reason for the popularity of hummus in israel is the fact that it is made from ingredients that, following kashrut ( jewish dietary laws ), can be combined with both meat and dairy meals. few other foods can be combined with a wide variety of meals consistently with the dietary laws. it is seen as almost equally popular amongst israeli jews and israeli arabs. as a result of its popularity, israelis elevated hummus to become a " national food symbol " and consume more than twice as much hummus as neighbouring arab countries, according to figures by tsabar salads, a hummus manufacturer in israel. commenting on its popularity, gil hovav, an israeli food editor interviewed on the bbc program cooking in the danger zone, stated that " even during the intifada years jews would sneak [... ] into the muslim quarter just to have a vital, really genuine good humous [ sic ], " and noted that like many dishes considered to be israeli national foods, hummus is actually arab. however, he also said, commenting on iraqi, egyptian, syrian or yemeni food in israel, that " jews came from these countries to israel and they brought their food with them ". many restaurants run by mizrahi jews and arab citizens of israel are dedicated to hot hummus, which may be served as chick peas softened with baking soda along with garlic, olive oil, cumin and tahini. one of the fancier hummus versions available is hummus masabacha, made with lemon - spiked tahini garnished with whole chick peas, a sprinkling of paprika and a drizzle of olive oil. hummus is sold in restaurants, supermarkets and hummus - only shops ( known in hebrew as humusiot ). for palestinians, hummus has long been a staple food, often served warm, with bread, for breakfast, lunch or dinner. all of the ingredients in hummus are easily found in palestinian gardens, farms and markets, thus adding to the availability and popularity of the dish. in palestinian areas, hummus is usually garnished, with olive oil, " nana " mint leaves, paprika, parsley or cumin. a related dish popular in the region of palestine and jordan is laban ma ' hummus ( " yogurt and chickpeas " ), which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil and is topped with pieces of toasted bread. by the end of the 20th century


hummus ( " yogurt and chickpeas " ), which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil and is topped with pieces of toasted bread. by the end of the 20th century, hummus had emerged as part of the american culinary fabric. in 2008, more than fifteen million americans consumed hummus on a regular basis. hummus became a popular staple in american restaurants with the armenian migration from lebanon to southern california and the east coast after the lebanese civil war ( 1975 - 1990 ). it was further popularized in the united states by jews returning from visits in israel and by israeli expatriates. according to a 2010 market research, hummus consumption in the united states has increased by 35 % over a period of 21 months, with sales reaching nearly $ 300 million. in 2006, hummus was present in 12 % of american households, rising to 17 % by early 2009. one commentator attributed the growth of hummus to america ’ s embrace of ethnic foods, and to experimentation with exotic foods. in november 2009, gadi lesin, president & ceo of the israeli strauss group food manufacturer said that market share of co - owned sabra dipping company in the usa makes it the largest packaged hummus dip manufacturer in the world. in october 2008, the association of lebanese industrialists petitioned to the lebanese ministry of economy and trade to request protected status from the european commission for hummus as a uniquely lebanese food, similar to the protected geographical status rights held over regional food items by various european union countries. fadi abboud, president of the lebanese industrialists association, stated that " israelis have usurped several lebanese and oriental products ". according to abboud, lebanon exported the first hummus dish in 1959. as a response, food critic janna gur wrote : " the success of certain brands of israeli hummus abroad may have been what brought about abboud ' s anger ", leading him to claim that israel has been " stealing " their country ' s national dishes, like hummus, falafel, tabbouleh, and baba ghanouj. also in response to abboud ' s statement, shooky galili, an israeli journalist specialising in food and who writes a blog dedicated to hummus, said that " trying to make a copyright claim over hummus is like claiming for the rights to bread or wine. [... ] hummus is a centuries old arab dish — nobody owns it, it belongs


a blog dedicated to hummus, said that " trying to make a copyright claim over hummus is like claiming for the rights to bread or wine. [... ] hummus is a centuries old arab dish — nobody owns it, it belongs to the region ". as of late 2009, the lebanese industrialists association was still " preparing documents and proof " to support its claim. in may 2010, the guinness world record for the largest dish of hummus in the world returned to lebanon. the winning dish, cooked by 300 cooks in the village of al - fanar, near beirut, weighed approximately 10450 kg ( roughly 23000 lb ), more than double the previous record set by 50 israeli arabs and jews who cooked approximately 4100 kg ( roughly 9000 lb ) in january 2010 in the arab - israeli village of abu ghosh. according to local media, the recipe included 8 tons of boiled chick peas, 2 tons of tahini, 2 tons of lemon juice and 70 kg ( 154 lb ) of olive oil. - sami zubaida, " national, communal and global dimensions in middle eastern food cultures " in sami zubaida and richard tapper, a taste of thyme : culinary cultures of the middle east, london and new york, 1994 and 2000, isbn 1 - 86064 - 603 - 4, p. 35. - maan z. madina, arabic - english dictionary of the modern literary language, 1973, s. v. ح م ص - newman, joni marie ( 2007 ), cozy inside, lulu. com, p. 67, isbn 1604028955, 9781604028959 check - pam peters ( 2007 ), the cambridge guide to australian english usage, cambridge university press, p. 370, isbn 0 - 521 - 87821 - 7 - mideastfood. about. com, hummus 101, retrieved 28 february 2008 - choice. com, more about hummus, " hummus has existed for thousands of years. " retrieved 5 may 2008 - insidehookah. com food - hummus, "... it is evident that it ’ s been a middle eastern / mediterranean favorite, and sometimes staple, for thousands of years. " retrieved 5 may 2008 - percival, jenny, lebanon to sue israel for marketing hummus as its own, guardian. co. uk, 7 october 2008, retrieved 9 november 2009 - tannahill p. 25, 61 - brothwell & brothwell passim - www


, jenny, lebanon to sue israel for marketing hummus as its own, guardian. co. uk, 7 october 2008, retrieved 9 november 2009 - tannahill p. 25, 61 - brothwell & brothwell passim - www. straightdope. com, who invented hummus?, 21 march 2001, " hummus has been around for too long, in too many forms, and the origin is lost in antiquity... there ' s no way of knowing where it started... ", retrieved 5 may 2008 - e. g. a " simple dish " of meat, pulses and spices described by muhammad bin hasan al - baghdadi in the 13th century, tannahill p. 174 - lilia zaouali, medieval cuisine of the islamic world, university of california press, 2007, isbn 978 - 0 - 520 - 26174 - 7, translation of l ' islam a tavola ( 2004 ), p. 65 - encyclopedia of jewish food, john wiley & sons, 2010, by gil marks, page 270 - perry et al., p. 383 - bricklin, 1994, p. 115. - hummus nutritiondata. com - arto der hartoiunian vegetarian dishes from the middle east, london 1983, p. 33. - paul r. magocsi ( 1999 ), encyclopedia of canada ' s peoples, university of toronto press, p. 1244, isbn 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 8 - even mentioned by the israel defense forces cookbook, see houston chronicle " diversity in the dining room helps ring in israel ' s new year " - middle east, 2006, lonely planet, page 282 - hummus brings israelis, palestinians to the table, the christian science monitor, by joshua mitnick, july 25, 2007 - bbc cooking in the danger zone : israel and palestinian territories, pp. 5 - 6 : " humous is arabic. falafel, our national dish, our national israeli dish, is completely arabic and this salad that we call an israeli salad, actually it ' s an arab salad, palestinian salad. " - cooking in the danger zone : israel and palestinian territories, page 3 - food & wine, may 2008 ; on the hummus hunt in israel by jen murphy, p. 66, - the perfect hummus debate - salloum and peters, 1996, p. 204. - ibrahim, lailie, institute for middle east understanding, hummus, a palestinian staple, 31 march 2006,


by jen murphy, p. 66, - the perfect hummus debate - salloum and peters, 1996, p. 204. - ibrahim, lailie, institute for middle east understanding, hummus, a palestinian staple, 31 march 2006, retrieved 9 march 2008. - marks, gil ( 2010 ), encyclopedia of jewish food, john wiley and sons, pp. 269 - 271 - john powell, " encyclopedia of north american immigration ", infobase publishing, 2005, isbn 1 - 4381 - 1012 - x, 9781438110127, p. 176. - there ’ s hummus among us by elena ferretti, fox news, april 05, 2010 - aviv levy ( 25 november 2009 ), זינוק במכירות חומוס שטראוס בארה " ב : כבשה 40 % מהשוק, globes, retrieved 25 november 2009 unknown parameter - karam, zeina, " hummus war looms between lebanon and israel ", associated press, 7 october 2008, retrieved 10 december 2008. - carolynne wheeler ( 11 october 2008 ), " hummus food fight between lebanon and israel ", the daily telegraph - " whose hummus is it anyway? ", the times of south africa, november 9, 2008 - yalibnan. january 9, 2010 http : / / www. yalibnan. com / 2010 / 01 / 09 / hummus - war - between - lebanon - israel - escalates / | url = missing title ( help ). retrieved 4 july 2010. - gur, janna ( cited as ' jana ' ), santa fe new mexican, " hummus history : tales of a wandering chickpea ", 21 october 2008, retrieved 11 december 2008 - lebanon claims latest title in ' hummus war ' ( cnn ) - " lebanese score in hummus war with israel ", associated press, 24 october 2009 - " lebanon breaks israel ' s hummus world record ". yahoo. ap. 8 may 2010. - " abu gosh mashes up world ' s largest hummus ". ynet. afp. 8 january 2010. - " abu ghosh secures guinness world record for largest dish of hummus ". israel ministry of foreign affairs. 11 january 2010. retrieved 31 march 2010. - jack brockbank ( 12 january 2010 ). " the largest serving of hummus ". guinness world records. retrieved 31 march


