! it hit right at bill neely ’ s feet! i couldn ’ t see anything but legs and arms and things. ” “ poor chaps! the only two boys in the family, too. their poor old mother ’ ll miss them. ” “ know them, pyle? ” “ sure ; since we were kids. just across the street. ” that about sums up the book : a strange mix of series fiction shallowness and gritty realism, an uncomfortable compromise between propaganda and protest, and a rather unengaging read that is nonetheless fascinating throughout. if you are interested in experiencing the whole thing for yourself, you can read it online or download it in many popular ebook formats at project gutenberg.


the other day, i was complaining to my mom about someone, and she scolded me for ‘ trash talking. ’ it pollutes the air, and it poisons everything, she correctly pointed out. moms are always right. gossiping is a nasty habit, i know, but that phrase ‘ trash talking ’ got me thinking. what other ways do our mouths pollute the world? what other kinds of trash do our yappers create? ( cigarette shawl taken from treehugger. com ) take smoking, for example. each year, at least 4. 5 trillion non - biodegradable filter - tipped cigarette butts are discarded worldwide, and we all know where they end up – in front of our office buildings, clogging city drains, washed up on our favorite beaches, and stuck to the bottom of our cute little shoes. searching for a way to recycle all of these butts, chilean designer alexandra guerrero founded the mantis project, and began turning butt filters into clothing. sound crazy ( or disgusting )? well, it ’ s actually genius. the filters inside trashed butts are purified, mixed with natural wool, and spun into a rustic looking thread that can then we knitted into any kind of garment imaginable. check out the process here. the results are very promising … and quite fashionable! keep reading for toothbrush, utensil and chopstick recycling ideas! ( craft knife toothbrushes taken from seattlepi. com ) what about all those discarded toothbrushes? dentists recommend that we change our toothbrush after 3 - 4 months of use to avoid bacteria growth, but that ’ s a lot of plastic clogging up out landfills. here are some ideas for reusing those old chomper - cleaners : 1. ditch the bristles, and use the handles – wwu student jason harrow made craft knives from old toothbrush handles and sells them! get creative with your flatware by attaching fork and spoon heads onto toothbrush handles. maybe make a pen, a paintbrush, or a crochet hook out of the plastic handle. the possibilities are endless! 2. cleaning – old toothbrushes are great for cleaning in nooks and crannies. first, put your toothbrush in the dishwasher or douse with a boiling water / vinegar mixture to sanitize. then, get cleaning! faucets, doorknobs, shoe soles, jar threads, garlic presses, window


, put your toothbrush in the dishwasher or douse with a boiling water / vinegar mixture to sanitize. then, get cleaning! faucets, doorknobs, shoe soles, jar threads, garlic presses, window screens, keyboards, tarnished jewelry, etc. in the laundry room, an old toothbrush works wonders for scrubbing stains. soak combs and brushes in water and vinegar for a few hours, then use an old toothbrush to whisk away any buildup. 3. jewelry – here ’ s a super cute idea. make a bracelet out of an old toothbrush! pull out the bristles with a pair of needle nose pliers. boil a pot of water, remove it from the stove, and drop the bristle - less brush into the water. it should take about 5 minutes for the plastic to soften. remove the brush with a pair of tongs and wait for it to become cool enough to handle. wear gloves or use a pot holder to mold it around a glass jar. when you ’ ve got your desired shape, submerge in a bowl of ice for a minute. once the plastic sets, you ’ ve got yourself some awesome eco - fashion! ( plastic flatware light from trendir. com ) speaking of plastic, there ’ s also the issue of plastic utensils. every time i order take - out, go on a picnic, or host a bbq, i ’ m conflicted – plastic is so convenient, affordable, and practical, but it ’ s so bad for the environment! the best thing to do is reuse or recycle your plastic forks and spoons whenever possible, but there are more creative ways to reinvent them. the bvd collective, a student project from appalachian state university, debuted a stunning collection of lighting fixtures created from recycled plastic flatware. they called their gorgeous creations the ‘ waste not ’ line of lamps, and proved just how illuminating recycled design can be. ( chopstick jewelry taken from seattlepi. com ) chopsticks are another form of disposable utensils. i ’ m a big fan of jazzing up old chopsticks with paint, wire, beads or glitter and sticking them in my hair, but there are so many options for these versatile sticks! jewelry tops my list. check out these amazing altered chopstick earrings i found on etsy. so creative! i want to try and make a chopstick bracelet or necklace when i save enough old pairs


if you ’ ve ever been told to eat your fruits and vegetables, it might be because they are an abundant natural source of vitamin c. vitamin c, or ascorbic acid, is well - known as an essential vitamin and nutrient. found in fruits, vegetables, and supplements like multivitamins and lozenges, vitamin c is everywhere and with good reason. vitamin c can make a difference between good health and illness because of its powerful antioxidant effects inside the body. this article will discuss : - vitamin c ’ s functions - deficiency in vitamin c - where to get vitamin c vitamin c ’ s functions vitamin c provides a host of benefits, most of which play an important role in the proper functioning of the body. what are some of these functions? boosts the immune system. vitamin c strengthens white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting off bacteria and viruses. people who don ’ t get enough vitamin c are vulnerable to many of health problems, ranging from colds to scurvy to cancer. gives energy. vitamin c aids in the production of other important substances like l - carnitine, a chemical involved in chemical energy production. l - carnitine works by transporting fats to the mitochondria, which provide the cell with energy. mitochondria take fats and convert them into much needed energy. without enough vitamin c, l - carnitine levels can drop, making it harder for cells to oxidize fat and get the energy they need to function. is essential to the nervous system. vitamin c helps to produce neurotransmitters, which are responsible for the communication between the brain and nerves. without neurotransmitters, people can ’ t think clearly or move properly. vitamin c is responsible for aiding in the production of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, one of the hormones responsible for the “ fight or flight ” response. aids in the formation of collagen. collagen is the strong connective tissue that give our bodies structure. it holds the skeleton together, attaches muscles to bones, and keeps skin and organs in place. without collagen, our bodies would literally fall apart. is an antioxidant. vitamin c protects the body by neutralizing free radicals, unstable cells that create a chain reaction of further cellular damage. finally, studies have connected vitamin c with preventative effects, including that it significantly lowers the incidence of diseases like : - high cholesterol - heart disease deficiency in


neutralizing free radicals, unstable cells that create a chain reaction of further cellular damage. finally, studies have connected vitamin c with preventative effects, including that it significantly lowers the incidence of diseases like : - high cholesterol - heart disease deficiency in vitamin c historically, the most common disease associated with vitamin c deficiency is scurvy. although scurvy is often thought of as a disease that sailors used to get, it can still happen to anyone who is deficient in vitamin c. scurvy causes many problems including : - slow wound healing - bleeding gums - tooth loss - eventual death that ’ s a serious disease for just one vitamin deficiency to cause. it was hard to provide fresh fruits and vegetables during a voyage. preserved meats, which contain no vitamin c, remained edible for the entire trip, and thus became sailors ’ main source of nutrition. without vitamin c sources on board, an entire crew could be wiped out from scurvy on long voyages. however, scurvy is immediately reversible by eating foods containing vitamin c. once sailors figured out what caused scurvy, they began bringing fruits like oranges and limes on their journeys. now, sailors bring foods with essential vitamins with them, making it easier to avoid vitamin deficiencies. although the most common, scurvy isn ’ t the only problem that a vitamin c deficiency can cause. not getting enough vitamin c can leave the body unprotected and undernourished, which weakens the immune system and makes you more vulnerable to disease. even though scurvy is an uncommon disease in a society with abundant fruits, vegetables, and fortified products, you still need to be conscientious of your vitamin c intake to ensure your body gets enough of this essential vitamin. where to get vitamin c most animals produce vitamin c naturally in their liver. however, humans lack the liver enzyme that is necessary to do this, so vitamin c must come from the diet. vitamin c has a reputation as an at - home remedy for curing colds. however, even if you aren ’ t sick, you need vitamin c in your daily diet in order to stay healthy. the recommended daily dosage is different depending on age, sex and lifestyle, so make sure to check dietary guidelines for how much vitamin c you should consume. some good sources of vitamin c include : - fruits like oranges, apricots, lemons, limes, mangos, bananas, berries, grapefruit, cantaloupe, and


as we stomp our empty natty lites flat to make room in the blue - bin, wrap our costco chicken wings in foil, and enjoy cheap high - speed air travel – it is easy to forget that just outside of living memory, aluminum was considered a precious metal. according to jefferson lab, “ scientists suspected than an unknown metal existed in alum as early as 1787, but they did not have a way to extract it until 1825. hans christian oersted, a danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum. two years later, friedrich wohler, a german chemist, developed a different way to obtain the metal. by 1845, he was able to produce samples large enough to determine some of aluminum ’ s basic properties. wohler ’ s method was improved in 1854 by henri etienne sainte - claire deville, a french chemist. deville ’ s process allowed for the commercial production of aluminum. as a result, the price of the metal dropped from around $ 1200 per kilogram in 1852 to around $ 40 per kilogram in 1859. unfortunately, the metal remained too expensive to be widely used. ” although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth ’ s crust, it is never found free in nature. all of the earth ’ s aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds. two of the most common compounds are alum, such as potassium aluminum sulfate ( kal ( so4 ) 2 · 12h2o ), and aluminum oxide ( al2o3 ). about 8. 2 % of the earth ’ s crust is composed of aluminum. ” pure aluminum was so rare at that time it was considered a precious metal. charles martin hall ’ s method of processing the metal ore was to pass an electric current through a non - metallic conductor ( molten sodium fluoride compound was used ) to separate the very conductive aluminum. in 1889, charles martin hull was awarded u. s. patent # 400, 666 for his process. in 1888, together with financier alfred e. hunt, charles martin hall founded the pittsburgh reduction company now know as the aluminum company of america ( alcoa ). by 1914, charles martin hall had brought the cost of aluminum down to 18 cents a pound and it was no longer considered a precious metal. 1914. sound familiar? the start of wwi. in roughly the same distance in time as from desert storm to now, aluminum went from a rarely used metal in the military with only the german junkers j. i making it