record for largest dish of hummus ". israel ministry of foreign affairs. 11 january 2010. retrieved 31 march 2010. - jack brockbank ( 12 january 2010 ). " the largest serving of hummus ". guinness world records. retrieved 31 march 2010. - edited by fawzia afzal - khan and kalpana seshadri - crooks, fawzia ; seshadri - crooks, kalpana ( 2000 ), the pre - occupation of postcolonial studies, duke university press, isbn 0 - 8223 - 2521 - 7, 9780822325215 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - edited by linda amster ; introduction by mimi sheraton, linda ; sheraton, mimi ( 2003 ), the new york times jewish cookbook : more than 825 traditional and contemporary recipes from around the world, st. martin ' s press, isbn 0 - 312 - 29093 - 4, 9780312290931 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - mark bricklin,, mark ( 1994 ), prevention magazine ' s nutrition advisor : the ultimate guide to the health - boosting and health - harming factors in your diet, rodale, isbn 0 - 87596 - 225 - 4, 9780875962252 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - don brothwell and patricia brothwell, c. d. ; brothwell, b. ( 1998 ), food in antiquity : a survey of the diet of early peoples, expanded edition, johns hopkins university, isbn 0 - 8018 - 5740 - 6 more than one of - marks, gil ( 2010 ), encyclopedia of jewish food, john wiley and sons, pp. 269 – 271 - charles perry, a. j. arberry, maxime rodinson,, maxime ; perry, charles ( 1998 ), medieval arab cookery, prospect books ( uk ), isbn 0 - 907325 - 91 - 2, 978 - 0907325918 check | isbn = value ( help ) more than one of - habeeb salloum and james peters ; drawings by lynn peterfreund ; photographs by neal cassidy., habeeb ; peters, james ( 1996 ), from the lands of figs and olives : over 300 delicious and unusual recipes, i. b. tauris, isbn 1 - 86064


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2008 ) the october manifesto ( russian : октябрьскии манифест, манифест 17 октября ), officially the manifesto on the improvement of the state order ( манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка ), is a document that served as a precursor to the russian empire ' s first constitution, which would be adopted the next year. the manifesto was issued by emperor nicholas ii, under the influence of count sergei witte, on 30 october [ o. s. 17 october ] 1905 as a response to the russian revolution of 1905. the october manifesto addressed the unrest application throughout the russian empire and pledged to grant basic civil liberties, including personal immunity ; and freedom of assembly, association, press, religion, and speech. other provisions include the allowance of a broad participation in the duma ( parliament ), the introduction of universal male suffrage, as well as a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the duma. the manifesto was a precursor to the empire ' s first constitution. neither document, however, resulted in significant reform, and the emperor continued to exercise absolute veto power over parliamentary legislation. between 1906 – 7 the duma was dissolved and reformed twice. the october manifesto divided opposition to the emperor. the kadets were appeased by the idea of having freedom of speech and a truly representative government, and the union of october 17 ( informally known as the octobrists, this party took its name from the october manifesto ). the marxists, however, maintained that nicholas had only made small concessions, arguing that the duma was only a shell of democracy as it could not pass laws without the approval of the monarch, and that freedom of speech was heavily regulated. - the memoirs of count witte new york & toronto ( 1921 ), armonk, new york ( 1990 ). isbn 0 - 87332 - 571 - 0. - fiehn, terry. ( 1996 ). russia & the ussr 1905 - 1941. hodder headline group, london. isbn 0 - 7195 - 5255 - 9. the october manifesto of 1905


| jmol - 3d images | | image 1 | | molar mass | | 169. 18 g mol−1 | | ( what is : /? ) except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 °c, 100 kpa ) pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin b6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. it differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the ' 4 ' position. its hydrochloride salt pyridoxine hydrochloride is often used. function in the body pyridoxine assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production. it is linked to cardiovascular health by decreasing the formation of homocysteine. pyridoxine may help balance hormonal changes in women and aid the immune system. lack of pyridoxine may cause anemia, nerve damage, seizures, skin problems, and sores in the mouth. it is required for the production of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, as it is the precursor to pyridoxal phosphate : cofactor for the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. this enzyme is responsible for converting the precursors 5 - hydroxytryptophan ( 5 - htp ) into serotonin and levodopa ( l - dopa ) into dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. as such it has been implicated in the treatment of depression and anxiety. very good sources of pyridoxine are grains and nuts. medicinal uses pyridoxine is given to patients taking isoniazid to combat the toxic side effects of the drug. it is given 10 – 50 mg / day to patients on to prevent peripheral neuropathy and cns effects that are associated with the use of inh. in one form of homocystinuria, activity of the deficient enzyme can be enhanced by the administration of large doses of pyridoxine ( 100 - 1000 mg / day ). vitamin b6 can be compounded into a variety of different dosage forms. it can be used orally as a tablet, capsule, or solution. it can also be used as a nasal spray or for injection when in its solution form. vitamin b6 is usually safe,


| minimalism in art | | minimalism in music | postmodern music is both a musical style and a musical condition. as a musical style, postmodern music contain characteristics of postmodern art — that is, art after modernism ( see modernism in music ). it favors eclecticism in form and musical genre, and often combines characteristics from different genres, or employs jump - cut sectionalization. it tends to be self - referential and ironic, and it blurs the boundaries between " high art " and kitsch. daniel albright ( 2004 ) summarizes the traits of the postmodern style as bricolage, polystylism, and randomness. as a musical condition, postmodern music is simply the state of music in postmodernity. in this sense, postmodern music does not have any one particular style or characteristic, and is not necessarily postmodern in style. however, the music of postmodernity is thought to differ from that of modernity in that whereas modern music was valued for its fundamentals and expression, postmodern music is valued as both a commodity and a symbolic indicator of identity. for example, one significant role of music in postmodern society is to act as a language by which people can signify their identity as a member of a particular subculture. table of contents the postmodern musical style modernist influences and postmodern philosophy in the modern period, recording of music was seen as a way of transcribing an external event, as a photograph is supposed to record an moment in time. however, with the invention of magnetic tape in the 1930 ' s the ability to directly edit a recording, and create a result which did not actually occur, made it possible for a recording to be viewed as the end product of artistic work itself. through the 1950 ' s, most music, even popular music, presented itself as the capturing of a performance, even if that performance was mic ' ed to improve hearing of different parts. antecedents to this process, including the electronic music of edgar varese, can be found dating back for several decades, and in 1948 pierre schaeffer would use tape to " compose " pieces, however it is with the advent of rock ' n ' roll and particularly producer phil spector and glenn gould in classical music in the late 1950 ' s that the idea of using tape to create a stand alone artistic work became more and more prevalent. however, it was with the studio recordings of the beatles where the full


particularly producer phil spector and glenn gould in classical music in the late 1950 ' s that the idea of using tape to create a stand alone artistic work became more and more prevalent. however, it was with the studio recordings of the beatles where the full use of multi - track recording and layering became common to popular music. the creation of this recording process transformed pop music. rock and hip hop both extend this process further, by using more and more sophisticated techniques to layer and mix individual tracks. the rise of popular music created another pressure on music, which would lead to another strand of post - modernity, namely the ability to create a sufficiently large audience for works. in the modernist view, such a connection was unnecessary – people would naturally gravitate towards " serious " music as the place where ideas could be presented in musical form, rather than " popular " music, which was seen, as the victorians had seen it, as subsidiary to the more " weighty " genres. as with post - modern philosophy, post - modern music questioned whether this hierarchy of " high " and " low " culture was correct or appropriate. a third strand of post - modern music is a change in the fundamental idea of what music is supposed to be " about ". as the period wore on, the idea that " music is mainly about itself ", became more and more firmly entrenched. reference was not merely a technique, but the substance of music. musical works reference other musical works, not because they can, but because they must. this is part of the general change from modernism which saw the basic subject of art being the most pure elements of musical technique – whether intervals, motivic fragments or rhythms – to postmodernism which sees the basic subject of art being the stream of media, manufactured objects, and genre materials. in otherwords, post - modernity views the role of art to be commenting on the consumer society and its products, where as modernism sought to convey the " reality " of the universe in its most fundamental form. postmodern techniques and their application the ability to record and mix, and later sample, would feed into this idea, with the inclusion of " found sounds ", snippets of other recordings, spoken voices, noises, and sampled tableux into music. pioneers include edgar varese, who began to experiment with the possibilities of new electronic instruments, using synthesizers and tape loops. john cage used tapes, radios, and record players to reproduce prerecorded sounds in a wide variety of ways


into music. pioneers include edgar varese, who began to experiment with the possibilities of new electronic instruments, using synthesizers and tape loops. john cage used tapes, radios, and record players to reproduce prerecorded sounds in a wide variety of ways in works such as the series " imaginary landscape " and " europera. " early examples in popular music include abbey road, pink floyd ' s meddle and the " dub " style of music of lee ' scratch ' perry. as digital technology has made sampling easy, it has become very common in hip hop, and is taken to its extreme in bastard pop. as composers became interested in incorporating pre - existing sounds, they also looked to emulate the effect using only conventional instruments, by extensive quotation from pre - existing material. quotation and reference to earlier work in principle was not new, as composers such as richard strauss and charles ives are famous for its use in their tone poems and symphonies nearly a century before, and it is essentially the basis behind organum, parody mass, and other early musical genres. however, the completeness of the collage or thorough use of a pre - existing piece went far beyond earlier composers ' brief quotations or use of a cantus firmus. george rochberg has used pieces from the classical repertoire as the basis for many of his compositions, essentially composing a frequently ironic commentary on an earlier work. olivier messiaen ' s " oiseaux exotiques " and " catalogue d ' oiseaux " are collages of bird songs, precisely notated by species in the score, gathered together in a musical form. a tour - de - force of post - modern musical collage is the third movement of luciano berio ' s " sinfonia, " which uses the scherzo of gustav mahler ' s " resurrection symphony " as a musical foundation, and text from samuel beckett ' s " the unnameable, " but adds quotations spanning classical repertory, as though they were sampled or found haphazardly by spinning a radio dial. a related aspect of post - modern classical music was an interest in reducing the role of a composer in musical composition, not by the use of pre - composed material, but instead by the use of random procedures in composition and performance. this began as a reaction to elements of late modernism, in particular, the modernist project of atonality, begun by arnold schoenberg, which had been taken to its logical conclusion, total serialism, by such late modernist composers as pierre


. this began as a reaction to elements of late modernism, in particular, the modernist project of atonality, begun by arnold schoenberg, which had been taken to its logical conclusion, total serialism, by such late modernist composers as pierre boulez, karlheinz stockhausen, and others. a group of composers, including boulez, stockhousen, and especially john cage began introducing elements of ' chance ' in their music to create aleatory music. cage is famous for using the i ching to direct his compositions, essentially removing himself from the compositional procedure. on the other hand, his piece 4 ' 33 " is performed by a silent pianist, and is said to consist entirely of environmental noise. aleatory music began to blur the boundaries between the composer and the audience, and between the musician and the environment, which was a postmodern trend. at the same time, there was also a new interest in non - western music, early music ( typically meaning pre - baroque ), and popular music. this attention to all musical traditions is a general post - modern feature ; for them the division between " high " and " low art " is illusory. gyorgy ligeti found rhythmic elements of pygmy song that fit his own sensibilities, and they influenced his later compositions. olivier messiaen studied thoroughly indian music and medieval music, and some of his scores make reference to indian tala or plainchant. tan dun, born in china, has sought ways in his compositions to unite the chinese and western strands of music. steve reich studied west african drumming, indonesian gamelan, and hebrew cantillation, and his works are sometimes compared to perotin or rock music. further eroding the wall between " art music " and " popular music, " a number of djs have remixed his work on the album " reich remixed. " glenn branca and rhys chatham have worked with rock musicians and combined the techniques of classical and popular music. the approach of post - modern composers with regard to foreign, obsolete or popular musical idioms differs substantially from the " exotic " references of earlier composers. one key difference is the thoroughness of the study. mozart ' s " rondo alla turca " is supposedly influenced by turkish music, but it is a superficial and stereotypical reference imposed in a pure classical form. post - modern composers have generally sought in earnest to understand the underlying principles of exotic music by years of study or performance in the idiom. the result is


turkish music, but it is a superficial and stereotypical reference imposed in a pure classical form. post - modern composers have generally sought in earnest to understand the underlying principles of exotic music by years of study or performance in the idiom. the result is often more subtly incorporated into the composer ' s vocabulary, so much that one may not imagine the source of the foreign elements until they are pointed out. the emergence of postmodern styles in the late 1950s and 1960s a series of styles, influenced by pop and post - modern conditions began to form, and existing styles began to incorporate post - modern elements. in popular music, jazz, rhythm and blues, and early rock and roll are all begin to become shaped by not only new technology, but a fundamentally different way of producing recordings. instead of trying to achieve a rounded three dimensional sound in imitation of the concert experience, recordings increasingly foregrounded the vocals and made the rest of the sounds a single " wall " behind the main track. by the mid 1960s this " wall of sound " style was the standard of most commercial radio. the full incorporation of the studio mixing techniques, electronics and use of layering would lead to the establishment of rock. " pop " music, as a specific sub - genre, would eschew the electric guitar driven sound of rock in favor of synthesizers, acoustic instruments, and more subdued rhythm sections. at the same time, dance music, particularly the " disc jockeys " at urban parties were creating a different road into post - modernity in music. their approach was to take records on turntables, and by hand control the speed of the turntable, and using the mixing board as an instrument, add reverb and other sound effects. at the same time they would speak into the microphone, using the dance tracks as a background for their own speech, which would lead, eventual to eventually evolving into the djing and mcing of hip hop music. further evolution in the 1990s turntablism movement focused on the djing aspect of hip hop, with music made almost entirely of samples. dj shadow is the most well known turntablist dj, but q - bert and mixmaster mike of the invisibl skratch piklz, dj spooky and cut chemist were also highly influential. in classical music, minimalism is usually regarded as the first " post - modern " style. minimalism was in part a reaction to the perceived inaccessibility and sterility of modernist classical music of such composers in the tradition


highly influential. in classical music, minimalism is usually regarded as the first " post - modern " style. minimalism was in part a reaction to the perceived inaccessibility and sterility of modernist classical music of such composers in the tradition of arnold schoenberg, pierre boulez, the early john cage, and others among the avant - garde. the earliest minimalist composers included lamonte young, who had studied under schoenberg and incorporated elements of serialism in his early minimalist works, and terry riley, who was largely influenced in his composition by the repetitiveness of indian music and rock music. minimalism and related postmodern musical styles laid the groundwork for re - integrating popular and ' highbrow ' music, which had been separated since the rise of modernism. by the 1970s, avant - garde rock and pop musicians ( such as suicide and throbbing gristle ) had become interested in electronic instrumentation, the use of eastern rhythms and unconventional instruments ( for example the use of the sitar by the beatles ) and drone - like or repetitive music, stylistically similar to minimalism ( such as the music of the velvet underground, tangerine dream, and kraftwerk ). tape loops also prefigured the use of ' sampling ' in techno music and house music, and the ' scratching ' of hip - hop. moreover the ' ironic ' ' cut and paste ' approach of stockhausen ' s later work ( which used elements from both ' high ' and ' low ' art ) was highly influential on many pop and rock composers in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s : see, for example, frank zappa or the residents. ( see contemporary music ). it should also be noted that postmodern jazz has also been highly influential on contemporary pop / rock music. this has developed from two main sources, the innovations of charlie parker in the immediate post - war period, and ( again ) arnold schoenberg : this time, however, not so much his serial work as his pre - wwi ' atonal ' style, where all forms of tonality were abandoned. the merging of these two traditions led to the development of free jazz in the 1950s by ornette coleman who went onto inspire a new generation of musicians in the 1960s and 1970s : for example, john coltrane, albert ayler and sun ra. free jazz was hugely influential on many avant - garde rock musicians : for example captain beefheart, and, in a completely different way the stooges and lou reed ( who eventually


for example, john coltrane, albert ayler and sun ra. free jazz was hugely influential on many avant - garde rock musicians : for example captain beefheart, and, in a completely different way the stooges and lou reed ( who eventually worked with coleman in 2003 on the raven album ). these artists themselves were influential on a generation of punk musicians in the 1970s and 1980s ( see for example the lounge lizards and the pop group ). in the 1970s miles davis repaid the compliment by incorporating elements of funk and rock into his sound, most notably on his bitches brew album. again, this has been hugely influential on contemporary rock and jazz. the postmodern musical condition : the condition of music in postmodernity as a musical condition, postmodern music is music situated after the modern age, during the present period, where music has become valued primarily a commodity and a culture, rather than a form of idealized modernist expression for its own sake. some authors have suggested that the transition in music from modern to postmodern occurred in the late 1960s, influenced in part by psychedelic music and the late beatles albums. ( sullivan, 1995, p. 217. ) in the 1970s, the postmodern condition continued with the advent of disco, punk rock, heavy metal, hip - hop, and a newly - commodified country music. the difference between modern music and postmodern music then is that modernist music was characterized by a focus on musical fundamentals and expression. in postmodern music, however, the commodity being sold by record companies and pop stars is not the fundamentals of the music, but the cultural image surrounding the music, which reverberates through film, television, and other media. causes and theories of post - modernity in music another theory advanced is that post - modernity is the explicit reaction to the rise of a mass production consumer society, and is linked to the need to create coherence and aesthetic value from the artifacts and patterns of that society. postmodern musical artists - patricia barber - luciano berio - john cage - ornette coleman - john adams - philip glass - steve reich - george rochberg - alfred schnittke - ezequiel vinao - lamonte young - john zorn - the beatles - the velvet underground - pink floyd - frank zappa - wire ( band ) - the butthole surfers - throbbing gristle - king tubby - kurtis blow - grandmaster flash - grand wizard theodore - run dmc -


toilets are by far the main source of water use in the home, accounting for nearly 30 percent of an average home ' s indoor water consumption. older, inefficient toilets that use as much as 6 gallons per flush also happen to be a major source of wasted water in many homes. recent advancements have allowed toilets to use 1. 28 gallons per flush or less while still providing equal or superior performance. this is 20 percent less water than the current federal standard of 1. 6 gallons per flush. the watersense label is used on toilets that are independently certified to meet rigorous criteria for both performance and efficiency. only water – saving toilets that complete the certification process can earn the watersense label. by replacing old, inefficient toilets with watersense labeled models, the average family can reduce water used for toilets by 20 to 60 percent — that ' s nearly 13, 000 gallons of water savings for your home every year! they could also save more than $ 110 per year in water costs, and $ 2, 200 over the lifetime of the toilets. nationally, if all old, inefficient toilets in the united states were replaced with watersense labeled models, we could save 520 billion gallons of water per year, or the amount of water that flows over niagara falls in about 12 days. look for the watersense label! whether remodeling a bathroom, starting construction of a new home, or simply replacing an old, leaky toilet that is wasting money and water, installing a watersense labeled toilet is a high - performance, water - efficient option worth considering. watersense labeled toilets are available at a wide variety of price points and a broad range of styles and in many areas, utilities offer rebates and vouchers that can lower the price of a watersense labeled toilet. are you a manufacturer interested in labeling your high - efficiency toilet, or a retailer or distributor interested in selling watersense labeled toilets? please visit the final specification for toilets page for more detailed information.