a precious metal. 1914. sound familiar? the start of wwi. in roughly the same distance in time as from desert storm to now, aluminum went from a rarely used metal in the military with only the german junkers j. i making it to war, to being a strategic commodity ubiquitous in its use from eating utensils to intercontinental bombers. were the fathers of economic aluminum charles martin hall, paul heroult, and karl joseph bayer thinking about how aluminum would change the way war would be fought? no. did the military know right away the way aluminum would transform the strength and performance of established technology? no … but some had an idea. i thought of the story of aluminum earlier today when another funny sounding word came in my ear ; graphene. do you know what graphene is? well, i think you will more and more – just as teddy roosevelt ’ s generation started to hear aluminum and bauxite more and more as it slowly transformed their world. not overnight, but year by year with a quickening as smart minds saw new ways to take advantage of this new advance. back to the navy. what gets a lot of futurists excited as they look for the next kinetic and / or weaponeering leap? that is easy ; rail guns, lasers, and particle beam weapons. in our early 21st century tool box, what is holding these promising technologies back? what is the long pole in the tent that everything else requires to be there? in a word, energy. many more cards need to come out of the deck – but if you are interested in the offensive potential of rail guns, and the defensive promise of lasers and particle beam weapons – but are humbled by the very real limitations there are to making them operational – then i offer you the below. not revolution, but evolution. evolution with the possibility of a quickening that 100 years ago the world saw with aluminum. graphene based super - capacitors? use the next generation of the ddg - 1000 engineering plant? watch the below if you can or click here, and ponder with me. yes, we live in interesting times as our chinese friends might say – but rejoice dear hearts ; the future has potential. no, i not writing words of encouragement to veterans suffering with ptsd ; though they are out there and probably need it. no, i am not writing to veterans who are suicidal ; though they are out there and probably need it. no, i am writing to those who are sick of the drumbeat of articles, news stories


they are out there and probably need it. no, i am not writing to veterans who are suicidal ; though they are out there and probably need it. no, i am writing to those who are sick of the drumbeat of articles, news stories, or listening to the empathy addict down the street that just won ’ t shut up about how much she cares and only wants to hear things that validate her preconceived notions. if you are irritated, skeptical, and suspicious of the whole chattering – you ’ re in good company, and history and facts are on your side. ignore the compassion trolls, it is ok to push back. we are not broken vessels, and those who maliciously imply that we are such things are no better than those who would spit in your face, as their goals are the same – to degrade your status as a equal. a starting point for any post on this topic has to be b. g. burkett ’ s book, stolen valor : how the vietnam generation was robbed of its heroes and its history. there was a pattern set after the vietnam war that tried to paint veterans as broken vessels. if you have not read stolen valor, then go order your copy now. what was done then is being done now – it even looks the same. almost a decade ago, a lot of people heard the first few beats of what is now steady and loud. from the murder of chief kyle to the kidnapping of children, to the poseurs written about in the homeless articles in your local papers, it is there. it comes from two sources ; one honorable and one malicious. the honorable sources are those who want to help those who serve or have served, but don ’ t know how to. they tend to look for things to be saved, victims to be helped – and using a legitimate case or two of veterans who have transition challenges as a template, start to see all veterans in that template. there are also those who know someone who has real ptsd or has suicidal thought, and then applies the classic logic error of applying the specific to the general ( i saw a duck with a green head today ; therefor all ducks have green heads ). they are well meaning and should be respected for wanting to help, but if they go too far, their compassion can be counterproductive by feeding the other half of the problem ; the anti - military malicious. we all know the type ; the only time they have any respect for those in the military is when they can use them to attack


far, their compassion can be counterproductive by feeding the other half of the problem ; the anti - military malicious. we all know the type ; the only time they have any respect for those in the military is when they can use them to attack the nation and military they were part of. they also are resentful of the respect those in the military are given in civic culture, and want to do whatever they can to bring that respect down ; to marginalize the veteran. if the veteran is a victim ; he is to be pitied. if he is to be pitied, then he must be helped by his betters. if he has to be helped by his betters to function in society, then he is not an equally contributing member of society. if he is not an equally contributing member of society, he can be marginalized. if he can be marginalized, he can be dismissed and his input ignored. if he can be marginalized politically and his contribution to public discourse ignored, then he cannot compete in the marketplace of ideas and influence. if he cannot compete, then he has no power. that attitude manifests itself in strange places now and then. msnbc talking head chris mathews is a case in point. reflecting on sen. mccain ’ s ( r - az ) aggressive questioning of chuck hagel last week, matthews reflected on mccain ’ s performance of his constitutional duties thus ; “ let me start tonight with this — why is john mccain so angry? ” matthews said. “ forty years after the vietnam pows came home, the most famous of them is angrier than ever. why is america — why are we fighting the vietnam war all over again in the united states senate? the ticked - off vitriol against chuck hagel, what is it about? is it for show? is it about something hagel said in the cloakroom? ” “ is it about the basic unfairness of vietnam itself, that some went and some didn ’ t? ” he continued. “ is it about lyndon johnson ’ s inability to either win that war or end it? what is it that burns so deeply in john mccain these days? ” “ well, tonight, we dig into the deep well of resentment burning in john mccain ’ s patriotic heart — a resentment not against the north vietnamese who imprisoned and tortured him all those years, not against george w. bush and his political henchmen who tried to stain mccain ’ s reputation back in 2000 — but against a guy who fought against fear and rallied against wounds,


against the north vietnamese who imprisoned and tortured him all those years, not against george w. bush and his political henchmen who tried to stain mccain ’ s reputation back in 2000 — but against a guy who fought against fear and rallied against wounds, just like he did in the same army of america ’ s long nightmare in vietnam, chuck hagel. a nightmare, by the way, whose flashbacks must haunt still the mind and heart of john sidney mccain. … i ’ m absolutely convinced we ’ re watching a flashback. ” quod erat demonstrandum. if they will do that to a senator and once presidential candidate – what message does that send to other veterans? like i mentioned earlier, a book has been written on the topic, so let me just pick one little vibe out of the zeitgeist ; veterans suicides. just googlesearch it ; you ’ ll get the idea. in a great, fact - based reply, let ’ s go to greg jaffe ’ s superb article in the washington post. he wanders in to a few fever - swamps of the zeitgeist, but is otherwise a solid article if you read closely and critically. every day about 22 veterans in the united states kill themselves, a rate that is about 20 percent higher than the department of veterans affairs ’ 2007 estimate, according to a two - year study by a va researcher. the va study indicates that more than two - thirds of the veterans who commit suicide are 50 or older, suggesting that the increase in veterans ’ suicides is not primarily driven by those returning from the wars in iraq and afghanistan. has the war fought as of late been one fought by residents of the villages? no. “ there is a perception that we have a veterans ’ suicide epidemic on our hands. i don ’ t think that is true, ” said robert bossarte, an epidemiologist with the va who did the study. “ the rate is going up in the country, and veterans are a part of it. ” the number of suicides overall in the united states increased by nearly 11 percent between 2007 and 2010, the study says. as a result, the percentage of veterans who die by suicide has decreased slightly since 1999, even though the total number of veterans who kill themselves has gone up, the study says. statistics are tough ; the truth is in the details. see if you catch it. the veterans ’ suicide rate is about three times the overall national rate, but about the same percentage of male veterans in their 50s


gone up, the study says. statistics are tough ; the truth is in the details. see if you catch it. the veterans ’ suicide rate is about three times the overall national rate, but about the same percentage of male veterans in their 50s kill themselves as do non - veteran men of that age, according to the va data. ok. females make up ~ 15 % of the military, and for those involved in combat, then males are well in to the 90 %. american males kill themselves at a rate four - times that of females. the military heavily skews male. starting to see where their story starts to get wobbly? sooooo ….. anyone who has made even a blogger - in - pjs effort will soon see that you cannot compare veterans suicide rates to that of the general population unless you want to skew the numbers for effect. are we also controlling for age, race, socio - economic background, etc … all highly significant factors in suicide? no, of course not. that would get in the way of a good story and / or the non - profit that pays a hefty six - figure salary. in many cases you have read, you have either lazy journalism, advocacy journalism, or the deliberate contribution to the smearing of veterans – something that has been a regular feature for the last 40 years. yes, the compassion trolls will get grumpy at you, and the compassion addicts will think you are a cold and heartless sociopath ( she will probably whisper to others that your behavior is just a manifestation of your own ptsd ), but they are not the problem – only useful idiots to those who are the problem and deserve your push back – the smear merchants. is there a problem with ptsd and veteran suicide? sure there is – but this constant picking at a sensitive spot until you make it worse does not help fix anything. at worst, it plants seeds of ideas in to the nogg ’ n of the vulnerable who may act. at the least harmful it impacts the ability of veterans to get civilian jobs when they get out. after all, who wants to hire a bunch of traumatized, suicidal, time bombs? yea, that is a topic for another day. until then, let ’ s see serious studies done by serious statisticians – a study that publishes all the data and variables with the regression analysis. age, sex, race, ethnicity, regional origin, education level, combat exposure … all those and more. while we wait for that