two - way approaches to indigenous mental health literacy nagel, tricia m., thompson, carolyn, robinson, gary, condon, john, and trauer, thomas ( 2009 ) two - way approaches to indigenous mental health literacy. australian journal of primary health, 15 ( 1 ). pp. 50 - 55. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1071 / py08052 this study was designed to provide important new information about relapse prevention in indigenous 1 people with chronic mental illness. it aimed to explore indigenous mental health promotion with aboriginal mental health workers ( amhw ) in order to develop strategies for effective mental health intervention. the research was conducted in three remote indigenous communities in the top end of the northern territory with amhw. assessment, psycho - education, and care - planning resources were developed with local amhw through exploration of local indigenous perspectives of mental health promotion. qualitative research methods and an ethnographic approach were used to elicit information, and data included key informant interviews, participant observation, music, photography and story telling. the study confirms that indigenous people in remote communities prefer to use story telling and local language, local artwork and local music to convey health information. it also confirms that family and local practitioners are key cultural informants and that indirect, holistic and ‘ two - way ’ messages are preferred. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | for codes : | | 11 medical and health sciences > 1117 public health and health services > 111701 aboriginal and torres strait islander health @ 50 % | 11 medical and health sciences > 1117 public health and health services > 111712 health promotion @ 50 % | seo codes : | | 92 health > 9203 indigenous health > 920399 indigenous health not elsewhere classified @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 02 jun 2010 10 : 09 | | last modified : | | 12 feb 2011 21 : 36 | last 12 months : 0 | citation counts with external providers : | repository staff only : item control page


the thesis describes in detail the area of the uranium lodes in the south alligator river valley in the northern territory of australia. the four land forms are described, together with the soils developed on them, and the morphological and genetic relationships of the latter are discussed. the published stratigraphy of the area is recapitulated, and some changes of viewpoint are advocated : an unconformity within the upper proterozoic rocks is described ; the characteristics of the scinto breccia unit are ascribed to silicification of diverse stratigraphic units ; the allegedly organic origin of calcareous rocks of the koolpin formation is disputed ; and the lack of obvious signs of unconformity between the stag creek volcanics ( archaeozoic? ) and the lower proterozoic sequence is pointed out. a petrological study of a collection of rocks from the area is made, and this includes a description of some diaspore - rich volcanics in which the uranium mineralisation appears to be of syngenetic origin. the characteristics of the ore bodies or radioactive prospects are described, together with the ore - deposition controls. an epigenetic origin is postulated for most of the uranium deposits. exploration techniques employed in the discovery or evaluation of the ore bodies are discussed, and the results are reported of a programme of geochemical testing of stream waters in the drainage basin. it is concluded that, in this area, the geochemical technique has only limited usefulness for the discovery of uranium. the extraction of ore, and its subsequent treatment by solvent - extraction processes is described. an account is given of some other uranium occurrences in northern australia viz., the rum jungle, mary kathleen and pandanus creek ore bodies, and the radioactive or mineralised prospects at denham river and saunders creek in western australia. a general account of theories of emplacement of uranium ore in australia and elsewhere postulates an epigenetic origin from a magmatic source for most of the australian deposits, but accepts a sedimentary origin for the uranium associated with conglomerates. a brief historical survey of developments in the uranium industry pays special attention to events in australia.


- free unlimited amendments - free bibliography page - free title page - free plagiarism report - free formatting - unique customer support - properly cited paper - 100 % original papers - 275 words per page - any citation style - guaranteed privacy - 24 / 7 customer support a literature review gives an account of works published by researchers and scholars. students may write literature reviews in form of assignments or in form of annotated bibliography. it is written in form of a discursive prose, and does not summarize one piece of literature after the other. literature review is often part of an essay ’ s introduction, research report or thesis ’ introduction. students should organize literature reviews into sections presenting themes or including a relevant story. literature reviews aim at evaluating and synthesizing published material in accordance to the guiding concept of the research question. students write literature reviews in order to inform the readers about their knowledge and ideas concerning a topic. moreover, literature reviews show the strengths and weaknesses of a literature topic. literature review is a kind of writing defined by a guiding concept. such a guiding concept may be the problem or issue under discussion, research objective or an argumentative thesis. students are not supposed to use a set of summaries or mere descriptive list of available material when writing literature reviews. literature reviews help students to enhance their knowledge about a topic, and help them gain a wide variety of skills. the skills demonstrated by students writing literature reviews are as following : the first skill is information seeking which is the ability of students to efficiently scan literature. scanning is done using computerized methods or manually in order to identify the useful books and articles. the second skill is critical appraisal. this refers to the ability of students to apply analytical principles in order to identify valid and unbiased studies. a literature review should portray organization, and must relate to the research question or thesis formulated. a literature review must also synthesize results by summarizing them to known and unknown. the other vital point is for a literature review to identify controversial areas in literature and lastly, to formulate questions that require in - depth research. a student needs to identify the research question that his or her literature review helps to define. moreover, a student must identify or know the scope of the literature review, and the types of publications used when writing the literature review. it is essential for a student to do enough research in order to gather relevant material for writing a literature review. moreover, the research has to be narrow enough to exclude the irrelevant material that do not form part


- tomato ( n. ) - 1753, earlier tomate ( c. 1600 ), from spanish tomate ( mid - 16c. ) from nahuatl tomatl " a tomato, " literally " the swelling fruit, " from tomana " to swell. " spelling probably influenced by potato ( 1565 ). a member of the nightshade family, all of which contain poisonous alkaloids. introduced in europe from the new world, by 1550 they regularly were consumed in italy but grown only as ornamental plants in england and not eaten there or in the u. s. at first. an encyclopedia of 1753 describes it as " a fruit eaten either stewed or raw by the spaniards and italians and by the jew families of england. " introduced in u. s. as part of a program by secretary of state thomas jefferson ( 1789 ), but not commonly eaten until after c. 1830. alternative name love apple and alleged aphrodisiac qualities have not been satisfactorily explained ; perhaps from italian name pomodoro, taken as from adorare " to adore, " but probably actually from d ' or " of gold " ( in reference to color ) or de moro " of the moors. " slang meaning " an attractive girl " is recorded from 1929, on notion of juicy plumpness.


rewriting ptr salinity, alkalinity, chemical toxicity and drainage based on the wrb - standard review of available information in the sgdbe in the sgdbe, the attribute wr gives information about the water regime of the stu following 4 classes. this attribute gives information about the duration and the depth where the soil is saturated by water during the year. the relation between the values of this attribute and the drainage classes used for cgms is given in table 4 - 21. the class 4 of wr is corresponding to the vp ( very poorly drained ) class used in cgms. but for the other classes of wr, there are several cgms classes that correspond. for these wr classes, it is necessary to use other information to choose which cgms class corresponds. to do so, the information from the soil name ( fao85 - full, fao90 - full and wrb - full ) and the agricultural limitations ( aglim1, aglim2 ) will be used. these attributes will also be used when wr is not given ( that is the case for all the data coming from the digital soil map of the world ). the current cgms rule for drainage class on the part of the sgdbe where soil names were given in the fao - unesco 1974 legend is evaluated. note that not each individual record is compared separately. first, all records of the cgms rule have been applied. thus, for example, not all gleysols will receive value ‘ p ’ ; only the stus that have not been assigned ‘ w ’ or ‘ vp ’ because of a drained or flooded phase. for each occurrence of the rule, the values taken by the wr attribute ( except when wr = 0 ) were counted ( table 4 - 22 ). some occurrences show a good correlation with wr : - with a good estimation ( in bold ) : for gleysols, gleyic soils, podzoluvisols, arenosols and coarse - textured soils ; - with a bad estimation ( in light grey ) : for histosols, placic podzols, plinthic acrisols, stagnic soils, humic podzols, albic luvisols, orthic greyzems and vertisols. the occurrences using the phase are generally dispatched in several wr classes. this result is not surprising because phases are generally not well defined. moreover, the use of phases was very heterogeneous from one country to


in table 4 - 26. gleyic and stagnic properties refer to soil material which is saturated with water at some periods of the year, or throughout the year, in most years, and which show evidence of reduction processes or of reduction and segregation of iron. gleyic properties are related to saturation by groundwater. stagnic properties are related to saturation by surface water within 50 cm. in wrb the water regime is described by : - gleysols : soils having gleyic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface ; - planosols : soils having an eluvial horizon, the lower boundary of which is marked, within 100 cm from the soil surface, by an abrupt textural change associated with stagnic properies above that boundary ; - histosols : soils having : - a folic horizon which one of its characteristics is to have water saturation for less than one month in most years ; - or a histic horizon which one of its characteristics is to have water saturation for at least one month in most years ; - gelistagnic soils present a temporary water saturation at the surface caused by a frozen - gleyic soils are soils having gleyic properties within 100 cm from the soil surface. two specifiers can be used : - endogleyic : soils having gleyic properties between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface ; - epigleyic : soils having gleyic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface. - oxyaquic cryosols : cryosols saturated with water during the thawing period and lacking redoximorphic features within 100 cm from the soil surface ; - planic soils are soils having an eluvial horizon abruptly overlying a slowly permeable horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface ; - rheic histosols : histosols having a water regime conditioned by surface water ; - stagnic soils are soils having stagnic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface ; - endostagnic soils are soils having stagnic properties between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. gleyic properties refer to soil materials which are, at least temporarily, completely saturated with groundwater for a period that allows reducing conditions to occur and show a gleyic colour pattern. stagnic properties refer to soil materials which are completely saturated with surface water for a period long enough to allow reducing conditions to occur and show a stagnic colour pattern. attributes aglim1 and aglim


show a gleyic colour pattern. stagnic properties refer to soil materials which are completely saturated with surface water for a period long enough to allow reducing conditions to occur and show a stagnic colour pattern. attributes aglim1 and aglim2 several phases are related with the water regime of the soils : drained, fragipan, flooded, phreatic. the drained phase has no definition, and becomes ‘ excessively drained ’ in the instructions guide for version 4. 0. when looking at the stus having a dominant phase drained, all the values for wr are represented ; the values 1, 2 and 3 are representing each of them around 30 % of these stus, the value 4 representing 8 %. there is a low correlation between the phase drained and the water regime showing its bad quality. it is proposed to ignore this value in the rule. the fragipan phase is defined in the fao - unesco 1974 legend. it marks soils which have the upper level of the fragipan occurring within 100 cm from the soil surface. a fragipan is a loamy ( uncommonly a sandy ) subsurface horizon which has a high bulk density relative to the horizons above it. it is slowly to very slowly permeable. the flooded phase has no definition. the phreatic phase is defined in the fao - unesco 1974 legend. it marks soils which have a groundwater table between 3 and 5 m from the soil surface. at this depth the presence of a groundwater is not normally reflected in the morphology of the solum ; however, its presence is important for the water regime of the soil. the petrocalcic phase marks soils in which the upper part of a petrocalcic horizon occurs within 100 cm from the soil surface ( fao - unesco, 1974 ). the petrocalcic horizon is a continuous cemented or indurated calcic horizon. the hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow to very slow. when the current cgms rule for drainage was evaluated, it appears that phases have often a high variability for the wr attribute. in this case it is proposed not to use them for estimating the drainage class.


i have been discussing a multitude of issues including quantitative easing, ricardian equivalence, and the current state of monetary policy with scott sumner over the in comments of his excellent blog and it has given me the inspiration to provide a more thorough outline of my thinking. i think that the best way to think about money is, as leland yeager might say, in terms of monetary equilibrium. in other words, if we view money as being just one other good in a walrasian general equilibrium model, then an excess demand ( supply ) of money is accompanied by an excess supply ( demand ) of goods and services. thus, maintaining monetary equilibrium is essential to achieving economic stability. what ’ s more, the particular problem with an excess demand ( or supply ) of money is that money has no market of its own. or as keynes would say, labor cannot be shifted away from the production of goods where there is an excess supply to the manufacture of money. further, the fact that money does not have a market of its own implies that an excess demand ( supply ) of money will have an impact on all markets because money is a medium of exchange. my view here is not unique. in fact, nick rowe recently wrote an excellent post on this very topic that rightfully referenced the work of robert clower. the central point is that individuals have notional demands for money, goods, and services. notional demand is understood as the intended demand. thus, suppose for example that everyone arrives at some centralized market with their own plans for consumption and ultimate real money balances. if there is an excess demand for say lemonade, individuals can bid up the price of lemonade and the market will clear. if the excess demand is for money, however, there exists no price to adjust to clear the market and the effective demand for goods and services will fall short of supply. a very simple way to think about monetary equilibrium is in the context of the equation of exchange : mv = py where m is money, v is velocity, p is the price level, and y is real output. thus, m is the supply of money and v can be seen as the demand for money. ( a particular note : velocity is understood as the number of times that the average dollar — or other medium of account * — is turned over. thus an decrease in velocity reflects an increase in the demand for money. ) monetary equilibrium therefore implies that the product mv should be constant ( and thus so should nominal gdp, or py. keep in mind that this is a


— is turned over. thus an decrease in velocity reflects an increase in the demand for money. ) monetary equilibrium therefore implies that the product mv should be constant ( and thus so should nominal gdp, or py. keep in mind that this is a static analysis ). the maintenance of monetary equilibrium essentially implies that monetary policy should be aimed at satisfying money demand ( or nominal income ) rather than the price level ( as is currently the case ). thus, in a growing economy, the price level should actually be falling as increases in real output and productivity put downward pressure on prices. this type of thinking loosely forms the basis for what george selgin calls the productivity norm. such a maintenance of monetary equilibrium has a rich history in the course of economic thought ( see selgin, 1995 ). so how does this framework relate to the current situation? scott sumner believes that the current recession could have been avoided using a nominal income target ( more specifically, using nominal income futures targeting ). i am not sure that i agree with this assertion, but it does fit with this framework. allow me to explain. if sumner is correct, then ( using our simple equation of exchange model ) anticipations of lower nominal income would be reflected in an increase in the demand for money or a decrease in spending ( a fall in v ). ( alternatively, it is possible that the increase in the demand for money could be an exogenous event such as described by keynes when there is an increase in uncertainty. ) if the central bank was targeting nominal income, they would respond by increasing the money supply to offset the fall in velocity such that nominal income remains at the target level. sumner, however, likes to view this phenomenon through the lens of nominal income and expectations rather than through a monetary equilibrium framework ( or at least that is my impression ). thus, in his mind, the nominal income target signals to economic agents that the federal reserve will do everything that it can to make sure that nominal income does not fall. if the fed is credible on this point, then nominal income will not fall because people expect the fed to follow through on this promise. i actually think that my view of monetary equilibrium is consistent with this view, but that sumner simply has a different way of describing the policy. in any event, sumner has recently expressed his concern with the productivity norm view because ( as i understand it ) he is concerned with nominal wage rigidity. thus, the falling prices implied by the productivity norm might actually produce malign effects. he would prefer a broader idea of


has recently expressed his concern with the productivity norm view because ( as i understand it ) he is concerned with nominal wage rigidity. thus, the falling prices implied by the productivity norm might actually produce malign effects. he would prefer a broader idea of a nominal income target. he might be correct, but i do not share this concern about wage rigidity. the reason is because wage rigidity should only be a concern when prices are falling due to adverse aggregate demand shocks. falling prices due to productivity advances should have no effect on the nominal wage. in fact, rising productivity should be consistent with higher real wages ( in this case due to falling prices ). in any event, one need not worry about this problem under the current circumstances because the decline in nominal income is the result of a severe adverse aggregate demand shock. i am inclined to think that nominal income targeting is certainly more desirable than the current regime. however, the ultimate question is whether or not the current situation could have been avoided under a nominal income targeting regime. scott sumner believes that we could have avoided the recession and simply experienced a burst of the housing bubble had we followed a nominal income target. i actually think that we might not have even had a housing bubble if we had a nominal income target ( that allows for falling prices ). in any event, the current situation has raised interesting questions about the state of monetary policy and monetary stability. hopefully, we will also stumble upon some of the answers. * “ money is here called a medium and not, as customary, a unit of account because, clearly, money itself is not a unit, but the good whose unit is used as the unit of account ” niehans ( 1978 ).