serious studies done by serious statisticians – a study that publishes all the data and variables with the regression analysis. age, sex, race, ethnicity, regional origin, education level, combat exposure … all those and more. while we wait for that – buy or re - read stolen valor – and push back some. it ’ s not just you what seems obvious in hindsight is not, for most, that obvious to those closest to it, distracted from it, or willfully floating along in a sea of indifference. there are times, decision or pivot points for some, where the signs become clear. that steady, darkening, and thickening line starts to burn through the ambient noise. it looks familiar, it is harmonic of what you have seen before – it cannot be ignored. it demands action you only get the fleet your nation decides to buy, more people need to accept that … and the political and economic reality we are in. former senator hagel has been nominated to be the next secretary of defense. in an august 2011 interview with the financial times ’ stephanie kirchgaessner, he stated the following ; the defence department, i think in many ways has been bloated. i think the pentagon needs to be pared down. i think we need the pentagon to look at their own priorities. there ’ s a tremendous amount of bloat in the pentagon, and that has to be scaled back … i don ’ t think that our military has really looked at themselves strategically, critically in a long, long time. every agency needs to do that. the department of defence, and i ’ m a strong supporter of this … no american wants to in any way hurt our capabilities to national defence, but that doesn ’ t mean an unlimited amount of money, and a blank cheque for anything they want at any time, for any purpose. not at all. not at all, and so the realities are that the mess we ’ re in this country, with our debt and our deficits, and our infrastructure and jobless and all the rest, is going to require everybody to take a look, even the defence department, and make a pretty hard re - evaluation and review. president obama picked hagel for very specific reasons, and his views above are not unknown and were part of that. good people can agree or disagree on the substance of his argument, but that is the fact both sides will have to work with. next, let ’ s look to the uniformed side of the house. in a speech at s


were part of that. good people can agree or disagree on the substance of his argument, but that is the fact both sides will have to work with. next, let ’ s look to the uniformed side of the house. in a speech at sna earlier this week, vice admiral copeman stated the following ; ultimately, ( copeman ) warned, “ if you don ’ t want to get hollow, you have to give up force structure. ” “ resources are going to drop. they ’ re going to drop significantly, ” the admiral said. … “ if it were my choice, ” copeman said, “ i ’ d give up force structure to get whole. but it ’ s not always my choice. ” there are just a few tidbits of i & w to ponder. in the last few years, we have heard a lot of talk about a fleet of 313 and now 300. many of us have been arguing for half a decade that neither is the number we should be looking at, that is not what the nation will fund ; 270 to 240 is more likely. “ if we cannot have the navy estimates of our policy, then let ’ s have the policy of our navy estimates. ” if this is the maritime zeitgeist for the remainder of this decade, then let ’ s embrace it. we can ’ t stomp our feet and hold our breath until the pentagon turns blue. how do we best do it? what do we need to preserve – what should we cut – what will we have to get rid of root - n - branch? what are our priorities? the smart money on the future is on who the cinc is hiring, what that hire ’ s recent statements say about his ideas, and what our senior officers are starting to send out trial balloons on to test the winds. in the course of reading robert kaplan ’ s article in the wall street journal, i had to back up and read this twice. the japanese navy boasts roughly four times as many major warships as the british royal navy. wait … what? ok, that reality has sunk in over the last decade – but we are still a bit of an anglophile navy, and even with the pacific pivot, we still give the mother country a lot of heft for historical and emotional reasons. in their constitutional quasi - isolation, japan ’ s very real power has here is the context ; … in asia. nationalism there is young and vibrant — as it was in the west in the 19th and 20th centuries. asia is in the


emotional reasons. in their constitutional quasi - isolation, japan ’ s very real power has here is the context ; … in asia. nationalism there is young and vibrant — as it was in the west in the 19th and 20th centuries. asia is in the midst of a feverish arms race, featuring advanced diesel - electric submarines, the latest fighter jets and ballistic missiles. china, having consolidated its land borders following nearly two centuries of disorder, is projecting air and sea power into what it regards as the blue national soil of the south china and east china seas. japan and other countries are reacting in kind. slipping out of its quasi - pacifistic shell, japan is rediscovering nationalism as a default option. the japanese navy boasts roughly four times as many major warships as the british royal navy. as for vietnam and the philippines, nobody who visits those countries and talks with their officials, as i have, about their territorial claims would imagine for a moment that we live in a post - national age. the disputes in asia are not about ideology or any uplifting moral philosophy ; they are about who gets to control space on the map. silly transformationalists … dreaming is for kiddies. get ye back to your history books! back on topic though ; yes, the facts are clear. though you can find + / - difference depending on source, definitions, and recent com / decom ; here are the numbers : helicopter carriers : 2 amphibious ships : 2 submarines : 6 - ssn, 4 - ssbn we ’ ll call that 24. helicopter carriers : 2 ( technically 4, all of which are helicopter carrying destroyers. the shirane class of 2 are only half decks and are really just destroyers. hyuga class of 2 are no - kidding helicopter carriers. two more much larger 19, 500 ton ships on the way this decade as well ). amphibious ships : 5 we ’ ll call that 67. if you are what salamander defines as “ major combatants ” then you have 2. 8 times, not 4x, but there are lots of ways to count. perhaps they are looking at smaller ships as well. by either definition though, it should give one pause not only to reflect about the decline of the royal navy – but more importantly – the latent and potential power of the japanese navy. anyone who has worked with the japanese will agree with me as well that from a professional point of view, they are an exceptionally quality force. here is the tie in. did you catch this little memo? japan ’ s defense


of the japanese navy. anyone who has worked with the japanese will agree with me as well that from a professional point of view, they are an exceptionally quality force. here is the tie in. did you catch this little memo? japan ’ s defense ministry will request a second boost to its military budget, according to reports, just a day after the government announced the first defense budget increase in 10 years. the boosts, although relatively modest compared with japan ’ s overall defense spending, coincide with increasing tensions in the asia pacific region. japan ’ s defense ministry intends to ask for 180. 5 billion yen ( $ 2. 1 billion ) from a government stimulus package – on top of an increase of more than 100 billion yen ( $ 1. 1 billion ) to its military budget announced earlier this week – in order to upgrade its air defenses, according to the bbc.. good. japan needs to continue to do this, and we should welcome the move as long overdue ( though don ’ t get too excited, their larger budgetary problems are even greater than ours ). europe fades, royal navy withers … where can the usa look for its major partner at sea? we don ’ t have to look far. with the tweaks they are on the road to make in their constitution – japan is right there. with the big e coming home for good, the nimitz acting a bit old and busted, there has been a lot of discussion as of late about the ability of the us navy to do what she has become accustomed to doing ; projecting power globally from the sea with almost impunity – and the large - deck carrier being the tool primarily used to do so. through gross program mismanagement, myopic pom - centric rice bowl games, and simple parochialism – much of the nuance, depth, and flexibility of what was on those decks are gone as well, most notably the loss of the s - 3, es - 3, organic tanking ( fighters tanking don ’ t count, silly goose ), and independent long range strike – gone and replaced with a deck of jack - of - all - trades - master - of - none rw and light fighters with aew thrown in for character. add to that the ongoing “ to the right ” extended deployment of our amphib “ small deck ” carriers ( yes, i know, i know, i know ) and their args, funkyesque methods of fleet number counting, and the expected contraction in shipbuilding budgets that all but


right ” extended deployment of our amphib “ small deck ” carriers ( yes, i know, i know, i know ) and their args, funkyesque methods of fleet number counting, and the expected contraction in shipbuilding budgets that all but this ordered to say otherwise accept will be the new norm – then more and more smart people are trying to step back and get the larger view. what exactly are the larger strategic implications of the clear decline in the us navy ’ s global reach? as is often the case, to help break the intellectual gridlock, it is helpful to bring in outside views. over at the uk blog thin pinstiped line, sir huphrey speaks with big medicine. the whole post is worth a read – but everyone should ponder the below a bit. the reality is that the usn now is probably in the same place as the rn found itself in the mid - 1960s – mid 1970s. reduced budgets, elderly vessels still in service, while the new designs ( t42s, 22s ) were taking longer than planned to come into service, and yet operationally committed across the globe. the ability of the usn to operate with impunity across the globe, steaming where it wanted on its terms, and able to stand its ground against almost any aggressor has gone forever. todays ’ usn remains a fiercely capable and strong navy, but its ability to exert unlimited and unchallenged control of the high seas has gone, probably forever. instead it would be more realistic to judge that the future usn will provide a capability to deploy power into some areas, but only at the cost of reducing capability and influence in others. in a classic, “ over to you ” moment as the royal navy slowly retreated west of suez after the late 1950 ′ s unpleasantness, and with the final moment by prime minister wilson in the annus horribilis that was 1968 – the world approaching mid - 21st century is stuck with a quandary. the british at least were handing things off, indirectly, to her daughter ; a relatively smooth transition to a nation that was cut from the same cloth and whose interests were more often than not those interests of britain. if, as sir humphrey states, we face a future where the global capability of the us will decline in proportion to her navy – then who will be there to fill the gap? multiple smaller regional powers? a rising power? status quo, but thinner? nothing? none of those three are in the interests of the us. will