the farmers alliance the populist movement first came into being in small communities far from any cities or centers of political or cultural activity. during the summer of 1890 farm families in the agrarian south and west gathered in their respective areas to discuss their problems. at these gatherings, agrarian families listened to the speeches of recruiters from the “ national farmers ’ alliance. ” the farmers ’ alliance grew at an astounding speed. during the late 1800 ’ s discontent among the agrarian population was becoming a worldwide issue. with the advent of advanced forms of transportation and communication the farmers were suddenly hurled into a far larger market that they no longer were in control of. due to the increased opportunity for competition, prices of crops began to drop. however, this same phenomenon affected other products as well and, although farmers were making less profit quantitatively, their actual purchasing power ( or qualitative profit ) was increasing. farmers expressed grievances about the cost of shipping their goods, however during this period the price of shipping actually decreased. all of these things, however, were still detrimental to the agrarian community because, up until this point, they had not required the services of the railroad to ship crops, and they had not been in need of as many manufactured goods to support their farms. all of this can be deceiving. while general economic trends were more positive than anything else, the situation of farming communities varied widely from location to location. in fact, no nationwide patters could be clearly defined. in reality there was a more pressing issue that lead to the ascension of the populist movement : despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, farmers were having the distinct feeling that their situation was becoming worse. it is said that reality is perception, and this is certainly true in any social science because people do not react to their environment, they react to their perception of their environment. the farmers perceived doomsday. in the 1870 ’ s and 80 ’ s there was a growing social trend favoring cities and industry. farmers ’ children were leaving their homes and family businesses to make it big in the city. literature was published during this time describing the drab and meaningless existence of farm life. during this time multitudes of farmers ' organizations were changing and merging with each other. two major organizations emerged, both calling themselves the farmers ’ alliance : the northwestern alliance in mississippi and the west, and the southern alliance ( however, the geographical coverage of these two organizations is not highly clear - cut ). the southern alliance was started in texas in 1875 and began absorbing other agrarian


the farmers ’ alliance : the northwestern alliance in mississippi and the west, and the southern alliance ( however, the geographical coverage of these two organizations is not highly clear - cut ). the southern alliance was started in texas in 1875 and began absorbing other agrarian societies after 1886. the primary concerns of this society were residual systems from the old civil war south. the sharecropping system, crop - liens, and overworked land ranked at the top of their lists. the northwestern alliance was similar to the southern alliance, but differed on policies of the southern alliance such as secrecy, and segregated organizations for blacks. in 1889 the southern alliance took on the “ national farmers ’ alliance ” title and absorbed the greater part of the northwestern alliance. the alliance then formed its own political party due to a disapproval of both the republican and democratic parties. the first peoples ’ party was formed in 1890. the party ’ s demands were for a federal farmers reserve ( the sub - treasury ) that would allow crops to be temporarily sold to the government, which would then hold them until the most opportune selling time presented itself, then distribute the profits back to the farmers. they also demanded, and much more within reason, the free coinage of both gold and silver, an abolition on tariffs, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators, and railroad regulation. during the elections of 1890 the fledgling people ’ s party gained thirty - eight supporters in congress. the sub - treasury was a system devised by the populists to combat what they perceived to be a bad market for their products. it would allow farmers to store their crops in government warehouses and then take out a government loan for up to 80 % of the market price of said goods. the loan would come to term upon the sale of the crops, which could be held until ideal market conditions presented themselves. this is an ingenious idea, except that it is basically asking for government aid for farmers and therefore it was slightly harder to gain acceptance at the national level than it was to convince their neighbors that it was a good idea. the federal income tax why would a farmer who is struggling to keep their home ask for a new tax? well, boys and girls, is it simple. how does the government make money? collecting taxes. how did the government make their money at this time? property taxes. who had the most money? factory owners and businessmen did. who had the most land? farmers. who paid the most money? farmers. is this fair?. the election of 1892 after the


government make their money at this time? property taxes. who had the most money? factory owners and businessmen did. who had the most land? farmers. who paid the most money? farmers. is this fair?. the election of 1892 after the 1890 elections the populists formed the political party that gave them their name, the new people ’ s party was also known as the populist party. up until this time the populists had been participating with the democratic party to avoid splitting the white vote by forming a new party, and thus neutering the white ’ s supremacy. the new party was formed because the populists were not content with the false support provided to them by their democratic congressmen. the democrats played off of the popularity of the populist movement, but rarely followed through on their campaign promises. the new populist party gained over one million votes in the election of 1892 and gained 22 electoral votes. populist governors were installed in kansas and north dakota, and ten congressmen, five senators, and approximately fifteen hundred state legislators were installed. the populists never ran a more successful election, but the democrats, through coercion, fraud, and manipulation, suppressed the populists ’ following during the election of 1892. push for equality there was one unintended side effect of the populist movement. in the south, where racism was most rampant, there were certain populist politicians who saw a definite similarity of condition between white and black farmers. both were in the same bad situation. blacks and whites served together on populist election committees, spoke from the same platforms, and even served on the same juries. it was unheard of for a black to be called for jury duty at this time. in 1892 a black populist was threatened with a lynching. two thousand white populist farmers gathered in the area and protected him. some of these farmers rode all night to get there. the populist sheared across race lines in many ways. then there was the panic of 1893. primary source : " america past and present " by divine, and lecture from mr. gruver ' s american history class.


since the terrorist attacks of september 11, already keen interest in prayer has increased as part of the frenzied upsurge in religion in general. topping the new york times ' bestseller list is a small book called the prayer of jabez, with " its message that lives can be profoundly changed by the power of prayer. " images bombard us on television regularly of masses of humanity kneeling in supplication, praying to some all - powerful deity. these images only increase the perception that prayer is a potent force in dealing with the world ' s problems that is endorsed by almost all of humanity. many religious people want to cling to the ancient belief in the supernatural, including prayer, and yet accept the conclusions and benefits of modern science. they can ' t have it both ways. to study the natural world, scientists must have an implicit assumption that it operates only by natural, predictable processes, which cannot be affected arbitrarily by an all - powerful deity. one of the major ways that scientists provide proof of theories is through well - designed studies, of which the " gold standard " is the large, randomized, prospective, controlled, double - blind type. if such a study could be influenced by a personal god who responded to prayers to change the results, science would be in shambles. there would be no way ever to do a valid experiment since investigators couldn ' t be sure that someone, somewhere, hadn ' t uttered a specific or generic prayer that would affect the study. in short, science by its very nature, rejects any influence of prayer on the physical world. even though prayer is an irrational concept, could it nevertheless be tested scientifically? francis galton, the brilliant and eccentric cousin of charles darwin, thought so and gave the idea scientific legitimacy. galton was the father of biometry and a central figure in the founding of modern statistical analysis. he argued that regardless of how the prayers " may be supposed to operate, " the efficacy of prayer... is a perfectly appropriate and legitimate subject of scientific inquiry " because it can be tested statistically. he then proceeded to set up such studies. in one statistical study, galton examined the longevity of clergy. he reasoned that clergy should be the longest lived of all since they were the most " prayerful class " of all and among the most prayed for. when galton compared the longevity of eminent clergy with eminent doctors and lawyers, the clergy were the shortest lived of the three groups. in this study of the clergy, he cited a previous


prayerful class " of all and among the most prayed for. when galton compared the longevity of eminent clergy with eminent doctors and lawyers, the clergy were the shortest lived of the three groups. in this study of the clergy, he cited a previous study by guy ( galton wasn ' t the first to think of analyzing prayer statistically but usually gets the credit ) where guy found prayer did not protect royalty, who were much prayed for, when compared to other members of the aristocracy. in analyzing the data on royalty, galton concluded : " sovereigns are literally the shortest lived of all who have the advantage of affluence. " galton looked for other statistical data. he examined the insurance rates for ships. he reasoned that ships carrying missionaries and pilgrims should have lower rates since frequent praying by the occupants should decrease the number of accidents. he found that the rates were the same ; ships carrying missionaries and pilgrims sank just as often as other ships. following up on galton ' s statistical studies on prayer, rupert sheldrake, a cambridge - trained plant biologist, did one of his own, examining the effects of prayer in india. most people there prefer having a son, and a tremendous amount of praying goes into the effort to produce one. sheldrake examined statistics of live male births in india and used data from england as a control where the preference for sons was less strong. he found that in both england and india there were 106 males to 100 females, just as in every other country. he stated, " if this enormous amount of psychic effort and praying of holy men were working, you would expect on average the percentage of live male births to be higher. " although these statistical studies from the nineteenth century strongly suggest that prayer is not effective, they do not meet the " gold standard " of a completely valid scientific study. the media regularly mention a large number of contemporary studies that supposedly scientifically validate the beneficial effects of prayer on human health. so what is the truth in this matter? actually, there are only three that meet the " gold standard. " happily, the fact that there are only three studies considerably reduces the amount of information freethinkers need to acquire to refute frequent and erroneous claims. when we say that a finding in a scientific study is statistically significant, " significant " has a specific statistical meaning. to be considered significant, a finding must be (. 05 ) or less, which means the probability that it could be due to chance is 5 in 100. the main


scientific study is statistically significant, " significant " has a specific statistical meaning. to be considered significant, a finding must be (. 05 ) or less, which means the probability that it could be due to chance is 5 in 100. the main point to appreciate is that this figure, although reasonable, is strictly arbitrary. therefore, the figure of (. 05 ) is borderline significant,. 04 ( a probability of 4 in a 100 of being due to chance ) is considered significant, and. 06 ( 6 in 100 ) is considered not significant. the figure (. 05 ) is the one accepted for " ordinary " scientific studies. but what criterion should be applied in proving a supernatural finding? after all, as the old saw goes, extraordinary claims should require extraordinary proof, and this requirement should especially apply to claims of the supernatural. the james randi educational foundation has a standing offer of one million dollars to anyone who can demonstrate any supernatural event under carefully controlled scientific conditions. the foundation has never had a single person who even got past the preliminary testing. its members think that a study that would prove a claim of the supernatural should eliminate the possibility that the result could be by chance, in the range of 1 in 10, 000, 000, a far cry from 5 in 100. robert park, in his excellent book, voodoo science, observes that a characteristic of voodoo science is that there are always very small differences in studies, just barely detectable, and that can ' t be amplified in further investigations. these barely detectable positive results usually indicate flaws in the studies themselves rather than real findings. let ' s examine in some detail the three studies on intercessory prayer that were large, prospective, randomized, double - blind ones - - the only three that pass muster as valid scientific investigations of the effects of prayer on human health. intercessory prayer ( prayer at a distance ) was chosen so that the placebo effect of direct prayer would be eliminated. all of these studies were done on coronary care unit ( ccu ) patients. the first study was entitled " positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population " by randolph byrd, m. d., published in the southern medical journal, july 1988. dr. byrd stated : " my study concerning prayer and patients in a general hospital coronary care unit was designed to answer two questions : ( 1 ) does intercessory prayer to the judeo - christian god have any effect on the patient ' s medical condition and recovery


" my study concerning prayer and patients in a general hospital coronary care unit was designed to answer two questions : ( 1 ) does intercessory prayer to the judeo - christian god have any effect on the patient ' s medical condition and recovery while in the hospital? ( 2 ) how are these effects characterized, if present? " over ten months, 393 patients admitted to the ccu at san francisco general hospital were randomized to an intercessory prayer group ( 192 patients ) or to a control group ( 201 patients ). after randomization, each patient in the prayer group was assigned to three to seven intercessors, who were all " born - again christians ( according to the gospel of john 3 : 3 ) " of various denominations. dr. byrd wrote : " the patients ' first name, diagnosis, and general condition, along with pertinent updates on their condition, were given to the intercessors. the intercessory prayer was done outside the hospital daily until the patient was discharged from the hospital. under the direction of a coordinator, each intercessor was asked to pray daily for a rapid recovery and for prevention of complications and death, in addition to other areas of prayer they believed to be beneficial to the patient. " the results were summarized in " table 2 " of the byrd study entitled " results of intercessory prayer. " there was no statistically significant difference between the prayer and control group in these measurements : days in ccu after entry ; days in hospital after entry ; number of discharge medications. only when a list of 26 " new problems, diagnoses, and therapeutic events after entry " was compiled was any statistically differences found and then only in 6 of the items : congestive heart failure (. 03 ) ; diuretics (. 05 ) ; cardiopulmonary arrest (. 02 ) ; pneumonia (. 03 ) ; antibiotics (. 005 ) ; intubation / ventilation (. 002 ). when dr. byrd subjected these items to multivariate analysis ( a statistical method of analyzing the overall significance when multiple factors are positive ), he found the prayer group to better the control group at the statistically significant level of (. 0001 ). in " table 3, " " results of scoring the postentry hospital course, " he constructed three categories, " good, intermediate, and bad, " using a self - designed and previously not scientifically validated method. the prayer group bettered the control


3, " " results of scoring the postentry hospital course, " he constructed three categories, " good, intermediate, and bad, " using a self - designed and previously not scientifically validated method. the prayer group bettered the control group at a level of (. 01 ). although this study appears to meet the " gold standard " of a large, prospective, randomized, double - blind investigation, scientists have pointed out a number of flaws : the study was not " blinded ' in two respects : 1 ) janet greene, the coordinator of the study, on whom dr. byrd depended for the collection of data, knew exactly who was being prayed for, and interacted regularly with the patients in the study. 2 ) " table 3 " was formulated by dr. byrd at the request of editors who initially evaluated his paper after the " blinding " had been removed. there was no difference in clear - cut end points such as days in the ccu, days in the hospital, or mortality between the two groups. only when complicated statistical analyses were done on a long list of items do any data emerge that favor the prayed - for group - - hardly evidence of an all - powerful deity. also, if prayer had any effect, an overall improvement would be expected. of the six items where the prayer group did better, four were of borderline statistical significance and only two were clearly significant. are we to conclude that the deity is only concerned with reducing antibiotic use and ventilating patients in the ccu? this study provides no information on the physicians involved in this study. this information could be important since certain physicians use antibiotics and intubate patients much more readily than others. the method that dr. byrd used in his scoring in " table 3 " had not been validated by any previous studies. when irwin tessman, ph. d., professor of biological sciences at purdue university, requested of dr. byrd that dr. tessman be allowed to review the raw data that went into the study, he was refused. since dr. byrd ' s claim is one of the supernatural, it would seem appropriate that all aspects of the study be reviewed by independent investigators. the degree of obvious religiosity communicated by dr. byrd raises doubts that he could be completely objective on a scientific investigation of prayer, something that he deeply believes is effective. under " acknowledgments " at the end of the paper, he writes : " i thank god for responding to the many prayers made on behalf of the patients


on a scientific investigation of prayer, something that he deeply believes is effective. under " acknowledgments " at the end of the paper, he writes : " i thank god for responding to the many prayers made on behalf of the patients. " the second study that appears to meet the " gold standard " for scientific studies is " a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of remote, intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients admitted to the coronary care unit " published in the october 25, 1999 edition of the archives of internal medicine. the investigators were william s. harris, ph. d., plus eight others of the mid america heart institute. the study was conducted at saint luke ' s hospital, kansas city, missouri, a private, university - associated hospital. " the purpose of the present study was to attempt to replicate byrd ' s findings by testing the hypothesis that patients who are unknowingly and remotely prayed for by blinded intercessors will experience fewer complications and have a shorter hospital stay than patients not receiving such prayer, " admitted the investigators. the intercessors ( five to pray for each patient compared to three to seven in byrd ' s study ), were to pray for " a speedy recovery with no complications " plus " anything else that seemed appropriate to them. " 1013 patients were randomized, 484 to the prayer group and 529 to the usual care group. after removal of those patients who spent less than 24 hours in the ccu ( prayer was not started until 24 hours after admission ), 524 remained in the usual care group and 466 in the prayer group ( a high drop - out rate ). a list of events after entry into the study was compiled, much like the one in the byrd study, but with 34 events instead of the 26 in the byrd study. again, a scheme was devised to evaluate the overall hospital course, a totally new and untested system, but different from the also new and untested one devised by byrd. the harris study scheme was called the mid america heart institute cardiac care unit ( mahi - ccu ) scoring system, and its criteria are presented in " table 1 " of his paper. the only finding in the harris study that indicated the prayer group outperformed the control group was in using the mahi - ccu scoring system and then only at a probability level of (. 04 ), a figure very close to the cut - off level of (. 05 ). the harris study is a


in the hospital, or mortality. in remarks at the end of the harris study, the investigators stated : " our findings support byrd ' s conclusions despite the fact that we could not document an effect of prayer using his scoring system. " this statement is erroneous. not only do these findings not support byrd ' s conclusions, they directly refute them. the most recent study and, i believe, the best designed one, was published in the mayo clinic proceedings in december 2001, entitled " intercessory prayer and cardiovascular disease progression in a coronary care unit population : a randomized controlled trial. " this third " gold standard " study should settle the matter once and for all scientifically. the investigators were jennifer m. aviles, m. d., and six others. this trial was done on patients immediately after discharge from the coronary care unit, a time when the intensity of extraneous intercessory praying by family and friends would generally be waning. here is their summary of the findings : " patients and methods : in this randomized, controlled trial conducted between 1997 and 1999, a total of 799 coronary care unit patients were randomized at hospital discharge to the intercessory prayer group or to the control group.... the primary end point after 26 weeks was any of the following : death, cardiac arrest, rehospitalization for cardiovascular disease, coronary revascularization, or an emergency department visit for cardiovascular disease. patients were divided into a high - group based on the presence of any of 5 risk factors ( age > or = 70 years, diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease ) or a low - risk group ( absence of risk factors ) for subsequent primary events. " the investigators summarized their findings as follows : " conclusions : as delivered in this study, intercessory prayer had no significant effect on medical outcomes after hospitalization in a coronary care unit. " not even one difference showed up between the control group and the prayed - for group. the statistical studies from the nineteenth century, and the three ccu studies on prayer are quite consistent with the fact that humanity is wasting a huge amount of time on a procedure that simply doesn ' t work. nonetheless, faith in prayer is so pervasive and deeply rooted, you can be sure believers will continue to devise future studies in a desperate effort to confirm their beliefs. now that you have the scientific information,


many people are confused about the concepts in dbus. this page gives an analogy to the web which should help to explain things. - unique bus name - well - known bus name - object path - method name - in parameters - out parameters web server analogy - unique bus name is like an ip address. in particular it is dynamic. - well - known bus name is like a hostname. it can be held by different programs at different times, but they should all implement the same api - object path is like the path on the server - interface / method name is like get or post - in parameters are like like get / post variables - out parameters are like the page which is returned. object - oriented language analogy - an object path refers to an object, such as a java. lang. object - an interface is exactly like a java interface - in parameters are method arguments - out parameters are method return values - unique bus name identifies the running process or application uniquely ( these bus names are never re - used by a different process ) - well - known bus name is a " symlink " that points to the process providing a particular api - an api is made up of objects that are expected to exist, which are expected to implement certain interfaces - see also http : / / log. ometer. com / 2007 - 05. html # 17