the us will decline in proportion to her navy – then who will be there to fill the gap? multiple smaller regional powers? a rising power? status quo, but thinner? nothing? none of those three are in the interests of the us. willfully abandoning territory – enough of the “ global commons ” pr stunts, please – to the whims of whatever power has the will to take it, is a classic description of a nation in decline. in our case, that would be a willful decline – but almost all declines are willful. is everyone on board with that? it is a choice. hat tip bj. a couple of years ago here, i posted about the danger of getting too close to the media, i described what is the downfall of many gofo ; vanity. non - mission related, non - value added vanity that degraded or destroyed the “ brand ” of men who gave decades of service to their nation and rose to its highest levels. in his self - immolation, general petraeus, usa, has provided, in a fashion, a very good object lesson for leaders from lpo to cno. it is not a new lesson, it is not a unique lesson – as a matter of fact it is a lesson that echoes throughout human history. it isn ’ t limited to the military environment either, it is just part of the human condition ; ego, power, and sex. do we talk about this enough? not really. not in the direct manner we need to. we talk around it. as it can be a bit touchy for some in a socio - political context, usually we only discuss the second and third order effects after it all goes south. we are more than willing to talk about the externalized manifestation of the ego - power - sex dynamic ; the person who abuses their power to gain sexual favors or to force themselves on subordinates, but we do not talk enough about the internalized version of it ; the magnetic draw and seductive nature of power itself, how it warps the ego, and how it morphs in to the emotional and mammalian drive towards sex. power is an aphrodisiac that can make even the physically or personally repulsive person attractive. it draws in certain personalities to men with power and influence. can it happen male to female as well as female to male? sure, i ’ ve see the “ scalp hunters ” in action – but that would be the extreme exception to the rule, and frankly silly to discuss. in the real world we are


can it happen male to female as well as female to male? sure, i ’ ve see the “ scalp hunters ” in action – but that would be the extreme exception to the rule, and frankly silly to discuss. in the real world we are talking about the man in power and the women who are drawn to them. we see that dynamic at njp, in the relief of commanding officers, and all the way to the 4 - star level. perhaps some leaders who are not fully self - aware may have missed it, but in a gender mixed environment, almost all male leaders will have females of lower status attempt to get closer than they should – in a heterosexual context via a way a male colleague cannot. we are all adults here, we know how the bouncing ball goes from that brief moment of enjoying the company of a woman ’ s voice a little longer than one should. about the whirlwind unleashed by general petraeus ’ s very human weakness, more details will come out, and others will be writing about every aspect of this for awhile. get used to it, as this has all the aspects of power, sex, infidelity, and intrigue that a story with legs needs. it is much more interesting to the general public than sequestration, the afghanistan withdraw, or fiscal cliffs. let that work its way out, but for us – what is the base lesson that should come out of this at the deckplate level – specifically for male leaders? it is simply this ; you will find yourself in a place sooner more than later where a female subordinate will make herself available to you. it can cover the entire spectrum from raw and physical immediacy, to a slow growing relationship based on professional respect and friendship that intensifies with proximity. there was more than one decision point in the relationship that brought down general petraeus where he should have diverted then - major broadwell back to the gym solo, but he didn ’ t. as a result, a reputation is in tatters, a critical agency has lost a leader, a war ’ s leaders are distracted, and two families are in turmoil. in time i am sure we will all know more than we want to, but one thing is clear. he is the person responsible for this. he was senior in age ( almost two decades ) and position ( at the start we think o - 4 to o - 10 ). it was his inability to control his weakness, his ego, and his actions that brought him here. he knows this too, or at


age ( almost two decades ) and position ( at the start we think o - 4 to o - 10 ). it was his inability to control his weakness, his ego, and his actions that brought him here. he knows this too, or at least he does now. as young leaders grow in positions of authority they need to keep simple human nature in mind. you will be tempted, even if you try to avoid it. you can end it as quickly as it comes up, and all will go along as before. we are all human, and at a weak moment, you may pause – but don ’ t pause long – there are too many lives, families, and careers that are riding on you being a leader and doing the right thing. if you fail, that is on you. same with general petraeus ; this is on him. not the woman on the other side of the story ; not the media ; not the fbi ; not his staff ; not anyone above him in the chain of command, other agencies, or political parties. there are many positive things to benchmark with general petraeus ’ s career, and now you have a negative one. don ’ t want to have all your hard work blow up in your face? look at the poor decisions he made, and look for those decision points in your life where you will have to make the call – you will be there – do it right. in his twitter feed, our co - blogger here at usniblog and shape, admiral stavridis, points to a link for a very nice story that really is worth your time to read, as it does represent the very best of our partnering with the ansf – and what should have been the general condition of our relationship in 2012, vice just a specific instance ; 1st lt. michael molczyk had heard stories about “ insider ” attacks — and the afghan soldiers and police officers who grew to see their partners as enemies. as a platoon commander, he couldn ’ t ignore those assaults on american troops, which during bad weeks were reported day after day. but to him, he said, the stories sounded like news from a different planet. in molczyk ’ s corner of eastern afghanistan, uniformed afghans had saved american lives time and again. they had developed a brotherhood with their u. s. partners that felt earned and unassailable. … no relationship mattered more to molczyk than his partnership with jalaluddin, the head of the afghan police in jaji district …


they had developed a brotherhood with their u. s. partners that felt earned and unassailable. … no relationship mattered more to molczyk than his partnership with jalaluddin, the head of the afghan police in jaji district … sadly, that relationship between two specific individuals is not in line with the general trend in afghanistan – and with each green on blue we need to look that fact square in the face. while there are always individual stories that can tell any side of an issue – it is the general trend that you need to keep an eye on. the bottom line is this ; we are well along the scheduled withdraw on a calendar - based vice conditions - based oplan. that is a polite way of describing a retreat under fire. those we will leave behind, and those who will fill the vacuum after we leave are acting in a rational manner, and the second and third order effects of our decision to leave the field will continue to fill your news feed as the process takes its natural course. we have been here before. as noted last month ; the last of the 33, 000 american surge troops sent to afghanistan two years ago have left the battlefields of afghanistan, secretary of defense leon panetta said. actually, it was four years ago that the uplift of forces started – but let ’ s not quibble. that little note from last month was one of the critical junctures following president obama ’ s 2009 west point speech where he announced the end of conditions based planning for afg. gone was the “ shape - clear - hold - build ”, and in was the race to slap something together with bailing wire and duct - tape until our then 2011 ( and now 2014 thankfully ) drive to whatever will be our version of the friendship bridge. defeat, like decline, is more often than not a choice. in afg, it is / was unquestionably a choice. we threw away a good chance for an acceptable outcome the minute we told our enemies, and more importantly our friends and those on the fence, that we lacked the strategic patience to follow through on our promises, creating in essence a self - fulfilling prophecy of failure. they have seen this before. as the cliche states, “ hope is not a plan. ” in war, hope is a path to self - delusion and defeat. so it has always been, so it will always be. in the executive summary from the international crisis group ’ s, afghanistan : the long, hard road to the 2014 transition, they cut right


is a path to self - delusion and defeat. so it has always been, so it will always be. in the executive summary from the international crisis group ’ s, afghanistan : the long, hard road to the 2014 transition, they cut right to the chase ; plagued by factionalism and corruption, afghanistan is far from ready to assume responsibility for security when u. s. and nato forces withdraw in 2014. that makes the political challenge of organising a credible presidential election and transfer of power from president karzai to a successor that year all the more daunting. a repeat of previous elections ’ chaos and chicanery would trigger a constitutional crisis, lessening chances the present political dispensation can survive the transition. in the current environment, prospects for clean elections and a smooth transition are slim. the electoral process is mired in bureaucratic confusion, institutional duplication and political machinations. electoral officials indicate that security and financial concerns will force the 2013 provincial council polls to 2014. there are alarming signs karzai hopes to stack the deck for a favoured proxy. demonstrating at least will to ensure clean elections could forge a degree of national consensus and boost popular confidence, but steps toward a stable transition must begin now to prevent a precipitous slide toward state collapse. time is running out. yes, our timing is that bad. quiet planning should, nonetheless, begin now for the contingencies of postponed elections and / or imposition of a state of emergency in the run up to or during the presidential campaign season in 2014. the international community must work with the government to develop an action plan for the possibility that elections are significantly delayed or that polling results lead to prolonged disputes or a run - off. the international security assistance force ( isaf ) should likewise be prepared to organise additional support to afghan forces as needed in the event of an election postponement or state of emergency ; its leadership would also do well to assess its own force protection needs in such an event well in advance of the election. does anyone see a isaf, post - usa withdraw, getting involved in afg domestic police actions? really? no, they / we won ’ t. the taliban also know we won ’ t. they know we have left the field for them, and they are patient. we no longer have the ability or will to break their back, and with only one more fighting season left until we are totally focused on withdraw – we can ’ t. i am reminded of one of the heartbreaking scenes – for a military


patient. we no longer have the ability or will to break their back, and with only one more fighting season left until we are totally focused on withdraw – we can ’ t. i am reminded of one of the heartbreaking scenes – for a military professional – from the 1984 movie, the killing fields. in the background as dith pran and sydney schanberg watch the fighting between khmer national armed forces and the khmer rouge, we see tom bird ’ s us military adviser character do what he can to push his cambodian forces on, to let them know that the usa was with them. pointing to himself ( in bold below ) ; 00 : 27 : 00 what did he say? 00 : 27 : 01 he said he thought all american people left already. 00 : 27 : 05 made in the usa. 00 : 27 : 10 are we winning? 00 : 27 : 12 no, you ’ re not winning. we have seen this before, and so have those who were our friends. much more will be written about our afg experience over the next couple of decades. somewhere there is a young man or woman who will be the next mcmaster, who will cut their phd teeth on how this all came apart. how a conscious decision was made to slide from a position of strength and progress to one of weakness, vacillation, insecurity, and decline. why thousands of years of sound military experience was thrown away one evening in new york state, pretending that the lessons of history didn ’ t apply to us. we thought that because it was spoken, so it would be done ; that hope and luck would beat the calender and patience. through it all, the silence of “ make it happen ” marched forward in to the maw, again. rest assured, we won ’ t be leaving these problems behind in afg. no, then enemy has a vote – and they too have seen this before. “ there is this narrative coming out of washington for the last two years, ” logan said. it is driven in part by “ taliban apologists, ” who claim “ they are just the poor moderate, gentler, kinder taliban, ” she added sarcastically. “ it ’ s such nonsense! ” she made a passionate case that our government is downplaying the strength of our enemies in afghanistan and pakistan, as a rationale of getting us out of the longest war. we have been lulled into believing that the perils are in the past : “ you ’ re not listening to what the people who are


strength of our enemies in afghanistan and pakistan, as a rationale of getting us out of the longest war. we have been lulled into believing that the perils are in the past : “ you ’ re not listening to what the people who are fighting you say about this fight. in your arrogance, you think you write the script. ” the taliban and al qaeda, she made clear, “ want to destroy the west and us, ” and we must fight fire with fire, she appeared to leave the assembled alternatively riveted and just a bit troubled by a critique with interventionist implications clearly drawn from her reporting. when you have the person who just tried to kill you on the ground, with your knee on his chest and your knife at his throat, but then you get off and try to walk away without finishing the job – should you be shocked when he gets up and attacks you? should you be shocked if he does not stop his attack simply because you stopped it? will he stop if you cry uncle? if you bow, apologize, and plead? so there we are ; we have emphasized the meme of the weak horse, and the butcher ’ s bill will be dear because of it. what is the solution? frankly, i think it is too late to get back to where we were in late 2009. we are almost three years in to the signal of retreat that we sent. those allied nations in isaf who have not already left will soon. those afg on the fence have already made plans and associations with our enemies to protect the interests of their families, villages, and tribes in the expectation that we will abandon them. smart move, if i were them i would do the same thing. a precursor to the soviet withdraw were their version of green on blue – the afg remember that and are seeing it again. they have indications and warnings too. could the nov usa election change anything? no. with the lack of top - level support and enthusiasm for the mission, the american people lost whatever will they had to aggressively sustain operations in afg – and with much of the uplift gone and force levels back to late - ’ 09 / early - ’ 10 levels and falling, that momentum is gone and even if the will was there – it would be difficult to get back. we are at the point now where the die is cast. this version of the war in afg for usa forces will soon be over regardless, by design. all that remains is to see if we drive across our version of the friendship bridge


back. we are at the point now where the die is cast. this version of the war in afg for usa forces will soon be over regardless, by design. all that remains is to see if we drive across our version of the friendship bridge, or leave in a helo under fire ; all the while doing our best to avoid gandamak. until then, there are things that can be done on the margins, but one question remains ; if we are not in this to win it – do we have the political will, rules of engagement, and operational plan to create the effects on the ground to further our national interests besides just “ getting out? ” is, “ do the best we can until the summer of 2014 and then wish them luck. ” now by default our mission statement? has the military leadership been realistic about what can be achieved inside the polmil guidance it has received? what decisive points have we achieved in our lines of operation? are they in - line with expected time - line dates? what about our effects matrix? district by district, province by province – is the afghan government on, behind, or ahead of schedule to take over security responsibilities? are the criteria used to determine that status tighter or looser than they were three years ago? yes, much of that is classified – but it won ’ t be forever. this story will be told, and people will be held to account. if history is any guide, that won ’ t mean much to the thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions who will die because we did not finish what we started. the last time we abandoned a nation like this, the losses were in the millions. after noting the loss of lt. col. raible and sgt. atwellt in the attack a week ago, it is natural for many to point out the irreplaceable nature of the av - 8b + harriers that were destroyed – our greatest loss of aircraft since the tet offensive in vietnam. while true, that is just the background. it is also true that every loss of life is significant, but in time except for those who know them – losses become a number or perhaps a thumbnail picture. it is helpful when the opportunity presents itself to look a little deeper in to a loss. what was the character of those lost? what did they represent? what impact did they have on those they served with, the organizations they led, the services they were members of, and the nation that they gave the ultimate


deeper in to a loss. what was the character of those lost? what did they represent? what impact did they have on those they served with, the organizations they led, the services they were members of, and the nation that they gave the ultimate sacrifice? thanks to our friends over at sld – we have a copy of lt. col raible ’ s command guidance. read it. ponder it. compare it to your own. if you are someone soon to take command and are working on one ; here is your benchmark. from : commanding officer, marine attack squadron 211 to : squadron attack pilots subj : commander ’ s guidance for squadron attack pilots 1. professional hunger. my goal is to identify those officers who want to be professional attack pilots and dedicate the resources required to build them into the flight leaders and instructors that are required for the long - term health of our community. this is not a socialist organization. we will not all be equal in terms of quals and flight hours. some will advance faster than others, and because this is not a union, your rate of advancement will have nothing to do with seniority. your rate of advancement will instead be determined by your hunger, professionalism, work ethic, and performance. if flying jets and supporting marines is your passion and your profession, you are in the right squadron. if these things are viewed simply as your job, please understand that i must invest for the future in others. your time in a gun squadron might be limited, so it is up to you to make the most of the opportunities that are presented. 2. professional focus. our approach to aviation is based upon the absolute requirement to be “ brilliant in the basics. ” over the last few years marine tacair has not punted the tactical nearly so often as the admin. sound understanding of natops, aircraft systems, and sops is therefore every bit as important as your understanding of the anttp and topgun. with this in mind, ensure the admin portions of your plan are solid before you move onto objective area planning. once you begin tactical planning, remember that keeping things “ simple and easy to execute ” will usually be your surest path to success. if the plan is not safe, it is not tactically sound. i firmly believe in the phrase “ hire for attitude, train for skill. ” work ethic, willingness to accept constructive criticism, and a professional approach to planning, briefing, and debriefing will get you 90 % of the way towards any qualification


firmly believe in the phrase “ hire for attitude, train for skill. ” work ethic, willingness to accept constructive criticism, and a professional approach to planning, briefing, and debriefing will get you 90 % of the way towards any qualification or certification you are pursuing. the other 10 % is comprised of in - flight judgment and performance, and that will often come as a result of the first 90 %. seek to learn from your own mistakes and the mistakes of others. just as a championship football team debriefs their game film, we are going to analyze our tapes and conduct thorough flight debriefs. it has often been said that the success of a sortie is directly proportional to the caliber of the plan and brief. the other side of this coin is that the amount of learning that takes place as a result of a sortie is directly proportional to the caliber of the debrief. 4. moral courage. speak up if something seems wrong or unsafe. we all know what the standards are supposed to be in naval aviation and in the corps. enforce them! when we fail to enforce the existing standards, we are actually setting and enforcing a new standard that is lower. if you average one hour per workday studying, 6 months from now you will be brilliant. that is all it takes ; one hour per day. as you start to notice the difference between yourself and those who are unable to find 60 minutes, i want you to know that i will have already taken note. then, i want you to ask yourself this question : “ how good could i be if i really gave this my all? ” 6. when all else fades away, attack pilots have one mission : provide offensive air support for marines. the harrier community needs professional attack pilots who can meet this calling. it does not require you to abandon your family. it does not require you to work 16 hours per day, six days per week. it requires only a few simple commitments to meet this calling : be efficient with your time at work so that you can study one hour per day ; be fully prepared for your sorties and get the maximum learning possible out of every debrief ; have thick skin and be willing to take constructive criticism ; find one weekend per month to go on cross country. when you are given the opportunity to advance, for those few days go to the mat and give it your all, 100 %, at the expense of every other thing in your life. to quote roger staubach, “ there are no traffic