most americans believe that the declaration of independence by the continental congress on july 4, 1776 began american independence. while this date announced the formal break between the american colonists and the “ mother country, ” it did not guarantee independence. not all americans favored independence and most historical estimates place the number of loyalist, or tory, americans near one - third of the population. winning independence required an eight - year war that began in april, 1775 and ended with a peace treaty finalized on september 3, 1783. unfortunately the infant nation found itself born in a world dominated by a superpower struggle between england and france. the more powerful european nations viewed the vulnerable united states, correctly, as weak and ripe for exploitation. tragically, few americans know of this period of crisis in our nation ’ s history because of the irresponsible neglect of the american education system. american independence marked the end of one chapter in american history and the beginning of another. as with all historical events this declaration continued the endless cycle of action and reaction, because nothing occurs in a vacuum. tragically, most americans ’ historical perspective begins with their birth, rendering everything that previously occurred irrelevant. furthermore, most educators conveniently “ compartmentalize ” their subjects and do not place them in the proper historical context. since most americans only remember the united states as a superpower they do not know of our previous struggles. unfortunately our agenda driven education system also ignores this period and often portrays america in the most negative light. without delving too deeply into the deteriorating relations between the american colonists and their “ mother country, ” declaring independence came slowly. none of the thirteen colonies trusted the other colonies and rarely acted in concert, even during times of crisis. regional and cultural differences between new england, mid - atlantic and the southern colonies deeply divided the colonists. even in these early days of america slavery proved a dividing issue, although few believed in racial equality. the “ umbilical cord ” with england provided the only unifying constant that bound them together culturally and politically. the colonies further possessed different forms of government as well, although they steadfastly expressed their liberties and “ rights as englishmen. ” some colonies existed as royal colonies, where the english monarch selected the governor. proprietary colonies formed when merchant companies or individuals, called proprietors, received a royal grant and appointed the governor. charter colonies received their charters much as proprietary colonies with individuals or merchants receiving royal charters and shareholders selected the governor. each colony elected its own legislature and local communities made their laws mostly based on english common law. any


a royal grant and appointed the governor. charter colonies received their charters much as proprietary colonies with individuals or merchants receiving royal charters and shareholders selected the governor. each colony elected its own legislature and local communities made their laws mostly based on english common law. any form of national, or “ continental, ” unity remained an illusion largely in the minds of the delegates of the first continental congress. the second continental congress convened on may 10, 1775 because england ignored the grievances submitted by the first continental congress. furthermore, open warfare erupted in massachusetts between british troops and the colonial militia at lexington and concord on april 19, 1775. known today as patriot ’ s day few americans outside of massachusetts celebrate it, or even know of it. setting forth their reasons for taking up arms against england, they established the continental army on june 14, 1775. for attempting a united front, they appointed george washington, a virginian, as commander - in - chief. on july 10, 1775, the congress sent parliament one last appeal for resolving their differences, which proved futile. while congress determined the political future of the colonies fighting continued around boston, beginning with the bloody battle on breed ’ s hill on june 17, 1775. known as the battle of bunker hill in our history the british victory cost over 1, 000 british and over 400 american casualties. this battle encouraged the americans because it proved the “ colonials ” capable of standing against british regulars. british forces withdrew from boston in march, 1776 and awaited reinforcements from england as fighting erupted in other colonies. while washington and the continental army watched the british in boston, congress authorized an expedition against canada. they hoped for significant resentment of british rule by the majority of french inhabitants, something they misjudged. in september, 1775 the fledgling continental army launched an ambitious, but futile, two - pronged invasion of canada. launched late in the season, particularly for canada, it nevertheless almost succeeded, capturing montreal and moving on quebec. it ended in a night attack in a snowstorm on december 31, 1775 when the commander fell dead and the second - in - command fell severely wounded. american forces did breach the city walls, however when the attack broke down these men became prisoners of war. for disrupting the flow of british supplies into america congress organized the continental navy and continental marines on october 13, 1775 and november 10, 1775, respectively. still, no demands for independence despite the creation of national armed forces, the invasion of a “ foreign country ” and all the trappings of a national government. the full title of


marines on october 13, 1775 and november 10, 1775, respectively. still, no demands for independence despite the creation of national armed forces, the invasion of a “ foreign country ” and all the trappings of a national government. the full title of the declaration of independence ends with “ thirteen united states of america, ” with united in lower case. i found no evidence that the founding fathers did this intentionally, or whether it merely reflected the writing style of the time. despite everything mentioned previously regarding “ continental ” actions, the thirteen colonies jealously guarded their sovereignty. although congress declared independence england did not acknowledge the legality of this resolution and considered the colonies “ in rebellion. ” england assembled land and naval forces of over 40, 000, including german mercenaries, for subduing the “ insurrection. ” this timeless lesson proves the uselessness of passing resolutions with no credible threat of force backing them up. unfortunately our academic - dominated society today believes merely the passage of laws and international resolutions forces compliance. we hear much in the news today about “ intelligence failures ” regarding the war against terrorism. england definitely experienced an “ intelligence failure ” as it launched an expedition for “ suppressing ” this “ insurrection ” by a “ few hotheads. ” first, they under estimated the extent of dissatisfaction among the americans, spurred into action by such “ rabble rousers ” as john adams. they further under estimated the effectiveness of washington and the continental army, particularly after the american victories at trenton and princeton. british officials further under estimated the number of loyalists with the enthusiasm for taking up arms for the british. while loyalist units fought well, particularly in the south and the new york frontier, they depended heavily on the support of british regulars. once british forces withdrew, particularly in the south, the loyalist forces either followed them or disappeared. a perennial lesson for military planners today, do not worry about your “ footprint, ” decisively defeat your enemy. this hardens the resolve of your supporters, influences the “ neutrals ” in your favor and reduces the favorability of your enemies. regarding the “ national defense ” the continental congress and “ states ” did not fully cooperate against the superpower, england. the raising of the continental army fell on the individual colonies almost throughout the war with the congress establishing quotas. unfortunately, none of the colonies ever met their quota for continental regiments, with the soldiers negotiating one - year enlistments. continental army recruiters often met with competition from the individual colonies, who preferred fielding their militias. the congress offered bounties in the almost


none of the colonies ever met their quota for continental regiments, with the soldiers negotiating one - year enlistments. continental army recruiters often met with competition from the individual colonies, who preferred fielding their militias. the congress offered bounties in the almost worthless “ continental currency ” and service far from home in the continental army. colonial governments offered higher bounties in local currencies, or british pounds, and part - time service near home. congress only possessed the authority for requesting troops and supplies from the colonial governors, who often did not comply. for most of the war the continental army remained under strength, poorly supplied, poorly armed and mostly unpaid. volumes of history describe the harsh winters endured by the continentals at valley forge and morristown, new jersey the following year. colonial governments often refused supplies for troops from other colonies, even though those troops fought inside their borders. as inflation continued devaluing “ continental currency ” farmers and merchants preferred trading with british agents, who often paid in gold. this created strong resentment from the soldiers who suffered the hardships of war and the civilians who profited from this trade. in fairness, the staggering cost of financing the war severely taxed the colonial governments and local economies, forcing hard choices. congress further declared independence as a cry for help from england ’ s superpower rival, france, and other nations jealous of england. smarting from defeat in the seven years war ( french and indian war in america ), and a significant reduction in its colonial empire, france burned for revenge. france ’ s ally, spain, also suffered defeat and loss of territory during this war and sought advantage in the american war. however, france and spain both needed american victories before they risked their troops and treasures. with vast colonial empires of their own they hesitated at supporting a colonial rebellion in america. as monarchies, france and spain held no love of “ republican ideals ” or “ liberties, ” and mostly pursued independent strategies against england. fortunately their focus at recouping their former possessions helped diminish the number of british forces facing the americans. on the political front the congress knew that the new nation needed some form of national government for its survival. unfortunately the congress fell short on this issue, enacting the weak articles of confederation on november 15, 1777. delegates so feared the “ tyranny ” of a strong central government, as well as they feared their neighbors, that they rejected national authority. in effect, the congressional delegates created thirteen independent nations instead of one, and our nation suffered from it.


delegates so feared the “ tyranny ” of a strong central government, as well as they feared their neighbors, that they rejected national authority. in effect, the congressional delegates created thirteen independent nations instead of one, and our nation suffered from it. amending this confederation required the approval of all thirteen states, virtually paralyzing any national effort. this form of government lasted until the adoption of the us constitution on september 17, 1787. despite these weaknesses the fledgling “ united states ” survived and even achieved some success against british forces. particularly early in the war, the british forces possessed several opportunities for destroying the continental army and ending the rebellion. fortunately for us british commanders proved lethargic and complacent, believing the “ colonial rabble ” incapable of defeating them. furthermore, as the continental army gained experience and training it grew more professional, standing toe - to - toe against the british. since the us achieved superpower status it fell into the same trap, continuously underestimating less powerful enemies. the surrender of british forces at yorktown, virginia on october 19, 1781 changed british policy regarding its american colonies. british forces now controlled mainly three enclaves : new york city ; charleston, south carolina and savannah, georgia. loyalist forces, discouraged by british reverses, either retreated into these enclaves, departed america or surrendered. waging a global war against france and spain further reduced the number of troops available for the american theater. this serves another modern lesson for maintaining adequate forces for meeting not only your superpower responsibilities, but executing unforeseen contingencies. ironically, the victory at yorktown almost defeated the americans as well, since the civil authorities almost stopped military recruitment. washington struggled at maintaining significant forces for confronting the remaining british forces in their enclaves. an aggressive british commander may still score a strategic advantage by striking at demobilizing american forces. fortunately, the british government lost heart for retaining america and announced the beginning of peace negotiations in august, 1782. the treaty of paris, signed on september 3, 1783 officially ended the american revolution ; however it did not end america ’ s struggles. american negotiators proved somewhat naive in these negotiations against their more experienced european counterparts. of importance, the british believed american independence a short - lived situation, given the disunity among americans. congress began discharging the continental army before the formal signing of the treaty, leaving less than one hundred on duty. instead of a united “ allied ” front, america, france and spain virtually negotiated separate treaties with england, delight