. when you are given the opportunity to advance, for those few days go to the mat and give it your all, 100 %, at the expense of every other thing in your life. to quote roger staubach, “ there are no traffic jams on the extra mile. ” if you can be efficient during the workweek, give an olympian effort for check rides and certifications, and are a team player, the sky will literally be the limit for you in this squadron. c. k. raible a half - decade after the fall of the soviet union, a top - down movement started to take root in the us navy around a word ; transformation. the transformationalists gained steam as they were swept up in the mid - 90s zeitgeist ; all was new and now was the time to make a new navy. with the end of the existential threat of global communism, technology ’ s promise of moore ’ s law, and with the self - esteem and optimism that their generation felt as they first gained the reins of power from the white house to the first gofos – this was the time where, yes, all was new – in a fashion. there were challenges though. in the pre - 9 / 11 pentagon, the post cold war was one of lean budgets and an expensive to maintain legacy fleet. each new ship and each new program put greater demands on a already strained budgetary pie. how do you sail in to the future with, as you see it, a sea - anchor of the past holding you back? even with a larger budget, as the navy fed off the fat of the cold war fleet – how do you get the fleet of tomorrow? with challenges comes opportunities the saying goes, all that was needed was a vision. decades, indeed centuries, of best practices of shipbuilding and aircraft development – how to build them, maintain them, and man them – were showing one path of requirements and a way forward ; but that was a hard story – one that made beloved new theories come away bruised and battered. on that path to that still undefined “ there ” one thing was clear – we could not get “ there ” from “ here ” with the money in hand and the numbers in mind. if experience, history, and best practice told us what we did not want to hear, there was but one thing to do – ignore that reality and create a new one. from such was born transformationalism. by selective hearing, blinkered optimism, para - scientific concepts, faith, a dose


what we did not want to hear, there was but one thing to do – ignore that reality and create a new one. from such was born transformationalism. by selective hearing, blinkered optimism, para - scientific concepts, faith, a dose of hope in the best case scenario, and even more importantly – the force of personality – we thought would get “ there. ” our navy would be transformed – a navy based on new technology, new networks, new manning, new training, and new maintenance ; the powerpoint gods had it written ; therefor it would be done. there is a fine line between institutional optimism, overconfidence, and arrogance. when facts are brushed aside and history ignored, and instead you gird your future with untested theory and hope – you have to play the odds. as an institution we decided in that brief period in time that now was the time, it was a moment that a generation needed to grab hold of an institution and transform it ; to steer not in to – but away from the skid and see what the odds brought. “ don ’ t you want to take a leap of faith? or become an old man, filled with regret, waiting to die alone! ” — saito, from the movie inception. and so we threw away the charts, put the radar in to stand - by, and we sailed forth in to the sea of new technology, new networks, new manning, new training, and new maintenance. who was to ride the wave of transformationalism and have a front - row seat? naturally, those who would make it happen would be those captains who at the turn of the century would make flag and would spend the next dozen years doing the best they could to bring the fruits of transformation to the fleet. the best perspective would be from someone who spent a good quarter - century in the cold war “ legacy navy ” – one knowledgeable of the “ build a little, test a little, learn a lot ” philosophy & culture that brought about such programs as cruiser development in the 1920s and 1930s, and surface - to - air missiles from the 1950s through aegis. they would have seen how it was done, knew how it was done. what have those individuals who have rode that path seen? in a moment of candor – what do they have to say at the end of their travel? what fruits have come from the tree of transformationalism? 4 - star admirals come and go. some leave larger footprints than others, and today one of the


of candor – what do they have to say at the end of their travel? what fruits have come from the tree of transformationalism? 4 - star admirals come and go. some leave larger footprints than others, and today one of the size - 13 4 - stars has re - joined the civilian world ; admiral harvey – welcome to the other side – and thank you for your service. like one of his predecessor 4 - stars from another service – admiral harvey has left those who are taking over the watch a gift, if they want to take it. earlier this month, admiral harvey sent out an email to the other swo flag officers. i encourage you to read the whole thing ; the fundamentals of surface warfare : sailors and ships and read the embedded attachments. the past few years have been a serious wake - up call for our surface force. we discovered that the cumulative impact of individual decisions made over long periods of time, driven by unique and widely varying circumstances, had put the future readiness of our surface force at risk. prepare yourself, because a decade of manpower, maintenance, and programmatic sacred cows are about to be brought to task by one of the ones who raised them. we shifted our primary focus away from sailors and ships – the fundamentals of surface warfare – to finding efficiencies / reducing costs in order to fund other important efforts such as recapitalization. we took our eyes off the ball of the main thing for which we were responsible – maintaining the wholeness and operational effectiveness of the surface force. because readiness trends develop and evidence themselves over years and not months, shifting our primary focus to individual cost - cutting measures gave us a very myopic view of our surface force and the way ahead ; institutionally, we essentially walked into the future looking at our feet. institutionally, there was a culture that had you keep your head down, and your mouth shut. who created that culture, and why? there is also that “ f ” word ; “ fundamentals ” – that most ignored concept as of late but the record is clear ; the naval gods of the copybook headings are calling for their offerings. ignoring fundamentals in manning, maintenance, and program management were all warned of, why were they dismissed? did we grow an appreciative and rewarding environment of operational excellence – or did we grow and reward administrative bureaucratic bloat? did we function as a learning and self - correcting institution of critical thinkers? … we “ trained ” our people on the deck


institution ’ s long term viability. we shifted maintenance ashore, scaled back our shipboard 3m program and reduced our preventive maintenance requirements to fit a smaller workforce, and then failed to fully fund the shore maintenance capacity we required. the result was optimally - manned ships that we could not maintain to the performance and reliability standards we previously mandated in order to achieve mission success over service life. this result became apparent with the increase in the failure rate of the insurv material inspection, the “ gold standard ” inspection which measures the performance of our sailors and their ships against the established standards required to sustain wholeness and mission effectiveness over the life of the ship. how did we respond to this? we made insurv classified in order to further hide the problem, and protect the tender egos of those who helped create the problem. that may sound a bit harsh, but it is the only answer that can survive the follow - up question. here is one of the best parts of the email – one everyone should read twice. now in discussing these issues with you, i want to acknowledge up front that i realize how much more i could have done to fully evaluate the impact the actions i ’ ve described to you had on our surface force ’ s overall mission effectiveness. looking back on my time as a flag officer, i can see that i focused too exclusively on the tasks and responsibilities immediately at hand and did not take sufficient time to “ step off the pitcher ’ s mound ” and reflect more broadly on the navy - wide / community - wide impact of what we were doing. and, when we did gather together as community leaders, we did not get to the heart of the matter : our sailors and our ships and their collective readiness to carry out our assigned title 10 missions. i could have done better. we could have done better. you must do better, because now we know better. i was guilty too. on active duty, i allowed myself to be shut up. why? complicated answer for myself, so i won ’ t pretend to know it for someone else either – but i do know what the culture was that drove me to shut up. even at his level, i think admiral harvey was in the same culture. … our tycoms, isics and ships must be focused first and foremost on effectiveness – if it ’ s cheap, efficient, but doesn ’ t work, it does us no good. if our budgets drop, we may certainly have to do less ; but whatever it is we decide to do, we must do


and foremost on effectiveness – if it ’ s cheap, efficient, but doesn ’ t work, it does us no good. if our budgets drop, we may certainly have to do less ; but whatever it is we decide to do, we must do it well. if it is expensive, inefficient, and doesn ’ t work – then it is doubly no good. i am not sure we were focused on “ cheap. ” lpd - 17 and its titanium fire mains were not cheap. lcs as a littoral corvette is far from cheap. the pocket battleship sized zumwalt “ destroyers ” are not cheap. i ’ m not sure what we have tried to make that is cheap in the last couple of decades. f - 35? no. f - 18? well, they are cheaper than the alternative … but they do work at least. here is another quote that is valuable and deserves great reflection in our flag officers ; the absolute accountability of our cos for the performance of their ships and sailors is the sure foundation for the performance of our navy under the most challenging conditions imaginable. we know that the concept works. so why did we so readily walk away from an approach that had accountability at its foundation with regards to how we deliver combat capabilities to the fleet? yep. accountability up? spotty record there. towards the end, there is a call for an about - face to what is already the dying concept of transformationalism ; re - establishing the fundamentals of how we train, how we equip, and how we operate and then putting those responsible to deliver on those fundamentals back under accountable officers in the chain - of - command … for the sake of our surface force and our sailors, be ruthless in the maintenance of our standards and keep your focus where it must be – on our ships and sailors. … that is a good start. some may say that admiral harvey ’ s call is too late, perhaps – but that does not matter. is he now an anti - transformationalist? i don ’ t know, but he ’ s trending that way at least. i will give him the benefit of the doubt, and all should welcome the message of this email. the higher you go, the larger the sword of damocles is … but of course no one but the person in the seat can see it. as most everyone does – he did the best he could for the country and navy he served, and he did it better than most. we


sword of damocles is … but of course no one but the person in the seat can see it. as most everyone does – he did the best he could for the country and navy he served, and he did it better than most. we should hope that this letter is the start of an ongoing conversation, not just by admiral harvey as he adopts the suit and tie, but by those in uniform as well. there is a lot of ruin in a navy as big as the us navy. regardless of well intentioned mistakes of the past, there is still plenty of excellence left to build a better navy from. let us repair and redirect the damage done as we move forward from the last couple of decades of poor concepts and cultural warping. if the larger navy community is looking for a starting point for that conversation – admiral harvey has provided us one to use ; we should accept it in the manner it was offered and get to work. when does a leader need to backoff – and when does a leader need to get in to fine - granularity leadership? the more senior a leader gets – what is a constructive level of detail? this time around this habit gained steam with “ intrusive leadership ” and the belief in that if we have a long enough shafted screwdriver with a finely engineered head, then by - golly we can get things right! is it people or process? a bit of both? perhaps. is it required, or is it simply one leader ’ s reaction to d & g higher up? after awhile, even the best “ intrusive leadership ” / micromanaging / helicopter - leadership / etc reaches a point of diminishing returns by either excessive detail or context. those at the receiving end feel frozen from action and look for a point of pivot where they can get some relief, while those at the giving end believe that the more they do of the same, the further away from what is needed they find themselves. everyone is frustrated, and results suffer. this week over at my homeblog, we ’ ve had a little fun with cnsl ’ s ships routine message, but in all seriousness shouldn ’ t one ask ; is this an efficient and effective way of doing business at that level? it brings up two broad questions ; are we excessively micro - managing our leaders from the highest levels, and are we making prudent use of record message traffic? as i understand it, the message we highlighted is just one of a series that ’ s been getting


broad questions ; are we excessively micro - managing our leaders from the highest levels, and are we making prudent use of record message traffic? as i understand it, the message we highlighted is just one of a series that ’ s been getting rolled out this summer ( the first being about small arms ), and the messages are just the * highlights * from the upcoming re - publication of surflant regulations. it is a good thing to update and clarify how things should be done … but do we really need cnsl to put out a messages ( as opposed to regulations promulgated via different means ) that prescribes details so minor they wouldn ’ t even make it in to the pod? is that a good habit for others to copy? all commodes, urinals, sinks, showers, and drains must be clean and operable. shower curtains, mats, bulkheads, and decks must be cleaned and sanitized to prevent mildew. we call it “ record message traffic ” or “ messages, ” but i always preferred the royal navy “ signals ” – mostly because it frames the medium better. there should be very few “ signals ” – and those that exist should be short, direct, and of such importance that other delivery methods are inadequate – otherwise the important things get drowned out in the signal - to - noise ratio. when, as leaders, do we get too far in to the weeds to the point that we can ’ t do our jobs because we are too busy doing others ’ job? when is too much – just too much? well, as one of my commenters pointed out – when in doubt, benchmark the best. at the beginning of the year that would end with our nation in a world war, admiral ernest j. king, usn, then cinclant, put it well ; subject : exercise of command — excess of detail in orders and instructions. 1. i have been concerned for many years over the increasing tendency — now grown almost to “ standard practice ” — of flag officers and other group commanders to issue orders and instructions in which their subordinates are told “ how ” as well as “ what ” to do to such an extent and in such detail that the “ custom of the service ” has virtually become the antithesis of that essential element of command — “ initiative of the subordinate. ” 2. we are preparing for — and are now close to — those active operations ( commonly called war ) which require the exercise and the utilization of the full powers and capabilities of


; second, planes, whether operating singly or in company, are even more often called upon to act correctly ; third, surface ships entering or leaving port, making a landfall, steaming in thick weather, etc., can and do meet such situations while “ acting singly ” and, as well, the problems involved in maneuvering in formations and dispositions. yet these same people — proven competent to do these things without benefit of “ advice ” from higher up — are, when grown in years and experience to be echelon commanders, all too often are not made full use of in conducting the affairs ( administrative and operative ) of the several echelons — echelons which exist for the purpose of facilitating command. 6. it is essential to extend the knowledge and the practice of “ initiative of the subordinate ” in principle and in application until they are universal in the exercise of command throughout all the echelons of command. henceforth, we must all see to it that full use is made of the echelons of command — whether administrative ( type ) or operative ( task ) — by habitually framing orders and instructions to echelon commanders so as to tell them ‘ what to do ’ but not ‘ how to do it ’ unless the particular circumstances demand. 7. the corollaries of paragraph 6 are : ( a ) adopt the premise that the echelon commanders are competent in their several command echelons unless and until they themselves prove otherwise ; ( b ) teach them that they are not only expected to be competent for their several command echelons but that it is required of them that they be competent ; ( c ) train them — by guidance and supervision — to exercise foresight, to think, to judge, to decide and to act for themselves ; ( d ) stop ‘ nursing ’ them ; ( e ) finally, train ourselves to be satisfied with ‘ acceptable solutions ’ even though they are not “ staff solutions or other particular solutions that we ourselves prefer. ” one does wonder how admiral king would react to the goings - on in our navy. a man whose own daughter stated, … her father was “ the most even - tempered man in the navy. he is always in a rage. ” odds are, he wouldn ’ t take kindly to retired cdrs commenting on his messages. good odds, methinks. - midrats this sunday, may 17 2013 – episode 167 : intellectual integrity, pme, and nwc - remembering our fallen coast guard shipmates and their families - on mid


by alexander villafania inquirer. net in the aftermath of perhaps the worst typhoon that struck metro manila in recent years, environmental groups are blaming climate change for the effects of aondoya ( international name aketsanaa ). in different statements, the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) and greenpeace warned that such a disaster could be repeated unless comprehensive measures are taken immediately. greenpeace, in their statement, reiterated their call for industrialized countries to put in money to fund climate change measures especially in disaster - prone countries, including the philippines. greenpeace climate and energy campaigner amalie obusan said in a statement that the disaster in the philippines had to happen in between two international climate change meetings, the recently concluded g20 summit and the upcoming united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) summit. awhile world leaders are pussyfooting on their commitments, countries like ours are left to experience the ravages of climate change, a obusan said. in a separate statement, wwf - philippines vice chair jose lorenzo tan is calling for the reduction of fossil fuel consumption, which is being blamed for contributing to climate change. tan said the country is not equipped to take the brunt of another similar disaster and so measures must be taken to help mitigate its effects. aplanning must start from scenarios of the future, rather than from the present. collectively, we must identify ' next practices ', because today ' s ' best practice ' will no longer suffice. we must start small, learn fast and scale rapidly, a tan said. the philippine atmospheric, geophysical and astronomical services administration ( pagasa ) reported that ondoy dropped the heaviest rainfall in metro manila in recent history, a record 34. 1 centimeters ( 13 inches ) of water in less than six hours. the previous record was in 1967 with 33. 4 centimeters of rainwater over the course of 24 hours. september 2009 archives by dennis posadas there are interesting developments in chinese cleantech, and i will discuss some headlines of interest that have been reported recently. while i will continue to write about philippine cleantech efforts in renewables and energy efficiency, it is also important to take note of what is happening in the region, and maybe some implications for us. the first is a news report in the new york times that first solar, a company that makes thin film solar photovoltaics, bagged a contract to build the world ’ s largest solar installation in mongolia. the rated capacity of the solar plant


the first is a news report in the new york times that first solar, a company that makes thin film solar photovoltaics, bagged a contract to build the world ’ s largest solar installation in mongolia. the rated capacity of the solar plant will be 2gw ( or 2, 000 mw if you prefer ), and will be built using the non - silicon technology of first solar. thin films like cadmium telluride are typically deposited on surfaces like glass, and do not require silicon. the upside of thin films is that you can make it into windows and basically coat a building with it, at a cheaper price. the downside is it is only around 7 % efficient, as compared to 11 % efficiency of silicon - based solar photovoltaics, which means you need more cells and you need more space ( e. g. land ). another is that cadmium is poisonous, and so while there is no danger of leaching for the active life of the solar cell, the cells have to be disposed of properly once these are past their useful life of around 25 years. the implication for us is that this particular project, because the winner was a thin - film solar technology ( which we do not make here as far as i know ) did not result in additional business for the local philippine operations of sunpower and solaria, which make silicon - based photovoltaics. however, if the 2gw china project is an indication of future opportunities, maybe it will be good for the industry as a whole. the second, featured in both in mit technology review and the new york times, is what the chinese are doing with clean coal. it appears that most of the plants being built in china these days are advanced technology clean coal plants, which do not burn the coal directly ( which releases carbon dioxide ) but instead, using an old pre world war ii process, converts coal into synthetic gas ( similar to natural gas ). china has the world ’ s third largest coal reserves, after the us and russia. us energy secretary and nobel laureate steven chu has promised to prioritize its adoption in the us as well. it is important to stress that while the carbon dioxide emissions have been cut by a large percentage, these new plants still emit carbon dioxide. the chinese have even built a small experimental plant to remove the carbon dioxide from power emissions, and use it for softdrinks carbonation. what a creative way to do carbon capture and storage! store it in our bodies when we drink it. of


chinese have even built a small experimental plant to remove the carbon dioxide from power emissions, and use it for softdrinks carbonation. what a creative way to do carbon capture and storage! store it in our bodies when we drink it. of course, we will eventually release it back to the atmosphere. but seriously, the chinese are also looking at carbon capture and storage ( ccs ), although i have not seen any major advances yet in china in this arena. the implication here for us is that if the chinese can develop a better way, or an alternative to ccs that cuts carbon emissions of coal, then maybe coal can have a second life, particularly since we have a lot of it. but that is, in my opinion, still in the realm of research. i do not expect to see carbon capture and storage in the philippines for a long time ; it is still very, very expensive, unless someone comes up with a breakthrough. in wind, china has doubled its capacity in the past few years and will become the world ’ s largest market for wind equipment. interestingly enough, india, through a company called suzlon energy ( you may have seen their commercials on cnn ) is now giving us and european wind players like ge and vestas a run for their money. locally, i think we should pursue the development of micro - wind and micro - hydro systems. in electric vehicles, fortune recently did a profile on a company called byd ( build your dreams ) which warren buffett recently invested in. in solar photovoltaics, suntech, a wuxi - based company which was started by local government funds is now one of the largest solar cell manufacturers in the world. the key learning for us here is that suntech was started by chinese local government funds, not even national government funds. the figure mentioned in fortune was $ 4m, which is doable even here. maybe that is a learning we can use, but i am not sure if local laws will permit that. finally, the uk guardian recently reported that us president barack obama may be in china this november to sign a major us - china cleantech alliance accord, prior to the december copenhagen climate summit. while it is hard to convince the us senate, which has to contend with a strong oil, gas and coal industry lobby, to go green, it appears that the chinese see green as a way, not just to improve their worldwide image in the climate arena, but to actually make some serious green ( as in greenbacks ) out of it.


gas and coal industry lobby, to go green, it appears that the chinese see green as a way, not just to improve their worldwide image in the climate arena, but to actually make some serious green ( as in greenbacks ) out of it. the question there is where does that leave us? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dennis posadas is the editor of cleantech asia online, and the author of jump start : a technopreneurship fable ( singapore : pearson prentice hall, 2009 ) by dennis posadas while i appreciate the enthusiasm that groups like greenpeace and wwf about enabling as much clean / renewable energy as we can put into the system, given that we have a new renewable energy law, there are also a few mindset changes we need to put into place. i am all for renewable energy ; however, as a trained engineer, i also realize that there are some hurdles that need to be overcome. first is, some renewable energy sources, like solar and wind, while abundant, are also intermittent. the sun doesn ’ t always shine, and the wind doesn ’ t always blow. on the other hand, cogeneration and biomass plants, which are clean sources, can be stable if enough heat or biomass material is forecast and planned. for solar and wind, if we want to use it for 24x7 use, we need to make sure that there is an energy storage mechanism of some type. the most common energy storage device is of course a battery. for bigger solar and wind systems, running in the megawatt range, batteries would have to be connected together, so it probably won ’ t be practical. concentrated solar plants ( csps ) that employ banks of mirrors in the desert use some type of liquid like molten salt. another possibility is to use pumped storage, like in lake caliraya. when power is available, it is used to pump water up an elevated lake. during nighttime, the lake water can be released to drive a generating turbine. other schemes involve compressed air ( in the us ), or as in the case of some wind systems, natural gas turbines. but for many systems, the storage technique they employ is to simply connect the


water can be released to drive a generating turbine. other schemes involve compressed air ( in the us ), or as in the case of some wind systems, natural gas turbines. but for many systems, the storage technique they employ is to simply connect the renewable energy system to the grid. now as we increase the percentage of renewable energy systems that connect directly to the grid, we have to remember again that these are intermittent. you can ’ t exactly tell the sun to shine exactly at 6 : 00am, or the wind to start blowing at 9 : 00pm. so there has to be a way to prevent blowups of circuit breakers or fuses, a way to plan when each energy source will come on stream. there is a role for software and intelligent grid systems that work with meteorological information to determine that there is a high / low likelihood that the wind / sun will be available at a certain time. the grid itself, and components will have to be redesigned to take into account the higher occurrence of intermittent turn - on and turn - off of power sources, many of them being renewable. appliances may need to have chips in them, telling them that the power at a given hour is mostly coming from renewable sources, or not. meralco ’ s plan, for example, to offer internet over broadband lines, is indicative of this. the common perception is that they plan to mainly utilize this to offer broadband services to the public through their power lines. actually, it is not as simple as that. the internet over power lines can also be used to command and control equipment, such as chillers in malls, to turn on or to idle at a certain time. the grid needs to be intelligent, to handle the intermittent nature of clean / renewable energy systems. there will be a lot of new capabilities, already being experienced in places like california and europe, that we will soon have here. our electric meters ( “ kontadors ” ) for example, will run backwards and forwards. so if we decide to install solar panels or wind turbines on our roofs, not only can we be consumers, we can also be mini power producers supplying to meralco. the amount we sold, is then subtracted from the amount we consumed. the more citizens and private industry, as well as government, invest in these mini and private renewable energy systems, the less need there will be for big, and often carbon emitting power plants. in other words, power generation will be decentralized to many small renewable power producers, as opposed to a few large


in these mini and private renewable energy systems, the less need there will be for big, and often carbon emitting power plants. in other words, power generation will be decentralized to many small renewable power producers, as opposed to a few large ones. now who will pay for that? some cities in the us consider solar panels as part of the house ( roof ) and allow citizens to simply add a little extra to their real estate tax, and amortize the solar panels over 25 years. the payment can actually be taken from the savings generated by the panels, so in effect a no - cash out scheme is feasible. are we ready for that? we all want reduced carbon emissions. but we don ’ t get there by simply joining token earth hour or earth day celebrations. we also need to do some work, and take the time to educate ourselves. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dennis posadas is the editor of cleantech asia online, and the author of jump start : a technopreneurship fable ( singapore : pearson prentice hall, 2009 ) by alexander villafania inquirer. net after over 50 years, mathematical genius alan turing could get the justice he deserves after being prosecuted as a homosexual. two separate online petitions for an apology by the british government were set up by supporters of alan turing, the british cryptanalyst who broke the codes of the legendary german enigma machines during world war ii. the first petition was created by computer scientist john graham - cumming. in his blog cumming said he wanted all records about turing to be released by the british government. he also said he wanted turing to get a posthumous knighthood. so far, his petition has gathered about 22, 800 supporters. the deadline for the end of signing the online petition is on january 20, 2010. the second petition demanded an apology from the british government for turing, who was alleged to have been prosecuted because of his homosexuality. the second petition was started by cameron buckner in support of cummingas first petition. so far, buckneras petition has 8, 700 signatories. based on the records of the british national archives british national archives turing joined the british governmentas government code and cypher school during world war ii specifically to decipher the enigma machine


may 13, 2011 in the summer of 2009, i had the pleasure of writing about john kress, a research botanist at the smithsonian ’ s national museum of natural history, and his efforts to create a dna barcode for all 25o plant species on plummers island, a 12 - acre island in the potomac river here in washington, d. c. at the time, kress spoke about a day when citizen scientists, even schoolchildren, would be able to identify plants with handheld dna sequencers. they would be able to upload the barcode to a smartphone in order to access an online encyclopedia with basics about the species, botanical art and anecdotal information, he explained. the botanist ’ s vision seemed so futuristic, but now, just two years later, it is beginning to come to fruition. in fact, columbia university, the university of maryland and the smithsonian institution have announced that leafsnap, an iphone, ipad and android app that will identify a plant based on a leaf ’ s silhouette, will be released this summer. the mobile app uses visual recognition technology to identify the species of a plant based on a photograph of one of its leaves. each leaf photograph is cross - referenced with a leaf - image library, which kress helped compile, based on several measurements of the leaf ’ s outline. the user then gets a ranked list of the leaf ’ s closest matches, as well as other information about the species. currently, leafsnap ’ s catalog includes trees native to the northeast united states, but there are plans to expand it to make it more representative of the entire country. quite brilliantly, the app will make good on the photographs users upload, sharing them and the trees ’ location with the scientific community. from this, scientists will be able to further study the growth and decline of different tree species. “ leafsnap was originally designed as a specialized aid for scientists and plant explorers to discover new species in poorly known habitats, ” says kress, in a press release. “ now smithsonian research is available as an app for the public to get to know plant diversity in their own backyards, in parks and in natural areas. this tool is especially important for the environment, because learning about nature is the first step in conserving it. ” sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from smithsonian. com each week.


august 25, 2012 5 : 03 pm the man who uttered the iconic phrase, “ that ’ s one small step for ( a ) man, one giant leap for mankind ” has died today at the age of 82 years old. as reported by the associated press, armstrong died following complications resulting from cardiovascular problems. on that momentous day of july 20, 1969, armstrong and buzz aldrin walked on the moon ’ s surface for three hours, collecting rock samples, taking photographs and conducting experiments. from the ap obit : “ the sights were simply magnificent, beyond any visual experience that i had ever been exposed to, ” armstrong once said. the moonwalk marked america ’ s victory in the cold war space race that began oct. 4, 1957, with the launch of the soviet union ’ s sputnik 1, a 184 - pound satellite that sent shock waves around the world. although he had been a navy fighter pilot, a test pilot for nasa ’ s forerunner and an astronaut, armstrong never allowed himself to be caught up in the celebrity and glamor of the space program. “ i am, and ever will be, a white socks, pocket protector, nerdy engineer, ” he said in february 2000 in one of his rare public appearances. “ and i take a substantial amount of pride in the accomplishments of my profession. ” the guardian offers a nice background on his rise to nasa : armstrong was born in wapakoneta, ohio, and from a young age was fascinated with aviation, experimenting with model airplanes and a home - built wind tunnel. at 15 he began flying lessons in an aeronca champion, and by 16 acquired his student pilot ’ s licence. in 1947, he enrolled at purdue university on a navy scholarship to pursue a degree in aeronautical engineering, but in 1949 the navy called him to active duty in the korean war. as a navy pilot, he flew 78 combat missions. he was shot down once and received three medals for his military service. in 1952 he returned to his studies and completed his bsc at purdue and an msc in aerospace engineering at the university of southern california. in 1955 he became a civilian research pilot at the lewis research centre of the national advisory committee for aeronautics ( naca ), the forerunner of the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ). later that year, he transferred to naca ’ s high - speed flight station ( today, nasa ’ s dryden flight research centre ) at edwards air force base in california as an aeronautical research scientist, and then as a pilot. he was